+```
+
+#### 基准测试
+
+`Sqlite` 自带了一个性能回归测试，因此我尝试每个版本的代码执行一百次，仍然使用默认的 `Sqlite` 编译设置。以秒为单位的测试结果如下：
+
+| | const | 非 const
+---|---|---
+最小值 | 10.658s | 10.803s
+中间值 | 11.571s | 11.519s
+最大值 | 11.832s | 11.658s
+平均值 | 11.531s | 11.492s
+
+就我个人看来，我没有发现足够的证据来说明这个差异值得关注。我是说，我从整个程序中删去 `const`，所以如果它有明显的差别，那么我希望它是显而易见的。但也许你关心任何微小的差异，因为你正在做一些绝对性能非常重要的事。那让我们试一下统计分析。
+
+我喜欢使用类似 Mann-Whitney U 检验这样的东西。它类似于更著名的 T 检验，但对你在机器上计时时产生的复杂随机变量（由于不可预测的上下文切换、页错误等）更加健壮。以下是结果：
+
+|| const | 非 const|
+---|---|---
+N | 100 | 100
+Mean rank | 121.38 | 79.62
+
+|||
+---|---
+Mann-Whitney U | 2912
+Z | -5.10
+2-sided p value | <10-6
+HL median difference | -0.056s
+95% confidence interval | -0.077s – -0.038s
+
+U 检验已经发现统计意义上具有显著的性能差异。但是，令人惊讶的是，实际上是非 `const` 版本更快——大约 60ms，0.5%。似乎 `const` 启用的少量“优化”不值得额外代码的开销。这不像是 `const` 启用了任何类似于自动矢量化的重要的优化。当然，你的结果可能因为编译器配置、编译器版本或者代码库等等而有所不同，但是我觉得这已经说明了 `const` 是否能够有效地提高 `C` 的性能，我们现在已经看到答案了。
+
+### 那么，const 有什么用呢？
+
+尽管存在缺陷，C/C++ 的 `const` 仍有助于类型安全。特别是，结合 C++ 的移动语义和 `std::unique_pointer`，`const` 可以使指针所有权显式化。在超过十万行代码的 C++ 旧代码库里，指针所有权模糊是一个大难题，我对此深有感触。
+
+但是，我以前常常使用 `const` 来实现有意义的类型安全。我曾听说过基于性能上的原因，最好是尽可能多地使用 `const`。我曾听说过当性能很重要时，重构代码并添加更多的 `const` 非常重要，即使以降低代码可读性的方式。**当时觉得这没问题，但后来我才知道这并不对。**
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://theartofmachinery.com/2019/08/12/c_const_isnt_for_performance.html
+
+作者：[Simon Arneaud][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[LazyWolfLin](https://github.com/LazyWolfLin)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://theartofmachinery.com
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://theartofmachinery.com/2019/04/05/d_as_c_replacement.html#const-and-immutable
+[2]: https://sqlite.org/src/doc/trunk/README.md
+[3]: https://rada.re/r/
diff --git a/published/20190819 Moving files on Linux without mv.md b/published/20190819 Moving files on Linux without mv.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2483018835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190819 Moving files on Linux without mv.md
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (MjSeven)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11321-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Moving files on Linux without mv)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/moving-files-linux-without-mv)
+[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/sethhttps://opensource.com/users/seth)
+
+在不使用 mv 命令的情况下移动文件
+======
+
+> 有时当你需要移动一个文件时，mv 命令似乎不是最佳选项，那么你会如何做呢？
+
+
+
+不起眼的 `mv` 命令是在你见过的每个 POSIX 系统中都能找到的有用工具之一。它的作用是明确定义的，并且做得很好：将文件从文件系统中的一个位置移动到另一个位置。但是 Linux 非常灵活，还有其他移动文件的办法。使用不同的工具可以完美匹配一些特殊用例，这算一个小优势。
+
+在远离 `mv` 之前，先看看这个命令的默认结果。首先，创建一个目录并生成一些权限为 777 的文件：
+
+```
+$ mkdir example
+$ touch example/{foo,bar,baz}
+$ for i in example/*; do ls /bin > "${i}"; done
+$ chmod 777 example/*
+```
+
+你可能不会这么认为，但是文件在一个[文件系统][2]中作为条目存在，称为索引节点（通常称为 inode），你可以使用 [ls 命令][3]及其 `--inode` 选项查看一个文件占用的 inode：
+
+```
+$ ls --inode example/foo
+7476868 example/foo
+```
+
+作为测试，将文件从示例目录移动到当前目录，然后查看文件的属性：
+
+```
+$ mv example/foo .
+$ ls -l -G -g --inode
+7476868 -rwxrwxrwx. 1 29545 Aug 2 07:28 foo
+```
+
+如你所见，原始文件及权限已经被“移动”，但它的 inode 没有变化。
+
+这就是 `mv` 工具用来移动的方式：保持 inode 不变（除非文件被移动到不同的文件系统），并保留其所有权和权限。
+
+其他工具提供了不同的选项。
+
+### 复制和删除
+
+在某些系统上，移动操作是真的在做移动：比特从文件系统中的某个位置删除并重新分配给另一个位置。这种行为在很大程度上已经失宠。现在，移动操作要么是属性重新分配（inode 现在指向文件组织中的不同位置），要么是复制和删除操作的组合。这种设计的哲学意图是确保在移动失败时，文件不会碎片化。
+
+与 `mv` 不同，`cp` 命令会在文件系统中创建一个全新的数据对象，它有一个新的 inode 位置，并取决于 umask。你可以使用 `cp` 和 `rm`（如果有的话，或者 [trash][4] —— LCTT 译注：它是一个命令行回收站工具）命令来模仿 `mv` 命令。
+
+```
+$ cp example/foo .
+$ ls -l -G -g --inode
+7476869 -rwxrwxr-x. 29545 Aug 2 11:58 foo
+$ trash example/foo
+```
+
+示例中的新 `foo` 文件获得了 755 权限，因为此处的 umask 明确排除了写入权限。
+
+```
+$ umask
+0002
+```
+
+有关 umask 的更多信息，阅读 Alex Juarez 这篇关于[文件权限][5]的文章。
+
+### 查看和删除
+
+与复制和删除类似，使用 [cat][6]（或 `tac`）命令在创建“移动”文件时分配不同的权限。假设当前目录中是一个没有 `foo` 的新测试环境：
+
+```
+$ cat example/foo > foo
+$ ls -l -G -g --inode
+7476869 -rw-rw-r--. 29545 Aug 8 12:21 foo
+$ trash example/foo
+```
+
+这次，创建了一个没有事先设置权限的新文件，所以文件最终权限完全取决于 umask 设置，它不会阻止用户和组的权限位（无论 umask 是什么，都不会为新文件授予可执行权限），但它会阻止其他人的写入（值为 2）。所以结果是一个权限是 664 的文件。
+
+### Rsync
+
+`rsync` 命令是一个强大的多功能工具，用于在主机和文件系统位置之间发送文件。此命令有许多可用选项，包括使其目标镜像成为源。
+
+你可以使用带有 `--remove-source-files` 选项的 `rsync` 复制，然后删除文件，并可以带上你选择执行同步的任何其他选项（常见的通用选项是 `--archive`）：
+
+```
+$ rsync --archive --remove-source-files example/foo .
+$ ls example
+bar baz
+$ ls -lGgi
+7476870 -rwxrwxrwx. 1 seth users 29545 Aug 8 12:23 foo
+```
+
+在这里，你可以看到保留了文件权限和所有权，只是更新了时间戳，并删除了源文件。
+
+警告：不要将此选项与 `--delete` 混淆，后者会从*目标*目录中删除（源目录中不存在的）文件。误用 `--delete` 会清除很多数据，建议你不要使用此选项，除非是在测试环境中。
+
+你可以覆盖其中一些默认值，更改权限和修改设置：
+
+```
+$ rsync --chmod=666 --times \
+ --remove-source-files example/foo .
+$ ls example
+bar baz
+$ ls -lGgi
+7476871 -rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 29545 Aug 8 12:55 foo
+```
+
+这里，目标的 umask 会生效，因此 `--chmod=666` 选项会产生一个权限为 644 的文件。
+
+好处不仅仅是权限，与简单的 `mv` 命令相比，`rsync` 命令有[很多][7]有用的[选项][8]（其中最重要的是 `--exclude` 选项，这样你可以在一个大型移动操作中排除某些项目），这使它成为一个更强大的工具。例如，要在移动文件集合时排除所有备份文件：
+
+```
+$ rsync --chmod=666 --times \
+ --exclude '*~' \
+ --remove-source-files example/foo .
+```
+
+### 使用 install 设置权限
+
+`install` 命令是一个专门面向开发人员的复制命令，主要是作为软件编译安装例程的一部分调用。它并不为用户所知（我经常想知道为什么它有这么一个直观的名字，而剩下的包管理器却只能使用缩写和昵称），但是 `install` 实际上是一种将文件放在你想要地方的有用方法。
+
+`install` 命令有很多选项，包括 `--backup` 和 `--compare` 命令（以避免*更新*文件的新副本）。
+
+与 `cp` 和 `cat` 命令不同，但与 `mv` 完全相同，`install` 命令可以在复制文件的同时而保留其时间戳：
+
+```
+$ install --preserve-timestamp example/foo .
+$ ls -l -G -g --inode
+7476869 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 29545 Aug 2 07:28 foo
+$ trash example/foo
+```
+
+在这里，文件被复制到一个新的 inode，但它的 mtime（修改时间）没有改变。但权限被设置为 `install` 的默认值 `755`。
+
+你可以使用 `install` 来设置文件的权限，所有者和组：
+
+```
+$ install --preserve-timestamp \
+ --owner=skenlon \
+ --group=dialout \
+ --mode=666 example/foo .
+$ ls -li
+7476869 -rw-rw-rw-. 1 skenlon dialout 29545 Aug 2 07:28 foo
+$ trash example/foo
+```
+
+### 移动、复制和删除
+
+文件包含数据，而真正重要的文件包含*你的*数据。学会聪明地管理它们是很重要的，现在你有了确保以你想要的方式来处理数据的工具包。
+
+你是否有不同的数据管理方式？在评论中告诉我们你的想法。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/moving-files-linux-without-mv
+
+作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sethhttps://opensource.com/users/seth
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer)
+[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/partition-format-drive-linux#what-is-a-filesystem
+[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/master-ls-command
+[4]: https://gitlab.com/trashy
+[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/linux-permissions-101#umask
+[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/getting-started-cat-command
+[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/advanced-rsync
+[8]: https://opensource.com/article/17/1/rsync-backup-linux
diff --git a/published/20190821 Getting Started with Go on Fedora.md b/published/20190821 Getting Started with Go on Fedora.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25cff871be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190821 Getting Started with Go on Fedora.md
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
+[#]: translator: "hello-wn"
+[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
+[#]: publisher: "wxy"
+[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-11293-1.html"
+[#]: subject: "Getting Started with Go on Fedora"
+[#]: via: "https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-started-with-go-on-fedora/"
+[#]: author: "Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/"
+
+在 Fefora 上开启 Go 语言之旅
+======
+
+![][1]
+
+[Go][2] 编程语言于 2009 年首次公开发布，此后被广泛使用。特别是，Go 已经成为云基础设施领域的一种代表性语言，例如 [Kubernetes][3]、[OpenShift][4] 或 [Terraform][5] 等大型项目都使用了 Go。
+
+Go 越来越受欢迎的原因是性能好、易于编写高并发的程序、语法简单和编译快。
+
+让我们来看看如何在 Fedora 上开始 Go 语言编程吧。
+
+### 在 Fedora 上安装 Go
+
+Fedora 可以通过官方库简单快速地安装 Go 语言。
+
+```
+$ sudo dnf install -y golang
+$ go version
+go version go1.12.7 linux/amd64
+```
+
+既然装好了 Go ，让我们来写个简单的程序，编译并运行。
+
+### 第一个 Go 程序
+
+让我们来用 Go 语言写一波 “Hello, World!”。首先创建 `main.go` 文件，然后输入或者拷贝以下内容。
+
+```
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func main() {
+ fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
+}
+```
+
+运行这个程序很简单。
+
+```
+$ go run main.go
+Hello, World!
+```
+
+Go 会在临时目录将 `main.go` 编译成二进制文件并执行，然后删除临时目录。这个命令非常适合在开发过程中快速运行程序，它还凸显了 Go 的编译速度。
+
+编译一个可执行程序就像运行它一样简单。
+
+```
+$ go build main.go
+$ ./main
+Hello, World!
+```
+
+### 使用 Go 的模块
+
+Go 1.11 和 1.12 引入了对模块的初步支持。模块可用于管理应用程序的各种依赖包。Go 通过 `go.mod` 和 `go.sum` 这两个文件，显式地定义依赖包的版本。
+
+为了演示如何使用模块，让我们为 `hello world` 程序添加一个依赖。
+
+在更改代码之前，需要初始化模块。
+
+```
+$ go mod init helloworld
+go: creating new go.mod: module helloworld
+$ ls
+go.mod main main.go
+```
+
+然后按照以下内容修改 `main.go` 文件。
+
+```
+package main
+
+import "github.com/fatih/color"
+
+func main () {
+ color.Blue("Hello, World!")
+}
+```
+
+在修改后的 `main.go` 中，不再使用标准库 `fmt` 来打印 “Hello, World!” ，而是使用第三方库打印出有色字体。
+
+让我们来跑一下新版的程序吧。
+
+```
+$ go run main.go
+Hello, World!
+```
+
+因为程序依赖于 `github.com/fatih/color` 库，它需要在编译前下载所有依赖包。 然后把依赖包都添加到 `go.mod` 中，并将它们的版本号和哈希值记录在 `go.sum` 中。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-started-with-go-on-fedora/
+
+作者：[Clément Verna][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[hello-wn](https://github.com/hello-wn)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/go-article-816x345.jpg
+[2]: https://golang.org/
+[3]: https://kubernetes.io/
+[4]: https://www.openshift.com/
+[5]: https://www.terraform.io/
+
diff --git a/published/20190823 How To Check Your IP Address in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tip.md b/published/20190823 How To Check Your IP Address in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tip.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..33084aaa52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190823 How To Check Your IP Address in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tip.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11308-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How To Check Your IP Address in Ubuntu [Beginner’s Tip])
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/check-ip-address-ubuntu/)
+[#]: author: (Sergiu https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/)
+
+如何在 Ubuntu 中检查你的 IP 地址
+======
+
+不知道你的 IP 地址是什么？以下是在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版中检查 IP 地址的几种方法。
+
+![][1]
+
+### 什么是 IP 地址？
+
+**互联网协议地址**（通常称为 **IP 地址**）是分配给连接到计算机网络的每个设备（使用互联网协议）的数字标签。IP 地址用于识别和定位机器。
+
+**IP 地址**在网络中是*唯一的*，使得所有连接设备能够通信。
+
+你还应该知道有两种**类型的 IP 地址**：**公有**和**私有**。**公有 IP 地址**是用于互联网通信的地址，这与你用于邮件的物理地址相同。但是，在本地网络（例如使用路由器的家庭）的环境中，会为每个设备分配在该子网内唯一的**私有 IP 地址**。这在本地网络中使用，而不直接暴露公有 IP（路由器用它与互联网通信）。
+
+另外还有区分 **IPv4** 和 **IPv6** 协议。**IPv4** 是经典的 IP 格式，它由基本的 4 部分结构组成，四个字节用点分隔（例如 127.0.0.1）。但是，随着设备数量的增加，IPv4 很快就无法提供足够的地址。这就是 **IPv6** 被发明的原因，它使用 **128 位地址**的格式（与 **IPv4** 使用的 **32 位地址**相比）。
+
+### 在 Ubuntu 中检查你的 IP 地址（终端方式）
+
+检查 IP 地址的最快和最简单的方法是使用 `ip` 命令。你可以按以下方式使用此命令：
+
+```
+ip addr show
+```
+
+它将同时显示 IPv4 和 IPv6 地址：
+
+![Display IP Address in Ubuntu Linux][2]
+
+实际上，你可以进一步缩短这个命令 `ip a`。它会给你完全相同的结果。
+
+```
+ip a
+```
+
+如果你希望获得最少的细节，也可以使用 `hostname`：
+
+```
+hostname -I
+```
+
+还有一些[在 Linux 中检查 IP 地址的方法][3]，但是这两个命令足以满足这个目的。
+
+`ifconfig` 如何？
+
+老用户可能会想要使用 `ifconfig`（net-tools 软件包的一部分），但该程序已被弃用。一些较新的 Linux 发行版不再包含此软件包，如果你尝试运行它，你将看到 ifconfig 命令未找到的错误。
+
+### 在 Ubuntu 中检查你的 IP 地址（GUI 方式）
+
+如果你对命令行不熟悉，你还可以使用图形方式检查 IP 地址。
+
+打开 Ubuntu 应用菜单（在屏幕左下角**显示应用**）并搜索**Settings**，然后单击图标：
+
+![Applications Menu Settings][5]
+
+这应该会打开**设置菜单**。进入**网络**：
+
+![Network Settings Ubuntu][6]
+
+按下连接旁边的**齿轮图标**会打开一个窗口，其中包含更多设置和有关你网络链接的信息，其中包括你的 IP 地址：
+
+![IP Address GUI Ubuntu][7]
+
+### 额外提示：检查你的公共 IP 地址（适用于台式计算机）
+
+首先，要检查你的**公有 IP 地址**（用于与服务器通信），你可以[使用 curl 命令][8]。打开终端并输入以下命令：
+
+```
+curl ifconfig.me
+```
+
+这应该只会返回你的 IP 地址而没有其他多余信息。我建议在分享这个地址时要小心，因为这相当于公布你的个人地址。
+
+**注意：** 如果 `curl` 没有安装，只需使用 `sudo apt install curl -y` 来解决问题，然后再试一次。
+
+另一种可以查看公共 IP 地址的简单方法是在 Google 中搜索 “ip address”。
+
+### 总结
+
+在本文中，我介绍了在 Uuntu Linux 中找到 IP 地址的不同方法，并向你概述了 IP 地址的用途以及它们对我们如此重要的原因。
+
+我希望你喜欢这篇文章。如果你觉得文章有用，请在评论栏告诉我们！
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/check-ip-address-ubuntu/
+
+作者：[Sergiu][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/checking-ip-address-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
+[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ip_addr_show.png?fit=800%2C493&ssl=1
+[3]: https://linuxhandbook.com/find-ip-address/
+[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/applications_menu_settings.jpg?fit=800%2C309&ssl=1
+[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/network_settings_ubuntu.jpg?fit=800%2C591&ssl=1
+[7]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ip_address_gui_ubuntu.png?fit=800%2C510&ssl=1
+[8]: https://linuxhandbook.com/curl-command-examples/
diff --git a/published/20190823 The Linux kernel- Top 5 innovations.md b/published/20190823 The Linux kernel- Top 5 innovations.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..486270ccfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190823 The Linux kernel- Top 5 innovations.md
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (heguangzhi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11368-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (The Linux kernel: Top 5 innovations)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/linux-kernel-top-5-innovations)
+[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
+
+Linux 内核的五大创新
+======
+
+> 想知道什么是 Linux 内核上真正的（不是那种时髦的）创新吗？
+
+
+
+在科技行业，*创新*这个词几乎和*革命*一样到处泛滥，所以很难将那些夸张的东西与真正令人振奋的东西区分开来。Linux 内核被称为创新，但它又被称为现代计算中最大的奇迹，一个微观世界中的庞然大物。
+
+撇开营销和模式不谈，Linux 可以说是开源世界中最受欢迎的内核，它在近 30 年的生命时光当中引入了一些真正的规则改变者。
+
+### Cgroups（2.6.24）
+
+早在 2007 年，Paul Menage 和 Rohit Seth 就在内核中添加了深奥的[控制组（cgroups）][2]功能（cgroups 的当前实现是由 Tejun Heo 重写的）。这种新技术最初被用作一种方法，从本质上来说，是为了确保一组特定任务的服务质量。
+
+例如，你可以为与你的 WEB 服务相关联的所有任务创建一个控制组定义（cgroup），为例行备份创建另一个 cgroup ，再为一般操作系统需求创建另一个 cgroup。然后，你可以控制每个组的资源百分比，这样你的操作系统和 WEB 服务就可以获得大部分系统资源，而你的备份进程可以访问剩余的资源。
+
+然而，cgroups 如今变得这么著名是因其作为驱动云技术的角色：容器。事实上，cgroups 最初被命名为[进程容器][3]。当它们被 [LXC][4]、[CoreOS][5] 和 Docker 等项目采用时，这并不奇怪。
+
+就像闸门打开后一样，“容器” 一词就像成为了 Linux 的同义词一样，微服务风格的基于云的“应用”概念很快成为了规范。如今，已经很难摆脱 cgroups 了，它们是如此普遍。每一个大规模的基础设施（如果你运行 Linux 的话，可能还有你的笔记本电脑）都以一种合理的方式使用了 cgroups，这使得你的计算体验比以往任何时候都更加易于管理和灵活。
+
+例如，你可能已经在电脑上安装了 [Flathub][6] 或 [Flatpak][7]，或者你已经在工作中使用 [Kubernetes][8] 和/或 [OpenShift][9]。不管怎样，如果“容器”这个术语对你来说仍然模糊不清，则可以 [通过 Linux 容器从背后][10]获得对容器的实际理解。
+
+### LKMM（4.17）
+
+2018 年，Jade Alglave、Alan Stern、Andrea Parri、Luc Maranget、Paul McKenney 以及其他几个人的辛勤工作的成果被合并到主线 Linux 内核中，以提供正式的内存模型。Linux 内核内存[一致性]模型（LKMM）子系统是一套描述 Linux 内存一致性模型的工具，同时也产生用于测试的用例（特别命名为 klitmus）。
+
+随着系统在物理设计上变得越来越复杂（增加了更多的中央处理器内核，高速缓存和内存增长，等等)，它们就越难知道哪个中央处理器需要哪个地址空间，以及何时需要。例如，如果 CPU0 需要将数据写入内存中的共享变量，并且 CPU1 需要读取该值，那么 CPU0 必须在 CPU1 尝试读取之前写入。类似地，如果值是以一种顺序方式写入内存的，那么期望它们也以同样的顺序被读取，而不管哪个或哪些 CPU 正在读取。
+
+即使在单个处理器上，内存管理也需要特定的任务顺序。像 `x = y` 这样的简单操作需要处理器从内存中加载 `y` 的值，然后将该值存储在 `x` 中。在处理器从内存中读取值之前，是不能将存储在 `y` 中的值放入 `x` 变量的。此外还有地址依赖：`x[n] = 6` 要求在处理器能够存储值 `6` 之前加载 `n`。
+
+LKMM 可以帮助识别和跟踪代码中的这些内存模式。它部分是通过一个名为 `herd` 的工具来实现的，该工具（以逻辑公式的形式）定义了内存模型施加的约束，然后列举了与这些约束一致性的所有可能的结果。
+
+### 低延迟补丁（2.6.38）
+
+很久以前，在 2011 年之前，如果你想[在 Linux 上进行多媒体工作][11]，你必须得有一个低延迟内核。这主要适用于[录音][12]时添加了许多实时效果（如对着麦克风唱歌和添加混音，以及在耳机中无延迟地听到你的声音）。有些发行版，如 [Ubuntu Studio][13]，可靠地提供了这样一个内核，所以实际上这没有什么障碍，这只不过是当艺术家选择发行版时的一个重要提醒。
+
+然而，如果你没有使用 Ubuntu Studio，或者你需要在你的发行版提供之前更新你的内核，你必须跳转到 rt-patches 网页，下载内核补丁，将它们应用到你的内核源代码，编译，然后手动安装。
+
+后来，随着内核版本 2.6.38 的发布，这个过程结束了。Linux 内核突然像变魔术一样默认内置了低延迟代码（根据基准测试，延迟至少降低了 10 倍)。不再需要下载补丁，不用编译。一切都很顺利，这都是因为 Mike Galbraith 编写了一个 200 行的小补丁。
+
+对于全世界的开源多媒体艺术家来说，这是一个规则改变者。从 2011 年开始事情变得如此美好，到 2016 年我自己做了一个挑战，[在树莓派 v1（型号 B）上建造一个数字音频工作站（DAW）][14]，结果发现它运行得出奇地好。
+
+### RCU（2.5）
+
+RCU，即读-拷贝-更新，是计算机科学中定义的一个系统，它允许多个处理器线程从共享内存中读取数据。它通过延迟更新但也将它们标记为已更新来做到这一点，以确保数据读取为最新内容。实际上，这意味着读取与更新同时发生。
+
+典型的 RCU 循环有点像这样：
+
+1. 删除指向数据的指针，以防止其他读操作引用它。
+2. 等待读操作完成它们的关键处理。
+3. 回收内存空间。
+
+将更新阶段划分为删除和回收阶段意味着更新程序会立即执行删除，同时推迟回收直到所有活动读取完成（通过阻止它们或注册一个回调以便在完成时调用）。
+
+虽然 RCU 的概念不是为 Linux 内核发明的，但它在 Linux 中的实现是该技术的一个定义性的例子。
+
+### 合作（0.01）
+
+对于 Linux 内核创新的问题的最终答案永远是协作。你可以说这是一个好时机，也可以称之为技术优势，称之为黑客能力，或者仅仅称之为开源，但 Linux 内核及其支持的许多项目是协作与合作的光辉范例。
+
+它远远超出了内核范畴。各行各业的人都对开源做出了贡献，可以说都是因为 Linux 内核。Linux 曾经是，现在仍然是[自由软件][15]的主要力量，激励人们把他们的代码、艺术、想法或者仅仅是他们自己带到一个全球化的、有生产力的、多样化的人类社区中。
+
+### 你最喜欢的创新是什么？
+
+这个列表偏向于我自己的兴趣：容器、非统一内存访问（NUMA）和多媒体。无疑，列表中肯定缺少你最喜欢的内核创新。在评论中告诉我。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/linux-kernel-top-5-innovations
+
+作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_penguin_green.png?itok=ENdVzW22 (Penguin with green background)
+[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgroups
+[3]: https://lkml.org/lkml/2006/10/20/251
+[4]: https://linuxcontainers.org
+[5]: https://coreos.com/
+[6]: http://flathub.org
+[7]: http://flatpak.org
+[8]: http://kubernetes.io
+[9]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/learn-openshift-minishift
+[10]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/behind-scenes-linux-containers
+[11]: http://slackermedia.info
+[12]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/qtractor-audio
+[13]: http://ubuntustudio.org
+[14]: https://opensource.com/life/16/3/make-music-raspberry-pi-milkytracker
+[15]: http://fsf.org
diff --git a/published/20190825 Top 5 IoT networking security mistakes.md b/published/20190825 Top 5 IoT networking security mistakes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..237d81b266
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190825 Top 5 IoT networking security mistakes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (Morisun029)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11299-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Top 5 IoT networking security mistakes)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433476/top-5-iot-networking-security-mistakes.html)
+[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/)
+
+五大物联网网络安全错误
+======
+
+> IT 供应商兄弟国际公司分享了五种最常见的物联网安全错误，这是从它们的打印机和多功能设备买家中看到的。
+
+![Getty Images][1]
+
+尽管[兄弟国际公司][2]是许多 IT 产品的供应商，从[机床][3]到[头戴式显示器][4]再到[工业缝纫机][5]，但它最知名的产品是打印机。在当今世界，这些打印机不再是独立的设备，而是物联网的组成部分。
+
+这也是我为什么对罗伯特•伯内特提供的这份列表感兴趣的原因。伯内特是兄弟公司的总监，负责 B2B 产品和提供解决方案。基本上是该公司负责大客户实施的关键人物。所以他对打印机相关的物联网安全错误非常关注，并且分享了兄弟国际公司对于处理这五大错误的建议。
+
+### #5：不控制访问和授权
+
+伯内特说：“过去，成本控制是管理谁可以使用机器、何时结束工作背后的推动力。”当然，这在今天也仍然很重要，但他指出安全性正迅速成为管理控制打印和扫描设备的关键因素。这不仅适用于大型企业，也适用于各种规模的企业。
+
+### #4：无法定期更新固件
+
+让我们来面对这一现实，大多数 IT 专业人员都忙于保持服务器和其他网络基础设施设备的更新，确保其基础设施尽可能的安全高效。“在这日常的流程中，像打印机这样的设备经常被忽视。”但过时的固件可能会使基础设施面临新的威胁。
+
+### #3：设备意识不足
+
+伯内特说：“正确理解谁在使用什么设备，以及整套设备中所有连接设备的功能是什么，这是至关重要的。使用端口扫描技术、协议分析和其他检测技术检查这些设备应作为你的网络基础设施整体安全审查中的一部分。 他常常提醒人们说：“处理打印设备的方法是：如果没有损坏，就不要修理！”但即使是可靠运行多年的设备也应该成为安全审查的一部分。这是因为旧设备可能无法提供更强大的安全设置，或者可能需要更新其配置才能满足当今更高的安全要求，这其中包括设备的监控/报告功能。
+
+### #2：用户培训不足
+
+“应该把培训团队在工作过程中管理文档的最佳实践作为强有力的安全计划中的一部分。”伯内特说道，“然而，事实却是，无论你如何努力地去保护物联网设备，人为因素通常是一家企业在保护重要和敏感信息方面最薄弱的环节。像这些简单的事情，如无意中将重要文件留在打印机上供任何人查看，或者将文件扫描到错误的目的地，不仅会给企业带来经济损失和巨大的负面影响，还会影响企业的知识产权、声誉，引起合规性/监管问题。”
+
+### #1：使用默认密码
+
+“只是因为它很方便并不意味着它不重要！”伯内特说，“保护打印机和多功能设备免受未经授权的管理员访问不仅有助于保护敏感的机器配置设置和报告信息，还可以防止访问个人信息，例如，像可能用于网络钓鱼攻击的用户名。”
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433476/top-5-iot-networking-security-mistakes.html
+
+作者：[Fredric Paul][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[Morisun029](https://github.com/Morisun029)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/iot_security_tablet_conference_digital-100787102-large.jpg
+[2]: https://www.brother-usa.com/business
+[3]: https://www.brother-usa.com/machinetool/default?src=default
+[4]: https://www.brother-usa.com/business/hmd#sort=%40productcatalogsku%20ascending
+[5]: https://www.brother-usa.com/business/industrial-sewing
+[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2855207/internet-of-things/5-ways-to-prepare-for-internet-of-things-security-threats.html#tk.nww-infsb
+[7]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
+[8]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
+[9]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/published/20190826 5 ops tasks to do with Ansible.md b/published/20190826 5 ops tasks to do with Ansible.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de7916b81d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190826 5 ops tasks to do with Ansible.md
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11312-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (5 ops tasks to do with Ansible)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/ops-tasks-ansible)
+[#]: author: (Mark Phillips https://opensource.com/users/markphttps://opensource.com/users/adminhttps://opensource.com/users/alsweigarthttps://opensource.com/users/belljennifer43)
+
+5 个 Ansible 运维任务
+======
+
+> 让 DevOps 少一点，OpsDev 多一点。
+
+![gears and lightbulb to represent innovation][1]
+
+在这个 DevOps 世界中，看起来开发（Dev）这一半成为了关注的焦点，而运维（Ops）则是这个关系中被遗忘的另一半。这几乎就好像是领头的开发告诉尾随的运维做什么，几乎所有的“运维”都是开发说要做的。因此，运维被抛到后面，降级到了替补席上。
+
+我想看到更多的 OpsDev。因此，让我们来看看 Ansible 在日常的运维中可以帮助你什么。
+
+![Job templates][2]
+
+我选择在 [Ansible Tower][3] 中展示这些方案，因为我认为用户界面 （UI） 可以增色大多数的任务。如果你想模拟测试，你可以在 Tower 的上游开源版本 [AWX][4] 中测试它。
+
+### 管理用户
+
+在大规模环境中，你的用户将集中在活动目录或 LDAP 等系统中。但我敢打赌，仍然存在许多包含大量的静态用户的全负荷环境。Ansible 可以帮助你将这些分散的环境集中到一起。*社区*已为我们解决了这个问题。看看 [Ansible Galaxy][5] 中的 [users][6] 角色。
+
+这个角色的聪明之处在于它允许我们通过*数据*管理用户，而无需更改运行逻辑。
+
+![User data][7]
+
+通过简单的数据结构，我们可以在系统上添加、删除和修改静态用户。这很有用。
+
+### 管理 sudo
+
+提权有[多种形式][8]，但最流行的是 [sudo][9]。通过每个 `user`、`group` 等离散文件来管理 sudo 相对容易。但一些人对给予特权感到紧张，并倾向于有时限地给予提权。因此[下面是一种方案][10]，它使用简单的 `at` 命令对授权访问设置时间限制。
+
+![Managing sudo][11]
+
+### 管理服务
+
+给入门级运维团队提供[菜单][12]以便他们可以重启某些服务不是很好吗？看下面！
+
+![Managing services][13]
+
+### 管理磁盘空间
+
+这有[一个简单的角色][14]，可在特定目录中查找字节大于某个大小的文件。在 Tower 中这么做时，启用[回调][15]有额外的好处。想象一下，你的监控方案发现文件系统已超过 X％ 并触发 Tower 中的任务以找出是什么文件导致的。
+
+![Managing disk space][16]
+
+### 调试系统性能问题
+
+[这个角色][17]相当简单：它运行一些命令并打印输出。细节在最后输出，让你 —— 系统管理员快速浏览一眼。另外可以使用 [正则表达式][18] 在输出中找到某些条件（比如说 CPU 占用率超过 80％）。
+
+![Debugging system performance][19]
+
+### 总结
+
+我已经录制了这五个任务的简短视频。你也可以在 Github 上找到[所有代码][20]！
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/ops-tasks-ansible
+
+作者：[Mark Phillips][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/markphttps://opensource.com/users/adminhttps://opensource.com/users/alsweigarthttps://opensource.com/users/belljennifer43
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/innovation_lightbulb_gears_devops_ansible.png?itok=TSbmp3_M (gears and lightbulb to represent innovation)
+[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/00_templates.png (Job templates)
+[3]: https://www.ansible.com/products/tower
+[4]: https://github.com/ansible/awx
+[5]: https://galaxy.ansible.com
+[6]: https://galaxy.ansible.com/singleplatform-eng/users
+[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/01_users_data.png (User data)
+[8]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/plugins/become.html
+[9]: https://www.sudo.ws/intro.html
+[10]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-demos/tree/master/roles/sudo
+[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/02_sudo.png (Managing sudo)
+[12]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible-tower/latest/html/userguide/job_templates.html#surveys
+[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/03_services.png (Managing services)
+[14]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-demos/tree/master/roles/disk
+[15]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible-tower/latest/html/userguide/job_templates.html#provisioning-callbacks
+[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/04_diskspace.png (Managing disk space)
+[17]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-demos/tree/master/roles/gather_debug
+[18]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/user_guide/playbooks_filters.html#regular-expression-filters
+[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/05_debug.png (Debugging system performance)
+[20]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-demos
diff --git a/published/20190826 How to rename a group of files on Linux.md b/published/20190826 How to rename a group of files on Linux.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e80d1bc31d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190826 How to rename a group of files on Linux.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11300-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to rename a group of files on Linux)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433865/how-to-rename-a-group-of-files-on-linux.html)
+[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
+
+如何在 Linux 上重命名一组文件
+======
+
+> 要用单个命令重命名一组文件，请使用 rename 命令。它需要使用正则表达式，并且可以在开始前告诉你会有什么更改。
+
+
+
+几十年来，Linux 用户一直使用 `mv` 命令重命名文件。它很简单，并且能做到你要做的。但有时你需要重命名一大组文件。在这种情况下，`rename` 命令可以使这个任务更容易。它只需要一些正则表达式的技巧。
+
+与 `mv` 命令不同，`rename` 不允许你简单地指定旧名称和新名称。相反，它使用类似于 Perl 中的正则表达式。在下面的例子中，`s` 指定我们将第一个字符串替换为第二个字符串（旧的），从而将 `this.new` 变为 `this.old`。
+
+```
+$ rename 's/new/old/' this.new
+$ ls this*
+this.old
+```
+
+使用 `mv this.new this.old` 可以更容易地进行更改一个，但是将字符串 `this` 变成通配符 `*`，你可以用一条命令将所有的 `*.new` 文件重命名为 `*.old`：
+
+```
+$ ls *.new
+report.new schedule.new stats.new this.new
+$ rename 's/new/old/' *.new
+$ ls *.old
+report.old schedule.old stats.old this.old
+```
+
+正如你所料，`rename` 命令不限于更改文件扩展名。如果你需要将名为 `report.*` 的文件更改为 `review.*`，那么可以使用以下命令做到：
+
+```
+$ rename 's/report/review/' *
+```
+
+正则表达式中的字符串可以更改文件名的任何部分，无论是文件名还是扩展名。
+
+```
+$ rename 's/123/124/' *
+$ ls *124*
+status.124 report124.txt
+```
+
+如果你在 `rename` 命令中添加 `-v` 选项，那么该命令将提供一些反馈，以便你可以看到所做的更改，或许会包含你没注意的。这让你注意到并按需还原更改。
+
+```
+$ rename -v 's/123/124/' *
+status.123 renamed as status.124
+report123.txt renamed as report124.txt
+```
+
+另一方面，使用 `-n`（或 `--nono`）选项会使 `rename` 命令告诉你将要做的但不会实际做的更改。这可以让你免于执行不不想要的操作，然后再还原更改。
+
+```
+$ rename -n 's/old/save/' *
+rename(logger.man-old, logger.man-save)
+rename(lyrics.txt-old, lyrics.txt-save)
+rename(olderfile-, saveerfile-)
+rename(oldfile, savefile)
+rename(review.old, review.save)
+rename(schedule.old, schedule.save)
+rename(stats.old, stats.save)
+rename(this.old, this.save)
+```
+
+如果你对这些更改满意，那么就可以运行不带 `-n` 选项的命令来更改文件名。
+
+但请注意，正则表达式中的 `.` **不会**被视为句点，而是作为匹配任何字符的通配符。上面和下面的示例中的一些更改可能不是输入命令的人希望的。
+
+```
+$ rename -n 's/.old/.save/' *
+rename(logger.man-old, logger.man.save)
+rename(lyrics.txt-old, lyrics.txt.save)
+rename(review.old, review.save)
+rename(schedule.old, schedule.save)
+rename(stats.old, stats.save)
+rename(this.old, this.save)
+```
+
+为确保句点按照字面意思执行，请在它的前面加一个反斜杠。这将使其不被解释为通配符并匹配任何字符。请注意，进行此更改时，仅选择了 `.old` 文件。
+
+```
+$ rename -n 's/\.old/.save/' *
+rename(review.old, review.save)
+rename(schedule.old, schedule.save)
+rename(stats.old, stats.save)
+rename(this.old, this.save)
+```
+
+下面的命令会将文件名中的所有大写字母更改为小写，除了使用 `-n` 选项来确保我们在命令执行之前检查将做的修改。注意在正则表达式中使用了 `y`，这是改变大小写所必需的。
+
+```
+$ rename -n 'y/A-Z/a-z/' W*
+rename(WARNING_SIGN.pdf, warning_sign.pdf)
+rename(Will_Gardner_buttons.pdf, will_gardner_buttons.pdf)
+rename(Wingding_Invites.pdf, wingding_invites.pdf)
+rename(WOW-buttons.pdf, wow-buttons.pdf)
+```
+
+在上面的例子中，我们将所有大写字母更改为了小写，但这仅对以大写字母 `W` 开头的文件名。
+
+### 总结
+
+当你需要重命名大量文件时，`rename` 命令非常有用。请注意不要做比预期更多的更改。请记住，`-n`（或者 `--nono`）选项可以帮助你避免耗时的错误。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433865/how-to-rename-a-group-of-files-on-linux.html
+
+作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/08/card-catalog-machester_city_library-100809242-large.jpg
+[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
+[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/published/20190828 Managing Ansible environments on MacOS with Conda.md b/published/20190828 Managing Ansible environments on MacOS with Conda.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24e8d65fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190828 Managing Ansible environments on MacOS with Conda.md
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (heguangzhi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11356-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Managing Ansible environments on MacOS with Conda)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/using-conda-ansible-administration-macos)
+[#]: author: (James Farrell https://opensource.com/users/jamesf)
+
+
+使用 Conda 管理 MacOS 上的 Ansible 环境
+=====
+
+> Conda 将 Ansible 所需的一切都收集到虚拟环境中并将其与其他项目分开。
+
+
+
+如果你是一名使用 MacOS 并涉及到 Ansible 管理的 Python 开发人员，你可能希望使用 Conda 包管理器将 Ansible 的工作内容与核心操作系统和其他本地项目分开。
+
+Ansible 基于 Python。要让 Ansible 在 MacOS 上工作，Conda 并不是必须要的，但是它确实让你管理 Python 版本和包依赖变得更加容易。这允许你在 MacOS 上使用升级的 Python 版本，并在你的系统中、Ansible 和其他编程项目之间保持 Python 包的依赖性相互独立。
+
+在 MacOS 上安装 Ansible 还有其他方法。你可以使用 [Homebrew][2]，但是如果你对 Python 开发（或 Ansible 开发）感兴趣，你可能会发现在一个独立 Python 虚拟环境中管理 Ansible 可以减少一些混乱。我觉得这更简单；与其试图将 Python 版本和依赖项加载到系统或 `/usr/local` 目录中 ，还不如使用 Conda 帮助我将 Ansible 所需的一切都收集到一个虚拟环境中，并将其与其他项目完全分开。
+
+本文着重于使用 Conda 作为 Python 项目来管理 Ansible，以保持它的干净并与其他项目分开。请继续阅读，并了解如何安装 Conda、创建新的虚拟环境、安装 Ansible 并对其进行测试。
+
+### 序幕
+
+最近，我想学习 [Ansible][3]，所以我需要找到安装它的最佳方法。
+
+我通常对在我的日常工作站上安装东西很谨慎。我尤其不喜欢对供应商的默认操作系统安装应用手动更新（这是我多年作为 Unix 系统管理的习惯）。我真的很想使用 Python 3.7，但是 MacOS 的 Python 包是旧的 2.7，我不会安装任何可能干扰核心 MacOS 系统的全局 Python 包。
+
+所以，我使用本地 Ubuntu 18.04 虚拟机上开始了我的 Ansible 工作。这提供了真正意义上的的安全隔离，但我很快发现管理它是非常乏味的。所以我着手研究如何在本机 MacOS 上获得一个灵活但独立的 Ansible 系统。
+
+由于 Ansible 基于 Python，Conda 似乎是理想的解决方案。
+
+### 安装 Conda
+
+Conda 是一个开源软件，它提供方便的包和环境管理功能。它可以帮助你管理多个版本的 Python、安装软件包依赖关系、执行升级和维护项目隔离。如果你手动管理 Python 虚拟环境，Conda 将有助于简化和管理你的工作。浏览 [Conda 文档][4]可以了解更多细节。
+
+我选择了 [Miniconda][5] Python 3.7 安装在我的工作站中，因为我想要最新的 Python 版本。无论选择哪个版本，你都可以使用其他版本的 Python 安装新的虚拟环境。
+
+要安装 Conda，请下载 PKG 格式的文件，进行通常的双击，并选择 “Install for me only” 选项。安装在我的系统上占用了大约 158 兆的空间。
+
+安装完成后，调出一个终端来查看你有什么了。你应该看到：
+
+ * 在你的家目录中的 `miniconda3` 目录
+ * shell 提示符被修改为 `(base)`
+ * `.bash_profile` 文件更新了一些 Conda 特有的设置内容
+
+现在基础已经安装好了，你有了第一个 Python 虚拟环境。运行 Python 版本检查可以证明这一点，你的 `PATH` 将指向新的位置：
+
+```
+(base) $ which python
+/Users/jfarrell/miniconda3/bin/python
+(base) $ python --version
+Python 3.7.1
+```
+
+现在安装了 Conda，下一步是建立一个虚拟环境，然后安装 Ansible 并运行。
+
+### 为 Ansible 创建虚拟环境
+
+我想将 Ansible 与我的其他 Python 项目分开，所以我创建了一个新的虚拟环境并切换到它:
+
+```
+(base) $ conda create --name ansible-env --clone base
+(base) $ conda activate ansible-env
+(ansible-env) $ conda env list
+```
+
+第一个命令将 Conda 库克隆到一个名为 `ansible-env` 的新虚拟环境中。克隆引入了 Python 3.7 版本和一系列默认的 Python 模块，你可以根据需要添加、删除或升级这些模块。
+
+第二个命令将 shell 上下文更改为这个新的环境。它为 Python 及其包含的模块设置了正确的路径。请注意，在 `conda activate ansible-env` 命令后，你的 shell 提示符会发生变化。
+
+第三个命令不是必须的；它列出了安装了哪些 Python 模块及其版本和其他数据。
+
+你可以随时使用 Conda 的 `activate` 命令切换到另一个虚拟环境。这将带你回到基本环境：`conda base`。
+
+### 安装 Ansible
+
+安装 Ansible 有多种方法，但是使用 Conda 可以将 Ansible 版本和所有需要的依赖项打包在一个地方。Conda 提供了灵活性，既可以将所有内容分开，又可以根据需要添加其他新环境（我将在后面演示）。
+
+要安装 Ansible 的相对较新版本，请使用:
+
+```
+(base) $ conda activate ansible-env
+(ansible-env) $ conda install -c conda-forge ansible
+```
+
+由于 Ansible 不是 Conda 默认通道的一部分，因此 `-c` 用于从备用通道搜索和安装。Ansible 现已安装到 `ansible-env` 虚拟环境中，可以使用了。
+
+### 使用 Ansible
+
+既然你已经安装了 Conda 虚拟环境，就可以使用它了。首先，确保要控制的节点已将工作站的 SSH 密钥安装到正确的用户帐户。
+
+调出一个新的 shell 并运行一些基本的 Ansible 命令：
+
+```
+(base) $ conda activate ansible-env
+(ansible-env) $ ansible --version
+ansible 2.8.1
+ config file = None
+ configured module search path = ['/Users/jfarrell/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
+ ansible python module location = /Users/jfarrell/miniconda3/envs/ansibleTest/lib/python3.7/site-packages/ansible
+ executable location = /Users/jfarrell/miniconda3/envs/ansibleTest/bin/ansible
+ python version = 3.7.1 (default, Dec 14 2018, 13:28:58) [Clang 4.0.1 (tags/RELEASE_401/final)]
+(ansible-env) $ ansible all -m ping -u ansible
+192.168.99.200 | SUCCESS => {
+ "ansible_facts": {
+ "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
+ },
+ "changed": false,
+ "ping": "pong"
+}
+```
+
+现在 Ansible 工作了，你可以在控制台中抽身，并从你的 MacOS 工作站中使用它们。
+
+### 克隆新的 Ansible 进行 Ansible 开发
+
+这部分完全是可选的；只有当你想要额外的虚拟环境来修改 Ansible 或者安全地使用有问题的 Python 模块时，才需要它。你可以通过以下方式将主 Ansible 环境克隆到开发副本中:
+
+```
+(ansible-env) $ conda create --name ansible-dev --clone ansible-env
+(ansible-env) $ conda activte ansible-dev
+(ansible-dev) $
+```
+
+### 需要注意的问题
+
+偶尔你可能遇到使用 Conda 的麻烦。你通常可以通过以下方式删除不良环境：
+
+```
+$ conda activate base
+$ conda remove --name ansible-dev --all
+```
+
+如果出现无法解决的错误，通常可以通过在 `~/miniconda3/envs` 中找到该环境并删除整个目录来直接删除环境。如果基础环境损坏了，你可以删除整个 `~/miniconda3`，然后从 PKG 文件中重新安装。只要确保保留 `~/miniconda3/envs` ，或使用 Conda 工具导出环境配置并在以后重新创建即可。
+
+MacOS 上不包括 `sshpass` 程序。只有当你的 Ansible 工作要求你向 Ansible 提供 SSH 登录密码时，才需要它。你可以在 SourceForge 上找到当前的 [sshpass 源代码][6]。
+
+最后，基础的 Conda Python 模块列表可能缺少你工作所需的一些 Python 模块。如果你需要安装一个模块，首选命令是 `conda install package`，但是需要的话也可以使用 `pip`，Conda 会识别安装的模块。
+
+### 结论
+
+Ansible 是一个强大的自动化工具，值得我们去学习。Conda 是一个简单有效的 Python 虚拟环境管理工具。
+
+在你的 MacOS 环境中保持软件安装分离是保持日常工作环境的稳定性和健全性的谨慎方法。Conda 尤其有助于升级你的 Python 版本，将 Ansible 从其他项目中分离出来，并安全地使用 Ansible。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/using-conda-ansible-administration-macos
+
+作者：[James Farrell][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jamesf
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cicd_continuous_delivery_deployment_gears.png?itok=kVlhiEkc (CICD with gears)
+[2]: https://brew.sh/
+[3]: https://docs.ansible.com/?extIdCarryOver=true&sc_cid=701f2000001OH6uAAG
+[4]: https://conda.io/projects/conda/en/latest/index.html
+[5]: https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/miniconda.html
+[6]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/sshpass/
diff --git a/published/20190829 Getting started with HTTPie for API testing.md b/published/20190829 Getting started with HTTPie for API testing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c85c165df5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190829 Getting started with HTTPie for API testing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11333-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Getting started with HTTPie for API testing)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/getting-started-httpie)
+[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshezhttps://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauleduhttps://opensource.com/users/jamesf)
+
+使用 HTTPie 进行 API 测试
+======
+
+> 使用 HTTPie 调试 API，这是一个用 Python 写的易用的命令行工具。
+
+
+
+[HTTPie][2] 是一个非常易用、易于升级的 HTTP 客户端。它的发音为 “aitch-tee-tee-pie” 并以 `http` 命令运行，它是一个用 Python 编写的来用于访问 Web 的命令行工具。
+
+由于这是一篇关于 HTTP 客户端的指导文章，因此你需要一个 HTTP 服务器来试用它。在这里，访问 [httpbin.org][3]，它是一个简单的开源 HTTP 请求和响应服务。httpbin.org 网站是一种测试 Web API 的强大方式，并能仔细管理并显示请求和响应内容，不过现在让我们专注于 HTTPie 的强大功能。
+
+### Wget 和 cURL 的替代品
+
+你可能听说过古老的 [Wget][4] 或稍微新一些的 [cURL][5] 工具，它们允许你从命令行访问 Web。它们是为访问网站而编写的，而 HTTPie 则用于访问 Web API。
+
+网站请求发生在计算机和正在阅读并响应它所看到的内容的最终用户之间，这并不太依赖于结构化的响应。但是，API 请求会在两台计算机之间进行*结构化*调用，人并不是该流程内的一部分，像 HTTPie 这样的命令行工具的参数可以有效地处理这个问题。
+
+### 安装 HTTPie
+
+有几种方法可以安装 HTTPie。你可以通过包管理器安装，无论你使用的是 `brew`、`apt`、`yum` 还是 `dnf`。但是，如果你已配置 [virtualenvwrapper][6]，那么你可以用自己的方式安装：
+
+
+```
+$ mkvirtualenv httpie
+...
+(httpie) $ pip install httpie
+...
+(httpie) $ deactivate
+$ alias http=~/.virtualenvs/httpie/bin/http
+$ http -b GET https://httpbin.org/get
+{
+ "args": {},
+ "headers": {
+ "Accept": "*/*",
+ "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
+ "Host": "httpbin.org",
+ "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2"
+ },
+ "origin": "104.220.242.210, 104.220.242.210",
+ "url": "https://httpbin.org/get"
+}
+```
+
+通过将 `http` 别名指向为虚拟环境中的命令，即使虚拟环境在非活动状态，你也可以运行它。你可以将 `alias` 命令放在 `.bash_profile` 或 `.bashrc` 中，这样你就可以使用以下命令升级 HTTPie：
+
+
+```
+$ ~/.virtualenvs/httpie/bin/pip install -U pip
+```
+
+### 使用 HTTPie 查询网站
+
+HTTPie 可以简化查询和测试 API。上面使用了一个选项，`-b`（即 `--body`）。没有它，HTTPie 将默认打印整个响应，包括响应头：
+
+```
+$ http GET https://httpbin.org/get
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
+Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
+Connection: keep-alive
+Content-Encoding: gzip
+Content-Length: 177
+Content-Type: application/json
+Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:19:47 GMT
+Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
+Server: nginx
+X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
+X-Frame-Options: DENY
+X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
+
+{
+ "args": {},
+ "headers": {
+ "Accept": "*/*",
+ "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
+ "Host": "httpbin.org",
+ "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2"
+ },
+ "origin": "104.220.242.210, 104.220.242.210",
+ "url": "https://httpbin.org/get"
+}
+```
+
+这在调试 API 服务时非常重要，因为大量信息在响应头中发送。例如，查看发送的 cookie 通常很重要。httpbin.org 提供了通过 URL 路径设置 cookie（用于测试目的）的方式。以下设置一个标题为 `opensource`， 值为 `awesome` 的 cookie：
+
+```
+$ http GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome
+HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND
+Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
+Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
+Connection: keep-alive
+Content-Length: 223
+Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:22:39 GMT
+Location: /cookies
+Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
+Server: nginx
+Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/
+X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
+X-Frame-Options: DENY
+X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
+
+
+Redirecting...
+Redirecting...
+You should be redirected automatically to target URL:
+/cookies. If not click the link.
