From 937c40af2cb9bb537651c903fe7cddbb3dc24c90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 08:50:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 01/23] translated --- ...To Record Everything You Do In Terminal.md | 92 ------------------- ...To Record Everything You Do In Terminal.md | 90 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20170309 How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20170309 How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20170309 How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20170309 How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6748f911e1..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20170309 How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,92 +0,0 @@ -translating---geekpi - -How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal -====== -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Record-Everything-You-Do-In-Terminal-720x340.png) - -A few days ago, we published a guide that explained how to [**save commands in terminal itself and use them on demand**][1]. It is very useful for those who don’t want to memorize a lengthy Linux command. Today, in this guide, we are going to see how to record everything you do in Terminal using **‘script’** command. You might have run a command, or created a directory, or installed an application in Terminal. Script command simply saves whatever you do in the Terminal. You can then view them if you want to know what you did few hours or few days ago. I know I know, we can use UP/DOWN arrow keys or history command to view previously running commands. However, you can’t view the output of those commands. But, Script command records and displays complete terminal session activities. - -The script command creates a typescript of everything you do in the Terminal. It doesn’t matter whether you install an application, create a directory/file, remove a folder. Everything will be recorded, including the commands and the respective outputs. This command will be helpful who wants a hard-copy record of an interactive session as proof of an assignment. Whether you’re a student or a tutor, you can make a copy of everything you do in the Terminal along with all outputs. - -### Record Everything You Do In Terminal using script command in Linux - -The script command comes pre-installed on most modern Linux operating systems. So, let us not bother about the installation. - -Let us go ahead and see how to use it in real time. - -Run the following command to start the Terminal session recording. -``` -$ script -a my_terminal_activities - -``` - -Where, **-a** flag is used to append the output to file or to typescript, retaining the prior contents. The above command records everything you do in the Terminal and append the output to a file called **‘my_terminal_activities’** and save it in your current working directory. - -Sample output would be: -``` -Script started, file is my_terminal_activities - -``` - -Now, run some random Linux commands in your Terminal. -``` -$ mkdir ostechnix - -$ cd ostechnix/ - -$ touch hello_world.txt - -$ cd .. - -$ uname -r - -``` - -After running all commands, end the ‘script’ command’s session using command: -``` -$ exit - -``` - -**Sample output:** -``` -exit -Script done, file is my_terminal_activities - -``` - -As you see, the Terminal activities have been stored in a file called **‘my_terminal_activities’** and saves it in the current working directory. - -To view your Terminal activities, just open this file in any editor or simply display it using the ‘cat’ command. -``` -$ cat my_terminal_activities - -``` - -**Sample output:** - -As you see in the above output, script command has recorded all my Terminal activities, including the start and end time of the script command. Awesome, isn’t it? The reason to use script command is it’s not just records the commands, but also the commands’ output as well. To put this simply, Script command will record everything you do on the Terminal. - -### Conclusion - -Like I said, script command would be useful for students, teachers and any Linux users who wants to keep the record of their Terminal activities. Even though there are many CLI and GUI to do this, script command is an easiest and quickest way to record the Terminal session activities. - -And, that’s all. Hope this helps. If you find this guide useful, please share it on your social, professional networks and **support OSTechNix**. - -Cheers! - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/record-everything-terminal/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/save-commands-terminal-use-demand/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20170309 How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20170309 How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..da668820c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20170309 How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +如何记录你在终端中执行的所有操作 +====== +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Record-Everything-You-Do-In-Terminal-720x340.png) + +几天前，我们发布了一个解释如何[**保存终端中的命令并按需使用**][1]的指南。对于那些不想记忆冗长的 Linux 命令的人来说，这非常有用。今天，在本指南中，我们将看到如何使用 **‘script’**命令记录你在终端中执行的所有操作。你可能已经在终端中运行了一个命令，或创建了一个目录，或者安装了一个程序。script 命令会保存你在终端中执行的任何操作。如果你想知道你几小时或几天前做了什么，那么你可以查看它们。我知道我知道，我们可以使用上/下箭头或 history 命令查看以前运行的命令。但是，你无法查看这些命令的输出。但是，script 命令记录并显示完整的终端会话活动。 + +script 命令会在终端中创建你所做的所有事件的 typescript。无论你是安装程序，创建目录/文件还是删除文件夹，一切都会被记录下来，包括命令和相应的输出。这个命令读对那些想要一份交互式会话拷贝作为作业证明的人有用。无论莫是学生还是导师，你都可以将所有在终端中执行的操作和所有输出复制一份。 + +### 在Linux中使用 script 命令记录终端中的所有内容 + +script 命令预先安装在大多数现代 Linux 操作系统上。所以，我们不用担心安装。 + +让我们继续看看如何实时使用它 + +运行以下命令启动终端会话记录。 +``` +$ script -a my_terminal_activities + +``` + +其中，**-a** 标志用于将输出追加到文件或 typescript，并保留以前的内容。上述命令会记录你在终端中执行的所有操作，并将输出追加到名为 **‘my_terminal_activities’** 的文件中，并将其保存在当前工作目录中。 + +示例输出： +``` +Script started, file is my_terminal_activities + +``` + +现在，在终端中运行一些随机的 Linux 命令。 +``` +$ mkdir ostechnix + +$ cd ostechnix/ + +$ touch hello_world.txt + +$ cd .. + +$ uname -r + +``` + +运行所有命令后，使用以下命令结束 ‘script’ 命令的会话： +``` +$ exit + +``` + +**示例输出：** +``` +exit +Script done, file is my_terminal_activities + +``` + +如你所见，终端活动已存储在名为 **‘my_terminal_activities’** 的文件中，并将其保存在当前工作目录中。 + +要查看你的终端活动，只需在任何编辑器中打开此文件，或者使用 ‘cat’ 命令直接显示它。 +``` +$ cat my_terminal_activities + +``` + +**示例输出：** + +正如你在上面的输出中看到的，script 命令记录了我所有的终端活动，包括 script 命令的开始和结束时间。真棒，不是吗？使用 script 命令的原因不仅仅是记录命令，还有命令的输出。简单地说，脚本命令将记录你在终端上执行的所有操作。 + +### 结论 + +就像我说的那样，脚本命令对于想要保留其终端活动记录的学生，教师和 Linux 用户非常有用。尽管有很多 CLI 和 GUI 可用来执行此操作，但 script 命令是记录终端会话活动的最简单快捷的方式。 + +就是这些。希望这有帮助。如果你发现本指南有用，请在你的社交，专业网络上分享，并**支持 OSTechNix**。 + +干杯! + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/record-everything-terminal/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/save-commands-terminal-use-demand/ From ede85710909f8acddce31ff686cec32b537f87b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 08:54:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 02/23] translating --- sources/tech/20180313 Migrating to Linux- Using Sudo.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180313 Migrating to Linux- Using Sudo.md b/sources/tech/20180313 Migrating to Linux- Using Sudo.md index a97dc4d289..7ad9426ab8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180313 Migrating to Linux- Using Sudo.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180313 Migrating to Linux- Using Sudo.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating---geekpi + Migrating to Linux: Using Sudo ====== From 9675e3cde720989688ff12668b137c97e28be0bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 08:58:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 03/23] PRF:20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md @geekpi --- .../tech/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md | 39 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md b/translated/tech/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md index 9d7c62a98b..4689377da4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ Python 调试技巧 ====== -当涉及到调试时，你可以做出很多选择。很难提供总是有效的通用建议（除了“你试过关闭再打开么？”）。 + +当进行调试时，你有很多选择，但是很难给出一直有效的通用建议（除了“你试过关闭再打开么？”以外）。 这里有一些我最喜欢的 Python 调试技巧。 ### 建立一个分支 -请相信我。即使你从来没有打算将修改提交回上游，你也会乐意你的实验被包含在它们自己的分支中。 +请相信我。即使你从来没有打算将修改提交回上游，你也会很乐意将你的实验被包含在它们自己的分支中。 -如果没有其他的东西，它会使清理更容易！ +不说别的，它会使清理更容易！ ### 安装 pdb++ @@ -17,44 +18,42 @@ Python 调试技巧 pdb++ 所做的一切就是用更好的模块替换标准的 pdb 模块。以下是你在 `pip install pdbpp` 会看到的： * 彩色提示！ - * tab补全！（非常适合探索！） + * 制表符补全！（非常适合探索！） * 支持切分！ - - -好的，也许最后一个是有点多余......但是非常认真地说，安装 pdb++ 非常值得。 +好的，也许最后一个是有点多余……但是非常认真地说，安装 pdb++ 非常值得。 ### 探索 -有时候最好的办法就是搞乱，然后看看会发生什么。在“明显”的位置放置一个断点并确保它被击中。在代码中加入 `print()` 和/或 `logging.debug()` 语句，并查看代码执行的位置。 +有时候最好的办法就是胡乱试试，然后看看会发生什么。在“明显”的位置放置一个断点并确保它被命中。在代码中加入 `print()` 和/或 `logging.debug()` 语句，并查看代码执行的位置。 -检查传递给你的函数的参数。检查库的版本（如果事情变得非常绝望）。 +检查传递给你的函数的参数，检查库的版本（如果你已经非常绝望了）。 ### 一次只能改变一件事 -在你在探索一下后，你将会对你可以做的事情有所了解。但在你开始使用代码之前，先退一步，考虑一下你可以改变什么，然后只改变一件事。 +在你在探索了一下后，你将会对你可以做的事情有所了解。但在你开始摆弄代码之前，先退一步，考虑一下你可以改变什么，然后只改变一件事。 做出改变后，然后测试一下，看看你是否接近解决问题。如果没有，请将它改回来，然后尝试其他方法。 -只更改一件事就可以让你知道什么工作，哪些不工作。另外，一旦工作后，你的新提交将会小得多（因为将有更少的变化）。 +只更改一件事就可以让你知道什可以工作，哪些不工作。另外，一旦可以工作后，你的新提交将会小得多（因为将有更少的变化）。 -这几乎是科学过程中所做的事情：一次只更改一个变量。通过让自己看到并衡量一次更改的结果，你可以节省你的理智，并更快地找到解决方案。 +这几乎是科学过程Scientific Process中所做的事情：一次只更改一个变量。通过让自己看到并衡量一次更改的结果，你可以节省你的理智，并更快地找到解决方案。 ### 不要假设，提出问题 -偶尔一个开发人员（当然不是你！）会匆忙提交一些有问题的代码。当你去调试这段代码时，你需要停下来，并确保你明白它想要完成什么。 +偶尔一个开发人员（当然不是你咯！）会匆忙提交一些有问题的代码。当你去调试这段代码时，你需要停下来，并确保你明白它想要完成什么。 -不要做任何假设。仅仅因为代码在 `model.py` 中并不意味着它不会尝试渲染一些 HTML。 +不要做任何假设。仅仅因为代码在 `model.py` 文件中并不意味着它不会尝试渲染一些 HTML。 -同样，在做任何破坏性的事情之前，仔细检查你的所有外部连接。要删除一些配置数据？请确保你没有连接到你的生产系统。 +同样，在做任何破坏性的事情之前，仔细检查你的所有外部关联。要删除一些配置数据？**请确保你没有连接到你的生产系统。** -### 聪明，但不太聪明 +### 聪明，但不要聪明过头 -有时候我们编写的代码非常棒，不知道它是如何做的。 +有时候我们编写的代码神奇般地奏效，不知道它是如何做的。 -当我们发布代码时，我们可能会觉得很聪明，但当代码崩溃时，我们往往会感到愚蠢，我们必须记住它是如何工作的，以便弄清楚它为什么不起作用。 +当我们发布代码时，我们可能会觉得自己很聪明，但当代码崩溃时，我们往往会感到愚蠢，我们必须记住它是如何工作的，以便弄清楚它为什么不起作用。 -留意任何看起来过于复杂，冗长或极短的代码段。这些可能是隐藏复杂并导致错误的地方。 +留意任何看起来过于复杂、冗长或极短的代码段。这些可能是隐藏复杂并导致错误的地方。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ via: https://pythondebugging.com/articles/python-debugging-tips 作者：[PythonDebugging.com][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3a1e9b230261ad746a86bbb168121a6f4ae7a1d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 08:58:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 04/23] PUB:20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-9797-1.html --- {translated/tech => published}/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md b/published/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md rename to published/20180519 Python Debugging Tips.md From 6ac5bd5497ec9b9bc96d16b53414f639b366efcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Zenobio Wang Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 09:39:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 05/23] Update 20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md --- ...ical inventory of collaborative editors.md | 59 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md b/sources/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md index 882126a2f6..07842da257 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md @@ -1,43 +1,38 @@ - 【翻译中 by ZenMoore】 -Historical inventory of collaborative editors +协同编辑器的历史性发明 ====== -A quick inventory of major collaborative editor efforts, in chronological order. +不妨按时间顺序快速列出在主要协同编辑器上付出的努力。 -As with any such list, it must start with an honorable mention to [the mother of all demos][25] during which [Doug Engelbart][26] presented what is basically an exhaustive list of all possible software written since 1968\. This includes not only a collaborative editor, but graphics, programming and math editor. +正如任何如此的清单一样，它必定会在一开始便提到受人尊敬的所有编辑器的先祖，道格·恩格尔巴特描述了在那期间什么基本是 1968 年来所写的所有可能软件的详尽清单。这不仅包括协同编辑器，还包括图形、编程和数学编辑器。 -Everything else after that demo is just a slower implementation to compensate for the acceleration of hardware. +那个示范之后的所有编辑器仅仅是为了弥补硬件发展的加速度的更缓慢的实现。 -> Software gets slower faster than hardware gets faster. - Wirth's law +> 软件加快的速度比硬件加快的速度慢。——沃斯定律 -So without further ado, here is the list of notable collaborative editors that I could find. By "notable" i mean that they introduce a notable feature or implementation detail. +因此没有进一步的麻烦的话，这里是我找到的可圈可点的协同编辑器的清单。我说“可圈可点”的意思是他们具有可圈可点的特征或者实现细节。 - -| Project | Date | Platform | Notes | +| 项目 | 日期 | 平台 | 说明 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | -| [SubEthaEdit][1] | 2003-2015? | Mac-only | first collaborative, real-time, multi-cursor editor I could find. [reverse-engineering attempt in Emacs][2] | -| [DocSynch][3] | 2004-2007 | ? | built on top of IRC -![(!)](https://anarc.at/smileys/idea.png) - | -| [Gobby][4] | 2005-now | C, multi-platform | first open, solid and reliable implementation. still around! protocol ("[libinfinoted][5]") notoriously hard to port to other editors (e.g. [Rudel][6] failed to implement this in Emacs. 0.7 release in jan 2017 adds possible python bindings that might improve this. Interesting plugins: autosave to disk. | -| [moonedit][7] | 2005-2008? | ? | Original website died. Other user's cursors visible and emulated keystrokes noises. Calculator and music sequencer. | -| [synchroedit][8] | 2006-2007 | ? | First web app. | -| [Etherpad][9] | 2008-now | Web | First solid webapp. Originally developped as a heavy Java app in 2008, acquired and opensourced by google in 2009, then rewritten in Node.js in 2011\. Widely used. | -| [CRDT][10] | 2011 | Specification | Standard for replicating a document's datastructure among different computers reliably. | -| [Operational transform][11] | 2013 | Specification | Similar to CRDT, yet, well, different. | -| [Floobits][12] | 2013-now | ? | Commercial, but opensource plugins for different editors | -| [HackMD][13] | 2015-now | ? | Commercial but [opensource][14]. Inspired by hackpad, which was bought up by Dropbox. | -| [Cryptpad][15] | 2016-now | web? | spin-off of xwiki. encrypted, "zero-knowledge" on server | -| [Prosemirror][16] | 2016-now | Web, Node.JS | "Tries to bridge the gap between Markdown text editing and classical WYSIWYG editors." Not really an editor, but something that can be used to build one. | -| [Qill][17] | 2013-now | Web, Node.JS | Rich text editor, also javascript. Not sure it is really collaborative. | -| [Nextcloud][18] | 2017-now | Web | Some sort of Google docs equivalent | -| [Teletype][19] | 2017-now | WebRTC, Node.JS | For the GitHub's [Atom editor][20], introduces "portal" idea that makes guests follow what the host is doing across multiple docs. p2p with webRTC after visit to introduction server, CRDT based. | -| [Tandem][21] | 2018-now | Node.JS? | Plugins for atom, vim, neovim, sublime... uses a relay to setup p2p connexions CRDT based. [Dubious license issues][22] were resolved thanks to the involvement of Debian developers, which makes it a promising standard to follow in the future. | +| [SubEthaEdit][1] | 2003-2015? | 仅 Mac|首次协同, 实时的, 我能找到的多指针编辑器， [在 Emacs 上的逆向工程的尝试。][2] | +| [DocSynch][3] | 2004-2007 | ? | 在互联网交互式聊天程序之上构造! [(!)](https://anarc.at/smileys/idea.png)| +| [Gobby][4] | 2005 至今 | C, 多平台 | 首次开放,实现稳固可靠。 仍然存在！众所周知 ("[libinfinoted][5]") 协议很难移植到其他编辑器中 (例如： [Rudel][6] 不能在 Emacs 上实现此协议。 2017 年 1 月发行的 0.7 版本添加了也许可以改善这种状况的 Python 捆绑。 有趣的插件: 自动保存到磁盘。| +| [moonedit][7] | 2005-2008? | ? | 原网站已关闭。其他用户的光标可见并且会模仿击键的声音。 计算器和音乐定序器。 | +| [synchroedit][8] | 2006-2007 | ? |首款网络应用。| +| [Etherpad][9] | 2008 至今 | 网络 |首款稳定的网络应用。 最初在 2008 年被开发为一款大型 Java 应用，在 2009 年被谷歌获取并开源，然后在 2011 年被用 Node.JS 重写。广泛使用。| +| [CRDT][10] | 2011 | 特定平台| 对在不同电脑间可靠地复制一个文件的数据结构是标准的。 | +| [Operational transform][11] | 2013 | 特定平台| 与 CRDT 类似, 然而, 确切地说, 两者是不同的。 | +| [Floobits][12] | 2013 至今 | ? | 对不同编辑器是商业的但开源的插件。 | +| [HackMD][13] | 2015 至今| ? | 商业的但是[开源][14]。受 hackpad 的启发( hackpad 已被 Dropbox 收购)。 | +| [Cryptpad][15] | 2016 至今 | 网络? |Xwiki 的副产品。加密的, 在服务器"零知识"。| +| [Prosemirror][16] | 2016 至今 | 网络, Node.JS | "试图架起 Markdown 文本编辑和 传统 WYSIWYG 编辑器之间隔阂的桥梁。"不是完全意义上的编辑器，但是一种可以用来构建编辑器的工具。 | +| [Qill][17] | 2013 至今 | 网络, Node.JS | 富文本编辑器,同时支持 JavaScript.不确定是否是协同式的。 | +| [Nextcloud][18] | 2017 至今 | Web |一种类似谷歌文档的文档。 | +| [Teletype][19] | 2017 至今 | WebRTC, Node.JS | 为 GitHub 的[ Atom 编辑器][20] 引入了 "可移植"的想法，这种想法使访客可以跟踪主人在对多个文档做什么.访问介绍服务器后使用实时通讯的点对点技术( P2P ),基于 CRDT. | +| [Tandem][21] | 2018 至今 | Node.JS? | Atom, Vim, Neovim, Sublime 等的插件。 使用中继安装基于 CRDT 的 P2P 连接。多亏 Debian 开发者的参与,[可疑证书问题][22]已被解决，这使它成为很有希望在未来被遵循的标准。 | -### Other lists +### 其他清单 -* [Emacs wiki][23] - -* [Wikipedia][24] +* Emacs 维基 +* 维基百科 @@ -47,7 +42,7 @@ via: https://anarc.at/blog/2018-06-26-collaborative-editors-history/ 作者：[Anacr][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[ZenMoore](https://github.com/ZenMoore) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f336ec1b7f2e1fd0f8efd2b8a00d68e5099d4593 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Zenobio Wang Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 09:40:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 06/23] Delete 20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md --- ...ical inventory of collaborative editors.md | 76 ------------------- 1 file changed, 76 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md b/sources/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md deleted file mode 100644 index 07842da257..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,76 +0,0 @@ -协同编辑器的历史性发明 -====== -不妨按时间顺序快速列出在主要协同编辑器上付出的努力。 - -正如任何如此的清单一样，它必定会在一开始便提到受人尊敬的所有编辑器的先祖，道格·恩格尔巴特描述了在那期间什么基本是 1968 年来所写的所有可能软件的详尽清单。这不仅包括协同编辑器，还包括图形、编程和数学编辑器。 - -那个示范之后的所有编辑器仅仅是为了弥补硬件发展的加速度的更缓慢的实现。 - -> 软件加快的速度比硬件加快的速度慢。——沃斯定律 - -因此没有进一步的麻烦的话，这里是我找到的可圈可点的协同编辑器的清单。我说“可圈可点”的意思是他们具有可圈可点的特征或者实现细节。 - -| 项目 | 日期 | 平台 | 说明 | -| --- | --- | --- | --- | -| [SubEthaEdit][1] | 2003-2015? | 仅 Mac|首次协同, 实时的, 我能找到的多指针编辑器， [在 Emacs 上的逆向工程的尝试。][2] | -| [DocSynch][3] | 2004-2007 | ? | 在互联网交互式聊天程序之上构造! [(!)](https://anarc.at/smileys/idea.png)| -| [Gobby][4] | 2005 至今 | C, 多平台 | 首次开放,实现稳固可靠。 仍然存在！众所周知 ("[libinfinoted][5]") 协议很难移植到其他编辑器中 (例如： [Rudel][6] 不能在 Emacs 上实现此协议。 2017 年 1 月发行的 0.7 版本添加了也许可以改善这种状况的 Python 捆绑。 有趣的插件: 自动保存到磁盘。| -| [moonedit][7] | 2005-2008? | ? | 原网站已关闭。其他用户的光标可见并且会模仿击键的声音。 计算器和音乐定序器。 | -| [synchroedit][8] | 2006-2007 | ? |首款网络应用。| -| [Etherpad][9] | 2008 至今 | 网络 |首款稳定的网络应用。 最初在 2008 年被开发为一款大型 Java 应用，在 2009 年被谷歌获取并开源，然后在 2011 年被用 Node.JS 重写。广泛使用。| -| [CRDT][10] | 2011 | 特定平台| 对在不同电脑间可靠地复制一个文件的数据结构是标准的。 | -| [Operational transform][11] | 2013 | 特定平台| 与 CRDT 类似, 然而, 确切地说, 两者是不同的。 | -| [Floobits][12] | 2013 至今 | ? | 对不同编辑器是商业的但开源的插件。 | -| [HackMD][13] | 2015 至今| ? | 商业的但是[开源][14]。受 hackpad 的启发( hackpad 已被 Dropbox 收购)。 | -| [Cryptpad][15] | 2016 至今 | 网络? |Xwiki 的副产品。加密的, 在服务器"零知识"。| -| [Prosemirror][16] | 2016 至今 | 网络, Node.JS | "试图架起 Markdown 文本编辑和 传统 WYSIWYG 编辑器之间隔阂的桥梁。"不是完全意义上的编辑器，但是一种可以用来构建编辑器的工具。 | -| [Qill][17] | 2013 至今 | 网络, Node.JS | 富文本编辑器,同时支持 JavaScript.不确定是否是协同式的。 | -| [Nextcloud][18] | 2017 至今 | Web |一种类似谷歌文档的文档。 | -| [Teletype][19] | 2017 至今 | WebRTC, Node.JS | 为 GitHub 的[ Atom 编辑器][20] 引入了 "可移植"的想法，这种想法使访客可以跟踪主人在对多个文档做什么.访问介绍服务器后使用实时通讯的点对点技术( P2P ),基于 CRDT. | -| [Tandem][21] | 2018 至今 | Node.JS? | Atom, Vim, Neovim, Sublime 等的插件。 使用中继安装基于 CRDT 的 P2P 连接。多亏 Debian 开发者的参与,[可疑证书问题][22]已被解决，这使它成为很有希望在未来被遵循的标准。 | - -### 其他清单 - -* Emacs 维基 -* 维基百科 - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://anarc.at/blog/2018-06-26-collaborative-editors-history/ - -作者：[Anacr][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[ZenMoore](https://github.com/ZenMoore) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://anarc.at -[1]:https://www.codingmonkeys.de/subethaedit/ -[2]:https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/SubEthaEmacs -[3]:http://docsynch.sourceforge.net/ -[4]:https://gobby.github.io/ -[5]:http://infinote.0x539.de/libinfinity/API/libinfinity/ -[6]:https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/Rudel -[7]:https://web.archive.org/web/20060423192346/http://www.moonedit.com:80/ -[8]:http://www.synchroedit.com/ -[9]:http://etherpad.org/ -[10]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict-free_replicated_data_type -[11]:http://operational-transformation.github.io/ -[12]:https://floobits.com/ -[13]:https://hackmd.io/ -[14]:https://github.com/hackmdio/hackmd -[15]:https://cryptpad.fr/ -[16]:https://prosemirror.net/ -[17]:https://quilljs.com/ -[18]:https://nextcloud.com/collaboraonline/ -[19]:https://teletype.atom.io/ -[20]:https://atom.io -[21]:http://typeintandem.com/ -[22]:https://github.com/typeintandem/tandem/issues/131 -[23]:https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/CollaborativeEditing -[24]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_real-time_editor -[25]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos -[26]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart From d2813d48415f708c970129f318050130c9ce10b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Zenobio Wang Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 09:42:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 07/23] Add files via upload --- ...ical inventory of collaborative editors.md | 83 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 83 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md b/translated/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a82fbf7afe --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +--- +date: 2018-07-02 09:16 +status: public +title: '20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors' +--- + + 【翻译中 by ZenMoore】 +协同编辑器的历史性发明 +====== +不妨按时间顺序快速列出在主要协同编辑器上付出的努力。 + +正如任何如此的清单一样，它必定会在一开始便提到受人尊敬的所有编辑器的先祖，道格·恩格尔巴特描述了在那期间什么基本是 1968 年来所写的所有可能软件的详尽清单。这不仅包括协同编辑器，还包括图形、编程和数学编辑器。 + +那个示范之后的所有编辑器仅仅是为了弥补硬件发展的加速度的更缓慢的实现。 + +> 软件加快的速度比硬件加快的速度慢。——沃斯定律 + +因此没有进一步的麻烦的话，这里是我找到的可圈可点的协同编辑器的清单。我说“可圈可点”的意思是他们具有可圈可点的特征或者实现细节。 + +| 项目 | 日期 | 平台 | 说明 | +| --- | --- | --- | --- | +| [SubEthaEdit][1] | 2003-2015? | 仅 Mac|首次协同, 实时的, 我能找到的多指针编辑器， [在 Emacs 上的逆向工程的尝试。][2] | +| [DocSynch][3] | 2004-2007 | ? | 在互联网交互式聊天程序之上构造! [(!)](https://anarc.at/smileys/idea.png)| +| [Gobby][4] | 2005 至今 | C, 多平台 | 首次开放,实现稳固可靠。 仍然存在！众所周知 ("[libinfinoted][5]") 协议很难移植到其他编辑器中 (例如： [Rudel][6] 不能在 Emacs 上实现此协议。 2017 年 1 月发行的 0.7 版本添加了也许可以改善这种状况的 Python 捆绑。 有趣的插件: 自动保存到磁盘。| +| [moonedit][7] | 2005-2008? | ? | 原网站已关闭。其他用户的光标可见并且会模仿击键的声音。 计算器和音乐定序器。 | +| [synchroedit][8] | 2006-2007 | ? |首款网络应用。| +| [Etherpad][9] | 2008 至今 | 网络 |首款稳定的网络应用。 最初在 2008 年被开发为一款大型 Java 应用，在 2009 年被谷歌获取并开源，然后在 2011 年被用 Node.JS 重写。广泛使用。| +| [CRDT][10] | 2011 | 特定平台| 对在不同电脑间可靠地复制一个文件的数据结构是标准的。 | +| [Operational transform][11] | 2013 | 特定平台| 与 CRDT 类似, 然而, 确切地说, 两者是不同的。 | +| [Floobits][12] | 2013 至今 | ? | 对不同编辑器是商业的但开源的插件。 | +| [HackMD][13] | 2015 至今| ? | 商业的但是[开源][14]。受 hackpad 的启发( hackpad 已被 Dropbox 收购)。 | +| [Cryptpad][15] | 2016 至今 | 网络? |Xwiki 的副产品。加密的, 在服务器"零知识"。| +| [Prosemirror][16] | 2016 至今 | 网络, Node.JS | "试图架起 Markdown 文本编辑和 传统 WYSIWYG 编辑器之间隔阂的桥梁。"不是完全意义上的编辑器，但是一种可以用来构建编辑器的工具。 | +| [Qill][17] | 2013 至今 | 网络, Node.JS | 富文本编辑器,同时支持 JavaScript.不确定是否是协同式的。 | +| [Nextcloud][18] | 2017 至今 | Web |一种类似谷歌文档的文档。 | +| [Teletype][19] | 2017 至今 | WebRTC, Node.JS | 为 GitHub 的[ Atom 编辑器][20] 引入了 "可移植"的想法，这种想法使访客可以跟踪主人在对多个文档做什么.访问介绍服务器后使用实时通讯的点对点技术( P2P ),基于 CRDT. | +| [Tandem][21] | 2018 至今 | Node.JS? | Atom, Vim, Neovim, Sublime 等的插件。 使用中继安装基于 CRDT 的 P2P 连接。多亏 Debian 开发者的参与,[可疑证书问题][22]已被解决，这使它成为很有希望在未来被遵循的标准。 | + +### 其他清单 + +* Emacs 维基 +* 维基百科 + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://anarc.at/blog/2018-06-26-collaborative-editors-history/ + +作者：[Anacr][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[ZenMoore](https://github.com/ZenMoore) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://anarc.at +[1]:https://www.codingmonkeys.de/subethaedit/ +[2]:https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/SubEthaEmacs +[3]:http://docsynch.sourceforge.net/ +[4]:https://gobby.github.io/ +[5]:http://infinote.0x539.de/libinfinity/API/libinfinity/ +[6]:https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/Rudel +[7]:https://web.archive.org/web/20060423192346/http://www.moonedit.com:80/ +[8]:http://www.synchroedit.com/ +[9]:http://etherpad.org/ +[10]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict-free_replicated_data_type +[11]:http://operational-transformation.github.io/ +[12]:https://floobits.com/ +[13]:https://hackmd.io/ +[14]:https://github.com/hackmdio/hackmd +[15]:https://cryptpad.fr/ +[16]:https://prosemirror.net/ +[17]:https://quilljs.com/ +[18]:https://nextcloud.com/collaboraonline/ +[19]:https://teletype.atom.io/ +[20]:https://atom.io +[21]:http://typeintandem.com/ +[22]:https://github.com/typeintandem/tandem/issues/131 +[23]:https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/CollaborativeEditing +[24]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_real-time_editor +[25]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos +[26]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart \ No newline at end of file From af4b5d600a92a4248377162a5d5a10560e92b55a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Zenobio Wang Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 09:43:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 08/23] Translated by ZenMoore --- ...0627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md | 9 +-------- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md b/translated/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md index a82fbf7afe..abecef8e2b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors.md @@ -1,10 +1,3 @@ ---- -date: 2018-07-02 09:16 -status: public -title: '20180627 Historical inventory of collaborative editors' ---- - - 【翻译中 by ZenMoore】 协同编辑器的历史性发明 ====== 不妨按时间顺序快速列出在主要协同编辑器上付出的努力。 @@ -80,4 +73,4 @@ via: https://anarc.at/blog/2018-06-26-collaborative-editors-history/ [23]:https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/CollaborativeEditing [24]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_real-time_editor [25]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos -[26]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart \ No newline at end of file +[26]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart From 5299cbee633386b294ba8334262604713bd7438e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 09:44:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 09/23] PRF:20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md @amwps290 --- ...20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md | 191 +++++++----------- 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md b/translated/tech/20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md index 9f7e4fd90e..589c7e9672 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md @@ -1,168 +1,165 @@ -# Linux文件系统详解 +Linux 文件系统详解 +===================== + +> 这篇教程将帮你快速了解 Linux 文件系统。 ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/search.jpg?itok=7hj0YYjF) -早在1996年，在真正理解文件系统的结构之前，我就学会了如何在我崭新的 Linux 上安装软件。这是一个问题，但不是程序的问题，因为即使我不知道实际的可执行文件在哪里，它们也会神奇地工作。问题在于文档。 +早在 1996 年，在真正理解文件系统的结构之前，我就学会了如何在我崭新的 Linux 上安装软件。这是一个问题，但对程序来说不是大问题，因为即使我不知道实际的可执行文件在哪里，它们也会神奇地工作。问题在于文档。 -你看，那时候，Linux 不是像今天这样直观，用户友好的系统。 你必须读很多东西。 你必须知道你的 CRT 显示器的频率以及拨号调制解调器的噪音来龙去脉，以及其他数以百计的事情。 我很快就意识到我需要花一些时间来掌握目录的组织方式以及 /etc（不用于其他文件），/usr（不是用于用户文件）和 /*bin *（ 不是垃圾桶）的意思。 +你知道，那时候，Linux 不是像今天这样直观、用户友好的系统。你必须读很多东西。你必须知道你的 CRT 显示器的扫描频率以及拨号调制解调器的噪音来龙去脉，以及其他数以百计的事情。 我很快就意识到我需要花一些时间来掌握目录的组织方式以及 `/etc`（不是用于“其它”文件），`/usr`（不是用于“用户”文件）和 `/bin` （不是“垃圾桶”）的意思。 -本教程将帮助您加快速度，比我做得更快。 +本教程将帮助你比我当时更快地了解这些。 ### 结构 -从终端窗口探索 Linux 文件系统是有道理的，这并不是因为作者是一个脾气暴躁的老人，并且对新孩子和他们漂亮的图形工具不以为然——尽管有一些事实——但是因为终端，尽管是文本——只有更好的工具才能显示 Linux 目录树的结构。 +从终端窗口探索 Linux 文件系统是有道理的，这并不是因为作者是一个脾气暴躁的老人，并且对新孩子和他们漂亮的图形工具不以为然（尽管某些事实如此），而是因为终端，尽管只是文本界面，才是更好地显示 Linux 目录树结构的工具。 -事实上，这是您将安装的第一个工具的名称：*tree*。如果你正在使用 Ubuntu 或 Debian ，你可以： +事实上，帮助你了解这一切的、应该首先安装的第一个工具的名为：`tree`。如果你正在使用 Ubuntu 或 Debian ，你可以： ``` sudo apt install tree - ``` 在 Red Hat 或 Fedora : ``` sudo dnf install tree - ``` 对于 SUSE/openSUSE 可以使用 `zypper`： ``` sudo zypper install tree - ``` 对于使用 Arch （Manjaro，Antergos，等等）使用： ``` sudo pacman -S tree - ``` -...等等。 +……等等。 -一旦安装好，在终端窗口运行 *tree* 命令： +一旦安装好，在终端窗口运行 `tree` 命令： ``` tree / - ``` -上述指令中的 `/` 指的是根目录。系统中的其他目录都是从根目录分支而出，当你运行 `tree` 命令，并且告诉它从根目录开始，那么你就可以看到整个目录树，系统中的所有目录及其子目录，还有他们的文件。 +上述指令中的 `/` 指的是根目录。系统中的其他目录都是从根目录分支而出，当你运行 `tree` 命令，并且告诉它从根目录开始，那么你就可以看到整个目录树，系统中的所有目录及其子目录，还有它们的文件。 -如果您已经使用您的系统有一段时间了，这可能需要一段时间，因为即使您自己还没有生成很多文件，Linux系统及其应用程序总是记录、缓存和存储临时文件。文件系统中的条目数量可以快速增长。 +如果你已经使用你的系统有一段时间了，这可能需要一段时间，因为即使你自己还没有生成很多文件，Linux 系统及其应用程序总是在记录、缓存和存储各种临时文件。文件系统中的条目数量会快速增长。 不过，不要感到不知所措。 相反，试试这个： ``` tree -L 1 / - ``` -您应该看到如图 1 所示。 +你应该看到如图 1 所示。 ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/f01_tree01.png?itok=aGKzzC0C) -上面的指令可以翻译为“只显示以 /（根目录） 开头的目录树的第一级”。 `-L` 选项告诉树你想看到多少层目录。 +上面的指令可以翻译为“只显示以 `/`（根目录） 开头的目录树的第一级”。 `-L` 选项告诉树你想看到多少层目录。 -大多数 Linux 发行版都会向您显示与您在上图中看到的相同或非常类似的结构。 这意味着，即使你现在感到困惑，掌握这一点，你将掌握大部分（如果不是全部的话）整个世界的 Linux 文件系统。 +大多数 Linux 发行版都会向你显示与你在上图中看到的相同或非常类似的结构。 这意味着，即使你现在感到困惑，掌握这一点，你将掌握大部分（如果不是全部的话）全世界的 Linux 文件系统。 -为了让您开始走上掌握之路，让我们看看每个目录的用途。 当我们查看每一个目录的时候，你可以使用 *ls* 来查看他们的内容。 +为了让你开始走上掌控之路，让我们看看每个目录的用途。 当我们查看每一个目录的时候，你可以使用 `ls` 来查看他们的内容。 ### 目录 从上到下，你所看到的目录如下 -#### _/bin_ +#### /bin -*/bin* 目录是包含一些二进制文件的目录，即可以运行的一些应用程序。 你会在这个目录中找到上面提到的 *ls* 程序，以及用于新建和删除文件和目录，移动它们基本工具。还有其他一些程序，等等， 文件系统树的其他部分有更多的 *bin* 目录，但我们将在一分钟内讨论这些目录。 +`/bin` 目录是包含一些二进制文件的目录，即可以运行的一些应用程序。 你会在这个目录中找到上面提到的 `ls` 程序，以及用于新建和删除文件和目录、移动它们基本工具。还有其它一些程序，等等。文件系统树的其他部分有更多的 *bin* 目录，但我们将在一会儿讨论这些目录。 -#### _/boot_ +#### /boot -*/boot* 目录包含启动系统所需的文件。 我必须要说吗？ 好吧，我会说：**不要动它**！ 如果你在这里弄乱了其中一个文件，你可能无法运行你的 Linux，修复破坏的系统是非常痛苦的一件事。 另一方面，不要太担心无意中破坏系统：您必须拥有超级用户权限才能执行此操作。 +`/boot` 目录包含启动系统所需的文件。我必须要说吗？ 好吧，我会说：**不要动它**！ 如果你在这里弄乱了其中一个文件，你可能无法运行你的 Linux，修复被破坏的系统是非常痛苦的一件事。 另一方面，不要太担心无意中破坏系统：你必须拥有超级用户权限才能执行此操作。 -#### _/dev_ +#### /dev -*/dev* 目录包含设备文件。 其中许多是在启动时或甚至在运行时生成的。 例如，如果您将新的网络摄像头或 USB 随身碟连接到您的机器中，则会自动弹出一个新的设备条目。 +`/dev 目录包含设备文件。 其中许多是在启动时或甚至在运行时生成的。 例如，如果你将新的网络摄像头或 USB 随身碟连接到你的机器中，则会自动弹出一个新的设备条目。 -#### _/etc_ +#### /etc -*/etc* 的目录名称会让人变得非常的困惑。*/etc* 从最早的 Unixes 系统中得到它的名称，它的字面意思是 “et cetera” ，因为它是系统文件管理员不确定在哪里放置文件的垃圾场。 +`/etc` 的目录名称会让人变得非常的困惑。`/etc` 得名于最早的 Unix 系统们，它的字面意思是 “etcetera”（诸如此类） ，因为它是系统文件管理员不确定在哪里放置的文件的垃圾场。 -现在，说 */etc* 是“要配置的所有内容”更为恰当，因为它包含大部分（如果不是全部的话）系统配置文件。 例如，包含系统名称，用户及其密码，网络上计算机名称以及硬盘上分区的安装位置和时间的文件都在这里。 再说一遍，如果你是 Linux 的新手，最好是不要在这里接触太多，直到你对系统的工作有更好的理解。 +现在，说 `/etc` 是“要配置的所有内容Everything To Configure”更为恰当，因为它包含大部分（如果不是全部的话）的系统配置文件。 例如，包含系统名称、用户及其密码、网络上计算机名称以及硬盘上分区的安装位置和时间的文件都在这里。 再说一遍，如果你是 Linux 的新手，最好是不要在这里接触太多，直到你对系统的工作有更好的理解。 -#### _/home_ +#### /home -*/home* 是您可以找到用户个人目录的地方。 在我的情况下，*/home* 下有两个目录：*/home/paul*，其中包含我所有的东西；另外一个目录是 */home/guest* 目录，以防有人需要使用我的电脑。 +`/home` 是你可以找到用户个人目录的地方。在我的情况下，`/home` 下有两个目录：`/home/paul`，其中包含我所有的东西；另外一个目录是 `/home/guest` 目录，以防有客人需要使用我的电脑。 -#### _/lib_ +#### /lib -*/lib* 是库文件所在的地方。 库是包含应用程序可以使用的代码文件。 它们包含应用程序用于在桌面上绘制窗口，控制外围设备或将文件发送到硬盘的代码片段。 +`/lib` 是库文件所在的地方。库是包含应用程序可以使用的代码文件。它们包含应用程序用于在桌面上绘制窗口、控制外围设备或将文件发送到硬盘的代码片段。 -在文件系统周围散布着更多的 *lib* 目录，但是这个直接挂载在 / 的 */lib* 目录是特殊的，除此之外，它包含了所有重要的内核模块。 内核模块是使您的视频卡，声卡，WiFi，打印机等工作的驱动程序。 +在文件系统周围散布着更多的 `lib` 目录，但是这个直接挂载在 `/` 的 `/lib` 目录是特殊的，除此之外，它包含了所有重要的内核模块。 内核模块是使你的显卡、声卡、WiFi、打印机等工作的驱动程序。 -#### _/media_ +#### /media -在 */media* 目录中，当您插入外部存储并试图访问它时，将自动挂载它。与此列表中的大多数其他项目不同，*/media* 并不追溯到 1970 年代，主要是因为当计算机正在运行而动态地插入和检测存储（ U 盘, USB 硬盘，SD卡，外部 SSD 等)，这是最近才发生的事。 +在 `/media` 目录中，当你插入外部存储器试图访问它时，将自动挂载它。与此列表中的大多数其他项目不同，`/media` 并不追溯到 1970 年代，主要是因为当计算机正在运行而动态地插入和检测存储（U 盘、USB 硬盘、SD 卡、外部 SSD 等)，这是近些年才发生的事。 -#### _/mnt_ +#### /mnt -然而，*/mnt* 目录是一些过去的残余。这是您手动挂载存储设备或分区的地方。现在不常用了。 +然而，`/mnt` 目录是一些过去的残余。这是你手动挂载存储设备或分区的地方。现在不常用了。 -#### _/opt_ +#### /opt -*/opt* 目录通常是您编译软件（即，您从源代码构建，并不是从您的系统的软件库中安装软件）的地方。应用程序最终会出现在 */opt/bin* 目录，库会在 */opt/lib* 目录中出现。 +`/opt` 目录通常是你编译软件（即，你从源代码构建，并不是从你的系统的软件库中安装软件）的地方。应用程序最终会出现在 `/opt/bin` 目录，库会在 `/opt/lib` 目录中出现。 -稍微的题外话：应用程序和库的另一个地方是 */usr/local*，在这里安装软件时，也会有 */usr/local/bin* 和 */usr/local/lib* 目录。开发人员如何配置文件来控制编译和安装过程，这就决定了软件安装到哪个地方。 +稍微的题外话：应用程序和库的另一个地方是 `/usr/local`，在这里安装软件时，也会有 `/usr/local/bin` 和 `/usr/local/lib` 目录。开发人员如何配置文件来控制编译和安装过程，这就决定了软件安装到哪个地方。 -#### _/proc_ +#### /proc -*/proc*，就像 */dev* 是一个虚拟目录。它包含有关您的计算机的信息，例如关于您的 CPU 和您的 Linux 系统正在运行的内核的信息。与 */dev* 一样，文件和目录是在计算机启动或运行时生成的，因为您的系统正在运行且会发生变化。 +`/proc`，就像 `/dev` 是一个虚拟目录。它包含有关你的计算机的信息，例如关于你的 CPU 和你的 Linux 系统正在运行的内核的信息。与 `/dev` 一样，文件和目录是在计算机启动或运行时生成的，因为你的系统正在运行且会发生变化。 -#### _/root_ +#### /root -*/root* 是系统的超级用户（也称为“管理员”）的主目录。 它与其他用户的主目录是分开的，因为您打算去动它。 所以把自己的东西放在你自己的目录中，伙计们。 +`/root` 是系统的超级用户（也称为“管理员”）的主目录。 它与其他用户的主目录是分开的，**因为你不应该动它**。 所以把自己的东西放在你自己的目录中，伙计们。 -#### _/run_ +#### /run -*/run* 是另一个新目录。系统进程出于自己的邪恶原因使用它来存储临时数据。这是另一个不要动它的文件夹例子。 +`/run` 是另一个新出现的目录。系统进程出于自己不可告人的原因使用它来存储临时数据。这是另一个**不要动它**的文件夹。 -#### _/sbin_ +#### /sbin -*/sbin* 与 */bin* 类似，但它包含的应用程序只有超级用户（即首字母的 s ）才需要。您可以使用 `sudo` 命令使用这些应用程序，该命令暂时允许您在许多发行版上拥有超级用户权限。*/sbin* 目录通常包含可以安装、删除和格式化内容的工具。你可以想象，如果你使用不当，这些指令中有一些是致命的，所以要小心处理。 +`/sbin` 与 `/bin` 类似，但它包含的应用程序只有超级用户（即首字母的 `s` ）才需要。你可以使用 `sudo` 命令使用这些应用程序，该命令暂时允许你在许多 Linux 发行版上拥有超级用户权限。`/sbin` 目录通常包含可以安装、删除和格式化各种东西的工具。你可以想象，如果你使用不当，这些指令中有一些是致命的，所以要小心处理。 -#### _/usr_ +#### /usr -*/usr* 目录是在 UNIX 早期用户的主目录被保留的地方。然而，正如我们上面看到的，现在 */home* 是用户保存他们的东西的地方。如今，*/usr* 包含了大量目录，而这些目录又包含了应用程序、库、文档、壁纸、图标和许多其他需要应用程序和服务共享的内容。 +`/usr` 目录是在 UNIX 早期用户的主目录所处的地方。然而，正如我们上面看到的，现在 `/home` 是用户保存他们的东西的地方。如今，`/usr` 包含了大量目录，而这些目录又包含了应用程序、库、文档、壁纸、图标和许多其他需要应用程序和服务共享的内容。 -您还可以在 */usr* 目录下找到 */bin*，*/sbin*，*/lib* 目录，他们与挂载到根目录下的那些有什么区别呢？现在的区别不是很大。在早期，/bin 目录（挂载在根目录下的）只会包含一些基本的命令，例如 *ls*，*mv* 和 *rm* ；这是一些在安装系统的时候就会预装的一些命令，用于维护系统的一个基本的命令。 而 */usr/bin* 目录则包含了用户自己安装和用于工作的软件，例如文字处理器，浏览器和一些其他的软件。 +你还可以在 `/usr` 目录下找到 `bin`，`sbin`，`lib` 目录，它们与挂载到根目录下的那些有什么区别呢？现在的区别不是很大。在早期，`/bin` 目录（挂载在根目录下的）只会包含一些基本的命令，例如 `ls`、`mv` 和 `rm` ；这是一些在安装系统的时候就会预装的一些命令，用于维护系统的一个基本的命令。 而 `/usr/bin` 目录则包含了用户自己安装和用于工作的软件，例如文字处理器，浏览器和一些其他的软件。 -但是许多现代的 Linux 发行版只是把所有的东西都放到 */usr/bin* 中，并让 */bin* 指向 */usr/bin*，以防彻底删除它会破坏某些东西。因此，Debian、Ubuntu 和 Mint 仍然保持 */bin* 和 */usr/bin* （和 */sbin* 和 */usr/sbin* ）分离；其他的，比如 Arch 和它衍生版，只是有一个二进制的“真实”目录，*/usr/bin*，其余的或 *bin 是指向 */usr/ bin* 的“假”目录。 +但是许多现代的 Linux 发行版只是把所有的东西都放到 `/usr/bin` 中，并让 `/bin` 指向 `/usr/bin`，以防彻底删除它会破坏某些东西。因此，Debian、Ubuntu 和 Mint 仍然保持 `/bin` 和 `/usr/bin` （和 `/sbin` 和 `/usr/sbin` ）分离；其他的，比如 Arch 和它衍生版，只是有一个“真实”存储二进制程序的目录，`/usr/bin`，其余的任何 `bin` 目录是指向 `/usr/`bin` 的“假”目录。 -#### _/srv_ +#### /srv -*/srv* 目录包含服务器的数据。 如果您正在 Linux 机器上运行 Web 服务器，您网站的 HTML文件将放到 */srv/http*（或 */srv/www*）。 如果您正在运行 FTP 服务器，则您的文件将放到 */srv/ftp*。 +`/srv` 目录包含服务器的数据。如果你正在 Linux 机器上运行 Web 服务器，你网站的 HTML文件将放到 `/srv/http`（或 `/srv/www`）。 如果你正在运行 FTP 服务器，则你的文件将放到 `/srv/ftp`。 -#### _/sys_ +#### /sys -*/sys* 是另一个类似 */proc* 和 */dev* 的虚拟目录，它还包含连接到计算机的设备的信息。 +`/sys` 是另一个类似 `/proc` 和 `/dev` 的虚拟目录，它还包含连接到计算机的设备的信息。 -在某些情况下，您还可以操纵这些设备。 例如，我可以通过修改存储在 /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:02.0/drm/card1/card1-eDP-1/intel_backlight/brightness 中的值来更改笔记本电脑屏幕的亮度（在你的机器上你可能会有不同的文件）。但要做到这一点，你必须成为超级用户。原因是，与许多其他虚拟目录一样，在 */sys* 中打乱内容和文件可能是危险的，您可能会破坏系统。直到你确信你知道你在做什么。否则不要动它。 +在某些情况下，你还可以操纵这些设备。 例如，我可以通过修改存储在 `/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:02.0/drm/card1/card1-eDP-1/intel_backlight/brightness` 中的值来更改笔记本电脑屏幕的亮度（在你的机器上你可能会有不同的文件）。但要做到这一点，你必须成为超级用户。原因是，与许多其它虚拟目录一样，在 `/sys` 中打乱内容和文件可能是危险的，你可能会破坏系统。直到你确信你知道你在做什么。否则不要动它。 -#### _/tmp_ +#### /tmp -*/tmp* 包含临时文件，通常由正在运行的应用程序放置。文件和目录通常（并非总是）包含应用程序现在不需要但以后可能需要的数据。为了释放内存，它被存储在这里。 +`/tmp` 包含临时文件，通常由正在运行的应用程序放置。文件和目录通常（并非总是）包含应用程序现在不需要但以后可能需要的数据。 -您还可以使用 */tmp* 来存储您自己的临时文件—— /tmp 是挂载到根目录下您可以在不成为超级用户的情况下与它进行实际交互少数目录之一。问题是，应用程序有时不会回来检索和删除文件和目录，而且 */tmp* 常常会耗尽硬盘上的空间，使其塞满垃圾。在本系列的后面，我们将看到如何清理它。 +你还可以使用 `/tmp` 来存储你自己的临时文件 —— `/tmp` 是少数挂载到根目录下而你可以在不成为超级用户的情况下与它进行实际交互的目录之一。 -#### _/var_ +#### /var -*/var* 最初被命名是因为它的内容被认为是可变的，因为它经常变化。今天，它有点用词不当，因为还有许多其他目录也包含频繁更改的数据，特别是我们上面看到的虚拟目录。 +`/var` 最初被如此命名是因为它的内容被认为是可变的variable，因为它经常变化。今天，它有点用词不当，因为还有许多其他目录也包含频繁更改的数据，特别是我们上面看到的虚拟目录。 -不管怎样，*/var* 目录包含了类似 */var/log* 子目录的日志文件。日志是记录系统中发生的事件的文件。如果内核中出现了什么问题，它将被记录到 */var/log* 文件中；如果有人试图从外部侵入您的计算机，您的防火墙也将记录尝试。它还包含用于任务的假脱机程序。这些“任务”可以是您在不得不等待时发送给共享打印机的任务，因为另一个用户正在打印一个长文档，或者是等待发送给系统上的用户的邮件。 +不管怎样，`/var` 目录包含了放在 `/var/log` 子目录的日志文件之类。日志是记录系统中发生的事件的文件。如果内核中出现了什么问题，它将被记录到 `/var/log` 下的文件中；如果有人试图从外部侵入你的计算机，你的防火墙也将记录尝试。它还包含用于任务的假脱机程序。这些“任务”可以是你发送给共享打印机必须等待执行的任务，因为另一个用户正在打印一个长文档，或者是等待递交给系统上的用户的邮件。 -您的系统可能还有一些我们上面没有提到的目录。例如，在屏幕截图中，有一个 */snap* 目录。这是因为这张截图是在Ubuntu系统上截取的。Ubuntu 最近将 [snap][1] 包作为一种分发软件的方式。*/snap* 目录包含所有文件和从 snaps 安装的软件。 +你的系统可能还有一些我们上面没有提到的目录。例如，在屏幕截图中，有一个 `/snap` 目录。这是因为这张截图是在 Ubuntu 系统上截取的。Ubuntu 最近将 [snap][1] 包作为一种分发软件的方式。`/snap` 目录包含所有文件和从 snaps 安装的软件。 ### 更深入的研究 @@ -171,69 +168,23 @@ tree -L 1 / ![filesystem][4] -图 2：标准 Unix 文件系统 +*图 2：标准 Unix 文件系统 [许可][5] Paul Gardner* -[许可][5] +要自行探索文件系统，请使用 `cd` 命令：`cd`将带你到你所选择的目录（ `cd` 代表更改目录）。 -Paul Gardner +如果你不知道你在哪儿，`pwd`会告诉你，你到底在哪里，（ `pwd` 代表打印工作目录 ），同时 `cd`命令在没有任何选项或者参数的时候，将会直接带你到你自己的主目录，这是一个安全舒适的地方。 -要自行探索文件系统，请使用 `cd` 命令: +最后，`cd ..`将会带你到上一层目录，会使你更加接近根目录，如果你在 `/usr/share/wallpapers` 目录，然后你执行 `cd ..` 命令，你将会跳转到 `/usr/share` 目录 -``` -cd +要查看目录里有什么内容，使用 `ls` 或这简单的使用 `l` 列出你所在目录的内容。 -``` - -将带您到您所选择的目录（ *cd* 代表更改目录）。 - -如果你不知道你在哪儿， - -``` -pwd - -``` - -*pwd* 会告诉你，你到底在哪里，（ *pwd* 代表打印工作目录 ），同时 - -``` -cd - -``` - -*cd* 命令在没有任何选项或者参数的时候，将会直接带你到你自己的主目录，这是一个安全舒适的地方。 - -最后， - -``` -cd .. - -``` - -*cd ..* 将会带你到上一层目录，会使你更加接近根目录，如果你在 */usr/share/wallpapers* 目录，然后你执行 `cd ..` 命令，你将会跳转到 `/usr/share` 目录 - -要查看目录里有什么内容，使用 - -``` -ls - -``` - -或这简单的使用 - -``` -l - -``` - -列出你所在目录的内容。 - -当然，您总是可以使用 `tree` 来获得目录中内容的概述。在 */usr/share* 上试试——里面有很多有趣的东西。 +当然，你总是可以使用 `tree` 来获得目录中内容的概述。在 `/usr/share` 上试试——里面有很多有趣的东西。 ### 总结 -尽管 Linux 发行版之间存在细微差别，但它们的文件系统的布局非常相似。 你可以这么说：一旦你认识一个，你就会知道他们。 知道文件系统的最好方法就是探索它。 因此，伴随 `tree` ，`ls` 和 `cd` 进入未知的领域吧。 +尽管 Linux 发行版之间存在细微差别，但它们的文件系统的布局非常相似。 你可以这么说：一旦你了解一个，你就会都了解了。 了解文件系统的最好方法就是探索它。 因此，伴随 `tree` ，`ls` 和 `cd` 进入未知的领域吧。 -您不能仅仅通过查看文件系统就破坏文件系统，因此请从一个目录移动到另一个目录并进行浏览。 很快你就会发现 Linux 文件系统及其布局的确很有意义，并且你会直观地知道在哪里可以找到应用程序，文档和其他资源。 +你不会只是因为查看文件系统就破坏了文件系统，因此请从一个目录移动到另一个目录并进行浏览。 很快你就会发现 Linux 文件系统及其布局的确很有意义，并且你会直观地知道在哪里可以找到应用程序，文档和其他资源。 通过 Linux 基金会和 edX 免费的 “[Linux入门][6]” 课程了解更多有关 Linux 的信息。 @@ -244,7 +195,7 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/4/linux-filesystem-exp 作者：[PAUL BROWN][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[amwps290](https://github.com/amwps290) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9fd268364d03b10616f7e90264f28da4a7632635 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 09:46:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 10/23] PUB:20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md @amwps290 https://linux.cn/article-9798-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md b/published/20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md rename to published/20180418 The Linux Filesystem Explained.md From 49cb81043ec17651099c2d9a55022984e18e1fe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 10:04:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 11/23] PRF:20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md @jessie-pang --- ...ontainer Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md | 27 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md b/translated/tech/20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md index b814ff090c..fe266d0cb6 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md +++ b/translated/tech/20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md @@ -3,32 +3,31 @@ ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/containers-krissia-cruz.jpg?itok=-TNPqdcp) -[在前一篇文章中][1]，我们谈到了容器（container）是什么以及它是如何培育创新并助力企业快速发展的。在以后的文章中，我们将讨论如何使用容器。然而，在深入探讨这个话题之前，我们需要了解关于容器的一些术语和命令。掌握了这些术语，才不至于产生混淆。 +[在前一篇文章中][1]，我们谈到了容器container是什么以及它是如何培育创新并助力企业快速发展的。在以后的文章中，我们将讨论如何使用容器。然而，在深入探讨这个话题之前，我们需要了解关于容器的一些术语和命令。掌握了这些术语，才不至于产生混淆。 让我们来探讨 [Docker][2] 容器世界中使用的一些基本术语吧。 -**容器（Container）** **：** 到底什么是容器呢？它是一个 Docker 镜像（image）的运行实例。它包含一个 Docker 镜像、执行环境和说明。它与系统完全隔离，所以多个容器可以在系统上运行，并且完全无视对方的存在。你可以从同一镜像中复制出多个容器，并在需求较高时扩展服务，在需求低时对这些容器进行缩减。 +容器Container：到底什么是容器呢？它是一个 Docker 镜像image的运行实例。它包含一个 Docker 镜像、执行环境和说明。它与系统完全隔离，所以可以在系统上运行多个容器，并且完全无视对方的存在。你可以从同一镜像中复制出多个容器，并在需求较高时扩展服务，在需求低时对这些容器进行缩减。 -**Docker 镜像（Image）** **：** 这与你下载的 Linux 发行版的镜像别无二致。它是一个安装包，包含了用于创建、部署和执行容器的一系列依赖关系和信息。你可以在几秒钟内创建任意数量的完全相同的容器。镜像是分层叠加的。一旦镜像被创建出来，是不能更改的。如果你想对容器进行更改，则只需创建一个新的镜像并从该镜像部署新的容器即可。 +Docker 镜像Image：这与你下载的 Linux 发行版的镜像别无二致。它是一个安装包，包含了用于创建、部署和执行容器的一系列依赖关系和信息。你可以在几秒钟内创建任意数量的完全相同的容器。镜像是分层叠加的。一旦镜像被创建出来，是不能更改的。如果你想对容器进行更改，则只需创建一个新的镜像并从该镜像部署新的容器即可。 -**仓库（Repository / repo）** **:** Linux 的用户对于仓库这个术语一定不陌生吧。它是一个软件库，存储了可下载并安装在系统中的软件包。在 Docker 容器中，唯一的区别是它管理的是通过标签分类的 Docker 镜像。你可以找到同一个应用程序的不同版本或不同变体，他们都有适当的标记。 +仓库Repository（repo）：Linux 的用户对于仓库这个术语一定不陌生吧。它是一个软件库，存储了可下载并安装在系统中的软件包。在 Docker 容器中，唯一的区别是它管理的是通过标签分类的 Docker 镜像。你可以找到同一个应用程序的不同版本或不同变体，他们都有适当的标记。 -**镜像管理服务（Registry）** **:** 可以将其想象成 GitHub。这是一个在线服务，管理并提供了对 Docker 镜像仓库的访问，例如默认的公共镜像仓库——DockerHub。供应商可以将他们的镜像库上传到 DockerHub 上，以便他们的客户下载和使用官方镜像。一些公司为他们的镜像提供自己的服务。镜像管理服务不必由第三方机构来运行和管理。组织机构可以使用预置的服务来管理内部范围的镜像库访问。 +镜像管理服务Registry：可以将其想象成 GitHub。这是一个在线服务，管理并提供了对 Docker 镜像仓库的访问，例如默认的公共镜像仓库——DockerHub。供应商可以将他们的镜像库上传到 DockerHub 上，以便他们的客户下载和使用官方镜像。一些公司为他们的镜像提供自己的服务。镜像管理服务不必由第三方机构来运行和管理。组织机构可以使用预置的服务来管理内部范围的镜像库访问。 -**标签（Tag）** **:** 当你创建 Docker 镜像时，可以给它添加一个合适的标签，以便轻松识别不同的变体或版本。这与你在任何软件包中看到的并无区别。Docker 镜像在添加到镜像仓库时被标记。 +标签Tag：当你创建 Docker 镜像时，可以给它添加一个合适的标签，以便轻松识别不同的变体或版本。这与你在任何软件包中看到的并无区别。Docker 镜像在添加到镜像仓库时被标记。 现在你已经掌握了基本知识，下一个阶段是理解实际使用 Docker 容器时用到的术语。 -**Dockerfile** **:** 这是一个文本文件，包含为了为构建 Docker 镜像需手动执行的命令。Docker 使用这些指令自动构建镜像。 +**Dockerfile** ：这是一个文本文件，包含为了为构建 Docker 镜像需手动执行的命令。Docker 使用这些指令自动构建镜像。 -**Build** **:** 这是从 Dockerfile 创建成镜像的过程。 +构建Build：这是从 Dockerfile 创建成镜像的过程。 -**Push** **:** 一旦镜像被被创建，“push”是将镜像发布到仓库的过程。该术语也是我们下一篇文章要学习的命令之一。 +推送Push：一旦镜像创建完成，“push” 是将镜像发布到仓库的过程。该术语也是我们下一篇文章要学习的命令之一。 -**Pull** **:** 用户可以通过“pull”过程从仓库检索该镜像。 - -**Compose** **:** 复杂的应用程序会包含多个容器。Compose 是一个用于运行多容器应用程序的命令行工具。它允许你用单条命令运行一个多容器的应用程序，简化了多容器带来的问题。 +拉取Pull：用户可以通过 “pull” 过程从仓库检索该镜像。 +编组Compose：复杂的应用程序会包含多个容器。docker-compose 是一个用于运行多容器应用程序的命令行工具。它允许你用单条命令运行一个多容器的应用程序，简化了多容器带来的问题。 ### 总结 @@ -40,10 +39,10 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/intro-to-linux/2017/12/container-basics-terms-yo 作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a] 译者：[jessie-pang](https://github.com/jessie-pang) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:https://www.linux.com/users/arnieswap -[1]:https://www.linux.com/blog/intro-to-linux/2017/12/what-are-containers-and-why-should-you-care +[1]:https://linux.cn/article-9468-1.html [2]:https://www.docker.com/ From 527abedce799338c0ffe6baa75d744bb1c1ba478 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 10:05:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 12/23] PUB:20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md @jessie-pang https://linux.cn/article-9799-1.html --- .../20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md b/published/20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md rename to published/20171228 Container Basics- Terms You Need to Know.md From d567f3d9775cf1cdd14f9ac3e95ea0ba9ce38946 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 13:07:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 13/23] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20100=20Best=20Ubuntu?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Apps?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 1184 +++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1184 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..581d22b527 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md @@ -0,0 +1,1184 @@ +100 Best Ubuntu Apps +====== + +Earlier this year we have published the list of [20 Best Ubuntu Applications for 2018][1] which can be very useful to many users. Now we are almost in the second half of 2018, so today we are going to have a look at 100 best applications for Ubuntu which you will find very useful. + +![100 Best Ubuntu Apps][2] + +Many users who have recently switched to Ubuntu from Microsoft Windows or any other operating system face the dilemma of finding best alternative to application software they have been using for years on their previous OS. Ubuntu has thousands of free to use and open-source application software’s that perform way better than many paid software’s on Windows and other OS. + +Following list features many application software in various categories, so that you can find best application which best matched to your requirements. + +### **1\. Google Chrome Browser** + +Almost all the Linux distributions feature Mozilla Firefox web browser by default and it is a tough competitor to Google Chrome. But Chrome has its own advantages over Firefox like Chrome gives you direct access to your Google account from where you can sync bookmarks, browser history, extensions, etc. from Chrome browser on other operating systems and mobile phones. + +![Chrome][3] + +Google Chrome features up-to-date Flash player for Linux which is not the case with other web browsers on Linux including Mozilla Firefox and Opera web browser. If you continuously use Chrome on Windows then it is best choice to use it on Linux too. + +### 2\. **Steam** + +Gaming on Linux is a real deal now, which was a distant dream few years ago. In 2013, Valve announced Steam gaming client for Linux and everything has changed since then. Earlier users were hesitant to switch to Linux from Windows just because they would not be able to play their favourite games on Ubuntu but that is not the case now. + +![Steam][4] + +Some users might find installing Steam on Linux tricky but it worth all your efforts as thousands of Steam games are available for Linux. Some popular high-end games like Counter Strike: Global Offensive, Hitman, Dota 2 are available for Linux, you just need to make sure you have minimum hardware required to play these games. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository multiverse + +$ sudo apt-get update + +$ sudo apt-get install steam +``` + +### **3\. WordPress Desktop Client** + +Yes you read it correct, WordPress has its dedicated desktop client for Ubuntu from where you can manage your WordPress sites. You can also write and design separately on desktop client without need for switching browser tabs. + +![][5] + +If you have websites backed by WordPress then this desktop client is must have application for you as you can also keep track of all the WordPress notifications in one single window. You can also check stats for performance of posts on website. Desktop client is available in Ubuntu Software Centre from where you can download and install it. + +### **4\. VLC Media Player** + +VLC is a very popular cross-platform and open-source media player which is also available for Ubuntu. What makes VLC a best media player is that it can play videos in all the Audio and Video formats available on planet without any issue. + +![][6] + +VLC has a slick user interface which is very easy to use and apart from that it offers lot of features such as online video streaming, audio and video customization, etc. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:videolan/master-daily +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt-get install vlc qtwayland5 +``` + +### **5\. Atom Text Editor** + +Having developed by Github, Atom is a free and open-source text editor which can also be used as Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for coding and editing in major programming languages. Atom developers claim it to be a completely hackable text editor for 21st Century. + +![][7] + +Atom Text Editor has one of the best user interfaces and it is a feature rich text editor with offerings like auto-completion, syntax highlighting and support of extensions and plug-ins. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/atom +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install atom +``` + +### **6\. GIMP Photo Editor** + +GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Programme) is free and open-source photo editor for Ubuntu. It is arguably a best alternative to Adobe Photoshop on Windows. If you have been continuously using Adobe Photoshop and finding it difficult to get used to GIMP, then you can customize GIMP to look very similar to Photoshop. + +![][8] + +GIMP is a feature rich Photo editor and you can always use additional features by installing extensions and plug-ins anytime. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install gimp +``` + +### **7\. Google Play Music Desktop Player** + +Google Play Music Desktop Player is an open-source music player which is replica of Google Play Music or you can say it’s better than that. Google always lacked a desktop music client but this third-party app fills the void perfectly. + +![][9] + +Like you can see in above screenshot, its interface is second to none in terms of look and feel. You just need to sign in into Google account and then it will import all your music and favorites into this desktop client. You can download installation files from its official [website][10] and install it using Software Center. + +### **8\. Franz** + +Franz is an instant messaging client that combines chat and messaging services into one application. It is one of the modern instant messaging platforms and it supports Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram, HipChat, WeChat, Google Hangouts, Skype integration under one single application. + +![][11] + +Franz is complete messaging platform which you can use for business as well to manage mass customer service. To install Franz you need to download installation package from its [website][12] and open it using Software Center. + +### **9\. Synaptic Package Manager** + +Synaptic Package Manager is one of the must have tools on Ubuntu because it works for graphical interface for ‘apt-get’ command which we usually use to install apps on Ubuntu using Terminal. It gives tough competition to default app stores on various Linux distros. + +![][13] + +Synaptic comes with very simple user interface which is very fast and easy to use as compared to other app stores. On left-hand side you can browse various apps in different categories from where you can easily install and uninstall apps. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install synaptic +``` + +### **10\. Skype** + +Skype is a very popular cross-platform video calling application which is now also available for Linux as a Snap app. Skype is an instant messaging application which offers features like voice and video calls, desktop screen sharing, etc. + +![][14] + +Skype has an excellent user interface which very similar to desktop client on Windows and it is very easy to use. It could be very useful app for many switchers from Windows. + +``` +$ sudo snap install skype +``` + +### **13\. VirtualBox** + +VirtualBox is a cross-platform virtualization software application developed by Oracle Corporation. If you love trying out new operating systems then VirtualBox is the must have Ubuntu application for you. You can tryout Linux, Mac inside Windows Operating System or Windows and Mac inside Linux. + +![][15] + +What VB actually does is it lets you run guest operating system on host operating system virtually. It creates virtual hard drive and installs guest OS on it. You can download and install VB directly from Ubuntu Software Center. + +### **12\. Unity Tweak Tool** + +Unity Tweak Tool (Gnome Tweak Tool) is must have tool for every Linux user because it gives user ability to customize desktop according to your need. You can try new GTK themes, set up desktop hot corners, customize icon set, tweak unity launcher, etc. + +![][16] + +Unity Tweak Tool can be very useful to user as it has everything covered right from the basic to advanced configurations. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool +``` + +### **13\. Ubuntu Cleaner** + +Ubuntu Cleaner is a system maintenance tool especially designed to remove packages that are no longer useful, remove unnecessary apps and clean-up browser caches. Ubuntu Cleaner has very simple user interface which is very easy to use. + +![][17] + +Ubuntu Cleaner is one of the best alternatives to BleachBit which is also a decent cleaning tool available for Linux distros. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gerardpuig/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-cleaner +``` + +### 14\. Visual Studio Code + +Visual Studio Code is code editor which you will find very similar to Atom Text Editor and Sublime Text if you have already used them. Visual Studio Code proves to be very good educational tool as it explains everything from HTML tags to syntax in programming. + +![][18] + +Visual Studio comes with Git integration out of the box and it has excellent user interface which you will find very similar to likes of Atom Text Editor and Sublime Text. You can download and install it from Ubuntu Software Center. + +### **15\. Corebird** + +If you are looking for desktop client where you can use your Twitter then Corebird Twitter Client is the app you are looking for. It is arguably best Twitter client available for Linux distros and it offers features very similar to Twitter app on your mobile phone. + +![][19] + +Corebird Twitter Client also gives notifications whenever someone likes and retweets your tweet or messages you. You can also add multiple Twitter accounts on this client. + +``` +$ sudo snap install corebird +``` + +### **16\. Pixbuf** + +Pixbuf is a desktop client from Pixbuf photo community hub which lets you upload, share and sale your photos. It supports photo sharing to social media networks like Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, Twitter, etc. and photography services including Flickr, 500px and Youpic. + +![][20] + +Pixbuf offers features like analytics which gives you stats about clicks, retweets, repins on your photo, scheduled posts, dedicated iOS extension. It also has mobile app, so that you can always be connected with your Pixbuf account from anywhere. Pixbuf is available for download in Ubuntu Software Center as a snap package. + +### **17\. Clementine Music Player** + +Clementine is a cross-platform music player and a good competitor to Rhythmbox which is default music player on Ubuntu. It is fast and easy to use music player thanks to its user friendly interface. It supports audio playback in all the major audio file formats. + +![][21] + +Apart from playing music from local library you can also listen to online radio from Spotify, SKY.fm, Soundcloud, etc. It also offers other features like smart and dynamic playlists, syncing music from cloud storages like Dropbox, Google Drive, etc. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:me-davidsansome/clementine +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install clementine +``` + +### **18\. Blender** + +Blender is free and open-source 3D creation application software which you can use to create 3D printed models, animated films, video games, etc. It comes with integrated game engine out of the box which you can use to develop and test video games. + +![blender][22] + +Blender has catchy user interface which is easy to use and it includes features like built-in render engine, digital sculpturing, simulation tool, animation tools and many more. It is one of the best applications you will ever find for Ubuntu considering it’s free and features it offers. + +### **19\. Audacity** + +Audacity is an open-source audio editing application which you can use to record, edit audio files. You can record audio from various inputs like microphone, electric guitar, etc. It also gives ability to edit and trim audio clips according to your need. + +![][23] + +Recently Audacity released with new features for Ubuntu which includes theme improvements, zoom toggle command, etc. Apart from these it offers features like various audio effects including noise reduction and many more. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/audacity +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install audacity +``` + +### **20\. Vim** + +Vim is an Integrated Development Environment which you can use as standalone application or command line interface for programming in various major programming languages like Python. + +![][24] + +Most of the programmers prefer coding in Vim because it is fast and highly customizable IDE. Initially you might find it difficult to use but you will quickly get used to it. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install vim +``` + +### **21\. Inkscape** + +Inkscape is an open-source and cross-platform vector graphics editor which you will find very much similar to Corel Draw and Adobe Illustrator. Using it you can create and edit vector graphics such as charts, logos, diagrams, illustrations, etc. + +![][25] + +Inkscape uses Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and an open XML-based W3C standard as a primary format. It supports various formats including JPEG, PNG, GIF, PDF, AI (Adobe Illustrator Format), VSD, etc. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:inkscape.dev/stable +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install inkscape +``` + +### **22\. Shotcut** + +Shotcut is a free, open-source and cross-platform video editing application developed by Meltytech, LLC on the MLT Multimedia Framework. It is one of the most powerful video editors you will ever find for Linux distros as it supports all the major audio, video and image formats. + +![][26] + +It gives ability to edit multiple tracks with various file formats using non-linear video editing. It also comes with support for 4K video resolutions and features like various audio and video filters, tone generator, audio mixing and many others. + +``` +snap install shotcut -- classic +``` + +### **23\. SimpleScreenRecorder** + +SimpleScreenRecorder is a free and lightweight screen video recorder for Ubuntu. This screen recorder can be very useful tool for you if you are a YouTube creator or application developer. + +![][27] + +It can capture a video/audio record of desktop screen or record video games directly. You can set video resolution, frame rate, etc. before starting the screen recording. It has simple user interface which you will find very easy to use. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:marten-baert/simplescreenrecorder +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install simplescreenrecorder +``` + +### **24\. Telegram** + +Telegram is a cloud-based instant messaging and VoIP platform which has got lot of popularity in recent years. It is an open-source and cross-platform messenger where user can send messages, share videos, photos, audio and other files. + +![][28] + +Some of the notable features in Telegram are secrete chats, voice messages, bots, telescope for video messages, live locations and social login. Privacy and security is at highest priority in Telegram, so all messages you send and receive are end-to-end encrypted. + +``` +``` +$ sudo snap install telegram-desktop + +### **25\. ClamTk** + +As we know viruses meant to harm Windows PC cannot do any harm to Ubuntu but it is always prone to get infected by some mails from Windows PC containing harmful files. So it is safe to have some antivirus applications on Linux too. + +![][29] + +ClamTk is a lightweight malware scanner which scans files and folders on your system and cleans if any harmful files are found. ClamTk is available as a Snap package and can be downloaded from Ubuntu Software Center. + +### **26\. MailSpring** + +MailSpring earlier known as Nylas Mail or Nylas N1 is an open-source email client. It saves all the mails locally on computer so that you can access them anytime you need. It features advanced search which uses AND and OR operations so that you can search for mails based on different parameters. + +![][30] + +MailSpring comes with excellent user interface which you will find only on handful of other mail clients. Privacy and security, scheduler, contact manager, calendar are some of the features MailSpring offers. + +### **27\. PyCharm** + +PyCharm is one of my favorite Python IDEs after Vim because it has slick user interface with lot of extensions and plug-in support. Basically it comes in two editions, one is community edition which is free and open-source and other is professional edition which is paid one. + +![][31] + +PyCharm is highly customizable IDE and sports features such as error highlighting, code analysis, integrated unit testing and Python debugger, etc. PyCharm is the preferred IDE by most of the Python programmers and developers. + +### **28\. Caffeine** + +Imagine you are watching something on YouTube or reading a news article and suddenly Ubuntu locks your screen, I know that is very annoying. It happens with many of us, so Caffeine is the tool that will help you block the Ubuntu lock screen or screensaver. + +![][32] + +Caffeine Inhibitor is lightweight tool, it adds icon on notification bar from where you can activate or deactivate it easily. No additional setting needs to be done in order to use this tool. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:eugenesan/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install caffeine -y +``` + +### **29\. Etcher USB Image Writer** + +Etcher is an open-source USB Image Writer developed by resin.io. It is a cross-platform application which helps you burn image files like ZIP, ISO, IMG to USB storage. If you always try out new OS then Etcher is the must have tool for you as it is easy to use and reliable. + +![][33] + +Etcher has clean user interface that guides you through process of burning image file to USB drive or SD card in three easy steps. Steps involve selecting Image file, selecting USB drive and finally flash (writes files to USB drive). You can download and install Etcher from its [website][34]. + +### **30\. Neofetch** + +Neofetch is a cool system information tool that gives you all the information about your system by running “neofetch” command in Terminal. It is cool tool to have because it gives you information about desktop environment, kernel version, bash version and GTK theme you are running. + +![][35] + +As compared to other system information tools Nefetch is highly customizable tool. You can perform various customizations using command line. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dawidd0811/neofetch +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get update install neofetch +``` + +### 31\. Liferea + +Liferea (Linux Feed Reader) is a free and open-source news aggregator for online news feeds. It is a fast and easy to use new aggregator that supports various formats such as RSS/RDF, Atom, etc. + +![][36] +Liferea comes with sync support with TinyTinyRSS out of the box and it gives you an ability to read feeds in offline mode. It is one of the best feed readers you will find for Linux in terms of reliability and flexibility. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/apps +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install liferea +``` + +### 32\. Shutter + +It is easy to take screenshots in Ubuntu but when it comes to edit screenshots Shutter is the must have application for you. It helps you capture, edit and share screenshots easily. Using Shutter’s selector tool you can select particular part of your screen to take screenshot. + +![][37] + +Shutter is a feature-rich screenshot tool which offers features like adding effects to screenshot, draw lines, etc. It also gives you option to upload your screenshot to various image hosting sites. You can directly download and install Shutter from Software Center. + +### 33\. Weather + +Weather is a small application which gives you real-time weather information for your city or any other location in the world. It is simple and lightweight tool which gives you detailed forecast of up to 7 days and hourly details for current and next day. + +![][38] + +It integrates with GNOME shell to give you information about current weather conditions at recently searched locations. It has minimalist user interface which works smoothly on minimum hardware requirement. + +### 34\. Ramme + +Ramme is cool unofficial Instagram desktop client which gives you feel of Instagram mobile phone app. It is an Electron-based client so it replicates Instagram app and offers features like theme customization, etc. + +![][39] + +But due to Instagram’s API restrictions you can’t upload image using Ramme client but you can always go through Instagram feed, like and comment on posts, message friends. You can download Ramme installation files from[Github.][40] + +### **35\. Thunderbird** + +Thunderbird is an open-source email client which is also a default email client in most of the Linux distributions. Despite parting ways with Mozilla in 2017, Thunderbird is still very popular and best email client on Linux platform. It comes with features like spam filtering, IMAP and POP email syncing, calendar support, address book integration and many other features out of the box. + +![][41] + +It is a cross-platform email client with full community support across all supported platforms. You can always change its look and feel thanks to its highly customizable nature. + +### **36\. Pidgin** + +Pidgin is an instant messaging client where you can login into different instant messaging networks under single window. You can login to instant messaging networks like Google Talk, XMPP, AIM, Bonjour, etc. + +![][42] + +Pidgin has all the features you can expect in an instant messenger and you can always enhance its performance by installing additional plug-ins. + +``` +``` +$ sudo apt-get install pidgin + +### **37\. Krita** + +Krita is a free and open-source digital painting, editing and animation application developed by KDE. It has excellent user interface with everything placed perfectly so that you can easily find the tool you need. + +![][43] + +It uses OpenGL canvas which boosts Krita’s performance and it offers many features like different painting tools, animation tools, vector tools, layers and masks and many more. Krita is available in Ubuntu Software Center, you can easily download it from there. + +### **38\. Dropbox** + +Dropbox is stand-out player in cloud storage and its Linux clients works really well on Ubuntu once installed properly. While Google Drive comes out of the box on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS and later, Dropbox is still a preferred cloud storage tool on Linux in terms of features it offers. + +![][44] +It always works in background and back up new files from your system to cloud storage, syncs files continuously between your computer and its cloud storage. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install nautilus-dropbox +``` + +### 39\. Kodi + +Kodi formerly known as Xbox Media Center (XBMC) is an open-source media player. You can play music, videos, podcasts and video games both in online and offline mode. This software was first developed for first generation of Xbox gaming console and then slowly ported to personal computers. + +![][45] + +Kodi has very impressive video interface which is fast and powerful. It is highly customizable media player and by installing additional plug-ins you can access online streaming services like Pandora, Spotify, Amazon Prime Video, Netflix and YouTube. + +### **40\. Spotify** + +Spotify is one of the best online media streaming sites. It provides music, podcast and video streaming services both on free and paid subscription basis. Earlier Spotify was not supported on Linux but now it has its own fully functional desktop client for Ubuntu. + +![][46] + +Alongside Google Play Music Desktop Player, Spotify is must have media player for you. You just need to login to your Spotify account to access your favorite online content from anywhere. + +### 41\. Brackets + +Brackets is an open-source text editor developed by Adobe. It can be used for web development and design in web technologies such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It sports live preview mode which is great feature to have as it can get real-time view of whatever the changes you make in script. + +![][47] + +It is one of the modern text editors on Ubuntu and has slick user interface which takes web development task to new level. It also offers features like inline editor and supports for popular extensions like Emmet, Beautify, Git, File Icons, etc. + +### 42\. Bitwarden + +Account safety is serious concern now as we can see rise in security breaches in which users passwords are stolen and important data being compromised. So Bitwarden is recommended tool for you which stores all your account logins and passwords safe and secure at one place. + +![][48] + +Bitwarden uses AES-256 bit encryption technique to store all the login details and only user has access to his data. It also helps you to create strong passwords which are less likely to be hacked. + +### 43\. Terminator + +Terminator is an open-source terminal emulator programmed and developed in Java. It is a cross-platform emulator which lets you have privilege of multiple terminals in one single window which is not the case in Linux default terminal emulator. + +![][49] + +Other stand-out feature in Terminator includes automatic logging, drag and drop, intelligent vertical and horizontal scrolling, etc. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install terminator +``` + +### 44\. Yak Yak + +Yak Yak is an open-source unofficial desktop client for Google Hangouts messenger. It could be good alternative to Microsoft’s Skype as it comes with bunch of some amazing features out of the box. You can enable desktop notifications, language preferences, and works on minimal memory and power requirements. + +![][50] + +Yak Yak comes with all the features you would expect in any instant messaging app such as typing indicator, drag and drop media files, and audio/video calling. + +### 45\. **Thonny** + +Thonny is a simple and lightweight IDE especially designed for beginners in programming. If you are new to programming then this is the must have IDE for you because it lets you learn while programming in Python. + +![][51] + +Thonny is also great tool for debugging as it supports live variables during debugging, apart from this it offers features like separate windows for executing function call, simple user interface, etc. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install thonny +``` + +### **46\. Font Manager** + +Font Manager is a lightweight tool for managing, adding or removing fonts on your Ubuntu system. It is specially built for Gnome desktop environment, users don’t having idea about managing fonts using command line will find this tool very useful. + +![][52] + +Gtk+ Font Manager is not meant to be for professional users, it has simple user interface which you will find very easy to navigate. You just need to download font files from internet and add them using Font Manager. + +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:font-manager/staging +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install font-manager + +### **47\. Atril Document Viewer** + +Atril is a simple document viewer which supports file formats like Portable Document Format (PDF), PostScript (PS), Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), DJVU and DVI. Atril comes bundled with MATE desktop environment and it is identical to Evince which is default document on the most of the Linux distros. + +![][53] + +Atril has simple and lightweight user interface which is highly customizable and offers features like search, bookmarks and UI includes thumbnails on the left-hand side. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install atril +``` + +### **48\. Notepadqq** + +If you have ever used Notepad++ on Windows and looking for similar program on Linux then don’t worry developers have ported it to Linux as Notepadqq. It is a simple yet powerful text editor which you can use for daily tasks or programming in various languages. + +![][54] + +Despite being a simple text editor it has some amazing features like you can set theme between dark and light color scheme, multiple selection, regular expression search and real-time highlighting. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:notpadqq-team/notepadqq +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install notepadqq +``` + +### **49\. Amarok** + +Amarok is an open-source music player developed under KDE projetct. It has an intuitive interface which makes you feel home so you can discover your favorite music easily. Besides Clementine, Amarok is very good choice to have when you are looking for perfect music player for Ubuntu. + +![][55] + +Some of the top features in Amarok include intelligent playlist support, integration support for online services like MP3tunes, Last.fm, Magnatune, etc. + +### **50\. Cheese** + +Cheese is a Linux default webcam application which can be useful to you in some video chat or instant messaging applications. Apart from that you can also use this app to take photos and videos with fancy effects. + +![][56] + +It also sports burst mode which lets you take multiple snaps in quick succession and option to share your photos with friends and family. Cheese come pre-installed with most of the Linux distros but you can also download and install it from Software Center. + +### **51\. MyPaint** + +MyPaint is a free and open-source raster graphics editor which focuses on digital painting rather than image manipulation and post processing. It is cross-platform application and more or less similar to Corel Painter. + +![][57] + +MyPaint could be good alternative to those who use Microsoft Paint application on Windows. It has simple user interface which is fast and powerful. MyPaint is available is Software Center for download. + +### **52\. PlayOnLinux** + +PlayOnLinux is a front-end for WINE emulator which allows you to run Windows applications on Linux. You just need to install Windows applications and game on WINE then you can easily launch applications and games using PlayOnLinux. + +![][58] + +### **53\. Akregator** + +Akregator is a default RSS reader for KDE Plasma Environment developed under KDE project. It has simple user interface and comes with KDE’s Konqueror browser so that you don’t need to switch between apps while reading news feeds. + +![][59] + +Akregator also offers features like desktop notifications, automatic feeds, etc. It is one of the best feed readers you will find for across most of the Linux distros. + +### **54\. Brave** + +Brave is an open-source web browser which blocks ads and trackers so that you can browse your content fast and safely. What it actually does is that it pays to websites and YouTubers on behalf of you. If you prefer contributing to websites and YouTubers rather than seeing advertisements then this browser is for you. + +![][60] + +This is a new concept and could be good browser for those who prefer safe browsing without compromising important data on internet. + +### **55\. Bitcoin Core** + +Bitcoin Core is an official Bitcoin client which is highly secure and reliable. It keeps track of all your transactions and makes sure all transactions are valid. It restricts Bitcoin miners and banks from taking full control of your Bitcoin wallet. + +![][61] + +Bitcoin Core also offers other important features like, private keys backup, cold storage, security notifications. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt +``` + +### **56\. Speedy Duplicate Finder** + +Speedy Duplicate Finder is a cross-platform file finder which helps you find duplicate files on your system and free-up disk space. It is a smart tool which searches for duplicate files on entire hard disk and also features smart filter which helps you find file by file type, extension or size. + +![][62] + +It has a simple and clean user interface which is very easy to handle. As soon as you download it from Software Center you are good to go with disk space clean-up. + +### **57\. Zulip** + +Zulip is a free and open-source group chat application which was acquired by Dropbox. It is written in Python and uses PostgreSQL database. It was designed and developed to be a good alternative to other chat applications like Slack and HipChat. + +![][63] + +Zulip is a feature-rich application with features such as drag and drop files, group chats, private messaging, image previews and many more. It also supports integration with likes of Github, JIRA, Sentry, and hundreds of other services. + +### **58\. Okular** + +Okular is a cross-platform document viewer developed by KDE for KDE desktop environment. It is a simple document viewer and supports file formats like Portable Document Format (PDF), PostScript, DjVu, Microsoft Compiled HTML help, and many other major file formats. + +![][64] + +Okular is one of the best document viewers you should try on Ubuntu as it offers features like commenting on PDF documents, drawing lines, highlighting and much more. You can also extract text from PDF document to text file. + +### **59\. FocusWriter** + +FocusWriter is a distraction-free word processor which hides your desktop screen so that you can only focus on writing. Like you can see in the screenshot below whole Ubuntu screen is hidden, it’s just you and your word processor. But you can always access Ubuntu screen whenever you need it by just moving your mouse cursor to the edges of the screen. + +![][65] + +It is a lightweight word processor with support for file formats like TXT, RTF and ODT files. It also offers fully customizable user interface and features like timers and alarms, daily goals, sound effects and support for translation into 20 languages. + +### **60\. Guake** + +Guake is a cool drop-down terminal for GNOME Desktop Environment. Guake comes in a flash whenever you need it and disappears as soon as your task is completed. You just need to click F12 button to launch or exit it so launching Guake is way faster than launching new Terminal window. + +![][66] + +Guake is a feature-rich terminal with features like support for multiple tabs, ability to save your terminal content to file in few clicks, and fully customizable user interface. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install guake +``` + +### **61\. KDE Connect** + +KDE Connect is an awesome application on Ubuntu and I would have loved to list this application much higher in this marathon article but competition is intense. Anyways KDE Connect helps you get your Android smartphone notifications directly on Ubuntu desktop. + +![][67] + +With KDE Connect you can do whole lot of other things like check your phones battery level, exchange files between computer and Android phone, clipboard sync, send SMS, and you can also use your phone as wireless mouse or keyboard. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/indicator-kedeconnect +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install kdeconnect indicator-kdeconnect +``` + +### **62\. CopyQ** + +CopyQ is a simple but very useful clipboard manager which stores content of the system clipboard whenever any changes you make so that you can search and restore it back whenever you need. It is a great tool to have as it supports text, images, HTML and other formats. + +![][68] + +CopyQ comes pre-loaded with features like drag and drop, copy/paste, edit, remove, sort, create, etc. It also supports integration with text editors like Vim, so it could be very useful tool if you are a programmer. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:hluk/copyq +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install copyq +``` + +### **63\. Tilix** + +Tilix is feature-rich advanced GTK3 tiling terminal emulator. If you uses GNOME desktop environment then you’re going to love Tilix as it follows GNOME Human Interface Guidelines. What Tilix emulator offers different than default terminal emulators on most of the Linux distros is it gives you ability to split terminal window into multiple terminal panes. + +![][69] + +Tilix offers features like custom links, image support, multiple panes, drag and drop, persistent layout and many more. It also has support for keyboard shortcuts and you can customize shortcuts from the Preferences settings according to your need. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/terminix +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install tilix +``` + +### **64\. Anbox** + +Anbox is an Android emulator which lets you install and run Android apps on your Linux system. It is free and open-source Android emulator that executes Android runtime environment by using Linux Containers. It uses latest Linux technologies and Android releases so that you can run any Android app like any other native application. + +![][70] + +Anbox is one of the modern and feature-rich emulators and offers features like no limit for application use, powerful user interface, and seamless integration with host operating system. + +First you need to install kernel modules. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:morphis/anbox-support +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt install anbox-modules-dkms Now install Anbox using snap +$ snap install --devmode -- beta anbox +``` + +### **65\. OpenShot** + +OpenShot is the best open-source video editor you will find for Linux distros. It is a cross-platform video editor which is very easy to use without any compromise with its performance. It supports all the major audio, video and image formats. + +![][71] + +OpenShot has clean user interface and offers features like drag and drop, clip resizing, scaling, trimming, snapping, real-time previews, audio mixing and editing and many other features. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:openshot.developers/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install openshot -qt +``` + +### **66\. Plank** + +If you are looking for cool and simple dock for your Ubuntu desktop then Plank should be #1 choice for you. It is perfect dock and you don’t need to make any tweaks after installation but if you want to, then it has built-in preferences panel where you can customize themes, dock size and position. + +![][72] + +Despite being a simple dock, Plank offers features like item rearrangement by simple drag and drop, pinned and running apps icon, transparent theme support. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/docky +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install plank +``` + +### **67\. Filezilla** + +Filezilla is a free and cross-platform FTP application which sports FileZilla client and server. It lets you transfer files using FTP and encrypted FTP like FTPS and SFTP and supports IPv6 internet protocol. + +![][73] + +It is simple file transfer application with features like drag and drop, support for various languages used worldwide, powerful user interface for multitasking, control and configures transfer speed and many other features. + +### **68\. Stacer** + +Stacer is an open-source system diagnostic tool and optimizer developed using Electron development framework. It has an excellent user interface and you can clean cache memory, start-up applications, uninstall apps that are no longer needed, monitor background system processes. + +![][74] + +It also lets you check disk, memory and CPU usage and also gives real-time stats of downloads and uploads. It looks like a tough competitor to Ubuntu cleaner but both have unique features that separate them apart. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:oguzhaninan/stacer +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install stacer +``` + +### **69\. 4K Video Downloader** + +4K Video Downloader is simple video downloading tool which you can use to download videos, playlists, channels from Vimeo, Facebook, YouTube and other online video streaming sites. It supports downloading YouTube playlists and channels in MP4, MKV, M4A, 3GP and many other video/audio file formats. + +![][75] + +4K Video Downloader is not as simple as you would think, apart from normal video downloads it supports 3D and 360 degree video downloading. It also offers features like in-app proxy setup and direct transfer to iTunes. You can download it from [here][76]. + +### 70\. **Qalculate** + +Qalculate is multi-purpose, cross-platform desktop calculator which is simple but very powerful calculator. It can be used for solving complicated maths problems and equations, currency conversions, and many other daily calculations. + +![][77] + +It has an excellent user interface and offers features such as customizable functions, unit calculations, symbolic calculations, arithmetic, plotting and many other functions you will find in any scientific calculator. + +### **71\. Hiri** + +Hiri is a cross-platform email client developed in Python programming language. It has slick user interface and it can be a good alternative to Microsoft Outlook in terms of features and services offered. This is great email client that can be used for sending and receiving emails, managing contacts, calendars and tasks. + +![][78] + +It is a feature-rich email client that offers features like integrated task manager, email synchronization, email rating, email filtering and many more. + +``` +$ sudo snap install hiri +``` + +### **72\. Sublime Text** + +Sublime Text is a cross-platform source code editor programmed in C++ and Python. It has Python Application Programming Interface (API) and supports all the major programming and markup languages. It is simple and lightweight text editor which can be used as IDE with features like auto-completion, syntax highlighting, split editing, etc. + +![][79] + +Some additional features in this text editor include Goto anything, Goto definition, multiple selections, command palette and fully customizable user interface. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install sublime-text +``` + +### **73\. TeXstudio** + +TeXstudio is an integrated writing environment for creating and editing LaTex documents. It is an open-source editor which offers features like syntax highlighting, integrated viewer, interactive spelling checker, code folding, drag and drop, etc. + +![][80] + +It is a cross-platform editor and has very simple, lightweight user interface which is easy to use. It ships in with integration for BibTex and BibLatex bibliographies managers and also integrated PDF viewer. You can download TeXstudio installation package from its [website][81] or Ubuntu Software Center. + +### **74\. QtQR** + +QtQR is a Qt based application that lets you create and read QR codes in Ubuntu. It is developed in Python and Qt and has simple and lightweight user interface. You can encode website URL, email, text, SMS, etc. and you can also decode barcode using webcam camera. + +![][82] + +QtQR could prove to be useful tool to have if you generally deal with product sales and services because I don’t think we have any other similar tool to QtQR which requires minimal hardware to function smoothly. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa: qr-tools-developers/qr-tools-stable +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install qtqr +``` + +### **75\. Kontact** + +Kontact is an integrated personal information manager (PIM) developed by KDE for KDE desktop environment. It is all-in-one software suite that integrates KMail, KOrganizer and KAddressBook into a single user interface from where you can manage all your mails, contacts, schedules, etc. + +![][83] + +It could be very good alternative to Microsoft Outlook as it is fast and highly configurable information manager. It has very good user interface which you will find very easy to use. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install kontact +``` + +### **76\. NitroShare** + +NitroShare is a cross-platform, open-source network file sharing application. It lets you easily share files between multiple operating systems local network. It is a simple yet powerful application and it automatically detects other devices running NitroShare on local network. + +![][84] + +File transfer speed is what makes NitroShare a stand-out file sharing application as it achieves gigabit speed on capable hardware. There is no need for additional configuration required, you can start file transfer as soon as you install it. + +``` +$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:george-edison55/nitroshare +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install nitroshare +``` + +### **77\. Konversation** + +Konversation is an open-source Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client developed for KDE desktop environment. It gives speedy access to Freenode network’s channels where you can find support for most distributions. + +![][85] + +It is simple chat client with features like support for IPv6 connection, SSL server support, bookmarks, on-screen notifications, UTF-8 detection, and additional themes. It has easy to use GUI which is highly configurable. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install konversation +``` + +### **78\. Discord** + +If you’re hardcore gamer and play online games frequently then I have a great application for you. Discord which is free Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) application especially designed for online gamers around the world. It is a cross-platform application and can be used for text and audio chats. + +![][86] + +Discord is very popular VoIP application gaming community and as it is completely free application, it is very good competitor to likes of Skype, Ventrilo and Teamspeak. It also offers features like crystal clear voice quality, modern text chat where you can share images, videos and links. + +### **79\. QuiteRSS** + +QuiteRSS is an open-source news aggregator for RSS and Atom news feeds. It is cross-platform feed reader written in Qt and C++. It has simple user interface which you can tweak in either classic or newspaper mode. It comes integrated with webkit browser out of the box so that you can perform all the tasks under single window. + +![][87] + +QuiteRSS comes with features such as content blocking, automatic scheduled feeds, import/export OPML, system tray integration and many other features you could expect in any feed reader. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install quiterss +``` + +### **80\. MPV Media Player** + +MPV is a free and open-source media player based on MPlayer and MPlayer 2. It has simple user interface where user just needs to drag and drop audio/video files to play them as there is no option to add media files on GUI. + +![][88] + +One of the things about MPV is that it can play 4K videos effortlessly which is not the case with other media players on Linux distros. It also gives user ability to play videos from online video streaming sites including YouTube and Dailymotion. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mc3man/mpv-tests +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install -y mpv +``` + +### **81\. Plume Creator** + +If you’re a writer then Plume Creator is must have application for you because you will not find other app for Ubuntu with privileges like Plume Creator. Writing and editing stories, chapters is tedious task and Plume Creator will ease this task for you with the help of some amazing tools it has to offer. + +![][89] + +It is an open-source application with minimal user interface which you could find confusing in the beginning but you will get used to it in some time. It offers features like edit notes, synopses, export in HTML and ODT formats support, and rich text editing. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install plume-creator +``` + +### **82\. Chromium Web Browser** + +Chromium is an open-source web browser developed and distributed by Google. Chromium is very identical to Google Chrome web browser in terms of appearance and features. It is a lightweight and fast web browser with minimalist user interface. + +![][90] + +If you use Google Chrome regularly on Windows and looking for similar browser for Linux then Chromium is the best browser for you as you can login into your Google account to access all your Google services including Gmail. + +### **83\. Simple Weather Indicator** + +Simple Weather Indicator is an open-source weather indicator app developed in Python. It automatically detects your location and shows you weather information like temperature, possibility of rain, humidity, wind speed and visibility. + +![][91] + +Weather indicator comes with configurable options such as location detection, temperature SI unit, location visibility on/off, etc. It is cool app to have which adjusts with your desktop comfortably. + +### **84\. SpeedCrunch** + +SpeedCrunch is a fast and high-precision scientific calculator. It comes preloaded with math functions, user-defined functions, complex numbers and unit conversions support. It has simple user interface which is easy to use. + +![][92] + +This scientific calculator has some amazing features like result preview, syntax highlighting and auto-completion. It is a cross-platform calculator with multi-language support. + +### **85\. Scribus** + +Scribus is a free and open-source desktop publishing application that lets you create posters, magazines and books. It is a cross-platform application based on Qt toolkit and released under GNU general public license. It is a professional application with features like CMYK and ICC color management, Python based scripting engine, and PDF creation. + +![][93] + +Scribus comes with decent user interface which is easy to use and works effortlessly on systems with low hardware. It could be downloaded and installed from Software Center on all the latest Linux distros. + +### **86.** **Cura** + +Cura is an open-source 3D printing application developed by David Braam. Ultimaker Cura is the most popular software in 3D printing world and used by millions of users worldwide. It follows 3 step 3D printing model: Design, Prepare and Print. + +![][94] + +It is a feature-rich 3D printing application with seamless integration support for CAD plug-ins and add-ons. It is very simple and easy to use tool, novice artists can start right away. It supports major file formats like STL, 3MF and OBJ file formats. + +### **87\. Nomacs** + +Nomacs is an open-source, cross-platform image viewer which is supports all the major image formats including RAW and psd images. It has ability to browse images in zip or Microsoft Office files and extract them to a directory. + +![][95] + +Nomacs has very simple user interface with image thumbnails at the top and it offers some basic image manipulation features like crop, resize, rotate, color correction, etc. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nomacs/stable +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install nomacs +``` + +### **88\. BitTicker** + +BitTicker is a live bitcoin-USDT Ticker for Ubuntu. It is a simple tool that connects to bittrex.com market and retrieves the latest price for BTC-USDT and display Ubuntu clock on system tray. + +![][96] + +It is simple but very useful too if you invest in Bitcoin regularly and have to study price fluctuations regulary. + +### **89\. Organize My Files** + +Organize My Files is cross-platform one click file organizer and it is available in Ubuntu as a snap package. It is a simple but powerful tool that will help you find unorganized files in a simple click and take them under control. + +![][97] + +It has intuitive user interface which is powerful and fast. It offers features such as auto organizing, recursive organizing, smart filters and multi folders organizing. + +### **90\. GnuCash** + +GnuCash is financial accounting software licensed under GNU general public license for free usage. It is an ideal software for personal and small business accounting. It has simple user interface which allows you to keep track of bank accounts, stocks, income and expenses. + +![][98] + +GnuCash implements double-entry bookkeeping system and based on professional accounting principle to ensure balanced books and accurate reports. + +### **91\. Calibre** + +Calibre is a cross-platform, open-source solution to all your e-book needs. It is a simple e-book organizer that offers features like displaying, creating, editing e-books, organizing existing e-books into virtual libraries, syncing and many more. + +![][99] + +Calibre also helps you convert e-books into whichever format you need and send them to your e-book reading device. Calibre is a very good tool to have if you regularly read and manage e-books. + +### **92\. MATE Dictionary** + +MATE Dictionary is a simple dictionary basically developed for MATE desktop environment. You just need to type the word and then this dictionary will display the meaning and references for it. + +![][100] + +It is simple and lightweight online dictionary with minimalist user interface. + +### **93\. Converseen** + +Converseen is a free cross-platform batch image processing application that lets you convert, edit, resize, rotate and flip large number of images with a single mouse click. It offers features like renaming bunch of images using prefix/suffix, extract image from a Windows icon file, etc. + +![][101] + +It has very good user interface which is easy to use even if you are a novice user. It can also convert entire PDF file into collection of images. + +### **94\. Tiled Map Editor** + +Tiled is a free software level map editor which you can use to edit the maps in various projections such as orthogonal, isometric and hexagonal. This tool can be very useful for game developers during game engine development cycle. + +![][102] + +Tiled is a versatile map editor which lets you create power boost positions, map layouts, collision areas, and enemy positions. It saves all the data in tmx format. + +### **95.** **Qmmp** + +Qmmp is a free and open-source audio player developed in Qt and C++. It is a cross-platform audio player with user interface very similar to Winamp. It has simple and intuitive user interface, Winamp skins can be used instead of default UI. + +![][103] + +It offers features such as automatic album cover fetching, multiple artists support, additional plug-ins and add-ons support and other features similar to Winamp. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:forkotov02/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install qmmp qmmp-q4 qmmp-plugin-pack-qt4 +``` + +### **96\. Arora** + +Arora is free and open-source web browser which offers features like dedicated download manager, bookmarks, privacy mode and tabbed browsing. + +![][104] + +Arora web browser is developed by Benjamin C. Meyer and it is popular among Linux users for its lightweight nature and flexibility. + +### **97\. XnSketch** + +XnSketch is a cool application for Ubuntu that will help you transform your photos into cartoon or sketch images in few clicks. It sports 18 different effects such as black strokes, white strokes, pencil sketch and others. + +![][105] + +It has an excellent user interface which you will find easy to use. Some additional features in XnSketch include opacity and edge strength adjustment, contrast, brightness and saturation adjustment. + +### **98\. Geany** + +Geany is a simple and lightweight text editor which works like an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). It is a cross-platform text editor and supports all the major programming languages including Python, C++, LaTex, Pascal, C#, etc. + +![][106] + +Geany has simple user interface which resembles to programming editors like Notepad++. It offers IDE like features such as code navigation, auto-completion, syntax highlighting, and extensions support. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install geany +``` + +### **99\. Mumble** + +Mumble is another Voice over Internet Protocol application very similar to Discord. Mumble is also basically designed for online gamers and uses client-server architecture for end-to-end chat. Voice quality is very good on Mumble and it offers end-to-end encryption to ensure privacy. + +![][107] + +Mumble is an open-source application and features very simple user interface which is easy to use. Mumble is available for download in Ubuntu Software Center. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install mumble-server +``` + +### **100\. Deluge** + +Deluge is a cross-platform and lightweight BitTorrent client that can be used for downloading files on Ubuntu. BitTorrent client come bundled with many Linux distros but Deluge is the best BitTorrent client which has simple user interface which is easy to use. + +![][108] + +Deluge comes with all the features you will find in BitTorrent clients but one feature that stands out is it gives user ability to access the client from other devices as well so that you can download files to your computer even if you are not at home. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deluge-team/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install deluge +``` + +So these are my picks for best 100 applications for Ubuntu in 2018 which you should try. All the applications listed here are tested on Ubuntu 18.04 and will definitely work on older versions too. Feel free to share your view about the article at [@LinuxHint][109] and [@SwapTirthakar][110]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://linuxhint.com/100_best_ubuntu_apps/ + +作者：[Swapnil Tirthakar][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://linuxhint.com/author/swapnil/ +[1]:https://linuxhint.com/applications-2018-ubuntu/ +[2]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/100-Best-Ubuntu-Apps.png +[3]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Chrome.png +[4]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Steam.png +[5]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Wordpress.png +[6]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/VLC.png +[7]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Atom-Text-Editor.png 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1bfa673be711756d111e2f733cd5da5c133c5dc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 17:39:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 14/23] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Reflecting=20on=20t?= =?UTF-8?q?he=20GPLv3=20license=20for=20its=2011th=20anniversary?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... GPLv3 license for its 11th anniversary.md | 65 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180629 Reflecting on the GPLv3 license for its 11th anniversary.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180629 Reflecting on the GPLv3 license for its 11th anniversary.md b/sources/tech/20180629 Reflecting on the GPLv3 license for its 11th anniversary.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..af352aefe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180629 Reflecting on the GPLv3 license for its 11th anniversary.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +Reflecting on the GPLv3 license for its 11th anniversary +====== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LAW_vaguepatent_520x292.png?itok=_zuxUwyt) + +Last year, I missed the opportunity to write about the 10th anniversary of [GPLv3][1], the third version of the GNU General Public License. GPLv3 was officially released by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) on June 29, 2007—better known in technology history as the date Apple launched the iPhone. Now, one year later, I feel some retrospection on GPLv3 is due. For me, much of what is interesting about GPLv3 goes back somewhat further than 11 years, to the public drafting process in which I was an active participant. + +In 2005, following nearly a decade of enthusiastic self-immersion in free software, yet having had little open source legal experience to speak of, I was hired by Eben Moglen to join the Software Freedom Law Center as counsel. SFLC was then outside counsel to the FSF, and my role was conceived as focusing on the incipient public phase of the GPLv3 drafting process. This opportunity rescued me from a previous career turn that I had found rather dissatisfying. Free and open source software (FOSS) legal matters would come to be my new specialty, one that I found fascinating, gratifying, and intellectually rewarding. My work at SFLC, and particularly the trial by fire that was my work on GPLv3, served as my on-the-job training. + +GPLv3 must be understood as the product of an earlier era of FOSS, the contours of which may be difficult for some to imagine today. By the beginning of the public drafting process in 2006, Linux and open source were no longer practically synonymous, as they might have been for casual observers several years earlier, but the connection was much closer than it is now. + +Reflecting the profound impact that Linux was already having on the technology industry, everyone assumed GPL version 2 was the dominant open source licensing model. We were seeing the final shakeout of a Cambrian explosion of open source (and pseudo-open source) business models. A frothy business-fueled hype surrounded open source (for me most memorably typified by the Open Source Business Conference) that bears little resemblance to the present-day embrace of open source development by the software engineering profession. Microsoft, with its expanding patent portfolio and its competitive opposition to Linux, was commonly seen in the FOSS community as an existential threat, and the [SCO litigation][2] had created a cloud of legal risk around Linux and the GPL that had not quite dissipated. + +That environment necessarily made the drafting of GPLv3 a high-stakes affair, unprecedented in free software history. Lawyers at major technology companies and top law firms scrambled for influence over the license, convinced that GPLv3 was bound to take over and thoroughly reshape open source and all its massive associated business investment. + +A similar mindset existed within the technical community; it can be detected in the fears expressed in the final paragraph of the Linux kernel developers' momentous September 2006 [denunciation][3] of GPLv3. Those of us close to the FSF knew a little better, but I think we assumed the new license would be either an overwhelming success or a resounding failure—where "success" meant something approximating an upgrade of the existing GPLv2 project ecosystem to GPLv3, though perhaps without the kernel. The actual outcome was something in the middle. + +I have no confidence in attempts to measure open source license adoption, which have in recent years typically been used to demonstrate a loss of competitive advantage for copyleft licensing. My own experience, which is admittedly distorted by proximity to Linux and my work at Red Hat, suggests that GPLv3 has enjoyed moderate popularity as a license choice for projects launched since 2007, though most GPLv2 projects that existed before 2007, along with their post-2007 offshoots, remained on the old license. (GPLv3's sibling licenses LGPLv3 and AGPLv3 never gained comparable popularity.) Most of the existing GPLv2 projects (with a few notable exceptions like the kernel and Busybox) were licensed as "GPLv2 or any later version." The technical community decided early on that "GPLv2 or later" was a politically neutral license choice that embraced both GPLv2 and GPLv3; this goes some way to explain why adoption of GPLv3 was somewhat gradual and limited, especially within the Linux community. + +During the GPLv3 drafting process, some expressed concerns about a "balkanized" Linux ecosystem, whether because of the overhead of users having to understand two different, strong copyleft licenses or because of GPLv2/GPLv3 incompatibility. These fears turned out to be entirely unfounded. Within mainstream server and workstation Linux stacks, the two licenses have peacefully coexisted for a decade now. This is partly because such stacks are made up of separate units of strong copyleft scope (see my discussion of [related issues in the container setting][4]). As for incompatibility inside units of strong copyleft scope, here, too, the prevalence of "GPLv2 or later" was seen by the technical community as neatly resolving the theoretical problem, despite the fact that nominal license upgrading of GPLv2-or-later to GPLv3 hardly ever occurred. + +I have alluded to the handwringing that some of us FOSS license geeks have brought to the topic of supposed copyleft decline. GPLv3 has taken its share of abuse from critics as far back as the beginning of the public drafting process, and some, predictably, have drawn a link between GPLv3 in particular and GPL or copyleft disfavor in general. + +I have viewed it somewhat differently: Largely because of its complexity and baroqueness, GPLv3 was a lost opportunity to create a strong copyleft license that would appeal very broadly to modern individual software authors and corporate licensors. I believe individual developers today tend to prefer short, simple, easy to understand, minimalist licenses, the most obvious example of which is the [MIT License][5]. + +Some corporate decisionmakers around open source license selection may naturally share that view, while others may associate some parts of GPLv3, such as the patent provisions or the anti-lockdown requirements, as too risky or incompatible with their business models. The great irony is that the characteristics of GPLv3 that fail to attract these groups are there in part because of conscious attempts to make the license appeal to these same sorts of interests. + +How did GPLv3 come to be so baroque? As I have said, GPLv3 was the product of an earlier time, in which FOSS licenses were viewed as the primary instruments of project governance. (Today, we tend to associate governance with other kinds of legal or quasi-legal tools, such as structuring of nonprofit organizations, rules around project decision making, codes of conduct, and contributor agreements.) + +GPLv3, in its drafting, was the high point of an optimistic view of FOSS licenses as ambitious means of private regulation. This was already true of GPLv2, but GPLv3 took things further by addressing in detail a number of new policy problems—software patents, anti-circumvention laws, device lockdown. That was bound to make the license longer and more complex than GPLv2, as the FSF and SFLC noted apologetically in the first GPLv3 [rationale document][6]. + +But a number of other factors at play in the drafting of GPLv3 unintentionally caused the complexity of the license to grow. Lawyers representing vendors' and commercial users' interests provided useful suggestions for improvements from a legal and commercial perspective, but these often took the form of making simply worded provisions more verbose, arguably without net increases in clarity. Responses to feedback from the technical community, typically identifying loopholes in license provisions, had a similar effect. + +The GPLv3 drafters also famously got entangled in a short-term political crisis—the controversial [Microsoft/Novell deal][7] of 2006—resulting in the permanent addition of new and unusual conditions in the patent section of the license, which arguably served little purpose after 2007 other than to make license compliance harder for conscientious patent-holding vendors. Of course, some of the complexity in GPLv3 was simply the product of well-intended attempts to make compliance easier, especially for community project developers, or to codify FSF interpretive practice. Finally, one can take issue with the style of language used in GPLv3, much of which had a quality of playful parody or mockery of conventional software license legalese; a simpler, straightforward form of phrasing would in many cases have been an improvement. + +The complexity of GPLv3 and the movement towards preferring brevity and simplicity in license drafting and unambitious license policy objectives meant that the substantive text of GPLv3 would have little direct influence on later FOSS legal drafting. But, as I noted with surprise and [delight][8] back in 2012, MPL 2.0 adapted two parts of GPLv3: the 30-day cure and 60-day repose language from the GPLv3 termination provision, and the assurance that downstream upgrading to a later license version adds no new obligations on upstream licensors. + +The GPLv3 cure language has come to have a major impact, particularly over the past year. Following the Software Freedom Conservancy's promulgation, with the FSF's support, of the [Principles of Community-Oriented GPL Enforcement][9], which calls for extending GPLv3 cure opportunities to GPLv2 violations, the Linux Foundation Technical Advisory Board published a [statement][10], endorsed by over a hundred Linux kernel developers, which incorporates verbatim the cure language of GPLv3. This in turn was followed by a Red Hat-led series of [corporate commitments][11] to extend the GPLv3 cure provisions to GPLv2 and LGPLv2.x noncompliance, a campaign to get individual open source developers to extend the same commitment, and an announcement by Red Hat that henceforth GPLv2 and LGPLv2.x projects it leads will use the commitment language directly in project repositories. I discussed these developments in a recent [blog post][12]. + +One lasting contribution of GPLv3 concerns changed expectations for how revisions of widely-used FOSS licenses are done. It is no longer acceptable for such licenses to be revised entirely in private, without opportunity for comment from the community and without efforts to consult key stakeholders. The drafting of MPL 2.0 and, more recently, EPL 2.0 reflects this new norm. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/gplv3-anniversary + +作者：[Richard Fontana][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/fontana +[1]:https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html +[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes +[3]:https://lwn.net/Articles/200422/ +[4]:https://opensource.com/article/18/1/containers-gpl-and-copyleft +[5]:https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT +[6]:http://gplv3.fsf.org/gpl-rationale-2006-01-16.html +[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell#Agreement_with_Microsoft +[8]:https://opensource.com/law/12/1/the-new-mpl +[9]:https://sfconservancy.org/copyleft-compliance/principles.html +[10]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.16/process/kernel-enforcement-statement.html +[11]:https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/technology-industry-leaders-join-forces-increase-predictability-open-source-licensing +[12]:https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/gpl-cooperation-commitment-and-red-hat-projects?source=author&term=26851 From 04f6bb38e7bbfb17ee9377168453a443c146c34c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiandongzhu Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 17:39:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 15/23] translating by hoppipolla- --- sources/tech/20180530 3 Python command-line tools.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180530 3 Python command-line tools.md b/sources/tech/20180530 3 Python command-line tools.md index 6aad040b71..4db6ac3a85 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180530 3 Python command-line tools.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180530 3 Python command-line tools.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translating----hoppipolla- 3 Python command-line tools ====== @@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ Hello Lacey! `help` and `version` flags. -Docopt is very particular about how you format the required docstring at the top of your file. The top element in your docstring after the name of your tool must be "Usage," and it should list the ways you expect your command to be called (e.g., by itself, with arguments, etc.). Usage should includeandflags. +Docopt is very particular about how you format the required docstring at the top of your file. The top element in your docstring after the name of your tool must be "Usage," and it should list the ways you expect your command to be called (e.g., by itself, with arguments, etc.). Usage should include **help** and **version** flags. The second element in your docstring should be "Options," and it should provide more information about the options and arguments you identified in "Usage." The content of your docstring becomes the content of your help text. ``` From 23c4f89162d60807656f39ab86da7551d415ac0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 17:40:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 16/23] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Sosreport=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=93=20A=20Tool=20To=20Collect=20System=20Logs=20And=20Dia?= =?UTF-8?q?gnostic=20Information?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... System Logs And Diagnostic Information.md | 139 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 139 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180628 Sosreport - A Tool To Collect System Logs And Diagnostic Information.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180628 Sosreport - A Tool To Collect System Logs And Diagnostic Information.md b/sources/tech/20180628 Sosreport - A Tool To Collect System Logs And Diagnostic Information.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..367272596f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180628 Sosreport - A Tool To Collect System Logs And Diagnostic Information.