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joeren
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
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Defending the Free Linux World
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================================================================================
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**Co-opetition is a part of open source. The Open Invention Network model allows companies to decide where they will compete and where they will collaborate, explained OIN CEO Keith Bergelt. As open source evolved, "we had to create channels for collaboration. Otherwise, we would have hundreds of entities spending billions of dollars on the same technology."**
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The [Open Invention Network][1], or OIN, is waging a global campaign to keep Linux out of harm's way in patent litigation. Its efforts have resulted in more than 1,000 companies joining forces to become the largest defense patent management organization in history.
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The Open Invention Network was created in 2005 as a white hat organization to protect Linux from license assaults. It has considerable financial backing from original board members that include Google, IBM, NEC, Novell, Philips, [Red Hat][2] and Sony. Organizations worldwide have joined the OIN community by signing the free OIN license.
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Organizers founded the Open Invention Network as a bold endeavor to leverage intellectual property to protect Linux. Its business model was difficult to comprehend. It asked its members to take a royalty-free license and forever forgo the chance to sue other members over their Linux-oriented intellectual property.
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However, the surge in Linux adoptions since then -- think server and cloud platforms -- has made protecting Linux intellectual property a critically necessary strategy.
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Over the past year or so, there has been a shift in the Linux landscape. OIN is doing a lot less talking to people about what the organization is and a lot less explaining why Linux needs protection. There is now a global awareness of the centrality of Linux, according to Keith Bergelt, CEO of OIN.
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"We have seen a culture shift to recognizing how OIN benefits collaboration," he told LinuxInsider.
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### How It Works ###
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The Open Invention Network uses patents to create a collaborative environment. This approach helps ensure the continuation of innovation that has benefited software vendors, customers, emerging markets and investors.
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Patents owned by Open Invention Network are available royalty-free to any company, institution or individual. All that is required to qualify is the signer's agreement not to assert its patents against the Linux system.
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OIN ensures the openness of the Linux source code. This allows programmers, equipment vendors, independent software vendors and institutions to invest in and use Linux without excessive worry about intellectual property issues. This makes it more economical for companies to repackage, embed and use Linux.
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"With the diffusion of copyright licenses, the need for OIN licenses becomes more acute. People are now looking for a simpler or more utilitarian solution," said Bergelt.
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OIN legal defenses are free of charge to members. Members commit to not initiating patent litigation against the software in OIN's list. They also agree to offer their own patents in defense of that software. Ultimately, these commitments result in access to hundreds of thousands of patents cross-licensed by the network, Bergelt explained.
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### Closing the Legal Loopholes ###
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"What OIN is doing is very essential. It offers another layer of IP protection, said Greg R. Vetter, associate professor of law at the [University of Houston Law Center][3].
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Version 2 of the GPL license is thought by some to provide an implied patent license, but lawyers always feel better with an explicit license, he told LinuxInsider.
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What OIN provides is something that bridges that gap. It also provides explicit coverage of the Linux kernel. An explicit patent license is not necessarily part of the GPLv2, but it was added in GPLv3, according to Vetter.
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Take the case of a code writer who produces 10,000 lines of code under GPLv3, for example. Over time, other code writers contribute many more lines of code, which adds to the IP. The software patent license provisions in GPLv3 would protect the use of the entire code base under all of the participating contributors' patents, Vetter said.
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### Not Quite the Same ###
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Patents and licenses are overlapping legal constructs. Figuring out how the two entities work with open source software can be like traversing a minefield.
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"Licenses are legal constructs granting additional rights based on, typically, patent and copyright laws. Licenses are thought to give a permission to do something that might otherwise be infringement of someone else's IP rights," Vetter said.
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Many free and open source licenses (such as the Mozilla Public License, the GNU GPLv3, and the Apache Software License) incorporate some form of reciprocal patent rights clearance. Older licenses like BSD and MIT do not mention patents, Vetter pointed out.
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A software license gives someone else certain rights to use the code the programmer created. Copyright to establish ownership is automatic, as soon as someone writes or draws something original. However, copyright covers only that particular expression and derivative works. It does not cover code functionality or ideas for use.