+```
+
+注意 `Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/` 的响应头。这表明你预期设置的 cookie 已正确设置，路径为 `/`。另请注意，即使你得到了 `302` 重定向，`http` 也不会遵循它。如果你想要遵循重定向，则需要明确使用 `--follow` 标志请求：
+
+```
+$ http --follow GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
+Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
+Connection: keep-alive
+Content-Encoding: gzip
+Content-Length: 66
+Content-Type: application/json
+Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:33:34 GMT
+Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
+Server: nginx
+X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
+X-Frame-Options: DENY
+X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
+
+{
+ "cookies": {
+ "opensource": "awesome"
+ }
+}
+```
+
+但此时你无法看到原来的 `Set-Cookie` 头。为了看到中间响应，你需要使用 `--all`：
+
+
+```
+$ http --headers --all --follow GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome
+HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND
+Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
+Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
+Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:38:40 GMT
+Location: /cookies
+Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
+Server: nginx
+Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/
+X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
+X-Frame-Options: DENY
+X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
+Content-Length: 223
+Connection: keep-alive
+
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
+Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
+Content-Encoding: gzip
+Content-Type: application/json
+Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:38:41 GMT
+Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
+Server: nginx
+X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
+X-Frame-Options: DENY
+X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
+Content-Length: 66
+Connection: keep-alive
+```
+
+打印响应体并不有趣，因为你大多数时候只关心 cookie。如果你想看到中间请求的响应头，而不是最终请求中的响应体，你可以使用：
+
+```
+$ http --print hb --history-print h --all --follow GET https://httpbin.org/cookies/set/opensource/awesome
+HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND
+Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
+Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
+Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
+Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:40:56 GMT
+Location: /cookies
+Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
+Server: nginx
+Set-Cookie: opensource=awesome; Path=/
+X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
+X-Frame-Options: DENY
+X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
+Content-Length: 223
+Connection: keep-alive
+
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
+Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
+Content-Encoding: gzip
+Content-Type: application/json
+Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 01:40:56 GMT
+Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
+Server: nginx
+X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
+X-Frame-Options: DENY
+X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
+Content-Length: 66
+Connection: keep-alive
+
+{
+ "cookies": {
+ "opensource": "awesome"
+ }
+}
+```
+
+你可以使用 `--print` 精确控制打印的内容（`h`：响应头；`b`：响应体），并使用 `--history-print` 覆盖中间请求的打印内容设置。
+
+### 使用 HTTPie 下载二进制文件
+
+有时响应体并不是文本形式，它需要发送到可被不同应用打开的文件：
+
+```
+$ http GET https://httpbin.org/image/jpeg
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
+Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
+Connection: keep-alive
+Content-Length: 35588
+Content-Type: image/jpeg
+Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:25:49 GMT
+Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
+Server: nginx
+X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
+X-Frame-Options: DENY
+X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
+
+
++-----------------------------------------+
+| NOTE: binary data not shown in terminal |
++-----------------------------------------+
+```
+
+要得到正确的图片，你需要保存到文件：
+
+```
+$ http --download GET https://httpbin.org/image/jpeg
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
+Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
+Connection: keep-alive
+Content-Length: 35588
+Content-Type: image/jpeg
+Date: Fri, 09 Aug 2019 20:28:13 GMT
+Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
+Server: nginx
+X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
+X-Frame-Options: DENY
+X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
+
+Downloading 34.75 kB to "jpeg.jpe"
+Done. 34.75 kB in 0.00068s (50.05 MB/s)
+```
+
+试一下！图片很可爱。
+
+### 使用 HTTPie 发送自定义请求
+
+你可以发送指定的请求头。这对于需要非标准头的自定义 Web API 很有用：
+
+```
+$ http GET https://httpbin.org/headers X-Open-Source-Com:Awesome
+{
+ "headers": {
+ "Accept": "*/*",
+ "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
+ "Host": "httpbin.org",
+ "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2",
+ "X-Open-Source-Com": "Awesome"
+ }
+}
+```
+
+最后，如果要发送 JSON 字段（尽管可以指定确切的内容），对于许多嵌套较少的输入，你可以使用快捷方式：
+
+
+```
+$ http --body PUT https://httpbin.org/anything open-source=awesome author=moshez
+{
+ "args": {},
+ "data": "{\"open-source\": \"awesome\", \"author\": \"moshez\"}",
+ "files": {},
+ "form": {},
+ "headers": {
+ "Accept": "application/json, */*",
+ "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
+ "Content-Length": "46",
+ "Content-Type": "application/json",
+ "Host": "httpbin.org",
+ "User-Agent": "HTTPie/1.0.2"
+ },
+ "json": {
+ "author": "moshez",
+ "open-source": "awesome"
+ },
+ "method": "PUT",
+ "origin": "73.162.254.113, 73.162.254.113",
+ "url": "https://httpbin.org/anything"
+}
+```
+
+下次在调试 Web API 时，无论是你自己的还是别人的，记得放下 cURL，试试 HTTPie 这个命令行工具。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/getting-started-httpie
+
+作者：[Moshe Zadka][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshezhttps://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauleduhttps://opensource.com/users/jamesf
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/pie-raspberry-bake-make-food.png?itok=QRV_R8Fa (Raspberry pie with slice missing)
+[2]: https://httpie.org/
+[3]: https://github.com/postmanlabs/httpbin
+[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wget
+[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CURL
+[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/virtual-environments-python-macos
diff --git a/published/20190829 Three Ways to Exclude Specific-Certain Packages from Yum Update.md b/published/20190829 Three Ways to Exclude Specific-Certain Packages from Yum Update.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0d1ba9087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190829 Three Ways to Exclude Specific-Certain Packages from Yum Update.md
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11315-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Three Ways to Exclude Specific/Certain Packages from Yum Update)
+[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/redhat-centos-yum-update-exclude-specific-packages/)
+[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
+
+从 Yum 更新中排除特定/某些包的三种方法
+======
+
+
+
+作为系统更新的一部分，你也许需要在基于 Red Hat 系统中由于应用依赖排除一些软件包。
+
+如果是，如何排除？可以采取多少种方式？有三种方式可以做到，我们会在本篇中教你这三种方法。
+
+包管理器是一组工具，它允许用户在 Linux 系统中轻松管理包。它能让用户在 Linux 系统中安装、更新/升级、删除、查询、重新安装和搜索软件包。
+
+对于基于 Red Hat 的系统，我们使用 [yum 包管理器][1] 和 [rpm 包管理器][2] 进行包管理。
+
+### 什么是 yum？
+
+yum 代表 “Yellowdog Updater, Modified”。Yum 是用于 rpm 系统的自动更新程序和包安装/卸载器。
+
+它在安装包时自动解决依赖关系。
+
+### 什么是 rpm？
+
+rpm 代表 “Red Hat Package Manager”，它是一款用于 Red Hat 系统的功能强大的包管理工具。
+
+RPM 指的是 `.rpm` 文件格式，它包含已编译的软件和必要的库。
+
+你可能有兴趣阅读以下与本主题相关的文章。如果是的话，请进入相应的链接。
+
+ * [如何检查 Red Hat（RHEL）和 CentOS 系统上的可用安全更新][3]
+ * [在 Red Hat（RHEL）和 CentOS 系统上安装安全更新的四种方法][4]
+ * [在 Redhat（RHEL）和 CentOS 系统上检查或列出已安装的安全更新的两种方法][5]
+
+### 方法 1：手动或临时用 yum 命令排除包
+
+我们可以在 yum 中使用 `--exclude` 或 `-x` 开关来阻止 yum 命令获取特定包的更新。
+
+我可以说，这是一种临时方法或按需方法。如果你只想将特定包排除一次，那么我们可以使用此方法。
+
+以下命令将更新除 kernel 之外的所有软件包。
+
+要排除单个包：
+
+```
+# yum update --exclude=kernel
+或者
+# yum update -x 'kernel'
+```
+
+要排除多个包。以下命令将更新除 kernel 和 php 之外的所有软件包。
+
+```
+# yum update --exclude=kernel* --exclude=php*
+或者
+# yum update --exclude httpd,php
+```
+
+### 方法 2：在 yum 命令中永久排除软件包
+
+这是永久性方法，如果你经常执行修补程序更新，那么可以使用此方法。
+
+为此，请在 `/etc/yum.conf` 中添加相应的软件包以永久禁用软件包更新。
+
+添加后，每次运行 `yum update` 命令时都不需要指定这些包。此外，这可以防止任何意外更新这些包。
+
+```
+# vi /etc/yum.conf
+
+[main]
+cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
+keepcache=0
+debuglevel=2
+logfile=/var/log/yum.log
+exactarch=1
+obsoletes=1
+gpgcheck=1
+plugins=1
+installonly_limit=3
+exclude=kernel* php*
+```
+
+### 方法 3：使用 Yum versionlock 插件排除包
+
+这也是与上面类似的永久方法。Yum versionlock 插件允许用户通过 `yum` 命令锁定指定包的更新。
+
+为此，请运行以下命令。以下命令将从 `yum update` 中排除 freetype 包。
+
+或者，你可以直接在 `/etc/yum/pluginconf.d/versionlock.list` 中添加条目。
+
+```
+# yum versionlock add freetype
+
+Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock
+Adding versionlock on: 0:freetype-2.8-12.el7
+versionlock added: 1
+```
+
+运行以下命令来检查被 versionlock 插件锁定的软件包列表。
+
+```
+# yum versionlock list
+
+Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock
+0:freetype-2.8-12.el7.*
+versionlock list done
+```
+
+运行以下命令清空该列表。
+
+```
+# yum versionlock clear
+```
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.2daygeek.com/redhat-centos-yum-update-exclude-specific-packages/
+
+作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/
+[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/rpm-command-examples/
+[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-list-view-find-available-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/
+[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/
+[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-installed-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-and-centos-system/
diff --git a/published/20190830 Change your Linux terminal color theme.md b/published/20190830 Change your Linux terminal color theme.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..321dc40997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190830 Change your Linux terminal color theme.md
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11310-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Change your Linux terminal color theme)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/add-color-linux-terminal)
+[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
+
+如何更改 Linux 终端颜色主题
+======
+
+> 你可以用丰富的选项来定义你的终端主题。
+
+
+
+如果你大部分时间都盯着终端，那么你很自然地希望它看起来能赏心悦目。美与不美，全在观者，自 CRT 串口控制台以来，终端已经经历了很多变迁。因此，你的软件终端窗口有丰富的选项，可以用来定义你看到的主题，不管你如何定义美，这总是件好事。
+
+### 设置
+
+包括 GNOME、KDE 和 Xfce 在内的流行的软件终端应用，它们都提供了更改其颜色主题的选项。调整主题就像调整应用首选项一样简单。Fedora、RHEL 和 Ubuntu 默认使用 GNOME，因此本文使用该终端作为示例，但对 Konsole、Xfce 终端和许多其他终端的设置流程类似。
+
+首先，进入到应用的“首选项”或“设置”面板。在 GNOME 终端中，你可以通过屏幕顶部或窗口右上角的“应用”菜单访问它。
+
+在“首选项”中，单击“配置文件” 旁边的加号（“+”）来创建新的主题配置文件。在新配置文件中，单击“颜色”选项卡。
+
+![GNOME Terminal preferences][2]
+
+在“颜色”选项卡中，取消选择“使用系统主题中的颜色”选项，以使窗口的其余部分变为可选状态。最开始，你可以选择内置的颜色方案。这些包括浅色主题，它有明亮的背景和深色的前景文字；还有深色主题，它有深色背景和浅色前景文字。
+
+当没有其他设置（例如 `dircolors` 命令的设置）覆盖它们时，“默认颜色”色板将同时定义前景色和背景色。“调色板”设置 `dircolors` 命令定义的颜色。这些颜色由终端以 `LS_COLORS` 环境变量的形式使用，以在 [ls][3] 命令的输出中添加颜色。如果这些颜色不吸引你，请在此更改它们。
+
+如果对主题感到满意，请关闭“首选项”窗口。
+
+要将终端更改为新的配置文件，请单击“应用”菜单，然后选择“配置文件”。选择新的配置文件，接着享受自定义主题。
+
+![GNOME Terminal profile selection][4]
+
+### 命令选项
+
+如果你的终端没有合适的设置窗口，它仍然可以在启动命令中提供颜色选项。xterm 和 rxvt 终端（旧的和启用 Unicode 的变体，有时称为 urxvt 或 rxvt-unicode）都提供了这样的选项，因此即使没有桌面环境和大型 GUI 框架，你仍然可以设置终端模拟器的主题。
+
+两个明显的选项是前景色和背景色，分别用 `-fg` 和 `-bg` 定义。每个选项的参数是*颜色名*而不是它的 ANSI 编号。例如：
+
+```
+$ urxvt -bg black -fg green
+```
+
+这些会设置默认的前景和背景。如果有任何其他规则会控制特定文件或设备类型的颜色，那么就使用这些颜色。有关如何设置它们的信息，请参阅 [dircolors][5] 命令。
+
+你还可以使用 `-cr` 设置文本光标（而不是鼠标光标）的颜色：
+
+```
+$ urxvt -bg black -fg green -cr teal
+```
+
+![Setting color in urxvt][6]
+
+你的终端模拟器可能还有更多选项，如边框颜色（rxvt 中的 `-bd`）、光标闪烁（urxvt 中的 `-bc` 和 `+bc`），甚至背景透明度。请参阅终端的手册页，了解更多的功能。
+
+要使用你选择的颜色启动终端，你可以将选项添加到用于启动终端的命令或菜单中（例如，在你的 Fluxbox 菜单文件、`$HOME/.local/share/applications` 目录中的 `.desktop` 或者类似的）。或者，你可以使用 [xrdb][7] 工具来管理与 X 相关的资源（但这超出了本文的范围）。
+
+### 家是可定制的地方
+
+自定义 Linux 机器并不意味着你需要学习如何编程。你可以而且应该进行小而有意义的更改，来使你的数字家庭感觉更舒适。而且没有比终端更好的起点了！
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/add-color-linux-terminal
+
+作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/terminal_command_linux_desktop_code.jpg?itok=p5sQ6ODE (Terminal command prompt on orange background)
+[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-terminal-preferences.jpg (GNOME Terminal preferences)
+[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/master-ls-command
+[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-terminal-profile-select.jpg (GNOME Terminal profile selection)
+[5]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/dircolors.1.html
+[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/urxvt-color.jpg (Setting color in urxvt)
+[7]: https://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.7/doc/man/man1/xrdb.1.xhtml
diff --git a/published/20190830 How to Create and Use Swap File on Linux.md b/published/20190830 How to Create and Use Swap File on Linux.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8db4b5623
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190830 How to Create and Use Swap File on Linux.md
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (heguangzhi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11341-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to Create and Use Swap File on Linux)
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/create-swap-file-linux/)
+[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
+
+如何在 Linux 上创建和使用交换文件
+======
+
+本教程讨论了 Linux 中交换文件的概念，为什么使用它以及它相对于传统交换分区的优势。你将学习如何创建交换文件和调整其大小。
+
+### 什么是 Linux 的交换文件？
+
+交换文件允许 Linux 将磁盘空间模拟为内存。当你的系统开始耗尽内存时，它会使用交换空间将内存的一些内容交换到磁盘空间上。这样释放了内存，为更重要的进程服务。当内存再次空闲时，它会从磁盘交换回数据。我建议[阅读这篇文章，了解 Linux 上的交换空间的更多内容][1]。
+
+传统上，交换空间是磁盘上的一个独立分区。安装 Linux 时，只需创建一个单独的分区进行交换。但是这种趋势在最近几年发生了变化。
+
+使用交换文件，你不再需要单独的分区。你会根目录下创建一个文件，并告诉你的系统将其用作交换空间就行了。
+
+使用专用的交换分区，在许多情况下，调整交换空间的大小是一个可怕而不可能的任务。但是有了交换文件，你可以随意调整它们的大小。
+
+最新版本的 Ubuntu 和其他一些 Linux 发行版已经开始 [默认使用交换文件][2]。甚至如果你没有创建交换分区，Ubuntu 也会自己创建一个 1GB 左右的交换文件。
+
+让我们看看交换文件的更多信息。
+
+
+
+### 检查 Linux 的交换空间
+
+在你开始添加交换空间之前，最好检查一下你的系统中是否已经有了交换空间。
+
+你可以用[Linux 上的 free 命令][4]检查它。就我而言，我的[戴尔 XPS][5]有 14GB 的交换容量。
+
+```
+free -h
+ total used free shared buff/cache available
+Mem: 7.5G 4.1G 267M 971M 3.1G 2.2G
+Swap: 14G 0B 14G
+```
+
+`free` 命令给出了交换空间的大小，但它并没有告诉你它是真实的交换分区还是交换文件。`swapon` 命令在这方面会更好。
+
+```
+swapon --show
+NAME TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
+/dev/nvme0n1p4 partition 14.9G 0B -2
+```
+
+如你所见，我有 14.9GB 的交换空间，它在一个单独的分区上。如果是交换文件，类型应该是 `file` 而不是 `partition`。
+
+```
+swapon --show
+NAME TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
+/swapfile file 2G 0B -2
+```
+
+如果你的系统上没有交换空间，它应该显示如下内容：
+
+```
+free -h
+ total used free shared buff/cache available
+Mem: 7.5G 4.1G 267M 971M 3.1G 2.2G
+Swap: 0B 0B 0B
+```
+
+而 `swapon` 命令不会显示任何输出。
+
+
+### 在 Linux 上创建交换文件
+
+如果你的系统没有交换空间，或者你认为交换空间不足，你可以在 Linux 上创建交换文件。你也可以创建多个交换文件。
+
+让我们看看如何在 Linux 上创建交换文件。我在本教程中使用 Ubuntu 18.04，但它也应该适用于其他 Linux 发行版本。
+
+#### 步骤 1：创建一个新的交换文件
+
+首先，创建一个具有所需交换空间大小的文件。假设我想给我的系统增加 1GB 的交换空间。使用`fallocate` 命令创建大小为 1GB 的文件。
+
+```
+sudo fallocate -l 1G /swapfile
+```
+
+建议只允许 `root` 用户读写该交换文件。当你尝试将此文件用于交换区域时，你甚至会看到类似“不安全权限 0644，建议 0600”的警告。
+
+```
+sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
+```
+
+请注意，交换文件的名称可以是任意的。如果你需要多个交换空间，你可以给它任何合适的名称，如 `swap_file_1`、`swap_file_2` 等。它们只是一个预定义大小的文件。
+
+#### 步骤 2：将新文件标记为交换空间
+
+你需要告诉 Linux 系统该文件将被用作交换空间。你可以用 [mkswap][7] 工具做到这一点。
+
+```
+sudo mkswap /swapfile
+```
+
+你应该会看到这样的输出：
+
+```
+Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1024 MiB (1073737728 bytes)
+no label, UUID=7e1faacb-ea93-4c49-a53d-fb40f3ce016a
+```
+
+#### 步骤 3：启用交换文件
+
+现在，你的系统知道文件 `swapfile` 可以用作交换空间。但是还没有完成。你需要启用该交换文件，以便系统可以开始使用该文件作为交换。
+
+```
+sudo swapon /swapfile
+```
+
+现在，如果你检查交换空间，你应该会看到你的 Linux 系统会识别并使用它作为交换空间：
+
+```
+swapon --show
+NAME TYPE SIZE USED PRIO
+/swapfile file 1024M 0B -2
+```
+
+#### 步骤 4：让改变持久化
+
+迄今为止你所做的一切都是暂时的。重新启动系统，所有更改都将消失。
+
+你可以通过将新创建的交换文件添加到 `/etc/fstab` 文件来使更改持久化。
+
+对 `/etc/fstab` 文件进行任何更改之前，最好先进行备份。
+
+```
+sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.back
+```
+
+现在将以下行添加到 `/etc/fstab` 文件的末尾：
+
+```
+/swapfile none swap sw 0 0
+```
+
+你可以使用[命令行文本编辑器][8]手动操作，或者使用以下命令：
+
+```
+echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
+```
+
+现在一切都准备好了。即使在重新启动你的 Linux 系统后，你的交换文件也会被使用。
+
+### 调整 swappiness 参数
+
+`swappiness` 参数决定了交换空间的使用频率。`swappiness` 值的范围从 0 到 100。较高的值意味着交换空间将被更频繁地使用。
+
+Ubuntu 桌面的默认的 `swappiness` 是 60，而服务器的默认 `swappiness` 是 1。你可以使用以下命令检查 `swappiness`：
+
+```
+cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
+```
+
+为什么服务器应该使用低的 `swappiness` 值？因为交换空间比内存慢，为了获得更好的性能，应该尽可能多地使用内存。在服务器上，性能因素至关重要，因此 `swappiness` 应该尽可能低。
+
+你可以使用以下系统命令动态更改 `swappiness`：
+
+```
+sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=25
+```
+
+这种改变只是暂时的。如果要使其永久化，可以编辑 `/etc/sysctl.conf` 文件，并在文件末尾添加`swappiness` 值:
+
+```
+vm.swappiness=25
+```
+
+### 在 Linux 上调整交换空间的大小
+
+在 Linux 上有几种方法可以调整交换空间的大小。但是在你看到这一点之前，你应该了解一些关于它的事情。
+
+当你要求系统停止将交换文件用于交换空间时，它会将所有数据（确切地说是内存页）传输回内存。所以你应该有足够的空闲内存，然后再停止交换。
+
+这就是为什么创建和启用另一个临时交换文件是一个好的做法的原因。这样，当你关闭原来的交换空间时，你的系统将使用临时交换文件。现在你可以调整原来的交换空间的大小。你可以手动删除临时交换文件或留在那里，下次启动时会自动删除（LCTT 译注：存疑？）。
+
+如果你有足够的可用内存或者创建了临时交换空间，那就关闭你原来的交换文件。
+
+```
+sudo swapoff /swapfile
+```
+
+现在你可以使用 `fallocate` 命令来更改文件的大小。比方说，你将其大小更改为 2GB:
+
+```
+sudo fallocate -l 2G /swapfile
+```
+
+现在再次将文件标记为交换空间：
+
+```
+sudo mkswap /swapfile
+```
+
+并再次启用交换文件：
+
+```
+sudo swapon /swapfile
+```
+
+你也可以选择同时拥有多个交换文件。
+
+### 删除 Linux 中的交换文件
+
+你可能有不在 Linux 上使用交换文件的原因。如果你想删除它，该过程类似于你刚才看到的调整交换大小的过程。
+
+首先，确保你有足够的空闲内存。现在关闭交换文件：
+
+```
+sudo swapoff /swapfile
+```
+
+下一步是从 `/etc/fstab` 文件中删除相应的条目。
+
+最后，你可以删除该文件来释放空间：
+
+```
+sudo rm /swapfile
+```
+
+### 你用了交换空间了吗？
+
+我想你现在已经很好地理解了 Linux 中的交换文件概念。现在，你可以根据需要轻松创建交换文件或调整它们的大小。
+
+如果你对这个话题有什么要补充的或者有任何疑问，请在下面留下评论。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/create-swap-file-linux/
+
+作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://itsfoss.com/swap-size/
+[2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq
+[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/swap-file-linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
+[4]: https://linuxhandbook.com/free-command/
+[5]: https://itsfoss.com/dell-xps-13-ubuntu-review/
+[6]: https://itsfoss.com/fix-missing-system-settings-ubuntu-1404-quick-tip/
+[7]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/mkswap.8.html
+[8]: https://itsfoss.com/command-line-text-editors-linux/
+[9]: https://itsfoss.com/replace-linux-from-dual-boot/
diff --git a/published/20190831 Google opens Android speech transcription and gesture tracking, Twitter-s telemetry tooling, Blender-s growing adoption, and more news.md b/published/20190831 Google opens Android speech transcription and gesture tracking, Twitter-s telemetry tooling, Blender-s growing adoption, and more news.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6370eb975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190831 Google opens Android speech transcription and gesture tracking, Twitter-s telemetry tooling, Blender-s growing adoption, and more news.md
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11292-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Google opens Android speech transcription and gesture tracking, Twitter's telemetry tooling, Blender's growing adoption, and more news)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/19/8/news-august-31)
+[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt)
+
+开源新闻综述：谷歌开源 Android 语音转录和手势追踪、Twitter 的遥测工具
+======
+
+> 不要错过两周以来最大的开源头条新闻。
+
+![Weekly news roundup with TV][1]
+
+在本期的开源新闻综述中，我们来看看谷歌发布的两个开源软件、Twitter 的最新可观测性工具、动漫工作室对 Blender 的采用在增多等等新闻！
+
+### 谷歌的开源双响炮
+
+搜索引擎巨头谷歌的开发人员最近一直忙于开源。在过去的两周里，他们以开源的方式发布了两个截然不同的软件。
+
+第一个是 Android 的语音识别和转录工具 Live Transcribe 的[语音引擎][2]，它可以“在移动设备上使用机器学习算法将音频变成实时字幕”。谷歌的声明称，它正在开源 Live Transcribe 以“让所有开发人员可以为长篇对话提供字幕”。你可以[在 GitHub 上][3]浏览或下载 Live Transcribe 的源代码。
+
+谷歌还为 Android 和 iOS 开源了[手势跟踪软件][4]，它建立在其 [MediaPipe][5] 机器学习框架之上。该软件结合了三种人工智能组件：手掌探测器、“返回 3D 手点”的模型和手势识别器。据谷歌研究人员称，其目标是改善“跨各种技术领域和平台的用户体验”。该软件的源代码和文档[可在 GitHub 上获得][6]。
+
+### Twitter 开源 Rezolus 遥测工具
+
+当想到网络中断时，我们想到的是影响站点或服务性能的大崩溃或减速。让我们感到惊讶的是性能慢慢被吃掉的小尖峰的重要性。为了更容易地检测这些尖峰，Twitter 开发了一个名为 Rezolus 的工具，该公司[已将其开源][7]。
+
+> 我们现有的按分钟采样的遥测技术未能反映出这些异常现象。这是因为相对于该异常发生的长度，较低的采样率掩盖了这些持续时间大约为 10 秒的异常。这使得很难理解正在发生的事情并调整系统以获得更高的性能。
+
+Rezolus 旨在检测“非常短暂但有时显著的性能异常”——仅持续几秒钟。Twitter 已经运行了 Rezolus 大约一年，并且一直在使用它收集的内容“与后端服务日志来确定峰值的来源”。
+
+如果你对将 Rezolus 添加到可观测性堆栈中的结果感到好奇，请查看 Twitter 的 [GitHub 存储库][8]中的源代码。
+
+### 日本的 Khara 动画工作室采用 Blender
+
+Blender 被认为是开源的动画和视觉效果软件的黄金标准。它被几家制作公司采用，其中最新的是[日本动漫工作室 Khara][9]。
+
+Khara 正在使用 Blender 开发 Evangelion: 3.0+1.0，这是基于流行动漫系列《Neon Genesis Evangelion》的电影系列的最新版本。虽然该电影的工作不能在 Blender 中全部完成，但 Khara 的员工“将从 2020 年 6 月开始使用 Blender 进行大部分工作”。为了强调其对 Blender 和开源的承诺，“Khara 宣布它将作为企业会员加入 Blender 基金会的发展基金。“
+
+### NSA 分享其固件安全工具
+
+继澳大利亚同行[共享他们的一个工具][10]之后，美国国家安全局（NSA）正在[提供][11]的一个项目的成果“可以更好地保护机器免受固件攻击“。这个最新的软件以及其他保护固件的开源工作可以在 [Coreboot Gerrit 存储库][12]下找到。
+
+这个名为“具有受保护执行的 SMI 传输监视器”（STM-PE）的软件“将与运行 Coreboot 的 x86 处理器配合使用”以防止固件攻击。根据 NSA 高级网络安全实验室的 Eugene Meyers 的说法，STM-PE 采用低级操作系统代码“并将其置于一个盒子中，以便它只能访问它需要访问的设备系统”。这有助于防止篡改，Meyers 说，“这将提高系统的安全性。”
+
+### 其它新闻
+
+* [Linux 内核中的 exFAT？是的！][13]
+* [瓦伦西亚继续支持 Linux 学校发行版][14]
+* [西班牙首个开源卫星][15]
+* [Western Digital 从开放标准到开源芯片的长途旅行][16]
+* [用于自动驾驶汽车多模传感器的 Waymo 开源数据集][17]
+
+一如既往地感谢 Opensource.com 的工作人员和主持人本周的帮助。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/19/8/news-august-31
+
+作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/weekly_news_roundup_tv.png?itok=B6PM4S1i (Weekly news roundup with TV)
+[2]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/08/16/google-open-sources-live-transcribes-speech-engine/
+[3]: https://github.com/google/live-transcribe-speech-engine
+[4]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/08/19/google-open-sources-gesture-tracking-ai-for-mobile-devices/
+[5]: https://github.com/google/mediapipe
+[6]: https://github.com/google/mediapipe/blob/master/mediapipe/docs/hand_tracking_mobile_gpu.md
+[7]: https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/topics/open-source/2019/introducing-rezolus.html
+[8]: https://github.com/twitter/rezolus
+[9]: https://www.neowin.net/news/anime-studio-khara-is-planning-to-use-open-source-blender-software/
+[10]: https://linux.cn/article-11241-1.html
+[11]: https://www.cyberscoop.com/nsa-firmware-open-source-coreboot-stm-pe-eugene-myers/
+[12]: https://review.coreboot.org/admin/repos
+[13]: https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/opensource/2019/08/28/exfat-linux-kernel/
+[14]: https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/open-source-observatory-osor/news/120000-lliurex-desktops
+[15]: https://hackaday.com/2019/08/15/spains-first-open-source-satellite/
+[16]: https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/open-source/western-digitals-long-trip-open-standards-open-source-chips
+[17]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/08/21/waymo-open-sources-data-set-for-autonomous-vehicle-multimodal-sensors/
diff --git a/published/20190902 Why I use Java.md b/published/20190902 Why I use Java.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4ec8d6570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190902 Why I use Java.md
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11337-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Why I use Java)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/9/why-i-use-java)
+[#]: author: (Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen)
+
+我为什么使用 Java
+======
+
+> 根据你的工作需要，可能有比 Java 更好的语言，但是我还没有看到任何能把我拉走的语言。
+
+
+
+我记得我是从 1997 年开始使用 Java 的，就在 [Java 1.1 刚刚发布][2]不久之后。从那时起，总的来说，我非常喜欢用 Java 编程；虽然我得承认，这些日子我经常像在 Java 中编写“严肃的代码”一样编写 [Groovy][3] 脚本。
+
+来自 [FORTRAN][4]、[PL/1][5]、[Pascal][6] 以及最后的 [C 语言][7] 背景，我发现了许多让我喜欢 Java 的东西。Java 是我[面向对象编程][8]的第一次重要实践经验。到那时，我已经编程了大约 20 年，而且可以说我对什么重要、什么不重要有了一些看法。
+
+### 调试是一个关键的语言特性
+
+我真的很讨厌浪费时间追踪由我的代码不小心迭代到数组末尾而导致的模糊错误，特别是在 IBM 大型机上的 FORTRAN 编程时代。另一个不时出现的隐晦问题是调用一个子程序时，该子程序带有一个四字节整数参数，而预期有两个字节；在小端架构上，这通常是一个良性的错误，但在大端机器上，前两个字节的值通常并不总是为零。
+
+在那种批处理环境中进行调试也非常不便，通过核心转储或插入打印语句进行调试，这些语句本身会移动错误的位置甚至使它们消失。
+
+所以我使用 Pascal 的早期体验，先是在 [MTS][9] 上，然后是在 [IBM OS/VS1][10] 上使用相同的 MTS 编译器，让我的生活变得更加轻松。Pascal 的[强类型和静态类型][11]是取得这种胜利的重要组成部分，我使用的每个 Pascal 编译器都会在数组的边界和范围上插入运行时检查，因此错误可以在发生时检测到。当我们在 20 世纪 80 年代早期将大部分工作转移到 Unix 系统时，移植 Pascal 代码是一项简单的任务。
+
+### 适量的语法
+
+但是对于我所喜欢的 Pascal 来说，我的代码很冗长，而且语法似乎要比代码还要多；例如，使用：
+
+```
+if ... then begin ... end else ... end
+```
+
+而不是 C 或类似语言中的：
+
+```
+if (...) { ... } else { ... }
+```
+
+另外，有些事情在 Pascal 中很难完成，在 C 中更容易。但是，当我开始越来越多地使用 C 时，我发现自己遇到了我曾经在 FORTRAN 中遇到的同样类型的错误，例如，超出数组边界。在原始的错误点未检测到数组结束，而仅在程序执行后期才会检测到它们的不利影响。幸运的是，我不再生活在那种批处理环境中，并且手头有很好的调试工具。不过，C 对于我来说有点太灵活了。
+
+当我遇到 [awk][12] 时，我发现它与 C 相比又是另外一种样子。那时，我的很多工作都涉及转换字段数据并创建报告。我发现用 `awk` 加上其他 Unix 命令行工具，如 `sort`、`sed`、`cut`、`join`、`paste`、`comm` 等等，可以做到事情令人吃惊。从本质上讲，这些工具给了我一个像是基于文本文件的关系数据库管理器，这种文本文件具有列式结构，是我们很多字段数据的保存方式。或者，即便不是这种格式，大部分时候也可以从关系数据库或某种二进制格式导出到列式结构中。
+
+`awk` 支持的字符串处理、[正则表达式][13]和[关联数组][14]，以及 `awk` 的基本特性（它实际上是一个数据转换管道），非常符合我的需求。当面对二进制数据文件、复杂的数据结构和关键性能需求时，我仍然会转回到 C；但随着我越来越多地使用 `awk`，我发现 C 的非常基础的字符串支持越来越令人沮丧。随着时间的推移，更多的时候我只会在必须时才使用 C，并且在其余的时候里大量使用 `awk`。
+
+### Java 的抽象层级合适
+
+然后是 Java。它看起来相当不错 —— 相对简洁的语法，让人联想到 C，或者这种相似性至少要比 Pascal 或其他任何早期的语言更为明显。它是强类型的，因此很多编程错误会在编译时被捕获。它似乎并不需要过多的面向对象的知识就能起步，这是一件好事，因为我当时对 [OOP 设计模式][15]毫不熟悉。但即使在刚刚开始，我也喜欢它的简化[继承模型][16]背后的思想。（Java 允许使用提供的接口进行单继承，以在某种程度上丰富范例。）
+
+它似乎带有丰富的功能库（即“自备电池”的概念），在适当的水平上直接满足了我的需求。最后，我发现自己很快就会想到将数据和行为在对象中组合在一起的想法。这似乎是明确控制数据之间交互的好方法 —— 比大量的参数列表或对全局变量的不受控制的访问要好得多。
+
+从那以后，Java 在我的编程工具箱中成为了 Helvetic 军刀。我仍然偶尔会在 `awk` 中编写程序，或者使用 Linux 命令行实用程序（如 `cut`、`sort` 或 `sed`），因为它们显然是解决手头问题的直接方法。我怀疑过去 20 年我可能没写过 50 行的 C 语言代码；Java 完全满足了我的需求。
+
+此外，Java 一直在不断改进。首先，它变得更加高效。并且它添加了一些非常有用的功能，例如[可以用 try 来测试资源][17]，它可以很好地清理在文件 I/O 期间冗长而有点混乱的错误处理代码；或 [lambda][18]，它提供了声明函数并将其作为参数传递的能力，而旧方法需要创建类或接口来“托管”这些函数；或[流][19]，它在函数中封装了迭代行为，可以创建以链式函数调用形式实现的高效数据转换管道。
+
+### Java 越来越好
+
+许多语言设计者研究了从根本上改善 Java 体验的方法。对我来说，其中大部分没有引起我的太多兴趣；再次，这更多地反映了我的典型工作流程，并且（更多地）减少了这些语言带来的功能。但其中一个演化步骤已经成为我的编程工具中不可或缺的一部分：[Groovy][20]。当我遇到一个小问题，需要一个简单的解决方案时，Groovy 已经成为了我的首选。而且，它与 Java 高度兼容。对我来说，Groovy 填补了 Python 为许多其他人所提供的相同用处 —— 它紧凑、DRY（不要重复自己）和具有表达性（列表和词典有完整的语言支持）。我还使用了 [Grails][21]，它使用 Groovy 为非常高性能和有用的 Java Web 应用程序提供简化的 Web 框架。
+
+### Java 仍然开源吗？
+
+最近，对 [OpenJDK][22] 越来越多的支持进一步提高了我对 Java 的舒适度。许多公司以各种方式支持 OpenJDK，包括 [AdoptOpenJDK、Amazon 和 Red Hat][23]。在我的一个更大、更长期的项目中，我们使用 AdoptOpenJDK [来在几个桌面平台上生成自定义的运行时环境][24]。
+
+有没有比 Java 更好的语言？我确信有，这取决于你的工作需要。但我一直对 Java 非常满意，我还没有遇到任何可能会让我失望的东西。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/why-i-use-java
+
+作者：[Chris Hermansen][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/java-coffee-beans.jpg?itok=3hkjX5We (Coffee beans)
+[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_version_history
+[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Groovy
+[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran
+[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/I
+[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)
+[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
+[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming
+[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Terminal_System
+[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/VS1
+[11]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11889602/difference-between-strong-vs-static-typing-and-weak-vs-dynamic-typing
+[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK
+[13]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression
+[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_array
+[15]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/understanding-software-design-patterns
+[16]: https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_inheritance.asp
+[17]: https://www.baeldung.com/java-try-with-resources
+[18]: https://www.baeldung.com/java-8-lambda-expressions-tips
+[19]: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java8/java8_streams
+[20]: https://groovy-lang.org/
+[21]: https://grails.org/
+[22]: https://openjdk.java.net/
+[23]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenJDK
+[24]: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/java-se-11-removing-jnlp
diff --git a/published/20190903 5 open source speed-reading applications.md b/published/20190903 5 open source speed-reading applications.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef922bf1e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190903 5 open source speed-reading applications.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11316-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (5 open source speed-reading applications)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/speed-reading-open-source)
+[#]: author: (Jaouhari Youssef https://opensource.com/users/jaouhari)
+
+5 个开源的速读应用
+======
+
+> 使用这五个应用训练自己更快地阅读文本。
+
+
+
+英国散文家和政治家 [Joseph Addison][2] 曾经说过，“读书益智，运动益体。”如今，我们大多数人（如果不是全部）都是通过计算机显示器、电视屏幕、移动设备、街道标志、报纸、杂志上阅读，以及在工作场所和学校阅读论文来训练我们的大脑。
+
+鉴于我们每天都会收到大量的书面信息，通过做一些挑战我们经典的阅读习惯并教会我们吸收更多内容和数据的特定练习，来训练我们的大脑以便更快地阅读似乎是有利的。学习这些技能的目的不仅仅是浏览文本，因为没有理解的阅读就是浪费精力。目标是提高你的阅读速度，同时仍然达到高水平的理解。
+
+### 阅读和处理输入
+
+在深入探讨速读之前，让我们来看看阅读过程。根据法国眼科医生 Louis Emile Javal 的说法，阅读分为三个步骤：
+
+ 1. 固定
+ 2. 处理
+ 3. [扫视][3]
+
+在第一步，我们确定文本中的固定点，称为最佳识别点。在第二步中，我们在眼睛固定的同时引入（处理）新信息。最后，我们改变注视点的位置，这是一种称为扫视的操作，此时未获取任何新信息。
+
+在实践中，阅读更快的读者之间的主要差异是固定时间短于平均值，更长距离扫视，重读更少。
+
+### 阅读练习
+
+阅读不是人类的自然过程，因为它是人类生存跨度中一个相当新的发展。第一个书写系统是在大约 5000 年前创建的，它不足以让人们发展成为阅读机器。因此，我们必须运用我们的阅读技巧，在这项沟通的基本任务中变得更加娴熟和高效。
+
+第一项练习包括减少默读，也被称为无声语音，这是一种在阅读时内部发音的习惯。它是一个减慢阅读速度的自然过程，因为阅读速度限于语速。减少默读的关键是只说出一些阅读的单词。一种方法是用其他任务来占据内部声音，例如用口香糖。
+
+第二个练习包括减少回归，或称为重读。回归是一种懒惰的机制，因为我们的大脑可以随时重读任何材料，从而降低注意力。
+
+### 5 个开源应用来训练你的大脑
+
+有几个有趣的开源应用可用于锻炼你的阅读速度。
+
+一个是 [Gritz][4]，它是一个开源文件阅读器，它一次一个地弹出单词，以减少回归。它适用于 Linux、Windows 和 MacOS，并在 GPL 许可证下发布，因此你可以随意使用它。
+
+其他选择包括 [Spray Speed-Reader][5]，一个用 JavaScript 编写的开源速读应用，以及 [Sprits-it!][6]，一个开源 Web 应用，可以快速阅读网页。
+
+对于 Android 用户，[Comfort Reader][7] 是一个开源的速读应用。它可以在 [F-droid][8] 和 [Google Play][9] 应用商店中找到。
+
+我最喜欢的应用是 [Speedread][10]，它是一个简单的终端程序，它可以在最佳阅读点逐字显示文本。要安装它，请在你的设备上克隆 Github 仓库，然后输入相应的命令来选择以喜好的每分钟字数 （WPM）来阅读文档。默认速率为 250 WPM。例如，要以 400 WPM 阅读 `your_text_file.txt`，你应该输入：
+
+```
+`cat your_text_file.txt | ./speedread -w 400`
+```
+
+下面是该程序的运行界面：
+
+![Speedread demo][11]
+
+由于你可能不会只阅读[纯文本][12]，因此可以使用 [Pandoc][13] 将文件从标记格式转换为文本格式。你还可以使用 Android 终端模拟器 [Termux][14] 在 Android 设备上运行 Speedread。
+
+### 其他方案
+
+对于开源社区来说，构建一个解决方案是一个有趣的项目，它仅为了通过使用特定练习来提高阅读速度，以此改进如默读和重读。我相信这个项目会非常有益，因为在当今信息丰富的环境中，提高阅读速度非常有价值。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/speed-reading-open-source
+
+作者：[Jaouhari Youssef][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jaouhari
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/books_stack_library_reading.jpg?itok=uulcS8Sw (stack of books)
+[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Addison
+[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade
+[4]: https://github.com/jeffkowalski/gritz
+[5]: https://github.com/chaimpeck/spray
+[6]: https://github.com/the-happy-hippo/sprits-it
+[7]: https://github.com/mschlauch/comfortreader
+[8]: https://f-droid.org/packages/com.mschlauch.comfortreader/
+[9]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mschlauch.comfortreader
+[10]: https://github.com/pasky/speedread
+[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/speedread_demo.gif (Speedread demo)
+[12]: https://plaintextproject.online/
+[13]: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/intro-pandoc
+[14]: https://termux.com/
diff --git a/published/20190903 An introduction to Hyperledger Fabric.md b/published/20190903 An introduction to Hyperledger Fabric.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3bd8f72221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190903 An introduction to Hyperledger Fabric.md
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (Morisun029)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11328-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (An introduction to Hyperledger Fabric)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/9/introduction-hyperledger-fabric)
+[#]: author: (Matt Zand https://opensource.com/users/mattzandhttps://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarlandhttps://opensource.com/users/wonderchook)
+
+Hyperledger Fabric 介绍
+======
+
+> Hyperledger （超级账本）是一组开源工具，旨在构建一个强大的、业务驱动的区块链框架。
+
+
+
+[Hyperledger][2] （超级账本）是区块链行业中最大的项目之一，它由一组开源工具和多个子项目组成。该项目是由 Linux 基金会主办的一个全球协作项目，其中包括一些不同领域的领导者们，这些领导者们的目标是建立一个强大的、业务驱动的区块链框架。
+
+区块链网络主要有三种类型：公共区块链、联盟或联合区块链，以及私有区块链。Hyperledger 是一个区块链框架，旨在帮助公司建立私人或联盟许可的区块链网络，在该网络中，多个组织可以共享控制和操作网络内节点的权限。
+
+因为区块链是一个透明的，基于不可变模式的安全的去中心化系统，所以它被认为是传统的供应链行业改变游戏规则的一种解决方案。它可以通过以下方式支持有效的供应链系统：
+
+* 跟踪整个区块链中的产品
+* 校验和验证区块链中的产品
+* 在供应链参与者之间共享整个区块链的信息
+* 提供可审核性
+
+本文通过食品供应链的例子来解释 Hyperledger 区块链是如何改变传统供应链系统的。
+
+### 食品行业供应链
+
+传统供应链效率低下的主要原因是由于缺乏透明度而导致报告不可靠和竞争上的劣势。
+
+在传统的供应链模式中，有关实体的信息对该区块链中的其他人来说并不完全透明，这就导致了不准确的报告和缺乏互操作性问题。电子邮件和印刷文档提供了一些信息，但它们不可能包含完整详细的可见性数据，因为很难在整个供应链中去追踪产品。这也使消费者几乎不可能知道产品的真正价值和来源。
+
+食品行业的供应链环境复杂，多个参与者需要协作将货物运送到最终目的地 —— 客户手中。下图显示了食品供应链（多级）网络中的主要参与者。
+
+![典型的食品供应链][3]
+
+该区块链的每个阶段都会引入潜在的安全问题、整合问题和其他低效问题。目前食品供应链中的主要威胁仍然是假冒食品和食品欺诈。
+
+基于 Hyperledger 区块链的食品跟踪系统可实现对食品信息全面的可视性和和可追溯性。更重要的是，它以一种不变但可行的方式来记录产品细节，确保食品信息的真实性。最终用户通过在不可变框架上共享产品的详细信息，可以自我验证产品的真实性。
+
+### Hyperledger Fabric
+
+Hyperledger Fabric 是 Hyperledger 项目的基石。它是基于许可的区块链，或者更准确地说是一种分布式分类帐技术（DLT），该技术最初由 IBM 公司和 Digital Asset 创建。分布式分类帐技术被设计为具有不同组件的模块化框架（概述如下）。它也是提供可插入的共识模型的一种灵活的解决方案，尽管它目前仅提供基于投票的许可共识（假设今天的 Hyperledger 网络在部分可信赖的环境中运行）。
+
+鉴于此，无需匿名矿工来验证交易，也无需用作激励措施的相关货币。所有的参与者必须经过身份验证才能参与到该区块链进行交易。与以太坊一样，Hyperledger Fabric 支持智能合约，在 Hyperledger 中称为 Chaincodes，这些合约描述并执行系统的应用程序逻辑。
+
+然而，与以太坊不同，Hyperledger Fabric 不需要昂贵的挖矿计算来提交交易，因此它有助于构建可以在更短的延迟内进行扩展的区块链。
+
+Hyperledger Fabric 不同于以太坊或比特币这样的区块链，不仅在于它们类型不同，或者说是它与货币无关，而且它们在内部机制方面也不同。以下是典型的 Hyperledger 网络的关键要素：
+
+* 账本：存储了一系列块，这些块保留了所有状态交易的所有不可变历史记录。
+* 节点：区块链的逻辑实体。它有三种类型：
+ * 客户端：是代表用户向网络提交事务的应用程序。
+ * 对等体：是提交交易并维护分类帐状态的实体。
+ * 排序者 在客户端和对等体之间创建共享通信渠道，还将区块链交易打包成块发送给遵从的对等体节点。
+
+除了这些要素，Hyperledger Fabric 还有以下关键设计功能：
+
+* 链码：类似于其它诸如以太坊的网络中的智能合约。它是用一种更高级的语言编写的程序，在针对分类帐当前状态的数据库执行。
+* 通道：用于在多个网络成员之间共享机密信息的专用通信子网。每笔交易都在一个只有经过身份验证和授权的各方可见的通道上执行。
+* 背书人 验证交易，调用链码，并将背书的交易结果返回给调用应用程序。
+* 成员服务提供商（MSP）通过颁发和验证证书来提供身份验证和身份验证过程。MSP 确定信任哪些证书颁发机构（CA）去定义信任域的成员，并确定成员可能扮演的特定角色（成员、管理员等）。
+
+### 如何验证交易
+
+探究一笔交易是如何通过验证的是理解 Hyperledger Fabric 在底层如何工作的好方法。此图显示了在典型的 Hyperledger 网络中处理交易的端到端系统流程：
+
+![Hyperledger 交易验证流程][4]
+
+首先，客户端通过向基于 Hyperledger Fabric 的应用程序客户端发送请求来启动交易，该客户端将交易提议提交给背书对等体。这些对等体通过执行由交易指定的链码（使用该状态的本地副本）来模拟该交易，并将结果发送回应用程序。此时，应用程序将交易与背书相结合，并将其广播给排序服务。排序服务检查背书并为每个通道创建一个交易块，然后将其广播给通道中的其它节点，对的体验证该交易并进行提交。
+
+Hyperledger Fabric 区块链可以通过透明的、不变的和共享的食品来源数据记录、处理数据，及运输细节等信息将食品供应链中的参与者们连接起来。链码由食品供应链中的授权参与者来调用。所有执行的交易记录都永久保存在分类帐中，所有参与者都可以查看此信息。
+
+### Hyperledger Composer
+
+除了 Fabric 或 Iroha 等区块链框架外，Hyperledger 项目还提供了 Composer、Explorer 和 Cello 等工具。 Hyperledger Composer 提供了一个工具集，可帮助你更轻松地构建区块链应用程序。 它包括：
+
+* CTO，一种建模语言
+* Playground，一种基于浏览器的开发工具，用于快速测试和部署
+* 命令行界面（CLI）工具
+
+Composer 支持 Hyperledger Fabric 的运行时和基础架构，在内部，Composer 的 API 使用底层 Fabric 的 API。Composer 在 Fabric 上运行，这意味着 Composer 生成的业务网络可以部署到 Hyperledger Fabric 执行。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/introduction-hyperledger-fabric
+
+作者：[Matt Zand][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[Morisun029](https://github.com/Morisun029)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mattzandhttps://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarlandhttps://opensource.com/users/wonderchook
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/chain.png?itok=sgAjswFf (Chain image)
+[2]: https://www.hyperledger.org/
+[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/foodindustrysupplychain.png (Typical food supply chain)
+[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hyperledger-fabric-transaction-flow.png (Hyperledger transaction validation flow)
+[5]: https://coding-bootcamps.com/ultimate-guide-for-building-a-blockchain-supply-chain-using-hyperledger-fabric-and-composer.html
diff --git a/published/20190903 The birth of the Bash shell.md b/published/20190903 The birth of the Bash shell.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11314-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (The birth of the Bash shell)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/19/9/command-line-heroes-bash)
+[#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberghttps://opensource.com/users/mbbroberghttps://opensource.com/users/mbbroberghttps://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg)
+
+Bash shell 的诞生
+======
+
+> 本周的《代码英雄》播客深入研究了最广泛使用的、已经成为事实标准的脚本语言，它来自于自由软件基金会及其作者的早期灵感。
+
+![Listen to the Command Line Heroes Podcast][1]
+
+对于任何从事于系统管理员方面的人来说，Shell 脚本编程是一门必不可少的技能，而如今人们编写脚本的主要 shell 是 Bash。Bash 是几乎所有的 Linux 发行版和现代 MacOS 版本的默认配置，也很快就会成为 [Windows 终端][2]的原生部分。你可以说 Bash 无处不在。
+
+那么它是如何做到这一点的呢？本周的《[代码英雄][3]》播客将通过询问编写那些代码的人来深入研究这个问题。
+
+### 肇始于 Unix
+
+像所有编程方面的东西一样，我们必须追溯到 Unix。shell 的简短历史是这样的：1971 年，Ken Thompson 发布了第一个 Unix shell：Thompson shell。但是，脚本用户所能做的存在严重限制，这意味着严重制约了自动化以及整个 IT 运营领域。
+
+这个[奇妙的研究][4]概述了早期尝试脚本的挑战：
+
+> 类似于它在 Multics 中的前身，这个 shell（`/bin/sh`）是一个在内核外执行的独立用户程序。诸如通配（参数扩展的模式匹配，例如 `*.txt`）之类的概念是在一个名为 `glob` 的单独的实用程序中实现的，就像用于计算条件表达式的 `if` 命令一样。这种分离使 shell 变得更小，才不到 900 行的 C 源代码。
+>
+> shell 引入了紧凑的重定向（`<`、`>` 和 `>>`）和管道（`|` 或 `^`）语法，它们已经存在于现代 shell 中。你还可以找到对调用顺序命令（`;`）和异步命令（`＆`）的支持。
+>
+> Thompson shell 缺少的是编写脚本的能力。它的唯一目的是作为一个交互式 shell（命令解释器）来调用命令和查看结果。
+
+随着对终端使用的增长，对自动化的兴趣随之增长。
+
+### Bourne shell 前进一步
+
+在 Thompson 发布 shell 六年后，1977 年，Stephen Bourne 发布了 Bourne shell，旨在解决Thompson shell 中的脚本限制。（Chet Ramey 是自 1990 年以来 Bash 语言的主要维护者，在这一集的《代码英雄》中讨论了它）。作为 Unix 系统的一部分，这是这个来自贝尔实验室的技术的自然演变。
+
+Bourne 打算做什么不同的事情？[研究员 M. Jones][4] 很好地概述了它：
+
+> Bourne shell 有两个主要目标：作为命令解释器以交互方式执行操作系统的命令，和用于脚本编程（编写可通过 shell 调用的可重用脚本）。除了替换 Thompson shell，Bourne shell 还提供了几个优于其前辈的优势。Bourne 将控制流、循环和变量引入脚本，提供了更具功能性的语言来（以交互式和非交互式）与操作系统交互。该 shell 还允许你使用 shell 脚本作为过滤器，为处理信号提供集成支持，但它缺乏定义函数的能力。最后，它结合了我们今天使用的许多功能，包括命令替换（使用后引号）和 HERE 文档（以在脚本中嵌入保留的字符串文字）。
+
+Bourne 在[之前的一篇采访中][5]这样描述它：
+
+> 最初的 shell （编程语言）不是一种真正的语言；它是一种记录 —— 一种从文件中线性执行命令序列的方法，唯一的控制流的原语是 `GOTO` 到一个标签。Ken Thompson 所编写的这个最初的 shell 的这些限制非常重要。例如，你无法简单地将命令脚本用作过滤器，因为命令文件本身是标准输入。而在过滤器中，标准输入是你从父进程继承的，不是命令文件。
+>
+> 最初的 shell 很简单，但随着人们开始使用 Unix 进行应用程序开发和脚本编写，它就太有限了。它没有变量、它没有控制流，而且它的引用能力非常不足。
+
+对于脚本编写者来说，这个新 shell 是一个巨大的进步，但前提是你可以使用它。
+
+### 以自由软件来重新构思 Bourne Shell
+
+在此之前，这个占主导地位的 shell 是由贝尔实验室拥有和管理的专有软件。幸运的话，你的大学可能有权访问 Unix shell。但这种限制性访问远非自由软件基金会（FSF）想要实现的世界。
+
+Richard Stallman 和一群志同道合的开发人员那时正在编写所有的 Unix 功能，其带有可以在 GNU 许可证下免费获得的许可。其中一个开发人员的任务是制作一个 shell，那位开发人员是 Brian Fox。他对他的任务的讲述十分吸引我。正如他在播客上所说：
+
+> 它之所以如此具有挑战性，是因为我们必须忠实地模仿 Bourne shell 的所有行为，同时允许扩展它以使其成为一个供人们使用的更好工具。
+
+而那时也恰逢人们在讨论 shell 标准是什么的时候。在这一历史背景和将来的竞争前景下，流行的 Bourne shell 被重新构想，并再次重生。
+
+### 重新打造 Bourne Shell
+
+自由软件的使命和竞争这两个催化剂使重制的 Bourne shell（Bash）具有了生命。和之前不同的是，Fox 并没有把 shell 放到自己的名字之后命名，他专注于从 Unix 到自由软件的演变。（虽然 Fox Shell 这个名字看起来要比 Fish shell 更适合作为 fsh 命令 #missedopportunity）。这个命名选择似乎符合他的个性。正如 Fox 在剧集中所说，他甚至对个人的荣耀也不感兴趣；他只是试图帮助编程文化发展。然而，他并不是一个优秀的双关语。
+
+而 Bourne 也并没有因为他命名 shell 的文字游戏而感到被轻视。Bourne 讲述了一个故事，有人走到他面前，并在会议上给了他一件 Bash T 恤，而那个人是 Brian Fox。
+
+Shell | 发布于 | 创造者
+---|---|---
+Thompson Shell | 1971 | Ken Thompson
+Bourne Shell | 1977 | Stephen Bourne
+Bourne-Again Shell | 1989 | Brian Fox
+
+随着时间的推移，Bash 逐渐成长。其他工程师开始使用它并对其设计进行改进。事实上，多年后，Fox 坚定地认为学会放弃控制 Bash 是他一生中最重要的事情之一。随着 Unix 让位于 Linux 和开源软件运动，Bash 成为开源世界的至关重要的脚本语言。这个伟大的项目似乎超出了单一一个人的愿景范围。
+
+### 我们能从 shell 中学到什么？
+
+shell 是一项技术，它是笔记本电脑日常使用中的一个组成部分，你很容易忘记它也需要发明出来。从 Thompson 到 Bourne 再到 Bash，shell 的故事为我们描绘了一些熟悉的结论：
+
+* 有动力的人可以在正确的使命中取得重大进展。
+* 我们今天所依赖的大部分内容都建立在我们行业中仍然活着的那些传奇人物打下的基础之上。
+* 能够生存下来的软件超越了其原始创作者的愿景。
+
+代码英雄在全部的第三季中讲述了编程语言，并且正在接近它的尾声。[请务必订阅，来了解你想知道的有关编程语言起源的各种内容][3]，我很乐意在下面的评论中听到你的 shell 故事。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/19/9/command-line-heroes-bash
+
+作者：[Matthew Broberg][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberghttps://opensource.com/users/mbbroberghttps://opensource.com/users/mbbroberghttps://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/commnad_line_hereoes_ep6_blog-header-292x521.png?itok=Bs1RlwoW (Listen to the Command Line Heroes Podcast)
+[2]: https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/introducing-windows-terminal/
+[3]: https://www.redhat.com/en/command-line-heroes
+[4]: https://developer.ibm.com/tutorials/l-linux-shells/
+[5]: https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/-z_programming_languages_bourne_shell_sh
diff --git a/published/20190904 How to build Fedora container images.md b/published/20190904 How to build Fedora container images.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ab7ed8684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190904 How to build Fedora container images.md
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11327-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to build Fedora container images)
+[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-build-fedora-container-images/)
+[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/)
+
+如何构建 Fedora 容器镜像
+======
+
+![][1]
+
+随着容器和容器技术的兴起，现在所有主流的 Linux 发行版都提供了容器基础镜像。本文介绍了 Fedora 项目如何构建其基本镜像。同时还展示了如何使用它来创建分层图像。
+
+### 基础和分层镜像
+
+在看如何构建 Fedora 容器基础镜像之前，让我们定义基础镜像和分层镜像。定义基础镜像的简单方法是没有父镜像层的镜像。但这具体意味着什么呢？这意味着基础镜像通常只包含操作系统的根文件系统基础镜像（rootfs）。基础镜像通常提供安装软件以创建分层镜像所需的工具。
+
+分层镜像在基础镜像上添加了一组层，以便安装、配置和运行应用。分层镜像在 Dockerfile 中使用 `FROM` 指令引用基础镜像：
+
+```
+FROM fedora:latest
+```
+
+### 如何构建基础镜像
+
+Fedora 有一整套用于构建容器镜像的工具。[其中包括 podman][2]，它不需要以 root 身份运行。
+
+#### 构建 rootfs
+
+基础镜像主要由一个 [tarball][3] 构成。这个 tarball 包含一个 rootfs。有不同的方法来构建此 rootfs。Fedora 项目使用 [kickstart][4] 安装方式以及 [imagefactory][5] 来创建这些 tarball。
+
+在创建 Fedora 基础镜像期间使用的 kickstart 文件可以在 Fedora 的构建系统 [Koji][6] 中找到。[Fedora-Container-Base][7] 包重新组合了所有基础镜像的构建版本。如果选择了一个构建版本，那么可以访问所有相关文件，包括 kickstart 文件。查看 [示例][8]，文件末尾的 `%packages` 部分定义了要安装的所有软件包。这就是让软件放在基础镜像中的方法。
+
+#### 使用 rootfs 构建基础镜像
+
+rootfs 完成后，构建基础镜像就很容易了。它只需要一个包含以下指令的 Dockerfile：
+
+```
+FROM scratch
+ADD layer.tar /
+CMD ["/bin/bash"]
+```
+
+这里的重要部分是 `FROM scratch` 指令，它会创建一个空镜像。然后，接下来的指令将 rootfs 添加到镜像，并设置在运行镜像时要执行的默认命令。
+
+让我们使用 Koji 内置的 Fedora rootfs 构建一个基础镜像：
+
+```
+$ curl -o fedora-rootfs.tar.xz https://kojipkgs.fedoraproject.org/packages/Fedora-Container-Base/Rawhide/20190902.n.0/images/Fedora-Container-Base-Rawhide-20190902.n.0.x86_64.tar.xz
+$ tar -xJvf fedora-rootfs.tar.xz 51c14619f9dfd8bf109ab021b3113ac598aec88870219ff457ba07bc29f5e6a2/layer.tar
+$ mv 51c14619f9dfd8bf109ab021b3113ac598aec88870219ff457ba07bc29f5e6a2/layer.tar layer.tar
+$ printf "FROM scratch\nADD layer.tar /\nCMD [\"/bin/bash\"]" > Dockerfile
+$ podman build -t my-fedora .