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +Sosreport – A Tool To Collect System Logs And Diagnostic Information +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/sos-720x340.png) + +If you’re working as RHEL administrator, you might definitely heard about **Sosreport** – an extensible, portable and support data collection tool. It is a tool to collect system configuration details and diagnostic information from a Unix-like operating system. When the user raise a support ticket, he/she has to run this tool and send the resulting report generated by Sosreport tool to the Red Hat support executive. The executive will then perform an initial analysis based on the report and try to find what’s the problem in the system. Not just on RHEL system, you can use it on any Unix-like operating systems for collecting system logs and other debug information. + +### Installing Sosreport + +Sosreport is available on Red Hat official systems, so you can install it using Yum Or DNF package managers as shown below. +``` +$ sudo yum install sos + +``` + +Or, +``` +$ sudo dnf install sos + +``` + +On Debian, Ubuntu and Linux Mint, run: +``` +$ sudo apt install sosreport + +``` + +### Usage + +Once installed, run the following command to collect your system configuration details and other diagnostic information. +``` +$ sudo sosreport + +``` + +You will be asked to enter some details of your system, such as system name, case id etc. Type the details accordingly, and press ENTER key to generate the report. If you don’t want to change anything and want to use the default values, simply press ENTER. + +Sample output from my CentOS 7 server: +``` +sosreport (version 3.5) + +This command will collect diagnostic and configuration information from +this CentOS Linux system and installed applications. + +An archive containing the collected information will be generated in +/var/tmp/sos.DiJXi7 and may be provided to a CentOS support +representative. + +Any information provided to CentOS will be treated in accordance with +the published support policies at: + +https://wiki.centos.org/ + +The generated archive may contain data considered sensitive and its +content should be reviewed by the originating organization before being +passed to any third party. + +No changes will be made to system configuration. + +Press ENTER to continue, or CTRL-C to quit. + +Please enter your first initial and last name [server.ostechnix.local]: +Please enter the case id that you are generating this report for []: + +Setting up archive ... +Setting up plugins ... +Running plugins. Please wait ... + +Running 73/73: yum... +Creating compressed archive... + +Your sosreport has been generated and saved in: +/var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz + +The checksum is: 8f08f99a1702184ec13a497eff5ce334 + +Please send this file to your support representative. + +``` + +If you don’t want to be prompted for entering such details, simply use batch mode like below. +``` +$ sudo sosreport --batch + +``` + +As you can see in the above output, an archived report is generated and saved in **/var/tmp/sos.DiJXi7** file. In RHEL 6/CentOS 6, the report will be generated in **/tmp** location. You can now send this report to your support executive, so that he can do initial analysis and find what’s the problem. + +You might be concerned or wanted to know what’s in the report. If so, you can view it by running the following command: +``` +$ sudo tar -tf /var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz + +``` + +Or, +``` +$ sudo vim /var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz + +``` + +Please note that above commands will not extract the archive, but only display the list of files and folders in the archive. If you want to view the actual contents of the files in the archive, first extract the archive using command: +``` +$ sudo tar -xf /var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz + +``` + +All the contents of the archive will be extracted in a directory named “sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844/” in the current working directory. Go to the directory and view the contents of any file using cat command or any other text viewer: +``` +$ cd sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844/ + +$ cat uptime +17:19:02 up 1:03, 2 users, load average: 0.50, 0.17, 0.10 + +``` + +For more details about Sosreport, refer man pages. +``` +$ man sosreport + +``` + +And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! + +Cheers! + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/sosreport-a-tool-to-collect-system-logs-and-diagnostic-information/ + +作者：[SK][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ From afe7bcb7a08a498043e0b9ce7232d5060be5a70d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 17:41:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 17/23] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Blockchain=20evolut?= =?UTF-8?q?ion:=20A=20quick=20guide=20and=20why=20open=20source=20is=20at?= =?UTF-8?q?=20the=20heart=20of=20it?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...d why open source is at the heart of it.md | 97 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180628 Blockchain evolution- A quick guide and why open source is at the heart of it.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180628 Blockchain evolution- A quick guide and why open source is at the heart of it.md b/sources/tech/20180628 Blockchain evolution- A quick guide and why open source is at the heart of it.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..585a7203d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180628 Blockchain evolution- A quick guide and why open source is at the heart of it.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +Blockchain evolution: A quick guide and why open source is at the heart of it +====== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/block-quilt-chain.png?itok=mECoDbrc) + +It isn't uncommon, when working on a new version of an open source project, to suffix it with "-ng", for "next generation." Fortunately, in their rapid evolution blockchains have so far avoided this naming pitfall. But in this evolutionary open source ecosystem, changes have been abundant, and good ideas have been picked up, remixed, and evolved between many different projects in a typical open source fashion. + +In this article, I will look at the different generations of blockchains and what ideas have emerged to address the problems the ecosystem has encountered. Of course, any attempt at classifying an ecosystem will have limits—and objectors—but it should provide a rough guide to the jungle of blockchain projects. + +### The beginning: Bitcoin + +The first generation of blockchains stems from the [Bitcoin][1] blockchain, the ledger underpinning the decentralized, peer-to-peer cryptocurrency that has gone from [Slashdot][2] miscellanea to a mainstream topic. + +This blockchain is a distributed ledger that keeps track of all users' transactions to prevent them from double-spending their coins (a task historically entrusted to third parties: banks). To prevent attackers from gaming the system, the ledger is replicated to every computer participating in the Bitcoin network and can be updated by only one computer in the network at a time. To decide which computer earns the right to update the ledger, the system organizes every 10 minutes a race between the computers, which costs them (a lot of) energy to enter. The winner wins the right to commit the last 10 minutes of transactions to the ledger (the "block" in blockchain) and some Bitcoin as a reward for their efforts. This setup is called a _proof of work_ consensus mechanism. + +The goal of using a blockchain is to raise the level of trust participants have in the network. + +This is where it gets interesting. Bitcoin was released as an [open source project][3] in January 2009. In 2010, realizing that quite a few of these elements can be tweaked, the community that had aggregated around Bitcoin, often on the [bitcointalk forums][4], started experimenting with them. + +First, seeing that the Bitcoin blockchain is a form of a distributed database, the [Namecoin][5] project emerged, suggesting to store arbitrary data in its transaction database. If the blockchain can record the transfer of money, it could also record the transfer of other assets, such as domain names. This is exactly Namecoin's main use case, which went live in April 2011, two years after Bitcoin's introduction. + +Where Namecoin tweaked the content of the blockchain, [Litecoin][6] tweaked two technical aspects: reducing the time between two blocks from 10 to 2.5 minutes and changing how the race is run (replacing the SHA-256 secure hashing algorithm with [scrypt][7]). This was possible because Bitcoin was released as open source software and Litecoin is essentially identical to Bitcoin in all other places. Litecoin was the first fork to modify the consensus mechanism, paving the way for many more. + +Along the way, many more variations of the Bitcoin codebase have appeared. Some started as proposed extensions to Bitcoin, such as the [Zerocash][8] protocol, which aimed to provide transaction anonymity and fungibility but was eventually spun off into its own currency, [Zcash][9]. + +While Zcash has brought its own innovations, using recent cryptographic advances known as zero-knowledge proofs, it maintains compatibility with the vast majority of the Bitcoin code base, meaning it too can benefit from upstream Bitcoin innovations. + +Another project, [CryptoNote][10], didn't use the same code base but sprouted from the same community, building on (and against) Bitcoin and again, on older ideas. Published in December 2012, it led to the creation of several cryptocurrencies, of which [Monero][11] (2014) is the best-known. Monero takes a different approach to Zcash but aims to solve the same issues: privacy and fungibility. + +As is often the case in the open source world, there is more than one tool for the job. + +### The next generations: "Blockchain-ng" + +So far, however, all these variations have only really been about refining cryptocurrencies or extending them to support another type of transaction. This brings us to the second generation of blockchains. + +Once the community started modifying what a blockchain could be used for and tweaking technical aspects, it didn't take long for some people to expand and rethink them further. A longtime follower of Bitcoin, [Vitalik Buterin][12] suggested in late 2013 that a blockchain's transactions could represent the change of states of a state machine, conceiving the blockchain as a distributed computer capable of running applications ("smart contracts"). The project, [Ethereum][13], went live in July 2015. It has seen fair success in running distributed apps, and the popularity of some of its better-known distributed apps ([CryptoKitties][14]) have even caused the Ethereum blockchain to slow down. + +This demonstrates one of the big limitations of current blockchains: speed and capacity. (Speed is often measured in transactions per second, or TPS.) Several approaches have been suggested to solve this, from sharding to sidechains and so-called "second-layer" solutions. The need for more innovation here is strong. + +With the words "smart contract" in the air and a proved—if still slow—technology to run them, another idea came to fruition: permissioned blockchains. So far, all the blockchain networks we've described have had two unsaid characteristics: They are public (anyone can see them function), and they are without permission (anyone can join them). These two aspects are both desirable and necessary to run a distributed, non-third-party-based currency. + +As blockchains were being considered more and more separately from cryptocurrencies, it started to make sense to consider them in some private, permissioned settings. A consortium-type group of actors that have business relationships but don't necessarily trust each other fully can benefit from these types of blockchains—for example, actors along a logistics chain, financial or insurance institutions that regularly do bilateral settlements or use a clearinghouse, idem for healthcare institutions. + +Once you change the setting from "anyone can join" to "invitation-only," further changes and tweaks to the blockchain building blocks become possible, yielding interesting results for some. + +For a start, proof of work, designed to protect the network from malicious and spammy actors, can be replaced by something simpler and less resource-hungry, such as a [Raft][15]-based consensus protocol. A tradeoff appears between a high level of security or faster speed, embodied by the option of simpler consensus algorithms. This is highly desirable to many groups, as they can trade some cryptography-based assurance for assurance based on other means—legal relationships, for instance—and avoid the energy-hungry arms race that proof of work often leads to. This is another area where innovation is ongoing, with [Proof of Stake][16] a notable contender for the public network consensus mechanism of choice. It would likely also find its way to permissioned networks too. + +Several projects make it simple to create permissioned blockchains, including [Quorum][17] (a fork of Ethereum) and [Hyperledger][18]'s [Fabric][19] and [Sawtooth][20], two open source projects based on new code. + +Permissioned blockchains can avoid certain complexities that public, non-permissioned ones can't, but they still have their own set of issues. Proper management of participants is one: Who can join? How do they identify? How can they be removed from the network? Does one entity on the network manage a central public key infrastructure (PKI)? + +The open nature of blockchains is seen as a form of governance. + +### Open nature of blockchains + +In all of the cases so far, one thing is clear: The goal of using a blockchain is to raise the level of trust participants have in the network and the data it produces—ideally, enough to be able to use it as is, without further work. + +Reaching this level of trust is possible only if the software that powers the network is free and open source. Even a correctly distributed proprietary blockchain is essentially a collection of independent agents running the same third party's code. By nature, it's necessary—but not sufficient—for a blockchain's source code to be open source. This has both been a minimum guarantee and the source of further innovation as the ecosystem keeps growing. + +Finally, it is worth mentioning that while the open nature of blockchains has been a source of innovation and variation, it has also been seen as a form of governance: governance by code, where users are expected to run whichever specific version of the code contains a function or approach they think the whole network should embrace. In this respect, one can say the open nature of some blockchains has also become a cop-out regarding governance. But this is being addressed. + +### Third and fourth generations: governance + +Next, I will look at what I am currently considering the third and fourth generations of blockchains: blockchains with built-in governance tools and projects to solve the tricky question of interconnecting the multitude of different blockchain projects to let them exchange information and value with each other. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/blockchain-guide-next-generation + +作者：[Axel Simon][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/axel +[1]:https://bitcoin.org +[2]:https://slashdot.org/ +[3]:https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin +[4]:https://bitcointalk.org/ +[5]:https://www.namecoin.org/ +[6]:https://litecoin.org/ +[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt +[8]:http://zerocash-project.org/index +[9]:https://z.cash +[10]:https://cryptonote.org/ +[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monero_(cryptocurrency) +[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalik_Buterin +[13]:https://ethereum.org +[14]:http://cryptokitties.co/ +[15]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raft_(computer_science) +[16]:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/proof-stake-pos.asp +[17]:https://www.jpmorgan.com/global/Quorum +[18]:https://hyperledger.org/ +[19]:https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/fabric +[20]:https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/sawtooth From b4f47aace86061efeda87a4726034c5f611ca98c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 17:43:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 18/23] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20SoCLI=20=E2=80=93?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Easy=20Way=20To=20Search=20And=20Browse=20Stack=20Overflow?= =?UTF-8?q?=20From=20The=20Terminal?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Browse Stack Overflow From The Terminal.md | 188 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 188 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180629 SoCLI - Easy Way To Search And Browse Stack Overflow From The Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180629 SoCLI - Easy Way To Search And Browse Stack Overflow From The Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20180629 SoCLI - Easy Way To Search And Browse Stack Overflow From The Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..acf05c6872 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180629 SoCLI - Easy Way To Search And Browse Stack Overflow From The Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +SoCLI – Easy Way To Search And Browse Stack Overflow From The Terminal +====== +Stack Overflow is the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share​ ​their programming ​knowledge, and build their careers. It’s world’s largest developer community and allows users to ask and answer questions. It’s open alternative to earlier question and answer sites such as Experts-Exchange. + +It’s my preferred website, i have learned many program stuffs also i found many Linux related stuffs as well. Even i asked many questions and answered few questions too when i have time. + +Today i have stumbled upon good CLI utility called SoCLI & how2 both are used to browse stackoverflow website from the terminal easily and it’s very helpful when you doesn’t have GUI. Today we are going to discuss about SoCLI and will discuss about how2 in upcoming article. + +**Suggested Read :** +**(#)** [How To Search The Arch Wiki Website Right From Terminal][1] +**(#)** [Googler – Google Search from the command line on Linux][2] +**(#)** [Buku – A Powerful Command-line Bookmark Manager for Linux][3] + +This might have very useful for NIX guys, whoever spending most of the time in CLI. + +[SoCLI][4] is a Stack overflow command line interface written in python. It’s allows you to search and browse stack overflow from the terminal. + +### SoCLI Featues: + + * Verity of search is available like Quick Search, Manual Search & interactive Search + * Coloured interface + * Question stats view + * Topic Based Search using tag + * Can view user profiles + * Can create a new question via the web browser + * Can open the page in a browser + + + +### How to Install Python + +Make sure your system should have python-pip package in order to install SoCLI. pip is a python module bundled with setuptools, it’s one of the recommended tool for installing Python packages in Linux. + +For **`Debian/Ubuntu`** , use [apt-get command][5] or [apt command][6] to install pip. +``` +$ sudo apt install python-pip + +``` + +For **`RHEL/CentOS`** , use [YUM command][7] to install pip. +``` +$ sudo yum install python-pip python-devel + +``` + +For **`Fedora`** , use [dnf command][8] to install pip. +``` +$ sudo dnf install python-pip + +``` + +For **`Arch Linux`** , use [pacman command][9] to install pip. +``` +$ sudo pacman -S python-pip + +``` + +For **`openSUSE`** , use [Zypper Command][10] to install pip. +``` +$ sudo pacman -S python-pip + +``` + +### How to Install SoCLI + +Simple use pip command to install socli. +``` +$ sudo pip install socli + +``` + +### How to Update SoCLI + +Run the following command to update your existing version of socli to the newest version to avail latest features. +``` +$ sudo pip install --upgrade socli + +``` + +### How to Use SoCLI + +Simple fire the socli command on terminal to start explorer stackoverflow from the Linux command line. It’s offering varies arguments which will speedup your search even more faster. + +Common syntax for **`SoCLI`** +``` +socli [Arguments] [Search Query] + +``` + +### Quick Search + +The following command will search for the given query `command to check apache active connections` and displays the first most voted question in Stack Overflow with its most voted answer. +``` +$ socli command to check apache active connections + +``` + +![][12] + +### Interactive Search + +To enable interactive search, use `-iq` arguments followed by your search query. + +The following command will search for the given query `delete matching string` and print a list of questions from Stack Overflow. +``` +$ socli -iq delete matching string + +``` + +![][13] + +It will allows users to choose any of the questions interactively by hitting questing number in end of the results. In my case i have choose a question `2` then it will display the complete description of the chosen question with its most voted answer. +![][14] + +Use `UP` and `DOWN` arrow keys to navigate to other answers. Press `LEFT` arrow key to go back to the list of questions. + +### Manual Search + +SoCLI allows you to display mentioned question number for given query. The following command will search for the given query `netstat command examples` in Stack Overflow and displays the second question full information for given query alike quick search. +``` +$ socli -r 2 -q netstat command examples + +``` + +![][15] + +### Topic Based Search + +SoCLI allows topic based search by using specific tags. Just mention the specific tags using `-t` arguments and followed by search query `command to increase jvm heap memory`. +``` +$ socli -t linux -q command to increase jvm heap memory + +``` + +![][16] + +For multiple tags, Just separate them with a comma. +``` +$ socli -t linux,unix -q grep + +``` + +### Post a New Question + +If you can’t find an answer for your question in Stack Overflow? don’t worry, post a new question by running following command. +``` +$ socli -n + +``` + +It will open the new question page of Stack Overflow in the web browser for you to create a new question. + +### Man Page + +To know more options & arguments about SoCLI, navigate to help section. +``` +$ socli -h + +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/socli-search-and-browse-stack-overflow-from-linux-terminal/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/search-arch-wiki-website-command-line-terminal/ +[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/googler-google-search-from-the-command-line-on-linux/ +[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/buku-command-line-bookmark-manager-linux/ +[4]:https://github.com/gautamkrishnar/socli +[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[6]:https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[7]:https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/ +[8]:https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/ +[9]:https://www.2daygeek.com/pacman-command-examples-manage-packages-arch-linux-system/ +[10]:https://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples-manage-packages-opensuse-system/ +[11]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[12]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/socli-search-and-browse-stack-overflow-from-command-line-1.png +[13]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/socli-search-and-browse-stack-overflow-from-command-line-2.png +[14]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/socli-search-and-browse-stack-overflow-from-command-line-2a.png +[15]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/socli-search-and-browse-stack-overflow-from-command-line-3.png +[16]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/socli-search-and-browse-stack-overflow-from-command-line-4.png From 00b80b6f2a69bc6589b084102129fc18b360431b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 17:45:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 19/23] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=20Discover=20hidden?= =?UTF-8?q?=20gems=20in=20LibreOffice?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...629 Discover hidden gems in LibreOffice.md | 97 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180629 Discover hidden gems in LibreOffice.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180629 Discover hidden gems in LibreOffice.md b/sources/tech/20180629 Discover hidden gems in LibreOffice.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fdb7f288e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180629 Discover hidden gems in LibreOffice.