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Patents cover functionality. Patent rights also can be licensed. A copyright may not protect how someone independently developed implementation of another's code, but a patent fills this niche, Vetter explained.
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### Looking for Safe Passage ###
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The mixing of license and patent legalities can appear threatening to open source developers. For some, even the GPL qualifies as threatening, according to William Hurley, cofounder of [Chaotic Moon Studios][4] and [IEEE][5] Computer Society member.
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"Way back in the day, open source was a different world. Driven by mutual respect and a view of code as art, not property, things were far more open than they are today. I believe that many efforts set upon with the best of intentions almost always end up bearing unintended consequences," Hurley told LinuxInsider.
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Surpassing the 1,000-member mark might carry a mixed message about the significance of intellectual property right protection, he suggested. It might just continue to muddy the already murky waters of today's open source ecosystem.
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"At the end of the day, this shows some of the common misconceptions around intellectual property. Having thousands of developers does not decrease risk -- it increases it. The more developers licensing the patents, the more valuable they appear to be," Hurley said. "The more valuable they appear to be, the more likely someone with similar patents or other intellectual property will try to take advantage and extract value for their own financial gain."
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### Sharing While Competing ###
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Co-opetition is a part of open source. The OIN model allows companies to decide where they will compete and where they will collaborate, explained Bergelt.
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"Many of the changes in the evolution of open source in terms of process have moved us into a different direction. We had to create channels for collaboration. Otherwise, we would have hundreds of entities spending billions of dollars on the same technology," he said.
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A glaring example of this is the early evolution of the cellphone industry. Multiple standards were put forward by multiple companies. There was no sharing and no collaboration, noted Bergelt.
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"That damaged our ability to access technology by seven to 10 years in the U.S. Our experience with devices was far behind what everybody else in the world had. We were complacent with GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) while we were waiting for CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)," he said.
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### Changing Landscape ###
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OIN experienced a growth surge of 400 new licensees in the last year. That is indicative of a new trend involving open source.
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"The marketplace reached a critical mass where finally people within organizations recognized the need to explicitly collaborate and to compete. The result is doing both at the same time. This can be messy and taxing," Bergelt said.
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However, it is a sustainable transformation driven by a cultural shift in how people think about collaboration and competition. It is also a shift in how people are embracing open source -- and Linux in particular -- as the lead project in the open source community, he explained.
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One indication is that most significant new projects are not being developed under the GPLv3 license.
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### Two Better Than One ###
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"The GPL is incredibly important, but the reality is there are a number of licensing models being used. The relative addressability of patent issues is generally far lower in Eclipse and Apache and Berkeley licenses that it is in GPLv3," said Bergelt.
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GPLv3 is a natural complement for addressing patent issues -- but the GPL is not sufficient on its own to address the issues of potential conflicts around the use of patents. So OIN is designed as a complement to copyright licenses, he added.
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However, the overlap of patent and license may not do much good. In the end, patents are for offensive purposes -- not defensive -- in almost every case, Bergelt suggested.
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"If you are not prepared to take legal action against others, then a patent may not be the best form of legal protection for your intellectual properties," he said. "We now live in a world where the misconceptions around software, both open and proprietary, combined with an ill-conceived and outdated patent system, leave us floundering as an industry and stifling innovation on a daily basis," he said.
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### Court of Last Resort ###
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It would be nice to think the presence of OIN has dampened a flood of litigation, Bergelt said, or at the very least, that OIN's presence is neutralizing specific threats.
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"We are getting people to lay down their arms, so to say. At the same time, we are creating a new cultural norm. Once you buy into patent nonaggression in this model, the correlative effect is to encourage collaboration," he observed.
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If you are committed to collaboration, you tend not to rush to litigation as a first response. Instead, you think in terms of how can we enable you to use what we have and make some money out of it while we use what you have, Bergelt explained.
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"OIN is a multilateral solution. It encourages signers to create bilateral agreements," he said. "That makes litigation the last course of action. That is where it should be."
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### Bottom Line ###
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OIN is working to prevent Linux patent challenges, Bergelt is convinced. There has not been litigation in this space involving Linux.