+$ podman run -it --rm my-fedora cat /etc/os-release
+```
+
+需要从下载的存档中提取包含 rootfs 的 `layer.tar` 文件。这在 Fedora 生成的镜像已经可以被容器运行时使用才需要。
+
+因此，使用 Fedora 生成的镜像，获得基础镜像会更容易。让我们看看它是如何工作的：
+
+```
+$ curl -O https://kojipkgs.fedoraproject.org/packages/Fedora-Container-Base/Rawhide/20190902.n.0/images/Fedora-Container-Base-Rawhide-20190902.n.0.x86_64.tar.xz
+$ podman load --input Fedora-Container-Base-Rawhide-20190902.n.0.x86_64.tar.xz
+$ podman run -it --rm localhost/fedora-container-base-rawhide-20190902.n.0.x86_64:latest cat /etc/os-release
+```
+
+### 构建分层镜像
+
+要构建使用 Fedora 基础镜像的分层镜像，只需在 `FROM` 行指令中指定 `fedora`：
+
+```
+FROM fedora:latest
+```
+
+`latest` 标记引用了最新的 Fedora 版本（编写本文时是 Fedora 30）。但是可以使用镜像的标签来使用其他版本。例如，`FROM fedora:31` 将使用 Fedora 31 基础镜像。
+
+Fedora 支持将软件作为容器来构建并发布。这意味着你可以维护 Dockerfile 来使其他人可以使用你的软件。关于在 Fedora 中成为容器镜像维护者的更多信息，请查看 [Fedora 容器指南][9]。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-build-fedora-container-images/
+
+作者：[Clément Verna][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/fedoracontainers-816x345.jpg
+[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10156-1.html
+[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)
+[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstart_(Linux)
+[5]: http://imgfac.org/
+[6]: https://koji.fedoraproject.org/koji/
+[7]: https://koji.fedoraproject.org/koji/packageinfo?packageID=26387
+[8]: https://kojipkgs.fedoraproject.org//packages/Fedora-Container-Base/30/20190902.0/images/koji-f30-build-37420478-base.ks
+[9]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/containers/guidelines/guidelines/
diff --git a/published/20190905 How to Change Themes in Linux Mint.md b/published/20190905 How to Change Themes in Linux Mint.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd2f69b044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190905 How to Change Themes in Linux Mint.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (qfzy1233)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11359-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to Change Themes in Linux Mint)
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-themes-linux-mint/)
+[#]: author: (It's FOSS Community https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/)
+
+如何在 Linux Mint 中更换主题
+======
+
+
+
+一直以来，使用 Cinnamon 桌面环境的 Linux Mint 都是一种卓越的体验。这也是[为何我喜爱 Linux Mint][1]的主要原因之一。
+
+自从 Mint 的开发团队[开始更为严肃的对待设计][2], “桌面主题” 应用便成为了更换新主题、图标、按钮样式、窗口边框以及鼠标指针的重要方式，当然你也可以直接通过它安装新的主题。感兴趣么？让我们开始吧。
+
+### 如何在 Linux Mint 中更换主题
+
+在菜单中搜索主题并打开主题应用。
+
+![Theme Applet provides an easy way of installing and changing themes][3]
+
+在应用中有一个“添加/删除”按钮，非常简单吧。点击它，我们可以看到按流行程度排序的 Cinnamon Spices（Cinnamon 的官方插件库）的主题。
+
+![Installing new themes in Linux Mint Cinnamon][4]
+
+要安装主题，你所要做的就是点击你喜欢的主题，然后等待它下载。之后，主题将在应用第一页的“Desktop”选项中显示可用。只需双击已安装的主题之一就可以开始使用它。
+
+![Changing themes in Linux Mint Cinnamon][5]
+
+下面是默认的 Linux Mint 外观：
+
+![Linux Mint Default Theme][6]
+
+这是在我更换主题之后：
+
+![Linux Mint with Carta Theme][7]
+
+所有的主题都可以在 Cinnamon Spices 网站上获得更多的信息和更大的截图，这样你就可以更好地了解你的系统的外观。
+
+- [浏览 Cinnamon 主题][8]
+
+### 在 Linux Mint 中安装第三方主题
+
+> “我在另一个网站上看到了这个优异的主题，但 Cinnamon Spices 网站上没有……”
+
+Cinnamon Spices 集成了许多优秀的主题，但你仍然会发现，你看到的主题并没有被 Cinnamon Spices 官方网站收录。
+
+这时你可能会想：如果有别的办法就好了，对么？你可能会认为有（我的意思是……当然啦）。首先，我们可以在其他网站上找到一些很酷的主题。
+
+我推荐你去 Cinnamon Look 浏览一下那儿的主题。如果你喜欢什么，就下载吧。
+
+- [在 Cinnamon Look 中获取更多主题][9]
+
+下载了首选主题之后，你现在将得到一个压缩文件，其中包含安装所需的所有内容。提取它并保存到 `~/.themes`。迷糊么? `~` 代表了你的家目录的对应路径：`/home/{YOURUSER}/.themes`。
+
+然后跳转到你的家目录。按 `Ctrl+H` 来[显示 Linux 中的隐藏文件][11]。如果没有看到 `.themes` 文件夹，创建一个新文件夹并命名为 `.themes`。记住，文件夹名称开头的点很重要。
+
+将提取的主题文件夹从下载目录复制到你的家目录中的 `.themes` 文件夹中。
+
+最后，在上面提到的应用中查找已安装的主题。
+
+> 注记
+>
+> 请记住，主题必须是 Cinnamon 相对应的，即使它是一个从 GNOME 复刻的系统也不行，并不是所有的 GNOME 主题都适用于 Cinnamon。
+
+改变主题是 Cinnamon 定制工作的一部分。你还可以[通过更改图标来更改 Linux Mint 的外观][12]。
+
+我希望你现在已经知道如何在 Linux Mint 中更改主题了。快去选取你喜欢的主题吧。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/install-themes-linux-mint/
+
+作者：[It's FOSS][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[qfzy1233](https://github.com/qfzy1233)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://itsfoss.com/tiny-features-linux-mint-cinnamon/
+[2]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-new-design/
+[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/install-theme-linux-mint-1.jpg?resize=800%2C625&ssl=1
+[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/install-theme-linux-mint-2.jpg?resize=800%2C625&ssl=1
+[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/install-theme-linux-mint-3.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
+[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/linux-mint-default-theme.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
+[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/linux-mint-carta-theme.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
+[8]: https://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes
+[9]: https://www.cinnamon-look.org/
+[10]: https://itsfoss.com/failed-to-start-session-ubuntu-14-04/
+[11]: https://itsfoss.com/hide-folders-and-show-hidden-files-in-ubuntu-beginner-trick/
+[12]: https://itsfoss.com/install-icon-linux-mint/
diff --git a/published/20190905 How to Get Average CPU and Memory Usage from SAR Reports Using the Bash Script.md b/published/20190905 How to Get Average CPU and Memory Usage from SAR Reports Using the Bash Script.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87c0308360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190905 How to Get Average CPU and Memory Usage from SAR Reports Using the Bash Script.md
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11352-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to Get Average CPU and Memory Usage from SAR Reports Using the Bash Script)
+[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-get-average-cpu-memory-utilization-from-sar-data-report/)
+[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
+
+如何使用 Bash 脚本从 SAR 报告中获取 CPU 和内存使用情况
+======
+
+大多数 Linux 管理员使用 [SAR 报告][1]监控系统性能，因为它会收集一周的性能数据。但是，你可以通过更改 `/etc/sysconfig/sysstat` 文件轻松地将其延长到四周。同样，这段时间可以延长一个月以上。如果超过 28，那么日志文件将放在多个目录中，每月一个。
+
+要将覆盖期延长至 28 天，请对 `/etc/sysconfig/sysstat` 文件做以下更改。
+
+编辑 `sysstat` 文件并将 `HISTORY=7` 更改为 `HISTORY=28`。
+
+在本文中，我们添加了三个 bash 脚本，它们可以帮助你在一个地方轻松查看每个数据文件的平均值。
+
+我们过去加过许多有用的 shell 脚本。如果你想查看它们，请进入下面的链接。
+
+* [如何使用 shell 脚本自动化日常操作][2]
+
+这些脚本简单明了。出于测试目的，我们仅包括两个性能指标，即 CPU 和内存。你可以修改脚本中的其他性能指标以满足你的需求。
+
+### 脚本 1：从 SAR 报告中获取平均 CPU 利用率的 Bash 脚本
+
+该 bash 脚本从每个数据文件中收集 CPU 平均值并将其显示在一个页面上。
+
+由于是月末，它显示了 2019 年 8 月的 28 天数据。
+
+```
+# vi /opt/scripts/sar-cpu-avg.sh
+
+#!/bin/sh
+
+echo "+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+"
+echo "|Average: CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle |"
+echo "+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+"
+
+for file in `ls -tr /var/log/sa/sa* | grep -v sar`
+do
+ dat=`sar -f $file | head -n 1 | awk '{print $4}'`
+ echo -n $dat
+ sar -f $file | grep -i Average | sed "s/Average://"
+done
+
+echo "+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+"
+```
+
+运行脚本后，你将看到如下输出。
+
+```
+# sh /opt/scripts/sar-cpu-avg.sh
+
++----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|Average: CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle |
++----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+08/01/2019 all 0.70 0.00 1.19 0.00 0.00 98.10
+08/02/2019 all 1.73 0.00 3.16 0.01 0.00 95.10
+08/03/2019 all 1.73 0.00 3.16 0.01 0.00 95.11
+08/04/2019 all 1.02 0.00 1.80 0.00 0.00 97.18
+08/05/2019 all 0.68 0.00 1.08 0.01 0.00 98.24
+08/06/2019 all 0.71 0.00 1.17 0.00 0.00 98.12
+08/07/2019 all 1.79 0.00 3.17 0.01 0.00 95.03
+08/08/2019 all 1.78 0.00 3.14 0.01 0.00 95.08
+08/09/2019 all 1.07 0.00 1.82 0.00 0.00 97.10
+08/10/2019 all 0.38 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 99.12
+.
+.
+.
+08/29/2019 all 1.50 0.00 2.33 0.00 0.00 96.17
+08/30/2019 all 2.32 0.00 3.47 0.01 0.00 94.20
++----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+```
+
+### 脚本 2：从 SAR 报告中获取平均内存利用率的 Bash 脚本
+
+该 bash 脚本从每个数据文件中收集内存平均值并将其显示在一个页面上。
+
+由于是月末，它显示了 2019 年 8 月的 28 天数据。
+
+```
+# vi /opt/scripts/sar-memory-avg.sh
+
+#!/bin/sh
+
+echo "+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+"
+echo "|Average: kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbcommit %commit kbactive kbinact kbdirty |"
+echo "+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+"
+
+for file in `ls -tr /var/log/sa/sa* | grep -v sar`
+do
+ dat=`sar -f $file | head -n 1 | awk '{print $4}'`
+ echo -n $dat
+ sar -r -f $file | grep -i Average | sed "s/Average://"
+done
+
+echo "+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+"
+```
+
+运行脚本后，你将看到如下输出。
+
+```
+# sh /opt/scripts/sar-memory-avg.sh
+
++--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|Average: kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbcommit %commit kbactive kbinact kbdirty |
++--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+08/01/2019 1492331 2388461 61.55 29888 1152142 1560615 12.72 1693031 380472 6
+08/02/2019 1493126 2387666 61.53 29888 1147811 1569624 12.79 1696387 373346 3
+08/03/2019 1489582 2391210 61.62 29888 1147076 1581711 12.89 1701480 370325 3
+08/04/2019 1490403 2390389 61.60 29888 1148206 1569671 12.79 1697654 373484 4
+08/05/2019 1484506 2396286 61.75 29888 1152409 1563804 12.75 1702424 374628 4
+08/06/2019 1473593 2407199 62.03 29888 1151137 1577491 12.86 1715426 371000 8
+08/07/2019 1467150 2413642 62.19 29888 1155639 1596653 13.01 1716900 372574 13
+08/08/2019 1451366 2429426 62.60 29888 1162253 1604672 13.08 1725931 376998 5
+08/09/2019 1451191 2429601 62.61 29888 1158696 1582192 12.90 1728819 371025 4
+08/10/2019 1450050 2430742 62.64 29888 1160916 1579888 12.88 1729975 370844 5
+.
+.
+.
+08/29/2019 1365699 2515093 64.81 29888 1198832 1593567 12.99 1781733 376157 15
+08/30/2019 1361920 2518872 64.91 29888 1200785 1595105 13.00 1784556 375641 8
++-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+```
+
+### 脚本 3：从 SAR 报告中获取 CPU 和内存平均利用率的 Bash 脚本
+
+该 bash 脚本从每个数据文件中收集 CPU 和内存平均值并将其显示在一个页面上。
+
+该脚本与上面相比稍微不同。它在同一位置同时显示两者（CPU 和内存）平均值，而不是其他数据。
+
+```
+# vi /opt/scripts/sar-cpu-mem-avg.sh
+
+#!/bin/bash
+
+for file in `ls -tr /var/log/sa/sa* | grep -v sar`
+do
+ sar -f $file | head -n 1 | awk '{print $4}'
+ echo "-----------"
+ sar -u -f $file | awk '/Average:/{printf("CPU Average: %.2f%\n"), 100 - $8}'
+ sar -r -f $file | awk '/Average:/{printf("Memory Average: %.2f%\n"),(($3-$5-$6)/($2+$3)) * 100 }'
+ printf "\n"
+done
+```
+
+运行脚本后，你将看到如下输出。
+
+```
+# sh /opt/scripts/sar-cpu-mem-avg.sh
+
+08/01/2019
+-----------
+CPU Average: 1.90%
+Memory Average: 31.09%
+
+08/02/2019
+-----------
+CPU Average: 4.90%
+Memory Average: 31.18%
+
+08/03/2019
+-----------
+CPU Average: 4.89%
+Memory Average: 31.29%
+
+08/04/2019
+-----------
+CPU Average: 2.82%
+Memory Average: 31.24%
+
+08/05/2019
+-----------
+CPU Average: 1.76%
+Memory Average: 31.28%
+.
+.
+.
+08/29/2019
+-----------
+CPU Average: 3.83%
+Memory Average: 33.15%
+
+08/30/2019
+-----------
+CPU Average: 5.80%
+Memory Average: 33.19%
+```
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-get-average-cpu-memory-utilization-from-sar-data-report/
+
+作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/sar-system-performance-monitoring-command-tool-linux/
+[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/shell-script/
diff --git a/published/20190905 USB4 gets final approval, offers Ethernet-like speed.md b/published/20190905 USB4 gets final approval, offers Ethernet-like speed.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ade65f4a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190905 USB4 gets final approval, offers Ethernet-like speed.md
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11330-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (USB4 gets final approval, offers Ethernet-like speed)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3435113/usb4-gets-final-approval-offers-ethernet-like-speed.html)
+[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
+
+USB4 规范获得最终批准，像以太网一样快！
+======
+
+> USB4 会是一个统一的接口，可以淘汰笨重的电缆和超大的插头，并提供满足从笔记本电脑用户到服务器管理员的每个人的吞吐量。
+
+
+
+USB 开发者论坛（USB-IF）是通用串行总线（USB）规范开发背后的行业协会，上周宣布了它已经完成了下一代 USB4 的技术规范。
+
+USB4 最重要的一个方面（它们在此版本中省略了首字母缩略词和版本号之间的空格）是它将 USB 与 Intel 设计的接口 Thunderbolt 3 融合在了一起。Thunderbolt 尽管有潜力，但在除了笔记本之外并未真正流行起来。出于这个原因，Intel 向 USB 联盟提供了 Thunderbolt 规范。
+
+不幸的是，Thunderbolt 3 被列为 USB4 设备的一个可选项，因此有些设备会有，有些则不会。这无疑会让人头疼，希望所有设备制造商都会包括 Thunderbolt 3。
+
+USB4 将使用与 USB type-C 相同的外形尺寸，这个小型插头用在所有现代 Android 手机和 Thunderbolt 3 中。它将向后兼容 USB 3.2、USB 2.0 以及 Thunderbolt。因此，几乎任何现有的USB type-C 设备都可以连接到具有 USB4 总线的机器，但将以连接电缆的额定速度运行。
+
+### USB4：体积更小，速度更快
+
+因为它支持 Thunderbolt 3，所以这种新连接将同时支持数据和显示协议，因此这可能意味着小型 USB-C 端口将取代显示器上庞大的 DVI 端口，而显示器则带有多个 USB4 端口来作为集线器。
+
+新标准的主要内容：它提供双通道 40Gbps 传输速度，是当前 USB 3.2 规格的两倍，是 USB 3 的八倍。这是以太网的速度，应该足够给你的高清显示器以及其他数据传输提供充足带宽。
+
+USB4 也为视频提供了更好的资源分配，因此如果你使用 USB4 端口同时传输视频和数据，端口将相应地分配带宽。这将允许计算机同时使用外部独立的 GPU（因为有 Thunderbolt 3，它已经上市 ）和外部 SSD。
+
+这可能会启发各种新的服务器设计，因为大型、笨重的设备，如 GPU 或其他不易放入 1U 或 2U 机箱的卡板，现在可以外部连接并以与内部设备相当的速度运行。
+
+当然，我们看到配备了 USB4 端口的电脑还需要一段时间，更别说服务器了。将 USB 3 用于 PC 花费了数年时间，而 USB-C 的采用速度非常缓慢。USB 2 的 U 盘仍然是这些设备的主要市场，并且主板仍然带有 USB 2 端口。
+
+尽管如此，USB4 还是有可能成为一个统一的接口，可以摆脱拥有超大插头的笨重电缆，并提供满足从笔记本电脑用户到服务器管理员的每个人的吞吐量。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3435113/usb4-gets-final-approval-offers-ethernet-like-speed.html
+
+作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
+[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/published/20190906 Great News- Firefox 69 Blocks Third-Party Cookies, Autoplay Videos - Cryptominers by Default.md b/published/20190906 Great News- Firefox 69 Blocks Third-Party Cookies, Autoplay Videos - Cryptominers by Default.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9118ebe1ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190906 Great News- Firefox 69 Blocks Third-Party Cookies, Autoplay Videos - Cryptominers by Default.md
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11346-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Great News! Firefox 69 Blocks Third-Party Cookies, Autoplay Videos & Cryptominers by Default)
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/firefox-69/)
+[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
+
+Firefox 69 默认阻拦第三方 Cookie、自动播放的视频和加密矿工
+======
+
+如果你使用的是 [Mozilla Firefox][1] 并且尚未更新到最新版本，那么你将错过许多新的重要功能。
+
+### Firefox 69 版本中的一些新功能
+
+首先，Mozilla Firefox 69 会默认强制执行更强大的安全和隐私选项。以下是新版本的一些主要亮点。
+
+#### Firefox 69 阻拦视频自动播放
+
+![][2]
+
+现在很多网站都提供了自动播放视频。无论是弹出视频还是嵌入在文章中设置为自动播放的视频，默认情况下，Firefox 69 都会阻止它（或者可能会提示你）。
+
+这个[阻拦自动播放][3]功能可让用户自动阻止任何视频播放。
+
+#### 禁止第三方跟踪 cookie
+
+默认情况下，作为增强型跟踪保护功能的一部分，它现在将阻止第三方跟踪 Cookie 和加密矿工。这是 Mozilla Firefox 的增强隐私保护功能的非常有用的改变。
+
+Cookie 有两种：第一方的和第三方的。第一方 cookie 由网站本身拥有。这些是“好的 cookie”，可以让你保持登录、记住你的密码或输入字段等来改善浏览体验。第三方 cookie 由你访问的网站以外的域所有。广告服务器使用这些 Cookie 来跟踪你，并在你访问的所有网站上跟踪广告。Firefox 69 旨在阻止这些。
+
+当它发挥作用时，你将在地址栏中看到盾牌图标。你可以选择为特定网站禁用它。
+
+![Firefox Blocking Tracking][4]
+
+#### 禁止加密矿工消耗你的 CPU
+
+![][5]
+
+对加密货币的欲望一直困扰着这个世界。GPU 的价格已经高企，因为专业的加密矿工们使用它们来挖掘加密货币。
+
+人们使用工作场所的计算机秘密挖掘加密货币。当我说工作场所时，我不一定是指 IT 公司。就在今年，[人们在乌克兰的一家核电站抓住了偷挖加密货币的活动][6]。
+
+不仅如此。如果你访问某些网站，他们会运行脚本并使用你的计算机的 CPU 来挖掘加密货币。这在 IT 术语中被称为 [挖矿攻击][7]。
+
+好消息是 Firefox 69 会自动阻止这些加密矿工脚本。因此，网站不再能利用你的系统资源进行挖矿攻击了。
+
+#### Firefox 69 带来的更强隐私保护
+
+![][8]
+
+如果你把隐私保护设置得更严格，那么它也会阻止指纹。因此，当你在 Firefox 69 中选择严格的隐私设置时，你不必担心通过[指纹][9]共享计算机的配置信息。
+
+在[关于这次发布的官方博客文章][10]中，Mozilla 提到，在此版本中，他们希望默认情况下为 100％ 的用户提供保护。
+
+#### 性能改进
+
+尽管在更新日志中没有提及 Linux，但它提到了在 Windows 10/mac OS 上运行性能、UI 和电池寿命有所改进。如果你发现任何性能改进，请在评论中提及。
+
+### 总结
+
+除了所有这些之外，还有很多底层的改进。你可以查看[发行说明][11]中的详细信息。
+
+Firefox 69 对于关注其隐私的用户来说是一个令人印象深刻的更新。与我们最近对某些[安全电子邮件服务][12]的建议类似，我们建议你更新浏览器以充分受益。新版本已在大多数 Linux 发行版中提供，你只需要更新你的系统即可。
+
+如果你对阻止广告和跟踪 Cookie 的浏览器感兴趣，请尝试[开源的 Brave 浏览器][13]，他们甚至给你提供了加密货币以让你使用他们的浏览器，你可以使用这些加密货币来奖励你最喜爱的发布商。
+
+你觉得这个版本怎么样？请在下面的评论中告诉我们你的想法。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/firefox-69/
+
+作者：[Ankush Das][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://itsfoss.com/why-firefox/
+[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/auto-block-firefox.png?ssl=1
+[3]: https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/block-autoplay
+[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/firefox-blocking-tracking.png?ssl=1
+[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/firefox-shield.png?ssl=1
+[6]: https://thenextweb.com/hardfork/2019/08/22/ukrainian-nuclear-powerplant-mine-cryptocurrency-state-secrets/
+[7]: https://hackernoon.com/cryptojacking-in-2019-is-not-dead-its-evolving-984b97346d16
+[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/firefox-secure.jpg?ssl=1
+[9]: https://clearcode.cc/blog/device-fingerprinting/
+[10]: https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2019/09/03/todays-firefox-blocks-third-party-tracking-cookies-and-cryptomining-by-default/
+[11]: https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/69.0/releasenotes/
+[12]: https://itsfoss.com/secure-private-email-services/
+[13]: https://itsfoss.com/brave-web-browser/
diff --git a/published/20190906 How to change the color of your Linux terminal.md b/published/20190906 How to change the color of your Linux terminal.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df5bd052bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190906 How to change the color of your Linux terminal.md
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11324-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to change the color of your Linux terminal)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/9/linux-terminal-colors)
+[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
+
+如何改变你的终端颜色
+======
+
+> 使 Linux 变得丰富多彩（或单色）。
+
+
+
+你可以使用特殊的 ANSI 编码设置为 Linux 终端添加颜色，可以在终端命令或配置文件中动态添加，也可以在终端仿真器中使用现成的主题。无论哪种方式，你都可以黑色屏幕上找回怀旧的绿色或琥珀色文本。本文演示了如何使 Linux 变得丰富多彩（或单色）的方法。
+
+### 终端的功能特性
+
+现代系统的终端的颜色配置通常默认至少是 xterm-256color，但如果你尝试为终端添加颜色但未成功，则应检查你的 `TERM` 设置。
+
+从历史上看，Unix 终端从字面上讲是：用户可以输入命令的共享计算机系统上实际的物理端点（终点）。它们专指通常用于远程发出命令的电传打字机（这也是我们今天在 Linux 中仍然使用 `/dev/tty` 设备的原因）。终端内置了 CRT 显示器，因此用户可以坐在办公室的终端上直接与大型机进行交互。CRT 显示器价格昂贵 —— 无论是制造还是使用控制；比担心抗锯齿和现代计算机专家理所当然认为的漂亮信息，让计算机吐出原始 ASCII 文本更容易。然而，即使在那时，技术的发展也很快，很快人们就会发现，随着新的视频显示终端的设计，他们需要新的功能特性来提供可选功能。
+
+例如，1978 年发布的花哨的新 VT100 支持 ANSI 颜色，因此如果用户将终端类型识别为 vt100，则计算机可以提供彩色输出，而基本串行设备可能没有这样的选项。同样的原则适用于今天，它是由 `TERM` [环境变量][2]设定的。你可以使用 `echo` 检查你的 `TERM` 定义：
+
+```
+$ echo $TERM
+xterm-256color
+```
+
+过时的（但在一些系统上仍然为了向后兼容而维护）`/etc/termcap` 文件定义了终端和打印机的功能特性。现代的版本是 `terminfo`，位于 `/etc` 或 `/usr/share` 中，具体取决于你的发行版。 这些文件列出了不同类型终端中可用的功能特性，其中许多都是由历史上的硬件定义的，如 vt100 到 vt220 的定义，以及 xterm 和 Xfce 等现代软件仿真器。大多数软件并不关心你使用的终端类型； 在极少数情况下，登录到检查兼容功能的服务器时，你可能会收到有关错误的终端类型的警告或错误。如果你的终端设置为功能特性很少的配置文件，但你知道你所使用的仿真器能够支持更多功能特性，那么你可以通过定义 `TERM` 环境变量来更改你的设置。你可以通过在 `~/.bashrc` 配置文件中导出 `TERM` 变量来完成此操作：
+
+```
+export TERM=xterm-256color
+```
+
+保存文件并重新载入设置：
+
+```
+$ source ~/.bashrc
+```
+
+### ANSI 颜色代码
+
+现代终端继承了用于“元”特征的 ANSI 转义序列。这些是特殊的字符序列，终端将其解释为操作而不是字符。例如，此序列将清除屏幕，直到下一个提示符：
+
+```
+$ printf '\033[2J'
+```
+
+它不会清除你的历史信息；它只是清除终端仿真器中的屏幕，因此它是一个安全且具有示范性的 ANSI 转义序列。
+
+ANSI 还具有设置终端颜色的序列。例如，键入此代码会将后续文本更改为绿色：
+
+```
+$ printf '\033[32m'
+```
+
+只要你对相同的计算机使用同一个颜色，就可以使用颜色来帮助你记住你登录的系统。例如，如果你经常通过 SSH 连接到服务器，则可以将服务器的提示符设置为绿色，以帮助你一目了然地将其与本地的提示符区分开来。 要设置绿色提示符，请在提示符前使用 ANSI 代码设置为绿色，并使用代表正常默认颜色的代码结束：
+
+
+```
+export PS1=`printf "\033[32m$ \033[39m"`
+```
+
+### 前景色和背景色
+
+你不仅可以设置文本的颜色。使用 ANSI 代码，你还可以控制文本的背景颜色以及做一些基本的样式。
+
+例如，使用 `\033[4m`，你可以为文本加上下划线，或者使用 `\033[5m` 你可以将其设置为闪烁的文本。起初这可能看起来很愚蠢，因为你可能不会将你的终端设置为所有文本带有下划线并整天闪烁， 但它对某些功能很有用。例如，你可以将 shell 脚本生成的紧急错误设置为闪烁（作为对用户的警报），或者你可以为 URL 添加下划线。
+
+作为参考，以下是前景色和背景色的代码。前景色在 30 范围内，而背景色在 40 范围内：
+
+颜色 | 前景色 | 背景色
+---|---|---
+黑色 | \033[30m | \033[40m
+红色 | \033[31m | \033[41m
+绿色 | \033[32m | \033[42m
+橙色 | \033[33m | \033[43m
+蓝色 | \033[34m | \033[44m
+品红 | \033[35m | \033[45m
+青色 | \033[36m | \033[46m
+浅灰 | \033[37m | \033[47m
+回退到发行版默认值 | \033[39m | \033[49m
+
+还有一些可用于背景的其他颜色：
+
+颜色 | 背景色
+---|---
+深灰 | \033[100m
+浅红 | \033[101m
+浅绿 | \033[102m
+黄色 | \033[103m
+浅蓝 | \033[104m
+浅紫 | \033[105m
+蓝绿 | \033[106m
+白色 | \033[107m
+
+### 持久设置
+
+在终端会话中设置颜色只是暂时的，相对无条件的。有时效果会持续几行；这是因为这种设置颜色的方法依赖于 `printf` 语句来设置一种模式，该模式仅持续到其他设置覆盖它。
+
+终端仿真器通常获取使用哪种颜色的指令的方式来自于 `LS_COLORS` 环境变量的设置，该设置又由 `dircolors` 的设置填充。你可以使用 `echo` 语句查看当前设置：
+
+```
+$ echo $LS_COLORS
+rs=0:di=38;5;33:ln=38;5;51:mh=00:pi=40;
+38;5;11:so=38;5;13:do=38;5;5:bd=48;5;
+232;38;5;11:cd=48;5;232;38;5;3:or=48;
+5;232;38;5;9:mi=01;05;37;41:su=48;5;
+196;38;5;15:sg=48;5;11;38;5;16:ca=48;5;
+196;38;5;226:tw=48;5;10;38;5;16:ow=48;5;
+[...]
+```
+
+或者你可以直接使用 `dircolors`：
+
+```
+$ dircolors --print-database
+[...]
+# image formats
+.jpg 01;35
+.jpeg 01;35
+.mjpg 01;35
+.mjpeg 01;35
+.gif 01;35
+.bmp 01;35
+.pbm 01;35
+.tif 01;35
+.tiff 01;35
+[...]
+```
+
+这看起来很神秘。文件类型后面的第一个数字是属性代码，它有六种选择：
+
+* 00 无
+* 01 粗体
+* 04 下划线
+* 05 闪烁
+* 07 反白
+* 08 暗色
+
+下一个数字是简化形式的颜色代码。你可以通过获取 ANSI 代码的最后一个数字来获取颜色代码（绿色前景为 32，绿色背景为 42；红色为 31 或 41，依此类推）。
+
+你的发行版可能全局设置了 `LS_COLORS`，因此系统上的所有用户都会继承相同的颜色。如果你想要一组自定义的颜色，可以使用 `dircolors`。首先，生成颜色设置的本地副本：
+
+```
+$ dircolors --print-database > ~/.dircolors
+```
+
+根据需要编辑本地列表。如果你对自己的选择感到满意，请保存文件。你的颜色设置只是一个数据库，不能由 [ls][3] 直接使用，但你可以使用 `dircolors` 获取可用于设置 `LS_COLORS` 的 shellcode：
+
+```
+$ dircolors --bourne-shell ~/.dircolors
+LS_COLORS='rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:
+pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:
+cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:
+sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;
+[...]
+export LS_COLORS
+```
+
+将输出复制并粘贴到 `~/.bashrc` 文件中并重新加载。或者，你可以将该输出直接转储到 `.bashrc` 文件中并重新加载。
+
+```
+$ dircolors --bourne-shell ~/.dircolors >> ~/.bashrc
+$ source ~/.bashrc
+```
+
+你也可以在启动时使 Bash 解析 `.dircolors` 而不是手动进行转换。实际上，你可能不会经常改变颜色，所以这可能过于激进，但如果你打算改变你的配色方案，这是一个选择。在 `.bashrc` 文件中，添加以下规则：
+
+```
+[[ -e $HOME/.dircolors ]] && eval "`dircolors --sh $HOME/.dircolors`"
+```
+
+如果你的主目录中有 `.dircolors` 文件，Bash 会在启动时对其进行评估并相应地设置 `LS_COLORS`。
+
+### 颜色
+
+在终端中使用颜色是一种可以为你自己提供特定信息的快速视觉参考的简单方法。但是，你可能不希望过于依赖它们。毕竟，颜色不是通用的，所以如果其他人使用你的系统，他们可能不会像你那样看懂颜色代表的含义。此外，如果你使用各种工具与计算机进行交互，你可能还会发现某些终端或远程连接无法提供你期望的颜色（或根本不提供颜色）。
+
+除了上述警示之外，颜色在某些工作流程中可能很有用且很有趣，因此创建一个 `.dircolor` 数据库并根据你的想法对其进行自定义吧。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/linux-terminal-colors
+
+作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/freedos.png?itok=aOBLy7Ky (4 different color terminal windows with code)
+[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/what-are-environment-variables
+[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/master-ls-command
diff --git a/published/20190906 How to put an HTML page on the internet.md b/published/20190906 How to put an HTML page on the internet.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e5e283364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190906 How to put an HTML page on the internet.md
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11374-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to put an HTML page on the internet)
+[#]: via: (https://jvns.ca/blog/2019/09/06/how-to-put-an-html-page-on-the-internet/)
+[#]: author: (Julia Evans https://jvns.ca/)
+
+如何在互联网放置 HTML 页面
+======
+
+
+
+我喜欢互联网的一点是在互联网放置静态页面是如此简单。今天有人问我该怎么做，所以我想我会快速地写下来！
+
+### 只是一个 HTML 页面
+
+我的所有网站都只是静态 HTML 和 CSS。我的网页设计技巧相对不高（ 是我自己开发的最复杂的网站），因此保持我所有的网站相对简单意味着我可以做一些改变/修复，而不会花费大量时间。
+
+因此，我们将在此文章中采用尽可能简单的方式 —— 只需一个 HTML 页面。
+
+### HTML 页面
+
+我们要放在互联网上的网站只是一个名为 `index.html` 的文件。你可以在 找到它，它是一个 Github 仓库，其中只包含一个文件。
+
+HTML 文件中包含一些 CSS，使其看起来不那么无聊，部分复制自 。
+
+### 如何将 HTML 页面放在互联网上
+
+有以下几步：
+
+ 1. 注册 [Neocities][1] 帐户
+ 2. 将 index.html 复制到你自己 neocities 站点的 index.html 中
+ 3. 完成
+
+上面的 `index.html` 页面位于 [julia-example-website.neocities.com][2] 中，如果你查看源代码，你将看到它与 github 仓库中的 HTML 相同。
+
+我认为这可能是将 HTML 页面放在互联网上的最简单的方法（这是一次回归 Geocities，它是我在 2003 年制作我的第一个网站的方式）:)。我也喜欢 Neocities （像 [glitch][3]，我也喜欢）它能实验、学习，并有乐趣。
+
+### 其他选择
+
+这绝不是唯一简单的方式，在你推送 Git 仓库时，Github pages 和 Gitlab pages 以及 Netlify 都将会自动发布站点，并且它们都非常易于使用（只需将它们连接到你的 GitHub 仓库即可）。我个人使用 Git 仓库的方式，因为 Git 不会让我感到紧张，我想知道我实际推送的页面发生了什么更改。但我想你如果第一次只想将 HTML/CSS 制作的站点放到互联网上，那么 Neocities 就是一个非常好的方法。
+
+如果你不只是玩，而是要将网站用于真实用途，那么你或许会需要买一个域名，以便你将来可以更改托管服务提供商，但这有点不那么简单。
+
+### 这是学习 HTML 的一个很好的起点
+
+如果你熟悉在 Git 中编辑文件，同时想练习 HTML/CSS 的话，我认为将它放在网站中是一个有趣的方式！我真的很喜欢它的简单性 —— 实际上这只有一个文件，所以没有其他花哨的东西需要去理解。
+
+还有很多方法可以复杂化/扩展它，比如这个博客实际上是用 [Hugo][4] 生成的，它生成了一堆 HTML 文件并放在网络中，但从基础开始总是不错的。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2019/09/06/how-to-put-an-html-page-on-the-internet/
+
+作者：[Julia Evans][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://jvns.ca/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://neocities.org/
+[2]: https://julia-example-website.neocities.org/
+[3]: https://glitch.com
+[4]: https://gohugo.io/
diff --git a/published/20190909 Firefox 69 available in Fedora.md b/published/20190909 Firefox 69 available in Fedora.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79249a373f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190909 Firefox 69 available in Fedora.md
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11354-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Firefox 69 available in Fedora)
+[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/firefox-69-available-in-fedora/)
+[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/)
+
+Firefox 69 已可在 Fedora 中获取
+======
+
+![][1]
+
+当你安装 Fedora Workstation 时，你会发现它包括了世界知名的 Firefox 浏览器。 Mozilla 基金会以开发 Firefox 以及其他促进开放、安全和隐私的互联网项目为己任。Firefox 有快速的浏览引擎和大量的隐私功能。
+
+开发者社区不断改进和增强 Firefox。最新版本 Firefox 69 于最近发布，你可在稳定版 Fedora 系统（30 及更高版本）中获取它。继续阅读以获得更多详情。
+
+### Firefox 69 中的新功能
+
+最新版本的 Firefox 包括[增强跟踪保护][2]（ETP）。当你使用带有新（或重置）配置文件的 Firefox 69 时，浏览器会使网站更难以跟踪你的信息或滥用你的计算机资源。
+
+例如，不太正直的网站使用脚本让你的系统进行大量计算来产生加密货币，这称为[加密挖矿][3]。加密挖矿在你不知情或未经许可的情况下发生，因此是对你的系统的滥用。Firefox 69 中的新标准设置可防止网站遭受此类滥用。
+
+Firefox 69 还有其他设置，可防止识别或记录你的浏览器指纹，以供日后使用。这些改进为你提供了额外的保护，免于你的活动被在线追踪。
+
+另一个常见的烦恼是在没有提示的情况下播放视频。视频播放也会占用更多的 CPU，你可能不希望未经许可就在你的笔记本上发生这种情况。Firefox 使用[阻止自动播放][4]这个功能阻止了这种情况的发生。而 Firefox 69 还允许你停止静默开始播放的视频。此功能可防止不必要的突然的噪音。它还解决了更多真正的问题 —— 未经许可使用计算机资源。
+
+新版本中还有许多其他新功能。在 [Firefox 发行说明][5]中阅读有关它们的更多信息。
+
+### 如何获得更新
+
+Firefox 69 存在于稳定版 Fedora 30、预发布版 Fedora 31 和 Rawhide 仓库中。该更新由 Fedora 的 Firefox 包维护者提供。维护人员还确保更新了 Mozilla 的网络安全服务（nss 包）。我们感谢 Mozilla 项目和 Firefox 社区在提供此新版本方面的辛勤工作。
+
+如果你使用的是 Fedora 30 或更高版本，请在 Fedora Workstation 上使用*软件中心*，或在任何 Fedora 系统上运行以下命令：
+
+```
+$ sudo dnf --refresh upgrade firefox
+```
+
+如果你使用的是 Fedora 29，请[帮助测试更新][6]，这样它可以变得稳定，让所有用户可以轻松使用。
+
+Firefox 可能会提示你升级个人设置以使用新设置。要使用新功能，你应该这样做。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://fedoramagazine.org/firefox-69-available-in-fedora/
+
+作者：[Paul W. Frields][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/firefox-v69-816x345.jpg
+[2]: https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2019/09/03/todays-firefox-blocks-third-party-tracking-cookies-and-cryptomining-by-default/
+[3]: https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/cryptocurrency-mining.html
+[4]: https://support.mozilla.org/kb/block-autoplay
+[5]: https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/69.0/releasenotes/
+[6]: https://bodhi.fedoraproject.org/updates/FEDORA-2019-89ae5bb576
diff --git a/published/20190909 How to Install Shutter Screenshot Tool in Ubuntu 19.04.md b/published/20190909 How to Install Shutter Screenshot Tool in Ubuntu 19.04.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd526ef267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190909 How to Install Shutter Screenshot Tool in Ubuntu 19.04.md
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11335-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to Install Shutter Screenshot Tool in Ubuntu 19.04)
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-shutter-ubuntu/)
+[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
+
+如何在 Ubuntu 19.04 中安装 Shutter 截图工具
+======
+
+Shutter 是我在 [Linux 中最喜欢的截图工具][1]。你可以使用它截图，还可以用它编辑截图或其他图像。它是一个在图像上添加箭头和文本的不错的工具。你也可以使用它在 Ubuntu 或其它你使用的发行版中[调整图像大小][2]。FOSS 上大多数截图教程都使用 Shutter 编辑。
+
+![Install Shutter Ubuntu][8]
+
+
+虽然 [Shutter][4] 一直是一款很棒的工具，但它的开发却停滞了。这几年来一直没有新版本的 Shutter。甚至像 [Shutter 中编辑模式被禁用][5]这样的简单 bug 也没有修复。根本没有开发者的消息。
+
+也许这就是为什么新版本的 Ubuntu 放弃它的原因。在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 之前，你可以在软件中心，或者[启用 universe 仓库][7]来[使用 apt-get 命令][6]安装它。但是从 Ubuntu 18.10 及更高版本开始，你就不能再这样做了。
+
+抛开这些缺点，Shutter 是一个很好的工具，我想继续使用它。也许你也是像我这样的 Shutter 粉丝，并且想要使用它。好的方面是你仍然可以在 Ubuntu 19.04 中安装 Shutter，这要归功于非官方 PPA。
+
+### 在 Ubuntu 19.04 上安装 Shutter
+
+![][3]
+
+我希望你了解 PPA 的概念。如果不了解，我强烈建议阅读我的指南，以了解更多关于[什么是 PPA 以及如何使用它][9]。
+
+现在，打开终端并使用以下命令添加新仓库：
+
+```
+sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:linuxuprising/shutter
+```
+
+不需要再使用 `apt update`，因为从 Ubuntu 18.04 开始，仓库会在添加新条目后自动更新。
+
+现在使用 `apt` 命令安装 Shutter：
+
+```
+sudo apt install shutter
+```
+
+完成。你应该已经安装 Shutter 截图工具。你可从菜单搜索并启动它。
+
+### 删除通过非官方 PPA 安装的 Shutter
+
+最后我以卸载 Shutter 以及删除添加的仓库来结束教程。
+
+首先，从系统中删除 Shutter：
+
+```
+sudo apt remove shutter
+```
+
+接下来，从你的仓库列表中删除 PPA：
+
+```
+sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:linuxuprising/shutter
+```
+
+你或许还想了解 [Y PPA Manager][11]，这是一款 PPA 图形管理工具。
+
+Shutter 是一个很好的工具，我希望它能被积极开发。我希望它的开发人员没问题，他/她可以找一些时间来处理它。或者是时候让其他人分叉并继续让它变得更棒。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/install-shutter-ubuntu/
+
+作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://itsfoss.com/take-screenshot-linux/
+[2]: https://itsfoss.com/resize-images-with-right-click/
+[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/shutter-screenshot.jpg?ssl=1
+[4]: http://shutter-project.org/
+[5]: https://itsfoss.com/shutter-edit-button-disabled/
+[6]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-get-linux-guide/
+[7]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/
+[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Install-Shutter-ubuntu.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
+[9]: https://itsfoss.com/ppa-guide/
+[11]: https://itsfoss.com/y-ppa-manager/
diff --git a/published/20190911 How to set up a TFTP server on Fedora.md b/published/20190911 How to set up a TFTP server on Fedora.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdd7ab6f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190911 How to set up a TFTP server on Fedora.md
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (amwps290)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11371-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to set up a TFTP server on Fedora)
+[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-set-up-a-tftp-server-on-fedora/)
+[#]: author: (Curt Warfield https://fedoramagazine.org/author/rcurtiswarfield/)
+
+如何在 Fedora 上建立一个 TFTP 服务器
+======
+
+![][1]
+
+TFTP 即简单文本传输协议，允许用户通过 [UDP][2] 协议在系统之间传输文件。默认情况下，协议使用的是 UDP 的 69 号端口。TFTP 协议广泛用于无盘设备的远程启动。因此，在你的本地网络建立一个 TFTP 服务器，这样你就可以对 [安装好的 Fedora][3] 和其他无盘设备做一些操作，这将非常有趣。
+
+TFTP 仅仅能够从远端系统读取数据或者向远端系统写入数据，而没有列出远端服务器上文件的能力。它也没提供用户身份验证。由于安全隐患和缺乏高级功能，TFTP 通常仅用于局域网内部（LAN）。
+
+### 安装 TFTP 服务器
+
+首先你要做的事就是安装 TFTP 客户端和 TFTP 服务器：
+
+```
+dnf install tftp-server tftp -y
+```
+
+上述的这条命令会在 `/usr/lib/systemd/system` 目录下为 [systemd][4] 创建 `tftp.service` 和 `tftp.socket` 文件。
+
+```
+/usr/lib/systemd/system/tftp.service
+/usr/lib/systemd/system/tftp.socket
+```
+
+接下来，将这两个文件复制到 `/etc/systemd/system` 目录下，并重新命名。
+
+```
+cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/tftp.service /etc/systemd/system/tftp-server.service
+cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/tftp.socket /etc/systemd/system/tftp-server.socket
+```
+
+### 修改文件
+
+当你把这些文件复制和重命名后，你就可以去添加一些额外的参数，下面是 `tftp-server.service` 刚开始的样子：
+
+```
+[Unit]
+Description=Tftp Server
+Requires=tftp.socket
+Documentation=man:in.tftpd
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=/usr/sbin/in.tftpd -s /var/lib/tftpboot
+StandardInput=socket
+
+[Install]
+Also=tftp.socket
+```
+
+在 `[Unit]` 部分添加如下内容：
+
+```
+Requires=tftp-server.socket
+```
+
+修改 `[ExecStart]` 行：
+
+```
+ExecStart=/usr/sbin/in.tftpd -c -p -s /var/lib/tftpboot
+```
+
+下面是这些选项的意思：
+
+ * `-c` 选项允许创建新的文件
+ * `-p` 选项用于指明在正常系统提供的权限检查之上没有其他额外的权限检查
+ * `-s` 建议使用该选项以确保安全性以及与某些引导 ROM 的兼容性，这些引导 ROM 在其请求中不容易包含目录名。
+
+默认的上传和下载位置位于 `/var/lib/tftpboot`。
+
+下一步，修改 `[Install]` 部分的内容
+
+```
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+Also=tftp-server.socket
+```
+
+不要忘记保存你的修改。
+
+下面是 `/etc/systemd/system/tftp-server.service` 文件的完整内容：
+
+```
+[Unit]
+Description=Tftp Server
+Requires=tftp-server.socket
+Documentation=man:in.tftpd
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=/usr/sbin/in.tftpd -c -p -s /var/lib/tftpboot
+StandardInput=socket
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+Also=tftp-server.socket
+```
+
+### 启动 TFTP 服务器
+
+重新启动 systemd 守护进程：
+
+```
+systemctl daemon-reload
+```
+
+启动服务器：
+
+```
+systemctl enable --now tftp-server
+```
+
+要更改 TFTP 服务器允许上传和下载的权限，请使用此命令。注意 TFTP 是一种固有的不安全协议，因此不建议你在与其他人共享的网络上这样做。
+
+```
+chmod 777 /var/lib/tftpboot
+```
+
+配置防火墙让 TFTP 能够使用：
+
+```
+firewall-cmd --add-service=tftp --perm
+firewall-cmd --reload
+```
+
+### 客户端配置
+
+安装 TFTP 客户端
+
+```
+yum install tftp -y
+```
+
+运行 `tftp` 命令连接服务器。下面是一个启用详细信息选项的例子：
+
+```
+[client@thinclient:~ ]$ tftp 192.168.1.164
+tftp> verbose
+Verbose mode on.
+tftp> get server.logs
+getting from 192.168.1.164:server.logs to server.logs [netascii]
+Received 7 bytes in 0.0 seconds [inf bits/sec]
+tftp> quit
+[client@thinclient:~ ]$
+```
+
+记住，因为 TFTP 没有列出服务器上文件的能力，因此，在你使用 `get` 命令之前需要知道文件的具体名称。
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-set-up-a-tftp-server-on-fedora/
+
+作者：[Curt Warfield][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[amwps290](https://github.com/amwps290)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/rcurtiswarfield/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/tftp-server-816x345.jpg
+[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol
+[3]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora/f30/install-guide/advanced/Network_based_Installations/
+[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/systemd-getting-a-grip-on-units/
+[5]: https://unsplash.com/@laikanotebooks?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
+[6]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/file-folders?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
diff --git a/published/20190912 Bash Script to Send a Mail About New User Account Creation.md b/published/20190912 Bash Script to Send a Mail About New User Account Creation.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..849d7c5597
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190912 Bash Script to Send a Mail About New User Account Creation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11362-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Bash Script to Send a Mail About New User Account Creation)
+[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-shell-script-to-monitor-user-creation-send-email/)
+[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
+
+用 Bash 脚本发送新用户帐户创建的邮件
+======
+
+
+
+出于某些原因，你可能需要跟踪 Linux 上的新用户创建信息。同时，你可能需要通过邮件发送详细信息。这或许是审计目标的一部分，或者安全团队出于跟踪目的可能希望对此进行监控。
+
+我们可以通过其他方式进行此操作，正如我们在上一篇文章中已经描述的那样。
+
+* [在系统中创建新用户帐户时发送邮件的 Bash 脚本][1]
+
+Linux 有许多开源监控工具可以使用。但我不认为他们有办法跟踪新用户创建过程，并在发生时提醒管理员。
+
+那么我们怎样才能做到这一点？
+
+我们可以编写自己的 Bash 脚本来实现这一目标。我们过去写过许多有用的 shell 脚本。如果你想了解，请进入下面的链接。
+
+* [如何使用 shell 脚本自动化日常活动？][2]
+
+### 这个脚本做了什么？
+
+这将每天两次（一天的开始和结束）备份 `/etc/passwd` 文件，这将使你能够获取指定日期的新用户创建详细信息。
+
+我们需要添加以下两个 cron 任务来复制 `/etc/passwd` 文件。
+
+```
+# crontab -e
+
+1 0 * * * cp /etc/passwd /opt/scripts/passwd-start-$(date +"%Y-%m-%d")
+59 23 * * * cp /etc/passwd /opt/scripts/passwd-end-$(date +"%Y-%m-%d")
+```
+
+它使用 `diff` 命令来检测文件之间的差异，如果发现与昨日有任何差异，脚本将向指定 email 发送新用户详细信息。
+
+我们不用经常运行此脚本，因为用户创建不经常发生。但是，我们计划每天运行一次此脚本。
+
+这样，你可以获得有关新用户创建的综合报告。
+
+**注意：**我们在脚本中使用了我们的电子邮件地址进行演示。因此，我们要求你用自己的电子邮件地址。
+
+```
+# vi /opt/scripts/new-user-detail.sh
+
+#!/bin/bash
+mv /opt/scripts/passwd-start-$(date --date='yesterday' '+%Y-%m-%d') /opt/scripts/passwd-start
+mv /opt/scripts/passwd-end-$(date --date='yesterday' '+%Y-%m-%d') /opt/scripts/passwd-end
+ucount=$(diff /opt/scripts/passwd-start /opt/scripts/passwd-end | grep ">" | cut -d":" -f6 | cut -d"/" -f3 | wc -l)
+if [ $ucount -gt 0 ]
+then
+ SUBJECT="ATTENTION: New User Account is created on server : `date --date='yesterday' '+%b %e'`"
+ MESSAGE="/tmp/new-user-logs.txt"
+ TO="2daygeek@gmail.com"
+ echo "Hostname: `hostname`" >> $MESSAGE
+ echo -e "\n" >> $MESSAGE
+ echo "The New User Details are below." >> $MESSAGE
+ echo "+------------------------------+" >> $MESSAGE
+ diff /opt/scripts/passwd-start /opt/scripts/passwd-end | grep ">" | cut -d":" -f6 | cut -d"/" -f3 >> $MESSAGE
+ echo "+------------------------------+" >> $MESSAGE
+ mail -s "$SUBJECT" "$TO" < $MESSAGE
+ rm $MESSAGE
+fi
+```
+
+给 `new-user-detail.sh` 文件添加可执行权限。
+
+```
+$ chmod +x /opt/scripts/new-user-detail.sh
+```
+
+最后添加一个 cron 任务来自动执行此操作。它在每天早上 7 点运行。
+
+```
+# crontab -e
+
+0 7 * * * /bin/bash /opt/scripts/new-user.sh
+```
+
+**注意：**你会在每天早上 7 点都会收到一封关于昨日详情的邮件提醒。
+
+**输出：**输出与下面的输出相同。
+
+```
+# cat /tmp/new-user-logs.txt
+
+Hostname: CentOS.2daygeek.com
+
+The New User Details are below.
