diff --git a/translated/tech/20150105 Ubuntu apt-get and apt-cache commands with practical examples.md b/translated/tech/20150105 Ubuntu apt-get and apt-cache commands with practical examples.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7574a065f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20150105 Ubuntu apt-get and apt-cache commands with practical examples.md @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +实例展示Ubuntu中apt-get和apt-cache命令的使用 +================================================================================ +apt-get和apt-cache是**Ubuntu Linux**中的命令行下的**包管理**工具。 apt-get的GUI版本是Synaptic包管理器,本篇中我们会讨论apt-get和apt-cache命令的不同。 + +### 示例:1 列出所有可用包 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-cache pkgnames + account-plugin-yahoojp + ceph-fuse + dvd+rw-tools + e3 + gnome-commander-data + grub-gfxpayload-lists + gweled + ....................................... + +### 示例:2 用关键字搜索包 ### + +这个命令在你不确定包名时很有用,只要在apt-cache(这里原文是apt-get,应为笔误)后面输入与包相关的关键字即可/ + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-cache search "web server" + apache2 - Apache HTTP Server + apache2-bin - Apache HTTP Server (binary files and modules) + apache2-data - Apache HTTP Server (common files) + apache2-dbg - Apache debugging symbols + apache2-dev - Apache HTTP Server (development headers) + apache2-doc - Apache HTTP Server (on-site documentation) + apache2-utils - Apache HTTP Server (utility programs for web servers) + ...................................................................... + +**注意**: 如果你安装了“**apt-file**”包,我们就可以像下面那样用配置文件搜索包。 + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-file search nagios.cfg + ganglia-nagios-bridge: /usr/share/doc/ganglia-nagios-bridge/nagios.cfg + nagios3-common: /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg + nagios3-common: /usr/share/doc/nagios3-common/examples/nagios.cfg.gz + pnp4nagios-bin: /etc/pnp4nagios/nagios.cfg + pnp4nagios-bin: /usr/share/doc/pnp4nagios/examples/nagios.cfg + +### 示例:3 显示特定包的基本信息 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-cache show postfix + Package: postfix + Priority: optional + Section: mail + Installed-Size: 3524 + Maintainer: LaMont Jones + Architecture: amd64 + Version: 2.11.1-1 + Replaces: mail-transport-agent + Provides: default-mta, mail-transport-agent + ..................................................... + +### 示例:4 列出包的依赖 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-cache depends postfix + postfix + Depends: libc6 + Depends: libdb5.3 + Depends: libsasl2-2 + Depends: libsqlite3-0 + Depends: libssl1.0.0 + |Depends: debconf + Depends: + cdebconf + debconf + Depends: netbase + Depends: adduser + Depends: dpkg + ............................................ + +### 示例:5 使用apt-cache显示缓存统计 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-cache stats + Total package names: 60877 (1,218 k) + Total package structures: 102824 (5,758 k) + Normal packages: 71285 + Pure virtual packages: 1102 + Single virtual packages: 9151 + Mixed virtual packages: 1827 + Missing: 19459 + Total distinct versions: 74913 (5,394 k) + Total distinct descriptions: 93792 (2,251 k) + Total dependencies: 573443 (16.1 M) + Total ver/file relations: 78007 (1,872 k) + Total Desc/File relations: 93792 (2,251 k) + Total Provides mappings: 16583 (332 k) + Total globbed strings: 171 (2,263 ) + Total dependency version space: 2,665 k + Total slack space: 37.3 k + Total space accounted for: 29.5 M + +### 示例:6 使用 “apt-get update” 更新仓库 ### + +使用命令“apt-get update”, 我们可以重新从源仓库中同步文件索引。包的索引从“/etc/apt/sources.list”中检索 + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get update + Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic InRelease + Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic Release.gpg + Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic Release + Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic/main Sources + Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic/main amd64 Packages + Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic/main i386 Packages + Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com utopic InRelease + Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com utopic-updates InRelease + Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com utopic-backports InRelease + ................................................................ + +### 示例:7 使用apt-get安装包 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get install icinga + +上面的命令会安装叫“icinga”的包。 + +### 示例:8 升级所有已安装的包 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade + +### 示例:9 更新特定的包 ### + +在apt-get命令中的“install”选项后面接上“-only-upgrade”用来更新一个特定的包,如下所示: + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get install filezilla --only-upgrade + +### 示例:10 使用apt-get卸载包 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get remove skype + +上面的命令只会删除skype包,如果你想要删除它的配置文件,在apt-get命令中使用“purge”选项。如下所示: + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get purge skype + +我们可以结合使用上面的两个命令: + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get remove --purge skype + +### 示例:11 在当前的目录中下载包 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get download icinga + Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic/universe icinga amd64 1.11.6-1build1 [1,474 B] + Fetched 1,474 B in 1s (1,363 B/s) + +上面的目录会从你当前的目录下载icinga包。 + +### 示例:12 清理本地包占用的磁盘空间 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get clean + +上面的命令会清零apt-get在下载包时占用的磁盘空间。 + +我们也可以使用“**autoclean**”选项来代替“**clean**“,两者之间主要的区别是autoclean清理不再使用且没用的下载。 + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get autoclean + Reading package lists... Done + Building dependency tree + Reading state information... Done + +### 示例:13 使用“autoremove”删除包 ### + +当在apt-get命令中使用“autoremove”时,它会删除为了满足依赖而安装且现在没用的包。 + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get autoremove icinga + +### 示例:14 显示包的更新日志 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get changelog apache2 + Get:1 Changelog for apache2 (http://changelogs.ubuntu.com/changelogs/pool/main/a/apache2/apache2_2.4.10-1ubuntu1/changelog) [195 kB] + Fetched 195 kB in 3s (60.9 kB/s) + +上面的命令会下载apache2的更新日志,并在你屏幕上显示。 + +### 示例15 使用 “check” 选项显示损坏的依赖 ### + + linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get check + Reading package lists... Done + Building dependency tree + Reading state information... Done + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/ubuntu-apt-get-apt-cache-commands-examples/ + +作者:[Pradeep Kumar][a] +译者:[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/