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+[#]: subject: "How I use the Linux sed command to automate file edits"
+[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/8/automate-file-edits-sed-linux"
+[#]: author: "Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall"
+[#]: collector: "lkxed"
+[#]: translator: " "
+[#]: reviewer: " "
+[#]: publisher: " "
+[#]: url: " "
+
+How I use the Linux sed command to automate file edits
+======
+Here are some tips and tricks to automating file edits from the Linux command line.
+
+![computer screen][1]
+
+Image by: Opensource.com
+
+When I use the Linux command line, whether I'm writing a new program on my desktop computer or managing a website on my web server, I often need to process text files. Linux provides powerful tools that I leverage to get my work done. I frequently use `sed`, an editor that can modify text according to a pattern.
+
+`sed` stands for *stream editor*, and it edits text in a file and prints the results. One way to use `sed` is to identify several occurrences of one string in a file and replace them with a different string. You can use `sed` to process text files to a seemingly endless degree, but I'd like to share a few ways I use `sed` to help me manage files.
+
+### Search and replace text in a file on Linux
+
+To use `sed`, you need to use a *regular expression*. A regular expression is a set of special characters that define a pattern. My most frequent example of using `sed` is replacing text in a file. The syntax for replacing text looks like this: `s/originaltext/newtext/`. The `s` tells sed to perform text replacement or swap occurrences of text. Provide the original text and new text between slashes.
+
+This syntax will only replace the first occurrence of `originaltext` on each line. To replace every occurrence, even if the original text appears more than once on a line, append `g` to the end of the expression. Here is an example: `s/originaltext/newtext/g`.
+
+To use this with `sed`, specify this regular expression with the `-e` option:
+
+```
+$ sed -e 's/originaltext/newtext/g'
+```
+
+For example, let's say I have a Makefile for a program called **game**, which simulates Conway's Game of Life:
+
+```
+.PHONY: all run clean
+
+all: game
+
+game: game.o
+        $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o game game.o $(LDFLAGS)
+
+run: game
+        ./game
+
+clean:
+        $(RM) *~
+        $(RM) *.o
+        $(RM) game
+```
+
+The name **game** isn't very descriptive, so I might choose to rename it **life**. Renaming the `game.c` source file to `life.c` is easy enough, but now I need to modify the Makefile to use the new name. I can use `sed` to change every occurrence of **game** to **life**:
+
+```
+$ sed -e 's/game/life/g' Makefile
+.PHONY: all run clean
+
+all: life
+
+life: life.o
+        $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o life life.o $(LDFLAGS)
+
+run: life
+        ./life
+
+clean:
+        $(RM) *~
+        $(RM) *.o
+        $(RM) life
+```
+
+This prints the `sed` output to the screen, which is a good way to check if the text replacement will do what you want. To make these changes to the Makefile, first, make a backup of the file, then run `sed` and save the output to the original filename:
+
+```
+$ cp Makefile Makefile.old
+$ sed -e 's/game/life/g' Makefile.old > Makefile
+```
+
+If you are confident that your changes are exactly what you want, use the `-i` or `--in-place` option to edit the file in place. However, I recommend adding a backup filename suffix like `--in-place=.old` to save a copy of the original file in case you need to restore it later. It looks like this:
+
+```
+$ sed --in-place=.old -e 's/game/life/g' Makefile
+$ ls Makefile*
+Makefile  Makefile.old
+```
+
+### Quoting files with sed on Linux
+
+You can use other features of regular expressions to match specific instances of text. For example, you might need to replace text that occurs at the start of a line. With `sed`, you can match the beginning of a line with **^**, the caret character.
+
+One way I use "start of line" in replacing text is when I need to quote a file in an email. Let's say I want to share my Makefile in an email, but I don't want to include it as a file attachment. Instead, I prefer to "quote" the file in the body of an email, using **>** before each line. I can use the following `sed` command to print out an edited version to my terminal, which I can copy and paste into a new email:
+
+```
+$ sed -e 's/^/>/' Makefile
+>.PHONY: all run clean
+>
+>all: life
+>
+>life: life.o
+>       $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o life life.o $(LDFLAGS)
+>
+>run: life
+>       ./life
+>
+>clean:
+>       $(RM) *~
+>       $(RM) *.o
+>       $(RM) life
+```
+
+The `s/^/>/` regular expression matches the start of each line (**^**) and places a **>** there. Effectively, this starts each line with the **>** symbol.
+
+The tabs might not show up correctly in an email, but I can replace all tabs in the Makefile with a few spaces by adding another regular expression:
+
+```
+$ sed -e 's/^/>/' -e 's/\t/  /g' Makefile
+>.PHONY: all run clean
+>
+>all: life
+>
+>life: life.o
+>  $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o life life.o $(LDFLAGS)
+>
+>run: life
+>  ./life
+>
+>clean:
+>  $(RM) *~
+>  $(RM) *.o
+>  $(RM) life
+```
+
+The `\t` indicates a literal tab, so `s/\t/ /g` tells sed to replace all tabs in the input with two spaces in the output.
+
+If you need to apply lots of edits to files, you can save your `-e` commands in a file and use `-f` to tell `sed` to use that file as a "script." This approach is especially useful if you need to make the same edits frequently. I might have prepared the Makefile for quoting in email using a script file called `quotemail.sed` :
+
+```
+$ cat quotemail.sed
+s/^/>/
+s/\t/  /g
+$ sed -f quotemail.sed Makefile
+>.PHONY: all run clean
+>
+>all: life
+>
+>life: life.o
+>  $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o life life.o $(LDFLAGS)
+>
+>run: life
+>  ./life
+>
+>clean:
+>  $(RM) *~
+>  $(RM) *.o
+>  $(RM) life
+```
+
+### Learn to work with sed on Linux
+
+`sed` is a great tool to keep in your Linux command-line toolkit. Explore the `sed` manual page and learn more about how to use it. Type `man sed` at the command line to get complete documentation about the different command line options and how to use `sed` to process text files.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/22/8/automate-file-edits-sed-linux
+
+作者：[Jim Hall][a]
+选题：[lkxed][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall
+[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/lead-images/features_solutions_command_data.png