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The only thing that comes close are the mobile wars with Microsoft, which focus on elements high in the stack. Those legal challenges may be designed to raise the cost of ownership involving the use of Linux products, Bergelt noted.
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Still, "these are not Linux-related law suits," he said. "They do not focus on what is core to Linux. They focus on what is in the Linux system."
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|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
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via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/Defending-the-Free-Linux-World-81512.html
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作者：Jack M. Germain
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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|
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[1]:http://www.openinventionnetwork.com/
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[2]:http://www.redhat.com/
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[3]:http://www.law.uh.edu/
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[4]:http://www.chaoticmoon.com/
|
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[5]:http://www.ieee.org/
|
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@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
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Fix No Bootable Device Found Error After Installing Ubuntu
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================================================================================
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Usually, I dual boot Ubuntu and Windows but this time I decided to go for a clean Ubuntu installation i.e. eliminating Windows completely. After the clean install of Ubuntu, I ended up with a screen saying **no bootable device found** instead of the Grub screen. Clearly, the installation messed up with the UEFI boot settings.
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I am going to show you how I fixed **no bootable device found error after installing Ubuntu in Acer laptops**. It is important that I mention that I am using Acer Aspire R13 because we have to change things in firmware settings and those settings might look different from manufacturer to manufacturer and from device to device.
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||||
So before you go on trying the steps mentioned here, let’s first see what state my computer was in during this error:
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- My Acer Aspire R13 came preinstalled with Windows 8.1 and with UEFI boot manager
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- Secure boot was not turned off (my laptop has just come from repair and the service guy had put the secure boot on again, I did not know until I ran up in the problem). You can read this post to know [how disable secure boot in Acer laptops][1]
|
||||
- I chose to install Ubuntu by erasing everything i.e. existing Windows 8.1, various partitions etc.
|
||||
- After installing Ubuntu, I saw no bootable device found error while booting from the hard disk. Booting from live USB worked just fine
|
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|
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In my opinion, not disabling the secure boot was the reason of this error. However, I have no data to backup my claim. It is just a hunch. Interestingly, dual booting Windows and Linux often ends up in common Grub issues like these two:
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- [error: no such partition grub rescue][2]
|
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- [Minimal BASH like line editing is supported][3]
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If you are in similar situation, you can try the fix which worked for me.
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### Fix no bootable device found error after installing Ubuntu ###
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Pardon me for poor quality images. My OnePlus camera seems to be not very happy with my laptop screen.
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#### Step 1 ####
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Turn the power off and boot into boot settings. I had to press Fn+F2 (to press F2 key) on Acer Aspire R13 quickly. You have to be very quick with it if you are using SSD hard disk because SSDs are very fast in booting. Depending upon your manufacturer/model, you might need to use Del or F10 or F12 keys.
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||||
#### Step 2 ####
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||||
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In the boot settings, make sure that Secure Boot is turned on. It should be under the Boot tab.
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#### Step 3 ####
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||||
Go to Security tab and look for “Select an UEFI file as trusted for executing” and click enter.
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|
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Just for your information, what we are going to do here is to add the UEFI settings file (it was generated while Ubuntu installation) among the trusted UEFI boots in your device. If you remember, UEFI boot’s main aim is to provide security and since Secure Boot was not disabled (perhaps) the device did not intend to boot from the newly installed OS. Adding it as trusted, kind of whitelisting, will let the device boot from the Ubuntu UEFI file.
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||||
#### Step 4 ####
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||||
You should see your hard disk like HDD0 etc here. If you have more than one hard disk, I hope you remember where did you install Ubuntu. Press Enter here as well.
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|
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||||
#### Step 5 ####
|
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|
||||
You should see <EFI> here. Press enter.
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 6 ####
|
||||
|
||||
You’ll see <Ubuntu> in next screen. Don’t get impatient, you are almost there
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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||||
#### Step 7 ####
|
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|
||||
You’ll see shimx64.efi, grubx64.efi and MokManager.efi file here. The important one is shimx64.efi here. Select it and click enter.
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
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In next screen, type Yes and click enter.