++------------------------------+
+tuser3
++------------------------------+
+```
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-shell-script-to-monitor-user-creation-send-email/
+
+作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-user-creation-send-email/
+[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/shell-script/
diff --git a/published/20190913 An introduction to Virtual Machine Manager.md b/published/20190913 An introduction to Virtual Machine Manager.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa452f418a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190913 An introduction to Virtual Machine Manager.md
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11364-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (An introduction to Virtual Machine Manager)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/9/introduction-virtual-machine-manager)
+[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss)
+
+虚拟机管理器（Virtual Machine Manager）简介
+======
+
+> virt-manager 为 Linux 虚拟化提供了全方位的选择。
+
+
+
+在我关于 [GNOME Boxes][3] 的[系列文章][2]中，我已经解释了 Linux 用户如何能够在他们的桌面上快速启动虚拟机。当你只需要简单的配置时，Box 可以轻而易举地创建虚拟机。
+
+但是，如果你需要在虚拟机中配置更多详细信息，那么你就需要一个工具，为磁盘、网卡（NIC）和其他硬件提供全面的选项。这时就需要 [虚拟机管理器（Virtual Machine Manager）][4]（virt-manager）了。如果在应用菜单中没有看到它，你可以从包管理器或命令行安装它：
+
+* 在 Fedora 上：`sudo dnf install virt-manager`
+* 在 Ubuntu 上：`sudo apt install virt-manager`
+
+安装完成后，你可以从应用菜单或在命令行中输入 `virt-manager` 启动。
+
+![Virtual Machine Manager's main screen][5]
+
+为了演示如何使用 virt-manager 创建虚拟机，我将设置一个 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 虚拟机。
+
+首先，单击 “文件” 然后点击 “新建虚拟机”。Virt-manager 的开发者已经标记好了每一步（例如，“第 1 步，共 5 步”）来使其变得简单。单击 “本地安装介质” 和 “下一步”。
+
+![Step 1 virtual machine creation][6]
+
+在下个页面中，选择要安装的操作系统的 ISO 文件。（RHEL 8 镜像位于我的下载目录中。）Virt-manager 自动检测操作系统。
+
+![Step 2 Choose the ISO File][7]
+
+在步骤 3 中，你可以指定虚拟机的内存和 CPU。默认值为内存 1,024MB 和一个 CPU。
+
+![Step 3 Set CPU and Memory][8]
+
+我想给 RHEL 充足的配置来运行，我使用的硬件配置也充足，所以我将它们（分别）增加到 4,096MB 和两个 CPU。
+
+下一步为虚拟机配置存储。默认设置是 10GB 硬盘。（我保留此设置，但你可以根据需要进行调整。）你还可以选择现有磁盘镜像或在自定义位置创建一个磁盘镜像。
+
+![Step 4 Configure VM Storage][9]
+
+步骤 5 是命名虚拟机并单击“完成”。这相当于创建了一台虚拟机，也就是 GNOME Boxes 中的一个 Box。虽然技术上讲是最后一步，但你有几个选择（如下面的截图所示）。由于 virt-manager 的优点是能够自定义虚拟机，因此在单击“完成”之前，我将选中“在安装前定制配置”的复选框。
+
+因为我选择了自定义配置，virt-manager 打开了一个有一组设备和设置的页面。这里是重点！
+
+这里你也可以命名该虚拟机。在左侧列表中，你可以查看各个方面的详细信息，例如 CPU、内存、磁盘、控制器和许多其他项目。例如，我可以单击 “CPU” 来验证我在步骤 3 中所做的更改。
+
+![Changing the CPU count][10]
+
+我也可以确认我设置的内存量。
+
+当虚拟机作为服务器运行时，我通常会禁用或删除声卡。为此，请选择 “声卡” 并单击 “移除” 或右键单击 “声卡” 并选择 “移除硬件”。
+
+你还可以使用底部的 “添加硬件” 按钮添加硬件。这会打开 “添加新的虚拟硬件” 页面，你可以在其中添加其他存储设备、内存、声卡等。这就像可以访问一个库存充足的（虚拟）计算机硬件仓库。
+
+![The Add New Hardware screen][11]
+
+对 VM 配置感到满意后，单击 “开始安装”，系统将启动并开始从 ISO 安装指定的操作系统。
+
+![Begin installing the OS][12]
+
+完成后，它会重新启动，你的新虚拟机就可以使用了。
+
+![Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 running in VMM][13]
+
+Virtual Machine Manager 是桌面 Linux 用户的强大工具。它是开源的，是专有和封闭虚拟化产品的绝佳替代品。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/introduction-virtual-machine-manager
+
+作者：[Alan Formy-Duval][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/computer_keyboard_laptop_development_code_woman.png?itok=vbYz6jjb (A person programming)
+[2]: https://opensource.com/sitewide-search?search_api_views_fulltext=GNOME%20Box
+[3]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Boxes
+[4]: https://virt-manager.org/
+[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/1-vmm_main_0.png (Virtual Machine Manager's main screen)
+[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2-vmm_step1_0.png (Step 1 virtual machine creation)
+[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/3-vmm_step2.png (Step 2 Choose the ISO File)
+[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/4-vmm_step3default.png (Step 3 Set CPU and Memory)
+[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/6-vmm_step4.png (Step 4 Configure VM Storage)
+[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/9-vmm_customizecpu.png (Changing the CPU count)
+[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/11-vmm_addnewhardware.png (The Add New Hardware screen)
+[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/12-vmm_rhelbegininstall.png
+[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/13-vmm_rhelinstalled_0.png (Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 running in VMM)
diff --git a/published/20190913 How to Find and Replace a String in File Using the sed Command in Linux.md b/published/20190913 How to Find and Replace a String in File Using the sed Command in Linux.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d49a5146b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190913 How to Find and Replace a String in File Using the sed Command in Linux.md
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (asche910)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11367-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to Find and Replace a String in File Using the sed Command in Linux)
+[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-sed-to-find-and-replace-string-in-files/)
+[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
+
+使用 sed 命令查找和替换文件中的字符串的 16 个示例
+======
+
+
+
+当你在使用文本文件时，很可能需要查找和替换文件中的字符串。`sed` 命令主要用于替换一个文件中的文本。在 Linux 中这可以通过使用 `sed` 命令和 `awk` 命令来完成。
+
+在本教程中，我们将告诉你使用 `sed` 命令如何做到这一点，然后讨论讨论 `awk` 命令相关的。
+
+### sed 命令是什么
+
+`sed` 命令表示 Stream Editor（流编辑器），用来在 Linux 上执行基本的文本操作。它可以执行各种功能，如搜索、查找、修改、插入或删除文件。
+
+此外，它也可以执行复杂的正则表达式匹配。
+
+它可用于以下目的：
+
+* 查找和替换匹配给定的格式的内容。
+* 在指定行查找和替换匹配给定的格式的内容。
+* 在所有行查找和替换匹配给定的格式的内容。
+* 搜索并同时替换两种不同的模式。
+
+本文列出的十五个例子可以帮助你掌握 `sed` 命令。
+
+如果要使用 `sed` 命令删除文件中的行，去下面的文章。
+
+注意：由于这是一篇演示文章，我们使用不带 `-i` 选项的 `sed` 命令，该选项会在 Linux 终端中删除行并打印文件内容。
+
+但是，在实际环境中如果你想删除源文件中的行，使用带 `-i` 选项的 `sed` 命令。
+
+常见的 `sed` 替换字符串的语法。
+
+```
+sed -i 's/Search_String/Replacement_String/g' Input_File
+```
+
+首先我们需要了解 `sed` 语法来做到这一点。请参阅有关的细节。
+
+* `sed`：这是一个 Linux 命令。
+* `-i`：这是 `sed` 命令的一个选项，它有什么作用？默认情况下，`sed` 打印结果到标准输出。当你使用 `sed` 添加这个选项时，那么它会在适当的位置修改文件。当你添加一个后缀（比如，`-i.bak`）时，就会创建原始文件的备份。
+* `s`：字母 `s` 是一个替换命令。
+* `Search_String`：搜索一个给定的字符串或正则表达式。
+* `Replacement_String`：替换的字符串。
+* `g`：全局替换标志。默认情况下，`sed` 命令替换每一行第一次出现的模式，它不会替换行中的其他的匹配结果。但是，提供了该替换标志时，所有匹配都将被替换。
+* `/`：分界符。
+* `Input_File`：要执行操作的文件名。
+
+让我们来看看文件中用sed命令来搜索和转换文本的一些常用例子。
+
+我们已经创建了用于演示的以下文件。
+
+```
+# cat sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxunix UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 1) 如何查找和替换一行中“第一次”模式匹配
+
+下面的 `sed` 命令用 `linux` 替换文件中的 `unix`。这仅仅改变了每一行模式的第一个实例。
+
+```
+# sed 's/unix/linux/' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix linux unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxlinux UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 2) 如何查找和替换每一行中“第 N 次”出现的模式
+
+在行中使用`/1`、`/2`……`/n` 等标志来代替相应的匹配。
+
+下面的 `sed` 命令在一行中用 `linux` 来替换 `unix` 模式的第二个实例。
+
+```
+# sed 's/unix/linux/2' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix linux 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxunix UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 3) 如何搜索和替换一行中所有的模式实例
+
+下面的 `sed` 命令用 `linux` 替换 `unix` 格式的所有实例，因为 `g` 是一个全局替换标志。
+
+```
+# sed 's/unix/linux/g' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix linux linux 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxlinux UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 4) 如何查找和替换一行中从“第 N 个”开始的所有匹配的模式实例
+
+下面的 `sed` 命令在一行中替换从模式的“第 N 个”开始的匹配实例。
+
+```
+# sed 's/unix/linux/2g' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix linux 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxunix UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 5) 在特定的行号搜索和替换模式
+
+你可以替换特定行号中的字符串。下面的 `sed` 命令用 `linux` 仅替换第三行的 `unix` 模式。
+
+```
+# sed '3 s/unix/linux/' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxlinux UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 6) 在特定范围行号间搜索和替换模式
+
+你可以指定行号的范围，以替换字符串。
+
+下面的 `sed` 命令在 1 到 3 行间用 `linux` 替换 `Unix` 模式。
+
+```
+# sed '1,3 s/unix/linux/' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix linux unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxlinux UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 7) 如何查找和修改最后一行的模式
+
+下面的 sed 命令允许你只在最后一行替换匹配的字符串。
+
+下面的 `sed` 命令只在最后一行用 `Unix` 替换 `Linux` 模式。
+
+```
+# sed '$ s/Linux/Unix/' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxunix UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Unix is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 8) 在一行中如何只查找和替换正确的模式匹配
+
+你可能已经注意到，子串 `linuxunix` 被替换为在第 6 个示例中的 `linuxlinux`。如果你只想更改正确的匹配词，在搜索串的两端用这个边界符 `\b`。
+
+```
+# sed '1,3 s/\bunix\b/linux/' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix linux unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxunix UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 9) 如何以不区分大小写来搜索与替换模式
+
+大家都知道，Linux 是区分大小写的。为了与不区分大小写的模式匹配，使用 `I` 标志。
+
+```
+# sed 's/unix/linux/gI' sed-test.txt
+
+1 linux linux linux 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxlinux linuxLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 10) 如何查找和替换包含分隔符的字符串
+
+当你搜索和替换含分隔符的字符串时，我们需要用反斜杠 `\` 来取消转义。
+
+在这个例子中，我们将用 `/usr/bin/fish` 来替换 `/bin/bash`。
+
+```
+# sed 's/\/bin\/bash/\/usr\/bin\/fish/g' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxunix UnixLinux
+linux /usr/bin/fish CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+上述 `sed` 命令按预期工作，但它看起来来很糟糕。 为了简化，大部分的人会用竖线 `|` 作为正则表达式的定位符。 所以，我建议你用它。
+
+```
+# sed 's|/bin/bash|/usr/bin/fish/|g' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxunix UnixLinux
+linux /usr/bin/fish/ CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 11) 如何以给定的模式来查找和替换数字
+
+类似地，数字可以用模式来代替。下面的 `sed` 命令以 `[0-9]` 替换所有数字为 `number`。
+
+```
+# sed 's/[0-9]/number/g' sed-test.txt
+
+number Unix unix unix numbernumber
+number linux Linux numbernumber
+number linuxunix UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 12) 如何用模式仅查找和替换两个数字
+
+如果你想用模式来代替两位数字，使用下面的 `sed` 命令。
+
+```
+# sed 's/\b[0-9]\{2\}\b/number/g' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix unix number
+2 linux Linux number
+3 linuxunix UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 13) 如何用 sed 命令仅打印被替换的行
+
+如果你想显示仅更改的行，使用下面的 `sed` 命令。
+
+* `p` - 它在终端上输出替换的行两次。
+* `-n` - 它抑制由 `p` 标志所产生的重复行。
+
+```
+# sed -n 's/Unix/Linux/p' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Linux unix unix 23
+3 linuxunix LinuxLinux
+```
+
+### 14) 如何同时运行多个 sed 命令
+
+以下 `sed` 命令同时检测和置换两个不同的模式。
+
+下面的 `sed` 命令搜索 `linuxunix` 和 `CentOS` 模式，用 `LINUXUNIX` 和 `RHEL8` 一次性更换它们。
+
+```
+# sed -e 's/linuxunix/LINUXUNIX/g' -e 's/CentOS/RHEL8/g' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 LINUXUNIX UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash RHEL8 Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+下面的 `sed` 命令搜索替换两个不同的模式，并一次性替换为一个字符串。
+
+以下 `sed` 的命令搜索 `linuxunix` 和 `CentOS` 模式，用 `Fedora30` 替换它们。
+
+```
+# sed -e 's/\(linuxunix\|CentOS\)/Fedora30/g' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 Fedora30 UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash Fedora30 Linux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 15) 如果给定的模式匹配，如何查找和替换整个行
+
+如果模式匹配，可以使用 `sed` 命令用新行来代替整行。这可以通过使用 `c` 标志来完成。
+
+```
+# sed '/OS/ c\
+New Line
+' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxunix UnixLinux
+New Line
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+
+### 16) 如何搜索和替换相匹配的模式行
+
+在 `sed` 命令中你可以为行指定适合的模式。在匹配该模式的情况下，`sed` 命令搜索要被替换的字符串。
+
+下面的 `sed` 命令首先查找具有 `OS` 模式的行，然后用 `ArchLinux` 替换单词 `Linux`。
+
+```
+# sed '/OS/ s/Linux/ArchLinux/' sed-test.txt
+
+1 Unix unix unix 23
+2 linux Linux 34
+3 linuxunix UnixLinux
+linux /bin/bash CentOS ArchLinux OS
+Linux is free and opensource operating system
+```
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-sed-to-find-and-replace-string-in-files/
+
+作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[Asche910](https://github.com/asche910)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
diff --git a/published/20190914 GNOME 3.34 Released With New Features - Performance Improvements.md b/published/20190914 GNOME 3.34 Released With New Features - Performance Improvements.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69911195d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190914 GNOME 3.34 Released With New Features - Performance Improvements.md
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11345-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (GNOME 3.34 Released With New Features & Performance Improvements)
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gnome-3-34-release/)
+[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
+
+GNOME 3.34 发布
+======
+
+
+
+最新版本的 GNOME 代号为“塞萨洛尼基”。考虑到这个版本经过了 6 个月的开发，这应该是对 [GNOME 3.32][1] 的一次令人印象深刻的升级。
+
+在此版本中，有许多新功能和显著的性能改进。除了新功能外，可定制的程度也得到了提升。
+
+以下是新的变化：
+
+### GNOME 3.34 的关键改进
+
+你可以观看此视频，了解 GNOME 3.34 中的新功能：
+
+- [视频](https://img.linux.net.cn/static/video/_-qAjPRr5SGoY.mp4)
+
+#### 拖放图标到文件夹
+
+新的 shell 主题允许你拖放应用程序抽屉中的图标以重新排列它们，或将它们组合到一个文件夹中。你可能已经在 Android 或 iOS 智能手机中使用过此类功能。
+
+![You can now drag and drop icons into a folder][2]
+
+#### 改进的日历管理器
+
+改进的日历管理器可以轻松地与第三方服务集成，使你能够直接从 Linux 系统管理日程安排，而无需单独使用其他应用程序。
+
+![GNOME Calendar Improvements][3]
+
+#### 背景选择的设置
+
+现在，更容易为主屏幕和锁定屏幕选择自定义背景，因为它在同一屏幕中显示所有可用背景。为你节省至少一次鼠标点击。
+
+![It’s easier to select backgrounds now][4]
+
+#### 重新排列搜索选项
+
+搜索选项和结果可以手动重新排列。因此，当你要搜索某些内容时，可以决定哪些内容先出现。
+
+#### 响应式设计的“设置”应用
+
+设置菜单 UI 现在具有响应性，因此无论你使用何种类型（或尺寸）的设备，都可以轻松访问所有选项。这肯定对 [Linux 智能手机（如 Librem 5）][5] 上的 GNOME 有所帮助。
+
+除了所有这些之外，[官方公告][6]还提到到开发人员的有用补充（增加了系统分析器和虚拟化改进）：
+
+> 对于开发人员，GNOME 3.34 在 Sysprof 中包含更多数据源，使应用程序的性能分析更加容易。对 Builder 的多项改进中包括集成的 D-Bus 检查器。
+
+![Improved Sysprof tool in GNOME 3.34][7]
+
+### 如何获得GNOME 3.34？
+
+虽然新版本已经发布，但它还没有进入 Linux 发行版的官方存储库。所以，我们建议等待它，并在它作为更新包提供时进行升级。不管怎么说，如果你想构建它，你都可以在这里找到[源代码][8]。
+
+嗯，就是这样。如果你感兴趣，可以查看[完整版本说明][10]以了解技术细节。
+
+你如何看待新的 GNOME 3.34？
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/gnome-3-34-release/
+
+作者：[Ankush Das][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.gnome.org/news/2019/03/gnome-3-32-released/
+[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/icon-grid-drag-gnome.png?ssl=1
+[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/gnome-calendar-improvements.jpg?ssl=1
+[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/background-panel-GNOME.png?resize=800%2C555&ssl=1
+[5]: https://itsfoss.com/librem-linux-phone/
+[6]: https://www.gnome.org/press/2019/09/gnome-3-34-released/
+[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/sysprof-gnome.jpg?resize=800%2C493&ssl=1
+[8]: https://download.gnome.org/
+[9]: https://itsfoss.com/fedora-26-release/
+[10]: https://help.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.34/
diff --git a/published/20190914 Manjaro Linux Graduates From A Hobby Project To A Professional Project.md b/published/20190914 Manjaro Linux Graduates From A Hobby Project To A Professional Project.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0f5ce59599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190914 Manjaro Linux Graduates From A Hobby Project To A Professional Project.md
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11349-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Manjaro Linux Graduates From A Hobby Project To A Professional Project)
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/manjaro-linux-business-formation/)
+[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
+
+Manjaro Linux 从业余爱好项目成长为专业项目
+======
+
+> Manjaro 正在走专业化路线。虽然 Manjaro 社区将负责项目的开发和其他相关活动，但该团队已成立了一家公司作为其法人实体处理商业协议和专业服务。
+
+Manjaro 是一个相当流行的 Linux 发行版，而它只是由三个人（Bernhard、Jonathan 和 Phili）于 2011 年激情之下创建的项目。现在，它是目前[最好的 Linux 发行版][1]之一，所以它不能真的一直还只是个业余爱好项目了，对吧。
+
+嗯，现在有个好消息：Manjaro 已经建立了一家新公司“[Manjaro GmbH & Co. KG]”，以 [Blue Systems][2] 为顾问，以便能够全职雇佣维护人员，并探索未来的商业机会。
+
+![][3]
+
+### 具体有什么变化？
+
+根据[官方公告][4]，Manjaro 项目将保持不变。但是，成立了一家新公司来保护该项目，以允许他们制定法律合同、官方协议和进行其他潜在的商业活动。因此，这使得这个“业余爱好项目”成为了一项专业工作。
+
+除此之外，捐赠资金将转给非营利性的[财政托管][5]（[CommunityBridge][6] 和 [OpenCollective][7]），让他们来代表项目接受和管理资金。请注意，这些捐赠没有被用于创建这个公司，因此，将资金转移给非营利的财务托管将在确保捐赠的同时也确保透明度。
+
+### 这会有何改善？
+
+随着这个公司的成立，（如开发者所述）新结构将以下列方式帮助 Manjaro：
+
+* 使开发人员能够全职投入 Manjaro 及其相关项目；
+* 在 Linux 相关的比赛和活动中与其他开发人员进行互动；
+* 保护 Manjaro 作为一个社区驱动项目的独立性，并保护其品牌；
+* 提供更快的安全更新，更有效地响应用户需求；
+* 提供在专业层面上作为公司行事的手段。
+
+Manjaro 团队还阐明了它将如何继续致力于社区：
+
+> Manjaro 的使命和目标将与以前一样 —— 支持 Manjaro 的协作开发及其广泛使用。这项工作将继续通过捐赠和赞助来支持，这些捐赠和赞助在任何情况下都不会被这个成立的公司使用。
+
+### 关于 Manjaro 公司的更多信息
+
+尽管他们提到该项目将独立于公司，但并非所有人都清楚当有了一家具有商业利益的公司时 Manjaro 与“社区”的关系。因此，该团队还在公告中澄清了他们作为一家公司的计划。
+
+> Manjaro GmbH ＆ Co.KG 的成立旨在有效地参与商业协议、建立合作伙伴关系并提供专业服务。有了这个，Manjaro 开发者 Bernhard 和 Philip 现在可以全职工作投入到 Manjaro，而 Blue Systems 将担任顾问。
+
+> 公司将能够正式签署合同并承担职责和保障，而社区不能承担或承担责任。
+
+### 总结
+
+因此，通过这一举措以及商业机会，他们计划全职工作并聘请贡献者。
+
+当然，现在他们的意思是“业务”（我希望不是作为坏人）。对此公告的大多数反应都是积极的，我们都祝他们好运。虽然有些人可能对具有“商业”利益的“社区”项目持怀疑态度（还记得 [FreeOffice 和 Manjaro 的挫败][9]吗？），但我认为这是一个有趣的举措。
+
+你怎么看？请在下面的评论中告诉我们你的想法。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/manjaro-linux-business-formation/
+
+作者：[Ankush Das][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-distributions/
+[2]: https://www.blue-systems.com/
+[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/manjaro-gmbh.jpg?ssl=1
+[4]: https://forum.manjaro.org/t/manjaro-is-taking-the-next-step/102105
+[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_sponsorship
+[6]: https://communitybridge.org/
+[7]: https://opencollective.com/
+[8]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-hacked/
+[9]: https://itsfoss.com/libreoffice-freeoffice-manjaro-linux/
diff --git a/published/20190915 Sandboxie-s path to-open source, update on the Pentagon-s open source initiative, open source in Hollywood,-and more.md b/published/20190915 Sandboxie-s path to-open source, update on the Pentagon-s open source initiative, open source in Hollywood,-and more.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e70c9f8832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190915 Sandboxie-s path to-open source, update on the Pentagon-s open source initiative, open source in Hollywood,-and more.md
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11351-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Sandboxie's path to open source, update on the Pentagon's open source initiative, open source in Hollywood, and more)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/9/news-september-15)
+[#]: author: (Lauren Maffeo https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo)
+
+开源新闻综述：五角大楼、好莱坞和 Sandboxie 的开源
+======
+
+> 不要错过两周以来最大的开源头条新闻。
+
+![Weekly news roundup with TV][1]
+
+在本期我们的开源新闻综述中有 Sandboxie 的开源之路、五角大楼开源计划的进一步变化、好莱坞开源等等！
+
+### 五角大楼不符合白宫对开源软件的要求
+
+2016 年，美国白宫要求每个美国政府机构必须在三年内开放至少 20％ 的定制软件。2017 年有一篇关于这一倡议的[有趣文章][5]，其中列出了一些令人激动的事情和面临的挑战。
+
+根据美国政府问责局（GAO）的说法，[美国五角大楼做的还远远不足][6]。
+
+在一篇关于 Nextgov 的文章中，Jack Corrigan 写道，截至 2019 年 7 月，美国五角大楼仅发布了 10％ 的代码为开源代码。他们还没有实施的其它白宫任务包括要求制定开源软件政策和定制代码的清单。
+
+根据该报告，一些美国政府官员告诉 GAO，他们担心美国政府部门间共享代码的安全风险。他们还承认没有创建衡量开源工作成功的指标。美国五角大楼的首席技术官将五角大楼的规模列为不执行白宫的开源任务的原因。在周二发布的一份报告中，GAO 表示，“在（美国国防部）完全实施其试点计划并确定完成行政管理和预算局（OMB）要求的里程碑之前，该部门将无法达成显著的成本节约和效率的目的。”
+
+### Sandboxie 在开源的过程中变成了免费软件
+
+一家英国安全公司 Sophos Group plc 发布了[其流行的 Sandboxie 工具的免费版本][2]，它用作Windows 的隔离操作环境（[可在此下载][2]）。
+
+Sophos 表示，由于 Sandboxie 不是其业务的核心，因此更容易做出的决定就是关闭它。但 Sandboxie 因为无需让用户的操作系统冒风险就可以在安全的环境中运行未知软件而[广受赞誉][3]，因此该团队正在投入额外的工作将其作为开源软件发布。这个免费但非开源的中间阶段似乎与当前的系统设计有关，因为它需要激活密钥：
+
+> Sandboxie 目前使用许可证密钥来激活和授予仅针对付费客户开放的高级功能的访问权限（与使用免费版本的用户相比）。我们修改了代码，并发布了一个不限制任何功能的免费版本的更新版。换句话说，新的免费许可证将可以访问之前仅供付费客户使用的所有功能。
+
+受此工具的社区影响，Sophos 的高级领导人宣布发布 Sandboxie 版本 5.31.4，这个不受限制的程序版本将保持免费，直到该工具完全开源。
+
+> “Sandboxie 用户群代表了一些最热情、前瞻性和知识渊博的安全社区成员，我们不想让你失望，”[Sophos 的博文说到][4]。“经过深思熟虑后，我们认为让 Sandboxie 走下去的最佳方式是将其交还给用户，将其转换为开源工具。”
+
+### 志愿者团队致力于查找和数字化无版权书籍
+
+1924 年以前在美国出版的所有书籍都是[公有的、可以自由使用/复制的][7]。1964 年及之后出版的图书在出版日期后将保留 95 年的版权。但由于版权漏洞，1923 年至 1964 年间出版的书籍中有高达 75％ 可以免费阅读和复制。现在只需要耗时确认那些书是什么。
+
+因此，一些图书馆、志愿者和档案管理员们联合起来了解哪些图书没有版权，然后将其数字化并上传到互联网。由于版权续约记录已经数字化，因此很容易判断 1923 年至 1964 年间出版的书籍是否更新了其版权。但是，由于试图提供的是反证，因此寻找缺乏版权更新的难度要大得多。
+
+参与者包括纽约公共图书馆（NYPL），它[最近解释了][8]为什么这个耗时的项目是值得的。为了帮助更快地找到更多书籍，NYPL 将许多记录转换为 XML 格式。这样可以更轻松地自动执行查找可以将哪些书籍添加到公共域的过程。
+
+### 好莱坞的学院软件基金会获得新成员
+
+微软和苹果公司宣布计划以学院软件基金会（ASWF）的高级会员做出贡献。他们将加入[创始董事会成员][9]，其它成员还包括 Netflix、Google Cloud、Disney Studios 和 Sony Pictures。
+
+学院软件基金会于 2018 年作为[电影艺术与科学学院][10]和[Linux 基金会][11]的联合项目而启动。
+
+> 学院软件基金会（ASWF）的使命是提高贡献到内容创作行业的开源软件库的质量和数量；提供一个中立的论坛来协调跨项目的工作；提供通用的构建和测试基础架构；并为个人和组织提供参与推进我们的开源生态系统的明确途径。
+
+在第一年内，该基金会构建了 [OpenTimelineIO][12]，这是一种开源 API 和交换格式，可帮助工作室团队跨部门协作。OpenTImelineIO 被该[基金会技术咨询委员会][13]去年 7 月正式接受为第五个托管项目。他们现在将它与 [OpenColorIO][14]、[OpenCue][15]、[OpenEXR][16] 和 [OpenVDB] [17] 并列维护。
+
+### 其它新闻
+
+* [Comcast 将开源网络软件投入生产环境][18]
+* [SD Times 本周开源项目：Ballerina][19]
+* [美国国防部努力实施开源计划][20]
+* [Kong 开源通用服务网格 Kuma][21]
+* [Eclipse 推出 Jakarta EE 8][22]
+
+一如既往地感谢 Opensource.com 的工作人员和主持人本周的帮助。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/news-september-15
+
+作者：[Lauren Maffeo][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/weekly_news_roundup_tv.png?itok=B6PM4S1i (Weekly news roundup with TV)
+[2]: https://www.sandboxie.com/DownloadSandboxie
+[3]: https://betanews.com/2019/09/13/sandboxie-free-open-source/
+[4]: https://community.sophos.com/products/sandboxie/f/forum/115109/major-sandboxie-news-sandboxie-is-now-a-free-tool-with-plans-to-transition-it-to-an-open-source-tool/414522
+[5]: https://medium.com/@DefenseDigitalService/code-mil-an-open-source-initiative-at-the-pentagon-5ae4986b79bc
+[6]: https://www.nextgov.com/analytics-data/2019/09/pentagon-needs-make-more-software-open-source-watchdog-says/159832/
+[7]: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/a3534j/libraries-and-archivists-are-scanning-and-uploading-books-that-are-secretly-in-the-public-domain
+[8]: https://www.nypl.org/blog/2019/09/01/historical-copyright-records-transparency
+[9]: https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/microsoft-apple-academy-software-foundation-1203334675/
+[10]: https://www.oscars.org/
+[11]: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/
+[12]: https://github.com/PixarAnimationStudios/OpenTimelineIO
+[13]: https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/2019/07/opentimelineio-joins-aswf/
+[14]: https://opencolorio.org/
+[15]: https://www.opencue.io/
+[16]: https://www.openexr.com/
+[17]: https://www.openvdb.org/
+[18]: https://www.fiercetelecom.com/operators/comcast-puts-open-source-networking-software-into-production
+[19]: https://sdtimes.com/os/sd-times-open-source-project-of-the-week-ballerina/
+[20]: https://www.fedscoop.com/open-source-software-dod-struggles/
+[21]: https://sdtimes.com/micro/kong-open-sources-universal-service-mesh-kuma/
+[22]: https://devclass.com/2019/09/11/hey-were-open-source-again-eclipse-unveils-jakarta-ee-8/
diff --git a/published/20190916 Linux Plumbers, Appwrite, and more industry trends.md b/published/20190916 Linux Plumbers, Appwrite, and more industry trends.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ca1e16da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190916 Linux Plumbers, Appwrite, and more industry trends.md
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11355-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Linux Plumbers, Appwrite, and more industry trends)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/9/conferences-industry-trends)
+[#]: author: (Tim Hildred https://opensource.com/users/thildred)
+
+
+每周开源点评：Linux Plumbers、Appwrite
+======
+
+> 了解每周的开源社区和行业趋势。
+
+![Person standing in front of a giant computer screen with numbers, data][1]
+
+作为采用开源开发模式的企业软件公司的高级产品营销经理，这是我为产品营销人员、经理和其他相关人员发布的有关开源社区、市场和行业趋势的定期更新。以下是本次更新中我最喜欢的五篇文章。
+
+### 《在 Linux Plumbers 会议上解决 Linux 具体细节》
+
+- [文章地址][2]
+
+> Linux 的创建者 Linus Torvalds 告诉我，内核维护者峰会是顶级 Linux 内核开发人员的邀请制聚会。但是，虽然你可能认为这是关于规划 Linux 内核的未来的会议，但事实并非如此。“这个维护者峰会真的与众不同，因为它甚至不谈论技术问题。”相反，“全都谈的是关于创建和维护 Linux 内核的过程。”
+
+**影响**：这就像技术版的 Bilderberg 会议：你们举办的都是各种华丽的流行语会议，而在这里我们做出的才是真正的决定。不过我觉得，可能不太会涉及到私人飞机吧。（LCTT 译注：有关 Bilderberg 请自行搜索）
+
+### 《微软主办第一个 WSL 会议》
+
+- [文章地址][3]
+
+> [Whitewater Foundry][4] 是一家专注于 [Windows 的 Linux 子系统（WSL）][5]的创业公司，它的创始人 Hayden Barnes [宣布举办 WSLconf 1][6]，这是 WSL 的第一次社区会议。该活动将于 2020 年 3 月 10 日至 11 日在华盛顿州雷德蒙市的微软总部 20 号楼举行。会议是合办的。我们已经知道将有来自[Pengwin（Whitewater 的 Linux for Windows）][7]、微软 WSL 和 Canonical 的 Ubuntu on WSL 开发人员的演讲和研讨会。
+
+**影响**：微软正在培育社区成长的种子，围绕它越来越多地采用开源软件并作出贡献。这足以让我眼前一亮。
+
+### 《Appwrite 简介：面向移动和 Web 开发人员的开源后端服务器》
+
+- [文章链接][10]
+
+> [Appwrite][11] 是一个新的[开源软件][12]，用于前端和移动开发人员的端到端的后端服务器，可以让你更快地构建应用程序。[Appwrite][13] 的目标是抽象和简化 REST API 和工具背后的常见开发任务，以帮助开发人员更快地构建高级应用程序。
+>
+> 在这篇文章中，我将简要介绍一些主要的 [Appwrite][14] 服务，并解释它们的主要功能以及它们的设计方式，相比从头开始编写所有后端 API，这可以帮助你更快地构建下一个项目。
+
+**影响**：随着更多开源中间件变得更易于使用，软件开发越来越容易。Appwrite 声称可将开发时间和成本降低 70％。想象一下这对小型移动开发机构或个人开发者意味着什么。我很好奇他们将如何通过这种方式赚钱。
+
+### 《“不只是 IT”：开源技术专家说协作文化是政府转型的关键》
+
+- [文章链接][15]
+
+> AGL（敏捷的政府领导）正在为那些帮助政府更好地为公众工作的人们提供价值支持网络。该组织专注于我非常热衷的事情：DevOps、数字化转型、开源以及许多政府 IT 领导者首选的类似主题。AGL 为我提供了一个社区，可以了解当今最优秀和最聪明的人所做的事情，并与整个行业的同行分享这些知识。
+
+**影响**：不管你的政治信仰如何，对政府都很容易愤世嫉俗。我发现令人耳目一新的是，政府也是由一个个实际的人组成的，他们大多在尽力将相关技术应用于公益事业。特别是当该技术是开源的！
+
+### 《彭博社如何通过 Kubernetes 实现接近 90-95% 的硬件利用率》
+
+- [文章链接][16]
+
+> 2016 年，彭博社采用了 Kubernetes（当时仍处于 alpha 阶段中），自使用该项目的上游代码以来，取得了显著成果。Rybka 说：“借助 Kubernetes，我们能够非常高效地使用我们的硬件，使利用率接近 90% 到 95%。”Kubernetes 中的自动缩放使系统能够更快地满足需求。此外，Kubernetes “为我们提供了标准化我们构建和管理服务的方法的能力，这意味着我们可以花费更多时间专注于实际使用我们支持的开源工具，”数据和分析基础架构主管 Steven Bower 说，“如果我们想要在世界的另一个位置建立一个新的集群，那么这样做真的非常简单。一切都只是代码。配置就是代码。”
+
+**影响**：没有什么能像利用率统计那样穿过营销的迷雾。我听说过关于 Kube 的一件事是，当人们运行它时，他们不知道用它做什么。像这样的用例可以给他们（和你）一些想要的东西。
+
+*我希望你喜欢这个上周重要内容的清单，请下周回来了解有关开源社区、市场和行业趋势的更多信息。*
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/conferences-industry-trends
+
+作者：[Tim Hildred][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/thildred
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/data_metrics_analytics_desktop_laptop.png?itok=9QXd7AUr (Person standing in front of a giant computer screen with numbers, data)
+[2]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/working-on-linuxs-nuts-and-bolts-at-linux-plumbers/
+[3]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-hosts-first-windows-subsystem-for-linux-conference/
+[4]: https://github.com/WhitewaterFoundry
+[5]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install-win10
+[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6574754435518599168/
+[7]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/pengwin-a-linux-specifically-for-windows-subsystem-for-linux/
+[8]: https://canonical.com/
+[9]: https://ubuntu.com/
+[10]: https://medium.com/@eldadfux/introducing-appwrite-an-open-source-backend-server-for-mobile-web-developers-4be70731575d
+[11]: https://appwrite.io
+[12]: https://github.com/appwrite/appwrite
+[13]: https://medium.com/@eldadfux/introducing-appwrite-an-open-source-backend-server-for-mobile-web-developers-4be70731575d?source=friends_link&sk=b6a2be384aafd1fa5b1b6ff12906082c
+[14]: https://appwrite.io/
+[15]: https://medium.com/agile-government-leadership/more-than-just-it-open-source-technologist-says-collaborative-culture-is-key-to-government-c46d1489f822
+[16]: https://www.cncf.io/blog/2019/09/12/how-bloomberg-achieves-close-to-90-95-hardware-utilization-with-kubernetes/
diff --git a/published/20190917 How to Check Linux Mint Version Number - Codename.md b/published/20190917 How to Check Linux Mint Version Number - Codename.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f102dfa89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190917 How to Check Linux Mint Version Number - Codename.md
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (Morisun029)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11360-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (How to Check Linux Mint Version Number & Codename)
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/check-linux-mint-version/)
+[#]: author: (Sergiu https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/)
+
+如何查看 Linux Mint 版本号和代号
+======
+
+Linux Mint 每两年发布一次主版本（如 Mint 19），每六个月左右发布一次次版本（如 Mint 19.1、19.2 等）。 你可以自己升级 Linux Mint 版本，而次版本也会自动更新。
+
+在所有这些版本中，你可能想知道你正在使用的是哪个版本。了解 Linux Mint 版本号可以帮助你确定某个特定软件是否适用于你的系统，或者检查你的系统是否已达到使用寿命。
+
+你可能需要 Linux Mint 版本号有多种原因，你也有多种方法可以获取此信息。让我向你展示用图形和命令行的方式获取 Mint 版本信息。
+
+* [使用命令行查看 Linux Mint 版本信息][1]
+* [使用 GUI（图形用户界面）查看 Linux Mint 版本信息][2]
+
+### 使用终端查看 Linux Mint 版本号的方法
+
+![][3]
+
+我将介绍几种使用非常简单的命令查看 Linux Mint 版本号和代号的方法。 你可以从 “菜单” 中打开终端，或按 `CTRL+ALT+T`（默认热键）打开。
+
+本文中的最后两个命令还会输出你当前的 Linux Mint 版本所基于的 Ubuntu 版本。
+
+#### 1、/etc/issue
+
+从最简单的 CLI 方法开始，你可以打印出 `/etc/issue` 的内容来检查你的版本号和代号：
+
+```
+[email protected]:~$ cat /etc/issue
+Linux Mint 19.2 Tina \n \l
+```
+
+#### 2、hostnamectl
+
+![hostnamectl][4]
+
+这一个命令（`hostnamectl`）打印的信息几乎与“系统信息”中的信息相同。 你可以看到你的操作系统（带有版本号）以及你的内核版本。
+
+#### 3、lsb_release
+
+`lsb_release` 是一个非常简单的 Linux 实用程序，用于查看有关你的发行版本的基本信息：
+
+```
+[email protected]:~$ lsb_release -a
+No LSB modules are available.
+Distributor ID: LinuxMint
+Description: Linux Mint 19.2 Tina
+Release: 19.2
+Codename: tina
+```
+
+**注：** 我使用 `–a` 标签打印所有参数, 但你也可以使用 `-s` 作为简写格式，`-d` 用于描述等 （用 `man lsb_release` 查看所有选项）
+
+#### 4、/etc/linuxmint/info
+
+![/etc/linuxmint/info][5]
+
+这不是命令，而是 Linux Mint 系统上的文件。只需使用 `cat` 命令将其内容打印到终端，然后查看你的版本号和代号。
+
+#### 5、使用 /etc/os-release 命令也可以获取到 Ubuntu 代号
+
+![/etc/os-release][7]
+
+Linux Mint 基于 Ubuntu。每个 Linux Mint 版本都基于不同的 Ubuntu 版本。了解你的 Linux Mint 版本所基于的 Ubuntu 版本有助你在必须要使用 Ubuntu 版本号的情况下使用（比如你需要在 [Linux Mint 中安装最新的 Virtual Box][8]添加仓库时）。
+
+`os-release` 则是另一个类似于 `info` 的文件，向你展示 Linux Mint 所基于的 Ubuntu 版本代号。
+
+#### 6、使用 /etc/upstream-release/lsb-release 只获取 Ubuntu 的基本信息
+
+如果你只想要查看有关 Ubuntu 的基本信息，请输出 `/etc/upstream-release/lsb-release`：
+
+```
+[email protected]:~$ cat /etc/upstream-release/lsb-release
+DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
+DISTRIB_RELEASE=18.04
+DISTRIB_CODENAME=bionic
+DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 18.04 LTS"
+```
+
+特别提示：[你可以使用 uname 命令查看 Linux 内核版本][9]。
+
+```
+[email protected]:~$ uname -r
+4.15.0-54-generic
+```
+
+**注：** `-r` 代表 release，你可以使用 `man uname` 查看其他信息。
+
+### 使用 GUI 查看 Linux Mint 版本信息
+
+如果你对终端和命令行不满意，可以使用图形方法。如你所料，这个非常明了。
+
+打开“菜单” (左下角)，然后转到“偏好设置 > 系统信息”：
+
+![Linux Mint 菜单][10]
+
+或者，在菜单中，你可以搜索“System Info”：
+
+![Menu Search System Info][11]
+
+在这里，你可以看到你的操作系统（包括版本号），内核和桌面环境的版本号：
+
+![System Info][12]
+
+### 总结
+
+我已经介绍了一些不同的方法，用这些方法你可以快速查看你正在使用的 Linux Mint 的版本和代号（以及所基于的 Ubuntu 版本和内核）。我希望这个初学者教程对你有所帮助。请在评论中告诉我们你最喜欢哪个方法！
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/check-linux-mint-version/
+
+作者：[Sergiu][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[Morisun029](https://github.com/Morisun029)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: tmp.pL5Hg3N6Qt#terminal
+[2]: tmp.pL5Hg3N6Qt#GUI
+[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/check-linux-mint-version.png?ssl=1
+[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/hostnamectl.jpg?ssl=1
+[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/linuxmint_info.jpg?ssl=1
+[6]: https://itsfoss.com/rid-google-chrome-icons-dock-elementary-os-freya/
+[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/os_release.jpg?ssl=1
+[8]: https://itsfoss.com/install-virtualbox-ubuntu/
+[9]: https://itsfoss.com/find-which-kernel-version-is-running-in-ubuntu/
+[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/linux_mint_menu.jpg?ssl=1
+[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/menu_search_system_info.jpg?ssl=1
+[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/system_info.png?ssl=1
diff --git a/published/20190918 Amid Epstein Controversy, Richard Stallman is Forced to Resign as FSF President.md b/published/20190918 Amid Epstein Controversy, Richard Stallman is Forced to Resign as FSF President.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8a658cebc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190918 Amid Epstein Controversy, Richard Stallman is Forced to Resign as FSF President.md
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (name1e5s)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11358-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Amid Epstein Controversy, Richard Stallman is Forced to Resign as FSF President)
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/richard-stallman-controversy/)
+[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
+
+Richard Stallman 被迫辞去 FSF 主席的职务
+======
+
+> Richard Stallman，自由软件基金会的创建者以及主席，已经辞去主席及董事会职务。此前，因为 Stallman 对于爱泼斯坦事件中的受害者的观点，一小撮活动家以及媒体人发起了清除 Stallman 的运动。这份声明就是在这些活动后发生的。阅读全文以获得更多信息。
+
+![][1]
+
+### Stallman 事件的背景概述
+
+如果你不知道这次事件发生的前因后果，请看本段的详细信息。
+
+[Richard Stallman][2]，66岁，是就职于 [MIT][3] 的计算机科学家。他最著名的成就就是在 1983 年发起了[自由软件运动][4]。他也开发了 GNU 项目旗下的部分软件，比如 GCC 和 Emacs。受自由软件运动影响选择使用 GPL 开源协议的项目不计其数。Linux 是其中最出名的项目之一。
+
+[Jeffrey Epstein][5]（爱泼斯坦），美国亿万富翁，金融大佬。其涉嫌为社会上流精英提供性交易服务（其中有未成年少女）而被指控成为性犯罪者。在受审期间，爱泼斯坦在监狱中自杀身亡。
+
+[Marvin Lee Minsky][6]，MIT 知名计算机科学家。他在 MIT 建立了人工智能实验室。2016 年，88 岁的 Minsky 逝世。在 Minsky 逝世后，一位名为 Misky 的爱泼斯坦事件受害者声称其在未成年时曾被“诱导”到爱泼斯坦的私人岛屿，与之发生性关系。
+
+但是这些与 Richard Stallman 有什么关系？这要从 Stallman 发给 MIT 计算机科学与人工智能实验室（CSAIL）的学生以及附属机构就爱泼斯坦的捐款提出抗议的邮件列表的邮件说起。邮件全文翻译如下：
+
+> 周五事件的公告对 Marvin Minsky 来说是不公正的。
+>
+> “已故的人工智能 ‘先锋’ Marvin Minsky （被控告侵害了爱泼斯坦事件的受害者之一\[2]）”
+>
+> 不公正之处在于 “侵害” 这个用语。“性侵犯” 这个用语非常的糢糊，夸大了指控的严重性：宣称某人做了 X 但误导别人，让别人觉得这个人做了 Y，Y 远远比 X 严重。
+>
+> 上面引用的指控显然就是夸大。报导声称 Minksy 与爱泼斯坦的女眷之一发生了性关系（详见 ）。我们假设这是真的（我找不到理由不相信）。
+>
+> “侵害” 这个词，意味着他使用了某种暴力。但那篇报道并没有提到这个，只说了他们发生了性关系。
+>
+> 我们可以想像很多种情况，但最合理的情况是，她在 Marvin 面前表现的像是完全自愿的。假设她是被爱泼斯坦强迫的，那爱泼斯坦有充足的理由让她对大多数人守口如瓶。
+>
+> 从各种的指控夸大事例中，我总结出，在指控时使用“性侵犯”是绝对错误的。
+>
+> 无论你想要批判什么行为，你都应该使用特定的词汇来描述，以此避免批判的本质的道德模糊性。
+
+### “清除 Stallman” 的呼吁
+
+‘爱泼斯坦’在美国是颇具争议的‘话题’。Stallman 对该敏感事件做出如此鲁莽的 “知识陈述” 不会有好结果，事实也是如此。
+
+一位机器人学工程师从她的朋友那里收到了转发的邮件并发起了一个[清除 Stallman 的活动][7]。她要的不是澄清或者道歉，她只想要清除斯托曼，就算这意味着 “将 MIT 夷为平地” 也在所不惜。
+
+> 是，至少 Stallman 没有被控强奸任何人。但这就是我们的最高标准吗？这所声望极高的学院坚持的标准就是这样的吗？如果这是麻省理工学院想要捍卫的、想要代表的标准的话，还不如把这破学校夷为平地…
+>
+> 如果有必要的话，就把所有人都清除出去，之后从废墟中建立出更好的秩序。
+>
+> —— Salem，发起“清除 Stallman“运动的机器人学专业学生
+
+Salem 的声讨最初没有被主流媒体重视。但它还是被反对软件行业内的精英崇拜以及性别偏见的积极分子发现了。
+
+> [#epstein][8] [#MIT][9] 嗨 记者没有回复我我很生气就自己写了这么个故事。作为 MIT 的校友我还真是高兴啊🙃
+>
+> — SZJG (@selamjie) [September 12, 2019][10]
+
+.
+
+> 是不是对于性侵儿童的 “杰出混蛋” 我们也可以辩护说 “万一这是你情我愿的”
+>
+> — Tracy Chou 👩🏻💻 (@triketora) [September 13, 2019][11]
+
+.
+
+> 多年来我就一直发推说 Richard "RMS" Stallman 这人有多恶心 —— 恋童癖、厌女症、还残障歧视
+>
+> 不可避免的是，每次我这样做，都会有老哥检查我的数据来源，然后说 “这都是几年前的事了！他现在变了！”
+>
+> 变个屁。
+>
+> — Sarah Mei (@sarahmei) [September 12, 2019][12]
+
+下面是 Sage Sharp 开头的一篇关于 Stallman 的行为如何对科技人员产生负面影响的帖子：
+
+> 👇大家说下 Richard Stallman 对科技从业者的影响吧，尤其是女性。 [例如: 强奸、乱伦、残障歧视、性交易]
+>
+> [@fsf][13] 有必要永久禁止 Richard Stallman 担任自由软件基金会董事会主席。
+>
+> — Sage Sharp (@\_sagesharp\_) [September 16, 2019][14]
+
+Stallman 一直以来也不是一个圣人。他粗暴，不合时宜、多年来一直在开带有性别歧视的笑话。你可以在[这里][15]和[这里][16]读到。
+
+很快这个消息就被 [The Vice][17]、[每日野兽][18]，[未来主义][19]等大媒体采访。他们把 Stallman 描绘成爱泼斯坦的捍卫者。在强烈的抗议声中，[GNOME 执行董事威胁要结束 GNOME 和 FSF 之间的关系][20]。
+
+最后，Stallman 先是从 MIT 辞职，现在又从 [自由软件基金会][21] 辞职。
+
+![][22]
+
+### 危险的特权？
+
+我们见识到了，把一个人从他创建并为之工作了三十多年的组织中驱逐出去仅仅需要五天。这甚至还是在 Stallman 没有参与性交易丑闻的情况下。
+
+其中一些 “活动家” 过去也曾[针对过 Linux 的作者 Linus Torvalds][23]。Linux 基金会背后的管理层预见到了科技行业激进主义的增长趋势，因此他们制定了[适用于 Linux 内核开发的行为准则][24]并[强制 Torvalds 接受培训以改善他的行为][25]。如果他们没有采取纠正措施，可能 Torvalds 也已经被批倒批臭了。
+
+忽视技术支持者的鲁莽行为和性别歧视是不可接受的，但是对于那些遇到不同意某种流行观点的人就进行声讨，施以私刑也是不道德的做法。我不支持 Stallman 和他过去的言论，但我也不能接受他以这种方式（被迫？）辞职。
+
+Techrights 对此有一些有趣的评论，你可以在[这里][26]和[这里][27]看到。
+
+*你对此事有何看法？请文明分享你的观点和意见。过激评论将不会公布。*
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/richard-stallman-controversy/
+
+作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[name1e5s](https://github.com/name1e5s)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/stallman-conroversy.png?w=800&ssl=1
+[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman
+[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology
+[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement
+[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein
+[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky
+[7]: https://medium.com/@selamie/remove-richard-stallman-fec6ec210794
+[8]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/epstein?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[9]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/MIT?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[10]: https://twitter.com/selamjie/status/1172244207978897408?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[11]: https://twitter.com/triketora/status/1172443389536555009?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[12]: https://twitter.com/sarahmei/status/1172283772428906496?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[13]: https://twitter.com/fsf?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[14]: https://twitter.com/_sagesharp_/status/1173637138413318144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[15]: https://geekfeminism.wikia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman
+[16]: https://medium.com/@selamie/remove-richard-stallman-appendix-a-a7e41e784f88
+[17]: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9ke3ke/famed-computer-scientist-richard-stallman-described-epstein-victims-as-entirely-willing
+[18]: https://www.thedailybeast.com/famed-mit-computer-scientist-richard-stallman-defends-epstein-victims-were-entirely-willing
+[19]: https://futurism.com/richard-stallman-epstein-scandal
+[20]: https://blog.halon.org.uk/2019/09/gnome-foundation-relationship-gnu-fsf/
+[21]: https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns
+[22]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/richard-stallman.png?resize=800%2C94&ssl=1
+[23]: https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/after-years-of-abusive-e-mails-the-creator-of-linux-steps-aside
+[24]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-code-of-conduct/
+[25]: https://itsfoss.com/torvalds-takes-a-break-from-linux/
+[26]: http://techrights.org/2019/09/15/media-attention-has-been-shifted/
+[27]: http://techrights.org/2019/09/16/stallman-removed/
diff --git a/published/20190918 Oracle Unleashes World-s Fastest Database Machine ‘Exadata X8M.md b/published/20190918 Oracle Unleashes World-s Fastest Database Machine ‘Exadata X8M.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8721fea8c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190918 Oracle Unleashes World-s Fastest Database Machine ‘Exadata X8M.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11366-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Oracle Unleashes World’s Fastest Database Machine ‘Exadata X8M’)
+[#]: via: (https://opensourceforu.com/2019/09/oracle-unleashes-worlds-fastest-database-machine-exadata-x8m/)
+[#]: author: (Longjam Dineshwori https://opensourceforu.com/author/dineshwori-longjam/)
+
+Oracle 发布全球最快的数据库机器 Exadata X8M
+======
+
+> Exadata X8M 是第一台具有集成持久内存和 RoCE 的数据库机器。Oracle 还宣布推出 Oracle 零数据丢失恢复设备 X8M（ZDLRA）。
+
+
+
+Oracle 发布了新的 Exadata 数据库机器 X8M，旨在为数据库基础架构市场树立新的标杆。
+
+Exadata X8M 结合了英特尔 Optane DC 持久存储器和通过融合以太网（RoCE）的 100 千兆的远程直接内存访问（RDMA）来消除存储瓶颈，并显著提高性能，其适用于最苛刻的工作负载，如在线事务处理（OLTP）、分析、物联网、欺诈检测和高频交易。
+
+“借助 Exadata X8M，我们可以提供内存级的性能，同时为 OLTP 和分析提供共享存储的所有优势，”Oracle 任务关键型数据库技术执行副总裁 Juan Loaiza 说。
+
+“使用对共享持久存储器的直接数据库访问将响应时间减少一个数量级，可加速每个 OLTP 应用程序，它是需要实时访问大量数据的应用程序的游戏规则改变者，例如欺诈检测和个性化购物，”官方补充。
+
+### 它有什么独特之处？
+
+Oracle Exadata X8M 使用 RDMA 让数据库直接访问智能存储服务器中的持久内存，从而绕过整个操作系统、IO 和网络软件堆栈。这导致更低的延迟和更高的吞吐量。使用 RDMA 绕过软件堆栈还可以释放存储服务器上的 CPU 资源，以执行更多智能扫描查询来支持分析工作负载。
+
+### 更少的存储瓶颈
+
+“高性能 OLTP 应用需要高的每秒输入/输出操作（IOPS）和低延迟。直接数据库访问共享持久性内存可将SQL 读取的峰值性能提升至 1600 万 IOPS，比行业领先的 Exadata X8 高出 2.5 倍，“Oracle 在一份声明中表示。
+
+此外，Exadata X8M 通过使远程 IO 延迟低于 19 微秒，大大减少了关键数据库 IO 的延迟 —— 这比 Exadata X8 快 10 倍以上。即使对于每秒需要数百万 IO 的工作负载，也可实现这些超低延迟。
+
+### 比 AWS 和 Azure 更高效
+
+该公司声称，与 Oracle 最快的 Amazon RDS 存储相比，Exadata X8M 的延迟降低了 50 倍，IOPS 提高了 200 倍，容量提高了 15 倍。
+
+与 Azure SQL 数据库服务存储相比，Exadata X8M 的延迟降低了 100 倍，IOPS 提高了 150 倍，容量提高了 300 倍。
+
+据 Oracle 称，单机架 Exadata X8M 可提供高达 2 倍的 OLTP 读取 IOPS，3 倍的吞吐量和比具有持久性内存的共享存储系统（如 Dell EMC PowerMax 8000 的单机架）低 5 倍的延迟。
+
+“通过同时支持更快的 OLTP 查询和更高的分析工作负载吞吐量，Exadata X8M 是融合混合工作负载环境以降低 IT 成本和复杂性的理想平台，”该公司说。
+
+### Oracle 零数据丢失恢复设备 X8
+
+Oracle 当天还宣布推出 Oracle 零数据丢失恢复设备 X8M（ZDLRA），它使用新的 100Gb RoCE，用于计算和存储服务器之间的高吞吐量内部数据传输。
+
+Exadata 和 ZDLRA 客户现在可以在 RoCE 或基于 InfiniBand 的工程系统之间进行选择，以在其架构部署中实现最佳灵活性。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensourceforu.com/2019/09/oracle-unleashes-worlds-fastest-database-machine-exadata-x8m/
+
+作者：[Longjam Dineshwori][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensourceforu.com/author/dineshwori-longjam/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://i2.wp.com/opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Oracle-Cloud.jpg?resize=350%2C212&ssl=1
diff --git a/published/20190921 Oracle Autonomous Linux- A Self Updating, Self Patching Linux Distribution for Cloud Computing.md b/published/20190921 Oracle Autonomous Linux- A Self Updating, Self Patching Linux Distribution for Cloud Computing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5390aee222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/published/20190921 Oracle Autonomous Linux- A Self Updating, Self Patching Linux Distribution for Cloud Computing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (wxy)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11370-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Oracle Autonomous Linux: A Self Updating, Self Patching Linux Distribution for Cloud Computing)
+[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/oracle-autonomous-linux/)
+[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/)
+
+Oracle Autonomous Linux：用于云计算的自我更新、自我修补的 Linux 发行版
+======
+
+自动化是 IT 行业的增长趋势，其目的是消除重复任务中的手动干扰。Oracle 通过推出 Oracle Autonomous Linux 向自动化世界迈出了又一步，这无疑将使 IoT 和云计算行业受益。
+
+### Oracle Autonomous Linux：减少人工干扰，增多自动化
+
+![][1]
+
+周一，Oracle 联合创始人拉里·埃里森参加了在旧金山举行的Oracle OpenWorld 全球大会。[他宣布了][2]一个新产品：世界上第一个自治 Linux。这是 Oracle 向第二代云迈进的第二步。第一步是两年前发布的 [Autonomous Database][3]。
+
+Oracle Autonomous Linux 的最大特性是降低了维护成本。根据 [Oracle 网站][4] 所述，Autonomous Linux “使用先进的机器学习和自治功能来提供前所未有的成本节省、安全性和可用性，并释放关键的 IT 资源来应对更多的战略计划”。
+
+Autonomous Linux 可以无需人工干预就安装更新和补丁。这些自动更新包括 “Linux 内核和关键用户空间库”的补丁。“不需要停机，而且可以免受外部攻击和内部恶意用户的攻击。”它们也可以在系统运行时进行，以减少停机时间。Autonomous Linux 还会自动处理伸缩，以确保满足所有计算需求。
+
+埃里森强调了新的自治系统将如何提高安全性。他特别提到了 [Capitol One 数据泄露][5]是由于配置错误而发生的。他说：“一个防止数据被盗的简单规则：将数据放入自治系统。没有人为错误，没有数据丢失。 那是我们与 AWS 之间的最大区别。”
+
+有趣的是，Oracle 还瞄准了这一新产品以与 IBM 竞争。埃里森说：“如果你付钱给 IBM，可以停了。”所有 Red Hat 应用程序都应该能够在 Autonomous Linux 上运行而无需修改。有趣的是，Oracle Linux 是从 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 的源代码中[构建][6]的。
+
+看起来，Oracle Autonomous Linux 不会用于企业市场以外。
+
+### 关于 Oracle Autonomous Linux 的思考
+
+Oracle 是云服务市场的重要参与者。这种新的 Linux 产品将使其能够与 IBM 竞争。让人感兴趣的是 IBM 的反应会是如何，特别是当他们有来自 Red Hat 的新一批开源智能软件。
+
+如果你看一下市场数字，那么对于 IBM 或 Oracle 来说情况都不好。大多数云业务由 [Amazon Web Services、Microsoft Azure 和 Google Cloud Platform][7] 所占据。IBM 和 Oracle 落后于他们。[IBM 收购 Red Hat][8] 试图获得发展。这项新的自主云计划是 Oracle 争取统治地位（或至少试图获得更大的市场份额）的举动。让人感兴趣的是，到底有多少公司因为购买了 Oracle 的系统而在互联网的狂野西部变得更加安全？
+
+我必须简单提一下：当我第一次阅读该公告时，我的第一反应就是“好吧，我们离天网更近了一步。”如果我们技术性地考虑一下，我们就像是要进入了机器人末日。如果你打算帮我，我计划去购买一些罐头食品。
+
+你对 Oracle 的新产品感兴趣吗？你会帮助他们赢得云战争吗？在下面的评论中让我们知道。
+
+如果你觉得这篇文章有趣，请花一点时间在社交媒体、Hacker News 或 [Reddit][9] 上分享。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://itsfoss.com/oracle-autonomous-linux/
+
+作者：[John Paul][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/oracle-autonomous-linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
+[2]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-announces-oracle-autonomous-linux/
+[3]: https://www.oracle.com/in/database/what-is-autonomous-database.html
+[4]: https://www.oracle.com/corporate/pressrelease/oow19-oracle-autonomous-linux-091619.html
+[5]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/100-million-americans-and-6-million-canadians-caught-up-in-capital-one-breach/
+[6]: https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=oracle
+[7]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/top-cloud-providers-2019-aws-microsoft-azure-google-cloud-ibm-makes-hybrid-move-salesforce-dominates-saas/
+[8]: https://itsfoss.com/ibm-red-hat-acquisition/
+[9]: https://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup
diff --git a/sources/news/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md b/sources/news/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md
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+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Codethink open sources part of onboarding process)
-[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/codethink-onboarding-process)
-[#]: author: (Laurence Urhegyi https://opensource.com/users/laurence-urhegyi)
-
-Codethink open sources part of onboarding process
-======
-In other words, how to Git going in FOSS.
-![Teacher or learner?][1]
-
-Here at [Codethink][2], we’ve recently focused our energy into enhancing the onboarding process we use for all new starters at the company. As we grow steadily in size, it’s important that we have a well-defined approach to both welcoming new employees into the company, and introducing them to the organization’s culture.
-
-As part of this overall onboarding effort, we’ve created [_How to Git going in FOSS_][3]: an introductory guide to the world of free and open source software (FOSS), and some of the common technologies, practices, and principles associated with free and open source software.
-
-This guide was initially aimed at work experience students and summer interns. However, the document is in fact equally applicable to anyone who is new to free and open source software, no matter their prior experience in software or IT in general. _How to Git going in FOSS_ is hosted on GitLab and consists of several repositories, each designed to be a self-guided walk through.
-
-Our guide begins with a general introduction to FOSS, including explanations of the history of GNU/Linux, how to use [Git][4] (as well as Git hosting services such as GitLab), and how to use a text editor. The document then moves on to exercises that show the reader how to implement some of the things they’ve just learned.
-
-_How to Git going in FOSS_ is fully public and available for anyone to try. If you’re new to FOSS or know someone who is, then please have a read-through, and see what you think. If you have any feedback, feel free to raise an issue on GitLab. And, of course, we also welcome contributions. We’re keen to keep improving the guide however possible. One future improvement we plan to make is an additional exercise that is more complex than the existing two, such as potentially introducing the reader to [Continuous Integration][5].
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/codethink-onboarding-process
-
-作者：[Laurence Urhegyi][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://opensource.com/users/laurence-urhegyi
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc-lead-teacher-learner.png?itok=rMJqBN5G (Teacher or learner?)
-[2]: https://www.codethink.co.uk/about.html
-[3]: https://gitlab.com/ct-starter-guide
-[4]: https://git-scm.com
-[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
diff --git a/sources/news/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md b/sources/news/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md
deleted file mode 100644
index af595d310b..0000000000
--- a/sources/news/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cloudflare's random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news)
-[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-22)
-[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt)
-
-Cloudflare's random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news
-======
-Catch up on the biggest open source headlines from the past two weeks.
-![Weekly news roundup with TV][1]
-
-In this edition of our open source news roundup, we take a look Cloudflare's open source random number generator, more open source robotics data, new npm functionality, and more!
-
-### Cloudflare announces open source random number generator project
-
-Is there such a thing as a truly random number? Internet security and services provider Cloudflare things so. To prove it, the company has formed [The League of Entropy][2], an open source project to create a generator for random numbers.
-
-The League consists of Cloudflare and "five other organisations — predominantly universities and security companies." They share random numbers, using an open source tool called [Drand][3] (short for Distributed Randomness Beacon Daemon). The numbers are then "composited into one random number" on the basis that "several random numbers are more random than one random number." While the League's random number generator isn't intended "for any kind of password or cryptographic seed generation," Cloudflare's CEO Matthew Prince points out that if "you need a way of having a known random source, this is a really valuable tool."
-
-### Cruise open sources robotics data analysis tool
-
-Projects involved in creating self-driving vehicles generate petabytes of data. And with amounts of data that large comes the challenge of quickly and effectively analyzing it. To make the task easier, General Motors subsidiary Cruise has made its Webviz data visualization tool "[freely available to developers][4] in need of a modular robotics analysis solution."
-
-Webviz "takes as input any bag file (the message format used by the popular Robot Operating System) and outputs charts and graphs." It "contains a collection of general panels (which visualize data) applicable to most robotics developers," said Esther Weon, a software engineer at Cruise. The company also plans to "release a public API that’ll allow developers to build custom panels themselves."
-
-The code for Webviz is [available on GitHub][5], where you can download or contribute to the project.
-
-### npm provides more security
-
-The team behind npm, the site providing JavaScript package hosting, has a new collaboration with GitHub to automatically scan for exposed tokens that could give hackers access that doesn't belong to them. The project includes a handy automatic revoke of leaked credentials them if are still valid. This could drastically reduce vulnerabilities in the JavaScript community. For instructions on how to participate, see the [original article][6].
-
-Note that this news was found via the [Changelog news][7].
-
-### Better end of life tracking via open source
-
-A new project, [endoflife.date][8], aims to overcome the complexity of end of life (EOL) announcements for software. It's part tracker, part public announcement on what good documentation looks like for software. As the README states: "The reason this site exists is because this information is very often hidden away. If you're releasing something on a regular basis:
-
- 1. List only supported releases.
- 2. Give EoL dates/policy if possible.
- 3. Hide unsupported releases behind a few extra clicks.
- 4. Mention security/active release difference if needed."
-
-
-
-Check out the [source code][9] for more information.
-
-### In other news
-
- * [Medicine needs to embrace open source][10]
- * [Using geospatial data to create safer roads][11]
- * [Embracing open source could be a big competitive advantage for businesses][12]
-
-
-
-_Thanks, as always, to Opensource.com staff members and moderators for their help this week._
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-22
-
-作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/weekly_news_roundup_tv.png?itok=B6PM4S1i (Weekly news roundup with TV)
-[2]: https://thenextweb.com/dd/2019/06/17/cloudflares-new-open-source-project-helps-anyone-obtain-truly-random-numbers/
-[3]: https://github.com/dedis/drand
-[4]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/18/cruise-open-sources-webview-a-tool-for-robotics-data-analysis/
-[5]: https://github.com/cruise-automation/webviz
-[6]: https://blog.npmjs.org/post/185680936500/protecting-package-publishers-npm-token-security
-[7]: https://changelog.com/news/npm-token-scanning-extending-to-github-NAoe
-[8]: https://endoflife.date/
-[9]: https://github.com/captn3m0/endoflife.date
-[10]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/medicine-needs-to-embrace-open-source/
-[11]: https://itbrief.co.nz/story/using-geospatial-data-to-create-safer-roads
-[12]: https://www.fastcompany.com/90364152/embracing-open-source-could-be-a-big-competitive-advantage-for-businesses
diff --git a/sources/talk/20120911 Doug Bolden, Dunnet (IF).md b/sources/talk/20120911 Doug Bolden, Dunnet (IF).md
deleted file mode 100644
index c856dc5be0..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20120911 Doug Bolden, Dunnet (IF).md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Doug Bolden, Dunnet (IF))
-[#]: via: (http://www.wyrmis.com/games/if/dunnet.html)
-[#]: author: (W Doug Bolden http://www.wyrmis.com)
-
-Doug Bolden, Dunnet (IF)
-======
-
-### Dunnet (IF)
-
-#### Review
-
-When I began becoming a semi-serious hobbyist of IF last year, I mostly focused on Infocom, Adventures Unlimited, other Scott Adams based games, and freeware titles. I went on to buy some from Malinche. I picked up _1893_ and _Futureboy_ and (most recnetly) _Treasures of a Slave Kingdom_. I downloaded a lot of free games from various sites. With all of my research and playing, I never once read anything that talked about a game being bundled with Emacs.
-
-Partially, this is because I am a Vim guy. But I used to use Emacs. Kind of a lot. For probably my first couple of years with Linux. About as long as I have been a diehard Vim fan, now. I just never explored, it seems.
-
-I booted up Emacs tonight, and my fonts were hosed. Still do not know exactly why. I surfed some menus to find out what was going wrong and came across a menu option called "Adventure" under Games, which I assumed (I know, I know) meant the Crowther and Woods and 1977 variety. When I clicked it tonight, thinking that it has been a few months since I chased a bird around with a cage in a mine so I can fight off giant snakes or something, I was brought up text involving ends of roads and shovels. Trees, if shaken, that kill me with a coconut. This was not the game I thought it was.
-
-I dug around (or, in purely technical terms, typed "help") and got directed to [this website][1]. Well, here was an IF I had never touched before. Brand spanking new to me. I had planned to play out some _ToaSK_ tonight, but figured that could wait. Besides, I was not quite in the mood for the jocular fun of S. John Ross's commerical IF outing. I needed something a little more direct, and this apparently it.
-
-Most of the game plays out just like the _Colossal Cave Adventure_ cousins of the oldschool (generally commercial) IF days. There are items you pick. Each does a single task (well, there could be one exception to this, I guess). You collect treasures. Winning is a combination of getting to the end and turning in the treasures. The game slightly tweaks the formula by allowing multiple drop off points for the treasures. Since there is a weight limit, though, you usually have to drop them off at a particular time to avoid getting stuck. At several times, your "item cache" is flushed, so to speak, meaning you have to go back and replay earlier portions to find out how to bring things foward. Damage to items can occur to stop you from being able to play. Replaying is pretty much unavoidable, unless you guess outcomes just right.
-
-It also inherits many problems from the era it came. There is a twisty maze. I'm not sure how big it is. I just cheated and looked up a walkthrough for the maze portion. I plan on going back and replaying up to the maze bit and mapping it out, though. I was just mentally and physically beat when I played and knew that I was going to have to call it quits on the game for the night or cheat through the maze. I'm glad I cheated, because there are some interesting things after the maze.
-
-It also has the same sort of stilted syntax and variable levels of description that the original _Adventure_ had. Looking at one item might give you "there is nothing special about that" while looking at another might give you a sentence of flavor text. Several things mentioned in the background do not exist to the parser, which some do. Part of game play is putting up with experimenting. This includes, in cases, a tendency of room descriptions to be written from the perspective of the first time you enter. I know that the Classroom found towards the end of the game does not mention the South exit, either. There are possibly other times this occured that I didn't notice.
-
-It's final issue, again coming out of the era it was designed, is random death syndrome. This is not too common, but there are a few places where things that have no initially apparent fatal outcome lead to one anyhow. In some ways, this "fatal outcome" is just the game reaching an unwinnable state. For an example of the former, type "shake trees" in the first room. For an example of the latter, send either the lamp, the key, or the shovel through the ftp without switching ftp modes first. At least with the former, there is a sense of exploration in finding out new ways to die. In IF, creative deaths is a form of victory in their own right.
