**, and notice that the paragraph line is indented automatically.
-
-```
-
-
Vim plugins are awesome !
-
-```
-
-Vim Surround has many other options. Give it a try—and consult [GitHub][7] for additional information.
-
-### 4\. Vim Gitgutter
-
-The [Vim Gitgutter][8] plugin is useful for anyone using Git for version control. It shows the output of **Git diff** as symbols in the "gutter"—the sign column where Vim presents additional information, such as line numbers. For example, consider the following as the committed version in Git:
-
-```
- 1 package main
- 2
- 3 import "fmt"
- 4
- 5 func main() {
- 6 x := true
- 7 items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
- 8
- 9 if x {
- 10 for _, i := range items {
- 11 fmt.Println(i)
- 12 }
- 13 }
- 14 }
-```
-
-After making some changes, Vim Gitgutter displays the following symbols in the gutter:
-
-```
- 1 package main
- 2
- 3 import "fmt"
- 4
-_ 5 func main() {
- 6 items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
- 7
-~ 8 if len(items) > 0 {
- 9 for _, i := range items {
- 10 fmt.Println(i)
-+ 11 fmt.Println("------")
- 12 }
- 13 }
- 14 }
-```
-
-The **-** symbol shows that a line was deleted between lines 5 and 6. The **~** symbol shows that line 8 was modified, and the symbol **+** shows that line 11 was added.
-
-In addition, Vim Gitgutter allows you to navigate between "hunks"—individual changes made in the file—with **[c** and **]c** , or even stage individual hunks for commit by pressing **Leader+hs**.
-
-This plugin gives you immediate visual feedback of changes, and it's a great addition to your toolbox if you use Git.
-
-### 5\. VIM Fugitive
-
-[Vim Fugitive][9] is another great plugin for anyone incorporating Git into the Vim workflow. It's a Git wrapper that allows you to execute Git commands directly from Vim and integrates with Vim's interface. This plugin has many features—check its [GitHub][10] page for more information.
-
-Here's a basic Git workflow example using Vim Fugitive. Considering the changes we've made to the Go code block on section 4, you can use **git blame** by typing the command **:Gblame** :
-
-```
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 1 package main
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 2
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 3 import "fmt"
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 4
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│_ 5 func main() {
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 6 items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 7
-00000000 (Not Committed Yet 2018-12-05 18:55:00 -0500)│~ 8 if len(items) > 0 {
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 9 for _, i := range items {
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 10 fmt.Println(i)
-00000000 (Not Committed Yet 2018-12-05 18:55:00 -0500)│+ 11 fmt.Println("------")
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 12 }
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 13 }
-e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 14 }
-```
-
-You can see that lines 8 and 11 have not been committed. Check the repository status by typing **:Gstatus** :
-
-```
- 1 # On branch master
- 2 # Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
- 3 #
- 4 # Changes not staged for commit:
- 5 # (use "git add
..." to update what will be committed)
- 6 # (use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
- 7 #
- 8 # modified: vim-5plugins/examples/test1.go
- 9 #
- 10 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 1 package main
- 2
- 3 import "fmt"
- 4
-_ 5 func main() {
- 6 items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
- 7
-~ 8 if len(items) > 0 {
- 9 for _, i := range items {
- 10 fmt.Println(i)
-+ 11 fmt.Println("------")
- 12 }
- 13 }
- 14 }
-```
-
-Vim Fugitive opens a split window with the result of **git status**. You can stage a file for commit by pressing the **-** key on the line with the name of the file. You can reset the status by pressing **-** again. The message updates to reflect the new status:
-
-```
- 1 # On branch master
- 2 # Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
- 3 #
- 4 # Changes to be committed:
- 5 # (use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
- 6 #
- 7 # modified: vim-5plugins/examples/test1.go
- 8 #
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 1 package main
- 2
- 3 import "fmt"
- 4
-_ 5 func main() {
- 6 items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
- 7
-~ 8 if len(items) > 0 {
- 9 for _, i := range items {
- 10 fmt.Println(i)
-+ 11 fmt.Println("------")
- 12 }
- 13 }
- 14 }
-```
-
-Now you can use the command **:Gcommit** to commit the changes. Vim Fugitive opens another split that allows you to enter a commit message:
-
-```
- 1 vim-5plugins: Updated test1.go example file
- 2 # Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
- 3 # with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
- 4 #
- 5 # On branch master
- 6 # Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
- 7 #
- 8 # Changes to be committed:
- 9 # modified: vim-5plugins/examples/test1.go
- 10 #
-```
-
-Save the file with **:wq** to complete the commit:
-
-```
-[master c3bf80f] vim-5plugins: Updated test1.go example file
- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
-Press ENTER or type command to continue
-```
-
-You can use **:Gstatus** again to see the result and **:Gpush** to update the remote repository with the new commit.
-
-```
- 1 # On branch master
- 2 # Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
- 3 # (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
- 4 #
- 5 nothing to commit, working tree clean
-```
-
-If you like Vim Fugitive and want to learn more, the GitHub repository has links to screencasts showing additional functionality and workflows. Check it out!
-
-### What's next?
-
-These Vim plugins help developers write code in any programming language. There are two other categories of plugins to help developers: code-completion plugins and syntax-checker plugins. They are usually related to specific programming languages, so I will cover them in a follow-up article.
-
-Do you have another Vim plugin you use when writing code? Please share it in the comments below.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/vim-plugins-developers
-
-作者：[Ricardo Gerardi][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[pityonline](https://github.com/pityonline)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://opensource.com/users/rgerardi
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://www.vim.org/
-[2]: https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=3599
-[3]: https://github.com/jiangmiao/auto-pairs
-[4]: https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdcommenter
-[5]: http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Filetype.vim
-[6]: https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1697
-[7]: https://github.com/tpope/vim-surround
-[8]: https://github.com/airblade/vim-gitgutter
-[9]: https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2975
-[10]: https://github.com/tpope/vim-fugitive
diff --git a/sources/tech/20190123 Mind map yourself using FreeMind and Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190123 Mind map yourself using FreeMind and Fedora.md
index 146f95752a..e52673707c 100644
--- a/sources/tech/20190123 Mind map yourself using FreeMind and Fedora.md
+++ b/sources/tech/20190123 Mind map yourself using FreeMind and Fedora.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
diff --git a/sources/tech/20190129 Get started with gPodder, an open source podcast client.md b/sources/tech/20190129 Get started with gPodder, an open source podcast client.md
deleted file mode 100644
index aaf72026b4..0000000000
--- a/sources/tech/20190129 Get started with gPodder, an open source podcast client.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: (geekpi)
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Get started with gPodder, an open source podcast client)
-[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-gpodder)
-[#]: author: (Kevin Sonney https://opensource.com/users/ksonney (Kevin Sonney))
-
-Get started with gPodder, an open source podcast client
-======
-Keep your podcasts synced across your devices with gPodder, the 17th in our series on open source tools that will make you more productive in 2019.
-
-
-
-There seems to be a mad rush at the beginning of every year to find ways to be more productive. New Year's resolutions, the itch to start the year off right, and of course, an "out with the old, in with the new" attitude all contribute to this. And the usual round of recommendations is heavily biased towards closed source and proprietary software. It doesn't have to be that way.
-
-Here's the 17th of my picks for 19 new (or new-to-you) open source tools to help you be more productive in 2019.
-
-### gPodder
-
-I like podcasts. Heck, I like them so much I record three of them (you can find links to them in [my profile][1]). I learn a lot from podcasts and play them in the background when I'm working. But keeping them in sync between multiple desktops and mobile devices can be a bit of a challenge.
-
-[gPodder][2] is a simple, cross-platform podcast downloader, player, and sync tool. It supports RSS feeds, [FeedBurner][3], [YouTube][4], and [SoundCloud][5], and it also has an open source sync service that you can run if you want. gPodder doesn't do podcast playback; instead, it uses your audio or video player of choice.
-
-
-
-Installing gPodder is very straightforward. Installers are available for Windows and MacOS, and packages are available for major Linux distributions. If it isn't available in your distribution, you can run it directly from a Git checkout. With the "Add Podcasts via URL" menu option, you can enter a podcast's RSS feed URL or one of the "special" URLs for the other services. gPodder will fetch a list of episodes and present a dialog where you can select which episodes to download or mark old episodes on the list.
-
-
-
-One of its nicer features is that if a URL is already in your clipboard, gPodder will automatically place it in its URL field, which makes it really easy to add a new podcast to your list. If you already have an OPML file of podcast feeds, you can upload and import it. There is also a discovery option that allows you to search for podcasts on [gPodder.net][6], the free and open source podcast listing site by the people who write and maintain gPodder.
-
-
-
-A [mygpo][7] server synchronizes podcasts between devices. By default, gPodder uses [gPodder.net][8]'s servers, but you can change this in the configuration files if want to run your own (be aware that you'll have to modify the configuration file directly). Syncing allows you to keep your lists consistent between desktops and mobile devices. This is very useful if you listen to podcasts on multiple devices (for example, I listen on my work computer, home computer, and mobile phone), as it means no matter where you are, you have the most recent lists of podcasts and episodes without having to set things up again and again.
-
-
-
-Clicking on a podcast episode will bring up the text post associated with it, and clicking "Play" will launch your device's default audio or video player. If you want to use something other than the default, you can change this in gPodder's configuration settings.
-
-gPodder makes it simple to find, download, and listen to podcasts, synchronize them across devices, and access a lot of other features in an easy-to-use interface.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-gpodder
-
-作者：[Kevin Sonney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ksonney (Kevin Sonney)
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://opensource.com/users/ksonney
-[2]: https://gpodder.github.io/
-[3]: https://feedburner.google.com/
-[4]: https://youtube.com
-[5]: https://soundcloud.com/
-[6]: http://gpodder.net
-[7]: https://github.com/gpodder/mygpo
-[8]: http://gPodder.net
diff --git a/sources/tech/20190131 19 days of productivity in 2019- The fails.md b/sources/tech/20190131 19 days of productivity in 2019- The fails.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e03a6f4ce0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/tech/20190131 19 days of productivity in 2019- The fails.md
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (19 days of productivity in 2019: The fails)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-wish-list)
+[#]: author: (Kevin Sonney https://opensource.com/users/ksonney (Kevin Sonney))
+
+19 days of productivity in 2019: The fails
+======
+Here are some tools the open source world doesn't do as well as it could.
+
+
+There seems to be a mad rush at the beginning of every year to find ways to be more productive. New Year's resolutions, the itch to start the year off right, and of course, an "out with the old, in with the new" attitude all contribute to this. And the usual round of recommendations is heavily biased towards closed source and proprietary software. It doesn't have to be that way.
+
+Part of being productive is accepting that failure happens. I am a big proponent of [Howard Tayler's][1] Maxim 70: "Failure is not an option—it is mandatory. The option is whether or not to let failure be the last thing you do." And there were many things I wanted to talk about in this series that I failed to find good answers for.
+
+So, for the final edition of my 19 new (or new-to-you) open source tools to help you be more productive in 2019, I present the tools I wanted but didn't find. I am hopeful that you, the reader, will be able to help me find some good solutions to the items below. If you do, please share them in the comments.
+
+### Calendaring
+
+
+
+If there is one thing the open source world is weak on, it is calendaring. I've tried about as many calendar programs as I've tried email programs. There are basically three good options for shared calendaring: [Evolution][2], the [Lightning add-on to Thunderbird][3], or [KOrganizer][4]. All the other applications I've tried (including [Orage][5], [Osmo][6], and almost all of the [Org mode][7] add-ons) seem to reliably support only read-only access to remote calendars. If the shared calendar uses either [Google Calendar][8] or [Microsoft Exchange][9] as the server, the first three are the only easily configured options (and even then, additional add-ons are often required).
+
+### Linux on the inside
+
+
+
+I love [Chrome OS][10], with its simplicity and lightweight requirements. I have owned several Chromebooks, including the latest models from Google. I find it to be reasonably distraction-free, lightweight, and easy to use. With the addition of Android apps and a Linux container, it's easy to be productive almost anywhere.
+
+I'd like to carry that over to some of the older laptops I have hanging around, but unless I do a full compile of Chromium OS, it is hard to find that same experience. The desktop [Android][11] projects like [Bliss OS][12], [Phoenix OS][13], and [Android-x86][14] are getting close, and I'm keeping an eye on them for the future.