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
#### Step 8 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Once we have added it as trused EFI file to be executed, press F10 to save and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Reboot your system and this time you should be seeing the familiar Grub screen. Even if you do not see Grub screen, you should at least not be seeing “no bootable device found” screen anymore. You should be able to boot into Ubuntu.
|
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|
||||
If your Grub screen was messed up after the fix but you got to login into it, you can reinstall Grub to boot into the familiar purple Grub screen of Ubuntu.
|
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|
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I hope this tutorial helped you to fix no bootable device found error. Any questions or suggestions or a word of thanks is always welcomed.
|
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|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/no-bootable-device-found-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/disable-secure-boot-in-acer/
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/solve-error-partition-grub-rescue-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[3]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-minimal-bash-line-editing-supported-grub-error-linux/
|
||||
@@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
|
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ictlyh Translating
|
||||
Part 5 - How to Manage System Logs (Configure, Rotate and Import Into Database) in RHEL 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In order to keep your RHEL 7 systems secure, you need to know how to monitor all of the activities that take place on such systems by examining log files. Thus, you will be able to detect any unusual or potentially malicious activity and perform system troubleshooting or take another appropriate action.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RHCE Exam: Manage System LogsUsing Rsyslogd and Logrotate – Part 5
|
||||
|
||||
In RHEL 7, the [rsyslogd][1] daemon is responsible for system logging and reads its configuration from /etc/rsyslog.conf (this file specifies the default location for all system logs) and from files inside /etc/rsyslog.d, if any.
|
||||
|
||||
### Rsyslogd Configuration ###
|
||||
|
||||
A quick inspection of the [rsyslog.conf][2] will be helpful to start. This file is divided into 3 main sections: Modules (since rsyslog follows a modular design), Global directives (used to set global properties of the rsyslogd daemon), and Rules. As you will probably guess, this last section indicates what gets logged or shown (also known as the selector) and where, and will be our focus throughout this article.
|
||||
|
||||
A typical line in rsyslog.conf is as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Rsyslogd Configuration
|
||||
|
||||
In the image above, we can see that a selector consists of one or more pairs Facility:Priority separated by semicolons, where Facility describes the type of message (refer to [section 4.1.1 in RFC 3164][3] to see the complete list of facilities available for rsyslog) and Priority indicates its severity, which can be one of the following self-explanatory words:
|
||||
|
||||
- debug
|
||||
- info
|
||||
- notice
|
||||
- warning
|
||||
- err
|
||||
- crit
|
||||
- alert
|
||||
- emerg
|
||||
|
||||
Though not a priority itself, the keyword none means no priority at all of the given facility.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: That a given priority indicates that all messages of such priority and above should be logged. Thus, the line in the example above instructs the rsyslogd daemon to log all messages of priority info or higher (regardless of the facility) except those belonging to mail, authpriv, and cron services (no messages coming from this facilities will be taken into account) to /var/log/messages.
|
||||
|
||||
You can also group multiple facilities using the colon sign to apply the same priority to all of them. Thus, the line:
|
||||
|
||||
*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none /var/log/messages
|
||||
|
||||
Could be rewritten as
|
||||
|
||||
*.info;mail,authpriv,cron.none /var/log/messages
|
||||
|
||||
In other words, the facilities mail, authpriv, and cron are grouped and the keyword none is applied to the three of them.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Creating a custom log file ####
|
||||
|
||||
To log all daemon messages to /var/log/tecmint.log, we need to add the following line either in rsyslog.conf or in a separate file (easier to manage) inside /etc/rsyslog.d:
|
||||
|
||||
daemon.* /var/log/tecmint.log
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s restart the daemon (note that the service name does not end with a d):
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart rsyslog
|
||||
|
||||
And check the contents of our custom log before and after restarting two random daemons:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Create Custom Log File
|
||||
|
||||
As a self-study exercise, I would recommend you play around with the facilities and priorities and either log additional messages to existing log files or create new ones as in the previous example.
|
||||
|
||||
### Rotating Logs using Logrotate ###
|
||||
|
||||
To prevent log files from growing endlessly, the logrotate utility is used to rotate, compress, remove, and alternatively mail logs, thus easing the administration of systems that generate large numbers of log files.