-
-_Dunnet_ has a couple of differences from most IF. The former difference is minor. There are little odd descriptions throughout the game. "This room is red" or "The towel has a picture of Snoopy one it" or "There is a cliff here" that do not seem to have an immediate effect on the game. Sure, you can jump over the cliff (and die, obviously) but but it still comes off as a bright spot in the standard description matrix. Towards the end, you will be forced to bring back these details. It makes a neat little diversion of looking around and exploring things. Most of the details are cute and/or add to the surreality of the game overall.
-
-The other big difference, and the one that greatly increased both my annoyance with and my enjoyment of the game, revolves around the two-three computer oriented scenes in the game. You have to type commands into two different computers throughout. One is a VAX and the other is, um, something like a PC (I forget). In both cases, there are clues to be found by knowing your way around the interface. This is a game for computer folk, so most who play it will have a sense of how to type "ls" or "dir" depending on the OS. But not all, will. Beating the game requires a general sense of computer literacy. You must know what types are in ftp. You must know how to determine what type a file is. You must know how to read a text file on a DOS style prompt. You must know something about protocols and etiquette for logging into ftp servers. All this sort of thing. If you do, or are willing to learn (I looked up some of the stuff online) then you can get past this portion with no problem. But this can be like the maze to some people, requiring several replays to get things right.
-
-The end result is a quirky but fun game that I wish I had known about before because now I have the feeling that my computer is hiding other secrets from me. Glad to have played. Will likely play again to see how many ways I can die.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.wyrmis.com/games/if/dunnet.html
-
-作者：[W Doug Bolden][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: http://www.wyrmis.com
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: http://www.driver-aces.com/ronnie.html
diff --git a/sources/talk/20140412 My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs.md b/sources/talk/20140412 My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 7be913c3bf..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20140412 My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs
-======
-
-> (Transcript of Richard Stallman's Speech, 28 Oct 2002, at the International Lisp Conference).
-
-Since none of my usual speeches have anything to do with Lisp, none of them were appropriate for today. So I'm going to have to wing it. Since I've done enough things in my career connected with Lisp I should be able to say something interesting.
-
-My first experience with Lisp was when I read the Lisp 1.5 manual in high school. That's when I had my mind blown by the idea that there could be a computer language like that. The first time I had a chance to do anything with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I wrote a Lisp interpreter for the PDP-11. It was a very small machine — it had something like 8k of memory — and I managed to write the interpreter in a thousand instructions. This gave me some room for a little bit of data. That was before I got to see what real software was like, that did real system jobs.
-
-I began doing work on a real Lisp implementation with JonL White once I started working at MIT. I got hired at the Artificial Intelligence Lab not by JonL, but by Russ Noftsker, which was most ironic considering what was to come — he must have really regretted that day.
-
-During the 1970s, before my life became politicized by horrible events, I was just going along making one extension after another for various programs, and most of them did not have anything to do with Lisp. But, along the way, I wrote a text editor, Emacs. The interesting idea about Emacs was that it had a programming language, and the user's editing commands would be written in that interpreted programming language, so that you could load new commands into your editor while you were editing. You could edit the programs you were using and then go on editing with them. So, we had a system that was useful for things other than programming, and yet you could program it while you were using it. I don't know if it was the first one of those, but it certainly was the first editor like that.
-
-This spirit of building up gigantic, complicated programs to use in your own editing, and then exchanging them with other people, fueled the spirit of free-wheeling cooperation that we had at the AI Lab then. The idea was that you could give a copy of any program you had to someone who wanted a copy of it. We shared programs to whomever wanted to use them, they were human knowledge. So even though there was no organized political thought relating the way we shared software to the design of Emacs, I'm convinced that there was a connection between them, an unconscious connection perhaps. I think that it's the nature of the way we lived at the AI Lab that led to Emacs and made it what it was.
-
-The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level language, the non-interpreted language — was PDP-10 Assembler. The interpreter we wrote in that actually wasn't written for Emacs, it was written for TECO. It was our text editor, and was an extremely ugly programming language, as ugly as could possibly be. The reason was that it wasn't designed to be a programming language, it was designed to be an editor and command language. There were commands like ‘5l’, meaning ‘move five lines’, or ‘i’ and then a string and then an ESC to insert that string. You would type a string that was a series of commands, which was called a command string. You would end it with ESC ESC, and it would get executed.
-
-Well, people wanted to extend this language with programming facilities, so they added some. For instance, one of the first was a looping construct, which was < >. You would put those around things and it would loop. There were other cryptic commands that could be used to conditionally exit the loop. To make Emacs, we (1) added facilities to have subroutines with names. Before that, it was sort of like Basic, and the subroutines could only have single letters as their names. That was hard to program big programs with, so we added code so they could have longer names. Actually, there were some rather sophisticated facilities; I think that Lisp got its unwind-protect facility from TECO.
-
-We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it worked — people were able to write large programs in it anyway. The obvious lesson was that a language like TECO, which wasn't designed to be a programming language, was the wrong way to go. The language that you build your extensions on shouldn't be thought of as a programming language in afterthought; it should be designed as a programming language. In fact, we discovered that the best programming language for that purpose was Lisp.
-
-It was Bernie Greenberg, who discovered that it was (2). He wrote a version of Emacs in Multics MacLisp, and he wrote his commands in MacLisp in a straightforward fashion. The editor itself was written entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs proved to be a great success — programming new editing commands was so convenient that even the secretaries in his office started learning how to use it. They used a manual someone had written which showed how to extend Emacs, but didn't say it was a programming. So the secretaries, who believed they couldn't do programming, weren't scared off. They read the manual, discovered they could do useful things and they learned to program.
-
-So Bernie saw that an application — a program that does something useful for you — which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend by rewriting the Lisp programs, is actually a very good way for people to learn programming. It gives them a chance to write small programs that are useful for them, which in most arenas you can't possibly do. They can get encouragement for their own practical use — at the stage where it's the hardest — where they don't believe they can program, until they get to the point where they are programmers.
-
-At that point, people began to wonder how they could get something like this on a platform where they didn't have full service Lisp implementation. Multics MacLisp had a compiler as well as an interpreter — it was a full-fledged Lisp system — but people wanted to implement something like that on other systems where they had not already written a Lisp compiler. Well, if you didn't have the Lisp compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in Lisp — it would be too slow, especially redisplay, if it had to run interpreted Lisp. So we developed a hybrid technique. The idea was to write a Lisp interpreter and the lower level parts of the editor together, so that parts of the editor were built-in Lisp facilities. Those would be whatever parts we felt we had to optimize. This was a technique that we had already consciously practiced in the original Emacs, because there were certain fairly high level features which we re-implemented in machine language, making them into TECO primitives. For instance, there was a TECO primitive to fill a paragraph (actually, to do most of the work of filling a paragraph, because some of the less time-consuming parts of the job would be done at the higher level by a TECO program). You could do the whole job by writing a TECO program, but that was too slow, so we optimized it by putting part of it in machine language. We used the same idea here (in the hybrid technique), that most of the editor would be written in Lisp, but certain parts of it that had to run particularly fast would be written at a lower level.
-
-Therefore, when I wrote my second implementation of Emacs, I followed the same kind of design. The low level language was not machine language anymore, it was C. C was a good, efficient language for portable programs to run in a Unix-like operating system. There was a Lisp interpreter, but I implemented facilities for special purpose editing jobs directly in C — manipulating editor buffers, inserting leading text, reading and writing files, redisplaying the buffer on the screen, managing editor windows.
-
-Now, this was not the first Emacs that was written in C and ran on Unix. The first was written by James Gosling, and was referred to as GosMacs. A strange thing happened with him. In the beginning, he seemed to be influenced by the same spirit of sharing and cooperation of the original Emacs. I first released the original Emacs to people at MIT. Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex — it originally only ran on the Incompatible Timesharing System we used at MIT. They ported it to Twenex, which meant that there were a few hundred installations around the world that could potentially use it. We started distributing it to them, with the rule that “you had to send back all of your improvements” so we could all benefit. No one ever tried to enforce that, but as far as I know people did cooperate.
-
-Gosling did, at first, seem to participate in this spirit. He wrote in a manual that he called the program Emacs hoping that others in the community would improve it until it was worthy of that name. That's the right approach to take towards a community — to ask them to join in and make the program better. But after that he seemed to change the spirit, and sold it to a company.
-
-At that time I was working on the GNU system (a free software Unix-like operating system that many people erroneously call “Linux”). There was no free software Emacs editor that ran on Unix. I did, however, have a friend who had participated in developing Gosling's Emacs. Gosling had given him, by email, permission to distribute his own version. He proposed to me that I use that version. Then I discovered that Gosling's Emacs did not have a real Lisp. It had a programming language that was known as ‘mocklisp’, which looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't have the data structures of Lisp. So programs were not data, and vital elements of Lisp were missing. Its data structures were strings, numbers and a few other specialized things.
-
-I concluded I couldn't use it and had to replace it all, the first step of which was to write an actual Lisp interpreter. I gradually adapted every part of the editor based on real Lisp data structures, rather than ad hoc data structures, making the data structures of the internals of the editor exposable and manipulable by the user's Lisp programs.
-
-The one exception was redisplay. For a long time, redisplay was sort of an alternate world. The editor would enter the world of redisplay and things would go on with very special data structures that were not safe for garbage collection, not safe for interruption, and you couldn't run any Lisp programs during that. We've changed that since — it's now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's quite a convenient thing.
-
-This second Emacs program was ‘free software’ in the modern sense of the term — it was part of an explicit political campaign to make software free. The essence of this campaign was that everybody should be free to do the things we did in the old days at MIT, working together on software and working with whomever wanted to work with us. That is the basis for the free software movement — the experience I had, the life that I've lived at the MIT AI lab — to be working on human knowledge, and not be standing in the way of anybody's further using and further disseminating human knowledge.
-
-At the time, you could make a computer that was about the same price range as other computers that weren't meant for Lisp, except that it would run Lisp much faster than they would, and with full type checking in every operation as well. Ordinary computers typically forced you to choose between execution speed and good typechecking. So yes, you could have a Lisp compiler and run your programs fast, but when they tried to take `car` of a number, it got nonsensical results and eventually crashed at some point.
-
-The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as those other machines, but each instruction — a car instruction would do data typechecking — so when you tried to get the car of a number in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error. We built the machine and had a Lisp operating system for it. It was written almost entirely in Lisp, the only exceptions being parts written in the microcode. People became interested in manufacturing them, which meant they should start a company.
-
-There were two different ideas about what this company should be like. Greenblatt wanted to start what he called a “hacker” company. This meant it would be a company run by hackers and would operate in a way conducive to hackers. Another goal was to maintain the AI Lab culture (3). Unfortunately, Greenblatt didn't have any business experience, so other people in the Lisp machine group said they doubted whether he could succeed. They thought that his plan to avoid outside investment wouldn't work.
-
-Why did he want to avoid outside investment? Because when a company has outside investors, they take control and they don't let you have any scruples. And eventually, if you have any scruples, they also replace you as the manager.
-
-So Greenblatt had the idea that he would find a customer who would pay in advance to buy the parts. They would build machines and deliver them; with profits from those parts, they would then be able to buy parts for a few more machines, sell those and then buy parts for a larger number of machines, and so on. The other people in the group thought that this couldn't possibly work.
-
-Greenblatt then recruited Russell Noftsker, the man who had hired me, who had subsequently left the AI Lab and created a successful company. Russell was believed to have an aptitude for business. He demonstrated this aptitude for business by saying to the other people in the group, “Let's ditch Greenblatt, forget his ideas, and we'll make another company.” Stabbing in the back, clearly a real businessman. Those people decided they would form a company called Symbolics. They would get outside investment, not have scruples, and do everything possible to win.
-
-But Greenblatt didn't give up. He and the few people loyal to him decided to start Lisp Machines Inc. anyway and go ahead with their plans. And what do you know, they succeeded! They got the first customer and were paid in advance. They built machines and sold them, and built more machines and more machines. They actually succeeded even though they didn't have the help of most of the people in the group. Symbolics also got off to a successful start, so you had two competing Lisp machine companies. When Symbolics saw that LMI was not going to fall flat on its face, they started looking for ways to destroy it.
-
-Thus, the abandonment of our lab was followed by “war” in our lab. The abandonment happened when Symbolics hired away all the hackers, except me and the few who worked at LMI part-time. Then they invoked a rule and eliminated people who worked part-time for MIT, so they had to leave entirely, which left only me. The AI lab was now helpless. And MIT had made a very foolish arrangement with these two companies. It was a three-way contract where both companies licensed the use of Lisp machine system sources. These companies were required to let MIT use their changes. But it didn't say in the contract that MIT was entitled to put them into the MIT Lisp machine systems that both companies had licensed. Nobody had envisioned that the AI lab's hacker group would be wiped out, but it was.
-
-So Symbolics came up with a plan (4). They said to the lab, “We will continue making our changes to the system available for you to use, but you can't put it into the MIT Lisp machine system. Instead, we'll give you access to Symbolics' Lisp machine system, and you can run it, but that's all you can do.”
-
-This, in effect, meant that they demanded that we had to choose a side, and use either the MIT version of the system or the Symbolics version. Whichever choice we made determined which system our improvements went to. If we worked on and improved the Symbolics version, we would be supporting Symbolics alone. If we used and improved the MIT version of the system, we would be doing work available to both companies, but Symbolics saw that we would be supporting LMI because we would be helping them continue to exist. So we were not allowed to be neutral anymore.
-
-Up until that point, I hadn't taken the side of either company, although it made me miserable to see what had happened to our community and the software. But now, Symbolics had forced the issue. So, in an effort to help keep Lisp Machines Inc. going (5) — I began duplicating all of the improvements Symbolics had made to the Lisp machine system. I wrote the equivalent improvements again myself (i.e., the code was my own).
-
-After a while (6), I came to the conclusion that it would be best if I didn't even look at their code. When they made a beta announcement that gave the release notes, I would see what the features were and then implement them. By the time they had a real release, I did too.
-
-In this way, for two years, I prevented them from wiping out Lisp Machines Incorporated, and the two companies went on. But, I didn't want to spend years and years punishing someone, just thwarting an evil deed. I figured they had been punished pretty thoroughly because they were stuck with competition that was not leaving or going to disappear (7). Meanwhile, it was time to start building a new community to replace the one that their actions and others had wiped out.
-
-The Lisp community in the 70s was not limited to the MIT AI Lab, and the hackers were not all at MIT. The war that Symbolics started was what wiped out MIT, but there were other events going on then. There were people giving up on cooperation, and together this wiped out the community and there wasn't much left.
-
-Once I stopped punishing Symbolics, I had to figure out what to do next. I had to make a free operating system, that was clear — the only way that people could work together and share was with a free operating system.
-
-At first, I thought of making a Lisp-based system, but I realized that wouldn't be a good idea technically. To have something like the Lisp machine system, you needed special purpose microcode. That's what made it possible to run programs as fast as other computers would run their programs and still get the benefit of typechecking. Without that, you would be reduced to something like the Lisp compilers for other machines. The programs would be faster, but unstable. Now that's okay if you're running one program on a timesharing system — if one program crashes, that's not a disaster, that's something your program occasionally does. But that didn't make it good for writing the operating system in, so I rejected the idea of making a system like the Lisp machine.
-
-I decided instead to make a Unix-like operating system that would have Lisp implementations to run as user programs. The kernel wouldn't be written in Lisp, but we'd have Lisp. So the development of that operating system, the GNU operating system, is what led me to write the GNU Emacs. In doing this, I aimed to make the absolute minimal possible Lisp implementation. The size of the programs was a tremendous concern.
-
-There were people in those days, in 1985, who had one-megabyte machines without virtual memory. They wanted to be able to use GNU Emacs. This meant I had to keep the program as small as possible.
-
-For instance, at the time the only looping construct was ‘while’, which was extremely simple. There was no way to break out of the ‘while’ statement, you just had to do a catch and a throw, or test a variable that ran the loop. That shows how far I was pushing to keep things small. We didn't have ‘caar’ and ‘cadr’ and so on; “squeeze out everything possible” was the spirit of GNU Emacs, the spirit of Emacs Lisp, from the beginning.
-
-Obviously, machines are bigger now, and we don't do it that way any more. We put in ‘caar’ and ‘cadr’ and so on, and we might put in another looping construct one of these days. We're willing to extend it some now, but we don't want to extend it to the level of common Lisp. I implemented Common Lisp once on the Lisp machine, and I'm not all that happy with it. One thing I don't like terribly much is keyword arguments (8). They don't seem quite Lispy to me; I'll do it sometimes but I minimize the times when I do that.
-
-That was not the end of the GNU projects involved with Lisp. Later on around 1995, we were looking into starting a graphical desktop project. It was clear that for the programs on the desktop, we wanted a programming language to write a lot of it in to make it easily extensible, like the editor. The question was what it should be.
-
-At the time, TCL was being pushed heavily for this purpose. I had a very low opinion of TCL, basically because it wasn't Lisp. It looks a tiny bit like Lisp, but semantically it isn't, and it's not as clean. Then someone showed me an ad where Sun was trying to hire somebody to work on TCL to make it the “de-facto standard extension language” of the world. And I thought, “We've got to stop that from happening.” So we started to make Scheme the standard extensibility language for GNU. Not Common Lisp, because it was too large. The idea was that we would have a Scheme interpreter designed to be linked into applications in the same way TCL was linked into applications. We would then recommend that as the preferred extensibility package for all GNU programs.
-
-There's an interesting benefit you can get from using such a powerful language as a version of Lisp as your primary extensibility language. You can implement other languages by translating them into your primary language. If your primary language is TCL, you can't very easily implement Lisp by translating it into TCL. But if your primary language is Lisp, it's not that hard to implement other things by translating them. Our idea was that if each extensible application supported Scheme, you could write an implementation of TCL or Python or Perl in Scheme that translates that program into Scheme. Then you could load that into any application and customize it in your favorite language and it would work with other customizations as well.
-
-As long as the extensibility languages are weak, the users have to use only the language you provided them. Which means that people who love any given language have to compete for the choice of the developers of applications — saying “Please, application developer, put my language into your application, not his language.” Then the users get no choices at all — whichever application they're using comes with one language and they're stuck with [that language]. But when you have a powerful language that can implement others by translating into it, then you give the user a choice of language and we don't have to have a language war anymore. That's what we're hoping ‘Guile’, our scheme interpreter, will do. We had a person working last summer finishing up a translator from Python to Scheme. I don't know if it's entirely finished yet, but for anyone interested in this project, please get in touch. So that's the plan we have for the future.
-
-I haven't been speaking about free software, but let me briefly tell you a little bit about what that means. Free software does not refer to price; it doesn't mean that you get it for free. (You may have paid for a copy, or gotten a copy gratis.) It means that you have freedom as a user. The crucial thing is that you are free to run the program, free to study what it does, free to change it to suit your needs, free to redistribute the copies of others and free to publish improved, extended versions. This is what free software means. If you are using a non-free program, you have lost crucial freedom, so don't ever do that.
-
-The purpose of the GNU project is to make it easier for people to reject freedom-trampling, user-dominating, non-free software by providing free software to replace it. For those who don't have the moral courage to reject the non-free software, when that means some practical inconvenience, what we try to do is give a free alternative so that you can move to freedom with less of a mess and less of a sacrifice in practical terms. The less sacrifice the better. We want to make it easier for you to live in freedom, to cooperate.
-
-This is a matter of the freedom to cooperate. We're used to thinking of freedom and cooperation with society as if they are opposites. But here they're on the same side. With free software you are free to cooperate with other people as well as free to help yourself. With non-free software, somebody is dominating you and keeping people divided. You're not allowed to share with them, you're not free to cooperate or help society, anymore than you're free to help yourself. Divided and helpless is the state of users using non-free software.
-
-We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what people said we could never do; we have two operating systems of free software. We have many applications and we obviously have a lot farther to go. So we need your help. I would like to ask you to volunteer for the GNU project; help us develop free software for more jobs. Take a look at [http://www.gnu.org/help][1] to find suggestions for how to help. If you want to order things, there's a link to that from the home page. If you want to read about philosophical issues, look in /philosophy. If you're looking for free software to use, look in /directory, which lists about 1900 packages now (which is a fraction of all the free software out there). Please write more and contribute to us. My book of essays, “Free Software and Free Society”, is on sale and can be purchased at [www.gnu.org][2]. Happy hacking!
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.gnu.org/gnu/rms-lisp.html
-
-作者：[Richard Stallman][a]
-选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://www.gnu.org
-[1]:https://www.gnu.org/help/
-[2]:http://www.gnu.org/
diff --git a/sources/talk/20170320 An Ubuntu User-s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition.md b/sources/talk/20170320 An Ubuntu User-s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition.md
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (An Ubuntu User’s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition)
-[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/dell-xps-13-ubuntu-review)
-[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
-
-An Ubuntu User’s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition
-======
-
-_**Brief: Sharing my feel and experience about Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition after using it for over three months.**_
-
-During Black Friday sale last year, I took the bullet and ordered myself a [Dell XPS 13][1] with the new [Intel Kaby Lake processor][2]. It got delivered in the second week of December and if you [follow It’s FOSS on Facebook][3], you might have seen the [live unboxing][4].
-
-Though I was tempted to do the review of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition almost at the same time, I knew it won’t be fair. A brand new system will, of course, feel good and work smooth.
-
-But that’s not the real experience. The real experience of any system comes after weeks, if not months, of use. That’s the reason I hold myself back and waited three months to review Dell XPS Kobylake Ubuntu edition.
-
-### Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition Review
-
-Before we saw what’s hot and what’s not in the latest version of Dell XPS 13, I should tell you that I was using an Acer R13 ultrabook book before this. So I may compare the new Dell system with the older Acer one.
-
-![Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition System Settings][5]![Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition System Settings][5]
-
-Dell XPS 13 has several versions based on processor. The one I am reviewing is Dell XPS13 MLK (9360). It has i5-7200U 7th generation processor. Since I hardly used the touch screen in Acer Aspire R13, I chose to go with the non-touch version of XPS. This decision also saved me a couple of hundreds of Euro.
-
-It has 8 GB of LPDDR3 1866MHz RAM and 256 GB SSD PCIe. Graphics is Intel HD. On connectivity side, it’s got Killer 1535 Wi-Fi 802.11ac 2×2 and Bluetooth 4.1. Screen is InfinityEdge Full HD (1 920 x 1080).
-
-Now, you know what kind of hardware we’ve got here, let’s see what works and what sucks.
-
-#### Look and feel
-
-![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu Edition][6]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu Edition][6]
-
-At 13.3″, Dell XPS 13 looks even smaller than a regular 13.3″ laptop, thanks to its non-existent bezel which is the specialty of the infinite display. It is light as a feather with weight just under 1.23 Kg.
-
-The outer surface is metallic, not very shiny but a decent aluminum look. On the interior, the palm rest is made of carbon fiber which is very comfortable at the rest. Unlike the MacBook Air that uses metallic palm rests, the carbon fiber ones are more friendly, especially in winters.
-
-It is almost centimeter and a half high at it’s thickest part (around hinges). This also adds a plus point to the elegance of XPS 13.
-
-Overall, Dell XPS 13 has a compact body and an elegant body.
-
-#### Keyboard and touchpad
-
-The keyboard and touchpad mix well with the carbon fiber interiors. The keys are smooth with springs in the back (perhaps) and give a rich feel while typing. All of the important keys are present and are not tiny in size, something you might be worried of, considering the overall tiny size of XPS13.
-
-Oh! the keyboards have backlit support. Which adds to the rich feel of this expensive laptop.
-
-While the keyboard is a great experience, the same cannot be said about the touchpad. In fact, the touchpad is the weakest part which mars the overall good experience of XPS 13.
-
-The touchpad has a cheap feeling because it makes an irritating sound while tapping on the right side as if it’s hollow underneath. This is [something that has been noticed in the earlier versions of XPS 13][7] but hasn’t been given enough consideration to fix it. This is something you do not expect from a product at such a price.
-
-Also, the touchpad scroll on websites is hideous. It is also not suitable for pixel works because of difficulty in moving little adjustments.
-
-#### Ports
-
-Dell XPS 13 has two USB 3.0 ports, one of them with PowerShare. If you did not know, [USB 3.0 PowerShare][8] ports allow you to charge external devices even when your system is turned off.
-
-![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][9]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][9]
-
-It also has a [Thunderbolt][10] (doubles up as [USB Type-C port][11]). It doesn’t have HDMI port, Ethernet port or VGA port. However, all of these three can be used via the Thunderbolt port and external adapters (sold separately).
-
-![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][12]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][12]
-
-It also has an SD card reader and a headphone jack. In addition to all these, there is an [anti-theft slot][13] (a common security practice in enterprises).
-
-#### Display
-
-The model I have packs 1920x1080px. It’s full HD and display quality is at par. It perfectly displays the high definition pictures and 1080p video files.
-
-I cannot compare it with the [qHD model][14] as I never used it. But considering that there are not enough 4K contents for now, full HD display should be sufficient for next few years.
-
-#### Sound
-
-Compared to Acer R13, XPS 13 has better audio quality. Even the max volume is louder than that of Acer R13. The dual speakers give a nice stereo effect.
-
-#### Webcam
-
-The weirdest part of Dell XPS 13 review comes now. We all have been accustomed of seeing the webcam at the top-middle position on any laptop. But this is not the case here.
-
-XPS 13 puts the webcam on the bottom left corner of the laptop. This is done to keep the bezel as thin as possible. But this creates a problem.
-
-![Image captured with laptop screen at 90 degree][15]
-
-When you video chat with someone, it is natural to look straight up. With the top-middle webcam, your face is in direct line with the camera. But with the bottom left position of web cam, it looks like those weird accidental selfies you take with the front camera of your smartphone. Heck, people on the other side might see inside of your nostrils.
-
-#### Battery
-
-Battery life is the strongest point of Dell XPS 13. While Dell claims an astounding 21-hour battery life, but in my experience, it smoothly gives a battery life of 8-10 hours. This is when I watch movies, browse the internet and other regular stuff.
-
-There is one strange thing that I noticed, though. It charges pretty quick until 90% but the charging slows down afterward. And it almost never goes beyond 98%.
-
-The battery indicator turns red when the battery status falls below 30% and it starts displaying notifications if the battery goes below 10%. There is small light indicator under the touchpad that turns yellow when the battery is low and it turns white when the charger is plugged in.
-
-#### Overheating
-
-I have previously written about ways to [reduce laptop overheating in Linux][16]. Thankfully, so far, I didn’t need to employ those tricks.
-
-Dell XPS 13 remains surprisingly cool when you are using it on battery, even in long runs. The bottom does get heated a little when you use it while charging.
-
-Overall, XPS 13 manages overheating very well.
-
-#### The Ubuntu experience with Dell XPS 13
-
-So far we have seen pretty generic things about the Dell XPS 13. Let’s talk about how good a Linux laptop it is.
-
-Until now, I used to manually [install Linux on Windows laptop][17]. This is the first Linux laptop I ever bought. I would also like to mention the awesome first boot animation of Dell’s Ubuntu laptop. Here’s a YouTube video of the same:
-
-One thing I would like to mention here is that Dell never displays Ubuntu laptops on its website. You’ll have to search the website with Ubuntu then you’ll see the Ubuntu editions. Also, Ubuntu edition is cheaper just by 50 Euro in comparison to its Windows counterpart whereas I was expecting it to be at least 100 Euro less than that of Windows.
-
-Despite being an Ubuntu preloaded laptop, the super key still comes with Windows logo on it. It’s trivial but I would have loved to see the Ubuntu logo on it.
-
-Now talking about Ubuntu experience, the first thing I noticed was that there was no hardware issue. Even the function and media keys work perfectly in Ubuntu, which is a pleasant surprise.
-
-Dell has also added its own repository in the software sources to provide for some Dell specific tools. You can see the footprints of Dell in the entire system.
-
-You might be interested to see how Dell partitioned the 256Gb of disk space. Let me show that to you.
-
-![Default disk partition by Dell][18]
-
-As you can see, there is 524MB reserved for [EFI][19]. Then there is 3.2 GB of factory restore image perhaps.
-
-Dell is using 17Gb of Swap partition, which is more than double of the RAM size. It seems Dell didn’t put enough thought here because this is simply waste of disk space, in my opinion. I would have used not [more than 11 GB of Swap partition][20] here.
-
-As I mentioned before, Dell adds a “restore to factory settings” option in the Grub menu. This is a nice little feature to have.
-
-One thing which I don’t like in the XPS 13 Ubuntu edition is the long boot time. It takes entire 23 seconds to reach the login screen after pressing the power button. I would expect it to be faster considering that it uses SSD PCIe.
-
-If it interests you, the XPS 13 had Chromium and Google Chrome browsers installed by default instead of Firefox.
-
-As far my experience goes, I am fairly impressed with Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition. It gives a smooth Ubuntu experience. The laptop seems to be a part of Ubuntu. Though it is an expensive laptop, I would say it is definitely worth the money.
-
-To summarize, let’s see the good, the bad and the ugly of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition.
-
-#### The Good
-
- * Ultralight weight
- * Compact
- * Keyboard
- * Carbon fiber palm rest
- * Full hardware support for Ubuntu
- * Factory restore option for Ubuntu
- * Nice display and sound quality
- * Good battery life
-
-
-
-#### The bad
-
- * Poor touchpad
- * A little pricey
- * Long boot time for SSD powered laptop
- * Windows key still present :P
-
-
-
-#### The ugly
-
- * Weird webcam placement
-
-
-
-How did you like the **Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition review** from an Ubuntu user’s point of view? Do you find it good enough to spend over a thousand bucks? Do share your views in the comment below.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://itsfoss.com/dell-xps-13-ubuntu-review
-
-作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://amzn.to/2ImVkCV
-[2]: http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/processors/kaby-lake-intel-core-processor-7th-gen-cpu-news-rumors-and-release-date-1325782
-[3]: https://www.facebook.com/itsfoss/
-[4]: https://www.facebook.com/itsfoss/videos/810293905778045/
-[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-Edition-spec.jpg?resize=540%2C337&ssl=1
-[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-review.jpeg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1
-[7]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yt5SkI0c3lM
-[8]: http://www.dell.com/support/article/fr/fr/frbsdt1/SLN155147/usb-powershare-feature?lang=EN
-[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-Ubuntu-XPS-13-Kaby-Lake-ports-1.jpg?resize=800%2C435&ssl=1
-[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)
-[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-C
-[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-Ubuntu-XPS-13-Kaby-Lake-ports-2.jpg?resize=800%2C325&ssl=1
-[13]: http://accessories.euro.dell.com/sna/productdetail.aspx?c=ie&l=en&s=dhs&cs=iedhs1&sku=461-10169
-[14]: https://recombu.com/mobile/article/quad-hd-vs-qhd-vs-4k-ultra-hd-what-does-it-all-mean_M20472.html
-[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-webcam-issue.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
-[16]: https://itsfoss.com/reduce-overheating-laptops-linux/
-[17]: https://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
-[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-Edition-disk-partition.jpeg?resize=800%2C448&ssl=1
-[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFI_system_partition
-[20]: https://itsfoss.com/swap-size/
diff --git a/sources/talk/20170908 Betting on the Web.md b/sources/talk/20170908 Betting on the Web.md
deleted file mode 100644
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-[Betting on the Web][27]
-============================================================
-
-
-
- _Note: I just spoke at [Coldfront 2017][12] about why I’m such a big proponent of the Web. What follows is essentially that talk as a blog post (I’ll add a link to the video once it is published)._
-
- _Also: the Starbucks PWA mentioned in the talk has shipped! 🎉_
-
-I’m _not_ going to tell you what to do. Instead, I’m going to explain why I’ve chosen to bet my whole career on this crazy Web thing. "Betting" sounds a bit haphazard, it’s more calculated than that. It would probably be better described as "investing."
-
-Investing what? Our time and attention.
-
-Many of us only have maybe 6 or so _really_ productive hours per day when we’re capable of being super focused and doing our absolute best work. So how we chose to invest that very limited time is kind of a big deal. Even though I really enjoy programming I rarely do it aimlessly just for the pure joy of it. Ultimately, I’m investing that productive time expecting to get _some kind of return_ even if it’s just mastering something or solving a difficult problem.
-
- [### "So what, what’s your point?"][28]
-
-> > More than most of us realize we are _constantly_ investing
-
-Sure, someone may be paying for our time directly but there’s more to it than just trading hours for money. In the long run, what we chose to invest our professional efforts into has other effects:
-
-**1\. Building Expertise:** We learn as we work and gain valuable experience in the technologies and platform we’re investing in. That expertise impacts our future earning potential and what types of products we’re capable of building.
-
-**2\. Building Equity:** Hopefully we’re generating equity and adding value to whatever product we’re building.
-
-**3\. Shaping tomorrow’s job market:** We’re building tomorrow’s legacy code today™. Today’s new hotness is tomorrow’s maintenance burden. In many cases the people that initially build a product or service are not the ones that ultimately maintain it. This means the technology choices we make when building a new product or service, determine whether or not there will be jobs later that require expertise in that particular platform/technology. So, those tech choices _literally shape tomorrow’s job market!_
-
-**4\. Body of knowledge:** As developers, we’re pretty good at sharing what we learn. We blog, we "Stack-Overflow", etc. These things all contribute to the corpus of knowledge available about that given platform which adds significant value by making it easier/faster for others to build things using these tools.
-
-**5\. Open Source:** We solve problems and share our work. When lots of developers do this it adds _tremendous value_ to the technologies and platforms these tools are for. The sheer volume of work that we _don’t have to do_ because we can use someone else’s library that already does it is mind-boggling. Millions and millions of hours of development work are available to us for free with a simple `npm install`.
-
-**6\. Building apps for users on that platform:** Last but not least, without apps there is no platform. By making more software available to end users, we’re contributing significant value to the platforms that run our apps.
-
-Looking at that list, the last four items are not about _us_ at all. They represent other significant long-term impacts.
-
-> > We often have a broader impact than we realize
-
-We’re not just investing time into a job, we're also shaping the platform, community, and technologies we use.
-
-We’re going to come back to this, but hopefully, recognizing that greater impact can help us make better investments.
-
- [### With all investing comes _risk_][29]
-
-We can’t talk about investing without talking about risk. So what are some of the potential risks?
-
- [### Are we building for the right platform?][30]
-
-Platform stability is indeed A Thing™. Just ask a Flash developer, Windows Phone developer, or Blackberry developer. Platforms _can_ go away.
-
-If we look at those three platforms, what do they have in common? They’re _closed_ platforms. What I mean is there’s a single controlling interest. When you build for them, you’re building for a specific operating system and coding against a particular implementation as opposed to coding against a set of _open standards_ . You could argue, that at least to some degree, Flash died because of its "closed-ness". Regardless, one thing is clear from a risk mitigation perspective: open is better than closed.
-
-the Web is _incredibly_ open. It would be quite difficult for any one entity to kill it off.
-
-Now, for Windows Phone/Blackberry it failed due to a lack of interested users... or was it lack of interested developers??
-
-
-
-Maybe if Ballmer ☝️ has just yelled "developers" _one more time_ we’d all have Windows Phones in our pockets right now 😜.
-
-From a risk mitigation perspective, two things are clear with regard to platform stability:
-
-1. Having _many users_ is better than having few users
-
-2. Having _more developers_ building for the platform is better than having few developers
-
-> > There is no bigger more popular open platform than the Web
-
- [### Are we building the right software?][31]
-
-Many of us are building apps. Well, we used to build "applications" but that wasn’t nearly cool enough. So now we build "apps" instead 😎.
-
-What does "app" mean to a user? This is important because I think it’s changed a bit over the years. To a user, I would suggest it basically means: "a thing I put on my phone."
-
-But for our purposes I want to get a bit more specific. I’d propose that an app is really:
-
-1. An "ad hoc" user interface
-
-2. That is local(ish) to the device
-
-The term "ad hoc" is Latin and translates to **"for this"**. This actually matches pretty closely with what Apple’s marketing campaigns have been teaching the masses:
-
-> There’s an app **for that**
->
-> – Apple
-
-The point is it helps you _do_ something. The emphasis is on action. I happen to think this is largely the difference between a "site" and an "app". A news site for example has articles that are resources in and of themselves. Where a news app is software that runs on the device that helps you consume news articles.
-
-Another way to put it would be that site is more like a book, while an app is a tool.
-
- [### Should we be building apps at all?!][32]
-
-Remember when chatbots were supposed to take over the world? Or perhaps we’ll all be walking around with augmented reality glasses and that’s how we’ll interact with the world?
-
-I’ve heard it said that "the future app is _no_ app" and virtual assistants will take over everything.
-
-
-
-I’ve had one of these sitting in my living room for a couple of years, but I find it all but useless. It’s just a nice bluetooth speaker that I can yell at to play me music.
-
-But I find it very interesting that:
-
-> > Even Alexa has an app!
-
-Why? Because there’s no screen! As it turns out these "ad hoc visual interfaces" are extremely efficient.
-
-Sure, I can yell out "Alexa, what’s the weather going to be like today" and I’ll hear a reply with high and low and whether it’s cloudy, rainy, or sunny. But in that same amount of time, I can pull my phone out tap the weather app and before Alexa can finish telling me those 3 pieces of data, I can visually scan the entire week’s worth of data, air quality, sunrise/sunset times, etc. It’s just _so much more_ efficient as a mechanism for consuming this type of data.
-
-As a result of that natural efficiency, I believe that having a visual interface is going to continue to be useful for all sorts of things for a long time to come.
-
-That’s _not_ to say virtual assistants aren’t useful! Google Assistant on my Pixel is quite useful in part because it can show me answers and can tolerate vagueness in a way that an app with a fixed set of buttons never could.
-
-But, as is so often the case with new useful tech, rarely does it complete replace everything that came before it, instead, it augments what we already have.
-
- [### If apps are so great why are we so "apped out"?][33]
-
-How do we explain that supposed efficiency when there’s data like this?
-
-* [65% of smartphone users download zero apps per month][13]
-
-* [More than 75% of app downloads open an app once and never come back][14]
-
-I think to answer that we have to really look at what isn’t working well.
-
- [### What sucks about apps?][34]
-
-1. **Downloading them certainly sucks.** No one wants to open an app store, search for the app they’re trying to find, then wait to download the huge file. These days a 50mb app is pretty small. Facebook for iOS 346MB, Twitter iOS 212MB.
-
-2. **Updating them sucks.** Every night I plug in my phone I download a whole slew of app updates that I, as a user, **could not possibly care less about**. In addition, many of these apps are things I installed _once_ and will **never open again, ever!**. I’d love to know the global stats on how much bandwidth has been wasted on app updates for apps that were never opened again.
-
-3. **Managing them sucks.** Sure, when I first got an iPhone ages ago and could first download apps my home screen was impeccable. Then when we got folders!! Wow... what an amazing development! Now I could finally put all those pesky uninstallable Apple apps in a folder called "💩" and pretend they didn’t exist. But now, my home screen is a bit of a disaster. Sitting there dragging apps around is not my idea of a good time. So eventually things get all cluttered up again.
-
-The thing I’ve come to realize, is this:
-
-> > We don’t care how they got there. We only care that they’re _there_ when we need them.
-
-For example, I love to go mountain biking and I enjoy tracking my rides with an app called Strava. I get all geared up for my ride, get on my bike and then go, "Oh right, gotta start Strava." So I pull out my phone _with my gloves on_ and go: "Ok Google, open Strava".
-
-I _could not care less_ about where that app was or where it came from when I said that.
-
-I don’t care if it was already installed, I don’t care if it never existed on my home screen, or if it was generated out of thin air on the spot.
-
-> > Context is _everything_ !
-
-If I’m at a parking meter, I want the app _for that_ . If I’m visiting Portland, I want their public transit app.
-
-But I certainly _do not_ want it as soon as I’ve left.
-
-If I’m at a conference, I might want a conference app to see the schedule, post questions to speakers, or whatnot. But wow, talk about something that quickly becomes worthless as soon as that conference is over!
-
-As it turns out the more "ad hoc" these things are, the better! The more _disposable_ and _re-inflatable_ the better!
-
-Which also reminds me of something that I feel like we often forget. We always assume people want our shiny apps and we measure things like "engagement" and "time spent in the app" when really, and there certainly are exceptions to this such as apps that are essentially entertainment, but often...
-
-> > People don’t want to use your app. They want _to be done_ using your app.
-
- [### Enter PWAs][35]
-
-I’ve been contracting with Starbucks for the past 18 months. They’ve taken on the ambitious project of essentially re-building a lot of their web stuff in Node.js and React. One of the things I’ve helped them with (and pushed hard for) was to build a PWA (Progressive Web App) that could provide similar functionality as their native apps. Coincidentally it was launched today: [https://preview.starbucks.com][18]!
-
-
-
-This gives is a nice real world example:
-
-* Starbucks iOS: 146MB
-
-* Starbucks PWA: ~600KB
-
-The point is there’s a _tremendous_ size difference.
-
-It’s 0.4% of the size. To put it differently, I could download the PWA **243 times**in the same amount of time it would take to download the iOS app. Then, of course on iOS it then also still has to install and boot up!
-
-Personally, I’d have loved it if the app ended up even smaller and there are plans to shrink it further. But even still, they’re _not even on the same planet_ in terms of file-size!
-
-Market forces are _strongly_ aligned with PWAs here:
-
-* Few app downloads
-
-* User acquisition is _hard_
-
-* User acquisition is _expensive_
-
-If the goal is to get people to sign up for the rewards program, that type of size difference could very well make the difference of getting someone signed up and using the app experience (via PWA) by the time they reach the front of the line at Starbucks or not.
-
-User acquisition is hard enough already, the more time and barriers that can be removed from that process, the better.
-
- [### Quick PWA primer][36]
-
-As mentioned, PWA stands for "Progressive Web Apps" or, as I like to call them: "Web Apps" 😄
-
-Personally I’ve been trying to build what a user would define as an "app" with web technology for _years_ . But until PWAs came along, as hard as we tried, you couldn’t quite build a _real app_ with just web tech. Honestly, I kinda hate myself for saying that, but in terms of something that a user would understand as an "app" I’m afraid that statement has probably true until very recently.
-
-So what’s a PWA? As one of its primary contributors put it:
-
-> It’s just a website that took all the right vitamins.
->
-> – Alex Russell
-
-It involves a few specific technologies, namely:
-
-* Service Worker. Which enable true reliability on the web. What I mean by that is I can build an app that as long as you loaded it while you were online, from then on it will _always_ open, even if you’re not. This puts it on equal footing with other apps.
-
-* HTTPS. Requires encrypted connections
-
-* Web App Manifest. A simple JSON file that describes your application. What icons to use is someone adds it to their home screen, what its name is, etc.
-
-There are plenty of other resources about PWAs on the web. The point for my purposes is:
-
-> > It is now possible to build PWAs that are _indistinguishable_ from their native counter parts
-
-They can be up and running in a fraction of the time whether or not they were already "installed" and unlike "apps" can be saved as an app on the device _at the user’s discretion!_
-
-Essentially they’re really great for creating "ad hoc" experiences that can be "cold started" on a whim nearly as fast as if it were already installed.
-
-I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again:
-
-> PWAs are the biggest thing to happen to the mobile web since the iPhone.
->
-> – Um... that was me
-
- [### Let’s talk Internet of things][37]
-
-I happen to think that PWAs + IoT = ✨ MAGIC ✨. As several smart folks have pointed out.
-
-The one-app-per-device approach to smart devices probably isn’t particularly smart.
-
-It doesn’t scale well and it completely fails in terms of "ad hoc"-ness. Sure, if I have a Nest thermostat and Phillips Hue lightbulbs, it’s reasonable to have two apps installed. But even that sucks as soon as I want someone else to be able to use control them. If _I just let you into my house_ , trust me... I’m perfectly happy to let you flip a light switch, you’re in my house, after all. But for the vast majority of these things there’s no concept of "nearby apps" and, it’s silly for my guest (or a house-sitter) to download an app they don’t actually want, just so I can let them control my lights.
-
-The whole "nearby apps" thing has so many uses:
-
-* thermostat
-
-* lights
-
-* locks
-
-* garage doors
-
-* parking meter
-
-* setting refrigerator temp
-
-* conference apps
-
-Today there are lots of new capabilities being added to the web to enable web apps to interact with physical devices in the real world. Things like WebUSB, WebBluetooth, WebNFC, and efforts like [Physical Web][19]. Even for things like Augmented (and Virtual) reality, the idea of the items we want to interact with having URLs makes so much sense and I can’t imagine a better, more flexible use of those URLs than for them to point to a PWA that lets you interact with that device!
-
- [### Forward looking statements...][38]
-
-I’ve been talking about all this in terms of investing. If you’ve ever read any company statement that discusses the future you always see this line explaining that things that are about to be discussed contains "forward looking statements" that may or may not ultimately happen.
-
-So, here are _my_ forward looking statements.
-
- [### 1\. PWA-only startups][39]
-
-Given the cost (and challenge) of user-acquisition and the quality of app you can build with PWAs these days, I feel like this is inevitable. If you’re trying to get something off the ground, it just isn’t very efficient to spin up _three whole teams_ to build for iOS, Android, and the Web.
-
- [### 2\. PWAs listed in App Stores][40]
-
-So, there’s a problem with "web only" which is that for the good part of a decade we’ve been training users to look for apps in the app store for their given platform. So if you’re already a recognized brand, especially if you already have a native app that you’re trying to replace, it simply isn’t smart for you _not to exist_ in the app stores.
-
-So, some of this isn’t all that "forward looking" as it turns out [Microsoft has already committed to listing PWAs in the Windows Store][20], more than once!
-
-**They haven’t even finished implementing Service Worker in Edge yet!** But they’re already committing hard to PWAs. In addition to post linked above, one of their lead Developer Relations folks, Aaron Gustafson just [wrote an article for A List Apart][21] telling everyone to build PWAs.
-
-But if you think about it from their perspective, of course they should do that! As I said earlier they’ve struggled to attract developer to build for their mobile phones. In fact, they’ve at times _paid_ companies to write apps for them simply to make sure apps exist so that users will be able to have apps they want when using a Windows Phone. Remember how I said developer time is a scarce resource and without apps, the platform is worthless? So _of course_ they should add first class support for PWAs. If you build a PWA like a lot of folks are doing then TADA!!! 🎉 You just made a Windows/Windows Phone app!
-
-I’m of the opinion that the writing is on the wall for Google to do the same thing. It’s pure speculation, but it certainly seems like they are taking steps that suggest they may be planning on listing PWAs too. Namely that the Chrome folks recently shipped a feature referred to as "WebAPKs" for Chrome stable on Android (yep, everyone). In the past I’ve [explained in more detail][22] why I think this is a big deal. But a shorted version would be that before this change, sure you could save a PWA to your home screen... _But_ , in reality it was actually a glorified bookmark. That’s what changes with WebAPKs. Instead, when you add a PWA to your home screen it generates and "side loads" an actual `.apk`file on the fly. This allows that PWA to enjoy some privileges that were simply impossible until the operating system recognized it as "an app." For example:
-
-* You can now mute push notifications for a specific PWA without muting it for all of Chrome.
-
-* The PWA is listed in the "app tray" that shows all installed apps (previously it was just the home screen).
-
-* You can see power usage, and permissions granted to the PWA just like any other app.
-
-* The app developer can now update the icon for the app by publishing an update to the app manifest. Before, there was no way to updated the icon once it had been added.
-
-* And a slew of other similar benefits...
-
-If you’ve ever installed an Android app from a source other than the Play Store (or carriers/OEMs store) you know that you have to flip a switch in settings to allow installs from "untrusted sources". So, how then, you might ask, can they generate and install an actual `.apk` file for a PWA without requiring that you change that setting? As it turns out the answer is quite simple: Use a trusted source!
-
-> > As it turns out WebAPKs are managed through Google Play Services!
-
-I’m no rocket scientist, but based on their natural business alignment with the web, their promotion of PWAs, the lengths they’ve gone to to grant PWAs equal status on the operating system as native apps, it only seems natural that they’d eventually _list them in the store_ .
-
-Additionally, if Google did start listing PWAs in the Play Store both them and Microsoft would be doing it _leaving Apple sticking out like a sore thumb and looking like the laggard_ . Essentially, app developers would be able to target a _massive_ number of users on a range of platforms with a single well-built PWA. But, just like developers grew to despise IE for not keeping up with the times and forcing them to jump through extra hoops to support it, the same thing would happen here. Apple does _not_ want to be the next IE and I’ve already seen many prominent developers suggesting they already are.
-
-Which bring us to another forward-looking statement:
-
- [### 3\. PWAs on iOS][41]
-
-Just a few weeks ago the Safari folks announced that Service Worker is now [officially under development][23].
-
- [### 4\. PWAs everywhere][42]
-
-I really think we’ll start seeing them everywhere:
-
-* Inside VR/AR/MR experiences
-
-* Inside chat bots (again, pulling up an ad-hoc interface is so much more efficient).
-
-* Inside Xbox?!
-
-As it turns out, if you look at Microsoft’s status page for Edge about Service Worker you see this:
-
-
-
-I hinted at this already, but I also think PWAs pair very nicely with virtual assistants being able to pull up an PWA on a whim without requiring it to already be installed would add tremendous power to the virtual assistant. Incidentally, this also becomes easier if there’s a known "registered" name of a PWA listed in an app store.
-
-Some other fun use cases:
-
-* Apparently the new digital menu displays in McDonald’s Restaurants (at least in the U.S.) are actually a web app built with Polymer ([source][15]). I don’t know if there’s a Service Worker or not, but it would make sense for there to be.
-
-* Sports score boards!? I’m a [independent consultant][16], and someone approached me about potentially using a set of TVs and web apps to build a score keeping system at an arena. Point is, there are so many cool examples!
-
-The web really is the universal platform!
-
- [### For those who think PWAs are just a Google thing][43]
-
-First off, I’m pretty sure Microsoft, Opera, Firefox, and Samsung folks would want to punch you for that. It [simply isn’t true][24] and increasingly we’re seeing a lot more compatibility efforts between browser vendors.
-
-For example: check out the [Web Platform Tests][25] which is essentially Continuous Integration for web features that are run against new releases of major browsers. Some folks will recall that when Apple first claimed they implemented IndexedDb in Safari, the version they shipped was essentially unusable because it had major shortcomings and bugs.
-
-Now, with the WPTs, you can drill into these features (to quite some detail) and see whether a given browser passes or fails. No more claiming "we shipped!" but not actually shipping.
-
- [### What about feature "x" on platform "y" that we need?][44]
-
-It could well be that you have a need that isn’t yet covered by the web platform. In reality, that list is getting shorter and shorter, also... HAVE YOU ASKED?! Despite what it may feel like, browser vendors eagerly want to know what you’re trying to do that you can’t. If there are missing features, be loud, be nice, but from my experience it’s worth making your desires known.
-
-Also, it doesn’t take much to wrap a web view and add hooks into the native OS that your JavaScript can call to do things that aren’t _quite_ possible yet.
-
-But that also brings me to another point, in terms of investing, as the world’s greatest hockey player said:
-
-> Skate to where the puck is going, not where it has been.
->
-> – Wayne Gretzky
-
-Based on what I’ve outlined thus far, it could be more risky to building an entire application for a whole other platform that you ultimately may not need than to at least exhaust your options seeing what you can do with the Web first.
-
-So to line ’em up in terms of PWA support:
-
-* Chrome: yup
-
-* Firefox: yup
-
-* Opera: yup
-
-* Samsung Internet ([the 3rd largest browser surprise!][17]): yup
-
-* Microsoft: huge public commitment
-
-* Safari: at least implementing Service Worker
-
- [### Ask them add your feature!][45]
-
-Sure, it may not happen, it may take a long time but _at least_ try. Remember, developers have a lot more influence over platforms than we typically realize. Make. your. voice. heard.
-
- [### Side note about React-Native/Expo][46]
-
-These projects are run by awesome people, the tech is incredibly impressive. If you’re Facebook and you’re trying to consolidate your development efforts, for the same basic reasons as why it makes sense for them to create their on [VM for running PHP][26]. They have realities to deal with at a scale that most of us will never have to deal with. Personally, I’m not Facebook.
-
-As a side note, I find it interesting that building native apps and having as many people do that as possible, plays nicely into their advertising competition with Google.
-
-It just so happens that Google is well positioned to capitalize off of people using the Web. Inversely, I’m fairly certain Facebook wouldn’t mind that ad revenue _not_ going Google. Facebook, seemingly would much rather _be_ your web, that be part of the Web.
-
-Anyway, all that aside, for me it’s also about investing well.
-
-By building a native app you’re volunteering for a 30% app-store tax. Plus, like we covered earlier odds are that no one wants to go download your app. Also, though it seems incredibly unlikely, I feel compelled to point out that in terms of "openness" Apple’s App Store is very clearly _anything_ but that. Apple could decide one day that they really don’t like how it’s possible to essentially circumvent their normal update/review process when you use Expo. One day they could just decide to reject all React Native apps. I really don’t think they would because of the uproar it would cause. I’m simply pointing out that it’s _their_ platform and they would have _every_ right to do so.
-
- [### So is it all about investing for your own gain?][47]
-
-So far, I’ve presented all this from kind of a cold, heartless investor perspective: getting the most for your time.
-
-But, that’s not the whole story is it?
-
-Life isn’t all about me. Life isn’t all about us.
-
-I want to invest in platforms that increase opportunities **for others**. Personally, I really hope the next friggin’ Mark Zuckerburg isn’t an ivy-league dude. Wouldn’t it be amazing if instead the next huge success was, I don’t know, perhaps a young woman in Nairobi or something? The thing is, if owning an iPhone is a prerequisite for building apps, it _dramatically_ decreases the odds of something like that happening. I feel like the Web really is the closest thing we have to a level playing field.
-
-**I want to invest in and improve _that_ platform!**
-
-This quote really struck me and has stayed with me when thinking about these things:
-
-> If you’re the kind of person who tends to succeed in what you start,
->
-> changing what you start could be _the most extraordinary thing_ you could do.
->
-> – Anand Giridharadas
-
-Thanks for your valuable attention ❤️. I’ve presented the facts as I see them and I’ve done my best not to "should on you."
-
-Ultimately though, no matter how prepared we are or how much research we’ve done; investing is always a bit of a gamble.
-
-So I guess the only thing left to say is:
-
-> > I’m all in.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web
-
-作者：[Joreteg][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://joreteg.com/
-[1]:https://twitter.com/davidbrunelle
-[2]:https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?in_reply_to=905931990444244995
-[3]:https://twitter.com/intent/retweet?tweet_id=905931990444244995
-[4]:https://twitter.com/intent/like?tweet_id=905931990444244995
-[5]:https://twitter.com/davidbrunelle/status/905931990444244995/photo/1
-[6]:https://twitter.com/davidbrunelle
-[7]:https://twitter.com/Starbucks
-[8]:https://t.co/tEUXM8BLgP
-[9]:https://twitter.com/davidbrunelle/status/905931990444244995
-[10]:https://twitter.com/davidbrunelle/status/905931990444244995/photo/1
-[11]:https://support.twitter.com/articles/20175256
-[12]:https://2017.coldfront.co/
-[13]:https://qz.com/253618/most-smartphone-users-download-zero-apps-per-month/
-[14]:http://fortune.com/2016/05/19/app-economy/
-[15]:https://twitter.com/AJStacy06/status/857628546507968512
-[16]:http://consulting.joreteg.com/
-[17]:https://medium.com/samsung-internet-dev/think-you-know-the-top-web-browsers-458a0a070175
-[18]:https://preview.starbucks.com/
-[19]:https://google.github.io/physical-web/
-[20]:https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2016/07/08/the-progress-of-web-apps/
-[21]:https://alistapart.com/article/yes-that-web-project-should-be-a-pwa
-[22]:https://joreteg.com/blog/installing-web-apps-for-real
-[23]:https://webkit.org/status/#specification-service-workers
-[24]:https://jakearchibald.github.io/isserviceworkerready/
-[25]:http://wpt.fyi/
-[26]:http://hhvm.com/
-[27]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web
-[28]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#quotso-what-whats-your-pointquot
-[29]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#with-all-investing-comes
-[30]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#are-we-building-for-the-right-platform
-[31]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#are-we-building-the-right-software
-[32]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#should-we-be-building-apps-at-all
-[33]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#if-apps-are-so-great-why-are-we-so-quotapped-outquot
-[34]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#what-sucks-about-apps
-[35]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#enter-pwas
-[36]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#quick-pwa-primer
-[37]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#lets-talk-internet-of-things
-[38]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#forward-looking-statements
-[39]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#1-pwa-only-startups
-[40]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#2-pwas-listed-in-app-stores
-[41]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#3-pwas-on-ios
-[42]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#4-pwas-everywhere
-[43]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#for-those-who-think-pwas-are-just-a-google-thing
-[44]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#what-about-feature-quotxquot-on-platform-quotyquot-that-we-need
-[45]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#ask-them-add-your-feature
-[46]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#side-note-about-react-nativeexpo
-[47]:https://joreteg.com/blog/betting-on-the-web#so-is-it-all-about-investing-for-your-own-gain
diff --git a/sources/talk/20171129 Inside AGL Familiar Open Source Components Ease Learning Curve.md b/sources/talk/20171129 Inside AGL Familiar Open Source Components Ease Learning Curve.md
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--- a/sources/talk/20171129 Inside AGL Familiar Open Source Components Ease Learning Curve.md
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-Inside AGL: Familiar Open Source Components Ease Learning Curve
-============================================================
-
-
-Konsulko’s Matt Porter (pictured) and Scott Murray ran through the major components of the AGL’s Unified Code Base at Embedded Linux Conference Europe.[The Linux Foundation][1]
-
-Among the sessions at the recent [Embedded Linux Conference Europe (ELCE)][5] — 57 of which are [available on YouTube][2] -- are several reports on the Linux Foundation’s [Automotive Grade Linux project][6]. These include [an overview from AGL Community Manager Walt Miner ][3]showing how AGL’s Unified Code Base (UCB) Linux distribution is expanding from in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) to ADAS. There was even a presentation on using AGL to build a remote-controlled robot (see links below).
-
-Here we look at the “State of AGL: Plumbing and Services,” from Konsulko Group’s CTO Matt Porter and senior staff software engineer Scott Murray. Porter and Murray ran through the components of the current [UCB 4.0 “Daring Dab”][7] and detailed major upstream components and API bindings, many of which will be appear in the Electric Eel release due in Jan. 2018.
-
-Despite the automotive focus of the AGL stack, most of the components are already familiar to Linux developers. “It looks a lot like a desktop distro,” Porter told the ELCE attendees in Prague. “All these familiar friends.”
-
-Some of those friends include the underlying Yocto Project “Poky” with OpenEmbedded foundation, which is topped with layers like oe-core, meta-openembedded, and metanetworking. Other components are based on familiar open source software like systemd (application control), Wayland and Weston (graphics), BlueZ (Bluetooth), oFono (telephony), PulseAudio and ALSA (audio), gpsd (location), ConnMan (Internet), and wpa-supplicant (WiFi), among others.
-
-UCB’s application framework is controlled through a WebSocket interface to the API bindings, thereby enabling apps to talk to each other. There’s also a new W3C widget for an alternative application packaging scheme, as well as support for SmartDeviceLink, a technology developed at Ford that automatically syncs up IVI systems with mobile phones.
-
-AGL UCB’s Wayland/Weston graphics layer is augmented with an “IVI shell” that works with the layer manager. “One of the unique requirements of automotive is the ability to separate aspects of the application in the layers,” said Porter. “For example, in a navigation app, the graphics rendering for the map may be completely different than the engine used for the UI decorations. One engine layers to a surface in Wayland to expose the map while the decorations and controls are handled by another layer.”
-
-For audio, ALSA and PulseAudio are joined by GENIVI AudioManager, which works together with PulseAudio. “We use AudioManager for policy driven audio routing,” explained Porter. “It allows you to write a very complex XML-based policy using a rules engine with audio routing.”
