OnJava8/book/02-Installing-Java-and-the-Book-Examples.md

第二章 安装Java和本书用例

现在，我们来为这次阅读之旅作些准备吧！

在开始学习 Java 之前，你必须要先安装好 Java 和本书的源代码示例。因为考虑到可能有“专门的初学者”从本书开始学习编程，所以我会仔细解释计算机命令行 Shell 的这个过程。 如果你已经有此方面的经验了，可以跳过这段安装说明。如果你对此处描述的任何术语或过程仍不清楚，还可以通过 Google 搜索找到答案。具体的问题或困难请试着在 StackOverflow 上提问。或者去 YouTube 看有没有相关的安装说明。

编辑器

首先你需要安装一个编辑器来创建和修改本书用例里的 Java 代码。有可能你还需要一个编辑器来更改系统配置文件。

相比一些重量级的 IDE（Integrated Development Environments，开发集成环境）软件，如Eclipse、NetBeans和IntelliJ IDEA (译者注：做项目强烈推荐IDEA)，编辑器是一种基础的运行程序的文本编辑器。如果你已经有了一个 IDE 用着还顺手，那就可以直接用了。为了方便后面的学习和统一下教学环境，我推荐大家使用 Atom 这个编辑器。大家可以在 atom.io 网站下载。

Atom 是一个免费开源、易于安装且跨平台（支持 Window、Mac和Linux）的文本编辑器。内置支持 Java 文件。相比 IDE 的厚重，她比较轻量级，是学习本书的理想工具。Atom 包含了许多方便的编辑功能,相信你一定会爱上她！更多关于 Atom 使用的细节问题可以到她们的网站上。

还有很多其他的编辑器。有一种亚文化的群体，他们热衷于争论哪个更好用！如果你找到一个你更喜欢的编辑器，换一种使用也没什么难度。重要的是，你要找一个用着舒服的。

Shell

如果你之前没有接触过编程，那么有可能对 Shell（命令行窗口） 不太熟悉。shell 的历史可以追溯到早期的计算时代，当时在计算机上的操作是都通过输入命令进行的，计算机通过回显响应。所有的操作都是基于文本的。

尽管和现在的图形用户界面相比，Shell 操作方式很原始。但是同时 shell 也为我们提供了许多有用的功特性。在学习本书的过程中，我们会经常使用到 Shell，包括现在这部分的安装，还有运行 Java 程序。

Mac：单击聚光灯（屏幕右上角的放大镜图标），然后键入“terminal”。单击看起来像小电视屏幕的应用程序（您也可以单击“return”）。这就启动了你的用户下的 shell窗口。

windows：首先，通过目录打开 windows 资源管理器： Windows 7: 单击屏幕左下角的“开始”图标，输入“explorer”后按回车键。 Windows 8: 按 Windows+Q, 输入 “explorer” 后按回车键。 Windows 10: 按 Windows+E 。 当资源管理器运行以后，导航到所需目录，用鼠标双击打开。现在单击“资源管理器”窗口左上角的“文件“选项卡，选择“打开 Window PowerShell”启动 Shell。

Linux: 在 home 目录打开 Shell。 Debian: 按 Alt+F2， 在弹出的对话框中输入“gnome-terminal” Ubuntu: 在屏幕中鼠标右击，选择 “打开终端”, 或者按住 Ctrl+Alt+T Redhat: 在屏幕中鼠标右击，选择 “打开终端” Fedora: 按 Alt+F2，在弹出的对话框中输入“gnome-terminal”

目录是 Shell 的基础元素之一。目录用来保存文件和其目录。

Think of a directory as a tree with branches. If books is a directory on your system and it has two other directories as branches, for example math and art, we say you have a directory books with two subdirectories math and art. We refer to them as books/math and books/art since books is their parent directory. Note that Windows uses backslashes rather than forward slashes to separate the parts of a directory. Basic Shell Operations The shell operations I show here are approximately identical across operating systems. For the purposes of this book, here are the essential operations in a shell: Change directory: Use cd followed by the name of the directory where you want to move, or cd .. if you want to move up a directory. If you want to move to a different directory while remembering where you came from, use pushd followed by the different directory name. Then, to return to the previous directory, just say popd. Directory listing: ls (dir in Windows) displays all the files and subdirectory names in the current directory. Use the wildcard