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +Discover hidden gems in LibreOffice +====== + +![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/libreoffice6-gems-816x345.jpg) + +LibreOffice is the most popular free and open source office suite. It’s included by default in many Linux distributions, such as [Fedora Workstation][1]. Chances are that you use it fairly often, but how many of its features have you really explored? What hidden gems are there in LibreOffice that not so many people know about? + +This article explores some lesser-known features in the suite, and shows you how to make the most of them. Then it wraps up with a quick look at the LibreOffice community, and how you can help to make the software even better. + +### Notebookbar + +Recent versions of LibreOffice have seen gradual improvements to the user interface, such as reorganized menus and additional toolbar buttons. However, the general layout hasn’t changed drastically since the software was born back in 2010. But now, a completely new (and optional!) user interface called the [Notebookbar][2] is under development, and it looks like this: + +![LibreOffice's \(experimental\) Notebookbar][3] + +Yes, it’s substantially different to the current “traditional” design, and there are a few variants. Because LibreOffice’s design team is still working on the Notebookbar, it’s not available by default in current versions of the suite. Instead, it’s an experimental option. + +To try it, make sure you’re running a recent release of LibreOffice, such as 5.4 or 6.0. (LibreOffice 6.x is already available in Fedora 28.) Then go to Tools > Options in the menu. In the dialog box that appears, go to Advanced on the left-hand side. Tick the Enable experimental features box, click OK, and then you’ll be prompted to restart LibreOffice. Go ahead and do that. + +Now, in Writer, Calc and Impress, go to View > Toolbar Layout in the menu, and choose Notebookbar. You’ll see the new interface straight away. Remember that this is still experimental, though, and not ready for production use, so don’t be surprised if you see some bugs or glitches in places! + +The default Notebookbar layout is called “tabbed”, and you can see tabs along the top of the window to display different sets of buttons. But if you go to View > Notebookbar in the menu, you’ll see other variants of the design as well. Try them out! If you need to access the familiar menu bar, you’ll find an icon for it in the top-right of the window. And to revert back to the regular interface, just go to View > Toolbar Layout > Default. + +### Command line tips and tricks + +Yes, you can even use LibreOffice from the Bash prompt. This is most useful if you want to perform batch operations on large numbers of files. For instance, let’s say you have 20 .odt (OpenDocument Text) files in a directory, and want to make PDFs of them. Via LibreOffice’s graphical user interface, you’d have to do a lot of clicking to achieve this. But at the command line, it’s simple: +``` +libreoffice --convert-to pdf *.odt + +``` + +Or take another example: you have a set of Microsoft Office documents, and you want to convert them all to ODT: +``` +libreoffice --convert-to odt *.docx + +``` + +Another useful batch operation is printing. If you have a bunch of documents and want to print them all in one fell swoop, without manually opening them and clicking on the printer icon, do this: +``` +libreoffice -p *.odt + +``` + +It’s also worth noting some of the other command line flags that LibreOffice uses. For instance, if you want to create a launcher in your program menu that starts Calc directly, instead of showing the opening screen, use: +``` +libreoffice --calc + +``` + +It’s also possible to launch Impress and jump straight into the first slide of a presentation, without showing the LibreOffice user interface: +``` +libreoffice --show presentation.odp + +``` + +### Extra goodies in Draw + +Writer, Calc and Impress are the most popular components of LibreOffice. But Draw is a capable tool as well for creating diagrams, leaflets and other materials. When you’re working with multiple objects, there are various tricks you can do to speed up your work. + +For example, you probably know you can select multiple objects by clicking and dragging a selection area around them. But you can also select and deselect objects in the group by holding down the Shift key while clicking. + +When moving individual shapes or groups of shapes, you can use keyboard modifiers to change the movement speed. Try it out: select a bunch of objects, then use the cursor keys to move them around. Now try holding Shift to move them in greater increments, or Alt for fine-tuning. (The Ctrl key comes in useful here too, for panning around inside a document without moving the shapes.) + +[LibreOffice 5.1][4] added a useful feature to equalize the widths and heights of multiple shapes. Select them with the mouse, right-click on the selection, and then go to the Shapes part of the context menu. There you’ll see the Equalize options. This is good for making objects more consistent, and it works in Impress too! + +![Equalizing shape sizes in Draw][5] + +Lastly, here’s a shortcut for duplicating objects: the Ctrl key. Try clicking and dragging on an object, with Ctrl held down, and you’ll see that a copy of the object is made immediately. This is quicker and more elegant than using the Duplicate dialog box. + +### Over to you! + +So those are some features and tricks in LibreOffice you can now use in your work. But there’s always room for improvement, and the LibreOffice community is working hard on the next release, [LibreOffice 6.1][6], which is due in early August. Give them a hand! You can help to test the beta releases, trying out new features and reporting bugs. Or [get involved in other areas][7] such as design, marketing, documentation, translations and more. + +Photo by [William Iven][8] on [Unsplash][9]. + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/discover-hidden-gems-libreoffice/ + +作者：[Mike Saunders][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://fedoramagazine.org/author/mikesaunders/ +[1]:https://getfedora.org/workstation +[2]:https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/Development/NotebookBar +[3]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/libreoffice_gems_notebookbar-300x109.png +[4]:https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/ReleaseNotes/5.1 +[5]:https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/libreoffice_gems_draw-300x178.png +[6]:https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/ReleaseNotes/6.1 +[7]:https://www.libreoffice.org/community/get-involved/ +[8]:https://unsplash.com/photos/jrh5lAq-mIs?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText +[9]:https://unsplash.com/search/photos/documents?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText From c4a615688c496352bd73d51ac743d7472c622b9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven <33125422+MjSeven@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 19:37:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 20/23] Delete 20180320 Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers.md --- ...at serves users rather than advertisers.md | 73 ------------------- 1 file changed, 73 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20180320 Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20180320 Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers.md b/sources/talk/20180320 Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6c2c67adc6..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180320 Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ -Translating by MjSeven - - -Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers? -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/people_team_community_group.png?itok=Nc_lTsUK) - -Today, open source software is far-reaching and has played a key role driving innovation in our digital economy. The world is undergoing radical change at a rapid pace. People in all parts of the world need a purpose-built, neutral, and transparent online platform to meet the challenges of our time. - -And open principles might just be the way to get us there. What would happen if we married digital innovation with social innovation using open-focused thinking? - -This question is at the heart of our work at [Human Connection][1], a forward-thinking, Germany-based knowledge and action network with a mission to create a truly social network that serves the world. We're guided by the notion that human beings are inherently generous and sympathetic, and that they thrive on benevolent actions. But we haven't seen a social network that has fully supported our natural tendency towards helpfulness and cooperation to promote the common good. Human Connection aspires to be the platform that allows everyone to become an active changemaker. - -In order to achieve the dream of a solution-oriented platform that enables people to take action around social causes by engaging with charities, community groups, and social change activists, Human Connection embraces open values as a vehicle for social innovation. - -Here's how. - -### Transparency first - -Transparency is one of Human Connection's guiding principles. Human Connection invites programmers around the world to jointly work on the platform's source code (JavaScript, Vue, nuxt) by [making their source code available on Github][2] and support the idea of a truly social network by contributing to the code or programming additional functions. - -But our commitment to transparency extends beyond our development practices. In fact—when it comes to building a new kind of social network that promotes true connection and interaction between people who are passionate about changing the world for the better—making the source code available is just one step towards being transparent. - -To facilitate open dialogue, the Human Connection team holds [regular public meetings online][3]. Here we answer questions, encourage suggestions, and respond to potential concerns. Our Meet The Team events are also recorded and made available to the public afterwards. By being fully transparent with our process, our source code, and our finances, we can protect ourselves against critics or other potential backlashes. - -The commitment to transparency also means that all user contributions that shared publicly on Human Connection will be released under a Creative Commons license and can eventually be downloaded as a data pack. By making crowd knowledge available, especially in a decentralized way, we create the opportunity for social pluralism. - -Guiding all of our organizational decisions is one question: "Does it serve the people and the greater good?" And we use the [UN Charter][4] and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a foundation for our value system. As we'll grow bigger, especially with our upcoming open beta launch, it's important for us to stay accountable to that mission. I'm even open to the idea of inviting the Chaos Computer Club or other hacker clubs to verify the integrity of our code and our actions by randomly checking into our platform. - -When it comes to building a new kind of social network that promotes true connection and interaction between people who are passionate about changing the world for the better, making the source code available is just one step towards being transparent. - -### A collaborative community - -A [collaborative, community-centered approach][5] to programming the Human Connection platform is the foundation for an idea that extends beyond the practical applications of a social network. Our team is driven by finding an answer to the question: "What makes a social network truly social?" - -A network that abandons the idea of a profit-driven algorithm serving advertisers instead of end-users can only thrive by turning to the process of peer production and collaboration. Organizations like [Code Alliance][6] and [Code for America][7], for example, have demonstrated how technology can be created in an open source environment to benefit humanity and disrupt the status quo. Community-driven projects like the map-based reporting platform [FixMyStreet][8] or the [Tasking Manager][9] built for the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap initiative have embraced crowdsourcing as a way to move their mission forward. - -Our approach to building Human Connection has been collaborative from the start. To gather initial data on the necessary functions and the purpose of a truly social network, we collaborated with the National Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations (INALCO) at the University Sorbonne in Paris and the Stuttgart Media University in Germany. Research findings from both projects were incorporated into the early development of Human Connection. Thanks to that research, [users will have a whole new set of functions available][10] that put them in control of what content they see and how they engage with others. As early supporters are [invited to the network's alpha version][10], they can experience the first available noteworthy functions. Here are just a few: - - * Linking information to action was one key theme emerging from our research sessions. Current social networks leave users in the information stage. Student groups at both universities saw a need for an action-oriented component that serves our human instinct of working together to solve problems. So we built a ["Can Do" function][11] into our platform. It's one of the ways individuals can take action after reading about a certain topic. "Can Do's" are user-suggested activities in the "Take Action" area that everyone can implement. - * The "Versus" function is another defining result. Where traditional social networks are limited to a comment function, our student groups saw the need for a more structured and useful way to engage in discussions and arguments. A "Versus" is a counter-argument to a public post that is displayed separately and provides an opportunity to highlight different opinions around an issue. - * Today's social networks don't provide a lot of options to filter content. Research has shown that a filtering option by emotions can help us navigate the social space in accordance with our daily mood and potentially protect our emotional wellbeing by not displaying sad or upsetting posts on a day where we want to see uplifting content only. - - - -Human Connection invites changemakers to collaborate on the development of a network with the potential to mobilize individuals and groups around the world to turn negative news into "Can Do's"—and participate in social innovation projects in conjunction with charities and non-profit organizations. - -[Subscribe to our weekly newsletter][12] to learn more about open organizations. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/3/open-social-human-connection - -作者：[Dennis Hack][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dhack -[1]:https://human-connection.org/en/ -[2]:https://github.com/human-connection/ -[3]:https://youtu.be/tPcYRQcepYE -[4]:http://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html -[5]:https://youtu.be/BQHBno-efRI -[6]:http://codealliance.org/ -[7]:https://www.codeforamerica.org/ -[8]:http://fixmystreet.org/ -[9]:https://tasks.hotosm.org/ -[10]:https://youtu.be/AwSx06DK2oU -[11]:https://youtu.be/g2gYLNx686I -[12]:https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/newsletter From b1dd674f172b2de4cb8ff953c3bdf02cf633f399 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven <33125422+MjSeven@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 19:37:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 21/23] Create 20180320 Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers.md --- ...at serves users rather than advertisers.md | 70 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 70 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/20180320 Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers.md diff --git a/translated/talk/20180320 Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers.md b/translated/talk/20180320 Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bd279216ca --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20180320 Can we build a social network that serves users rather than advertisers.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +我们能否建立一个服务于用户而非广告商的社交网络？ +===== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/people_team_community_group.png?itok=Nc_lTsUK) + +如今，开源软件具有深远的意义，在推动数字经济创新方面发挥着关键作用。世界正在快速彻底地改变。世界各地的人们需要一个专门的，中立的，透明的在线平台来迎接我们这个时代的挑战。 + +开放的原则可能会成为让我们到达那里的方法（to 校正者：这句上下文没有理解）。如果我们用开放的思维方式将数字创新与社会创新结合在一起，会发生什么？ + +这个问题是我们在 [Human Connection][1] 工作的核心，这是一个具有前瞻性的，以德国为基础的知识和行动网络，其使命是创建一个服务于全球的真正的社交网络。我们受到这样一种观念为指引，即人类天生慷慨而富有同情心，并且他们在慈善行为上茁壮成长。但我们还没有看到一个完全支持我们自然倾向，于乐于助人和合作以促进共同利益的社交网络。Human Connection 渴望成为让每个人都成为积极变革者的平台。 + +为了实现一个以解决方案为导向的平台的梦想，让人们通过与慈善机构、社区团体和社会变革活动人士的接触，围绕社会公益事业采取行动，Human Connection 将开放的价值观作为社会创新的载体。 + +以下是有关它如何工作的。 + +### 首先是透明 + +透明是 Human Connection 的指导原则之一。Human Connection 邀请世界各地的程序员通过[在 Github 上提交他们的源代码][2]共同开发平台的源代码（JavaScript, Vue, nuxt），并通过贡献代码或编程附加功能来支持真正的社交网络。 + +但我们对透明的承诺超出了我们的发展实践。事实上，当涉及到建立一种新的社交网络，促进那些对让世界变得更好的人之间的真正联系和互动，分享源代码只是迈向透明的一步。 + +为促进公开对话，Human Connection 团队举行[定期在线公开会议][3]。我们在这里回答问题，鼓励建议并对潜在的问题作出回应。我们的 Meet The Team （to 校正者：这里如果可以，请翻译得稍微优雅，我想不出来一个词）活动也会记录下来，并在事后向公众开放。通过对我们的流程，源代码和财务状况完全透明，我们可以保护自己免受批评或其他潜在的不利影响。 + +对透明的承诺意味着，所有在 Human Connection 上公开分享的用户贡献者将在 Creative Commons 许可下发布，最终作为数据包下载。通过让大众知识变得可用，特别是以一种分散的方式，我们创造了一个多元化社会的机会。 + +一个问题指导我们所有的组织决策：“它是否服务于人民和更大的利益？”我们用[联合国宪章(UN Charter)][4]和“世界人权宣言(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)”作为我们价值体系的基础。随着我们的规模越来越大，尤其是即将推出的公测版，我们必须对此任务负责。我甚至愿意邀请 Chaos Computer Club （译者注：这是欧洲最大的黑客联盟）或其他黑客俱乐部通过随机检查我们的平台来验证我们的代码和行为的完整性。 + +### 一个合作的社会 + +以一种[以社区为中心的协作方法][5]来编写 Human Connection 平台是超越社交网络实际应用理念的基础。我们的团队是通过找到问题的答案来驱动：“是什么让一个社交网络真正地社会化？” + +一个抛弃了以利润为导向的算法，为广告商而不是最终用户服务的网络，只能通过转向对等生产和协作的过程而繁荣起来。例如，像 [Code Alliance][6] 和 [Code for America][7] 这样的组织已经证明了如何在一个开源环境中创造技术，造福人类并破坏（to 校正：这里译为改变较好）现状。社区驱动的项目，如基于地图的报告平台 [FixMyStreet][8]，或者为 Humanitarian OpenStreetMap 而建立的 [Tasking Manager][9]，已经将众包作为推动其使用的一种方式。 + +我们建立 Human Connection 的方法从一开始就是合作。为了收集关于必要功能和真正社交网络的目的的初步数据，我们与巴黎索邦大学（University Sorbonne）的国家东方语言与文明研究所（National Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations (INALCO) ）和德国斯图加特媒体大学（Stuttgart Media University ）合作。这两个项目的研究结果都被纳入了 Human Connection 的早期开发。多亏了这项研究，[用户将拥有一套全新的功能][10]，让他们可以控制自己看到的内容以及他们如何与他人的互动。由于早期的支持者[被邀请到网络的 alpha 版本][10]，他们可以体验到第一个可用的值得注意的功能。这里有一些： + + * 将信息与行动联系起来是我们研究会议的一个重要主题。当前的社交网络让用户处于信息阶段。这两所大学的学生团体都认为，需要一个以行动为导向的组件，以满足人类共同解决问题的本能。所以我们在平台上构建了一个[“Can Do”功能][11]。这是一个人在阅读了某个话题后可以采取行动的一种方式。“Can Do” 是用户建议的活动，在“采取行动（Take Action）”领域，每个人都可以实现。 + + * “Versus” 功能是另一个定义结果的方式（to 校正者：这句话稍微注意一下）。在传统社交网络仅限于评论功能的地方，我们的学生团体认为需要采用更加结构化且有用的方式进行讨论和争论。“Versus” 是对公共帖子的反驳，它是单独显示的，并提供了一个机会来突出围绕某个问题的不同意见。 + + * 今天的社交网络并没有提供很多过滤内容的选项。研究表明，情绪过滤选项可以帮助我们根据日常情绪驾驭社交空间，并可能通过在我们希望仅看到令人振奋的内容的那一天时，不显示悲伤或难过的帖子来潜在地保护我们的情绪健康。 + + +Human Connection 邀请改革者合作开发一个网络，有可能动员世界各地的个人和团体将负面新闻变成 “Can Do”，并与慈善机构和非营利组织一起参与社会创新项目。 + +[订阅我们的每周时事通讯][12]以了解有关开放组织的更多信息。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/3/open-social-human-connection + +作者：[Dennis Hack][a] +译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dhack +[1]:https://human-connection.org/en/ +[2]:https://github.com/human-connection/ +[3]:https://youtu.be/tPcYRQcepYE +[4]:http://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html +[5]:https://youtu.be/BQHBno-efRI +[6]:http://codealliance.org/ +[7]:https://www.codeforamerica.org/ +[8]:http://fixmystreet.org/ +[9]:https://tasks.hotosm.org/ +[10]:https://youtu.be/AwSx06DK2oU +[11]:https://youtu.be/g2gYLNx686I +[12]:https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/newsletter From 070c2b5ad18514b1e482dd17424407ee01f071de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiandongzhu Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 19:38:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 22/23] retrive to old file --- sources/tech/20180530 3 Python command-line tools.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180530 3 Python command-line tools.md b/sources/tech/20180530 3 Python command-line tools.md index 4db6ac3a85..2068966828 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180530 3 Python command-line tools.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180530 3 Python command-line tools.md @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Hello Lacey! `help` and `version` flags. -Docopt is very particular about how you format the required docstring at the top of your file. The top element in your docstring after the name of your tool must be "Usage," and it should list the ways you expect your command to be called (e.g., by itself, with arguments, etc.). Usage should include **help** and **version** flags. +Docopt is very particular about how you format the required docstring at the top of your file. The top element in your docstring after the name of your tool must be "Usage," and it should list the ways you expect your command to be called (e.g., by itself, with arguments, etc.). Usage should includeandflags. The second element in your docstring should be "Options," and it should provide more information about the options and arguments you identified in "Usage." The content of your docstring becomes the content of your help text. ``` From dc2554b73c0910b1cc34911038dc4663a0c01833 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qhwdw Date: Mon, 2 Jul 2018 22:09:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 23/23] Translated by qhwdw --- ...20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md | 217 ------------------ ...20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md | 216 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 216 insertions(+), 217 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md b/sources/tech/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1598e98508..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,217 +0,0 @@ -Translating by qhwdw -Operating a Kubernetes network -============================================================ - -I’ve been working on Kubernetes networking a lot recently. One thing I’ve noticed is, while there’s a reasonable amount written about how to **set up** your Kubernetes network, I haven’t seen much about how to **operate** your network and be confident that it won’t create a lot of production incidents for you down the line. - -In this post I’m going to try to convince you of three things: (all I think pretty reasonable :)) - -* Avoiding networking outages in production is important - -* Operating networking software is hard - -* It’s worth thinking critically about major changes to your networking infrastructure and the impact that will have on your reliability, even if very fancy Googlers say “this is what we do at Google”. (google engineers are doing great work on Kubernetes!! But I think it’s important to still look at the architecture and make sure it makes sense for your organization.) - -I’m definitely not a Kubernetes networking expert by any means, but I have run into a few issues while setting things up and definitely know a LOT more about Kubernetes networking than I used to. - -### Operating networking software is hard - -Here I’m not talking about operating physical networks (I don’t know anything about that), but instead about keeping software like DNS servers & load balancers & proxies working correctly. - -I have been working on a team that’s responsible for a lot of networking infrastructure for a year, and I have learned a few things about operating networking infrastructure! (though I still have a lot to learn obviously). 