-
-UCB leans primarily on the well-known [Smack Project][8] for security, and also incorporates Tizen’s [Cynara][9] safe policy-checker service. A Cynara-enabled D-Bus daemon is used to control Cynara security policies.
-
-Porter and Murray went on to explain AGL’s API binding mechanism, which according to Murray “abstracts the UI from its back-end logic so you can replace it with your own custom UI.” You can re-use application logic with different UI implementations, such as moving from the default Qt to HTML5 or a native toolkit. Application binding requests and responses use JSON via HTTP or WebSocket. Binding calls can be made from applications or from other bindings, thereby enabling “stacking” of bindings.
-
-Porter and Murray concluded with a detailed description of each binding. These include upstream bindings currently in various stages of development. The first is a Master binding that manages the application lifecycle, including tasks such as install, uninstall, start, and terminate. Other upstream bindings include the WiFi binding and the BlueZ-based Bluetooth binding, which in the future will be upgraded with Bluetooth [PBAP][10] (Phone Book Access Profile). PBAP can connect with contacts databases on your phone, and links to the Telephony binding to replicate caller ID.
-
-The oFono-based Telephony binding also makes calls to the Bluetooth binding for Bluetooth Hands-Free-Profile (HFP) support. In the future, Telephony binding will add support for sent dial tones, call waiting, call forwarding, and voice modem support.
-
-Support for AM/FM radio is not well developed in the Linux world, so for its Radio binding, AGL started by supporting [RTL-SDR][11] code for low-end radio dongles. Future plans call for supporting specific automotive tuner devices.
-
-The MediaPlayer binding is in very early development, and is currently limited to GStreamer based audio playback and control. Future plans call for adding playlist controls, as well as one of the most actively sought features among manufacturers: video playback support.
-
-Location bindings include the [gpsd][12] based GPS binding, as well as GeoClue and GeoFence. GeoClue, which is built around the [GeoClue][13] D-Bus geolocation service, “overlaps a little with GPS, which uses the same location data,” says Porter. GeoClue also gathers location data from WiFi AP databases, 3G/4G tower info, and the GeoIP database — sources that are useful “if you’re inside or don’t have a good fix,” he added.
-
-GeoFence depends on the GPS binding, as well. It lets you establish a bounding box, and then track ingress and egress events. GeoFence also tracks “dwell” status, which is determined by arriving at home and staying for 10 minutes. “It then triggers some behavior based on a timeout,” said Porter. Future plans call for a customizable dwell transition time.
-
-While most of these Upstream bindings are well established, there are also Work in Progress (WIP) bindings that are still in the early stages, including CAN, HomeScreen, and WindowManager bindings. Farther out, there are plans to add speech recognition and text-to-speech bindings, as well as a WWAN modem binding.
-
-In conclusion, Porter noted: “Like any open source project, we desperately need more developers.” The Automotive Grade Linux project may seem peripheral to some developers, but it offers a nice mix of familiarity — grounded in many widely used open source projects -- along with the excitement of expanding into a new and potentially game changing computing form factor: your automobile. AGL has also demonstrated success — you can now [check out AGL in action in the 2018 Toyota Camry][14], followed in the coming month by most Toyota and Lexus vehicles sold in North America.
-
-Watch the complete video below:
-
-[视频][15]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.linux.com/blog/event/elce/2017/11/inside-agl-familiar-open-source-components-ease-learning-curve
-
-作者：[ ERIC BROWN][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/ericstephenbrown
-[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/linux-foundation
-[2]:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbzoR-pLrL6pISWAq-1cXP4_UZAyRtesk
-[3]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfwEmjSjAzM&index=14&list=PLbzoR-pLrL6pISWAq-1cXP4_UZAyRtesk
-[4]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/porter-elce-aglpng
-[5]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/embedded-linux-conference-europe
-[6]:https://www.automotivelinux.org/
-[7]:https://www.linux.com/blog/2017/8/automotive-grade-linux-moves-ucb-40-launches-virtualization-workgroup
-[8]:http://schaufler-ca.com/
-[9]:https://wiki.tizen.org/Security:Cynara
-[10]:https://wiki.maemo.org/Bluetooth_PBAP
-[11]:https://www.rtl-sdr.com/about-rtl-sdr/
-[12]:http://www.catb.org/gpsd/
-[13]:https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/GeoClue/
-[14]:https://www.linux.com/blog/event/automotive-linux-summit/2017/6/linux-rolls-out-toyota-and-lexus-vehicles
-[15]:https://youtu.be/RgI-g5h1t8I
diff --git a/sources/talk/20180104 How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader.md b/sources/talk/20180104 How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cd6a22162..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20180104 How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader.md
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-How allowing myself to be vulnerable made me a better leader
-======
-
-
-Conventional wisdom suggests that leadership is strong, bold, decisive. In my experience, leadership does feel like that some days.
-
-Some days leadership feels more vulnerable. Doubts creep in: Am I making good decisions? Am I the right person for this job? Am I focusing on the most important things?
-
-The trick with these moments is to talk about these moments. When we keep them secret, our insecurity only grows. Being an open leader means pushing our vulnerability into the spotlight. Only then can we seek comfort from others who have experienced similar moments.
-
-To demonstrate how this works, I'll share a story.
-
-### A nagging question
-
-If you work in the tech industry, you'll note an obvious focus on creating [an organization that's inclusive][1]--a place for diversity to flourish. Long story short: I thought I was a "diversity hire," someone hired because of my gender, not my ability. Even after more than 15 years in the industry, with all of the focus on diversity in hiring, that possibility got under my skin. Along came the doubts: Was I hired because I was the best person for the job--or because I was a woman? After years of knowing I was hired because I was the best person, the fact that I was female suddenly seemed like it was more interesting to potential employers.
-
-I rationalized that it didn't matter why I was hired; I knew I was the best person for the job and would prove it. I worked hard, delivered results, made mistakes, learned, and did everything an employer would want from an employee.
-
-And yet the "diversity hire" question nagged. I couldn't shake it. I avoided the subject like the plague and realized that not talking about it was a signal that I had no choice but to deal with it. If I continued to avoid the subject, it was going to affect my work. And that's the last thing I wanted.
-
-### Speaking up
-
-Talking about diversity and inclusion can be awkward. So many factors enter into the decision to open up:
-
- * Can we trust our co-workers with a vulnerable moment?
- * Can a leader of a team be too vulnerable?
- * What if I overstep? Do I damage my career?
-
-
-
-In my case, I ended up at a lunch Q&A session with an executive who's a leader in many areas of the organization--especially candid conversations. A coworker asked the "Was I a diversity hire?" question. He stopped and spent a significant amount of time talking about this question to a room full of women. I'm not going to recount the entire discussion here; I will share the most salient point: If you know you're qualified for the job and you know the interview went well, don't doubt the outcome. Anyone who questions whether you're a diversity hire has their own questions to answer. You don't have to go on their journey.
-
-Mic drop.
-
-I wish I could say that I stopped thinking about this topic. I didn't. The question lingered: What if I am the exception to the rule? What if I was the one diversity hire? I realized that I couldn't avoid the nagging question.
-
-Because I had the courage to be vulnerable--to go there with my question--I had the burden of my secret question lifted.
-
-A few weeks later I had a one-on-one with the executive. At the end of conversation, I mentioned that, as a woman, I appreciate his candid conversations about diversity and inclusion. It's easier to talk about these topics when a recognized leader is willing to have the conversation. I also returned to the "Was I a diversity hire? question. He didn't hesitate: We talked. At the end of the conversation, I realized that I was hungry to talk about these things that require bravery; I only needed a nudge and someone who cared enough to talk and listen.
-
-Because I had the courage to be vulnerable--to go there with my question--I had the burden of my secret question lifted. Feeling physically lighter, I started to have constructive conversations around the questions of implicit bias, what we can do to be inclusive, and what diversity looks like. As I've learned, every person has a different answer when I ask the diversity question. I wouldn't have gotten to have all of these amazing conversations if I'd stayed stuck with my secret.
-
-I had courage to talk, and I hope you will too.
-
-Let's talk about these things that hold us back in terms of our ability to lead so we can be more open leaders in every sense of the phrase. Has allowing yourself to be vulnerable made you a better leader?
-
-### About The Author
-
-Angela Robertson;Angela Robertson Works As A Senior Manager At Microsoft. She Works With An Amazing Team Of People Passionate About Community Contributions;Engaged In Open Organizations. Before Joining Microsoft;Angela Worked At Red Hat
-
-
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/17/12/how-allowing-myself-be-vulnerable-made-me-better-leader
-
-作者：[Angela Robertson][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://opensource.com/users/arobertson98
-[1]:https://opensource.com/open-organization/17/9/building-for-inclusivity
diff --git a/sources/talk/20180117 How technology changes the rules for doing agile.md b/sources/talk/20180117 How technology changes the rules for doing agile.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b67935509..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20180117 How technology changes the rules for doing agile.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-How technology changes the rules for doing agile
-======
-
-
-
-More companies are trying agile and [DevOps][1] for a clear reason: Businesses want more speed and more experiments - which lead to innovations and competitive advantage. DevOps helps you gain that speed. But doing DevOps in a small group or startup and doing it at scale are two very different things. Any of us who've worked in a cross-functional group of 10 people, come up with a great solution to a problem, and then tried to apply the same patterns across a team of 100 people know the truth: It often doesn't work. This path has been so hard, in fact, that it has been easy for IT leaders to put off agile methodology for another year.
-
-But that time is over. If you've tried and stalled, it's time to jump back in.
-
-Until now, DevOps required customized answers for many organizations - lots of tweaks and elbow grease. But today, [Linux containers ][2]and Kubernetes are fueling standardization of DevOps tools and processes. That standardization will only accelerate. The technology we are using to practice the DevOps way of working has finally caught up with our desire to move faster.
-
-Linux containers and [Kubernetes][3] are changing the way teams interact. Moreover, on the Kubernetes platform, you can run any application you now run on Linux. What does that mean? You can run a tremendous number of enterprise apps (and handle even previously vexing coordination issues between Windows and Linux.) Finally, containers and Kubernetes will handle almost all of what you'll run tomorrow. They're being future-proofed to handle machine learning, AI, and analytics workloads - the next wave of problem-solving tools.
-
-**[ See our related article,[4 container adoption patterns: What you need to know. ] ][4]**
-
-Think about machine learning, for example. Today, people still find the patterns in much of an enterprise's data. When machines find the patterns (think machine learning), your people will be able to act on them faster. With the addition of AI, machines can not only find but also act on patterns. Today, with people doing everything, three weeks is an aggressive software development sprint cycle. With AI, machines can change code multiple times per second. Startups will use that capability - to disrupt you.
-
-Consider how fast you have to be to compete. If you can't make a leap of faith now to DevOps and a one week cycle, think of what will happen when that startup points its AI-fueled process at you. It's time to move to the DevOps way of working now, or get left behind as your competitors do.
-
-### How are containers changing how teams work?
-
-DevOps has frustrated many groups trying to scale this way of working to a bigger group. Many IT (and business) people are suspicious of agile: They've heard it all before - languages, frameworks, and now models (like DevOps), all promising to revolutionize application development and IT process.
-
-**[ Want DevOps advice from other CIOs? See our comprehensive resource, [DevOps: The IT Leader's Guide][5]. ]**
-
-It's not easy to "sell" quick development sprints to your stakeholders, either. Imagine if you bought a house this way. You're not going to pay a fixed amount to your builder anymore. Instead, you get something like: "We'll pour the foundation in 4 weeks and it will cost x. Then we'll frame. Then we'll do electrical. But we only know the timing on the foundation right now." People are used to buying homes with a price up front and a schedule.
-
-The challenge is that building software is not like building a house. The same builder builds thousands of houses that are all the same. Software projects are never the same. This is your first hurdle to get past.
-
-Dev and operations teams really do work differently: I know because I've worked on both sides. We incent them differently. Developers are rewarded for changing and creating, while operations pros are rewarded for reducing cost and ensuring security. We put them in different groups and generally minimize interaction. And the roles typically attract technical people who think quite differently. This situation sets IT up to fail. You have to be willing to break down these barriers.
-
-Think of what has traditionally happened. You throw pieces over the wall, then the business throws requirements over the wall because they are operating in "house-buying" mode: "We'll see you in 9 months." Developers build to those requirements and make changes as needed for technical constraints. Then they throw it over the wall to operations to "figure out how to run this." Operations then works diligently to make a slew of changes to align the software with their infrastructure. And what's the end result?
-
-More often than not, the end result isn't even recognizable to the business when they see it in its final glory. We've watched this pattern play out time and time again in our industry for the better part of two decades. It's time for a change.
-
-It's Linux containers that truly crack the problem - because containers close the gap between development and operations. They allow both teams to understand and design to all of the critical requirements, but still uniquely fulfill their team's responsibilities. Basically, we take out the telephone game between developers and operations. With containers, we can have smaller operations teams, even teams responsible for millions of applications, but development teams that can change software as quickly as needed. (In larger organizations, the desired pace may be faster than humans can respond on the operations side.)
-
-With containers, you're separating what is delivered from where it runs. Your operations teams are responsible for the host that will run the containers and the security footprint, and that's all. What does this mean?
-
-First, it means you can get going on DevOps now, with the team you have. That's right. Keep teams focused on the expertise they already have: With containers, just teach them the bare minimum of the required integration dependencies.
-
-If you try and retrain everyone, no one will be that good at anything. Containers let teams interact, but alongside a strong boundary, built around each team's strengths. Your devs know what needs to be consumed, but don't need to know how to make it run at scale. Ops teams know the core infrastructure, but don't need to know the minutiae of the app. Also, Ops teams can update apps to address new security implications, before you become the next trending data breach story.
-
-Teaching a large IT organization of say 30,000 people both ops and devs skills? It would take you a decade. You don't have that kind of time.
-
-When people talk about "building new, cloud-native apps will get us out of this problem," think critically. You can build cloud-native apps in 10-person teams, but that doesn't scale for a Fortune 1000 company. You can't just build new microservices one by one until you're somehow not reliant on your existing team: You'll end up with a siloed organization. It's an alluring idea, but you can't count on these apps to redefine your business. I haven't met a company that could fund parallel development at this scale and succeed. IT budgets are already constrained; doubling or tripling them for an extended period of time just isn't realistic.
-
-### When the remarkable happens: Hello, velocity
-
-Linux containers were made to scale. Once you start to do so, [orchestration tools like Kubernetes come into play][6] - because you'll need to run thousands of containers. Applications won't consist of just a single container, they will depend on many different pieces, all running on containers, all running as a unit. If they don't, your apps won't run well in production.
-
-Think of how many small gears and levers come together to run your business: The same is true for any application. Developers are responsible for all the pulleys and levers in the application. (You could have an integration nightmare if developers don't own those pieces.) At the same time, your operations team is responsible for all the pulleys and levers that make up your infrastructure, whether on-premises or in the cloud. With Kubernetes as an abstraction, your operations team can give the application the fuel it needs to run - without being experts on all those pieces.
-
-Developers get to experiment. The operations team keeps infrastructure secure and reliable. This combination opens up the business to take small risks that lead to innovation. Instead of having to make only a couple of bet-the-farm size bets, real experimentation happens inside the company, incrementally and quickly.
-
-In my experience, this is where the remarkable happens inside organizations: Because people say "How do we change planning to actually take advantage of this ability to experiment?" It forces agile planning.
-
-For example, KeyBank, which uses a DevOps model, containers, and Kubernetes, now deploys code every day. (Watch this [video][7] in which John Rzeszotarski, director of Continuous Delivery and Feedback at KeyBank, explains the change.) Similarly, Macquarie Bank uses DevOps and containers to put something in production every day.
-
-Once you push software every day, it changes every aspect of how you plan - and [accelerates the rate of change to the business][8]. "An idea can get to a customer in a day," says Luis Uguina, CDO of Macquarie's banking and financial services group. (See this [case study][9] on Red Hat's work with Macquarie Bank).
-
-### The right time to build something great
-
-The Macquarie example demonstrates the power of velocity. How would that change your approach to your business? Remember, Macquarie is not a startup. This is the type of disruptive power that CIOs face, not only from new market entrants but also from established peers.
-
-The developer freedom also changes the talent equation for CIOs running agile shops. Suddenly, individuals within huge companies (even those not in the hottest industries or geographies) can have great impact. Macquarie uses this dynamic as a recruiting tool, promising developers that all new hires will push something live within the first week.
-
-At the same time, in this day of cloud-based compute and storage power, we have more infrastructure available than ever. That's fortunate, considering the [leaps that machine learning and AI tools will soon enable][10].
-
-This all adds up to this being the right time to build something great. Given the pace of innovation in the market, you need to keep building great things to keep customers loyal. So if you've been waiting to place your bet on DevOps, now is the right time. Containers and Kubernetes have changed the rules - in your favor.
-
-**Want more wisdom like this, IT leaders? [Sign up for our weekly email newsletter][11].**
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2018/1/how-technology-changes-rules-doing-agile
-
-作者：[Matt Hicks][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://enterprisersproject.com/user/matt-hicks
-[1]:https://enterprisersproject.com/tags/devops
-[2]:https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/containers?intcmp=701f2000000tjyaAAA
-[3]:https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/containers/what-is-kubernetes?intcmp=701f2000000tjyaAAA
-[4]:https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2017/8/4-container-adoption-patterns-what-you-need-know?sc_cid=70160000000h0aXAAQ
-[5]:https://enterprisersproject.com/devops?sc_cid=70160000000h0aXAAQ
-[6]:https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2017/11/how-enterprise-it-uses-kubernetes-tame-container-complexity
-[7]:https://www.redhat.com/en/about/videos/john-rzeszotarski-keybank-red-hat-summit-2017?intcmp=701f2000000tjyaAAA
-[8]:https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2017/11/dear-cios-stop-beating-yourselves-being-behind-transformation
-[9]:https://www.redhat.com/en/resources/macquarie-bank-case-study?intcmp=701f2000000tjyaAAA
-[10]:https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2018/1/4-ai-trends-watch
-[11]:https://enterprisersproject.com/email-newsletter?intcmp=701f2000000tsjPAAQ
diff --git a/sources/talk/20180604 10 principles of resilience for women in tech.md b/sources/talk/20180604 10 principles of resilience for women in tech.md
index e5d6b09401..be1960d0c9 100644
--- a/sources/talk/20180604 10 principles of resilience for women in tech.md
+++ b/sources/talk/20180604 10 principles of resilience for women in tech.md
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-XYenChi is translating
10 principles of resilience for women in tech
======
diff --git a/sources/talk/20180629 Reflecting on the GPLv3 license for its 11th anniversary.md b/sources/talk/20180629 Reflecting on the GPLv3 license for its 11th anniversary.md
deleted file mode 100644
index af352aefe1..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20180629 Reflecting on the GPLv3 license for its 11th anniversary.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-Reflecting on the GPLv3 license for its 11th anniversary
-======
-
-
-
-Last year, I missed the opportunity to write about the 10th anniversary of [GPLv3][1], the third version of the GNU General Public License. GPLv3 was officially released by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) on June 29, 2007—better known in technology history as the date Apple launched the iPhone. Now, one year later, I feel some retrospection on GPLv3 is due. For me, much of what is interesting about GPLv3 goes back somewhat further than 11 years, to the public drafting process in which I was an active participant.
-
-In 2005, following nearly a decade of enthusiastic self-immersion in free software, yet having had little open source legal experience to speak of, I was hired by Eben Moglen to join the Software Freedom Law Center as counsel. SFLC was then outside counsel to the FSF, and my role was conceived as focusing on the incipient public phase of the GPLv3 drafting process. This opportunity rescued me from a previous career turn that I had found rather dissatisfying. Free and open source software (FOSS) legal matters would come to be my new specialty, one that I found fascinating, gratifying, and intellectually rewarding. My work at SFLC, and particularly the trial by fire that was my work on GPLv3, served as my on-the-job training.
-
-GPLv3 must be understood as the product of an earlier era of FOSS, the contours of which may be difficult for some to imagine today. By the beginning of the public drafting process in 2006, Linux and open source were no longer practically synonymous, as they might have been for casual observers several years earlier, but the connection was much closer than it is now.
-
-Reflecting the profound impact that Linux was already having on the technology industry, everyone assumed GPL version 2 was the dominant open source licensing model. We were seeing the final shakeout of a Cambrian explosion of open source (and pseudo-open source) business models. A frothy business-fueled hype surrounded open source (for me most memorably typified by the Open Source Business Conference) that bears little resemblance to the present-day embrace of open source development by the software engineering profession. Microsoft, with its expanding patent portfolio and its competitive opposition to Linux, was commonly seen in the FOSS community as an existential threat, and the [SCO litigation][2] had created a cloud of legal risk around Linux and the GPL that had not quite dissipated.
-
-That environment necessarily made the drafting of GPLv3 a high-stakes affair, unprecedented in free software history. Lawyers at major technology companies and top law firms scrambled for influence over the license, convinced that GPLv3 was bound to take over and thoroughly reshape open source and all its massive associated business investment.
-
-A similar mindset existed within the technical community; it can be detected in the fears expressed in the final paragraph of the Linux kernel developers' momentous September 2006 [denunciation][3] of GPLv3. Those of us close to the FSF knew a little better, but I think we assumed the new license would be either an overwhelming success or a resounding failure—where "success" meant something approximating an upgrade of the existing GPLv2 project ecosystem to GPLv3, though perhaps without the kernel. The actual outcome was something in the middle.
-
-I have no confidence in attempts to measure open source license adoption, which have in recent years typically been used to demonstrate a loss of competitive advantage for copyleft licensing. My own experience, which is admittedly distorted by proximity to Linux and my work at Red Hat, suggests that GPLv3 has enjoyed moderate popularity as a license choice for projects launched since 2007, though most GPLv2 projects that existed before 2007, along with their post-2007 offshoots, remained on the old license. (GPLv3's sibling licenses LGPLv3 and AGPLv3 never gained comparable popularity.) Most of the existing GPLv2 projects (with a few notable exceptions like the kernel and Busybox) were licensed as "GPLv2 or any later version." The technical community decided early on that "GPLv2 or later" was a politically neutral license choice that embraced both GPLv2 and GPLv3; this goes some way to explain why adoption of GPLv3 was somewhat gradual and limited, especially within the Linux community.
-
-During the GPLv3 drafting process, some expressed concerns about a "balkanized" Linux ecosystem, whether because of the overhead of users having to understand two different, strong copyleft licenses or because of GPLv2/GPLv3 incompatibility. These fears turned out to be entirely unfounded. Within mainstream server and workstation Linux stacks, the two licenses have peacefully coexisted for a decade now. This is partly because such stacks are made up of separate units of strong copyleft scope (see my discussion of [related issues in the container setting][4]). As for incompatibility inside units of strong copyleft scope, here, too, the prevalence of "GPLv2 or later" was seen by the technical community as neatly resolving the theoretical problem, despite the fact that nominal license upgrading of GPLv2-or-later to GPLv3 hardly ever occurred.
-
-I have alluded to the handwringing that some of us FOSS license geeks have brought to the topic of supposed copyleft decline. GPLv3 has taken its share of abuse from critics as far back as the beginning of the public drafting process, and some, predictably, have drawn a link between GPLv3 in particular and GPL or copyleft disfavor in general.
-
-I have viewed it somewhat differently: Largely because of its complexity and baroqueness, GPLv3 was a lost opportunity to create a strong copyleft license that would appeal very broadly to modern individual software authors and corporate licensors. I believe individual developers today tend to prefer short, simple, easy to understand, minimalist licenses, the most obvious example of which is the [MIT License][5].
-
-Some corporate decisionmakers around open source license selection may naturally share that view, while others may associate some parts of GPLv3, such as the patent provisions or the anti-lockdown requirements, as too risky or incompatible with their business models. The great irony is that the characteristics of GPLv3 that fail to attract these groups are there in part because of conscious attempts to make the license appeal to these same sorts of interests.
-
-How did GPLv3 come to be so baroque? As I have said, GPLv3 was the product of an earlier time, in which FOSS licenses were viewed as the primary instruments of project governance. (Today, we tend to associate governance with other kinds of legal or quasi-legal tools, such as structuring of nonprofit organizations, rules around project decision making, codes of conduct, and contributor agreements.)
-
-GPLv3, in its drafting, was the high point of an optimistic view of FOSS licenses as ambitious means of private regulation. This was already true of GPLv2, but GPLv3 took things further by addressing in detail a number of new policy problems—software patents, anti-circumvention laws, device lockdown. That was bound to make the license longer and more complex than GPLv2, as the FSF and SFLC noted apologetically in the first GPLv3 [rationale document][6].
-
-But a number of other factors at play in the drafting of GPLv3 unintentionally caused the complexity of the license to grow. Lawyers representing vendors' and commercial users' interests provided useful suggestions for improvements from a legal and commercial perspective, but these often took the form of making simply worded provisions more verbose, arguably without net increases in clarity. Responses to feedback from the technical community, typically identifying loopholes in license provisions, had a similar effect.
-
-The GPLv3 drafters also famously got entangled in a short-term political crisis—the controversial [Microsoft/Novell deal][7] of 2006—resulting in the permanent addition of new and unusual conditions in the patent section of the license, which arguably served little purpose after 2007 other than to make license compliance harder for conscientious patent-holding vendors. Of course, some of the complexity in GPLv3 was simply the product of well-intended attempts to make compliance easier, especially for community project developers, or to codify FSF interpretive practice. Finally, one can take issue with the style of language used in GPLv3, much of which had a quality of playful parody or mockery of conventional software license legalese; a simpler, straightforward form of phrasing would in many cases have been an improvement.
-
-The complexity of GPLv3 and the movement towards preferring brevity and simplicity in license drafting and unambitious license policy objectives meant that the substantive text of GPLv3 would have little direct influence on later FOSS legal drafting. But, as I noted with surprise and [delight][8] back in 2012, MPL 2.0 adapted two parts of GPLv3: the 30-day cure and 60-day repose language from the GPLv3 termination provision, and the assurance that downstream upgrading to a later license version adds no new obligations on upstream licensors.
-
-The GPLv3 cure language has come to have a major impact, particularly over the past year. Following the Software Freedom Conservancy's promulgation, with the FSF's support, of the [Principles of Community-Oriented GPL Enforcement][9], which calls for extending GPLv3 cure opportunities to GPLv2 violations, the Linux Foundation Technical Advisory Board published a [statement][10], endorsed by over a hundred Linux kernel developers, which incorporates verbatim the cure language of GPLv3. This in turn was followed by a Red Hat-led series of [corporate commitments][11] to extend the GPLv3 cure provisions to GPLv2 and LGPLv2.x noncompliance, a campaign to get individual open source developers to extend the same commitment, and an announcement by Red Hat that henceforth GPLv2 and LGPLv2.x projects it leads will use the commitment language directly in project repositories. I discussed these developments in a recent [blog post][12].
-
-One lasting contribution of GPLv3 concerns changed expectations for how revisions of widely-used FOSS licenses are done. It is no longer acceptable for such licenses to be revised entirely in private, without opportunity for comment from the community and without efforts to consult key stakeholders. The drafting of MPL 2.0 and, more recently, EPL 2.0 reflects this new norm.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/gplv3-anniversary
-
-作者：[Richard Fontana][a]
-选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://opensource.com/users/fontana
-[1]:https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html
-[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes
-[3]:https://lwn.net/Articles/200422/
-[4]:https://opensource.com/article/18/1/containers-gpl-and-copyleft
-[5]:https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-[6]:http://gplv3.fsf.org/gpl-rationale-2006-01-16.html
-[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell#Agreement_with_Microsoft
-[8]:https://opensource.com/law/12/1/the-new-mpl
-[9]:https://sfconservancy.org/copyleft-compliance/principles.html
-[10]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.16/process/kernel-enforcement-statement.html
-[11]:https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/technology-industry-leaders-join-forces-increase-predictability-open-source-licensing
-[12]:https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/gpl-cooperation-commitment-and-red-hat-projects?source=author&term=26851
diff --git a/sources/talk/20180720 A brief history of text-based games and open source.md b/sources/talk/20180720 A brief history of text-based games and open source.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2b8728fb39..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20180720 A brief history of text-based games and open source.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-A brief history of text-based games and open source
-======
-
-
-
-The [Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation][1] (IFTF) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and improvement of technologies enabling the digital art form we call interactive fiction. When a Community Moderator for Opensource.com suggested an article about IFTF, the technologies and services it supports, and how it all intersects with open source, I found it a novel angle to the decades-long story I’ve so often told. The history of IF is longer than—but quite enmeshed with—the modern FOSS movement. I hope you’ll enjoy my sharing it here.
-
-### Definitions and history
-
-To me, the term interactive fiction includes any video game or digital artwork whose audience interacts with it primarily through text. The term originated in the 1980s when parser-driven text adventure games—epitomized in the United States by [Zork][2], [The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy][3], and the rest of [Infocom][4]’s canon—defined home-computer entertainment. Its mainstream commercial viability had guttered by the 1990s, but online hobbyist communities carried on the tradition, releasing both games and game-creation tools.
-
-After a quarter century, interactive fiction now comprises a broad and sparkling variety of work, from puzzle-laden text adventures to sprawling and introspective hypertexts. Regular online competitions and festivals provide a great place to peruse and play new work: The English-language IF world enjoys annual events including [Spring Thing][5] and [IFComp][6], the latter a centerpiece of modern IF since 1995—which also makes it the longest-lived continually running game showcase event of its kind in any genre. [IFComp’s crop of judged-and-ranked entries from 2017][7] shows the amazing diversity in form, style, and subject matter that text-based games boast today.
-
-(I specify "English-language" above because IF communities tend to self-segregate by language, perhaps due to the technology's focus on writing. There are also annual IF events in [French][8] and [Italian][9], for example, and I've heard of at least one Chinese IF festival. Happily, these borders are porous; during the four years I managed IFComp, it has welcomed English-translated work from all international communities.)
-
-![counterfeit monkey game screenshot][11]
-
-Starting a new game of Emily Short's "Counterfeit Monkey," running on the interpreter Lectrote (both open source software).
-
-Also due to its focus on text, IF presents some of the most accessible platforms for both play and authorship. Almost anyone who can read digital text—including users of assistive technology such as text-to-speech software—can play most IF works. Likewise, IF creation is open to all writers willing to learn and work with its tools and techniques.
-
-This brings us to IF’s long relationship with open source, which has helped enable the art form’s availability since its commercial heyday. I'll provide an overview of contemporary open-source IF creation tools, and then discuss the ancient and sometimes curious tradition of IF works that share their source code.
-
-### The world of open source IF tools
-
-A number of development platforms, most of which are open source, are available to create traditional parser-driven IF in which the user types commands—for example, `go north,` `get lamp`, `pet the cat`, or `ask Zoe about quantum mechanics`—to interact with the game’s world. The early 1990s saw the emergence of several hacker-friendly parser-game development kits; those still in use today include [TADS][12], [Alan][13], and [Quest][14]—all open, with the latter two bearing FOSS licenses.
-
-But by far the most prominent of these is [Inform][15], first released by Graham Nelson in 1993 and now maintained by a team Nelson still leads. Inform source is semi-open, in an unusual fashion: Inform 6, the previous major version, [makes its source available through the Artistic License][16]. This has more immediate relevance than may be obvious, since the otherwise proprietary Inform 7 holds Inform 6 at its core, translating its [remarkable natural-language syntax][17] into its predecessor’s more C-like code before letting it compile the work down into machine code.
-
-![inform 7 IDE screenshot][19]
-
-The Inform 7 IDE, loaded up with documentation and a sample project.
-
-Inform games run on a virtual machine, a relic of the Infocom era when that publisher targeted a VM so that it could write a single game that would run on Apple II, Commodore 64, Atari 800, and other flavors of the "[home computer][20]." Fewer popular operating systems exist today, but Inform’s virtual machines—the relatively modern [Glulx][21] or the charmingly antique [Z-machine][22], a reverse-engineered clone of Infocom’s historical VM—let Inform-created work run on any computer with an Inform interpreter. Currently, popular cross-platform interpreters include desktop programs like [Lectrote][23] and [Gargoyle][24] or browser-based ones like [Quixe][25] and [Parchment][26]. All are open source.
-
-If the pace of Inform’s development has slowed in its maturity, it remains vital through an active and transparent ecosystem—just like any other popular open source project. In Inform’s case, this includes the aforementioned interpreters, [a collection of language extensions][27] (usually written in a mix of Inform 6 and 7), and of course, all the work created with it and shared with the world, sometimes with source included (I’ll return to that topic later in this article).
-
-IF creation tools invented in the 21st century tend to explore player interactions outside of the traditional parser, generating hypertext-driven work that any modern web browser can load. Chief among these is [Twine][28], originally developed by Chris Klimas in 2009 and under active development by many contributors today as [a GNU-licensed open source project][29]. (In fact, [Twine][30] can trace its OSS lineage back to [TiddlyWiki][31], the project from which Klimas initially derived it.)
-
-Twine represents a sort of maximally [open and accessible approach][30] to IF development: Beyond its own FOSS nature, it renders its output as self-contained websites, relying not on machine code requiring further specialized interpretation but the open and well-exercised standards of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. As a creative tool, Twine can match its own exposed complexity to the creator’s skill level. Users with little or no programming knowledge can create simple but playable IF work, while those with more coding and design skills—including those developing these skills by making Twine games—can develop more sophisticated projects. Little wonder that Twine’s visibility and popularity in educational contexts has grown quite a bit in recent years.
-
-Other noteworthy open source IF development projects include the MIT-licensed [Undum][32] by Ian Millington, and [ChoiceScript][33] by Dan Fabulich and the [Choice of Games][34] team—both of which also target the web browser as the gameplay platform. Looking beyond strict development systems like these, web-based IF gives us a rich and ever-churning ecosystem of open source work, such as furkle’s [collection of Twine-extending tools][35] and Liza Daly’s [Windrift][36], a JavaScript framework purpose-built for her own IF games.
-
-### Programs, games, and game-programs
-
-Twine benefits from [a standing IFTF program dedicated to its support][37], allowing the public to help fund its maintenance and development. IFTF also directly supports two long-time public services, IFComp and the IF Archive, both of which depend upon and contribute back into open software and technologies.
-
-![Harmonia opening screen shot][39]
-
-The opening of Liza Daly's "Harmonia," created with the Windrift open source IF-creation framework.
-
-The Perl- and JavaScript-based application that runs the IFComp’s website has been [a shared-source project][40] since 2014, and it reflects [the stew of FOSS licenses used by its IF-specific sub-components][41], including the various code libraries that allow parser-driven competition entries to run in a web browser. [The IF Archive][42]—online since 1992 and [an IFTF project since 2017][43]—is a set of mirrored repositories based entirely on ancient and stable internet standards, with [a little open source Python script][44] to handle indexing.
-
-### At last, the fun part: Let's talk about open source text games
-
-The bulk of the archive [comprises games][45], of course—years and years of games, reflecting decades of evolving game-design trends and IF tool development.
-
-Lots of IF work shares its source code, and the community’s quick-start solution for finding it is simple: [Search the IFDB for the tag "source available"][46]. (The IFDB is yet another long-running IF community service, run privately by TADS creator Mike Roberts.) Users who are comfortable with a more bare-bones interface may also wish to browse [the `/games/source` directory][47] of the IF Archive, which groups content by development platform and written language (there's also a lot of work either too miscellaneous or too ancient to categorize floating at the top).
-
-A little bit of random sampling of these code-sharing games reveals an interesting dilemma: Unlike the wider world of open source software, the IF community lacks a generally agreed-upon way of licensing all the code that it generates. Unlike a software tool—including all the tools we use to build IF—an interactive fiction game is a work of art in the most literal sense, meaning that an open source license intended for software would fit it no better than it would any other work of prose or poetry. But then again, an IF game is also a piece of software, and it exhibits source-code patterns and techniques that its creator may legitimately wish to share with the world. What is an open source-aware IF creator to do?
-
-Some games address this by passing their code into the public domain, either through explicit license or—as in the case of [the original 42-year-old Adventure by Crowther and Woods][48]—through community fiat. Some try to split the difference, rolling their own license that allows for free re-use of a game’s exposed business logic but prohibits the creation of work derived specifically from its prose. This is the tack I took when I opened up the source of my own game, [The Warbler’s Nest][49]. Lord knows how well that’d stand up in court, but I didn’t have any better ideas at the time.
-
-Naturally, you can find work that simply puts everything under a single common license and never mind the naysayers. A prominent example is [Emily Short’s epic Counterfeit Monkey][50], released in its entirety under a Creative Commons 4.0 license. [CC frowns at its application to code][51], but you could argue that [the strangely prose-like nature of Inform 7 source][52] makes it at least a little more compatible with a CC license than a more traditional software project would be.
-
-### What now, adventurer?
-
-If you are eager to start exploring the world of interactive fiction, here are a few links to check out:
-
-
-+ As mentioned above, IFDB and the IF Archive both present browsable interfaces to more than 40 years worth of collected interactive fiction work. Much of this is playable in a web browser, but some require additional interpreter programs. IFDB can help you find and install these.
-
- IFComp’s annual results pages provide another view into the best of this free and archive-available work.
-
-+ The Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation is a charitable non-profit organization that helps support Twine, IFComp, and the IF Archive, as well as improve the accessibility of IF, explore IF’s use in education, and more. Join its mailing list to receive IFTF’s monthly newsletter, peruse its blog, and browse some thematic merchandise.
-
-+ John Paul Wohlscheid wrote this article about open-source IF tools earlier this year. It covers some platforms not mentioned here, so if you’re still hungry for more, have a look.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/interactive-fiction-tools
-
-作者：[Jason Mclntosh][a]
-选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jmac
-[1]:http://iftechfoundation.org/
-[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zork
-[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(video_game)
-[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infocom
-[5]:http://www.springthing.net/
-[6]:http://ifcomp.org/
-[7]:https://ifcomp.org/comp/2017
-[8]:http://www.fiction-interactive.fr/
-[9]:http://www.oldgamesitalia.net/content/marmellata-davventura-2018
-[10]:/file/403396
-[11]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/monkey.png (counterfeit monkey game screenshot)
-[12]:http://tads.org/
-[13]:https://www.alanif.se/
-[14]:http://textadventures.co.uk/quest/
-[15]:http://inform7.com/
-[16]:https://github.com/DavidKinder/Inform6
-[17]:http://inform7.com/learn/man/RB_4_1.html#e307
-[18]:/file/403386
-[19]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/inform.png (inform 7 IDE screenshot)
-[20]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu55q_3YtOY
-[21]:http://ifwiki.org/index.php/Glulx
-[22]:http://ifwiki.org/index.php/Z-machine
-[23]:https://github.com/erkyrath/lectrote
-[24]:https://github.com/garglk/garglk/
-[25]:http://eblong.com/zarf/glulx/quixe/
-[26]:https://github.com/curiousdannii/parchment
-[27]:https://github.com/i7/extensions
-[28]:http://twinery.org/
-[29]:https://github.com/klembot/twinejs
-[30]:/article/18/7/twine-vs-renpy-interactive-fiction
-[31]:https://tiddlywiki.com/
-[32]:https://github.com/idmillington/undum
-[33]:https://github.com/dfabulich/choicescript
-[34]:https://www.choiceofgames.com/
-[35]:https://github.com/furkle
-[36]:https://github.com/lizadaly/windrift
-[37]:http://iftechfoundation.org/committees/twine/
-[38]:/file/403391
-[39]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/harmonia.png (Harmonia opening screen shot)
-[40]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifcomp
-[41]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifcomp/blob/master/LICENSE.md
-[42]:https://www.ifarchive.org/
-[43]:http://blog.iftechfoundation.org/2017-06-30-iftf-is-adopting-the-if-archive.html
-[44]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifarchive-ifmap-py
-[45]:https://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXgames
-[46]:http://ifdb.tads.org/search?sortby=ratu&searchfor=%22source+available%22
-[47]:https://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXgamesXsource.html
-[48]:http://ifdb.tads.org/viewgame?id=fft6pu91j85y4acv
-[49]:https://github.com/jmacdotorg/warblers-nest/
-[50]:https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey
-[51]:https://creativecommons.org/faq/#can-i-apply-a-creative-commons-license-to-software
-[52]:https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey/blob/master/Counterfeit%20Monkey.materials/Extensions/Counterfeit%20Monkey/Liquids.i7x
diff --git a/sources/talk/20180818 What Did Ada Lovelace-s Program Actually Do.md b/sources/talk/20180818 What Did Ada Lovelace-s Program Actually Do.md
index fc669a1a3c..8bbb651cfd 100644
--- a/sources/talk/20180818 What Did Ada Lovelace-s Program Actually Do.md
+++ b/sources/talk/20180818 What Did Ada Lovelace-s Program Actually Do.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-Northurland Translating
-
What Did Ada Lovelace's Program Actually Do?
======
The story of Microsoft’s founding is one of the most famous episodes in computing history. In 1975, Paul Allen flew out to Albuquerque to demonstrate the BASIC interpreter that he and Bill Gates had written for the Altair microcomputer. Because neither of them had a working Altair, Allen and Gates tested their interpreter using an emulator that they wrote and ran on Harvard’s computer system. The emulator was based on nothing more than the published specifications for the Intel 8080 processor. When Allen finally ran their interpreter on a real Altair—in front of the person he and Gates hoped would buy their software—he had no idea if it would work. But it did. The next month, Allen and Gates officially founded their new company.
diff --git a/sources/talk/20180904 How blockchain can complement open source.md b/sources/talk/20180904 How blockchain can complement open source.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 7712539f3f..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20180904 How blockchain can complement open source.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-How blockchain can complement open source
-======
-
-
-
-[The Cathedral and The Bazaar][1] is a classic open source story, written 20 years ago by Eric Steven Raymond. In the story, Eric describes a new revolutionary software development model where complex software projects are built without (or with a very little) central management. This new model is open source.
-
-Eric's story compares two models:
-
- * The classic model (represented by the cathedral), in which software is crafted by a small group of individuals in a closed and controlled environment through slow and stable releases.
- * And the new model (represented by the bazaar), in which software is crafted in an open environment where individuals can participate freely but still produce a stable and coherent system.
-
-
-
-Some of the reasons open source is so successful can be traced back to the founding principles Eric describes. Releasing early, releasing often, and accepting the fact that many heads are inevitably better than one allows open source projects to tap into the world’s pool of talent (and few companies can match that using the closed source model).
-
-Two decades after Eric's reflective analysis of the hacker community, we see open source becoming dominant. It is no longer a model only for scratching a developer’s personal itch, but instead, the place where innovation happens. Even the world's [largest][2] software companies are transitioning to this model in order to continue dominating.
-
-### A barter system
-
-If we look closely at how the open source model works in practice, we realize that it is a closed system, exclusive only to open source developers and techies. The only way to influence the direction of a project is by joining the open source community, understanding the written and the unwritten rules, learning how to contribute, the coding standards, etc., and doing it yourself.
-
-This is how the bazaar works, and it is where the barter system analogy comes from. A barter system is a method of exchanging services and goods in return for other services and goods. In the bazaar—where the software is built—that means in order to take something, you must also be a producer yourself and give something back in return. And that is by exchanging your time and knowledge for getting something done. A bazaar is a place where open source developers interact with other open source developers and produce open source software the open source way.
-
-The barter system is a great step forward and an evolution from the state of self-sufficiency where everybody must be a jack of all trades. The bazaar (open source model) using the barter system allows people with common interests and different skills to gather, collaborate, and create something that no individual can create on their own. The barter system is simple and lacks complex problems of the modern monetary systems, but it also has some limitations, such as:
-
- * Lack of divisibility: In the absence of a common medium of exchange, a large indivisible commodity/value cannot be exchanged for a smaller commodity/value. For example, if you want to do even a small change in an open source project, you may sometimes still need to go through a high entry barrier.
- * Storing value: If a project is important to your company, you may want to have a large investment/commitment in it. But since it is a barter system among open source developers, the only way to have a strong say is by employing many open source committers, and that is not always possible.
- * Transferring value: If you have invested in a project (trained employees, hired open source developers) and want to move focus to another project, it is not possible to transfer expertise, reputation, and influence quickly.
- * Temporal decoupling: The barter system does not provide a good mechanism for deferred or advance commitments. In the open source world, that means a user cannot express commitment or interest in a project in a measurable way in advance, or continuously for future periods.
-
-
-
-Below, we will explore how to address these limitations using the back door to the bazaar.
-
-### A currency system
-
-People are hanging at the bazaar for different reasons: Some are there to learn, some are there to scratch a personal developer's itch, and some work for large software farms. Because the only way to have a say in the bazaar is to become part of the open source community and join the barter system, in order to gain credibility in the open source world, many large software companies employ these developers and pay them in monetary value. This represents the use of a currency system to influence the bazaar. Open source is no longer only for scratching the personal developer itch. It also accounts for a significant part of the overall software production worldwide, and there are many who want to have an influence.
-
-Open source sets the guiding principles through which developers interact and build a coherent system in a distributed way. It dictates how a project is governed, how software is built, and how the output distributed to users. It is an open consensus model for decentralized entities for building quality software together. But the open source model does not cover how open source is subsidized. Whether it is sponsored, directly or indirectly, through intrinsic or extrinsic motivators is irrelevant to the bazaar.
-
-
-
-Currently, there is no equivalent of the decentralized open source development model for subsidization purposes. The majority of open source subsidization is centralized, where typically one company dominates a project by employing the majority of the open source developers of that project. And to be honest, this is currently the best-case scenario, as it guarantees that the developers will be paid for a long period and the project will continue to flourish.
-
-There are also exceptions for the project monopoly scenario: For example, some Cloud Native Computing Foundation projects are developed by a large number of competing companies. Also, the Apache Software Foundation aims for their projects not to be dominated by a single vendor by encouraging diverse contributors, but most of the popular projects, in reality, are still single-vendor projects.
-
-What we are missing is an open and decentralized model that works like the bazaar without a central coordination and ownership, where consumers (open source users) and producers (open source developers) interact with each other, driven by market forces and open source value. In order to complement open source, such a model must also be open and decentralized, and this is why I think the blockchain technology would [fit best here][3].
-
-Most of the existing blockchain (and non-blockchain) platforms that aim to subsidize open source development are targeting primarily bug bounties, small and piecemeal tasks. A few also focus on funding new open source projects. But not many aim to provide mechanisms for sustaining continued development of open source projects—basically, a system that would emulate the behavior of an open source service provider company, or open core, open source-based SaaS product company: ensuring developers get continued and predictable incentives and guiding the project development based on the priorities of the incentivizers; i.e., the users. Such a model would address the limitations of the barter system listed above:
-
- * Allow divisibility: If you want something small fixed, you can pay a small amount rather than the full premium of becoming an open source developer for a project.
- * Storing value: You can invest a large amount into a project and ensure both its continued development and that your voice is heard.
- * Transferring value: At any point, you can stop investing in the project and move funds into other projects.
- * Temporal decoupling: Allow regular recurring payments and subscriptions.
-
-
-
-There would be also other benefits, purely from the fact that such a blockchain-based system is transparent and decentralized: to quantify a project’s value/usefulness based on its users’ commitment, open roadmap commitment, decentralized decision making, etc.
-
-### Conclusion
-
-On the one hand, we see large companies hiring open source developers and acquiring open source startups and even foundational platforms (such as Microsoft buying GitHub). Many, if not most, long-running successful open source projects are centralized around a single vendor. The significance of open source and its centralization is a fact.
-
-On the other hand, the challenges around [sustaining open source][4] software are becoming more apparent, and many are investigating this space and its foundational issues more deeply. There are a few projects with high visibility and a large number of contributors, but there are also many other still-important projects that lack enough contributors and maintainers.
-
-There are [many efforts][3] trying to address the challenges of open source through blockchain. These projects should improve the transparency, decentralization, and subsidization and establish a direct link between open source users and developers. This space is still very young, but it is progressing quickly, and with time, the bazaar is going to have a cryptocurrency system.
-
-Given enough time and adequate technology, decentralization is happening at many levels:
-
- * The internet is a decentralized medium that has unlocked the world’s potential for sharing and acquiring knowledge.
- * Open source is a decentralized collaboration model that has unlocked the world’s potential for innovation.
- * Similarly, blockchain can complement open source and become the decentralized open source subsidization model.
-
-
-
-Follow me on [Twitter][5] for other posts in this space.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/barter-currency-system
-
-作者：[Bilgin lbryam][a]
-选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bibryam
-[1]: http://catb.org/
-[2]: http://oss.cash/
-[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/open-source-tokenomics
-[4]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VS6IpvTWwkQ
-[5]: http://twitter.com/bibryam
diff --git a/sources/talk/20180916 The Rise and Demise of RSS (Old Version).md b/sources/talk/20180916 The Rise and Demise of RSS (Old Version).md
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+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (The Rise and Demise of RSS (Old Version))
+[#]: via: (https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/16/the-rise-and-demise-of-rss.html)
+[#]: author: (Two-Bit History https://twobithistory.org)
+
+The Rise and Demise of RSS (Old Version)
+======
+
+_A newer version of this post was published on [December 18th, 2018][1]._
+
+There are two stories here. The first is a story about a vision of the web’s future that never quite came to fruition. The second is a story about how a collaborative effort to improve a popular standard devolved into one of the most contentious forks in the history of open-source software development.
+
+In the late 1990s, in the go-go years between Netscape’s IPO and the Dot-com crash, everyone could see that the web was going to be an even bigger deal than it already was, even if they didn’t know exactly how it was going to get there. One theory was that the web was about to be revolutionized by syndication. The web, originally built to enable a simple transaction between two parties—a client fetching a document from a single host server—would be broken open by new standards that could be used to repackage and redistribute entire websites through a variety of channels. Kevin Werbach, writing for _Release 1.0_, a newsletter influential among investors in the 1990s, predicted that syndication “would evolve into the core model for the Internet economy, allowing businesses and individuals to retain control over their online personae while enjoying the benefits of massive scale and scope.”[1][2] He invited his readers to imagine a future in which fencing aficionados, rather than going directly to an “online sporting goods site” or “fencing equipment retailer,” could buy a new épée directly through e-commerce widgets embedded into their favorite website about fencing.[2][3] Just like in the television world, where big networks syndicate their shows to smaller local stations, syndication on the web would allow businesses and publications to reach consumers through a multitude of intermediary sites. This would mean, as a corollary, that consumers would gain significant control over where and how they interacted with any given business or publication on the web.
+
+RSS was one of the standards that promised to deliver this syndicated future. To Werbach, RSS was “the leading example of a lightweight syndication protocol.”[3][4] Another contemporaneous article called RSS the first protocol to realize the potential of XML.[4][5] It was going to be a way for both users and content aggregators to create their own customized channels out of everything the web had to offer. And yet, two decades later, RSS [appears to be a dying technology][6], now used chiefly by podcasters and programmers with tech blogs. Moreover, among that latter group, RSS is perhaps used as much for its political symbolism as its actual utility. Though of course some people really do have RSS readers, stubbornly adding an RSS feed to your blog, even in 2018, is a reactionary statement. That little tangerine bubble has become a wistful symbol of defiance against a centralized web increasingly controlled by a handful of corporations, a web that hardly resembles the syndicated web of Werbach’s imagining.
+
+The future once looked so bright for RSS. What happened? Was its downfall inevitable, or was it precipitated by the bitter infighting that thwarted the development of a single RSS standard?
+
+### Muddied Water
+
+RSS was invented twice. This meant it never had an obvious owner, a state of affairs that spawned endless debate and acrimony. But it also suggests that RSS was an important idea whose time had come.
+
+In 1998, Netscape was struggling to envision a future for itself. Its flagship product, the Netscape Navigator web browser—once preferred by 80% of web users—was quickly losing ground to Internet Explorer. So Netscape decided to compete in a new arena. In May, a team was brought together to start work on what was known internally as “Project 60.”[5][7] Two months later, Netscape announced “My Netscape,” a web portal that would fight it out with other portals like Yahoo, MSN, and Excite.
+
+The following year, in March, Netscape announced an addition to the My Netscape portal called the “My Netscape Network.” My Netscape users could now customize their My Netscape page so that it contained “channels” featuring the most recent headlines from sites around the web. As long as your favorite website published a special file in a format dictated by Netscape, you could add that website to your My Netscape page, typically by clicking an “Add Channel” button that participating websites were supposed to add to their interfaces. A little box containing a list of linked headlines would then appear.
+
+![A My Netscape Network Channel][8]
+
+The special file that participating websites had to publish was an RSS file. In the My Netscape Network announcement, Netscape explained that RSS stood for “RDF Site Summary.”[6][9] This was somewhat of a misnomer. RDF, or the Resource Description Framework, is basically a grammar for describing certain properties of arbitrary resources. (See [my article about the Semantic Web][10] if that sounds really exciting to you.) In 1999, a draft specification for RDF was being considered by the W3C. Though RSS was supposed to be based on RDF, the example RSS document Netscape actually released didn’t use any RDF tags at all, even if it declared the RDF XML namespace. In a document that accompanied the Netscape RSS specification, Dan Libby, one of the specification’s authors, explained that “in this release of MNN, Netscape has intentionally limited the complexity of the RSS format.”[7][11] The specification was given the 0.90 version number, the idea being that subsequent versions would bring RSS more in line with the W3C’s XML specification and the evolving draft of the RDF specification.
+
+RSS had been cooked up by Libby and another Netscape employee, Ramanathan Guha. Guha previously worked for Apple, where he came up with something called the Meta Content Framework. MCF was a format for representing metadata about anything from web pages to local files. Guha demonstrated its power by developing an application called [HotSauce][12] that visualized relationships between files as a network of nodes suspended in 3D space. After leaving Apple for Netscape, Guha worked with a Netscape consultant named Tim Bray to produce an XML-based version of MCF, which in turn became the foundation for the W3C’s RDF draft.[8][13] It’s no surprise, then, that Guha and Libby were keen to incorporate RDF into RSS. But Libby later wrote that the original vision for an RDF-based RSS was pared back because of time constraints and the perception that RDF was “‘too complex’ for the ‘average user.’”[9][14]
+
+While Netscape was trying to win eyeballs in what became known as the “portal wars,” elsewhere on the web a new phenomenon known as “weblogging” was being pioneered.[10][15] One of these pioneers was Dave Winer, CEO of a company called UserLand Software, which developed early content management systems that made blogging accessible to people without deep technical fluency. Winer ran his own blog, [Scripting News][16], which today is one of the oldest blogs on the internet. More than a year before Netscape announced My Netscape Network, on December 15th, 1997, Winer published a post announcing that the blog would now be available in XML as well as HTML.[11][17]
+
+Dave Winer’s XML format became known as the Scripting News format. It was supposedly similar to Microsoft’s Channel Definition Format (a “push technology” standard submitted to the W3C in March, 1997), but I haven’t been able to find a file in the original format to verify that claim.[12][18] Like Netscape’s RSS, it structured the content of Winer’s blog so that it could be understood by other software applications. When Netscape released RSS 0.90, Winer and UserLand Software began to support both formats. But Winer believed that Netscape’s format was “woefully inadequate” and “missing the key thing web writers and readers need.”[13][19] It could only represent a list of links, whereas the Scripting News format could represent a series of paragraphs, each containing one or more links.
+
+In June, 1999, two months after Netscape’s My Netscape Network announcement, Winer introduced a new version of the Scripting News format, called ScriptingNews 2.0b1. Winer claimed that he decided to move ahead with his own format only after trying but failing to get anyone at Netscape to care about RSS 0.90’s deficiencies.[14][20] The new version of the Scripting News format added several items to the `` element that brought the Scripting News format to parity with RSS. But the two formats continued to differ in that the Scripting News format, which Winer nicknamed the “fat” syndication format, could include entire paragraphs and not just links.
+
+Netscape got around to releasing RSS 0.91 the very next month. The updated specification was a major about-face. RSS no longer stood for “RDF Site Summary”; it now stood for “Rich Site Summary.” All the RDF—and there was almost none anyway—was stripped out. Many of the Scripting News tags were incorporated. In the text of the new specification, Libby explained:
+
+> RDF references removed. RSS was originally conceived as a metadata format providing a summary of a website. Two things have become clear: the first is that providers want more of a syndication format than a metadata format. The structure of an RDF file is very precise and must conform to the RDF data model in order to be valid. This is not easily human-understandable and can make it difficult to create useful RDF files. The second is that few tools are available for RDF generation, validation and processing. For these reasons, we have decided to go with a standard XML approach.[15][21]
+
+Winer was enormously pleased with RSS 0.91, calling it “even better than I thought it would be.”[16][22] UserLand Software adopted it as a replacement for the existing ScriptingNews 2.0b1 format. For a while, it seemed that RSS finally had a single authoritative specification.
+
+### The Great Fork
+
+A year later, the RSS 0.91 specification had become woefully inadequate. There were all sorts of things people were trying to do with RSS that the specification did not address. There were other parts of the specification that seemed unnecessarily constraining—each RSS channel could only contain a maximum of 15 items, for example.
+
+By that point, RSS had been adopted by several more organizations. Other than Netscape, which seemed to have lost interest after RSS 0.91, the big players were Dave Winer’s UserLand Software; O’Reilly Net, which ran an RSS aggregator called Meerkat; and Moreover.com, which also ran an RSS aggregator focused on news.[17][23] Via mailing list, representatives from these organizations and others regularly discussed how to improve on RSS 0.91. But there were deep disagreements about what those improvements should look like.
+
+The mailing list in which most of the discussion occurred was called the Syndication mailing list. [An archive of the Syndication mailing list][24] is still available. It is an amazing historical resource. It provides a moment-by-moment account of how those deep disagreements eventually led to a political rupture of the RSS community.
+
+On one side of the coming rupture was Winer. Winer was impatient to evolve RSS, but he wanted to change it only in relatively conservative ways. In June, 2000, he published his own RSS 0.91 specification on the UserLand website, meant to be a starting point for further development of RSS. It made no significant changes to the 0.91 specification published by Netscape. Winer claimed in a blog post that accompanied his specification that it was only a “cleanup” documenting how RSS was actually being used in the wild, which was needed because the Netscape specification was no longer being maintained.[18][25] In the same post, he argued that RSS had succeeded so far because it was simple, and that by adding namespaces or RDF back to the format—some had suggested this be done in the Syndication mailing list—it “would become vastly more complex, and IMHO, at the content provider level, would buy us almost nothing for the added complexity.” In a message to the Syndication mailing list sent around the same time, Winer suggested that these issues were important enough that they might lead him to create a fork:
+
+> I’m still pondering how to move RSS forward. I definitely want ICE-like stuff in RSS2, publish and subscribe is at the top of my list, but I am going to fight tooth and nail for simplicity. I love optional elements. I don’t want to go down the namespaces and schema road, or try to make it a dialect of RDF. I understand other people want to do this, and therefore I guess we’re going to get a fork. I have my own opinion about where the other fork will lead, but I’ll keep those to myself for the moment at least.[19][26]
+
+Arrayed against Winer were several other people, including Rael Dornfest of O’Reilly, Ian Davis (responsible for a search startup called Calaba), and a precocious, 14-year-old Aaron Swartz, who all thought that RSS needed namespaces in order to accommodate the many different things everyone wanted to do with it. On another mailing list hosted by O’Reilly, Davis proposed a namespace-based module system, writing that such a system would “make RSS as extensible as we like rather than packing in new features that over-complicate the spec.”[20][27] The “namespace camp” believed that RSS would soon be used for much more than the syndication of blog posts, so namespaces, rather than being a complication, were the only way to keep RSS from becoming unmanageable as it supported more and more use cases.