• (asterisk) to narrow your search. For example, if you want to list all the files ending in “.java,” you say ls .java (Windows: dir .java). If you want to list the files starting with “F” and ending in “.java,” you say ls F.java (Windows: dir F.java). Create a directory: use the mkdir (“make directory”) command (Windows: md), followed by the name of the directory you want to create. For example, mkdir books (Windows: md books). Remove a file: Use rm (“remove”) followed by the name of the file you wish to remove (Windows: del). For example, rm somefile.java (Windows: del somefile.java). Remove a directory: use the rm -r command to remove the files in the directory and the directory itself (Windows: deltree). For example, rm -r books (Windows: deltree books). Repeat a command: The “up arrow” on all three operating systems moves through previous commands so you can edit and repeat them. On Mac/Linux, !! repeats the last command and !n repeats the nth command. Command history: Use history in Mac/Linux or press the F7 key in Windows. This gives you a list of all the commands you’ve entered. Mac/Linux provides numbers to refer to when you want to repeat a command. Unpacking a zip archive: A file name ending with .zip is an archive containing other files in a compressed format. Both Linux and Mac have command-line unzip utilities, and you can install a command-line unzip for Windows via the Internet. However, in all three systems the graphical file browser (Windows Explorer, the Mac Finder, or Nautilus or equivalent on Linux) will browse to the directory containing your zip file. Then right-mouse-click on the file and select “Open” on the Mac, “Extract Here” on Linux, or “Extract all …” on Windows. To learn more about your shell, search Wikipedia for Windows Shell or, for Mac/Linux, Bash Shell.

Java安装

To compile and run the examples, you must first install the Java development kit. In this book we use JDK8 (Java 1.8). Windows

1. Follow the instructions at this link to Install Chocolatey.
2. At a shell prompt, type: choco install jdk8. This takes some time, but when it’s finished Java is installed and the necessary environment variables are set. Macintosh The Mac comes with a much older version of Java that won’t work for the examples in this book, so you must first update it to Java 8. You will need administration rights to perform these steps.
3. Follow the instructions at this link to Install HomeBrew. Then at a shell prompt, execute brew update to make sure you have the latest changes.
4. At a shell prompt, execute brew cask install java. Once HomeBrew and Java are installed, all other activities described in this book can be accomplished within a guest account, if that suits your needs. Linux Use the standard package installer with the following shell commands: Ubuntu/Debian:
5. sudo apt-get update
6. sudo apt-get install default-jdk Fedora/Redhat:
7. su-c "yum install java-1.8.0-openjdk"

校验安装

Open a new shell and type: java -version You should see something like the following (Version numbers and actual text will vary): java version "1.8.0_112" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_112-b15) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.112-b15, mixed mode) If you see a message that the command is not found or not recognized, review the installation instructions in this chapter. If you still can’t get it to work, check StackOverflow.

安装和运行本书用例

Once you have Java installed, the process to install and run the book examples is the same for all platforms:

1. Download the book examples from the GitHub Repository.
2. unzip (as described in Basic Shell Operations) the downloaded file into the directory of your choice.
3. Use the Windows Explorer, the Mac Finder, or Nautilus or equivalent on Linux to browse to the directory where you unzipped OnJava8-Examples, and open a shell there.
4. If you’re in the right directory, you should see files named gradlew and gradlew.bat in that directory, along with numerous other files and directories. The directories correspond to the chapters in the book.
5. At the shell prompt, type gradlew run (Windows) or ./gradlew run (Mac/Linux). The first time you do this, Gradle will install itself and numerous other packages, so it will take some time. After everything is installed, subsequent builds and runs are faster. Note you must be connected to the Internet the first time you run gradlew so that Gradle can download the necessary packages. Basic Gradle Tasks There are a large number of Gradle tasks automatically available with this book’s build. Gradle uses an approach called convention over configuration which results in the availability of many tasks even if you’re only trying to accomplish something very basic. Some of the tasks that “came along for the ride” with this book are inappropriate or don’t successfully execute. Here is a list of the Gradle tasks you will typically use: gradlew compileJava: Compiles all the Java files in the book that can be compiled (some files don’t compile, to demonstrate incorrect language usage). gradlew run: First compiles, then executes all the Java files in the book that can be executed (some files are library components). gradlew test: Executes all the unit tests (you’ll learn about these in Validating Your Code). gradlew chapter: ExampleName: Compiles and runs a specific example program. For instance, gradlew objects:HelloDate.