+
+### Help desks
+
+
+
+Customer service is a big deal for companies big and small. And with the added focus on DevOps these days, it is important to have tools to help bridge the gap. Almost every company I've worked with uses either [Jira][15], [GitHub][16], or [GitLab][17] for code issues, but none of these tools are very good at customer support tickets (without a lot of work). While there are many applications designed around customer support tickets and issues, most (if not all) of them are silos that don't play nice with other systems, again without a lot of work.
+
+On my wishlist is an open source solution that allows customers, support, and developers to work together without an unwieldy pile of code to glue multiple systems together.
+
+### Your turn
+
+
+
+I'm sure there are a lot of options I missed during this series. I try new applications regularly, in the hopes that they will help me be more productive. I encourage everyone to do the same, because when it comes to being productive with open source tools, there is always something new to try. And, if you have favorite open source productivity apps that didn't make it into this series, please make sure to share them in the comments.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-wish-list
+
+作者：[Kevin Sonney][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ksonney (Kevin Sonney)
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.schlockmercenary.com/
+[2]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Evolution
+[3]: https://www.thunderbird.net/en-US/calendar/
+[4]: https://userbase.kde.org/KOrganizer
+[5]: https://github.com/xfce-mirror/orage
+[6]: http://clayo.org/osmo/
+[7]: https://orgmode.org/
+[8]: https://calendar.google.com
+[9]: https://products.office.com/
+[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_OS
+[11]: https://www.android.com/
+[12]: https://blissroms.com/
+[13]: http://www.phoenixos.com/
+[14]: http://www.android-x86.org/
+[15]: https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
+[16]: https://github.com
+[17]: https://about.gitlab.com/
diff --git a/sources/tech/20190218 SPEED TEST- x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python.md b/sources/tech/20190218 SPEED TEST- x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86b5230d2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/tech/20190218 SPEED TEST- x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python.md
@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (SPEED TEST: x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python)
+[#]: via: (https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/speed-test-x86-vs-arm-for-web-crawling-in-python/)
+[#]: author: (James Mawson https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/)
+
+SPEED TEST: x86 vs. ARM for Web Crawling in Python
+======
+
+![][1]
+
+Can you imagine if your job was to trawl competitor websites and jot prices down by hand, again and again and again? You’d burn your whole office down by lunchtime.
+
+So, little wonder web crawlers are huge these days. They can keep track of customer sentiment and trending topics, monitor job openings, real estate transactions, UFC results, all sorts of stuff.
+
+For those of a certain bent, this is fascinating stuff. Which is how I found myself playing around with [Scrapy][2], an open source web crawling framework written in Python.
+
+Being wary of the potential to do something catastrophic to my computer while poking with things I didn’t understand, I decided to install it on my main machine but a Raspberry Pi.
+
+And wouldn’t you know it? It actually didn’t run too shabby on the little tacker. Maybe this is a good use case for an ARM server?
+
+Google had no solid answer. The nearest thing I found was [this Drupal hosting drag race][3], which showed an ARM server outperforming a much more expensive x86 based account.
+
+That was definitely interesting. I mean, isn’t a web server kind of like a crawler in reverse? But with one operating on a LAMP stack and the other on a Python interpreter, it’s hardly the exact same thing.
+
+So what could I do? Only one thing. Get some VPS accounts and make them race each other.
+
+### What’s the Deal With ARM Processors?
+
+ARM is now the most popular CPU architecture in the world.
+
+But it’s generally seen as something you’d opt for to save money and battery life, rather than a serious workhorse.
+
+It wasn’t always that way: this CPU was designed in Cambridge, England to power the fiendishly expensive [Acorn Archimedes][4]. This was the most powerful desktop computer in the world, and by a long way too: it was multiple times the speed of the fastest 386.
+
+Acorn, like Commodore and Atari, somewhat ignorantly believed that the making of a great computer company was in the making of great computers. Bill Gates had a better idea. He got DOS on as many x86 machines – of the most widely varying quality and expense – as he could.
+
+Having the best user base made you the obvious platform for third party developers to write software for; having all the software support made yours the most useful computer.
+
+Even Apple nearly bit the dust. All the $$$$ were in building a better x86 chip, this was the architecture that ended up being developed for serious computing.
+
+That wasn’t the end for ARM though. Their chips weren’t just fast, they could run well without drawing much power or emitting much heat. That made them a preferred technology in set top boxes, PDAs, digital cameras, MP3 players, and basically anything that either used a battery or where you’d just rather avoid the noise of a large fan.
+
+So it was that Acorn spun off ARM, who began an idiosyncratic business model that continues to today: ARM doesn’t actually manufacture any chips, they license their intellectual property to others who do.
+
+Which is more or less how they ended up in so many phones and tablets. When Linux was ported to the architecture, the door opened to other open source technologies, which is how we can run a web crawler on these chips today.
+
+#### ARM in the Server Room
+
+Some big names, like [Microsoft][5] and [Cloudflare][6], have placed heavy bets on the British Bulldog for their infrastructure. But for those of us with more modest budgets, the options are fairly sparse.
+
+In fact, when it comes to cheap and cheerful VPS accounts that you can stick on the credit card for a few bucks a month, for years the only option was [Scaleway][7].
+
+This changed a few months ago when public cloud heavyweight [AWS][8] launched its own ARM processor: the [AWS Graviton][9].
+
+I decided to grab one of each, and race them against the most similar Intel offering from the same provider.
+
+### Looking Under the Hood
+
+So what are we actually racing here? Let’s jump right in.
+
+#### Scaleway
+
+Scaleway positions itself as “designed for developers”. And you know what? I think that’s fair enough: it’s definitely been a good little sandbox for developing and prototyping.
+
+The dirt simple product offering and clean, easy dashboard guides you from home page to bash shell in minutes. That makes it a strong option for small businesses, freelancers and consultants who just want to get straight into a good VPS at a great price to run some crawls.
+
+The ARM account we will be using is their [ARM64-2GB][10], which costs 3 euros a month and has 4 Cavium ThunderX cores. This launched in 2014 as the first server-class ARMv8 processor, but is now looking a bit middle-aged, having been superseded by the younger, prettier ThunderX2.
+
+The x86 account we will be comparing it to is the [1-S][11], which costs a more princely 4 euros a month and has 2 Intel Atom C3995 cores. Intel’s Atom range is a low power single-threaded system on chip design, first built for laptops and then adapted for server use.
+
+These accounts are otherwise fairly similar: they each have 2 gigabytes of memory, 50 gigabytes of SSD storage and 200 Mbit/s bandwidth. The disk drives possibly differ, but with the crawls we’re going to run here, this won’t come into play, we’re going to be doing everything in memory.
+
+When I can’t use a package manager I’m familiar with, I become angry and confused, a bit like an autistic toddler without his security blanket, entirely beyond reasoning or consolation, it’s quite horrendous really, so both of these accounts will use Debian Stretch.
+
+#### Amazon Web Services
+
+In the same length of time as it takes you to give Scaleway your credit card details, launch a VPS, add a sudo user and start installing dependencies, you won’t even have gotten as far as registering your AWS account. You’ll still be reading through the product pages trying to figure out what’s going on.
+
+There’s a serious breadth and depth here aimed at enterprises and others with complicated or specialised needs.
+
+The AWS Graviton we wanna drag race is part of AWS’s “Elastic Compute Cloud” or EC2 range. I’ll be running it as an on-demand instance, which is the most convenient and expensive way to use EC2. AWS also operates a [spot market][12], where you get the server much cheaper if you can be flexible about when it runs. There’s also a [mid-priced option][13] if you want to run it 24/7.
+
+Did I mention that AWS is complicated? Anyhoo..
+
+The two accounts we’re comparing are [a1.medium][14] and [t2.small][15]. They both offer 2GB of RAM. Which begs the question: WTF is a vCPU? Confusingly, it’s a different thing on each account.
+
+On the a1.medium account, a vCPU is a single core of the new AWS Graviton chip. This was built by Annapurna Labs, an Israeli chip maker bought by Amazon in 2015. This is a single-threaded 64-bit ARMv8 core exclusive to AWS. This has an on-demand price of 0.0255 US dollars per hour.
+
+Our t2.small account runs on an Intel Xeon – though exactly which Xeon chip it is, I couldn’t really figure out. This has two threads per core – though we’re not really getting the whole core, or even the whole thread.
+
+Instead we’re getting a “baseline performance of 20%, with the ability to burst above that baseline using CPU credits”. Which makes sense in principle, though it’s completely unclear to me what to actually expect from this. The on-demand price for this account is 0.023 US dollars per hour.
+
+I couldn’t find Debian in the image library here, so both of these accounts will run Ubuntu 18.04.
+
+### Beavis and Butthead Do Moz’s Top 500
+
+To test these VPS accounts, I need a crawler to run – one that will let the CPU stretch its legs a bit. One way to do this would be to just hammer a few websites with as many requests as fast as possible, but that’s not very polite. What we’ll do instead is a broad crawl of many websites at once.
+
+So it’s in tribute to my favourite physicist turned filmmaker, Mike Judge, that I wrote beavis.py. This crawls Moz’s Top 500 Websites to a depth of 3 pages to count how many times the words “wood” and “ass” occur anywhere within the HTML source.
+
+Not all 500 websites will actually get crawled here – some will be excluded by robots.txt and others will require javascript to follow links and so on. But it’s a wide enough crawl to keep the CPU busy.
+
+Python’s [global interpreter lock][16] means that beavis.py can only make use of a single CPU thread. To test multi-threaded we’re going to have to launch multiple spiders as seperate processes.
+
+This is why I wrote butthead.py. Any true fan of the show knows that, as crude as Butthead was, he was always slightly more sophisticated than Beavis.
+
+Splitting the crawl into multiple lists of start pages and allowed domains might slightly impact what gets crawled – fewer external links to other websites in the top 500 will get followed. But every crawl will be different anyway, so we will count how many pages are scraped as well as how long they take.
+
+### Installing Scrapy on an ARM Server
+
+Installing Scrapy is basically the same on each architecture. You install pip and various other dependencies, then install Scrapy from pip.
+
+Installing Scrapy from pip to an ARM device does take noticeably longer though. I’m guessing this is because it has to compile the binary parts from source.
+
+Once Scrapy is installed, I ran it from the shell to check that it’s fetching pages.
+
+On Scaleway’s ARM account, there seemed to be a hitch with the service_identity module: it was installed but not working. This issue had come up on the Raspberry Pi as well, but not the AWS Graviton.
+
+Not to worry, this was easily fixed with the following command:
+
+```
+sudo pip3 install service_identity --force --upgrade
+```
+
+Then we were off and racing!
+
+### Single Threaded Crawls
+
+The Scrapy docs say to try to [keep your crawls running between 80-90% CPU usage][17]. In practice, it’s hard – at least it is with the script I’ve written. What tends to happen is that the CPU gets very busy early in the crawl, drops a little bit and then rallies again.
+
+The last part of the crawl, where most of the domains have been finished, can go on for quite a few minutes, which is frustrating, because at that point it feels like more a measure of how big the last website is than anything to do with the processor.
+
+So please take this for what it is: not a state of the art benchmarking tool, but a short and slightly balding Australian in his underpants running some scripts and watching what happens.
+
+So let’s get down to brass tacks. We’ll start with the Scaleway crawls.
+
+| VPS | Account | Time | Pages | Scraped | Pages/Hour | €/million | pages |
+| --------- | ------- | ------- | ------ | ---------- | ---------- | --------- | ----- |
+| Scaleway | | | | | | | |
+| ARM64-2GB | 108m | 59.27s | 38,205 | 21,032.623 | 0.28527 | | |
+| --------- | ------- | ------- | ------ | ---------- | ---------- | --------- | ----- |
+| Scaleway | | | | | | | |
+| 1-S | 97m | 44.067s | 39,476 | 24,324.648 | 0.33011 | | |
+
+I kept an eye on the CPU use of both of these crawls using [top][18]. Both crawls hit 100% CPU use at the beginning, but the ThunderX chip was definitely redlining a lot more. That means these figures understate how much faster the Atom core crawls than the ThunderX.
+
+While I was watching CPU use in top, I could also see how much RAM was in use – this increased as the crawl continued. The ARM account used 14.7% at the end of the crawl, while the x86 was at 15%.