+
+At the root of this disagreement about namespaces was a deeper disagreement about what RSS was even for. Winer had invented his Scripting News format to syndicate the posts he wrote for his blog. Guha and Libby at Netscape had designed RSS and called it “RDF Site Summary” because in their minds it was a way of recreating a site in miniature within Netscape’s online portal. Davis, writing to the Syndication mailing list, explained his view that RSS was “originally conceived as a way of building mini sitemaps,” and that now he and others wanted to expand RSS “to encompass more types of information than simple news headlines and to cater for the new uses of RSS that have emerged over the last 12 months.”[21][28] Winer wrote a prickly reply, stating that his Scripting News format was in fact the original RSS and that it had been meant for a different purpose. Given that the people most involved in the development of RSS disagreed about why RSS had even been created, a fork seems to have been inevitable.
+
+The fork happened after Dornfest announced a proposed RSS 1.0 specification and formed the RSS-DEV Working Group—which would include Davis, Swartz, and several others but not Winer—to get it ready for publication. In the proposed specification, RSS once again stood for “RDF Site Summary,” because RDF had had been added back in to represent metadata properties of certain RSS elements. The specification acknowledged Winer by name, giving him credit for popularizing RSS through his “evangelism.”[22][29] But it also argued that just adding more elements to RSS without providing for extensibility with a module system—that is, what Winer was suggesting—”sacrifices scalability.” The specification went on to define a module system for RSS based on XML namespaces.
+
+Winer was furious that the RSS-DEV Working Group had arrogated the “RSS 1.0” name for themselves.[23][30] In another mailing list about decentralization, he described what the RSS-DEV Working Group had done as theft.[24][31] Other members of the Syndication mailing list also felt that the RSS-DEV Working Group should not have used the name “RSS” without unanimous agreement from the community on how to move RSS forward. But the Working Group stuck with the name. Dan Brickley, another member of the RSS-DEV Working Group, defended this decision by arguing that “RSS 1.0 as proposed is solidly grounded in the original RSS vision, which itself had a long heritage going back to MCF (an RDF precursor) and related specs (CDF etc).”[25][32] He essentially felt that the RSS 1.0 effort had a better claim to the RSS name than Winer did, since RDF had originally been a part of RSS. The RSS-DEV Working Group published a final version of their specification in December. That same month, Winer published his own improvement to RSS 0.91, which he called RSS 0.92, on UserLand’s website. RSS 0.92 made several small optional improvements to RSS, among which was the addition of the `` tag soon used by podcasters everywhere. RSS had officially forked.
+
+It’s not clear to me why a better effort was not made to involve Winer in the RSS-DEV Working Group. He was a prominent contributor to the Syndication mailing list and obviously responsible for much of RSS’ popularity, as the members of the Working Group themselves acknowledged. But Tim O’Reilly, founder and CEO of O’Reilly, explained in a UserLand discussion group that Winer more or less refused to participate:
+
+> A group of people involved in RSS got together to start thinking about its future evolution. Dave was part of the group. When the consensus of the group turned in a direction he didn’t like, Dave stopped participating, and characterized it as a plot by O’Reilly to take over RSS from him, despite the fact that Rael Dornfest of O’Reilly was only one of about a dozen authors of the proposed RSS 1.0 spec, and that many of those who were part of its development had at least as long a history with RSS as Dave had.[26][33]
+
+To this, Winer said:
+
+> I met with Dale [Dougherty] two weeks before the announcement, and he didn’t say anything about it being called RSS 1.0. I spoke on the phone with Rael the Friday before it was announced, again he didn’t say that they were calling it RSS 1.0. The first I found out about it was when it was publicly announced.
+>
+> Let me ask you a straight question. If it turns out that the plan to call the new spec “RSS 1.0” was done in private, without any heads-up or consultation, or for a chance for the Syndication list members to agree or disagree, not just me, what are you going to do?
+>
+> UserLand did a lot of work to create and popularize and support RSS. We walked away from that, and let your guys have the name. That’s the top level. If I want to do any further work in Web syndication, I have to use a different name. Why and how did that happen Tim?[27][34]
+
+I have not been able to find a discussion in the Syndication mailing list about using the RSS 1.0 name prior to the announcement of the RSS 1.0 proposal.
+
+RSS would fork again in 2003, when several developers frustrated with the bickering in the RSS community sought to create an entirely new format. These developers created Atom, a format that did away with RDF but embraced XML namespaces. Atom would eventually be specified by [a proposed IETF standard][35]. After the introduction of Atom, there were three competing versions of RSS: Winer’s RSS 0.92 (updated to RSS 2.0 in 2002 and renamed “Really Simple Syndication”), the RSS-DEV Working Group’s RSS 1.0, and Atom.
+
+### Decline
+
+The proliferation of competing RSS specifications may have hampered RSS in other ways that I’ll discuss shortly. But it did not stop RSS from becoming enormously popular during the 2000s. By 2004, the New York Times had started offering its headlines in RSS and had written an article explaining to the layperson what RSS was and how to use it.[28][36] Google Reader, an RSS aggregator ultimately used by millions, was launched in 2005. By 2013, RSS seemed popular enough that the New York Times, in its obituary for Aaron Swartz, called the technology “ubiquitous.”[29][37] For a while, before a third of the planet had signed up for Facebook, RSS was simply how many people stayed abreast of news on the internet.
+
+The New York Times published Swartz’ obituary in January, 2013. By that point, though, RSS had actually turned a corner and was well on its way to becoming an obscure technology. Google Reader was shutdown in July, 2013, ostensibly because user numbers had been falling “over the years.”[30][38] This prompted several articles from various outlets declaring that RSS was dead. But people had been declaring that RSS was dead for years, even before Google Reader’s shuttering. Steve Gillmor, writing for TechCrunch in May, 2009, advised that “it’s time to get completely off RSS and switch to Twitter” because “RSS just doesn’t cut it anymore.”[31][39] He pointed out that Twitter was basically a better RSS feed, since it could show you what people thought about an article in addition to the article itself. It allowed you to follow people and not just channels. Gillmor told his readers that it was time to let RSS recede into the background. He ended his article with a verse from Bob Dylan’s “Forever Young.”
+
+Today, RSS is not dead. But neither is it anywhere near as popular as it once was. Lots of people have offered explanations for why RSS lost its broad appeal. Perhaps the most persuasive explanation is exactly the one offered by Gillmor in 2009. Social networks, just like RSS, provide a feed featuring all the latest news on the internet. Social networks took over from RSS because they were simply better feeds. They also provide more benefits to the companies that own them. Some people have accused Google, for example, of shutting down Google Reader in order to encourage people to use Google+. Google might have been able to monetize Google+ in a way that it could never have monetized Google Reader. Marco Arment, the creator of Instapaper, wrote on his blog in 2013:
+
+> Google Reader is just the latest casualty of the war that Facebook started, seemingly accidentally: the battle to own everything. While Google did technically “own” Reader and could make some use of the huge amount of news and attention data flowing through it, it conflicted with their far more important Google+ strategy: they need everyone reading and sharing everything through Google+ so they can compete with Facebook for ad-targeting data, ad dollars, growth, and relevance.[32][40]
+
+So both users and technology companies realized that they got more out of using social networks than they did out of RSS.
+
+Another theory is that RSS was always too geeky for regular people. Even the New York Times, which seems to have been eager to adopt RSS and promote it to its audience, complained in 2006 that RSS is a “not particularly user friendly” acronym coined by “computer geeks.”[33][41] Before the RSS icon was designed in 2004, websites like the New York Times linked to their RSS feeds using little orange boxes labeled “XML,” which can only have been intimidating.[34][42] The label was perfectly accurate though, because back then clicking the link would take a hapless user to a page full of XML. [This great tweet][43] captures the essence of this explanation for RSS’ demise. Regular people never felt comfortable using RSS; it hadn’t really been designed as a consumer-facing technology and involved too many hurdles; people jumped ship as soon as something better came along.
+
+RSS might have been able to overcome some of these limitations if it had been further developed. Maybe RSS could have been extended somehow so that friends subscribed to the same channel could syndicate their thoughts about an article to each other. But whereas a company like Facebook was able to “move fast and break things,” the RSS developer community was stuck trying to achieve consensus. The Great RSS Fork only demonstrates how difficult it was to do that. So if we are asking ourselves why RSS is no longer popular, a good first-order explanation is that social networks supplanted it. If we ask ourselves why social networks were able to supplant it, then the answer may be that the people trying to make RSS succeed faced a problem much harder than, say, building Facebook. As Dornfest wrote to the Syndication mailing list at one point, “currently it’s the politics far more than the serialization that’s far from simple.”[35][44]
+
+So today we are left with centralized silos of information. In a way, we _do_ have the syndicated internet that Kevin Werbach foresaw in 1999. After all, _The Onion_ is a publication that relies on syndication through Facebook and Twitter the same way that Seinfeld relied on syndication to rake in millions after the end of its original run. But syndication on the web only happens through one of a very small number of channels, meaning that none of us “retain control over our online personae” the way that Werbach thought we would. One reason this happened is garden-variety corporate rapaciousness—RSS, an open format, didn’t give technology companies the control over data and eyeballs that they needed to sell ads, so they did not support it. But the more mundane reason is that centralized silos are just easier to design than common standards. Consensus is difficult to achieve and it takes time, but without consensus spurned developers will go off and create competing standards. The lesson here may be that if we want to see a better, more open web, we have to get better at not screwing each other over.
+
+_If you enjoyed this post, more like it come out every four weeks! Follow [@TwoBitHistory][45] on Twitter or subscribe to the [RSS feed][46] to make sure you know when a new post is out._
+
+_Previously on TwoBitHistory…_
+
+> New post: This week we're traveling back in time in our DeLorean to see what it was like learning to program on early home computers.
+>
+> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [September 2, 2018][47]
+
+ 1. Kevin Werbach, “The Web Goes into Syndication,” Release 1.0, July 22, 1999, 1, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][48]
+
+ 2. ibid. [↩︎][49]
+
+ 3. Werbach, 8. [↩︎][50]
+
+ 4. Peter Wiggin, “RSS Delivers the XML Promise,” Web Review, October 29, 1999, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][51]
+
+ 5. Ben Hammersley, RSS and Atom (O’Reilly), 8, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][52]
+
+ 6. “RSS 0.90 Specification,” RSS Advisory Board, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][53]
+
+ 7. “My Netscape Network Future Directions,” RSS Advisory Board, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][54]
+
+ 8. Tim Bray, “The RDF.net Challenge,” Ongoing by Tim Bray, May 21, 2003, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][55]
+
+ 9. Dan Libby, “RSS: Introducing Myself,” August 24, 2000, RSS-DEV Mailing List, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][56]
+
+ 10. Alexandra Krasne, “Browser Wars May Become Portal Wars,” CNN, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][57]
+
+ 11. Dave Winer, “Scripting News in XML,” Scripting News, December 15, 1997, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][58]
+
+ 12. Joseph Reagle, “RSS History,” 2004, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][59]
+
+ 13. Dave Winer, “A Faceoff with Netscape,” Scripting News, June 16, 1999, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][60]
+
+ 14. ibid. [↩︎][61]
+
+ 15. Dan Libby, “RSS 0.91 Specification (Netscape),” RSS Advisory Board, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][62]
+
+ 16. Dave Winer, “Scripting News: 7/28/1999,” Scripting News, July 28, 1999, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][63]
+
+ 17. Oliver Willis, “RSS Aggregators?” June 19, 2000, Syndication Mailing List, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][64]
+
+ 18. Dave Winer, “Scripting News: 07/07/2000,” Scripting News, July 07, 2000, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][65]
+
+ 19. Dave Winer, “Re: RSS 0.91 Restarted,” June 9, 2000, Syndication Mailing List, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][66]
+
+ 20. Leigh Dodds, “RSS Modularization,” XML.com, July 5, 2000, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][67]
+
+ 21. Ian Davis, “Re: [syndication] RSS Modularization Demonstration,” June 28, 2000, Syndication Mailing List, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][68]
+
+ 22. “RDF Site Summary (RSS) 1.0,” December 09, 2000, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][69]
+
+ 23. Dave Winer, “Re: [syndication] Re: Thoughts, Questions, and Issues,” August 16, 2000, Syndication Mailing List, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][70]
+
+ 24. Mark Pilgrim, “History of the RSS Fork,” Dive into Mark, September 5, 2002, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][71]
+
+ 25. Dan Brickley, “RSS-Classic, RSS 1.0 and a Historical Debt,” November 7, 2000, Syndication Mailing List, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][72]
+
+ 26. Tim O’Reilly, “Re: Asking Tim,” UserLand, September 20, 2000, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][73]
+
+ 27. Dave Winer, “Re: Asking Tim,” UserLand, September 20, 2000, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][74]
+
+ 28. John Quain, “BASICS; Fine-Tuning Your Filter for Online Information,” The New York Times, 2004, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][75]
+
+ 29. John Schwartz, “Aaron Swartz, Internet Activist, Dies at 26,” The New York Times, January 12, 2013, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][76]
+
+ 30. “A Second Spring of Cleaning,” Official Google Blog, March 13, 2013, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][77]
+
+ 31. Steve Gillmor, “Rest in Peace, RSS,” TechCrunch, May 5, 2009, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][78]
+
+ 32. Marco Arment, “Lockdown,” Marco.org, July 3, 2013, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][79]
+
+ 33. Bob Tedeschi, “There’s a Popular New Code for Deals: RSS,” The New York Times, January 29, 2006, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][80]
+
+ 34. “NYTimes.com RSS Feeds,” The New York Times, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][81]
+
+ 35. Rael Dornfest, “RE: Re: [syndication] RE: RFC: Clearing Confusion for RSS, Agreement for Forward Motion,” May 31, 2001, Syndication Mailing List, accessed September 14, 2018, . [↩︎][82]
+
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/16/the-rise-and-demise-of-rss.html
+
+作者：[Two-Bit History][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://twobithistory.org
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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diff --git a/sources/talk/20180916 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md b/sources/talk/20180916 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md
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-The Rise and Demise of RSS
-======
-There are two stories here. The first is a story about a vision of the web’s future that never quite came to fruition. The second is a story about how a collaborative effort to improve a popular standard devolved into one of the most contentious forks in the history of open-source software development.
-
-In the late 1990s, in the go-go years between Netscape’s IPO and the Dot-com crash, everyone could see that the web was going to be an even bigger deal than it already was, even if they didn’t know exactly how it was going to get there. One theory was that the web was about to be revolutionized by syndication. The web, originally built to enable a simple transaction between two parties—a client fetching a document from a single host server—would be broken open by new standards that could be used to repackage and redistribute entire websites through a variety of channels. Kevin Werbach, writing for Release 1.0, a newsletter influential among investors in the 1990s, predicted that syndication “would evolve into the core model for the Internet economy, allowing businesses and individuals to retain control over their online personae while enjoying the benefits of massive scale and scope.” He invited his readers to imagine a future in which fencing aficionados, rather than going directly to an “online sporting goods site” or “fencing equipment retailer,” could buy a new épée directly through e-commerce widgets embedded into their favorite website about fencing. Just like in the television world, where big networks syndicate their shows to smaller local stations, syndication on the web would allow businesses and publications to reach consumers through a multitude of intermediary sites. This would mean, as a corollary, that consumers would gain significant control over where and how they interacted with any given business or publication on the web.
-
-RSS was one of the standards that promised to deliver this syndicated future. To Werbach, RSS was “the leading example of a lightweight syndication protocol.” Another contemporaneous article called RSS the first protocol to realize the potential of XML. It was going to be a way for both users and content aggregators to create their own customized channels out of everything the web had to offer. And yet, two decades later, RSS [appears to be a dying technology][1], now used chiefly by podcasters and programmers with tech blogs. Moreover, among that latter group, RSS is perhaps used as much for its political symbolism as its actual utility. Though of course some people really do have RSS readers, stubbornly adding an RSS feed to your blog, even in 2018, is a reactionary statement. That little tangerine bubble has become a wistful symbol of defiance against a centralized web increasingly controlled by a handful of corporations, a web that hardly resembles the syndicated web of Werbach’s imagining.
-
-The future once looked so bright for RSS. What happened? Was its downfall inevitable, or was it precipitated by the bitter infighting that thwarted the development of a single RSS standard?
-
-### Muddied Water
-
-RSS was invented twice. This meant it never had an obvious owner, a state of affairs that spawned endless debate and acrimony. But it also suggests that RSS was an important idea whose time had come.
-
-In 1998, Netscape was struggling to envision a future for itself. Its flagship product, the Netscape Navigator web browser—once preferred by 80% of web users—was quickly losing ground to Internet Explorer. So Netscape decided to compete in a new arena. In May, a team was brought together to start work on what was known internally as “Project 60.” Two months later, Netscape announced “My Netscape,” a web portal that would fight it out with other portals like Yahoo, MSN, and Excite.
-
-The following year, in March, Netscape announced an addition to the My Netscape portal called the “My Netscape Network.” My Netscape users could now customize their My Netscape page so that it contained “channels” featuring the most recent headlines from sites around the web. As long as your favorite website published a special file in a format dictated by Netscape, you could add that website to your My Netscape page, typically by clicking an “Add Channel” button that participating websites were supposed to add to their interfaces. A little box containing a list of linked headlines would then appear.
-
-![A My Netscape Network Channel][2]
-
-The special file that participating websites had to publish was an RSS file. In the My Netscape Network announcement, Netscape explained that RSS stood for “RDF Site Summary.” This was somewhat of a misnomer. RDF, or the Resource Description Framework, is basically a grammar for describing certain properties of arbitrary resources. (See [my article about the Semantic Web][3] if that sounds really exciting to you.) In 1999, a draft specification for RDF was being considered by the W3C. Though RSS was supposed to be based on RDF, the example RSS document Netscape actually released didn’t use any RDF tags at all, even if it declared the RDF XML namespace. In a document that accompanied the Netscape RSS specification, Dan Libby, one of the specification’s authors, explained that “in this release of MNN, Netscape has intentionally limited the complexity of the RSS format.” The specification was given the 0.90 version number, the idea being that subsequent versions would bring RSS more in line with the W3C’s XML specification and the evolving draft of the RDF specification.
-
-RSS had been cooked up by Libby and another Netscape employee, Ramanathan Guha. Guha previously worked for Apple, where he came up with something called the Meta Content Framework. MCF was a format for representing metadata about anything from web pages to local files. Guha demonstrated its power by developing an application called [HotSauce][4] that visualized relationships between files as a network of nodes suspended in 3D space. After leaving Apple for Netscape, Guha worked with a Netscape consultant named Tim Bray to produce an XML-based version of MCF, which in turn became the foundation for the W3C’s RDF draft. It’s no surprise, then, that Guha and Libby were keen to incorporate RDF into RSS. But Libby later wrote that the original vision for an RDF-based RSS was pared back because of time constraints and the perception that RDF was “‘too complex’ for the ‘average user.’”
-
-While Netscape was trying to win eyeballs in what became known as the “portal wars,” elsewhere on the web a new phenomenon known as “weblogging” was being pioneered. One of these pioneers was Dave Winer, CEO of a company called UserLand Software, which developed early content management systems that made blogging accessible to people without deep technical fluency. Winer ran his own blog, [Scripting News][5], which today is one of the oldest blogs on the internet. More than a year before Netscape announced My Netscape Network, on December 15th, 1997, Winer published a post announcing that the blog would now be available in XML as well as HTML.
-
-Dave Winer’s XML format became known as the Scripting News format. It was supposedly similar to Microsoft’s Channel Definition Format (a “push technology” standard submitted to the W3C in March, 1997), but I haven’t been able to find a file in the original format to verify that claim. Like Netscape’s RSS, it structured the content of Winer’s blog so that it could be understood by other software applications. When Netscape released RSS 0.90, Winer and UserLand Software began to support both formats. But Winer believed that Netscape’s format was “woefully inadequate” and “missing the key thing web writers and readers need.” It could only represent a list of links, whereas the Scripting News format could represent a series of paragraphs, each containing one or more links.
-
-In June, 1999, two months after Netscape’s My Netscape Network announcement, Winer introduced a new version of the Scripting News format, called ScriptingNews 2.0b1. Winer claimed that he decided to move ahead with his own format only after trying but failing to get anyone at Netscape to care about RSS 0.90’s deficiencies. The new version of the Scripting News format added several items to the `` element that brought the Scripting News format to parity with RSS. But the two formats continued to differ in that the Scripting News format, which Winer nicknamed the “fat” syndication format, could include entire paragraphs and not just links.
-
-Netscape got around to releasing RSS 0.91 the very next month. The updated specification was a major about-face. RSS no longer stood for “RDF Site Summary”; it now stood for “Rich Site Summary.” All the RDF—and there was almost none anyway—was stripped out. Many of the Scripting News tags were incorporated. In the text of the new specification, Libby explained:
-
-> RDF references removed. RSS was originally conceived as a metadata format providing a summary of a website. Two things have become clear: the first is that providers want more of a syndication format than a metadata format. The structure of an RDF file is very precise and must conform to the RDF data model in order to be valid. This is not easily human-understandable and can make it difficult to create useful RDF files. The second is that few tools are available for RDF generation, validation and processing. For these reasons, we have decided to go with a standard XML approach.
-
-Winer was enormously pleased with RSS 0.91, calling it “even better than I thought it would be.” UserLand Software adopted it as a replacement for the existing ScriptingNews 2.0b1 format. For a while, it seemed that RSS finally had a single authoritative specification.
-
-### The Great Fork
-
-A year later, the RSS 0.91 specification had become woefully inadequate. There were all sorts of things people were trying to do with RSS that the specification did not address. There were other parts of the specification that seemed unnecessarily constraining—each RSS channel could only contain a maximum of 15 items, for example.
-
-By that point, RSS had been adopted by several more organizations. Other than Netscape, which seemed to have lost interest after RSS 0.91, the big players were Dave Winer’s UserLand Software; O’Reilly Net, which ran an RSS aggregator called Meerkat; and Moreover.com, which also ran an RSS aggregator focused on news. Via mailing list, representatives from these organizations and others regularly discussed how to improve on RSS 0.91. But there were deep disagreements about what those improvements should look like.
-
-The mailing list in which most of the discussion occurred was called the Syndication mailing list. [An archive of the Syndication mailing list][6] is still available. It is an amazing historical resource. It provides a moment-by-moment account of how those deep disagreements eventually led to a political rupture of the RSS community.
-
-On one side of the coming rupture was Winer. Winer was impatient to evolve RSS, but he wanted to change it only in relatively conservative ways. In June, 2000, he published his own RSS 0.91 specification on the UserLand website, meant to be a starting point for further development of RSS. It made no significant changes to the 0.91 specification published by Netscape. Winer claimed in a blog post that accompanied his specification that it was only a “cleanup” documenting how RSS was actually being used in the wild, which was needed because the Netscape specification was no longer being maintained. In the same post, he argued that RSS had succeeded so far because it was simple, and that by adding namespaces or RDF back to the format—some had suggested this be done in the Syndication mailing list—it “would become vastly more complex, and IMHO, at the content provider level, would buy us almost nothing for the added complexity.” In a message to the Syndication mailing list sent around the same time, Winer suggested that these issues were important enough that they might lead him to create a fork:
-
-> I’m still pondering how to move RSS forward. I definitely want ICE-like stuff in RSS2, publish and subscribe is at the top of my list, but I am going to fight tooth and nail for simplicity. I love optional elements. I don’t want to go down the namespaces and schema road, or try to make it a dialect of RDF. I understand other people want to do this, and therefore I guess we’re going to get a fork. I have my own opinion about where the other fork will lead, but I’ll keep those to myself for the moment at least.
-
-Arrayed against Winer were several other people, including Rael Dornfest of O’Reilly, Ian Davis (responsible for a search startup called Calaba), and a precocious, 14-year-old Aaron Swartz, who all thought that RSS needed namespaces in order to accommodate the many different things everyone wanted to do with it. On another mailing list hosted by O’Reilly, Davis proposed a namespace-based module system, writing that such a system would “make RSS as extensible as we like rather than packing in new features that over-complicate the spec.” The “namespace camp” believed that RSS would soon be used for much more than the syndication of blog posts, so namespaces, rather than being a complication, were the only way to keep RSS from becoming unmanageable as it supported more and more use cases.
-
-At the root of this disagreement about namespaces was a deeper disagreement about what RSS was even for. Winer had invented his Scripting News format to syndicate the posts he wrote for his blog. Guha and Libby at Netscape had designed RSS and called it “RDF Site Summary” because in their minds it was a way of recreating a site in miniature within Netscape’s online portal. Davis, writing to the Syndication mailing list, explained his view that RSS was “originally conceived as a way of building mini sitemaps,” and that now he and others wanted to expand RSS “to encompass more types of information than simple news headlines and to cater for the new uses of RSS that have emerged over the last 12 months.” Winer wrote a prickly reply, stating that his Scripting News format was in fact the original RSS and that it had been meant for a different purpose. Given that the people most involved in the development of RSS disagreed about why RSS had even been created, a fork seems to have been inevitable.
-
-The fork happened after Dornfest announced a proposed RSS 1.0 specification and formed the RSS-DEV Working Group—which would include Davis, Swartz, and several others but not Winer—to get it ready for publication. In the proposed specification, RSS once again stood for “RDF Site Summary,” because RDF had had been added back in to represent metadata properties of certain RSS elements. The specification acknowledged Winer by name, giving him credit for popularizing RSS through his “evangelism.” But it also argued that just adding more elements to RSS without providing for extensibility with a module system—that is, what Winer was suggesting—”sacrifices scalability.” The specification went on to define a module system for RSS based on XML namespaces.
-
-Winer was furious that the RSS-DEV Working Group had arrogated the “RSS 1.0” name for themselves. In another mailing list about decentralization, he described what the RSS-DEV Working Group had done as theft. Other members of the Syndication mailing list also felt that the RSS-DEV Working Group should not have used the name “RSS” without unanimous agreement from the community on how to move RSS forward. But the Working Group stuck with the name. Dan Brickley, another member of the RSS-DEV Working Group, defended this decision by arguing that “RSS 1.0 as proposed is solidly grounded in the original RSS vision, which itself had a long heritage going back to MCF (an RDF precursor) and related specs (CDF etc).” He essentially felt that the RSS 1.0 effort had a better claim to the RSS name than Winer did, since RDF had originally been a part of RSS. The RSS-DEV Working Group published a final version of their specification in December. That same month, Winer published his own improvement to RSS 0.91, which he called RSS 0.92, on UserLand’s website. RSS 0.92 made several small optional improvements to RSS, among which was the addition of the `` tag soon used by podcasters everywhere. RSS had officially forked.
-
-It’s not clear to me why a better effort was not made to involve Winer in the RSS-DEV Working Group. He was a prominent contributor to the Syndication mailing list and obviously responsible for much of RSS’ popularity, as the members of the Working Group themselves acknowledged. But Tim O’Reilly, founder and CEO of O’Reilly, explained in a UserLand discussion group that Winer more or less refused to participate:
-
-> A group of people involved in RSS got together to start thinking about its future evolution. Dave was part of the group. When the consensus of the group turned in a direction he didn’t like, Dave stopped participating, and characterized it as a plot by O’Reilly to take over RSS from him, despite the fact that Rael Dornfest of O’Reilly was only one of about a dozen authors of the proposed RSS 1.0 spec, and that many of those who were part of its development had at least as long a history with RSS as Dave had.
-
-To this, Winer said:
-
-> I met with Dale [Dougherty] two weeks before the announcement, and he didn’t say anything about it being called RSS 1.0. I spoke on the phone with Rael the Friday before it was announced, again he didn’t say that they were calling it RSS 1.0. The first I found out about it was when it was publicly announced.
->
-> Let me ask you a straight question. If it turns out that the plan to call the new spec “RSS 1.0” was done in private, without any heads-up or consultation, or for a chance for the Syndication list members to agree or disagree, not just me, what are you going to do?
->
-> UserLand did a lot of work to create and popularize and support RSS. We walked away from that, and let your guys have the name. That’s the top level. If I want to do any further work in Web syndication, I have to use a different name. Why and how did that happen Tim?
-
-I have not been able to find a discussion in the Syndication mailing list about using the RSS 1.0 name prior to the announcement of the RSS 1.0 proposal.
-
-RSS would fork again in 2003, when several developers frustrated with the bickering in the RSS community sought to create an entirely new format. These developers created Atom, a format that did away with RDF but embraced XML namespaces. Atom would eventually be specified by [a proposed IETF standard][7]. After the introduction of Atom, there were three competing versions of RSS: Winer’s RSS 0.92 (updated to RSS 2.0 in 2002 and renamed “Really Simple Syndication”), the RSS-DEV Working Group’s RSS 1.0, and Atom.
-
-### Decline
-
-The proliferation of competing RSS specifications may have hampered RSS in other ways that I’ll discuss shortly. But it did not stop RSS from becoming enormously popular during the 2000s. By 2004, the New York Times had started offering its headlines in RSS and had written an article explaining to the layperson what RSS was and how to use it. Google Reader, an RSS aggregator ultimately used by millions, was launched in 2005. By 2013, RSS seemed popular enough that the New York Times, in its obituary for Aaron Swartz, called the technology “ubiquitous.” For a while, before a third of the planet had signed up for Facebook, RSS was simply how many people stayed abreast of news on the internet.
-
-The New York Times published Swartz’ obituary in January, 2013. By that point, though, RSS had actually turned a corner and was well on its way to becoming an obscure technology. Google Reader was shutdown in July, 2013, ostensibly because user numbers had been falling “over the years.” This prompted several articles from various outlets declaring that RSS was dead. But people had been declaring that RSS was dead for years, even before Google Reader’s shuttering. Steve Gillmor, writing for TechCrunch in May, 2009, advised that “it’s time to get completely off RSS and switch to Twitter” because “RSS just doesn’t cut it anymore.” He pointed out that Twitter was basically a better RSS feed, since it could show you what people thought about an article in addition to the article itself. It allowed you to follow people and not just channels. Gillmor told his readers that it was time to let RSS recede into the background. He ended his article with a verse from Bob Dylan’s “Forever Young.”
-
-Today, RSS is not dead. But neither is it anywhere near as popular as it once was. Lots of people have offered explanations for why RSS lost its broad appeal. Perhaps the most persuasive explanation is exactly the one offered by Gillmor in 2009. Social networks, just like RSS, provide a feed featuring all the latest news on the internet. Social networks took over from RSS because they were simply better feeds. They also provide more benefits to the companies that own them. Some people have accused Google, for example, of shutting down Google Reader in order to encourage people to use Google+. Google might have been able to monetize Google+ in a way that it could never have monetized Google Reader. Marco Arment, the creator of Instapaper, wrote on his blog in 2013:
-
-> Google Reader is just the latest casualty of the war that Facebook started, seemingly accidentally: the battle to own everything. While Google did technically “own” Reader and could make some use of the huge amount of news and attention data flowing through it, it conflicted with their far more important Google+ strategy: they need everyone reading and sharing everything through Google+ so they can compete with Facebook for ad-targeting data, ad dollars, growth, and relevance.
-
-So both users and technology companies realized that they got more out of using social networks than they did out of RSS.
-
-Another theory is that RSS was always too geeky for regular people. Even the New York Times, which seems to have been eager to adopt RSS and promote it to its audience, complained in 2006 that RSS is a “not particularly user friendly” acronym coined by “computer geeks.” Before the RSS icon was designed in 2004, websites like the New York Times linked to their RSS feeds using little orange boxes labeled “XML,” which can only have been intimidating. The label was perfectly accurate though, because back then clicking the link would take a hapless user to a page full of XML. [This great tweet][8] captures the essence of this explanation for RSS’ demise. Regular people never felt comfortable using RSS; it hadn’t really been designed as a consumer-facing technology and involved too many hurdles; people jumped ship as soon as something better came along.
-
-RSS might have been able to overcome some of these limitations if it had been further developed. Maybe RSS could have been extended somehow so that friends subscribed to the same channel could syndicate their thoughts about an article to each other. But whereas a company like Facebook was able to “move fast and break things,” the RSS developer community was stuck trying to achieve consensus. The Great RSS Fork only demonstrates how difficult it was to do that. So if we are asking ourselves why RSS is no longer popular, a good first-order explanation is that social networks supplanted it. If we ask ourselves why social networks were able to supplant it, then the answer may be that the people trying to make RSS succeed faced a problem much harder than, say, building Facebook. As Dornfest wrote to the Syndication mailing list at one point, “currently it’s the politics far more than the serialization that’s far from simple.”
-
-So today we are left with centralized silos of information. In a way, we do have the syndicated internet that Kevin Werbach foresaw in 1999. After all, The Onion is a publication that relies on syndication through Facebook and Twitter the same way that Seinfeld relied on syndication to rake in millions after the end of its original run. But syndication on the web only happens through one of a very small number of channels, meaning that none of us “retain control over our online personae” the way that Werbach thought we would. One reason this happened is garden-variety corporate rapaciousness—RSS, an open format, didn’t give technology companies the control over data and eyeballs that they needed to sell ads, so they did not support it. But the more mundane reason is that centralized silos are just easier to design than common standards. Consensus is difficult to achieve and it takes time, but without consensus spurned developers will go off and create competing standards. The lesson here may be that if we want to see a better, more open web, we have to get better at not screwing each other over.
-
-If you enjoyed this post, more like it come out every two weeks! Follow [@TwoBitHistory][9] on Twitter or subscribe to the [RSS feed][10] to make sure you know when a new post is out.
-
-Previously on TwoBitHistory…
-
-> New post: This week we're traveling back in time in our DeLorean to see what it was like learning to program on early home computers.
->
-> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [September 2, 2018][11]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/16/the-rise-and-demise-of-rss.html
-
-作者：[Two-Bit History][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://twobithistory.org
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&geo=US&q=rss
-[2]: https://twobithistory.org/images/mnn-channel.gif
-[3]: https://twobithistory.org/2018/05/27/semantic-web.html
-[4]: http://web.archive.org/web/19970703020212/http://mcf.research.apple.com:80/hs/screen_shot.html
-[5]: http://scripting.com/
-[6]: https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/syndication/info
-[7]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4287
-[8]: https://twitter.com/mgsiegler/status/311992206716203008
-[9]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory
-[10]: https://twobithistory.org/feed.xml
-[11]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1036295112375115778?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
diff --git a/sources/talk/20181024 Why it matters that Microsoft released old versions of MS-DOS as open source.md b/sources/talk/20181024 Why it matters that Microsoft released old versions of MS-DOS as open source.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 3129e4b6f0..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20181024 Why it matters that Microsoft released old versions of MS-DOS as open source.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-Why it matters that Microsoft released old versions of MS-DOS as open source
-======
-
-Microsoft's release of MS-DOS 1.25 and 2.0 on GitHub adopts an open source license that's compatible with GNU GPL.
-
-
-One open source software project I work on is the FreeDOS Project. It's a complete, free, DOS-compatible operating system that you can use to play classic DOS games, run legacy business software, or develop embedded systems. Any program that works on MS-DOS should also run on FreeDOS.
-
-So I took notice when Microsoft recently released the source code to MS-DOS 1.25 and 2.0 via a [GitHub repository][1]. This is a huge step for Microsoft, and I’d like to briefly explain why it is significant.
-
-### MS-DOS as open source software
-
-Some open source fans may recall that this is not the first time Microsoft has officially released the MS-DOS source code. On March 25, 2014, Microsoft posted the source code to MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0 via the [Computer History Museum][2]. Unfortunately, this source code was released under a “look but do not touch” license that limited what you could do with it. According to the license from the 2014 source code release, users were barred from re-using it in other projects and could use it “[solely for non-commercial research, experimentation, and educational purposes.][3]”
-
-The museum license wasn’t friendly to open source software, and as a result, the MS-DOS source code was ignored. On the FreeDOS Project, we interpreted the “look but do not touch” license as a potential risk to FreeDOS, so we decided developers who had viewed the MS-DOS source code could not contribute to FreeDOS.
-
-But Microsoft’s recent MS-DOS source code release represents a significant change. This MS-DOS source code uses the MIT License (also called the Expat License). Quoting Microsoft’s [LICENSE.md][4] file on GitHub:
-
-> ## MS-DOS v1.25 and v2.0 Source Code
->
-> Copyright © Microsoft Corporation.
->
-> All rights reserved.
->
-> MIT License.
->
-> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the Software), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
->
-> The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
->
-> THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
-If that text looks familiar to you, it is because that’s the same text as the MIT License recognized by the [Open Source Initiative][5]. It’s also the same as the Expat License recognized by the [Free Software Foundation][6].
-
-The Free Software Foundation (via GNU) says the Expat License is compatible with the [GNU General Public License][7]. Specifically, GNU describes the Expat License as “a lax, permissive non-copyleft free software license, compatible with the GNU GPL. It is sometimes ambiguously referred to as the MIT License.” Also according to GNU, when they say a license is [compatible with the GNU GPL][8], “you can combine code released under the other license [MIT/Expat License] with code released under the GNU GPL in one larger program.”
-
-Microsoft’s use of the MIT/Expat License for the original MS-DOS source code is significant because the license is not only open source software but free software.
-
-### What does it mean?
-
-This is great, but there’s a practical side to the source code release. You might think, “If Microsoft has released the MS-DOS source code under a license compatible with the GNU GPL, will that help FreeDOS?”
-
-Not really. Here's why: FreeDOS started from an original source code base, independent from MS-DOS. Certain functions and behaviors of MS-DOS were identified and documented in the comprehensive [Interrupt List by Ralf Brown][9], and we provided MS-DOS compatibility in FreeDOS by referencing the Interrupt List. But many significant fundamental technical differences remain between FreeDOS and MS-DOS. For example, FreeDOS uses a completely different memory structure and memory layout. You can’t simply forklift MS-DOS source code into FreeDOS and expect it to work. The code assumptions are quite different.
-
-There’s also the simple matter that these are very old versions of MS-DOS. For example, MS-DOS 2.0 was the first version to support directories and redirection. But these versions of MS-DOS did not yet include more advanced features, including networking, CDROM support, and ’386 support such as EMM386. These features have been standard in FreeDOS for a long time.
-
-So the MS-DOS source code release is interesting, but FreeDOS would not be able to reuse this code for any modern features anyway. FreeDOS has already surpassed these versions of MS-DOS in functionality and features.
-
-### Congratulations
-
-Still, it’s important to recognize the big step that Microsoft has taken in releasing these versions of MS-DOS as open source software. The new MS-DOS source code release on GitHub does away with the restrictive license from 2014 and adopts a recognized open source software license that is compatible with the GNU GPL. Congratulations to Microsoft for releasing MS-DOS 1.25 and 2.0 under an open source license!
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/microsoft-open-source-old-versions-ms-dos
-
-作者：[Jim Hall][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://github.com/Microsoft/MS-DOS
-[2]: http://www.computerhistory.org/press/ms-source-code.html
-[3]: http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/microsoft-research-license-agreement-msdos-v1-1-v2-0/
-[4]: https://github.com/Microsoft/MS-DOS/blob/master/LICENSE.md
-[5]: https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-[6]: https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/License:Expat
-[7]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.en.html#Expat
-[8]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#WhatDoesCompatMean
-[9]: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html
diff --git a/sources/talk/20181218 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md b/sources/talk/20181218 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md
index e260070c5c..2dfea2074c 100644
--- a/sources/talk/20181218 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md
+++ b/sources/talk/20181218 The Rise and Demise of RSS.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: translator: (beamrolling)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190108 NSA to Open Source its Reverse Engineering Tool GHIDRA.md b/sources/talk/20190108 NSA to Open Source its Reverse Engineering Tool GHIDRA.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 78922f9525..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190108 NSA to Open Source its Reverse Engineering Tool GHIDRA.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (NSA to Open Source its Reverse Engineering Tool GHIDRA)
-[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/nsa-ghidra-open-source)
-[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
-
-NSA to Open Source its Reverse Engineering Tool GHIDRA
-======
-
-GHIDRA – NSA’s reverse engineering tool is getting ready for a free public release this March at the [RSA Conference 2019][1] to be held in San Francisco.
-
-The National Security Agency (NSA) did not officially announce this – however – a senior NSA advisor, Robert Joyce’s [session description][2] on the official RSA conference website revealed about it before any official statement or announcement.
-
-Here’s what it mentioned:
-
-![][3]
-Image Credits: [Twitter][4]
-
-In case the text in the image isn’t properly visible, let me quote the description here:
-
-> NSA has developed a software reverse engineering framework known as GHIDRA, which will be demonstrated for the first time at RSAC 2019. An interactive GUI capability enables reverse engineers to leverage an integrated set of features that run on a variety of platforms including Windows, Mac OS, and Linux and supports a variety of processor instruction sets. The GHISDRA platform includes all the features expected in high-end commercial tools, with new and expanded functionality NSA uniquely developed. and will be released for free public use at RSA.
-
-### What is GHIDRA?
-
-GHIDRA is a software reverse engineering framework developed by [NSA][5] that is in use by the agency for more than a decade.
-
-Basically, a software reverse engineering tool helps to dig up the source code of a proprietary program which further gives you the ability to detect virus threats or potential bugs. You should read how [reverse engineering][6] works to know more.
-
-The tool is is written in Java and quite a few people compared it to high-end commercial reverse engineering tools available like [IDA][7].
-
-A [Reddit thread][8] involves more detailed discussion where you will find some ex-employees giving good amount of details before the availability of the tool.
-
-![NSA open source][9]
-
-### GHIDRA was a secret tool, how do we know about it?
-
-The existence of the tool was uncovered in a series of leaks by [WikiLeaks][10] as part of [Vault 7 documents of CIA][11].
-
-### Is it going to be open source?
-
-We do think that the reverse engineering tool to be released could be made open source. Even though there is no official confirmation mentioning “open source” – but a lot of people do believe that NSA is definitely targeting the open source community to help improve their tool while also reducing their effort to maintain this tool.
-
-This way the tool can remain free and the open source community can help improve GHIDRA as well.
-
-You can also check out the existing [Vault 7 document at WikiLeaks][12] to come up with your prediction.
-
-### Is NSA doing a good job here?
-
-The reverse engineering tool is going to be available for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS for free.
-
-Of course, we care about the Linux platform here – which could be a very good option for people who do not want to or cannot afford a thousand dollar license for a reverse engineering tool with the best-in-class features.
-
-### Wrapping Up
-
-If GHIDRA becomes open source and is available for free, it would definitely help a lot of researchers and students and on the other side – the competitors will be forced to adjust their pricing.
-
-What are your thoughts about it? Is it a good thing? What do you think about the tool going open sources Let us know what you think in the comments below.
-
-![][13]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://itsfoss.com/nsa-ghidra-open-source
-
-作者：[Ankush Das][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://www.rsaconference.com/events/us19
-[2]: https://www.rsaconference.com/events/us19/agenda/sessions/16608-come-get-your-free-nsa-reverse-engineering-tool
-[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/come-get-your-free-nsa.jpg?fit=800%2C337&ssl=1
-[4]: https://twitter.com/0xffff0800/status/1080909700701405184
-[5]: http://nsa.gov
-[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering
-[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Disassembler
-[8]: https://www.reddit.com/r/ReverseEngineering/comments/ace2m3/come_get_your_free_nsa_reverse_engineering_tool/
-[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/nsa-open-source.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
-[10]: https://www.wikileaks.org/
-[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_7
-[12]: https://wikileaks.org/ciav7p1/cms/page_9536070.html
-[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/nsa-open-source.jpeg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190115 The Art of Unix Programming, reformatted.md b/sources/talk/20190115 The Art of Unix Programming, reformatted.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 73ffb4c955..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190115 The Art of Unix Programming, reformatted.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (The Art of Unix Programming, reformatted)
-[#]: via: (https://arp242.net/weblog/the-art-of-unix-programming.html)
-[#]: author: (Martin Tournoij https://arp242.net/)
-
-The Art of Unix Programming, reformatted
-======
-
-tl;dr: I reformatted Eric S. Raymond’s The Art of Unix Programming for readability; [read it here][1].
-
-I recently wanted to look up a quote for an article I was writing, and I was fairly sure I had read it in The Art of Unix Programming. Eric S. Raymond (esr) has [kindly published it online][2], but it’s difficult to search as it’s distributed over many different pages, and the formatting is not exactly conducive for readability.
-
-I `wget --mirror`’d it to my drive, and started out with a simple [script][3] to join everything to a single page, but eventually ended up rewriting a lot of the HTML from crappy 2003 docbook-generated tagsoup to more modern standards, and I slapped on some CSS to make it more readable.
-
-The results are fairly nice, and it should work well in any version of any browser (I haven’t tested Internet Explorer and Edge, lacking access to a Windows computer, but I’m reasonably confident it should work without issues; if not, see the bottom of this page on how to get in touch).
-
-The HTML could be simplified further (so rms can read it too), but dealing with 360k lines of ill-formatted HTML is not exactly my idea of fun, so this will have to do for now.
-
-The entire page is self-contained. You can save it to your laptop or mobile phone and read it on a plane or whatnot.
-
-Why spend so much work on an IT book from 2003? I think a substantial part of the book still applies very much today, for all programmers (not just Unix programmers). For example the [Basics of the Unix Philosophy][4] was good advice in 1972, is still good advice in 2019, and will continue to be good advice well in to the future.
-
-Other parts have aged less gracefully; for example “since 2000, practice has been moving toward use of XML-DocBook as a documentation interchange format” doesn’t really represent the current state of things, and the [Data File Metaformats][5] section mentions XML and INI, but not JSON or YAML (as they weren’t invented until after the book was written)
-
-I find this adds, rather than detracts. It makes for an interesting window in to past. The downside is that the uninitiated will have a bit of a hard time distinguishing between the good and outdated parts; as a rule of thumb: if it talks about abstract concepts, it probably still applies today. If it talks about specific software, it may be outdated.
-
-I toyed with the idea of updating or annotating the text, but the license doesn’t allow derivative works, so that’s not going to happen. Perhaps I’ll email esr and ask nicely. Another project, for another weekend :-)
-
-You can mail me at [martin@arp242.net][6] or [create a GitHub issue][7] for feedback, questions, etc.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://arp242.net/weblog/the-art-of-unix-programming.html
-
-作者：[Martin Tournoij][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://arp242.net/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://arp242.net/the-art-of-unix-programming/
-[2]: http://catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/
-[3]: https://arp242.net/the-art-of-unix-programming/fix-taoup.py
-[4]: https://arp242.net/the-art-of-unix-programming#ch01s06
-[5]: https://arp242.net/the-art-of-unix-programming/#ch05s02
-[6]: mailto:martin@arp242.net
-[7]: https://github.com/Carpetsmoker/arp242.net/issues/new
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190131 OOP Before OOP with Simula.md b/sources/talk/20190131 OOP Before OOP with Simula.md
index aca160ad2d..cae9d9bd3a 100644
--- a/sources/talk/20190131 OOP Before OOP with Simula.md
+++ b/sources/talk/20190131 OOP Before OOP with Simula.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: (warmfrog)
+[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190223 No- Ubuntu is NOT Replacing Apt with Snap.md b/sources/talk/20190223 No- Ubuntu is NOT Replacing Apt with Snap.md
deleted file mode 100644
index bb7dd14943..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190223 No- Ubuntu is NOT Replacing Apt with Snap.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (No! Ubuntu is NOT Replacing Apt with Snap)
-[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-snap-replaces-apt-blueprint/)
-[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
-
-No! Ubuntu is NOT Replacing Apt with Snap
-======
-
-Stop believing the rumors that Ubuntu is planning to replace Apt with Snap in the [Ubuntu 19.04 release][1]. These are only rumors.
-
-![Snap replacing apt rumors][2]
-
-Don’t get what I am talking about? Let me give you some context.
-
-There is a ‘blueprint’ on Ubuntu’s launchpad website, titled ‘Replace APT with snap as default package manager’. It talks about replacing Apt (package manager at the heart of Debian) with Snap ( a new packaging system by Ubuntu).
-
-> Thanks to Snap, the need for APT is disappearing, fast… why don’t we use snap at the system level?
-
-The post further says “Imagine, for example, being able to run “sudo snap install cosmic” to upgrade to the current release, “sudo snap install –beta disco” (in March) to upgrade to a beta release, or, for that matter, “sudo snap install –edge disco” to upgrade to a pre-beta release. It would make the whole process much easier, and updates could simply be delivered as updates to the corresponding snap, which could then just be pushed to the repositories and there it is. This way, instead of having a separate release updater, it would be possible to A, run all system updates completely and silently in the background to avoid nagging the user (a la Chrome OS), and B, offer release upgrades in the GNOME software store, Mac-style, as banners, so the user can install them easily. It would make the user experience both more consistent and even more user-friendly than it currently is.”
-
-It might sound good and promising and if you take a look at [this link][3], even you might start believing the rumor. Why? Because at the bottom of the blueprint information, it lists Ubuntu-founder Mark Shuttleworth as the approver.
-
-![Apt being replaced with Snap blueprint rumor][4]Mark Shuttleworth’s name adds to the confusion
-
-The rumor got fanned when the Switch to Linux YouTube channel covered it. You can watch the video from around 11:30.
-
-
-
-When this ‘news’ was brought to my attention, I reached out to Alan Pope of Canonical and asked him if he or his colleagues at Canonical (Ubuntu’s parent company) could confirm it.
-
-Alan clarified that the so called blueprint was not associated with official Ubuntu team. It was created as a proposal by some community member not affiliated with Ubuntu.
-
-> That’s not anything official. Some random community person made it. Anyone can write a blueprint.
->
-> Alan Pope, Canonical
-
-Alan further elaborated that anyone can create such blueprints and tag Mark Shuttleworth or other Ubuntu members in it. Just because Mark’s name was listed as the approver, it doesn’t mean he already approved the idea.
-
-Canonical has no such plans to replace Apt with Snap. It’s not as simple as the blueprint in question suggests.
-
-After talking with Alan, I decided to not write about this topic because I don’t want to fan baseless rumors and confuse people.
-
-Unfortunately, the ‘replace Apt with Snap’ blueprint is still being shared on various Ubuntu and Linux related groups and forums. Alan had to publicly dismiss these rumors in a series of tweets:
-
-> Seen this [#Ubuntu][5] blueprint being shared around the internet. It's not official, not a thing we're doing. Just because someone made a blueprint, doesn't make it fact.
->
-> — Alan Pope 🇪🇺🇬🇧 (@popey) [February 23, 2019][6]
-
-I don’t want you, the It’s FOSS reader, to fell for such silly rumors so I quickly penned this article.
-
-If you come across ‘apt being replaced with snap’ discussion, you may tell people that it’s not true and provide them this link as a reference.
-
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-snap-replaces-apt-blueprint/
-
-作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-19-04-release-features/
-[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/snap-replacing-apt.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
-[3]: https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/package-management-default-snap
-[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/apt-snap-blueprint.jpg?ssl=1
-[5]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/Ubuntu?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
-[6]: https://twitter.com/popey/status/1099238146393468931?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md b/sources/talk/20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e4720315cc..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro)
-[#]: via: (https://twobithistory.org/2019/03/31/bbc-micro.html)
-[#]: author: (Two-Bit History https://twobithistory.org)
-
-Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro
-======
-
-In the late 1970s, the computer, which for decades had been a mysterious, hulking machine that only did the bidding of corporate overlords, suddenly became something the average person could buy and take home. An enthusiastic minority saw how great this was and rushed to get a computer of their own. For many more people, the arrival of the microcomputer triggered helpless anxiety about the future. An ad from a magazine at the time promised that a home computer would “give your child an unfair advantage in school.” It showed a boy in a smart blazer and tie eagerly raising his hand to answer a question, while behind him his dim-witted classmates look on sullenly. The ad and others like it implied that the world was changing quickly and, if you did not immediately learn how to use one of these intimidating new devices, you and your family would be left behind.
-
-In the UK, this anxiety metastasized into concern at the highest levels of government about the competitiveness of the nation. The 1970s had been, on the whole, an underwhelming decade for Great Britain. Both inflation and unemployment had been high. Meanwhile, a series of strikes put London through blackout after blackout. A government report from 1979 fretted that a failure to keep up with trends in computing technology would “add another factor to our poor industrial performance.”1 The country already seemed to be behind in the computing arena—all the great computer companies were American, while integrated circuits were being assembled in Japan and Taiwan.
-
-In an audacious move, the BBC, a public service broadcaster funded by the government, decided that it would solve Britain’s national competitiveness problems by helping Britons everywhere overcome their aversion to computers. It launched the _Computer Literacy Project_ , a multi-pronged educational effort that involved several TV series, a few books, a network of support groups, and a specially built microcomputer known as the BBC Micro. The project was so successful that, by 1983, an editor for BYTE Magazine wrote, “compared to the US, proportionally more of Britain’s population is interested in microcomputers.”2 The editor marveled that there were more people at the Fifth Personal Computer World Show in the UK than had been to that year’s West Coast Computer Faire. Over a sixth of Great Britain watched an episode in the first series produced for the _Computer Literacy Project_ and 1.5 million BBC Micros were ultimately sold.3
-
-[An archive][1] containing every TV series produced and all the materials published for the _Computer Literacy Project_ was put on the web last year. I’ve had a huge amount of fun watching the TV series and trying to imagine what it would have been like to learn about computing in the early 1980s. But what’s turned out to be more interesting is how computing was _taught_. Today, we still worry about technology leaving people behind. Wealthy tech entrepreneurs and governments spend lots of money trying to teach kids “to code.” We have websites like Codecademy that make use of new technologies to teach coding interactively. One would assume that this approach is more effective than a goofy ’80s TV series. But is it?
-
-### The Computer Literacy Project
-
-The microcomputer revolution began in 1975 with the release of [the Altair 8800][2]. Only two years later, the Apple II, TRS-80, and Commodore PET had all been released. Sales of the new computers exploded. In 1978, the BBC explored the dramatic societal changes these new machines were sure to bring in a documentary called “Now the Chips Are Down.”
-
-The documentary was alarming. Within the first five minutes, the narrator explains that microelectronics will “totally revolutionize our way of life.” As eerie synthesizer music plays, and green pulses of electricity dance around a magnified microprocessor on screen, the narrator argues that the new chips are why “Japan is abandoning its ship building, and why our children will grow up without jobs to go to.” The documentary goes on to explore how robots are being used to automate car assembly and how the European watch industry has lost out to digital watch manufacturers in the United States. It castigates the British government for not doing more to prepare the country for a future of mass unemployment.
-
-The documentary was supposedly shown to the British Cabinet.4 Several government agencies, including the Department of Industry and the Manpower Services Commission, became interested in trying to raise awareness about computers among the British public. The Manpower Services Commission provided funds for a team from the BBC’s education division to travel to Japan, the United States, and other countries on a fact-finding trip. This research team produced a report that cataloged the ways in which microelectronics would indeed mean major changes for industrial manufacturing, labor relations, and office work. In late 1979, it was decided that the BBC should make a ten-part TV series that would help regular Britons “learn how to use and control computers and not feel dominated by them.”5 The project eventually became a multimedia endeavor similar to the _Adult Literacy Project_ , an earlier BBC undertaking involving both a TV series and supplemental courses that helped two million people improve their reading.
-
-The producers behind the _Computer Literacy Project_ were keen for the TV series to feature “hands-on” examples that viewers could try on their own if they had a microcomputer at home. These examples would have to be in BASIC, since that was the language (really the entire shell) used on almost all microcomputers. But the producers faced a thorny problem: Microcomputer manufacturers all had their own dialects of BASIC, so no matter which dialect they picked, they would inevitably alienate some large fraction of their audience. The only real solution was to create a new BASIC—BBC BASIC—and a microcomputer to go along with it. Members of the British public would be able to buy the new microcomputer and follow along without worrying about differences in software or hardware.
-
-The TV producers and presenters at the BBC were not capable of building a microcomputer on their own. So they put together a specification for the computer they had in mind and invited British microcomputer companies to propose a new machine that met the requirements. The specification called for a relatively powerful computer because the BBC producers felt that the machine should be able to run real, useful applications. Technical consultants for the _Computer Literacy Project_ also suggested that, if it had to be a BASIC dialect that was going to be taught to the entire nation, then it had better be a good one. (They may not have phrased it exactly that way, but I bet that’s what they were thinking.) BBC BASIC would make up for some of BASIC’s usual shortcomings by allowing for recursion and local variables.6
-
-The BBC eventually decided that a Cambridge-based company called Acorn Computers would make the BBC Micro. In choosing Acorn, the BBC passed over a proposal from Clive Sinclair, who ran a company called Sinclair Research. Sinclair Research had brought mass-market microcomputing to the UK in 1980 with the Sinclair ZX80. Sinclair’s new computer, the ZX81, was cheap but not powerful enough for the BBC’s purposes. Acorn’s new prototype computer, known internally as the Proton, would be more expensive but more powerful and expandable. The BBC was impressed. The Proton was never marketed or sold as the Proton because it was instead released in December 1981 as the BBC Micro, also affectionately called “The Beeb.” You could get a 16k version for £235 and a 32k version for £335.
-
-In 1980, Acorn was an underdog in the British computing industry. But the BBC Micro helped establish the company’s legacy. Today, the world’s most popular microprocessor instruction set is the ARM architecture. “ARM” now stands for “Advanced RISC Machine,” but originally it stood for “Acorn RISC Machine.” ARM Holdings, the company behind the architecture, was spun out from Acorn in 1990.
-
-![Picture of the BBC Micro.][3] _A bad picture of a BBC Micro, taken by me at the Computer History Museum
-in Mountain View, California._
-
-### The Computer Programme
-
-A dozen different TV series were eventually produced as part of the _Computer Literacy Project_ , but the first of them was a ten-part series known as _The Computer Programme_. The series was broadcast over ten weeks at the beginning of 1982. A million people watched each week-night broadcast of the show; a quarter million watched the reruns on Sunday and Monday afternoon.
-
-The show was hosted by two presenters, Chris Serle and Ian McNaught-Davis. Serle plays the neophyte while McNaught-Davis, who had professional experience programming mainframe computers, plays the expert. This was an inspired setup. It made for [awkward transitions][4]—Serle often goes directly from a conversation with McNaught-Davis to a bit of walk-and-talk narration delivered to the camera, and you can’t help but wonder whether McNaught-Davis is still standing there out of frame or what. But it meant that Serle could voice the concerns that the audience would surely have. He can look intimidated by a screenful of BASIC and can ask questions like, “What do all these dollar signs mean?” At several points during the show, Serle and McNaught-Davis sit down in front of a computer and essentially pair program, with McNaught-Davis providing hints here and there while Serle tries to figure it out. It would have been much less relatable if the show had been presented by a single, all-knowing narrator.
-
-The show also made an effort to demonstrate the many practical applications of computing in the lives of regular people. By the early 1980s, the home computer had already begun to be associated with young boys and video games. The producers behind _The Computer Programme_ sought to avoid interviewing “impressively competent youngsters,” as that was likely “to increase the anxieties of older viewers,” a demographic that the show was trying to attract to computing.7 In the first episode of the series, Gill Nevill, the show’s “on location” reporter, interviews a woman that has bought a Commodore PET to help manage her sweet shop. The woman (her name is Phyllis) looks to be 60-something years old, yet she has no trouble using the computer to do her accounting and has even started using her PET to do computer work for other businesses, which sounds like the beginning of a promising freelance career. Phyllis says that she wouldn’t mind if the computer work grew to replace her sweet shop business since she enjoys the computer work more. This interview could instead have been an interview with a teenager about how he had modified _Breakout_ to be faster and more challenging. But that would have been encouraging to almost nobody. On the other hand, if Phyllis, of all people, can use a computer, then surely you can too.
-
-While the show features lots of BASIC programming, what it really wants to teach its audience is how computing works in general. The show explains these general principles with analogies. In the second episode, there is an extended discussion of the Jacquard loom, which accomplishes two things. First, it illustrates that computers are not based only on magical technology invented yesterday—some of the foundational principles of computing go back two hundred years and are about as simple as the idea that you can punch holes in card to control a weaving machine. Second, the interlacing of warp and weft threads is used to demonstrate how a binary choice (does the weft thread go above or below the warp thread?) is enough, when repeated over and over, to produce enormous variation. This segues, of course, into a discussion of how information can be stored using binary digits.