|
||||
|
||||
Logrotate runs daily as a cron job (/etc/cron.daily/logrotate) and reads its configuration from /etc/logrotate.conf and from files located in /etc/logrotate.d, if any.
|
||||
|
||||
As with the case of rsyslog, even when you can include settings for specific services in the main file, creating separate configuration files for each one will help organize your settings better.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s take a look at a typical logrotate.conf:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Logrotate Configuration
|
||||
|
||||
In the example above, logrotate will perform the following actions for /var/loh/wtmp: attempt to rotate only once a month, but only if the file is at least 1 MB in size, then create a brand new log file with permissions set to 0664 and ownership given to user root and group utmp. Next, only keep one archived log, as specified by the rotate directive:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Logrotate Logs Monthly
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s now consider another example as found in /etc/logrotate.d/httpd:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Rotate Apache Log Files
|
||||
|
||||
You can read more about the settings for logrotate in its man pages ([man logrotate][4] and [man logrotate.conf][5]). Both files are provided along with this article in PDF format for your reading convenience.
|
||||
|
||||
As a system engineer, it will be pretty much up to you to decide for how long logs will be stored and in what format, depending on whether you have /var in a separate partition / logical volume. Otherwise, you really want to consider removing old logs to save storage space. On the other hand, you may be forced to keep several logs for future security auditing according to your company’s or client’s internal policies.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Saving Logs to a Database ####
|
||||
|
||||
Of course examining logs (even with the help of tools such as grep and regular expressions) can become a rather tedious task. For that reason, rsyslog allows us to export them into a database (OTB supported RDBMS include MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, and Oracle.
|
||||
|
||||
This section of the tutorial assumes that you have already installed the MariaDB server and client in the same RHEL 7 box where the logs are being managed:
|
||||
|
||||
# yum update && yum install mariadb mariadb-server mariadb-client rsyslog-mysql
|
||||
# systemctl enable mariadb && systemctl start mariadb
|
||||
|
||||
Then use the `mysql_secure_installation` utility to set the password for the root user and other security considerations:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Secure MySQL Database
|
||||
|
||||
Note: If you don’t want to use the MariaDB root user to insert log messages to the database, you can configure another user account to do so. Explaining how to do that is out of the scope of this tutorial but is explained in detail in [MariaDB knowledge][6] base. In this tutorial we will use the root account for simplicity.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, download the createDB.sql script from [GitHub][7] and import it into your database server:
|
||||
|
||||
# mysql -u root -p < createDB.sql
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Save Server Logs to Database
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, add the following lines to /etc/rsyslog.conf:
|
||||
|
||||
$ModLoad ommysql
|
||||
$ActionOmmysqlServerPort 3306
|
||||
*.* :ommysql:localhost,Syslog,root,YourPasswordHere
|
||||
|
||||
Restart rsyslog and the database server:
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart rsyslog
|
||||
# systemctl restart mariadb
|
||||
|
||||
#### Querying the Logs using SQL syntax ####
|
||||
|
||||
Now perform some tasks that will modify the logs (like stopping and starting services, for example), then log to your DB server and use standard SQL commands to display and search in the logs:
|
||||
|
||||
USE Syslog;
|
||||
SELECT ReceivedAt, Message FROM SystemEvents;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Query Logs in Database
|
||||
|
||||
### Summary ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we have explained how to set up system logging, how to rotate logs, and how to redirect the messages to a database for easier search. We hope that these skills will be helpful as you prepare for the [RHCE exam][8] and in your daily responsibilities as well.
|
||||
|
||||
As always, your feedback is more than welcome. Feel free to use the form below to reach us.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/manage-linux-system-logs-using-rsyslogd-and-logrotate/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/pdf/rsyslogd.pdf
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/pdf/rsyslog.conf.pdf
|
||||
[3]:https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3164#section-4.1.1
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/pdf/logrotate.pdf
|
||||
[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/pdf/logrotate.conf.pdf
|
||||
[6]:https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/create-user/
|
||||
[7]:https://github.com/sematext/rsyslog/blob/master/plugins/ommysql/createDB.sql
|
||||
[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-setup-and-configure-static-network-routing-in-rhel/
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user