+
+Watching the logs of these crawls, I also noticed a lot more pages timing out and going missing when the processor was maxed out. That makes sense – if the CPU’s too busy to respond to everything then something’s gonna go missing.
+
+That’s not such a big deal when you’re just racing the things to see which is fastest. But in a real-world situation, with business outcomes at stake in the quality of your data, it’s probably worth having a little bit of headroom.
+
+And what about AWS?
+
+| VPS Account | Time | Pages Scraped | Pages / Hour | $ / Million Pages |
+| ----------- | ---- | ------------- | ------------ | ----------------- |
+| a1.medium | 100m 39.900s | 41,294 | 24,612.725 | 1.03605 |
+| t2.small | 78m 53.171s | 41,200 | 31,336.286 | 0.73397 |
+
+I’ve included these results for sake of comparison with the Scaleway crawls, but these crawls were kind of a bust. Monitoring the CPU use – this time through the AWS dashboard rather than through top – showed that the script wasn’t making good use of the available processing power on either account.
+
+This was clearest with the a1.medium account – it hardly even got out of bed. It peaked at about 45% near the beginning and then bounced around between 20% and 30% for the rest.
+
+What’s intriguing to me about this is that the exact same script ran much slower on the ARM processor – and that’s not because it hit a limit of the Graviton’s CPU power. It had oodles of headroom left. Even the Intel Atom core managed to finish, and that was maxing out for some of the crawl. The settings were the same in the code, the way they were being handled differently on the different architecture.
+
+It’s a bit of a black box to me whether that’s something inherent to the processor itself, the way the binaries were compiled, or some interaction between the two. I’m going to speculate that we might have seen the same thing on the Scaleway ARM VPS, if we hadn’t hit the limit of the CPU core’s processing power first.
+
+It was harder to know how the t2.small account was doing. The crawl sat at about 20%, sometimes going as high as 35%. Was that it meant by “baseline performance of 20%, with the ability to burst to a higher level”? I had no idea. But I could see on the dashboard I wasn’t burning through any CPU credits.
+
+Just to make extra sure, I installed [stress][19] and ran it for a few minutes; sure enough, this thing could do 100% if you pushed it.
+
+Clearly, I was going to need to crank the settings up on both these processors to make them sweat a bit, so I set CONCURRENT_REQUESTS to 5000 and REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE to 120 and ran some more crawls.
+
+| VPS Account | Time | Pages Scraped | Pages/hr | $/10000 Pages |
+| ----------- | ---- | ------------- | -------- | ------------- |
+| a1.medium | 46m 13.619s | 40,283 | 52,285.047 | 0.48771 |
+| t2.small | 41m7.619s | 36,241 | 52,871.857 | 0.43501 |
+| t2.small (No CPU credits) | 73m 8.133s | 34,298 | 28,137.8891 | 0.81740 |
+
+The a1 instance hit 100% usage about 5 minutes into the crawl, before dropping back to 80% use for another 20 minutes, climbing up to 96% again and then dropping down again as it was wrapping things up. That was probably about as well-tuned as I was going to get it.
+
+The t2 instance hit 50% early in the crawl and stayed there for until it was nearly done. With 2 threads per core, 50% CPU use is one thread maxed out.
+
+Here we see both accounts produce similar speeds. But the Xeon thread was redlining for most of the crawl, and the Graviton was not. I’m going to chalk this up as a slight win for the Graviton.
+
+But what about once you’ve burnt through all your CPU credits? That’s probably the fairer comparison – to only use them as you earn them. I wanted to test that as well. So I ran stress until all the CPU credits were exhausted and ran the crawl again.
+
+With no credits in the bank, the CPU usage maxed out at 27% and stayed there. So many pages ended up going missing that it actually performed worse than when on the lower settings.
+
+### Multi Threaded Crawls
+
+Dividing our crawl up between multiple spiders in separate processes offers a few more options to make use of the available cores.
+
+I first tried dividing everything up between 10 processes and launching them all at once. This turned out to be slower than just dividing them up into 1 process per core.
+
+I got the best result by combining these methods – dividing the crawl up into 10 processes and then launching 1 process per core at the start and then the rest as these crawls began to wind down.
+
+To make this even better, you could try to minimise the problem of the last lingering crawler by making sure the longest crawls start first. I actually attempted to do this.
+
+Figuring that the number of links on the home page might be a rough proxy for how large the crawl would be, I built a second spider to count them and then sort them in descending order of number of outgoing links. This preprocessing worked well and added a little over a minute.
+
+It turned out though that blew the crawling time out beyond two hours! Putting all the most link heavy websites together in the same process wasn’t a great idea after all.
+
+You might effectively deal with this by tweaking the number of domains per process as well – or by shuffling the list after it’s ordered. That’s a bit much for Beavis and Butthead though.
+
+So I went back to my earlier method that had worked somewhat well:
+
+| VPS Account | Time | Pages Scraped | Pages/hr | €/10,000 pages |
+| ----------- | ---- | ------------- | -------- | -------------- |
+| Scaleway ARM64-2GB | 62m 10.078s | 36,158 | 34,897.0719 | 0.17193 |
+| Scaleway 1-S | 60m 56.902s | 36,725 | 36,153.5529 | 0.22128 |
+
+After all that, using more cores did speed up the crawl. But it’s hardly a matter of just halving or quartering the time taken.
+
+I’m certain that a more experienced coder could better optimise this to take advantage of all the cores. But, as far as “out of the box” Scrapy performance goes, it seems to be a lot easier to speed up a crawl by using faster threads rather than by throwing more cores at it.
+
+As it is, the Atom has scraped slightly more pages in slightly less time. On a value for money metric, you could possibly say that the ThunderX is ahead. Either way, there’s not a lot of difference here.
+
+### Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Ass and Wood (But Were Afraid to Ask)
+
+After scraping 38,205 pages, our crawler found 24,170,435 mentions of ass and 54,368 mentions of wood.
+
+![][20]
+
+Considered on its own, this is a respectable amount of wood.
+
+But when you set it against the sheer quantity of ass we’re dealing with here, the wood looks miniscule.
+
+### The Verdict
+
+From what’s visible to me at the moment, it looks like the CPU architecture you use is actually less important than how old the processor is. The AWS Graviton from 2018 was the winner here in single-threaded performance.
+
+You could of course argue that the Xeon still wins, core for core. But then you’re not really going dollar for dollar anymore, or even thread for thread.
+
+The Atom from 2017, on the other hand, comfortably bested the ThunderX from 2014. Though, on the value for money metric, the ThunderX might be the clear winner. Then again, if you can run your crawls on Amazon’s spot market, the Graviton is still ahead.
+
+All in all, I think this shows that, yes, you can crawl the web with an ARM device, and it can compete on both performance and price.
+
+Whether the difference is significant enough for you to turn what you’re doing upside down is a whole other question of course. Certainly, if you’re already on the AWS cloud – and your code is portable enough – then it might be worthwhile testing out their a1 instances.
+
+Hopefully we will see more ARM options on the public cloud in near future.
+
+### The Scripts
+
+This is my first real go at doing anything in either Python or Scrapy. So this might not be great code to learn from. Some of what I’ve done here – such as using global variables – is definitely a bit kludgey.
+
+Still, I want to be transparent about my methods, so here are my scripts.
+
+To run them, you’ll need Scrapy installed and you will need the CSV file of [Moz’s top 500 domains][21]. To run butthead.py you will also need [psutil][22].
+
+##### beavis.py
+
+```
+import scrapy
+from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
+from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
+from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerProcess
+
+ass = 0
+wood = 0
+totalpages = 0
+
+def getdomains():
+
+ moz500file = open('top500.domains.05.18.csv')
+
+ domains = []
+ moz500csv = moz500file.readlines()
+
+ del moz500csv[0]
+
+ for csvline in moz500csv:
+ leftquote = csvline.find('"')
+ rightquote = leftquote + csvline[leftquote + 1:].find('"')
+ domains.append(csvline[leftquote + 1:rightquote])
+
+ return domains
+
+def getstartpages(domains):
+
+ startpages = []
+
+ for domain in domains:
+ startpages.append('http://' + domain)
+
+ return startpages
+
+class AssWoodItem(scrapy.Item):
+ ass = scrapy.Field()
+ wood = scrapy.Field()
+ url = scrapy.Field()
+
+class AssWoodPipeline(object):
+ def __init__(self):
+ self.asswoodstats = []
+
+ def process_item(self, item, spider):
+ self.asswoodstats.append((item.get('url'), item.get('ass'), item.get('wood')))
+
+ def close_spider(self, spider):
+ asstally, woodtally = 0, 0
+
+ for asswoodcount in self.asswoodstats:
+ asstally += asswoodcount[1]
+ woodtally += asswoodcount[2]
+
+ global ass, wood, totalpages
+ ass = asstally
+ wood = woodtally
+ totalpages = len(self.asswoodstats)
+
+class BeavisSpider(CrawlSpider):
+ name = "Beavis"
+ allowed_domains = getdomains()
+ start_urls = getstartpages(allowed_domains)
+ #start_urls = [ 'http://medium.com' ]
+ custom_settings = {
+ 'DEPTH_LIMIT': 3,
+ 'DOWNLOAD_DELAY': 3,
+ 'CONCURRENT_REQUESTS': 1500,
+ 'REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE': 60,
+ 'ITEM_PIPELINES': { '__main__.AssWoodPipeline': 10 },
+ 'LOG_LEVEL': 'INFO',
+ 'RETRY_ENABLED': False,
+ 'DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT': 30,
+ 'COOKIES_ENABLED': False,
+ 'AJAXCRAWL_ENABLED': True
+ }
+
+ rules = ( Rule(LinkExtractor(), callback='parse_asswood'), )
+
+ def parse_asswood(self, response):
+ if isinstance(response, scrapy.http.TextResponse):
+ item = AssWoodItem()
+ item['ass'] = response.text.casefold().count('ass')
+ item['wood'] = response.text.casefold().count('wood')
+ item['url'] = response.url
+ yield item
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+ process = CrawlerProcess({
+ 'USER_AGENT': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)'
+ })
+
+ process.crawl(BeavisSpider)
+ process.start()
+
+ print('Uhh, that was, like, ' + str(totalpages) + ' pages crawled.')
+ print('Uh huhuhuhuh. It said ass ' + str(ass) + ' times.')
+ print('Uh huhuhuhuh. It said wood ' + str(wood) + ' times.')