3 overall thoughts before we start: - -* Networking software often relies very heavily on the Linux kernel. So in addition to configuring the software correctly you also need to make sure that a bunch of different sysctls are set correctly, and a misconfigured sysctl can easily be the difference between “everything is 100% fine” and “everything is on fire”. - -* Networking requirements change over time (for example maybe you’re doing 5x more DNS lookups than you were last year! Maybe your DNS server suddenly started returning TCP DNS responses instead of UDP which is a totally different kernel workload!). This means software that was working fine before can suddenly start having issues. - -* To fix a production networking issues you often need a lot of expertise. (for example see this [great post by Sophie Haskins on debugging a kube-dns issue][1]) I’m a lot better at debugging networking issues than I was, but that’s only after spending a huge amount of time investing in my knowledge of Linux networking. - -I am still far from an expert at networking operations but I think it seems important to: - -1. Very rarely make major changes to the production networking infrastructure (because it’s super disruptive) - -2. When you  _are_  making major changes, think really carefully about what the failure modes are for the new network architecture are - -3. Have multiple people who are able to understand your networking setup - -Switching to Kubernetes is obviously a pretty major networking change! So let’s talk about what some of the things that can go wrong are! - -### Kubernetes networking components - -The Kubernetes networking components we’re going to talk about in this post are: - -* Your overlay network backend (like flannel/calico/weave net/romana) - -* `kube-dns` - -* `kube-proxy` - -* Ingress controllers / load balancers - -* The `kubelet` - -If you’re going to set up HTTP services you probably need all of these. I’m not using most of these components yet but I’m trying to understand them, so that’s what this post is about. - -### The simplest way: Use host networking for all your containers - -Let’s start with the simplest possible thing you can do. This won’t let you run HTTP services in Kubernetes. I think it’s pretty safe because there are less moving parts. - -If you use host networking for all your containers I think all you need to do is: - -1. Configure the kubelet to configure DNS correctly inside your containers - -2. That’s it - -If you use host networking for literally every pod you don’t need kube-dns or kube-proxy. You don’t even need a working overlay network. - -In this setup your pods can connect to the outside world (the same way any process on your hosts would talk to the outside world) but the outside world can’t connect to your pods. - -This isn’t super important (I think most people want to run HTTP services inside Kubernetes and actually communicate with those services) but I do think it’s interesting to realize that at some level all of this networking complexity isn’t strictly required and sometimes you can get away without using it. Avoiding networking complexity seems like a good idea to me if you can. - -### Operating an overlay network - -The first networking component we’re going to talk about is your overlay network. Kubernetes assumes that every pod has an IP address and that you can communicate with services inside that pod by using that IP address. When I say “overlay network” this is what I mean (“the system that lets you refer to a pod by its IP address”). - -All other Kubernetes networking stuff relies on the overlay networking working correctly. You can read more about the [kubernetes networking model here][10]. - -The way Kelsey Hightower describes in [kubernetes the hard way][11] seems pretty good but it’s not really viable on AWS for clusters more than 50 nodes or so, so I’m not going to talk about that. - -There are a lot of overlay network backends (calico, flannel, weaveworks, romana) and the landscape is pretty confusing. But as far as I’m concerned an overlay network has 2 responsibilities: - -1. Make sure your pods can send network requests outside your cluster - -2. Keep a stable mapping of nodes to subnets and keep every node in your cluster updated with that mapping. Do the right thing when nodes are added & removed. - -Okay! So! What can go wrong with your overlay network? - -* The overlay network is responsible for setting up iptables rules (basically `iptables -A -t nat POSTROUTING -s $SUBNET -j MASQUERADE`) to ensure that containers can make network requests outside Kubernetes. If something goes wrong with this rule then your containers can’t connect to the external network. This isn’t that hard (it’s just a few iptables rules) but it is important. I made a [pull request][2] because I wanted to make sure this was resilient - -* Something can go wrong with adding or deleting nodes. We’re using the flannel hostgw backend and at the time we started using it, node deletion [did not work][3]. - -* Your overlay network is probably dependent on a distributed database (etcd). If that database has an incident, this can cause issues. For example [https://github.com/coreos/flannel/issues/610][4] says that if you have data loss in your flannel etcd cluster it can result in containers losing network connectivity. (this has now been fixed) - -* You upgrade Docker and everything breaks - -* Probably more things! - -I’m mostly talking about past issues in Flannel here but I promise I’m not picking on Flannel – I actually really **like** Flannel because I feel like it’s relatively simple (for instance the [vxlan backend part of it][12] is like 500 lines of code) and I feel like it’s possible for me to reason through any issues with it. And it’s obviously continuously improving. They’ve been great about reviewing pull requests. - -My approach to operating an overlay network so far has been: - -* Learn how it works in detail and how to debug it (for example the hostgw network backend for Flannel works by creating routes, so you mostly just need to do `sudo ip route list` to see whether it’s doing the correct thing) - -* Maintain an internal build so it’s easy to patch it if needed - -* When there are issues, contribute patches upstream - -I think it’s actually really useful to go through the list of merged PRs and see bugs that have been fixed in the past – it’s a bit time consuming but is a great way to get a concrete list of kinds of issues other people have run into. - -It’s possible that for other people their overlay networks just work but that hasn’t been my experience and I’ve heard other folks report similar issues. If you have an overlay network setup that is a) on AWS and b) works on a cluster more than 50-100 nodes where you feel more confident about operating it I would like to know. - -### Operating kube-proxy and kube-dns? - -Now that we have some thoughts about operating overlay networks, let’s talk about - -There’s a question mark next to this one because I haven’t done this. Here I have more questions than answers. - -Here’s how Kubernetes services work! A service is a collection of pods, which each have their own IP address (like 10.1.0.3, 10.2.3.5, 10.3.5.6) - -1. Every Kubernetes service gets an IP address (like 10.23.1.2) - -2. `kube-dns` resolves Kubernetes service DNS names to IP addresses (so my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster.local might map to 10.23.1.2) - -3. `kube-proxy` sets up iptables rules in order to do random load balancing between them. Kube-proxy also has a userspace round-robin load balancer but my impression is that they don’t recommend using it. - -So when you make a request to `my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster.local`, it resolves to 10.23.1.2, and then iptables rules on your local host (generated by kube-proxy) redirect it to one of 10.1.0.3 or 10.2.3.5 or 10.3.5.6 at random. - -Some things that I can imagine going wrong with this: - -* `kube-dns` is misconfigured - -* `kube-proxy` dies and your iptables rules don’t get updated - -* Some issue related to maintaining a large number of iptables rules - -Let’s talk about the iptables rules a bit, since doing load balancing by creating a bajillion iptables rules is something I had never heard of before! - -kube-proxy creates one iptables rule per target host like this: (these rules are from [this github issue][13]) - -``` --A KUBE-SVC-LI77LBOOMGYET5US -m comment --comment "default/showreadiness:showreadiness" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.20000000019 -j KUBE-SEP-E4QKA7SLJRFZZ2DD[b][c] --A KUBE-SVC-LI77LBOOMGYET5US -m comment --comment "default/showreadiness:showreadiness" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.25000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-LZ7EGMG4DRXMY26H --A KUBE-SVC-LI77LBOOMGYET5US -m comment --comment "default/showreadiness:showreadiness" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.33332999982 -j KUBE-SEP-RKIFTWKKG3OHTTMI --A KUBE-SVC-LI77LBOOMGYET5US -m comment --comment "default/showreadiness:showreadiness" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.50000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-CGDKBCNM24SZWCMS --A KUBE-SVC-LI77LBOOMGYET5US -m comment --comment "default/showreadiness:showreadiness" -j KUBE-SEP-RI4SRNQQXWSTGE2Y - -``` - -So kube-proxy creates a **lot** of iptables rules. What does that mean? What are the implications of that in for my network? There’s a great talk from Huawei called [Scale Kubernetes to Support 50,000 services][14] that says if you have 5,000 services in your kubernetes cluster, it takes **11 minutes** to add a new rule. If that happened to your real cluster I think it would be very bad. - -I definitely don’t have 5,000 services in my cluster, but 5,000 isn’t SUCH a bit number. The proposal they give to solve this problem is to replace this iptables backend for kube-proxy with IPVS which is a load balancer that lives in the Linux kernel. - -It seems like kube-proxy is going in the direction of various Linux kernel based load balancers. I think this is partly because they support UDP load balancing, and other load balancers (like HAProxy) don’t support UDP load balancing. - -But I feel comfortable with HAProxy! Is it possible to replace kube-proxy with HAProxy! I googled this and I found this [thread on kubernetes-sig-network][15] saying: - -> kube-proxy is so awesome, we have used in production for almost a year, it works well most of time, but as we have more and more services in our cluster, we found it was getting hard to debug and maintain. There is no iptables expert in our team, we do have HAProxy&LVS experts, as we have used these for several years, so we decided to replace this distributed proxy with a centralized HAProxy. I think this maybe useful for some other people who are considering using HAProxy with kubernetes, so we just update this project and make it open source: [https://github.com/AdoHe/kube2haproxy][5]. If you found it’s useful , please take a look and give a try. - -So that’s an interesting option! I definitely don’t have answers here, but, some thoughts: - -* Load balancers are complicated - -* DNS is also complicated - -* If you already have a lot of experience operating one kind of load balancer (like HAProxy), it might make sense to do some extra work to use that instead of starting to use an entirely new kind of load balancer (like kube-proxy) - -* I’ve been thinking about where we want to be using kube-proxy or kube-dns at all – I think instead it might be better to just invest in Envoy and rely entirely on Envoy for all load balancing & service discovery. So then you just need to be good at operating Envoy. - -As you can see my thoughts on how to operate your Kubernetes internal proxies are still pretty confused and I’m still not super experienced with them. It’s totally possible that kube-proxy and kube-dns are fine and that they will just work fine but I still find it helpful to think through what some of the implications of using them are (for example “you can’t have 5,000 Kubernetes services”). - -### Ingress - -If you’re running a Kubernetes cluster, it’s pretty likely that you actually need HTTP requests to get into your cluster so far. This blog post is already too long and I don’t know much about ingress yet so we’re not going to talk about that. - -### Useful links - -A couple of useful links, to summarize: - -* [The Kubernetes networking model][6] - -* How GKE networking works: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2bhV81MfKQ][7] - -* The aforementioned talk on `kube-proxy` performance: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-pawkiazEg][8] - -### I think networking operations is important - -My sense of all this Kubernetes networking software is that it’s all still quite new and I’m not sure we (as a community) really know how to operate all of it well. This makes me worried as an operator because I really want my network to keep working! :) Also I feel like as an organization running your own Kubernetes cluster you need to make a pretty large investment into making sure you understand all the pieces so that you can fix things when they break. Which isn’t a bad thing, it’s just a thing. - -My plan right now is just to keep learning about how things work and reduce the number of moving parts I need to worry about as much as possible. - -As usual I hope this was helpful and I would very much like to know what I got wrong in this post! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2017/10/10/operating-a-kubernetes-network/ - -作者：[Julia Evans ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://jvns.ca/about -[1]:http://blog.sophaskins.net/blog/misadventures-with-kube-dns/ -[2]:https://github.com/coreos/flannel/pull/808 -[3]:https://github.com/coreos/flannel/pull/803 -[4]:https://github.com/coreos/flannel/issues/610 -[5]:https://github.com/AdoHe/kube2haproxy -[6]:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/#kubernetes-model -[7]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2bhV81MfKQ -[8]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-pawkiazEg -[9]:https://jvns.ca/categories/kubernetes -[10]:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/#kubernetes-model -[11]:https://github.com/kelseyhightower/kubernetes-the-hard-way/blob/master/docs/11-pod-network-routes.md -[12]:https://github.com/coreos/flannel/tree/master/backend/vxlan -[13]:https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/37932 -[14]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-pawkiazEg -[15]:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/kubernetes-sig-network/3NlBVbTUUU0 diff --git a/translated/tech/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md b/translated/tech/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ef7bb6b888 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20171010 Operating a Kubernetes network.md @@ -0,0 +1,216 @@ +运营一个 Kubernetes 网络 +============================================================ + +最近我一直在研究 Kubernetes 网络。我注意到一件事情就是，虽然关于如何设置 Kubernetes 网络的文章很多，也写得很不错，但是却没有看到关于如何去运营 Kubernetes 网络的文章、以及如何完全确保它不会给你造成生产事故。 + +在本文中，我将尽力让你相信三件事情（我觉得这些都很合理 :)）： + +* 避免生产系统网络中断非常重要 + +* 运营联网软件是很难的 + +* 有关你的网络基础设施的重要变化值得深思熟虑，以及这种变化对可靠性的影响。虽然非常“牛x”的谷歌人常说“这是我们在谷歌正在用的”（谷歌工程师在 Kubernetes 上正做着很重大的工作！但是我认为重要的仍然是研究架构，并确保它对你的组织有意义）。 + +我肯定不是 Kubernetes 网络方面的专家，但是我在配置 Kubernetes 网络时遇到了一些问题，并且比以前更加了解 Kubernetes 网络了。 + +### 运营联网软件是很难的 + +在这里，我并不讨论有关运营物理网络的话题（对于它我不懂），而是讨论关于如何让像 DNS 服务、负载均衡以及代理这样的软件正常工作方面的内容。 + +我在一个负责很多网络基础设施的团队工作过一年时间，并且因此学到了一些运营网络基础设施的知识！（显然我还有很多的知识需要继续学习）在我们开始之前有三个整体看法： + +* 联网软件经常重度依赖 Linux 内核。因此除了正确配置软件之外，你还需要确保许多不同的系统控制（sysctl）配置正确，而一个错误配置的系统控制就很容易让你处于“一切都很好”和“到处都出问题”的差别中。 + +* 联网需求会随时间而发生变化（比如，你的 DNS 查询或许比上一年多了五倍！或者你的 DNS 服务器突然开始返回 TCP 协议的 DNS 响应而不是 UDP 的，它们是完全不同的内核负载！）。这意味着之前正常工作的软件突然开始出现问题。 + +* 修复一个生产网络的问题，你必须有足够的经验。（例如，看这篇 [由 Sophie Haskins 写的关于 kube-dns 问题调试的文章][1]）我在网络调试方面比以前进步多了，但那也是我花费了大量时间研究 Linux 网络知识之后的事了。 + +我距离成为一名网络运营专家还差得很远，但是我认为以下几点很重要： + +1. 对生产网络的基础设施做重要的更改是很难得的（因为它会产生巨大的混乱） + +2. 当你对网络基础设施做重大更改时，真的应该仔细考虑如果新网络基础设施失败该如何处理 + +3. 是否有很多人都能理解你的网络配置 + +切换到 Kubernetes 显然是个非常大的更改！因此，我们来讨论一下可能会导致错误的地方！ + +### Kubernetes 网络组件 + +在本文中我们将要讨论的 Kubernetes 网络组件有： + +* 网络覆盖后端（像 flannel/calico/weave 网络/romana） + +* `kube-dns` + +* `kube-proxy` + +* 入站控制器 / 负载均衡器 + +* `kubelet` + +如果你打算配置 HTTP 服务，或许这些你都会用到。这些组件中的大部分我都不会用到，但是我尽可能去理解它们，因此，本文将涉及它们有关的内容。 + +### 最简化的方式：为所有容器使用宿主机网络 + +我们从你能做到的最简单的东西开始。这并不能让你在 Kubernetes 中运行 HTTP 服务。我认为它是非常安全的，因为在这里面可以让你动的东西很少。 + +如果你为所有容器使用宿主机网络，我认为需要你去做的全部事情仅有： + +1. 配置 kubelet，以便于容器内部正确配置 DNS + +2. 没了，就这些！ + +如果你为每个 Pod 直接使用宿主机网络，那就不需要 kube-dns 或者 kube-proxy 了。你都不需要一个作为基础的覆盖网络。 + +这种配置方式中，你的 pod 们都可以连接到外部网络（同样的方式，你的宿主机上的任何进程都可以与外部网络对话），但外部网络不能连接到你的 pod 们。 + +这并不是最重要的（我认为大多数人想在 Kubernetes 中运行 HTTP 服务并与这些服务进行真实的通讯），但我认为有趣的是，从某种程度上来说，网络的复杂性并不是绝对需要的，并且有时候你不用这么复杂的网络就可以实现你的需要。如果可以的话，尽可能地避免让网络过于复杂。 + +### 运营一个覆盖网络 + +我们将要讨论的第一个网络组件是有关覆盖网络的。Kubernetes 假设每个 pod 都有一个 IP 地址，这样你就可以与那个 pod 中的服务进行通讯了。我在说到“覆盖网络”这个词时，指的就是这个意思（“让你通过它的 IP 地址指向到 pod 的系统）。 + +所有其它的 Kubernetes 网络的东西都依赖正确工作的覆盖网络。更多关于它的内容，你可以读 [这里的 kubernetes 网络模型][10]。 + +Kelsey Hightower 在 [kubernetes the hard way][11] 中描述的方式看起来似乎很好，但是，事实上它的作法在超过 50 个节点的 AWS 上是行不通的，因此，我不打算讨论它了。 + +有许多覆盖网络后端（calico、flannel、weaveworks、romana）并且规划非常混乱。就我的观点来看，我认为一个覆盖网络有 2 个职责： + +1. 确保你的 pod 能够发送网络请求到外部的集群 + +2. 保持一个到子网络的稳定的节点映射，并且保持集群中每个节点都可以使用那个映射得以更新。当添加和删除节点时，能够做出正确的反应。 + +Okay! 因此！你的覆盖网络可能会出现的问题是什么呢？ + +* 覆盖网络负责设置 iptables 规则（最基本的是 `iptables -A -t nat POSTROUTING -s $SUBNET -j MASQUERADE`），以确保那个容器能够向 Kubernetes 之外发出网络请求。如果在这个规则上有错误，你的容器就不能连接到外部网络。这并不很难（它只是几条 iptables 规则而已），但是它非常重要。我发起了一个 [pull request][2]，因为我想确保它有很好的弹性。 + +* 添加或者删除节点时可能会有错误。我们使用 `flannel hostgw` 后端，我们开始使用它的时候，节点删除 [尚未开始工作][3]。 + +* 你的覆盖网络或许依赖一个分布式数据库（etcd）。如果那个数据库发生什么问题，这将导致覆盖网络发生问题。例如，[https://github.com/coreos/flannel/issues/610][4] 上说，如果在你的 `flannel etcd` 集群上丢失了数据，最后的结果将是在容器中网络连接会丢失。（现在这个问题已经被修复了） + +* 你升级 Docker 以及其它东西导致的崩溃 + +* 还有更多的其它的可能性！ + +我在这里主要讨论的是过去发生在 Flannel 中的问题，但是我并不是要承诺不去使用 Flannel —— 事实上我很喜欢 Flannel，因为我觉得它很简单（比如，类似 [vxlan 在后端这一块的部分][12] 只有 500 行代码），并且我觉得对我来说，通过代码来找出问题的根源成为了可能。并且很显然，它在不断地改进。他们在审查 `pull requests` 方面做的很好。 + +到目前为止，我运营覆盖网络的方法是： + +* 学习它的工作原理的详细内容以及如何去调试它（比如，Flannel 用于创建路由的 hostgw 网络后端，因此，你只需要使用 `sudo ip route list` 命令去查看它是否正确即可） + +* 如果需要的话，维护一个内部构建版本，这样打补丁比较容易 + +* 有问题时，向上游贡献补丁 + +我认为去遍历所有已合并的 PR 以及过去已修复的 bug 清单真的是非常有帮助的 —— 这需要花费一些时间，但这是得到一个其它人遇到的各种问题的清单的好方法。 + +对其他人来说，他们的覆盖网络可能工作的很好，但是我并不能从中得到任何经验，并且我也曾听说过其他人报告类似的问题。如果你有一个类似配置的覆盖网络：a) 在 AWS 上并且 b) 在多于 50-100 节点上运行，我想知道你运营这样的一个网络有多大的把握。 + +### 运营 kube-proxy 和 kube-dns？ + +现在，我有一些关于运营覆盖网络的想法，我们来讨论一下。 + +这个标题的最后面有一个问号，那是因为我并没有真的去运营过。在这里我还有更多的问题要问答。 + +这里的 Kubernetes 服务是如何工作的！一个服务是一群 pod 们，它们中的每个都有自己的 IP 地址（像 10.1.0.3、10.2.3.5、10.3.5.6 这样） + +1. 每个 Kubernetes 服务有一个 IP 地址（像 10.23.1.2 这样） + +2. `kube-dns` 去解析 Kubernetes 服务 DNS 名字为 IP 地址（因此，my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster.local 可能映射到 10.23.1.2 上） + +3. `kube-proxy` 配置 `iptables` 规则是为了在它们之间随机进行均衡负载。Kube-proxy 也有一个用户空间的轮询负载均衡器，但是在我的印象中，他们并不推荐使用它。 + +因此，当你发出一个请求到 `my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster.local` 时，它将解析为 10.23.1.2，然后，在你本地主机上的 `iptables` 规则（由 kube-proxy 生成）将随机重定向到 10.1.0.3 或者 10.2.3.5 或者 10.3.5.6 中的一个上。 + +在这个过程中我能想像出的可能出问题的地方： + +* `kube-dns` 配置错误 + +* `kube-proxy` 挂了，以致于你的 `iptables` 规则没有得以更新 + +* 维护大量的 `iptables` 规则相关的一些问题 + +我们来讨论一下 `iptables` 规则，因为创建大量的 `iptables` 规则是我以前从没有听过的事情！ + +kube-proxy 像如下这样为每个目标主机创建一个 `iptables` 规则：这些规则来自 [这里][13]） + +``` +-A KUBE-SVC-LI77LBOOMGYET5US -m comment --comment "default/showreadiness:showreadiness" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.20000000019 -j KUBE-SEP-E4QKA7SLJRFZZ2DD[b][c] +-A KUBE-SVC-LI77LBOOMGYET5US -m comment --comment "default/showreadiness:showreadiness" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.25000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-LZ7EGMG4DRXMY26H +-A KUBE-SVC-LI77LBOOMGYET5US -m comment --comment "default/showreadiness:showreadiness" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.33332999982 -j KUBE-SEP-RKIFTWKKG3OHTTMI +-A KUBE-SVC-LI77LBOOMGYET5US -m comment --comment "default/showreadiness:showreadiness" -m statistic --mode random --probability 0.50000000000 -j KUBE-SEP-CGDKBCNM24SZWCMS +-A KUBE-SVC-LI77LBOOMGYET5US -m comment --comment "default/showreadiness:showreadiness" -j KUBE-SEP-RI4SRNQQXWSTGE2Y + +``` + +因此，kube-proxy 创建了许多 `iptables` 规则。它们都是什么意思？它对我的网络有什么样的影响？这里有一个来自华为的非常好的演讲，它叫做 [支持 50,000 个服务的可伸缩 Kubernetes][14]，它说如果在你的 Kubernetes 集群中有 5,000 服务，增加一个新规则，将需要 **11 分钟**。如果这种事情发生在真实的集群中，我认为这将是一件非常糟糕的事情。 + +在我的集群中肯定不会有 5,000 个服务，但是 5,000 并不是那么大的一个数字。为解决这个问题，他们给出的解决方案是 kube-proxy 用 IPVS 来替换这个 `iptables` 后端，IPVS 是存在于 Linux 内核中的一个负载均衡器。 + +看起来，像 kube-proxy 正趋向于使用各种基于 Linux 内核的负载均衡器。我认为这只是一定程度上是这样，因为他们支持 UDP 负载均衡，而其它类型的负载均衡器（像 HAProxy）并不支持 UDP 负载均衡。 + +但是，我觉得使用 HAProxy 更舒服！它能够用于去替换 kube-proxy！我用谷歌搜索了一下，然后发现了这个 [thread on kubernetes-sig-network][15]，它说： + +> kube-proxy 是很难用的，我们在生产系统中使用它近一年了，它在大部分的时间都表现的很好，但是，随着我们集群中的服务越来越多，我们发现它的排错和维护工作越来越难。在我们的团队中没有 iptables 方面的专家，我们只有 HAProxy&LVS 方面的专家，由于我们已经使用它们好几年了，因此我们决定使用一个中心化的 HAProxy 去替换分布式的代理。我觉得这可能会对在 Kubernetes 中使用 HAProxy 的其他人有用，因此，我们更新了这个项目，并将它开源：[https://github.com/AdoHe/kube2haproxy][5]。如果你发现它有用，你可以去看一看、试一试。 + +因此，那是一个有趣的选择！我在这里确实没有答案，但是，有一些想法： + +* 负载均衡器是很复杂的 + +* DNS 也很复杂 + +* 如果你有运营某种类型的负载均衡器（比如 HAProxy）的经验，与其使用一个全新的负载均衡器（比如 kube-proxy），还不如做一些额外的工作去使用你熟悉的那个来替换，或许更有意义。 + +* 我一直在考虑，我们希望在什么地方能够完全使用 kube-proxy 或者 kube-dns —— 我认为，最好是只在 Envoy 上投入，并且在负载均衡&服务发现上完全依赖 Envoy 来做。因此，你只需要将 Envoy 运营好就可以了。 + +正如你所看到的，我在关于如何运营 Kubernetes 中的内部代理方面的思路还是很混乱的，并且我也没有使用它们的太多经验。总体上来说，kube-proxy 和 kube-dns 还是很好的，也能够很好地工作，但是我仍然认为应该去考虑使用它们可能产生的一些问题（例如，”你不能有超出 5000 的 Kubernetes 服务“）。 + +### 入口 + +如果你正在运行着一个 Kubernetes 集群，那么到目前为止，很有可能的是，你事实上需要 HTTP 请求去进入到你的集群中。这篇博客已经太长了，并且关于入口我知道的也不多，因此，我们将不讨论关于入口的内容。 + +### 有用的链接 + +几个有用的链接，总结如下： + +* [Kubernetes 网络模型][6] + +* GKE 网络是如何工作的：[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2bhV81MfKQ][7] + +* 上述的有关 `kube-proxy` 上性能的讨论：[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-pawkiazEg][8] + +### 我认为网络运营很重要 + +我对 Kubernetes 的所有这些联网软件的感觉是，它们都仍然是非常新的，并且我并不能确定我们（作为一个社区）真的知道如何去把它们运营好。这让我作为一个操作者感到很焦虑，因为我真的想让我的网络运行的很好！:) 而且我觉得作为一个组织，运行你自己的 Kubernetes 集群需要相当大的投入，以确保你理解所有的代码片段，这样当它们出现问题时你可以去修复它们。这不是一件坏事，它只是一个事而已。 + +我现在的计划是，继续不断地学习关于它们都是如何工作的，以尽可能多地减少对我动过的那些部分的担忧。 + +一如继往，我希望这篇文章对你有帮助，并且如果我在这篇文章中有任何的错误，我非常喜欢你告诉我。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2017/10/10/operating-a-kubernetes-network/ + +作者：[Julia Evans ][a] +译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://jvns.ca/about +[1]:http://blog.sophaskins.net/blog/misadventures-with-kube-dns/ +[2]:https://github.com/coreos/flannel/pull/808 +[3]:https://github.com/coreos/flannel/pull/803 +[4]:https://github.com/coreos/flannel/issues/610 +[5]:https://github.com/AdoHe/kube2haproxy +[6]:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/#kubernetes-model +[7]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2bhV81MfKQ +[8]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-pawkiazEg +[9]:https://jvns.ca/categories/kubernetes +[10]:https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/#kubernetes-model +[11]:https://github.com/kelseyhightower/kubernetes-the-hard-way/blob/master/docs/11-pod-network-routes.md +[12]:https://github.com/coreos/flannel/tree/master/backend/vxlan +[13]:https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/37932 +[14]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-pawkiazEg +[15]:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/kubernetes-sig-network/3NlBVbTUUU0