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PUB:20171016 5 SSH alias examples in Linux.md
@ch-cn https://linux.cn/article-9531-1.html
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Linux 中的 5 个 SSH 别名例子
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======
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[![][1]][1]
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作为一个 Linux 用户,我们常用 [ssh 命令][2] 来登入远程机器。`ssh` 命令你用得越多,你在键入一些重要的命令上花的时间也越多。我们可以用 [定义在你的 .bashrc 文件里的别名][3] 或函数来大幅度缩减花在命令行界面(CLI)的时间。但这不是最佳解决之道。最佳办法是在 `ssh` 配置文件中使用 **SSH 别名** 。
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这里是我们能把 `ssh` 命令用得更好的几个例子。
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ssh 登入到 AWS(译注:Amazon Web Services,亚马逊公司旗下云计算服务平台)实例的连接是一种痛。仅仅输入以下命令,每次也完全是浪费你时间。
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```
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ssh -p 3000 -i /home/surendra/mysshkey.pem ec2-user@ec2-54-20-184-202.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com
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```
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缩短到:
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```
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ssh aws1
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```
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调试时连接到系统。
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```
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ssh -vvv the_good_user@red1.taggle.abc.com.au
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```
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缩短到:
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```
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ssh xyz
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```
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在本篇中,我们将看到如何不使用 bash 别名或函数实现 `ssh` 命令的缩短。`ssh` 别名的主要优点是所有的 `ssh` 命令快捷方式都存储在一个单一文件,如此就易于维护。其他优点是 **对于类似于 SSH 和 SCP 的命令** 我们能用相同的别名。
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在我们进入实际配置之前,我们应该知道 `/etc/ssh/ssh_config`、`/etc/ssh/sshd_config` 和 `~/.ssh/config` 文件三者的区别。以下是对这些文件的解释。
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### /etc/ssh/ssh_config 和 ~/.ssh/config 间的区别
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系统级别的 SSH 配置项存放在 `/etc/ssh/ssh_config`,而用户级别的 SSH 配置项存放在 `~/.ssh/config` 文件中。
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### /etc/ssh/ssh_config 和 /etc/ssh/sshd_config 间的区别
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系统级别的 SSH 配置项是在 `/etc/ssh/ssh_config` 文件中,而系统级别的 SSH **服务端**配置项存放在 `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` 文件。
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### 在 ~/.ssh/config 文件里配置项的语法
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`~/.ssh/config` 文件内容的语法:
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```
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配置项 值
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配置项 值1 值2
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```
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**例 1:** 创建主机(www.linuxnix.com)的 SSH 别名
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编辑 `~/.ssh/config` 文件写入以下内容:
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```
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Host tlj
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User root
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HostName 18.197.176.13
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port 22
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```
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保存此文件。
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以上 ssh 别名用了
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1. `tlj` 作为一个别名的名称
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2. `root` 作为将要登入的用户
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3. `18.197.176.13` 作为主机的 IP 地址
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4. `22` 作为访问 SSH 服务的端口
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输出:
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```
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sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ > ssh tlj
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Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-93-generic x86_64)
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* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
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* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
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* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
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Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
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http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
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Last login: Sat Oct 14 01:00:43 2017 from 20.244.25.231
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root@linuxnix:~# exit
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logout
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Connection to 18.197.176.13 closed.
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```
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**例 2:** 不用密码用 ssh 密钥登到系统要用 `IdentityFile` 。
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例:
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```
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Host aws
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User ec2-users
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HostName ec2-54-200-184-202.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com
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IdentityFile ~/Downloads/surendra.pem
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port 22
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```
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**例 3:** 对同一主机使用不同的别名。在下例中,我们对同一 IP/主机 18.197.176.13 用了 `tlj`、 `linuxnix`、`linuxnix.com` 三个别名。
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~/.ssh/config 文件内容
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```
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Host tlj linuxnix linuxnix.com
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User root
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HostName 18.197.176.13
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port 22
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```
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**输出:**
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```
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sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ > ssh tlj
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Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-93-generic x86_64)
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* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
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* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
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* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
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Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
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http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
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Last login: Sat Oct 14 01:00:43 2017 from 220.244.205.231
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root@linuxnix:~# exit
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logout
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Connection to 18.197.176.13 closed.
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sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ > ssh linuxnix.com
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Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-93-generic x86_64)
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* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
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* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
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* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
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```
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```
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Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
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http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
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Last login: Sun Oct 15 20:31:08 2017 from 1.129.110.13
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root@linuxnix:~# exit
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logout
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Connection to 138.197.176.103 closed.
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[6571] sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ > ssh linuxnix
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Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-93-generic x86_64)
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* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
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* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
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* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
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Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
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http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
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Last login: Sun Oct 15 20:31:20 2017 from 1.129.110.13
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root@linuxnix:~# exit
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logout
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Connection to 18.197.176.13 closed.
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```
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**例 4:** 用相同的 SSH 别名复制文件到远程系统
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语法:
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```
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scp <文件名> <ssh_别名>:<位置>
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```
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例子:
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```
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sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ > scp abc.txt tlj:/tmp
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abc.txt 100% 12KB 11.7KB/s 00:01
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sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ >
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```
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若我们已经将 ssh 主机设置好一个别名,由于 `ssh` 和 `scp` 两者用几乎相同的语法和选项,`scp` 也可以轻易使用。
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请在下面尝试从本机 `scp` 一个文件到远程机器。
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**例 5:** 解决 Linux 中的 SSH 超时问题。默认情况,如果你不积极地使用终端,你的 ssh 登入就会超时
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[SSH 超时问题][5] 是一个更痛的点意味着你在一段时间后不得不重新登入到远程机器。我们能在 `~/.ssh/config` 文件里边恰当地设置 SSH 超时时间来使你的会话不管在什么时间总是激活的。我们将用 2 个能保持会话存活的 SSH 选项来实现这一目的。之一是 `ServerAliveInterval` 保持你会话存活的秒数和 `ServerAliveCountMax` 在(经历了一个)给定数值的会话之后初始化会话。
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```
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ServerAliveInterval A
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ServerAliveCountMax B
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```
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**例:**
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```
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Host tlj linuxnix linuxnix.com
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User root
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HostName 18.197.176.13
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port 22
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ServerAliveInterval 60
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ServerAliveCountMax 30
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```
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在下篇中我们将会看到一些其他的退出方式。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.linuxnix.com/5-ssh-alias-examples-using-ssh-config-file/
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作者:[SURENDRA ANNE][a]
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译者:[ch-cn](https://github.com/ch-cn)
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.linuxnix.com
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[1]:https://www.linuxnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/SSH-alias-1.png
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[2]:https://www.linuxnix.com/ssh-access-remote-linux-server/
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[3]:https://www.linuxnix.com/linux-alias-command-explained-with-examples/
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[4]:/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
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[5]:https://www.linuxnix.com/how-to-auto-logout/
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