+```
+
+##### butthead.py
+
+```
+import scrapy, time, psutil
+from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule, Spider
+from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
+from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerProcess
+from multiprocessing import Process, Queue, cpu_count
+
+ass = 0
+wood = 0
+totalpages = 0
+linkcounttuples =[]
+
+def getdomains():
+
+ moz500file = open('top500.domains.05.18.csv')
+
+ domains = []
+ moz500csv = moz500file.readlines()
+
+ del moz500csv[0]
+
+ for csvline in moz500csv:
+ leftquote = csvline.find('"')
+ rightquote = leftquote + csvline[leftquote + 1:].find('"')
+ domains.append(csvline[leftquote + 1:rightquote])
+
+ return domains
+
+def getstartpages(domains):
+
+ startpages = []
+
+ for domain in domains:
+ startpages.append('http://' + domain)
+
+ return startpages
+
+class AssWoodItem(scrapy.Item):
+ ass = scrapy.Field()
+ wood = scrapy.Field()
+ url = scrapy.Field()
+
+class AssWoodPipeline(object):
+ def __init__(self):
+ self.asswoodstats = []
+
+ def process_item(self, item, spider):
+ self.asswoodstats.append((item.get('url'), item.get('ass'), item.get('wood')))
+
+ def close_spider(self, spider):
+ asstally, woodtally = 0, 0
+
+ for asswoodcount in self.asswoodstats:
+ asstally += asswoodcount[1]
+ woodtally += asswoodcount[2]
+
+ global ass, wood, totalpages
+ ass = asstally
+ wood = woodtally
+ totalpages = len(self.asswoodstats)
+
+
+class ButtheadSpider(CrawlSpider):
+ name = "Butthead"
+ custom_settings = {
+ 'DEPTH_LIMIT': 3,
+ 'DOWNLOAD_DELAY': 3,
+ 'CONCURRENT_REQUESTS': 250,
+ 'REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE': 30,
+ 'ITEM_PIPELINES': { '__main__.AssWoodPipeline': 10 },
+ 'LOG_LEVEL': 'INFO',
+ 'RETRY_ENABLED': False,
+ 'DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT': 30,
+ 'COOKIES_ENABLED': False,
+ 'AJAXCRAWL_ENABLED': True
+ }
+
+ rules = ( Rule(LinkExtractor(), callback='parse_asswood'), )
+
+
+ def parse_asswood(self, response):
+ if isinstance(response, scrapy.http.TextResponse):
+ item = AssWoodItem()
+ item['ass'] = response.text.casefold().count('ass')
+ item['wood'] = response.text.casefold().count('wood')
+ item['url'] = response.url
+ yield item
+
+def startButthead(domainslist, urlslist, asswoodqueue):
+ crawlprocess = CrawlerProcess({
+ 'USER_AGENT': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)'
+ })
+
+ crawlprocess.crawl(ButtheadSpider, allowed_domains = domainslist, start_urls = urlslist)
+ crawlprocess.start()
+ asswoodqueue.put( (ass, wood, totalpages) )
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+ asswoodqueue = Queue()
+ domains=getdomains()
+ startpages=getstartpages(domains)
+ processlist =[]
+ cores = cpu_count()
+
+ for i in range(10):
+ domainsublist = domains[i * 50:(i + 1) * 50]
+ pagesublist = startpages[i * 50:(i + 1) * 50]
+ p = Process(target = startButthead, args = (domainsublist, pagesublist, asswoodqueue))
+ processlist.append(p)
+
+ for i in range(cores):
+ processlist[i].start()
+
+ time.sleep(180)
+
+ i = cores
+
+ while i != 10:
+ time.sleep(60)
+ if psutil.cpu_percent() < 66.7:
+ processlist[i].start()
+ i += 1
+
+ for i in range(10):
+ processlist[i].join()
+
+ for i in range(10):
+ asswoodtuple = asswoodqueue.get()
+ ass += asswoodtuple[0]
+ wood += asswoodtuple[1]
+ totalpages += asswoodtuple[2]
+
+ print('Uhh, that was, like, ' + str(totalpages) + ' pages crawled.')
+ print('Uh huhuhuhuh. It said ass ' + str(ass) + ' times.')
+ print('Uh huhuhuhuh. It said wood ' + str(wood) + ' times.')
+```
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/speed-test-x86-vs-arm-for-web-crawling-in-python/
+
+作者：[James Mawson][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/author/james-mawson/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/quadbike-1024x683.jpg
+[2]: https://scrapy.org/
+[3]: https://www.info2007.net/blog/2018/review-scaleway-arm-based-cloud-server.html
+[4]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/playing-badass-acorn-archimedes-games-on-a-raspberry-pi/
+[5]: https://www.computerworld.com/article/3178544/microsoft-windows/microsoft-and-arm-look-to-topple-intel-in-servers.html
+[6]: https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/design/cloudflare-bets-arm-servers-it-expands-its-data-center-network
+[7]: https://www.scaleway.com/
+[8]: https://aws.amazon.com/
+[9]: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/11/27/amazon_aws_graviton_specs/
+[10]: https://www.scaleway.com/virtual-cloud-servers/#anchor_arm
+[11]: https://www.scaleway.com/virtual-cloud-servers/#anchor_starter
+[12]: https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/spot/pricing/
+[13]: https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/reserved-instances/
+[14]: https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/a1/
+[15]: https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/t2/
+[16]: https://wiki.python.org/moin/GlobalInterpreterLock
+[17]: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/broad-crawls.html
+[18]: https://linux.die.net/man/1/top
+[19]: https://linux.die.net/man/1/stress
+[20]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Screenshot-from-2019-02-16-17-01-08.png
+[21]: https://moz.com/top500
+[22]: https://pypi.org/project/psutil/
diff --git a/sources/tech/20190219 3 tools for viewing files at the command line.md b/sources/tech/20190219 3 tools for viewing files at the command line.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1443d3bfa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/tech/20190219 3 tools for viewing files at the command line.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (3 tools for viewing files at the command line)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/2/view-files-command-line)
+[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt)
+
+3 tools for viewing files at the command line
+======
+Take a look at less, Antiword, and odt2txt, three utilities for viewing files in the terminal.
+
+
+I always say you don't need to use the command line to use Linux effectively—I know many Linux users who never crack open a terminal window and are quite happy. However, even though I don't consider myself a techie, I spend about 20% of my computing time at the command line, manipulating files, processing text, and using utilities.
+
+One thing I often do in a terminal window is viewing files, whether text or word processor files. Sometimes it's just easier to use a command line utility than to fire up a text editor or a word processor.
+
+Here are three of the utilities I use to view files at the command line.
+
+### less
+
+The beauty of [less][1] is that it's easy to use and it breaks the files you're viewing down into discrete chunks (or pages), which makes them easier to read. You use it to view text files at the command line, such as a README, an HTML file, a LaTeX file, or anything else in plaintext. I took a look at less in a [previous article][2].
+
+To use less, just type:
+
+```
+less file_name
+```
+
+
+
+Scroll down through the file by pressing the spacebar or PgDn key on your keyboard. You can move up through a file by pressing the PgUp key. To stop viewing the file, press the Q key on your keyboard.
+
+### Antiword
+
+[Antiword][3] is great little utility that you can use to that can convert Word documents to plaintext. If you want, you can also convert them to [PostScript][4] or [PDF][5]. For this article, let's just stick with the conversion to text.
+
+Antiword can read and convert files created with versions of Word from 2.0 to 2003. It doesn't read DOCX files—if you try, Antiword displays an error message that what you're trying to read is a ZIP file. That's technically correct, but it's still frustrating.
+
+To view a Word document using Antiword, type the following command:
+
+```
+antiword file_name.doc
+```
+
+Antiword converts the document to text and displays it in the terminal window. Unfortunately, it doesn't break the document into pages in the terminal. You can, though, redirect Antiword's output to a utility like less or [more][6] to paginate it. Do that by typing the following command:
+
+```
+antiword file_name.doc | less
+```
+
+If you're new to the command line, the | is called a pipe. That's what does the redirection.
+
+
+
+### odt2txt
+
+Being a good open source citizen, you'll want to use as many open formats as possible. For your word processing needs, you might deal with [ODT][7] files (used by such word processors as LibreOffice Writer and AbiWord) instead of Word files. Even if you don't, you might run into ODT files. And they're easy to view at the command line, even if you don't have Writer or AbiWord installed on your computer.
+
+How? With a little utility called [odt2txt][8]. As you've probably guessed, odt2txt converts an ODT file to plaintext. To use it, run the command:
+
+```
+odt2txt file_name.odt
+```
+
+Like Antiword, odt2txt converts the document to text and displays it in the terminal window. And, like Antiword, it doesn't page the document. Once again, though, you can pipe the output from odt2txt to a utility like less or more using the following command:
+
+```
+odt2txt file_name.odt | more
+```
+
+
+
+Do you have a favorite utility for viewing files at the command line? Feel free to share it with the community by leaving a comment.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/view-files-command-line
+
+作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.gnu.org/software/less/
+[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/using-less-view-text-files-command-line
+[3]: http://www.winfield.demon.nl/
+[4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript
+[5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format
+[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/more-text-files-linux
+[7]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument
+[8]: https://github.com/dstosberg/odt2txt
diff --git a/sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md b/sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7609f5022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems)
+[#]: via: (https://fosspost.org/lists/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text)
+[#]: author: (Simon James https://fosspost.org/author/simonjames)
+
+5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems
+======
+
+
+
+A speech-to-text (STT) system is as its name implies; A way of transforming the spoken words via sound into textual files that can be used later for any purpose.
+
+Speech-to-text technology is extremely useful. It can be used for a lot of applications such as a automation of transcription, writing books/texts using your own sound only, enabling complicated analyses on information using the generated textual files and a lot of other things.
+
+In the past, the speech-to-text technology was dominated by proprietary software and libraries; Open source alternatives didn’t exist or existed with extreme limitations and no community around. This is changing, today there are a lot of open source speech-to-text tools and libraries that you can use right now.
+
+Here we list 5 of them.
+
+### Open Source Speech Recognition Libraries
+
+#### Project DeepSpeech
+
+![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 15 open source speech recognition][1]
+
+This project is made by Mozilla; The organization behind the Firefox browser. It’s a 100% free and open source speech-to-text library that also implies the machine learning technology using TensorFlow framework to fulfill its mission.
+
+In other words, you can use it to build training models yourself to enhance the underlying speech-to-text technology and get better results, or even to bring it to other languages if you want. You can also easily integrate it to your other machine learning projects that you are having on TensorFlow. Sadly it sounds like the project is currently only supporting English by default.
+
+It’s also available in many languages such as Python (3.6); Which allows you to have it working in seconds:
+
+```
+pip3 install deepspeech
+deepspeech --model models/output_graph.pbmm --alphabet models/alphabet.txt --lm models/lm.binary --trie models/trie --audio my_audio_file.wav
+```
+
+You can also install it using npm:
+
+```
+npm install deepspeech
+```
+
+For more information, refer to the [project’s homepage][2].
+
+#### Kaldi
+
+![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 17 open source speech recognition][3]
+
+Kaldi is an open source speech recognition software written in C++, and is released under the Apache public license. It works on Windows, macOS and Linux. Its development started back in 2009.
+
+Kaldi’s main features over some other speech recognition software is that it’s extendable and modular; The community is providing tons of 3rd-party modules that you can use for your tasks. Kaldi also supports deep neural networks, and offers an [excellent documentation on its website][4].
+
+While the code is mainly written in C++, it’s “wrapped” by Bash and Python scripts. So if you are looking just for the basic usage of converting speech to text, then you’ll find it easy to accomplish that via either Python or Bash.
+
+[Project’s homepage][5].
+
+#### Julius
+
+![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 19 open source speech recognition][6]
+
+Probably one of the oldest speech recognition software ever; It’s development started in 1991 at the University of Kyoto, and then its ownership was transferred to an independent project team in 2005.
+
+Julius main features include its ability to perform real-time STT processes, low memory usage (Less than 64MB for 20000 words), ability to produce N-best/Word-graph output, ability to work as a server unit and a lot more. This software was mainly built for academic and research purposes. It is written in C, and works on Linux, Windows, macOS and even Android (on smartphones).
+
+Currently it supports both English and Japanese languages only. The software is probably availbale to install easily in your Linux distribution’s repository; Just search for julius package in your package manager. The latest version was [released][7] around one and half months ago.
+
+[Project’s homepage][8].
+
+#### Wav2Letter++
+
+![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 21 open source speech recognition][9]
+
+If you are looking for something modern, then this one is for you. Wav2Letter++ is an open source speech recognition software that was released by Facebook’s AI Research Team just 2 months ago. The code is released under the BSD license.
+
+Facebook is [describing][10] its library as “the fastest state-of-the-art speech recognition system available”. The concepts on which this tool is built makes it optimized for performance by default; Facebook’s also-new machine learning library [FlashLight][11] is used as the underlying core of Wav2Letter++.
+
+Wav2Letter++ needs you first to build a training model for the language you desire by yourself in order to train the algorithms on it. No pre-built support of any language (including English) is available; It’s just a machine-learning-driven tool to convert speech to text. It was written in C++, hence the name (Wav2Letter++).
+
+[Project’s homepage][12].
+
+#### DeepSpeech2
+
+![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 23 open source speech recognition][13]
+
+Researchers at the Chinese giant Baidu are also working on their own speech-to-text engine, called DeepSpeech2. It’s an end-to-end open source engine that uses the “PaddlePaddle” deep learning framework for converting both English & Mandarin Chinese languages speeches into text. The code is released under BSD license.
+
+The engine can be trained on any model and for any language you desire. The models are not released with the code; You’ll have to build them yourself, just like the other software. DeepSpeech2’s source code is written in Python; So it should be easy for you to get familiar with it if that’s the language you use.
+
+[Project’s homepage][14].
+
+### Conclusion
+
+The speech recognition category is still mainly dominated by proprietary software giants like Google and IBM (which do provide their own closed-source commercial services for this), but the open source alternatives are promising. Those 5 open source speech recognition engines should get you going in building your application, all of them are still under heavy development by time. In few years, we expect open source to become the norm for those technologies just like in the other industries.
+
+If you have any other recommendations for this list, or comments in general, we’d love to hear them below!
+
+**
+
+Shares
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://fosspost.org/lists/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text
+
+作者：[Simon James][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://fosspost.org/author/simonjames
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://i0.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/hero_speech-machine-learning2.png?resize=820%2C280&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 16 open source speech recognition)
+[2]: https://github.com/mozilla/DeepSpeech
+[3]: https://i0.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Screenshot-at-2019-02-19-1134.png?resize=591%2C138&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 18 open source speech recognition)
+[4]: http://kaldi-asr.org/doc/index.html
+[5]: http://kaldi-asr.org
+[6]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/mic_web.png?resize=385%2C100&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 20 open source speech recognition)
+[7]: https://github.com/julius-speech/julius/releases
+[8]: https://github.com/julius-speech/julius
+[9]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/fully_convolutional_ASR.png?resize=850%2C177&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 22 open source speech recognition)
+[10]: https://code.fb.com/ai-research/wav2letter/
+[11]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/flashlight
+[12]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/wav2letter
+[13]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ds2.png?resize=850%2C313&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 24 open source speech recognition)
+[14]: https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/DeepSpeech
diff --git a/sources/tech/20190219 Logical - in Bash.md b/sources/tech/20190219 Logical - in Bash.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c7e38dd32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/tech/20190219 Logical - in Bash.md
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (zero-mk)
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Logical & in Bash)
+[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/2/logical-ampersand-bash)
+[#]: author: (Paul Brown https://www.linux.com/users/bro66)
+
+Logical & in Bash
+======
+
+
+
+One would think you could dispatch `&` in two articles. Turns out you can't. While [the first article dealt with using `&` at the end of commands to push them into the background][1] and then diverged into explaining process management, the second article saw [`&` being used as a way to refer to file descriptors][2], which led us to seeing how, combined with `<` and `>`, you can route inputs and outputs from and to different places.
+
+This means we haven't even touched on `&` as an AND operator, so let's do that now.
+
+### & is a Bitwise Operator
+
+If you are at all familiar with binary operations, you will have heard of AND and OR. These are bitwise operations that operate on individual bits of a binary number. In Bash, you use `&` as the AND operator and `|` as the OR operator:
+
+**AND**
+
+```
+0 & 0 = 0
+
+0 & 1 = 0
+
+1 & 0 = 0
+
+1 & 1 = 1
+```
+
+**OR**
+
+```
+0 | 0 = 0
+
+0 | 1 = 1
+
+1 | 0 = 1
+
+1 | 1 = 1
+```
+
+You can test this by ANDing any two numbers and outputting the result with `echo`:
+
+```
+$ echo $(( 2 & 3 )) # 00000010 AND 00000011 = 00000010
+
+2
+
+$ echo $(( 120 & 97 )) # 01111000 AND 01100001 = 01100000
+
+96
+```
+
+The same goes for OR (`|`):
+
+```
+$ echo $(( 2 | 3 )) # 00000010 OR 00000011 = 00000011
+
+3
+
+$ echo $(( 120 | 97 )) # 01111000 OR 01100001 = 01111001
+
+121
+```
+
+Three things about this:
+
+ 1. You use `(( ... ))` to tell Bash that what goes between the double brackets is some sort of arithmetic or logical operation. `(( 2 + 2 ))`, `(( 5 % 2 ))` (`%` being the [modulo][3] operator) and `((( 5 % 2 ) + 1))` (equals 3) will all work.
+ 2. [Like with variables][4], `$` extracts the value so you can use it.
+ 3. For once spaces don't matter: `((2+3))` will work the same as `(( 2+3 ))` and `(( 2 + 3 ))`.
+ 4. Bash only operates with integers. Trying to do something like this `(( 5 / 2 ))` will give you "2", and trying to do something like this `(( 2.5 & 7 ))` will result in an error. Then again, using anything but integers in a bitwise operation (which is what we are talking about now) is generally something you wouldn't do anyway.
+
+
+
+**TIP:** If you want to check what your decimal number would look like in binary, you can use _bc_ , the command-line calculator that comes preinstalled with most Linux distros. For example, using:
+
+```
+bc <<< "obase=2; 97"
+```
+
+will convert `97` to binary (the _o_ in `obase` stands for _output_ ), and ...
+
+```
+bc <<< "ibase=2; 11001011"
+```
+
+will convert `11001011` to decimal (the _i_ in `ibase` stands for _input_ ).
+
+### && is a Logical Operator
+
+Although it uses the same logic principles as its bitwise cousin, Bash's `&&` operator can only render two results: 1 ("true") and 0 ("false"). For Bash, any number not 0 is “true” and anything that equals 0 is “false.” What is also false is anything that is not a number:
+
+```
+$ echo $(( 4 && 5 )) # Both non-zero numbers, both true = true
+
+1
+
+$ echo $(( 0 && 5 )) # One zero number, one is false = false
+
+0
+
+$ echo $(( b && 5 )) # One of them is not number, one is false = false
+
+0
+```
+
+The OR counterpart for `&&` is `||` and works exactly as you would expect.
+
+All of this is simple enough... until it comes to a command's exit status.
+
+### && is a Logical Operator for Command Exit Status
+
+[As we have seen in previous articles][2], as a command runs, it outputs error messages. But, more importantly for today's discussion, it also outputs a number when it ends. This number is called an _exit code_ , and if it is 0, it means the command did not encounter any problem during its execution. If it is any other number, it means something, somewhere, went wrong, even if the command completed.
+
+So 0 is good, any other number is bad, and, in the context of exit codes, 0/good means "true" and everything else means “false.” Yes, this is **the exact contrary of what you saw in the logical operations above** , but what are you gonna do? Different contexts, different rules. The usefulness of this will become apparent soon enough.
+
+Moving on.
+
+Exit codes are stored _temporarily_ in the [special variable][5] `?` \-- yes, I know: another confusing choice. Be that as it may, [remember that in our article about variables][4], and we said that you read the value in a variable using a the `$` symbol. So, if you want to know if a command has run without a hitch, you have to read `?` as soon as the command finishes and before running anything else.
+
+Try it with:
+
+```
+$ find /etc -iname "*.service"
+
+find: '/etc/audisp/plugins.d': Permission denied
+
+/etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher.service
+
+/etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.service
+
+[etcetera]
+```
+
+[As you saw in the previous article][2], running `find` over _/etc_ as a regular user will normally throw some errors when it tries to read subdirectories for which you do not have access rights.
+
+So, if you execute...
+
+```
+echo $?
+```
+
+... right after `find`, it will print a `1`, indicating that there were some errors.
+
+(Notice that if you were to run `echo $?` a second time in a row, you'd get a `0`. This is because `$?` would contain the exit code of `echo $?`, which, supposedly, will have executed correctly. So the first lesson when using `$?` is: **use`$?` straight away** or store it somewhere safe -- like in another variable, or you will lose it).
+
+One immediate use of `?` is to fold it into a list of chained commands and bork the whole thing if anything fails as Bash runs through it. For example, you may be familiar with the process of building and compiling the source code of an application. You can run them on after another by hand like this:
+
+```
+$ configure
+
+.
+
+.
+
+.
+
+$ make
+
+.
+
+.
+
+.
+
+$ make install
+
+.
+
+.
+
+.
+```
+
+You can also put all three on one line...
+
+```
+$ configure; make; make install
+```
+
+... and hope for the best.
+
+The disadvantage of this is that if, say, `configure` fails, Bash will still try and run `make` and `sudo make install`, even if there is nothing to make or, indeed, install.
+
+The smarter way of doing it is like this:
+
+```
+$ configure && make && make install
+```
+
+This takes the exit code from each command and uses it as an operand in a chained `&&` operation.
+
+But, and here's the kicker, Bash knows the whole thing is going to fail if `configure` returns a non-zero result. If that happens, it doesn't have to run `make` to check its exit code, since the result is going to be false no matter what. So, it forgoes `make` and just passes a non-zero result onto the next step of the operation. And, as `configure && make` delivers false, Bash doesn't have to run `make install` either. This means that, in a long chain of commands, you can join them with `&&`, and, as soon as one fails, you can save time as the rest of the commands get canceled immediately.
+
+You can do something similar with `||`, the OR logical operator, and make Bash continue processing chained commands if only one of a pair completes.
+
+In view of all this (along with the stuff we covered earlier), you should now have a clearer idea of what the command line we set at the beginning of [this article does][1]:
+
+```
+mkdir test_dir 2>/dev/null || touch backup/dir/images.txt && find . -iname "*jpg" > backup/dir/images.txt &
+```
+
+So, assuming you are running the above from a directory for which you have read and write privileges, what it does it do and how does it do it? How does it avoid unseemly and potentially execution-breaking errors? Next week, apart from giving you the solution, we'll be dealing with brackets: curly, curvy and straight. Don't miss it!
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/2/logical-ampersand-bash
+
+作者：[Paul Brown][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/bro66
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/2/and-ampersand-and-linux
+[2]: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/2/ampersands-and-file-descriptors-bash
+[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation
+[4]: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2018/12/bash-variables-environmental-and-otherwise
+[5]: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Special-Parameters.html
diff --git a/translated/talk/20190123 Book Review- Fundamentals of Linux.md b/translated/talk/20190123 Book Review- Fundamentals of Linux.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc05d96fec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/translated/talk/20190123 Book Review- Fundamentals of Linux.md
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (mySoul8012)
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Book Review: Fundamentals of Linux)
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/fundamentals-of-linux-book-review)
+[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/)
+
+书评：linux的基础知识
+======
+有很多很棒的书籍涵盖了Linux的基础知识以及它的工作原理，今天，我们将会书评这样一本书，讨论的主题为Oliver Pelz所写的[linux的基础知识][1]，由[PacktPub][2]发布。
+
+[Oliver Pelz][3] 是一位超过十年软件开发人员和系统管理员经验人员，同时拥有生物信息学学位证书。
+
+### 什么是linux基础知识一书
+
+![Fundamental of Linux books][4]
+正如可以从标题中猜到那样，该书（Linux基础知识）的目标是为读者打下一个了解Linux命令行的坚实基础。这本书一共有两百多页。因此它专注于教授用户日常遇到的问题，以及任务。本书为想要成为Linux管理员的读者而书写。
+
+第一章首先概述了虚拟化。本书作者指导了读者如何在[VirtualBox][6]中创建[CentOS][5]实例。如何克隆实例，如何使用快照。并且同时你也会学习到如何通过SSH命令连接到虚拟机。
+
+第二章介绍了Linux的命令行的基础知识，包括shell GLOB模式，shell扩展，如何使用包含空格和特殊字符的文件名称。如何来获取命令手册的帮助页面。如何使用`sed`, `awk`这两个命令。如何浏览Linux的文件系统。
+
+第三章更深入的介绍了Linux文件系统。您将了解如何在Linux中链接文件，以及如何搜索它们。您还将获得用户，组，以及文件权限的概述。由于本章的重点介绍了如何与文件进行交互。因此还将会介绍如何从命令行中读取文本文件，以及如何使用vim编辑器。
+
+第四章重点介绍了如何使用命令行。以及涵盖的重要命令。如`cat`, `sort`, `awk`. `tee`, `tar`，`rsync`, `nmap`, `htop`等。您还将会了解这些命令的流程，以及如何相互使用，还将介绍Bash shell脚本。
+
+第五章同时也是本书的最后一章，将会介绍Linux和其他高级命令，以及网络的概念。本书的作者讨论了Linux如何处理网络并提供使用多个虚拟机的示例。同时还将会介绍如何安装新的程序，如何设置防火墙。
+
+### 关于这本书的想法
+
+Linux的基础知识可能看起来很见到，但是涵盖了相当多的信息。同时也将会获得如何使用命令行所需要的知识的一切。
+
+使用本书的时候，需要注意一件事情，即，本书专注于对命令行的关注，没有任何关于如何使用图形化的用户界面的任何教程。这是因为在Linux中有太多不同的桌面环境，以及很多的类似的操作系统。因此很难编写一本可以涵盖所有变量的书。部分原因还因为本书的面向的用户群体为Linux管理员。
+
+当我看到作者使用Centos教授Linux的时候有点惊讶。我原本以为他会使用更为常见的Linux的发行版本，例如Ubuntu，Debian或者Fedora。原因在于Centos是为服务器设计的发行版本。随着时间的推移变化很小。能够为Linux的基础知识打下一个非常坚实的基础。
+
+自己使用Linux已经操作五年了。我大部分时间都在使用桌面版本的Linux。我有些时候会使用命令行操作。但我并没有花太多的时间在哪里。我使用鼠标执行了本书中很多的操作。现在呢。我同时也知道了如何通过终端做出同样的事情。这种方式不会改变我完成任务的路径。但是会更加帮助自己理解幕后发生的事情。
+
+如果您刚刚使用Linux，或者计划使用。我不会推荐您阅读这本书。这可能有点绝对化。但是如何您已经花了一些时间在Linux上。或者可以快速掌握某种技术语言。那么这本书很适合你。
+
+如果您认为本书适合您的学习需求。您可以从以下链接获取到该书。
+
+我们将在未来几个月内尝试查看更多Linux书籍，敬请关注我们。
+
+你最喜欢的关于Linux的入门书籍是什么？请在下面的评论中告诉我们。
+
+如果您发现这篇文章很有趣，请花一点时间在社交媒体，黑客新闻或[Reddit][8]上分享
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/fundamentals-of-linux-book-review
+
+作者：[John Paul][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.packtpub.com/networking-and-servers/fundamentals-linux
+[2]: https://www.packtpub.com/
+[3]: http://www.oliverpelz.de/index.html
+[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/fundamentals-of-linux-book-review.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
+[5]: https://centos.org/
+[6]: https://www.virtualbox.org/
+[7]: https://www.centos.org/
+[8]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup
diff --git a/translated/tech/20180128 Get started with Org mode without Emacs.md b/translated/tech/20180128 Get started with Org mode without Emacs.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c61600bd52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/translated/tech/20180128 Get started with Org mode without Emacs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+[#]：collector：(lujun9972)
+[#]：translator：(lujun9972)
+[#]：reviewer：( )
+[#]：publisher：( )
+[#]：url：( )
+[#]：subject：(Get started with Org mode without Emacs)
+[#]：via：(https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-org-mode)
+[#]：author：(Kevin Sonney https://opensource.com/users/ksonney (Kevin Sonney))
+
+在没有 Emacs 的情况下开始使用 Org mode
+======
+不，你不需要 Emacs 也能用 Org，这是我开源工具系列的第 16 集，将会让你在 2019 年变得更加有生产率。
+
+
+
+每到年初似乎总有这么一个疯狂的冲动来寻找提高生产率的方法。新年决心，正确地开始一年的冲动，以及"向前看"的态度都是这种冲动的表现。软件推荐通常都会选择闭源和专利软件。但这不是必须的。
+
+这是我 2019 年改进生产率的 19 个新工具中的第 16 个。
+
+### Org (非 Emacs)
+
+[Org mode][1] (或者就是 Org) 并不是新鲜货，但依然有许多人没有用过。他们很乐意试用一下以体验 Org 是如何改善生产率的。但最大的障碍来自于 Org 是与 Emacs 相沟联的，而且很多人都认为两者缺一不可。并不是这样的！一旦你理解了其基础，Org 就可以与各种其他工具和编辑器一起使用。
+
+
+
+Org，本质上，是一个结构化的文本文件。它有标题，子标题，以及各种关键字，其他工具可以根据这些关键字将文件解析成日程表和代办列表。Org 文件可以被任何纯文本编辑器编辑(例如。，[Vim][2]，[Atom][3]，或 [Visual Studio Code][4])，而且很多编辑器都有插件可以帮你创建和管理 Org 文件。
+
+一个基础的 Org 文件看起来是这样的：
+
+```
+* Task List
+** TODO Write Article for Day 16 - Org w/out emacs
+ DEADLINE: <2019-01-25 12:00>
+*** DONE Write sample org snippet for article
+ - Include at least one TODO and one DONE item
+ - Show notes
+ - Show SCHEDULED and DEADLINE
+*** TODO Take Screenshots
+** Dentist Appointment
+ SCHEDULED: <2019-01-31 13:30-14:30>
+```
+
+Org 是一种大纲格式，它使用 ***** 作为标识指明事项的级别。任何以 TODO( 是的，全大些) 开头的事项都代办事项。标注为 DONE 的工作表示该工作已经完成。SCHEDULED 和 DEADLINE 标识与该事务相关的日期和时间。如何任何地方都没有时间，则该事务被视为全天活动。
+
+使用正确的插件，你喜欢的文本编辑器可以成为一个充满生产率和组织能力的强大工具。例如，[vim-orgmode][5] 插件拥有函数来创建 Org 文件，语法高亮，以及各种用来生成跨文件的日程和综合代办事项列表的关键命令。
+
+
+
+Atom 的 [Organized][6] 插件在屏幕右边添加一个侧边栏，用来现实 Org 文件中的日程和代办事项。默认情况下它从配置项中设置的路径中读取多个 Org 文件。Todo 侧边栏允许你通过点击未完事项来将其标记为已完成，它会自动更新源 Org 文件。
+
+
+
+还有一大堆 Org 工具可以帮助你保持生产率。使用 Python，Perl，PHP，NodeJS 等库，你可以开发自己的脚本和工具。当然，少不了 [Emacs][7]，它的核心功能就包括支持 Org。
+
+
+
+Org mode 是跟踪需要完成的工作和时间的最好工具之一。而且，与传闻相反，它无需 Emacs，任何一个文本编辑器都行。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-org-mode
+
+作者：[Kevin Sonney][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ksonney (Kevin Sonney)
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://orgmode.org/
+[2]: https://www.vim.org/
+[3]: https://atom.io/
+[4]: https://code.visualstudio.com/
+[5]: https://github.com/jceb/vim-orgmode
+[6]: https://atom.io/packages/organized
+[7]: https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
diff --git a/translated/tech/20190110 5 useful Vim plugins for developers.md b/translated/tech/20190110 5 useful Vim plugins for developers.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95d73b5ec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/translated/tech/20190110 5 useful Vim plugins for developers.md
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (pityonline)
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (5 useful Vim plugins for developers)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/vim-plugins-developers)
+[#]: author: (Ricardo Gerardi https://opensource.com/users/rgerardi)
+
+5 个好用的 Vim 插件
+======
+
+通过这 5 个插件扩展 Vim 功能来提升你的编码效率。
+
+
+
+我用 Vim 已经超过 20 年了，两年前我决定把它作为我的首要文本编辑器。我用 Vim 来编写代码，配置文件，博客文章及其它任意可以用纯文本表达的东西。Vim 有很多超级棒的功能，一旦你适合了它，你的工作会变得非常高效。
+
+在日常编辑工作中，我更倾向于使用 Vim 稳定的原生扩展，但开源社区对 Vim 开发了大量可以提升工作效率的插件。
+
+以下列举 5 个非常好用的可以用于编写任意编程语言的插件。
+
+### 1. Auto Pairs
+
+[Auto Pairs][2] 插件可以帮助你插入和删除成对的文字，如花括号，圆括号或引用标记。这在编写代码时非常有用，因为很多编程语言都有成对标记的语法，就像圆括号用于函数调用，或引号用于字符串定义。
+
+Auto Pairs 最基本的功能是在你输入一个左括号时会自动补全对应的另一半括号。比如，你输入了一个 `[`，它会自动帮你补充另一半 `]`。相反，如果你用退格键删除开头的一半括号，Auto Pairs 会删除另一半。
+
+如果你设置了自动缩进，当你按下回车键时 Auto Pairs 会在恰当的缩进位置补全另一半括号，这比你找到放置另一半的位置并选择一个正确的括号要省劲多了。
+
+例如下面这段代码：
+
+```
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func main() {
+ x := true
+ items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
+
+ if x {
+ for _, i := range items
+ }
+}
+```
+
+在 `items` 后面输入一个左花括号按下回车会产生下面的结果：
+
+```
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func main() {
+ x := true
+ items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
+
+ if x {
+ for _, i := range items {
+ | (cursor here)
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+Auto Pairs 提供了大量其它选项（你可以在 [GitHub][3] 上找到），但最基本的功能已经很让人省时间了。
+
+### 2. NERD Commenter
+
+[NERD Commenter][4] 插件增加了方便注释的功能，类似在 IDE 中注释功能。有了这个插件，你可以一键注释单行或多行代码。
+
+NERD Commenter 使用了标准的 Vim [filetype][5]，所以它能理解一些编程语言并使用合适的方式来注释代码。
+
+最易上手的方法是按 `Leader+Space` 组合键来开关当前行的注释。Vim 默认的 Leader 键是 `\`。
+
+在可视化模式中，你可以选择多行一并注释。NERD Commenter 也可以按计数注释，所以你可以加个数量 n 来注释 n 行。
+
+还有个有用的特性 Sexy Comment 可以用 `Leader+cs` 来触发，它的块注释风格更漂亮一些。例如下面这段代码：
+
+```
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func main() {
+ x := true
+ items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
+
+ if x {
+ for _, i := range items {
+ fmt.Println(i)
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+选择 `main` 函数中的所有行然后按下 `Leader+cs` 会出来以下注释效果：
+
+```
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func main() {
+/*
+ * x := true
+ * items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
+ *
+ * if x {
+ * for _, i := range items {
+ * fmt.Println(i)
+ * }
+ * }
+ */
+}
+```
+
+因为这些行都是在一个块中注释的，你可以用 `Leader+Space` 组合键一次去掉这里所有的注释。
+
+NERD Commenter 是任何使用 Vim 写代码的开发者都必装的插件。
+
+### 3. VIM Surround
+
+[Vim Surround][6] 插件可以帮你在现有文本中实现环绕插入成对的符号（如括号或双引号）或标签（如 HTML 或 XML 标签）。它和 Auto Pairs 有点儿类似，但在编辑文本时更有用。
+
+比如你有以下一个句子：
+
+```
+"Vim plugins are awesome !"
+```
+
+当你的光标处理句中任何位置时，你可以用 `ds"` 组合键删除句子两端的双引号。
+
+```
+Vim plugins are awesome !
+```
+
+你也可以用 `cs"'` 把双端的双引号换成单引号：
+
+```
+'Vim plugins are awesome !'
+```
+
+或者用 `cs'[` 替换成中括号：
+
+```
+[ Vim plugins are awesome ! ]
+```
+
+它对编辑 HTML 或 XML 文本中的标签尤其在行。假如你有以下一行 HTML 代码：
+
+```
+Vim plugins are awesome !
+```
+
+当光标在 awesome 这个单词的任何位置时，你可以按 `ysiw ` 直接给它加上着重标签：
+
+```
+Vim plugins are awesome !
+```
+
+注意它聪明地加上了 `` 闭合标签。
+
+Vim Surround 也可以用 `ySS` 缩进文本。比如你有以下文本：
+
+```
+Vim plugins are awesome !
+```
+
+你可以用 `ySS ` 加上 `div` 标签，注意生成的段落是自动缩进的。
+
+```
+
+
Vim plugins are awesome !
+
+```
+
+Vim Surround 有很多其它选项，你可以参照 [GitHub][7] 上的说明尝试它们。
+
+### 4. Vim Gitgutter
+
+[Vim Gitgutter][8] 插件对使用 Git 作为版本控制工具的人来说非常有用。它会在 Vim 显示行号的列旁 `git diff` 的差异标记。假设你有如下已提交过的代码：
+
+```
+ 1 package main
+ 2
+ 3 import "fmt"
+ 4
+ 5 func main() {
+ 6 x := true
+ 7 items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
+ 8
+ 9 if x {
+ 10 for _, i := range items {
+ 11 fmt.Println(i)
+ 12 }
+ 13 }
+ 14 }
+```
+
+当你做出一些修改后，Vim Gitgutter 会显示如下标记：
+
+```
+ 1 package main
+ 2
+ 3 import "fmt"
+ 4
+_ 5 func main() {
+ 6 items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
+ 7
+~ 8 if len(items) > 0 {
+ 9 for _, i := range items {
+ 10 fmt.Println(i)
++ 11 fmt.Println("------")
+ 12 }
+ 13 }
+ 14 }
+```
+
+`-` 标记表示在第 5 行和第 6 行之间删除了一行。`~` 表示第 8 行有修改，`+` 表示新增了第 11 行。
+
+另外，Vim Gitgutter 允许你用 `[c` 和 `]c` 在多个有修改的块之间跳转，甚至可以用 `Leader+hs` 来暂存某个变更集。
+
+这个插件提供了对变更的即时视觉反馈，如果你用 Git 的话，有了它简直是如虎添翼。
+
+### 5. VIM Fugitive
+
+[Vim Fugitive][9] 是另一个超棒的将 Git 工作流集成到 Vim 中的插件。它对 Git 做了一些封装，可以让你在 Vim 里直接执行 Git 命令并将结果集成在 Vim 界面里。这个插件有超多的特性，更多信息请访问它的 [GitHub][10] 项目页面。
+
+这里有一个使用 Vim Fugitive 的基础 Git 工作流示例。设想我们已经对下面的 Go 代码做出修改，你可以用 `:Gblame` 调用 `git blame` 来查看每行最后的提交信息：
+
+```
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 1 package main
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 2
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 3 import "fmt"
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 4
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│_ 5 func main() {
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 6 items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 7
+00000000 (Not Committed Yet 2018-12-05 18:55:00 -0500)│~ 8 if len(items) > 0 {
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 9 for _, i := range items {
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 10 fmt.Println(i)
+00000000 (Not Committed Yet 2018-12-05 18:55:00 -0500)│+ 11 fmt.Println("------")
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 12 }
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 13 }
+e9949066 (Ricardo Gerardi 2018-12-05 18:17:19 -0500)│ 14 }
+```
+
+可以看到第 8 行和第 11 行显示还未提交。用 `:Gstatus` 命令检查仓库当前的状态：
+
+```
+ 1 # On branch master
+ 2 # Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
+ 3 #
+ 4 # Changes not staged for commit:
+ 5 # (use "git add
..." to update what will be committed)
+ 6 # (use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
+ 7 #
+ 8 # modified: vim-5plugins/examples/test1.go
+ 9 #
+ 10 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 1 package main
+ 2
+ 3 import "fmt"
+ 4
+_ 5 func main() {
+ 6 items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
+ 7
+~ 8 if len(items) > 0 {
+ 9 for _, i := range items {
+ 10 fmt.Println(i)
++ 11 fmt.Println("------")
+ 12 }
+ 13 }
+ 14 }
+```
+
+Vim Fugitive 在分割的窗口里显示 `git status` 的输出结果。你可以在某文件名所在的行用 `-` 键暂存这个文件，再按一次 `-` 可以取消暂存。这个信息会随着你的操作自动更新：
+
+```
+ 1 # On branch master
+ 2 # Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
+ 3 #
+ 4 # Changes to be committed:
+ 5 # (use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
+ 6 #
+ 7 # modified: vim-5plugins/examples/test1.go
+ 8 #
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 1 package main
+ 2
+ 3 import "fmt"
+ 4
+_ 5 func main() {
+ 6 items := []string{"tv", "pc", "tablet"}
+ 7
+~ 8 if len(items) > 0 {
+ 9 for _, i := range items {
+ 10 fmt.Println(i)
++ 11 fmt.Println("------")
+ 12 }
+ 13 }
+ 14 }
+```
+
+现在你可以用 `:Gcommit` 来提交修改了。Vim Fugitive 会打开另一个分割窗口让你输入提交信息：
+
+```
+ 1 vim-5plugins: Updated test1.go example file
+ 2 # Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
+ 3 # with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
+ 4 #
+ 5 # On branch master
+ 6 # Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
+ 7 #
+ 8 # Changes to be committed:
+ 9 # modified: vim-5plugins/examples/test1.go
+ 10 #
+```
+
+按 `:wq` 保存文件完成提交：
+
+```
+[master c3bf80f] vim-5plugins: Updated test1.go example file
+ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+Press ENTER or type command to continue
+```
+
+然后你可以再用 `:Gstatus` 检查结果并用 `:Gpush` 把新的提交推送到远程。
+
+```
+ 1 # On branch master
+ 2 # Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
+ 3 # (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
+ 4 #
+ 5 nothing to commit, working tree clean
+```
+
+Vim Fugitive 的 GitHub 项目主页有很多屏幕录像展示了它的更多功能和工作流，如果你喜欢它并想多学一些，快去看看吧。
+
+### 接下来？
+
+这些 Vim 插件都是程序开发者的神器！还有其它几类开发者常用的插件：自动完成插件和语法检查插件。它些大都是和具体的编程语言相关的，以后我会在一些文章中介绍它们。
+
+你在写代码时是否用到一些其它 Vim 插件？请在评论区留言分享。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/vim-plugins-developers
+
+作者：[Ricardo Gerardi][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[pityonline](https://github.com/pityonline)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/rgerardi
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.vim.org/
+[2]: https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=3599
+[3]: https://github.com/jiangmiao/auto-pairs
+[4]: https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdcommenter
+[5]: http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Filetype.vim
+[6]: https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1697
+[7]: https://github.com/tpope/vim-surround
+[8]: https://github.com/airblade/vim-gitgutter
+[9]: https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2975
+[10]: https://github.com/tpope/vim-fugitive
diff --git a/translated/tech/20190129 Get started with gPodder, an open source podcast client.md b/translated/tech/20190129 Get started with gPodder, an open source podcast client.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..429189b926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/translated/tech/20190129 Get started with gPodder, an open source podcast client.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Get started with gPodder, an open source podcast client)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-gpodder)
+[#]: author: (Kevin Sonney https://opensource.com/users/ksonney (Kevin Sonney))
+
+开始使用 gPodder，一个开源播客客户端
+======
+使用 gPodder 将你的播客同步到你的设备上，gPodder 是我们开源工具系列中的第 17 个工具，它将在 2019 年提高你的工作效率。
+
+
+
+每年年初似乎都有疯狂的冲动，想方设法提高工作效率。新年的决议，开始一年的权利，当然，“与旧的，与新的”的态度都有助于实现这一目标。通常的一轮建议严重偏向封闭源和专有软件。它不一定是这样。
+
+这是我挑选出的 19 个新的（或者对你而言新的）开源工具中的第 17 个工具来帮助你在 2019 年更有效率。
+
+### gPodder
+
+我喜欢播客。哎呀，我非常喜欢他们，因此我录制了其中的三个（你可以在[我的个人资料][1]中找到它们的链接）。我从播客那里学到了很多东西，并在我工作时在后台播放它们。但是，在多台桌面和移动设备之间保持同步可能会带来一些挑战。
+
+[gPodder][2] 是一个简单的跨平台播客下载器、播放器和同步工具。它支持 RSS feed、[FeedBurner][3]、[YouTube][4] 和 [SoundCloud][5]，它还有一个开源同步服务，你可以根据需要运行它。gPodder 不直接播放播客。相反, 它使用你选择的音频或视频播放器。
+
+
+
+安装 gPodder 非常简单。安装程序适用于 Windows 和 MacOS，同时包可用于主要的 Linux 发行版。如果你的发行版中没有它，你可以直接从 Git 下载运行。通过 “Add Podcasts via URL” 菜单，你可以输入播客的 RSS 源 URL 或其他服务的“特殊” URL。gPodder 将获取节目列表并显示一个对话框，你可以在其中选择要下载的节目或在列表上标记旧节目。
+
+
+
+它一个更好的功能是，如果 URL 已经在你的剪贴板中，gPodder 会自动将它放入播放 URL 中，这样你就可以很容易地将新的播客添加到列表中。如果你已有播客 feed 的 OPML 文件，那么可以上传并导入它。还有一个发现选项，让你可搜索 [gPodder.net][6] 上的播客，这是由编写和维护 gPodder 的人员提供的免费和开源播客列表网站。
+
+
+
+[mygpo][7] 服务器在设备之间同步播客。gPodder 默认使用 [gPodder.net][8] 的服务器，但是如果你想要运行自己的服务器，那么可以在配置文件中更改它（请注意，你需要直接修改配置文件）。同步能让你在桌面和移动设备之间保持列表一致。如果你在多个设备上收听播客（例如，我在我的工作电脑、家用电脑和手机上收听），这会非常有用，因为这意味着无论你身在何处，你都拥有最近的播客和节目列表而无需一次又一次地设置。
+
+
+
+单击播客节目将显示与其关联的文本，单击“播放”将启动设备的默认音频或视频播放器。如果要使用默认之外的其他播放器，可以在 gPodder 的配置设置中更改此设置。
+
+通过 gPodder，你可以轻松查找、下载和收听播客，在设备之间同步这些播客，在易于使用的界面中访问许多其他功能。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-gpodder
+
+作者：[Kevin Sonney][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ksonney (Kevin Sonney)
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/users/ksonney
+[2]: https://gpodder.github.io/
+[3]: https://feedburner.google.com/
+[4]: https://youtube.com
+[5]: https://soundcloud.com/
+[6]: http://gpodder.net
+[7]: https://github.com/gpodder/mygpo
+[8]: http://gPodder.net
diff --git a/translated/tech/20190201 Top 5 Linux Distributions for New Users.md b/translated/tech/20190201 Top 5 Linux Distributions for New Users.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 90ea392aaa..0000000000
--- a/translated/tech/20190201 Top 5 Linux Distributions for New Users.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: (wxy)
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Top 5 Linux Distributions for New Users)
-[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/2/top-5-linux-distributions-new-users)
-[#]: author: (Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen)
-
-5 个面向新手的 Linux 发行版
-======
-
-> 5 个可使用新用户如归家般感觉的发行版。
-
-
-
-从最初的 Linux 到现在，Linux 已经发展了很长一段路。但是，无论你曾经多少次听说过使用 Linux 现在有多容易，仍然会表示怀疑的人。而要真的承担得其这份声明，桌面必须足够简单，以便不熟悉 Linux 的人也能够使用它。事实上大量的桌面发行版使这成为了现实。
-
-### 无需 Linux 知识
-
-将这个清单误解为又一个“最佳用户友好型 Linux 发行版”的清单可能很简单。但这不是我们要在这里看到的。这二者有什么不同？就我的目的而言，定义的界限是 Linux 是否真正起到了使用的作用。换句话说，你是否可以将这个桌面操作系统放在一个用户面前，并让他们应用自如而无需 Linux 知识呢？
-
-不管你相信与否，有些发行版就能做到。这里我将介绍给你 5 个这样的发行版。这些或许你全都听说过。它们或许不是你所选择的发行版，但你可以保证它们无需过多关注，而将用户放在眼前。
-
-我们来看看选中的几个。
-
-### Elementary OS
-
-Elementary OS 的理念主要围绕人们如何实际使用他们的桌面。开发人员和设计人员不遗余力地创建尽可能简单的桌面。在这个过程中，他们致力于将 Linux 去 Linux 化。这并不是说他们已经从这个等式中删除了 Linux。不，恰恰相反，他们所做的就是创建一个与你所发现的一样中立的操作系统。Elementary OS 是如此顺畅以确保一切都完美合理。从单个 Dock 到每个人都清晰明了的应用程序菜单，这是一个桌面，而不用提醒用户说，“你正在使用 Linux！” 事实上，其布局本身就让人联想到 Mac，但附加了一个简单的应用程序菜单（图 1）。
-
-![Elementary OS Juno][2]
-
-*图 1：Elementary OS Juno 应用菜单*
-
-将 Elementary OS 放在此列表中的另一个重要原因是它不像其他桌面发行版那样灵活。当然，有些用户会对此不以为然，但是如果桌面没有向用户扔出各种花哨的定制诱惑，那么就会形成一个非常熟悉的环境：一个既不需要也不允许大量修修补补的环境。操作系统在让新用户熟悉该平台这一方面还有很长的路要走。
-
-与任何现代 Linux 桌面发行版一样，Elementary OS 包括 App Store，也称为 AppCenter，用户可以在其中安装所需的所有应用程序，而无需触及命令行。
-
-### Deepin
-
-Deepin 不仅得到了市场上最漂亮的台式机之一的赞誉，它也像任何桌面操作系统一样容易采用。其桌面界面非常简单，对于毫无 Linux 经验的用户来说，它的上手速度非常快。事实上，你很难找到无法立即上手使用 Deepin 桌面的用户。而这里唯一可能的障碍可能是其侧边栏控制中心（图 2）。
-
-![][5]
-
-*图 2：Deepin 的侧边栏控制编码*
-
-但即使是侧边栏控制面板，也像市场上的任何其他配置工具一样直观。使用移动设备的任何人对于这种布局都很熟悉。至于打开应用程序，Deepin 的启动器采用了 macOS Launchpad 的方式。此按钮位于桌面底座上通常最右侧的位置，因此用户将立即就可以会心，知道它可能类似于标准的“开始”菜单。
-
-与 Elementary OS（以及市场上大多数 Linux 发行版）类似，Deepin 也包含一个应用程序商店（简称为“商店”），可以轻松安装大量应用程序。
-
-### Ubuntu
-
-你知道肯定有它。Ubuntu 通常在大多数用户友好的 Linux 列表中排名第一。为什么？因为它是少数几个不需要了解 Linux 就能使用的桌面之一。但在采用 GNOME（和 Unity 谢幕）之前，情况并非如此。为什么？因为 Unity 经常需要进行一些调整才能达到不需要一点 Linux 知识的程度（图 3）。现在 Ubuntu 已经采用了 GNOME，并将其调整到甚至不需要懂得 GNOME 的程度，这个桌面使得对 Linux 的简单性和可用性处于次要地位。
-
-![Ubuntu 18.04][7]
-
-*图 3：Ubuntu 18.04 桌面可使用马上熟悉起来*
-
-与 Elementary OS 不同，Ubuntu 不会让用户半路放弃。因此，任何想从桌面上获得更多信息的人都可以拥有它。但是，开箱即用的体验对于任何用户类型都是足够的。任何一个让用户不知道他们触手可及的力量有多少的桌面，肯定不如 Ubuntu。
-
-### Linux Mint
-
-我需要首先声明，我从来都不是 Linux Mint 的忠实粉丝。这并不是说我不尊重开发者的工作，这更多的是一种审美观点。我更喜欢现代的桌面环境。但是，旧式学校计算机桌面的隐喻（可以在默认的 Cinnamon 桌面中找到）让几乎每个人使用它的人都格外熟悉。Linux Mint 使用任务栏、开始按钮、系统托盘和桌面图标（图 4），提供了一个需要零学习曲线的界面。事实上，一些用户最初可能会被愚弄，以为他们正在使用Windows 7 的克隆。甚至是它的更新警告图标也会让用户感到非常熟悉。
-
-![Linux Mint ][9]
-
-*图 4：Linux Mint 的 Cinnamon 桌面非常像 Windows 7*
-
-因为 Linux Mint 受益于其所基于的 Ubuntu，它不仅会让你马上熟悉起来，而且具有很高的可用性。无论你是否对底层平台有所了解，用户都会立即感受到宾至如归的感觉。
-
-### Ubuntu Budgie
-
-我们的列表将以这样一个发行版做结，它也能让用户忘记他们正在使用 Linux，并且使用常用工具变得简单、美观。使 Ubuntu 融合 Budgie 桌面可以实现以令人印象深刻的易用发行版。虽然其桌面布局（图 5）可能不太一样，但毫无疑问，适应这个环境并不会浪费时间。实际上，在 Dock 外面默认为桌面的左侧，Ubuntu Budgie 确实看起来像 Elementary OS。
-
-![Budgie][11]
-
-*图 5：Budgie 桌面既漂亮又简单*
-
-Ubuntu Budgie 中的系统托盘/通知区域提供了一些不太寻常的功能，比如：快速访问 Caffeine（一种保持桌面清醒的工具）、快速笔记工具（用于记录简单笔记）、Night Lite 开关、原地下拉菜单（用于快速访问文件夹），当然还有 Raven 小程序/通知侧边栏（与 Deepin 中的控制中心侧边栏类似，但不太优雅）。Budgie 还包括一个应用程序菜单（左上角），用户可以访问所有已安装的应用程序。打开一个应用程序，该图标将出现在 Dock 中。右键单击该应用程序图标，然后选择“保留在 Dock”以便更快地访问。
-
-Ubuntu Budgie 的一切都很直观，所以几乎没有学习曲线。这种发行版既优雅又易于使用，这并没有什么坏处。
-
-### 选择一个吧
-
-至此介绍了 5 个 Linux 发行版，它们各自以自己的方式提供了让任何用户即刻熟悉的桌面体验。虽然这些可能不是你选择顶级发行版的选择，但对于那些不熟悉 Linux 的用户来说，很难否定它们的价值。
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/2/top-5-linux-distributions-new-users
-
-作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://www.linux.com/files/images/elementaryosjpg-2
-[2]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/elementaryos_0.jpg?itok=KxgNUvMW (Elementary OS Juno)
-[3]: https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
-[4]: https://www.linux.com/files/images/deepinjpg
-[5]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/deepin.jpg?itok=VV381a9f
-[6]: https://www.linux.com/files/images/ubuntujpg-1
-[7]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/ubuntu_1.jpg?itok=bax-_Tsg (Ubuntu 18.04)
-[8]: https://www.linux.com/files/images/linuxmintjpg
-[9]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/linuxmint.jpg?itok=8sPon0Cq (Linux Mint )
-[10]: https://www.linux.com/files/images/budgiejpg-0
-[11]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/budgie_0.jpg?itok=zcf-AHmj (Budgie)
-[12]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
diff --git a/translated/tech/20190219 How to List Installed Packages on Ubuntu and Debian -Quick Tip.md b/translated/tech/20190219 How to List Installed Packages on Ubuntu and Debian -Quick Tip.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cba74fd894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/translated/tech/20190219 How to List Installed Packages on Ubuntu and Debian -Quick Tip.md
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (guevaraya)
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (How to List Installed Packages on Ubuntu and Debian [Quick Tip])
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/list-installed-packages-ubuntu)
+[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
+
+如何索引 Ubuntu 和 Debian 上已安装的软件包 [快速提示]
+======
+
+当你安装了 [Ubuntu 并想好好用一用][1]。但在将来某个时候，你肯定会遇到忘记曾经安装了那些软件包。
+
+这个是完全正常。没有人要求你把系统里所有已安装的软件包都记住。但是问题是，如何才能知道已经安装了哪些软件包？如何查看安装过的软件包呢？
+
+### 索引 Ubuntu 和 Debian 上已安装的软件包
+
+![索引已安装的软件包][2]
+
+如果你经常用 [apt 命令][3]，你可能会注意到 apt 可以索引已安装的软件包。这里说对了一点。
+
+
+[apt-get 命令] 没有类似索引已安装软件包的简单的选项，但是 apt 有一个这样的命令：
+```
+apt list --installed
+```
+这个会显示 apt 命令安装的所有的软件包。同时也会包含由于依赖被安装的软件包。也就是说不仅会包含你曾经安装的程序，而且会包含大量库文件和间接安装的软件包。
+
+![用 atp 命令索引显示已安装的软件包][5] 用 atp 命令索引显示已安装的软件包
+
+由于索引出来的已安装的软件包太多，用 grep 过滤特定的软件包是一个比较好的办法。
+```
+apt list --installed | grep program_name
+```
+
+如上命令也可以检索出 .deb 格式的软件包文件。是不是很酷？不是吗？
+
+如果你阅读过 [apt 与 apt-get 对比][7]的文章，你可能已经知道 apt 和 apt-get 命令都是基于 [dpkg][8]。也就是说用 dpkg 命令可以索引 Debian 系统的所有已经安装的软件包。
+
+```
+dpkg-query -l
+```
+你可以用 grep 命令检索指定的软件包。
+
+![用 dpkg 命令索引显示已经安装的软件包][9]![用 dpkg 命令索引显示已经安装的软件包][9]用 dpkg 命令索引显示已经安装的软件包
+
+
+现在你可以搞定索引 Debian 的软件包管理器安装的应用了。那 Snap 和 Flatpak 这个两种应用呢？如何索引他们？因为他们不能被 apt 和 dpkg 访问。
+
+显示系统里所有已经安装的 [Snap 软件包][10]，可以这个命令：
+
+```
+snap list
+```
+Snap 可以用绿色勾号索引显示经过认证的发布者。
+![索引已经安装的 Snap 软件包][11]索引已经安装的 Snap 软件包
+
+显示系统里所有已安装的 [Flatpak 软件包][12]，可以用这个命令：
+
+```
+flatpak list
+```
+
+让我来个汇总：
+
+
+用 apt 命令显示已安装软件包:
+
+**apt** **list –installed**
+
+用 dpkg 命令显示已安装软件包:
+
+**dpkg-query -l**
+
+索引系统里 Snap 已安装软件包:
+
+**snap list**
+
+索引系统里 Flatpak 已安装软件包:
+
+**flatpak list**
+
+### 显示最近安装的软件包
+
+现在你已经看过以字母顺序索引的已经安装软件包了。如何显示最近已经安装的软件包?
+
+幸运的是，Linux 系统保存了所有发生事件的日志。你可以参考最近安装软件包的日志。
+
+有两个方法可以来做。用 dpkg 命令的日志或者 apt 命令的日志。
+
+你仅仅需要用 grep 命令过滤已经安装的软件包日志。
+
+```
+grep " install " /var/log/dpkg.log
+```
+
+这会显示所有的软件安装包，其中包括最近安装的过程中被依赖的软件包。
+
+```
+2019-02-12 12:41:42 install ubuntu-make:all 16.11.1ubuntu1
+2019-02-13 21:03:02 install xdg-desktop-portal:amd64 0.11-1
+2019-02-13 21:03:02 install libostree-1-1:amd64 2018.8-0ubuntu0.1
+2019-02-13 21:03:02 install flatpak:amd64 1.0.6-0ubuntu0.1
+2019-02-13 21:03:02 install xdg-desktop-portal-gtk:amd64 0.11-1
+2019-02-14 11:49:10 install qml-module-qtquick-window2:amd64 5.9.5-0ubuntu1.1
+2019-02-14 11:49:10 install qml-module-qtquick2:amd64 5.9.5-0ubuntu1.1
+2019-02-14 11:49:10 install qml-module-qtgraphicaleffects:amd64 5.9.5-0ubuntu1
+```
+
+你也可以查看 apt历史命令日志。这个仅会显示用 apt 命令安装的的程序。但不会显示被依赖安装的软件包，详细的日志在日志里可以看到。有时你只是想看看对吧？
+
+```
+grep " install " /var/log/apt/history.log
+```
+
+具体的显示如下:
+
+```
+Commandline: apt install pinta
+Commandline: apt install pinta
+Commandline: apt install tmux
+Commandline: apt install terminator
+Commandline: apt install moreutils
+Commandline: apt install ubuntu-make
+Commandline: apt install flatpak
+Commandline: apt install cool-retro-term
+Commandline: apt install ubuntu-software
+```
+
+![显示最近已安装的软件包][13]显示最近已安装的软件包
+
+apt 的历史日志非常有用。因为他显示了什么时候执行了 apt 命令，哪个用户执行的命令以及安装的软件包名
+
+### 小贴士: 在软件中心显示已安装的程序包名
+
+如果你觉得终端和命令行交互不友好，可以有一个方法查看系统的程序名。
+
+可以打开软件中心，然后点击已安装标签。你可以看到系统上已经安装的程序包名
+
+![Ubuntu 软件中心显示已安装的软件包][14] 在软件中心显示已安装的软件包
+
+这个不会显示库和其他命令行的东西，有可能你也不想看到他们，因为你是大量交互都是在 GUI，相反你可以一直用 Synaptic 软件包管理器。
+
+**结束语**
+
+我希望这个简易的教程可以帮你查看 Ubuntu 和 基于 Debian 的发行版的已安装软件包。
+
+如果你对本文有什么问题或建议，请在下面留言。
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/list-installed-packages-ubuntu
+
+作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[guevaraya](https://github.com/guevaraya)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://itsfoss.com/getting-started-with-ubuntu/
+[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/list-installed-packages.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
+[3]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-command-guide/
+[4]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-get-linux-guide/
+[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/list-installed-packages-in-ubuntu-with-apt.png?resize=800%2C407&ssl=1
+[6]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/
+[7]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-vs-apt-get-difference/
+[8]: https://wiki.debian.org/dpkg
+[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/list-installed-packages-with-dpkg.png?ssl=1
+[10]: https://itsfoss.com/use-snap-packages-ubuntu-16-04/
+[11]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/list-installed-snap-packages.png?ssl=1
+[12]: https://itsfoss.com/flatpak-guide/
+[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/apt-list-recently-installed-packages.png?resize=800%2C187&ssl=1
+[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/installed-software-ubuntu.png?ssl=1
+[15]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/list-installed-packages.png?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1