-
-Later in the show there is a section about a steam organ that plays music encoded in a long, segmented roll of punched card. This time the analogy is used to explain subroutines in BASIC. Serle and McNaught-Davis lay out the whole roll of punched card on the floor in the studio, then point out the segments where it looks like a refrain is being repeated. McNaught-Davis explains that a subroutine is what you would get if you cut out those repeated segments of card and somehow added an instruction to go back to the original segment that played the refrain for the first time. This is a brilliant explanation and probably one that stuck around in people’s minds for a long time afterward.
-
-I’ve picked out only a few examples, but I think in general the show excels at demystifying computers by explaining the principles that computers rely on to function. The show could instead have focused on teaching BASIC, but it did not. This, it turns out, was very much a conscious choice. In a retrospective written in 1983, John Radcliffe, the executive producer of the _Computer Literacy Project_ , wrote the following:
-
-> If computers were going to be as important as we believed, some genuine understanding of this new subject would be important for everyone, almost as important perhaps as the capacity to read and write. Early ideas, both here and in America, had concentrated on programming as the main route to computer literacy. However, as our thinking progressed, although we recognized the value of “hands-on” experience on personal micros, we began to place less emphasis on programming and more on wider understanding, on relating micros to larger machines, encouraging people to gain experience with a range of applications programs and high-level languages, and relating these to experience in the real world of industry and commerce…. Our belief was that once people had grasped these principles, at their simplest, they would be able to move further forward into the subject.
-
-Later, Radcliffe writes, in a similar vein:
-
-> There had been much debate about the main explanatory thrust of the series. One school of thought had argued that it was particularly important for the programmes to give advice on the practical details of learning to use a micro. But we had concluded that if the series was to have any sustained educational value, it had to be a way into the real world of computing, through an explanation of computing principles. This would need to be achieved by a combination of studio demonstration on micros, explanation of principles by analogy, and illustration on film of real-life examples of practical applications. Not only micros, but mini computers and mainframes would be shown.
-
-I love this, particularly the part about mini-computers and mainframes. The producers behind _The Computer Programme_ aimed to help Britons get situated: Where had computing been, and where was it going? What can computers do now, and what might they do in the future? Learning some BASIC was part of answering those questions, but knowing BASIC alone was not seen as enough to make someone computer literate.
-
-### Computer Literacy Today
-
-If you google “learn to code,” the first result you see is a link to Codecademy’s website. If there is a modern equivalent to the _Computer Literacy Project_ , something with the same reach and similar aims, then it is Codecademy.
-
-“Learn to code” is Codecademy’s tagline. I don’t think I’m the first person to point this out—in fact, I probably read this somewhere and I’m now ripping it off—but there’s something revealing about using the word “code” instead of “program.” It suggests that the important thing you are learning is how to decode the code, how to look at a screen’s worth of Python and not have your eyes glaze over. I can understand why to the average person this seems like the main hurdle to becoming a professional programmer. Professional programmers spend all day looking at computer monitors covered in gobbledygook, so, if I want to become a professional programmer, I better make sure I can decipher the gobbledygook. But dealing with syntax is not the most challenging part of being a programmer, and it quickly becomes almost irrelevant in the face of much bigger obstacles. Also, armed only with knowledge of a programming language’s syntax, you may be able to _read_ code but you won’t be able to _write_ code to solve a novel problem.
-
-I recently went through Codecademy’s “Code Foundations” course, which is the course that the site recommends you take if you are interested in programming (as opposed to web development or data science) and have never done any programming before. There are a few lessons in there about the history of computer science, but they are perfunctory and poorly researched. (Thank heavens for [this noble internet vigilante][5], who pointed out a particularly egregious error.) The main focus of the course is teaching you about the common structural elements of programming languages: variables, functions, control flow, loops. In other words, the course focuses on what you would need to know to start seeing patterns in the gobbledygook.
-
-To be fair to Codecademy, they offer other courses that look meatier. But even courses such as their “Computer Science Path” course focus almost exclusively on programming and concepts that can be represented in programs. One might argue that this is the whole point—Codecademy’s main feature is that it gives you little interactive programming lessons with automated feedback. There also just isn’t enough room to cover more because there is only so much you can stuff into somebody’s brain in a little automated lesson. But the producers at the BBC tasked with kicking off the _Computer Literacy Project_ also had this problem; they recognized that they were limited by their medium and that “the amount of learning that would take place as a result of the television programmes themselves would be limited.”8 With similar constraints on the volume of information they could convey, they chose to emphasize general principles over learning BASIC. Couldn’t Codecademy replace a lesson or two with an interactive visualization of a Jacquard loom weaving together warp and weft threads?
-
-I’m banging the drum for “general principles” loudly now, so let me just explain what I think they are and why they are important. There’s a book by J. Clark Scott about computers called _But How Do It Know?_ The title comes from the anecdote that opens the book. A salesman is explaining to a group of people that a thermos can keep hot food hot and cold food cold. A member of the audience, astounded by this new invention, asks, “But how do it know?” The joke of course is that the thermos is not perceiving the temperature of the food and then making a decision—the thermos is just constructed so that cold food inevitably stays cold and hot food inevitably stays hot. People anthropomorphize computers in the same way, believing that computers are digital brains that somehow “choose” to do one thing or another based on the code they are fed. But learning a few things about how computers work, even at a rudimentary level, takes the homunculus out of the machine. That’s why the Jacquard loom is such a good go-to illustration. It may at first seem like an incredible device. It reads punch cards and somehow “knows” to weave the right pattern! The reality is mundane: Each row of holes corresponds to a thread, and where there is a hole in that row the corresponding thread gets lifted. Understanding this may not help you do anything new with computers, but it will give you the confidence that you are not dealing with something magical. We should impart this sense of confidence to beginners as soon as we can.
-
-Alas, it’s possible that the real problem is that nobody wants to learn about the Jacquard loom. Judging by how Codecademy emphasizes the professional applications of what it teaches, many people probably start using Codecademy because they believe it will help them “level up” their careers. They believe, not unreasonably, that the primary challenge will be understanding the gobbledygook, so they want to “learn to code.” And they want to do it as quickly as possible, in the hour or two they have each night between dinner and collapsing into bed. Codecademy, which after all is a business, gives these people what they are looking for—not some roundabout explanation involving a machine invented in the 18th century.
-
-The _Computer Literacy Project_ , on the other hand, is what a bunch of producers and civil servants at the BBC thought would be the best way to educate the nation about computing. I admit that it is a bit elitist to suggest we should laud this group of people for teaching the masses what they were incapable of seeking out on their own. But I can’t help but think they got it right. Lots of people first learned about computing using a BBC Micro, and many of these people went on to become successful software developers or game designers. [As I’ve written before][6], I suspect learning about computing at a time when computers were relatively simple was a huge advantage. But perhaps another advantage these people had is shows like _The Computer Programme_ , which strove to teach not just programming but also how and why computers can run programs at all. After watching _The Computer Programme_ , you may not understand all the gobbledygook on a computer screen, but you don’t really need to because you know that, whatever the “code” looks like, the computer is always doing the same basic thing. After a course or two on Codecademy, you understand some flavors of gobbledygook, but to you a computer is just a magical machine that somehow turns gobbledygook into running software. That isn’t computer literacy.
-
-_If you enjoyed this post, more like it come out every four weeks! Follow[@TwoBitHistory][7] on Twitter or subscribe to the [RSS feed][8] to make sure you know when a new post is out._
-
-_Previously on TwoBitHistory…_
-
-> FINALLY some new damn content, amirite?
->
-> Wanted to write an article about how Simula bought us object-oriented programming. It did that, but early Simula also flirted with a different vision for how OOP would work. Wrote about that instead!
->
-> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [February 1, 2019][9]
-
- 1. Robert Albury and David Allen, Microelectronics, report (1979). ↩
-
- 2. Gregg Williams, “Microcomputing, British Style”, Byte Magazine, 40, January 1983, accessed on March 31, 2019, . ↩
-
- 3. John Radcliffe, “Toward Computer Literacy,” Computer Literacy Project Achive, 42, accessed March 31, 2019, [https://computer-literacy-project.pilots.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/media/Towards Computer Literacy.pdf][10]. ↩
-
- 4. David Allen, “About the Computer Literacy Project,” Computer Literacy Project Archive, accessed March 31, 2019, . ↩
-
- 5. ibid. ↩
-
- 6. Williams, 51. ↩
-
- 7. Radcliffe, 11. ↩
-
- 8. Radcliffe, 5. ↩
-
-
-
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://twobithistory.org/2019/03/31/bbc-micro.html
-
-作者：[Two-Bit History][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://twobithistory.org
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://computer-literacy-project.pilots.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/
-[2]: /2018/07/22/dawn-of-the-microcomputer.html
-[3]: /images/beeb.jpg
-[4]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1112372000742404098
-[5]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1111305774939234304
-[6]: /2018/09/02/learning-basic.html
-[7]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory
-[8]: https://twobithistory.org/feed.xml
-[9]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1091148050221944832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
-[10]: https://computer-literacy-project.pilots.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/media/Towards%20Computer%20Literacy.pdf
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190412 Gov-t warns on VPN security bug in Cisco, Palo Alto, F5, Pulse software.md b/sources/talk/20190412 Gov-t warns on VPN security bug in Cisco, Palo Alto, F5, Pulse software.md
deleted file mode 100644
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--- a/sources/talk/20190412 Gov-t warns on VPN security bug in Cisco, Palo Alto, F5, Pulse software.md
+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Gov’t warns on VPN security bug in Cisco, Palo Alto, F5, Pulse software)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388646/gov-t-warns-on-vpn-security-bug-in-cisco-palo-alto-f5-pulse-software.html#tk.rss_all)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Gov’t warns on VPN security bug in Cisco, Palo Alto, F5, Pulse software
-======
-VPN packages from Cisco, Palo Alto, F5 and Pusle may improperly secure tokens and cookies
-![Getty Images][1]
-
-The Department of Homeland Security has issued a warning that some [VPN][2] packages from Cisco, Palo Alto, F5 and Pusle may improperly secure tokens and cookies, allowing nefarious actors an opening to invade and take control over an end user’s system.
-
-The DHS’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) [warning][3] comes on the heels of a notice from Carnegie Mellon's CERT that multiple VPN applications store the authentication and/or session cookies insecurely in memory and/or log files.
-
-**[Also see:[What to consider when deploying a next generation firewall][4]. Get regularly scheduled insights by [signing up for Network World newsletters][5]]**
-
-“If an attacker has persistent access to a VPN user's endpoint or exfiltrates the cookie using other methods, they can replay the session and bypass other authentication methods,” [CERT wrote][6]. “An attacker would then have access to the same applications that the user does through their VPN session.”
-
-According to the CERT warning, the following products and versions store the cookie insecurely in log files:
-
- * Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect Agent 4.1.0 for Windows and GlobalProtect Agent 4.1.10 and earlier for macOS0 ([CVE-2019-1573][7])
- * Pulse Secure Connect Secure prior to 8.1R14, 8.2, 8.3R6, and 9.0R2.
-
-
-
-The following products and versions store the cookie insecurely in memory:
-
- * Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect Agent 4.1.0 for Windows and GlobalProtect Agent 4.1.10 and earlier for macOS0.
- * Pulse Secure Connect Secure prior to 8.1R14, 8.2, 8.3R6, and 9.0R2.
- * Cisco AnyConnect 4.7.x and prior.
-
-
-
-CERT says that Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect version 4.1.1 [patches][8] this vulnerability.
-
-In the CERT warning F5 stated it has been aware of the insecure memory storage since 2013 and has not yet been patched. More information can be found [here][9]. F5 also stated it has been aware of the insecure log storage since 2017 and fixed it in version 12.1.3 and 13.1.0 and onwards. More information can be found [here][10].
-
-**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][11] ]**
-
-CERT said it is unaware of any patches at the time of publishing for Cisco AnyConnect and Pulse Secure Connect Secure.
-
-CERT credited the [National Defense ISAC Remote Access Working Group][12] for reporting the vulnerability.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][13] and [LinkedIn][14] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388646/gov-t-warns-on-vpn-security-bug-in-cisco-palo-alto-f5-pulse-software.html#tk.rss_all
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/10/broken-chain_metal_link_breach_security-100777433-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3268744/understanding-virtual-private-networks-and-why-vpns-are-important-to-sd-wan.html
-[3]: https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/current-activity/2019/04/12/Vulnerability-Multiple-VPN-Applications
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236448/lan-wan/what-to-consider-when-deploying-a-next-generation-firewall.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
-[6]: https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/192371/
-[7]: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1573
-[8]: https://securityadvisories.paloaltonetworks.com/Home/Detail/146
-[9]: https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K14969
-[10]: https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K45432295
-[11]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
-[12]: https://ndisac.org/workinggroups/
-[13]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190417 Cisco Talos details exceptionally dangerous DNS hijacking attack.md b/sources/talk/20190417 Cisco Talos details exceptionally dangerous DNS hijacking attack.md
deleted file mode 100644
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--- a/sources/talk/20190417 Cisco Talos details exceptionally dangerous DNS hijacking attack.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco Talos details exceptionally dangerous DNS hijacking attack)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3389747/cisco-talos-details-exceptionally-dangerous-dns-hijacking-attack.html#tk.rss_all)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco Talos details exceptionally dangerous DNS hijacking attack
-======
-Cisco Talos says state-sponsored attackers are battering DNS to gain access to sensitive networks and systems
-![Peshkova / Getty][1]
-
-Security experts at Cisco Talos have released a [report detailing][2] what it calls the “first known case of a domain name registry organization that was compromised for cyber espionage operations.”
-
-Talos calls ongoing cyber threat campaign “Sea Turtle” and said that state-sponsored attackers are abusing DNS to harvest credentials to gain access to sensitive networks and systems in a way that victims are unable to detect, which displays unique knowledge on how to manipulate DNS, Talos stated.
-
-**More about DNS:**
-
- * [DNS in the cloud: Why and why not][3]
- * [DNS over HTTPS seeks to make internet use more private][4]
- * [How to protect your infrastructure from DNS cache poisoning][5]
- * [ICANN housecleaning revokes old DNS security key][6]
-
-
-
-By obtaining control of victims’ DNS, the attackers can change or falsify any data on the Internet, illicitly modify DNS name records to point users to actor-controlled servers; users visiting those sites would never know, Talos reported.
-
-DNS, routinely known as the Internet’s phonebook, is part of the global internet infrastructure that translates between familiar names and the numbers computers need to access a website or send an email.
-
-### Threat to DNS could spread
-
-At this point Talos says Sea Turtle isn't compromising organizations in the U.S.
-
-“While this incident is limited to targeting primarily national security organizations in the Middle East and North Africa, and we do not want to overstate the consequences of this specific campaign, we are concerned that the success of this operation will lead to actors more broadly attacking the global DNS system,” Talos stated.
-
-Talos reports that the ongoing operation likely began as early as January 2017 and has continued through the first quarter of 2019. “Our investigation revealed that approximately 40 different organizations across 13 different countries were compromised during this campaign,” Talos stated. “We assess with high confidence that this activity is being carried out by an advanced, state-sponsored actor that seeks to obtain persistent access to sensitive networks and systems.”
-
-**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][7] ]**
-
-Talos says the attackers directing the Sea Turtle campaign show signs of being highly sophisticated and have continued their attacks despite public reports of their activities. In most cases, threat actors typically stop or slow down their activities once their campaigns are publicly revealed suggesting the Sea Turtle actors are unusually brazen and may be difficult to deter going forward, Talos stated.
-
-In January the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) [issued an alert][8] about this activity, warning that an attacker could redirect user traffic and obtain valid encryption certificates for an organization’s domain names.
-
-At that time the DHS’s [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency][9] said in its [Emergency Directive][9] that it was tracking a series of incidents targeting DNS infrastructure. CISA wrote that it “is aware of multiple executive branch agency domains that were impacted by the tampering campaign and has notified the agencies that maintain them.”
-
-### DNS hijacking
-
-CISA said that attackers have managed to intercept and redirect web and mail traffic and could target other networked services. The agency said the attacks start with compromising user credentials of an account that can make changes to DNS records. Then the attacker alters DNS records, like Address, Mail Exchanger, or Name Server records, replacing the legitimate address of the services with an address the attacker controls.
-
-To achieve their nefarious goals, Talos stated the Sea Turtle accomplices:
-
- * Use DNS hijacking through the use of actor-controlled name servers.
- * Are aggressive in their pursuit targeting DNS registries and a number of registrars, including those that manage country-code top-level domains (ccTLD).
-
-
- * Use Let’s Encrypts, Comodo, Sectigo, and self-signed certificates in their man-in-the-middle (MitM) servers to gain the initial round of credentials.
-
-
- * Steal victim organization’s legitimate SSL certificate and use it on actor-controlled servers.
-
-
-
-Such actions also distinguish Sea Turtle from an earlier DNS exploit known as DNSpionage, which [Talos reported][10] on in November 2018.
-
-Talos noted “with high confidence” that these operations are distinctly different and independent from the operations performed by [DNSpionage.][11]
-
-In that report, Talos said a DNSpionage campaign utilized two fake, malicious websites containing job postings that were used to compromise targets via malicious Microsoft Office documents with embedded macros. The malware supported HTTP and DNS communication with the attackers.
-
-In a separate DNSpionage campaign, the attackers used the same IP address to redirect the DNS of legitimate .gov and private company domains. During each DNS compromise, the actor carefully generated Let's Encrypt certificates for the redirected domains. These certificates provide X.509 certificates for [Transport Layer Security (TLS)][12] free of charge to the user, Talos said.
-
-The Sea Turtle campaign gained initial access either by exploiting known vulnerabilities or by sending spear-phishing emails. Talos said it believes the attackers have exploited multiple known common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVEs) to either gain initial access or to move laterally within an affected organization. Talos research further shows the following known exploits of Sea Turtle include:
-
- * CVE-2009-1151: PHP code injection vulnerability affecting phpMyAdmin
- * CVE-2014-6271: RCE affecting GNU bash system, specifically the SMTP (this was part of the Shellshock CVEs)
- * CVE-2017-3881: RCE by unauthenticated user with elevated privileges Cisco switches
- * CVE-2017-6736: Remote Code Exploit (RCE) for Cisco integrated Service Router 2811
- * CVE-2017-12617: RCE affecting Apache web servers running Tomcat
- * CVE-2018-0296: Directory traversal allowing unauthorized access to Cisco Adaptive Security Appliances (ASAs) and firewalls
- * CVE-2018-7600: RCE for Website built with Drupal, aka “Drupalgeddon”
-
-
-
-“As with any initial access involving a sophisticated actor, we believe this list of CVEs to be incomplete,” Talos stated. “The actor in question can leverage known vulnerabilities as they encounter a new threat surface. This list only represents the observed behavior of the actor, not their complete capabilities.”
-
-Talos says that the Sea Turtle campaign continues to be highly successful for several reasons. “First, the actors employ a unique approach to gain access to the targeted networks. Most traditional security products such as IDS and IPS systems are not designed to monitor and log DNS requests,” Talos stated. “The threat actors were able to achieve this level of success because the DNS domain space system added security into the equation as an afterthought. Had more ccTLDs implemented security features such as registrar locks, attackers would be unable to redirect the targeted domains.”
-
-Talos said the attackers also used previously undisclosed techniques such as certificate impersonation. “This technique was successful in part because the SSL certificates were created to provide confidentiality, not integrity. The attackers stole organizations’ SSL certificates associated with security appliances such as [Cisco's Adaptive Security Appliance] to obtain VPN credentials, allowing the actors to gain access to the targeted network, and have long-term persistent access, Talos stated.
-
-### Cisco Talos DNS attack mitigation strategy
-
-To protect against Sea Turtle, Cisco recommends:
-
- * Use a registry lock service, which will require an out-of-band message before any changes can occur to an organization's DNS record.
- * If your registrar does not offer a registry-lock service, Talos recommends implementing multi-factor authentication, such as DUO, to access your organization's DNS records.
- * If you suspect you were targeted by this type of intrusion, Talos recommends instituting a network-wide password reset, preferably from a computer on a trusted network.
- * Apply patches, especially on internet-facing machines. Network administrators can monitor passive DNS records on their domains to check for abnormalities.
-
-
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][13] and [LinkedIn][14] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3389747/cisco-talos-details-exceptionally-dangerous-dns-hijacking-attack.html#tk.rss_all
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/man-in-boat-surrounded-by-sharks_risk_fear_decision_attack_threat_by-peshkova-getty-100786972-large.jpg
-[2]: https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/seaturtle.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3273891/hybrid-cloud/dns-in-the-cloud-why-and-why-not.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322023/internet/dns-over-https-seeks-to-make-internet-use-more-private.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3298160/internet/how-to-protect-your-infrastructure-from-dns-cache-poisoning.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331606/security/icann-housecleaning-revokes-old-dns-security-key.html
-[7]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
-[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3336201/batten-down-the-dns-hatches-as-attackers-strike-feds.html
-[9]: https://cyber.dhs.gov/ed/19-01/
-[10]: https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/11/dnspionage-campaign-targets-middle-east.html
-[11]: https://krebsonsecurity.com/tag/dnspionage/
-[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2303073/lan-wan-what-is-transport-layer-security-protocol.html
-[13]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190424 Cisco- DNSpionage attack adds new tools, morphs tactics.md b/sources/talk/20190424 Cisco- DNSpionage attack adds new tools, morphs tactics.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e202384558..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190424 Cisco- DNSpionage attack adds new tools, morphs tactics.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco: DNSpionage attack adds new tools, morphs tactics)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390666/cisco-dnspionage-attack-adds-new-tools-morphs-tactics.html#tk.rss_all)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco: DNSpionage attack adds new tools, morphs tactics
-======
-Cisco's Talos security group says DNSpionage tools have been upgraded to be more stealthy
-![Calvin Dexter / Getty Images][1]
-
-The group behind the Domain Name System attacks known as DNSpionage have upped their dark actions with new tools and malware to focus their attacks and better hide their activities.
-
-Cisco Talos security researchers, who discovered [DNSpionage][2] in November, this week warned of new exploits and capabilities of the nefarious campaign.
-
-**More about DNS:**
-
- * [DNS in the cloud: Why and why not][3]
- * [DNS over HTTPS seeks to make internet use more private][4]
- * [How to protect your infrastructure from DNS cache poisoning][5]
- * [ICANN housecleaning revokes old DNS security key][6]
-
-
-
-“The threat actor's ongoing development of DNSpionage malware shows that the attacker continues to find new ways to avoid detection. DNS tunneling is a popular method of exfiltration for some actors and recent examples of DNSpionage show that we must ensure DNS is monitored as closely as an organization's normal proxy or weblogs,” [Talos wrote][7]. “DNS is essentially the phonebook of the internet, and when it is tampered with, it becomes difficult for anyone to discern whether what they are seeing online is legitimate.”
-
-In Talos’ initial report, researchers said a DNSpionage campaign targeted various businesses in the Middle East as well as United Arab Emirates government domains. It also utilized two malicious websites containing job postings that were used to compromise targets via crafted Microsoft Office documents with embedded macros. The malware supported HTTP and DNS communication with the attackers.
-
-In a separate DNSpionage campaign, the attackers used the same IP address to redirect the DNS of legitimate .gov and private company domains. During each DNS compromise, the actor carefully generated “Let's Encrypt” certificates for the redirected domains. These certificates provide X.509 certificates for [Transport Layer Security (TLS)][8] free of charge to the user, Talos said.
-
-This week Cisco said DNSpionage actors have created a new remote administrative tool that supports HTTP and DNS communication with the attackers' command and control (C2).
-
-“In our previous post concerning DNSpionage, we showed that the malware author used malicious macros embedded in a Microsoft Word document. In the new sample from Lebanon identified at the end of February, the attacker used an Excel document with a similar macro.”
-
-**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][9] ]**
-
-Talos wrote: “The malware supports HTTP and DNS communication to the C2 server. The HTTP communication is hidden in the comments in the HTML code. This time, however, the C2 server mimics the GitHub platform instead of Wikipedia. While the DNS communication follows the same method we described in our previous article, the developer added some new features in this latest version and, this time, the actor removed the debug mode.”
-
-Talos added that the domain used for the C2 campaign is “bizarre.”
-
-“The previous version of DNSpionage attempted to use legitimate-looking domains in an attempt to remain undetected. However, this newer version uses the domain ‘coldfart[.]com,’ which would be easier to spot than other APT campaigns which generally try to blend in with traffic more suitable to enterprise environments. The domain was also hosted in the U.S., which is unusual for any espionage-style attack.”
-
-Talos researchers said they discovered that DNSpionage added a reconnaissance phase, that ensures the payload is being dropped on specific targets rather than indiscriminately downloaded on every machine.
-
-This level of attack also returns information about the workstation environment, including platform-specific information, the name of the domain and the local computer, and information concerning the operating system, Talos wrote. This information is key to helping the malware select the victims only and attempts to avoid researchers or sandboxes. Again, it shows the actor's improved abilities, as they now fingerprint the victim.
-
-This new tactic indicates an improved level of sophistication and is likely in response to the significant amount of public interest in the campaign.
-
-Talos noted that there have been several other public reports of DNSpionage attacks, and in January, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security issued an [alert][10] warning users about this threat activity.
-
-“In addition to increased reports of threat activity, we have also discovered new evidence that the threat actors behind the DNSpionage campaign continue to change their tactics, likely in an attempt to improve the efficacy of their operations,” Talos stated.
-
-In April, Cisco Talos identified an undocumented malware developed in .NET. On the analyzed samples, the malware author left two different internal names in plain text: "DropperBackdoor" and "Karkoff."
-
-“The malware is lightweight compared to other malware due to its small size and allows remote code execution from the C2 server. There is no obfuscation and the code can be easily disassembled,” Talos wrote.
-
-The Karkoff malware searches for two specific anti-virus platforms: Avira and Avast and will work around them.
-
-“The discovery of Karkoff also shows the actor is pivoting and is increasingly attempting to avoid detection while remaining very focused on the Middle Eastern region,” Talos wrote.
-
-Talos distinguished DNSpionage from another DNS attack method, “[Sea Turtle][11]”, it detailed this month. Sea Turtle involves state-sponsored attackers that are abusing DNS to target organizations and harvest credentials to gain access to sensitive networks and systems in a way that victims are unable to detect. This displays unique knowledge about how to manipulate DNS, Talos stated.
-
-By obtaining control of victims’ DNS, attackers can change or falsify any data victims receive from the Internet, illicitly modify DNS name records to point users to actor-controlled servers and users visiting those sites would never know, Talos reported.
-
-“While this incident is limited to targeting primarily national security organizations in the Middle East and North Africa, and we do not want to overstate the consequences of this specific campaign, we are concerned that the success of this operation will lead to actors more broadly attacking the global DNS system,” Talos stated about Sea Turtle.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390666/cisco-dnspionage-attack-adds-new-tools-morphs-tactics.html#tk.rss_all
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/cyber_attack_threat_danger_breach_hack_security_by_calvindexter_gettyimages-860363294_2400x800-100788395-large.jpg
-[2]: https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/11/dnspionage-campaign-targets-middle-east.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3273891/hybrid-cloud/dns-in-the-cloud-why-and-why-not.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322023/internet/dns-over-https-seeks-to-make-internet-use-more-private.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3298160/internet/how-to-protect-your-infrastructure-from-dns-cache-poisoning.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331606/security/icann-housecleaning-revokes-old-dns-security-key.html
-[7]: https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/dnspionage-brings-out-karkoff.html
-[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2303073/lan-wan-what-is-transport-layer-security-protocol.html
-[9]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
-[10]: https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/AA19-024A
-[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3389747/cisco-talos-details-exceptionally-dangerous-dns-hijacking-attack.html
-[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190429 Cisco goes all in on WiFi 6.md b/sources/talk/20190429 Cisco goes all in on WiFi 6.md
deleted file mode 100644
index decd25500a..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190429 Cisco goes all in on WiFi 6.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco goes all in on WiFi 6)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391919/cisco-goes-all-in-on-wifi-6.html#tk.rss_all)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco goes all in on WiFi 6
-======
-Cisco rolls out Catalyst and Meraki WiFi 6-based access points, Catalyst 9000 switch
-![undefined / Getty Images][1]
-
-Cisco has taken the wraps off a family of WiFi 6 access points, roaming technology and developer-community support all to make wireless a solid enterprise equal with the wired world.
-
-“Best-effort’ wireless for enterprise customers doesn’t cut it any more. There’s been a change in customer expectations that there will be an uninterrupted unplugged experience,” said Scott Harrell, senior vice president and general manager of enterprise networking at Cisco. **“ **It is now a wireless-first world.** ”**
-
-**More about 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6)**
-
- * [Why 802.11ax is the next big thing in wireless][2]
- * [FAQ: 802.11ax Wi-Fi][3]
- * [Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) is coming to a router near you][4]
- * [Wi-Fi 6 with OFDMA opens a world of new wireless possibilities][5]
- * [802.11ax preview: Access points and routers that support Wi-Fi 6 are on tap][6]
-
-
-
-Bringing a wireless-first enterprise world together is one of the drivers behind a new family of WiFi 6-based access points (AP) for Cisco’s Catalyst and Meraki portfolios. WiFi 6 (802.11ax) is designed for high-density public or private environments. But it also will be beneficial in internet of things (IoT) deployments, and in offices that use bandwidth-hogging applications like videoconferencing.
-
-The Cisco Catalyst 9100 family and Meraki [MR 45/55][7] WiFi-6 access points are built on Cisco silicon and communicate via pre-802.1ax protocols. The silicon in these access points now acts a rich sensor providing IT with insights about what is going on the wireless network in real-time, and that enables faster reactions to problems and security concerns, Harrell said.
-
-Aside from WiFi 6, the boxes include support for visibility and communications with Zigbee, BLE and Thread protocols. The Catalyst APs support uplink speeds of 2.5 Gbps, in addition to 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps. All speeds are supported on Category 5e cabling for an industry first, as well as 10GBASE-T (IEEE 802.3bz) cabling, Cisco said.
-
-Wireless traffic aggregates to wired networks so and the wired network must also evolve. Technology like multi-gigabit Ethernet must be driven into the access layer, which in turn drives higher bandwidth needs at the aggregation and core layers, [Harrell said][8].
-
-Handling this influx of wireless traffic was part of the reason Cisco also upgraded its iconic Catalyst 6000 with the [Catalyst 9600 this week][9]. The 9600 brings with it support for Cat 6000 features such as support for MPLS, virtual switching and IPv6, while adding or bolstering support for wireless netowrks as well as Intent-based networking (IBN) and security segmentation. The 9600 helps fill out the company’s revamped lineup which includes the 9200 family of access switches, the 9500 aggregation switch and 9800 wireless controller.
-
-“WiFi doesn’t exist in a vacuum – how it connects to the enterprise and the data center or the Internet is key and in Cisco’s case that key is now the 9600 which has been built to handle the increased traffic,” said Lee Doyle, principal analyst with Doyle Research.
-
-The new 9600 ties in with the recently [released Catalyst 9800][10], which features 40Gbps to 100Gbps performance, depending on the model, hot-patching to simplify updates and eliminate update-related downtime, Encrypted Traffic Analytics (ETA), policy-based micro- and macro-segmentation and Trustworthy solutions to detect malware on wired or wireless connected devices, Cisco said.
-
-All Catalyst 9000 family members support other Cisco products such as [DNA Center][11] , which controls automation capabilities, assurance setting, fabric provisioning and policy-based segmentation for enterprise wired and wireless networks.
-
-The new APs are pre-standard, but other vendors including Aruba, NetGear and others are also selling pre-standard 802.11ax devices. Cisco getting into the market solidifies the validity of this strategy, said Brandon Butler, a senior research analyst with IDC.
-
-Many experts [expect the standard][12] to be ratified late this year.
-
-“We expect to see volume shipments of WiFi 6 products by early next year and it being the de facto WiFi standard by 2022.”
-
-On top of the APs and 9600 switch, Cisco extended its software development community – [DevNet][13] – to offer WiFi 6 learning labs, sandboxes and developer resources.
-
-The Cisco Catalyst and Meraki access platforms are open and programmable all the way down to the chipset level, allowing applications to take advantage of network programmability, Cisco said.
-
-Cisco also said it had added more vendors to now include Apple, Samsung, Boingo, Presidio and Intel for its ongoing [OpenRoaming][14] project. OpenRoaming, which is in beta promises to let users move seamlessly between wireless networks and LTE without interruption.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][15] and [LinkedIn][16] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391919/cisco-goes-all-in-on-wifi-6.html#tk.rss_all
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/04/cisco_catalyst_wifi_coffee-cup_coffee-beans_-100794990-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/mobile-wireless/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html
-[3]: https://%20https//www.networkworld.com/article/3048196/mobile-wireless/faq-802-11ax-wi-fi.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3311921/mobile-wireless/wi-fi-6-is-coming-to-a-router-near-you.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332018/wi-fi/wi-fi-6-with-ofdma-opens-a-world-of-new-wireless-possibilities.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3309439/mobile-wireless/80211ax-preview-access-points-and-routers-that-support-the-wi-fi-6-protocol-on-tap.html
-[7]: https://meraki.cisco.com/lib/pdf/meraki_datasheet_MR55.pdf
-[8]: https://blogs.cisco.com/news/unplugged-and-uninterrupted
-[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391580/venerable-cisco-catalyst-6000-switches-ousted-by-new-catalyst-9600.html
-[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3321000/cisco-links-wireless-wired-worlds-with-new-catalyst-9000-switches.html
-[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280988/cisco/cisco-opens-dna-center-network-control-and-management-software-to-the-devops-masses.html
-[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3336263/is-jumping-ahead-to-wi-fi-6-the-right-move.html
-[13]: https://developer.cisco.com/wireless/?utm_campaign=colaunch-wireless19&utm_source=pressrelease&utm_medium=ciscopress-wireless-main
-[14]: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/enterprise-networks/802-11ax-solution/openroaming.html
-[15]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[16]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190501 Vapor IO provides direct, high-speed connections from the edge to AWS.md b/sources/talk/20190501 Vapor IO provides direct, high-speed connections from the edge to AWS.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 0ddef36770..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190501 Vapor IO provides direct, high-speed connections from the edge to AWS.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Vapor IO provides direct, high-speed connections from the edge to AWS)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391922/vapor-io-provides-direct-high-speed-connections-from-the-edge-to-aws.html#tk.rss_all)
-[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
-
-Vapor IO provides direct, high-speed connections from the edge to AWS
-======
-With a direct fiber line, latency between the edge and the cloud can be dramatically reduced.
-![Vapor IO][1]
-
-Edge computing startup Vapor IO now offers a direct connection between its edge containers to Amazon Web Services (AWS) via a high-speed fiber network link.
-
-The company said that connection between its Kinetic Edge containers and AWS will be provided by Crown Castle's Cloud Connect fiber network, which uses Amazon Direct Connect Services. This would help reduce network latency by essentially drawing a straight fiber line from Vapor IO's edge computing data centers to Amazon's cloud computing data centers.
-
-“When combined with Crown Castle’s high-speed Cloud Connect fiber, the Kinetic Edge lets AWS developers build applications that span the entire continuum from core to edge. By enabling new classes of applications at the edge, we make it possible for any AWS developer to unlock the next generation of real-time, innovative use cases,” wrote Matt Trifiro, chief marketing officer of Vapor IO, in a [blog post][2].
-
-**[ Read also:[What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][3] ]**
-
-Vapor IO clams that the connection will lower latency by as much as 75%. “Connecting workloads and data at the Kinetic Edge with workloads and data in centralized AWS data centers makes it possible to build edge applications that leverage the full power of AWS,” wrote Trifiro.
-
-Developers building applications at the Kinetic Edge will have access to the full suite of AWS cloud computing services, including Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon Elastic Cloud Compute (Amazon EC2), Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC), and Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS).
-
-Crown Castle is the largest provider of shared communications infrastructure in the U.S., with 40,000 cell towers and 60,000 miles of fiber, offering 1Gbps to 10Gbps private fiber connectivity between the Kinetic Edge and AWS.
-
-AWS Direct Connect is a essentially a private connection between Amazon's AWS customers and their the AWS data centers, so customers don’t have to rout their traffic over the public internet and compete with Netflix and YouTube, for example, for bandwidth.
-
-### How edge computing works
-
-The structure of [edge computing][3] is the reverse of the standard internet design. Rather than sending all the data up to central servers, as much processing as possible is done at the edge. This is to reduce the sheer volume of data coming upstream and thus reduce latency.
-
-With things like smart cars, even if 95% of data is eliminated that remaining, 5% can still be a lot, so moving it fast is essential. Vapor IO said it will shuttle workloads to Amazon’s USEAST and USWEST data centers, depending on location.
-
-This shows how the edge is up-ending the traditional internet design and moving more computing outside the traditional data center, although a connection upstream is still important because it allows for rapid movement of necessary data from the edge to the cloud, where it can be stored or processed.
-
-**More about edge networking:**
-
- * [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][4]
- * [Edge computing best practices][5]
- * [How edge computing can help secure the IoT][6]
-
-
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
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-
-作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/09/vapor-io-kinetic-edge-data-center-100771510-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.vapor.io/powering-amazon-web-services-at-the-kinetic-edge/
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331978/lan-wan/edge-computing-best-practices.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331905/internet-of-things/how-edge-computing-can-help-secure-the-iot.html
-[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190506 Cisco boosts SD-WAN with multicloud-to-branch access system.md b/sources/talk/20190506 Cisco boosts SD-WAN with multicloud-to-branch access system.md
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+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco boosts SD-WAN with multicloud-to-branch access system)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3393232/cisco-boosts-sd-wan-with-multicloud-to-branch-access-system.html#tk.rss_all)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco boosts SD-WAN with multicloud-to-branch access system
-======
-Cisco's SD-WAN Cloud onRamp for CoLocation can tie branch offices to private data centers in regional corporate headquarters via colocation facilities for shorter, faster, possibly more secure connections.
-![istock][1]
-
-Cisco is looking to give traditional or legacy wide-area network users another reason to move to the [software-defined WAN world][2].
-
-The company has rolled out an integrated hardware/software package called SD-WAN Cloud onRamp for CoLocation that lets customers tie distributed multicloud applications back to a local branch office or local private data center. The idea is that a cloud-to-branch link would be shorter, faster and possibly more secure that tying cloud-based applications directly all the way to the data center.
-
-**More about SD-WAN**
-
- * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][3]
- * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][4]
- * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][5]
- * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][6]
-
-
-
-“With Cisco SD-WAN Cloud onRamp for CoLocation operating regionally, connections from colocation facilities to branches are set up and configured according to traffic loads (such as video vs web browsing vs email) SLAs (requirements for low latency/jitter), and Quality of Experience for optimizing cloud application performance,” wrote Anand Oswal, senior vice president of engineering, in Cisco’s Enterprise Networking Business in a [blog about the new service][7].
-
-According to Oswal, each branch or private data center is equipped with a network interface that provides a secure tunnel to the regional colocation facility. In turn, the Cloud onRamp for CoLocation establishes secure tunnels to SaaS application platforms, multi-cloud platform services, and enterprise data centers, he stated.
-
-Traffic is securely routed through the Cloud onRamp for CoLocation stack which includes security features such as application-aware firewalls, URL-filtering, intrusion detection/prevention, DNS-layer security, and Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) Threat Grid, as well as other network services such as load-balancing and Wide Area Application Services, Oswal wrote.
-
-A typical use case for the package is an enterprise that has dozens of distributed branch offices, clustered around major cities, spread over several countries. The goal is to tie each branch to enterprise data center databases, SaaS applications, and multi-cloud services while meeting service level agreements and application quality of experience, Oswal stated.
-
-“With virtualized Cisco SD-WAN running on regional colocation centers, the branch workforce has access to applications and data residing in AWS, Azure, and Google cloud platforms as well as SaaS providers such as Microsoft 365 and Salesforce—transparently and securely,” Oswal said. “Distributing SD-WAN features over a regional architecture also brings processing power closer to where data is being generated—at the cloud edge.”
-
-The idea is that paths to designated SaaS applications will be monitored continuously for performance, and the application traffic will be dynamically routed to the best-performing path, without requiring human intervention, Oswal stated.
-
-For a typical configuration, a region covering a target city uses a colocation IaaS provider that hosts the Cisco Cloud onRamp for CoLocation, which includes:
-
- * Cisco vManage software that lets customers manage applications and provision, monitor and troubleshooting the WAN.
- * [Cisco Cloud Services Platform (CSP) 5000][8] The systems are x86 Linux Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) software and hardware platforms for the data center, regional hub, and colocation Network Functions Virtualization (NFV). The platforms let enterprise IT teams or service providers deploy any Cisco or third-party network virtual service with Cisco’s [Network Services Orchestrator (NSO)][9] or any other northbound management and orchestration system.
- * The Cisco [Catalyst 9500 Series][10] aggregation switches. Based on an x86 CPU, the Catalyst 9500 Series is Cisco’s lead purpose-built fixed core and aggregation enterprise switching platform, built for security, IoT, and cloud. The switches come with a 4-core x86, 2.4-GHz CPU, 16-GB DDR4 memory, and 16-GB internal storage.
-
-
-
-If the features of the package sound familiar, that’s because the [Cloud onRamp for CoLocation][11] package is the second generation of a similar SD-WAN package offered by Viptela which Cisco [bought in 2017][12].
-
-SD-WAN's driving principle is to simplify the way big companies turn up new links to branch offices, better manage the way those links are utilized – for data, voice or video – and potentially save money in the process.
-
-It's a profoundly hot market with tons of players including [Cisco][13], VMware, Silver Peak, Riverbed, Aryaka, Fortinet, Nokia and Versa. IDC says the SD-WAN infrastructure market will hit $4.5 billion by 2022, growing at a more than 40% yearly clip between now and then.
-
-[SD-WAN][14] lets networks route traffic based on centrally managed roles and rules, no matter what the entry and exit points of the traffic are, and with full security. For example, if a user in a branch office is working in Office365, SD-WAN can route their traffic directly to the closest cloud data center for that app, improving network responsiveness for the user and lowering bandwidth costs for the business.
-
-"SD-WAN has been a promised technology for years, but in 2019 it will be a major driver in how networks are built and re-built," Oswal said a Network World [article][15] earlier this year.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][16] and [LinkedIn][17] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3393232/cisco-boosts-sd-wan-with-multicloud-to-branch-access-system.html#tk.rss_all
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/02/istock-578801262-100750453-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3209131/what-sdn-is-and-where-its-going.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true
-[7]: https://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/cisco-sd-wan-cloud-onramp-for-colocation-multicloud
-[8]: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/switches/cloud-services-platform-5000/nb-06-csp-5k-data-sheet-cte-en.html#ProductOverview
-[9]: https://www.cisco.com/go/nso
-[10]: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/switches/catalyst-9500-series-switches/data_sheet-c78-738978.html
-[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207751/viptela-cloud-onramp-optimizes-cloud-access.html
-[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3193784/cisco-grabs-up-sd-wan-player-viptela-for-610m.html?nsdr=true
-[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322937/what-will-be-hot-for-cisco-in-2019.html
-[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3031279/sd-wan/sd-wan-what-it-is-and-why-you-ll-use-it-one-day.html
-[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332027/cisco-touts-5-technologies-that-will-change-networking-in-2019.html
-[16]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[17]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190507 Server shipments to pick up in the second half of 2019.md b/sources/talk/20190507 Server shipments to pick up in the second half of 2019.md
deleted file mode 100644
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+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Server shipments to pick up in the second half of 2019)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3393167/server-shipments-to-pick-up-in-the-second-half-of-2019.html#tk.rss_all)
-[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
-
-Server shipments to pick up in the second half of 2019
-======
-Server sales slowed in anticipation of the new Intel Xeon processors, but they are expected to start up again before the end of the year.
-![Thinkstock][1]
-
-Global server shipments are not expected to return to growth momentum until the third quarter or even the fourth quarter of 2019, according to Taiwan-based tech news site DigiTimes, which cited unnamed server supply chain sources. The one bright spot remains cloud providers like Amazon, Google, and Facebook, which continue their buying binge.
-
-Normally I’d be reluctant to cite such a questionable source, but given most of the OEMs and ODMs are based in Taiwan and DigiTimes (the article is behind a paywall so I cannot link) has shown it has connections to them, I’m inclined to believe them.
-
-Quanta Computer chairman Barry Lam told the publication that Quanta's shipments of cloud servers have risen steadily, compared to sharp declines in shipments of enterprise servers. Lam continued that enterprise servers command only 1-2% of the firm's total server shipments.
-
-**[ Also read:[Gartner: IT spending to drop due to falling equipment prices][2] ]**
-
-[Server shipments began to slow down in the first quarter][3] thanks in part to the impending arrival of second-generation Xeon Scalable processors from Intel. And since it takes a while to get parts and qualify them, this quarter won’t be much better.
-
-In its latest quarterly earnings, Intel's data center group (DCG) said sales declined 6% year over year, the first decline of its kind since the first quarter of 2012 and reversing an average growth of over 20% in the past.
-
-[The Osbourne Effect][4] wasn’t the sole reason. An economic slowdown in China and the trade war, which will add significant tariffs to Chinese-made products, are also hampering sales.
-
-DigiTimes says Inventec, Intel's largest server motherboard supplier, expects shipments of enterprise server motherboards to further lose steams for the rest of the year, while sales of data center servers are expected to grow 10-15% on year in 2019.
-
-**[[Get certified as an Apple Technical Coordinator with this seven-part online course from PluralSight.][5] ]**
-
-It went on to say server shipments may concentrate in the second half or even the fourth quarter of the year, while cloud-based data center servers for the cloud giants will remain positive as demand for edge computing, new artificial intelligence (AI) applications, and the proliferation of 5G applications begin in 2020.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][6] and [LinkedIn][7] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3393167/server-shipments-to-pick-up-in-the-second-half-of-2019.html#tk.rss_all
-
-作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2017/04/2_data_center_servers-100718306-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391062/it-spending-to-drop-due-to-falling-equipment-prices-gartner-predicts.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332144/server-sales-projected-to-slow-while-memory-prices-drop.html
-[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_effect
-[5]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fapple-certified-technical-trainer-10-11
-[6]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190509 Cisco adds AMP to SD-WAN for ISR-ASR routers.md b/sources/talk/20190509 Cisco adds AMP to SD-WAN for ISR-ASR routers.md
deleted file mode 100644
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--- a/sources/talk/20190509 Cisco adds AMP to SD-WAN for ISR-ASR routers.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco adds AMP to SD-WAN for ISR/ASR routers)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394597/cisco-adds-amp-to-sd-wan-for-israsr-routers.html#tk.rss_all)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco adds AMP to SD-WAN for ISR/ASR routers
-======
-Cisco SD-WAN now sports Advanced Malware Protection on its popular edge routers, adding to their routing, segmentation, security, policy and orchestration capabilities.
-![vuk8691 / Getty Images][1]
-
-Cisco has added support for Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) to its million-plus ISR/ASR edge routers, in an effort to [reinforce branch and core network malware protection][2] at across the SD-WAN.
-
-Cisco last year added its Viptela SD-WAN technology to the IOS XE version 16.9.1 software that runs its core ISR/ASR routers such as the ISR models 1000, 4000 and ASR 5000, in use by organizations worldwide. Cisco bought Viptela in 2017.
-
-**More about SD-WAN**
-
- * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][3]
- * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][4]
- * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][5]
- * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][6]
-
-
-
-The release of Cisco IOS XE offered an instant upgrade path for creating cloud-controlled SD-WAN fabrics to connect distributed offices, people, devices and applications operating on the installed base, Cisco said. At the time Cisco said that Cisco SD-WAN on edge routers builds a secure virtual IP fabric by combining routing, segmentation, security, policy and orchestration.
-
-With the recent release of [IOS-XE SD-WAN 16.11][7], Cisco has brought AMP and other enhancements to its SD-WAN.
-
-“Together with Cisco Talos [Cisco’s security-intelligence arm], AMP imbues your SD-WAN branch, core and campuses locations with threat intelligence from millions of worldwide users, honeypots, sandboxes, and extensive industry partnerships,” wrote Cisco’s Patrick Vitalone a product marketing manager in a [blog][8] about the security portion of the new software. “In total, AMP identifies more than 1.1 million unique malware samples a day." When AMP in Cisco SD-WAN spots malicious behavior it automatically blocks it, he wrote.
-
-The idea is to use integrated preventative engines, exploit prevention and intelligent signature-based antivirus to stop malicious attachments and fileless malware before they execute, Vitalone wrote.
-
-AMP support is added to a menu of security features already included in the SD-WAN software including support for URL filtering, [Cisco Umbrella][9] DNS security, Snort Intrusion Prevention, the ability to segment users across the WAN and embedded platform security, including the [Cisco Trust Anchor][10] module.
-
-**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][11] ]**
-
-The software also supports [SD-WAN Cloud onRamp for CoLocation][12], which lets customers tie distributed multicloud applications back to a local branch office or local private data center. That way a cloud-to-branch link would be shorter, faster and possibly more secure that tying cloud-based applications directly to the data center.
-
-“The idea that this kind of security technology is now integrated into Cisco’s SD-WAN offering is a critical for Cisco and customers looking to evaluate SD-WAN offerings,” said Lee Doyle, principal analyst at Doyle Research.
-
-IOS-XE SD-WAN 16.11 is available now.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][13] and [LinkedIn][14] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394597/cisco-adds-amp-to-sd-wan-for-israsr-routers.html#tk.rss_all
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/09/shimizu_island_el_nido_palawan_philippines_by_vuk8691_gettyimages-155385042_1200x800-100773533-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true
-[7]: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/sdwan/release/notes/xe-16-11/sd-wan-rel-notes-19-1.html
-[8]: https://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/enabling-amp-in-cisco-sd-wan
-[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3167837/cisco-umbrella-cloud-service-shapes-security-for-cloud-mobile-resources.html
-[10]: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/doing_business/trust-center/docs/trustworthy-technologies-datasheet.pdf
-[11]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
-[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3393232/cisco-boosts-sd-wan-with-multicloud-to-branch-access-system.html
-[13]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190510 Supermicro moves production from China.md b/sources/talk/20190510 Supermicro moves production from China.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 21739fa416..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190510 Supermicro moves production from China.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Supermicro moves production from China)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394404/supermicro-moves-production-from-china.html#tk.rss_all)
-[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
-
-Supermicro moves production from China
-======
-Supermicro was cleared of any activity related to the Chinese government and secret chips in its motherboards, but it is taking no chances and is moving its facilities.
-![Frank Schwichtenberg \(CC BY 4.0\)][1]
-
-Server maker Supermicro, based in Fremont, California, is reportedly moving production out of China over customer concerns that the Chinese government had secretly inserted chips for spying into its motherboards.
-
-The claims were made by Bloomberg late last year in a story that cited more than 100 sources in government and private industry, including Apple and Amazon Web Services (AWS). However, Apple CEO Tim Cook and AWS CEO Andy Jassy denied the claims and called for Bloomberg to retract the article. And a few months later, the third-party investigations firm Nardello & Co examined the claims and [cleared Supermicro][2] of any surreptitious activity.
-
-At first it seemed like Supermicro was weathering the storm, but the story did have a negative impact. Server sales have fallen since the Bloomberg story, and the company is forecasting a near 10% decline in total revenues for the March quarter compared to the previous three months.
-
-**[ Also read:[Who's developing quantum computers][3] ]**
-
-And now, Nikkei Asian Review reports that despite the strong rebuttals, some customers remain cautious about the company's products. To address those concerns, Nikkei says Supermicro has told suppliers to [move production out of China][4], citing industry sources familiar with the matter.
-
-It also has the side benefit of mitigating against the U.S.-China trade war, which is only getting worse. Since the tariffs are on the dollar amount of the product, that can quickly add up even for a low-end system, as Serve The Home noted in [this analysis][5].
-
-Supermicro is the world's third-largest server maker by shipments, selling primarily to cloud providers like Amazon and Facebook. It does its own assembly in its Fremont facility but outsources motherboard production to numerous suppliers, mostly China and Taiwan.
-
-"We have to be more self-reliant [to build in-house manufacturing] without depending only on those outsourcing partners whose production previously has mostly been in China," an executive told Nikkei.
-
-Nikkei notes that roughly 90% of the motherboards shipped worldwide in 2017 were made in China, but that percentage dropped to less than 50% in 2018, according to Digitimes Research, a tech supply chain specialist based in Taiwan.
-
-Supermicro just held a groundbreaking ceremony in Taiwan for a 800,000 square foot manufacturing plant in Taiwan and is expanding its San Jose, California, plant as well. So, they must be anxious to be free of China if they are willing to expand in one of the most expensive real estate markets in the world.
-
-A Supermicro spokesperson said via email, “We have been expanding our manufacturing capacity for many years to meet increasing customer demand. We are currently constructing a new Green Computing Park building in Silicon Valley, where we are the only Tier 1 solutions vendor manufacturing in Silicon Valley, and we proudly broke ground this week on a new manufacturing facility in Taiwan. To support our continued global growth, we look forward to expanding in Europe as well.”
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][6] and [LinkedIn][7] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/supermicro_-_x11sae__cebit_2016_01-100796121-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3326828/investigator-finds-no-evidence-of-spy-chips-on-super-micro-motherboards.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3275385/who-s-developing-quantum-computers.html
-[4]: https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade-war/Server-maker-Super-Micro-to-ditch-made-in-China-parts-on-spy-fears
-[5]: https://www.servethehome.com/how-tariffs-hurt-intel-xeon-d-atom-and-amd-epyc-3000/
-[6]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190513 HPE-s CEO lays out his technology vision.md b/sources/talk/20190513 HPE-s CEO lays out his technology vision.md
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (HPE’s CEO lays out his technology vision)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394879/hpe-s-ceo-lays-out-his-technology-vision.html)
-[#]: author: (Eric Knorr )
-
-HPE’s CEO lays out his technology vision
-======
-In an exclusive interview, HPE CEO Antonio Neri unpacks his portfolio of technology initiatives, from edge computing to tomorrow’s memory-driven architecture.
-![HPE][1]
-
-Like Microsoft's Satya Nadella, HPE CEO Antonio Neri is a technologist with a long history of leading initiatives in his company. Meg Whitman, his former boss at HPE, showed her appreciation of Neri’s acumen by promoting him to HPE Executive Vice President in 2015 – and gave him the green light to acquire [Aruba][2], [SimpliVity][3], [Nimble Storage][4], and [Plexxi][5], all of which added key items to HPE’s portfolio.
-
-Neri succeeded Whitman as CEO just 16 months ago. In a recent interview with Network World, Neri’s engineering background was on full display as he explained HPE’s technology roadmap. First and foremost, he sees a huge opportunity in [edge computing][6], into which HPE is investing $4 billion over four years to further develop edge “connectivity, security, and obviously cloud and analytics.”
-
-**More about edge networking**
-
- * [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][7]
- * [Edge computing best practices][8]
- * [How edge computing can help secure the IoT][9]
-
-
-
-Although his company abandoned its public cloud efforts in 2015, Neri is also bullish on the self-service “cloud experience,” which he asserts HPE is already implementing on-prem today in a software-defined, consumption-driven model. More fundamentally, he believes we are on the brink of a memory-driven computing revolution, where storage and memory become one and, depending on the use case, various compute engines are brought to bear on zettabytes of data.
-
-This interview, conducted by Network World Editor-in-Chief Eric Knorr and edited for length and clarity, digs into Neri’s technology vision. [A companion interview on CIO][10] centers on Neri’s views of innovation, management, and company culture.
-
-**Eric Knorr: ** Your biggest and highest profile investment so far has been in edge computing. My understanding of edge computing is that we’re really talking about mini-data centers, defined by IDC as less than 100 square feet in size. What’s the need for a $4 billion investment in that?
-
-**Antonio Neri:** It’s twofold. We focus first on connectivity. Think about Aruba as a platform company, a cloud-enabled company. Now we offer branch solutions and edge data center solutions that include [wireless][11], LAN, [WAN][12] connectivity and soon [5G][13]. We give you a control plane so that that connectivity experience can be seen consistently the same way. All the policy management, the provisioning and the security aspects of it.
-
-**Knorr:** Is 5G a big focus?
-
-**[[Get certified as an Apple Technical Coordinator with this seven-part online course from PluralSight.][14] ]**
-
-**Neri:** It’s a big focus for us. What customers are telling us is that it’s hard to get 5G inside the building. How you do hand off between 5G and Wi-Fi and give them the same experience? Because the problem is that we have LAN, wireless, and WAN already fully integrated into the control plane, but 5G sits over here. If you are an enterprise, you have to manage these two pipes independently.
-
-With the new spectrum, though, they are kind of comingling anyway. [Customers ask] why don’t you give me [a unified] experience on top of that, with all this policy management and cloud-enablement, so I can provision the right connectivity for the right use case? A sensor can use a lower radio access or [Bluetooth][15] or other type of connectivity because you don’t need persistent connectivity and you don’t have the power to do it.
-
-In some cases, you just put a SIM on it, and you have 5G, but in another one it’s just wireless connectivity. Wi-Fi connectivity is significantly lower cost than 5G. The use cases will dictate what type of connectivity you need, but the reality is they all want one experience. And we can do that because we have a great platform and a great partnership with MSPs, telcos, and providers.
-
-**Knorr:** So it sounds like much of your investment is going into that integration.
-
-**Neri:** The other part is how we provide the ability to provision the right cloud computing at the edge for the right use cases. Think about, for example, a manufacturing floor. We can converge the OT and IT worlds through a converged infrastructure aspect that digitizes the analog process into a digital process. We bring the cloud compute in there, which is fully virtualized and containerized, we integrate Wi-Fi connectivity or LAN connectivity, and we eliminate all these analog processes that are multi-failure touchpoints because you have multiple things that have to come together.
-
-That’s a great example of a cloud at the edge. And maybe that small cloud is connected to a big cloud which could be in the large data center, which the customer owns – or it can be one of the largest public cloud providers.
-
-**Knorr:** It’s difficult to talk about the software-defined data center and private cloud without talking about [VMware][16]. Where do your software-defined solutions leave off and where does VMware begin?
-
-**Neri:** Where we stop is everything below the hypervisor, including the software-defined storage and things like SimpliVity. That has been the advantage we’ve had with [HPE OneView][17], so we can provision and manage the infrastructure-life-cycle and software-defined aspects at the infrastructure level. And let’s not forget security, because we’ve integrated [silicon root of trust][18] into our systems, which is a good advantage for us in the government space.
-
-Then above that we continue to develop capabilities. Customers want choice. That’s why [the partnership with Nutanix][19] was important. We offer an alternative to vSphere and vCloud Foundation with Nutanix Prism and Acropolis.
-
-**Knorr:** VMware has become the default for the private cloud, though.
-
-**Neri:** Obviously, VMware owns 60 percent of the on-prem virtualized environment, but more and more, containers are becoming the way to go in a cloud-native approach. For us, we own the full container stack, because we base our solution on Kubernetes. We deploy that. That’s why the partnership with Nutanix is important. With Nutanix, we offer KVM and the Prism stack and then we’re fully integrated with HPE OneView for the rest of the infrastructure.
-
-**Knorr:** You also offer GKE [Google [Kubernetes][20] Engine] on-prem.
-
-**Neri:** Correct. We’re working with Google on the next version of that.
-
-**Knorr:** How long do you think it will be before you start seeing Kubernetes and containers on bare metal?
-
-**Neri:** It’s an interesting question. Many customers tell us it’s like going back to the future. It’s like we’re paying this tax on the virtualization layer.
-
-**Knorr:** Exactly.
-
-**Neri:** I can go bare metal and containers and be way more efficient. It is a little bit back to the future. But it’s a different future.
-
-**Knorr:** And it makes the promise of [hybrid cloud][21] a little more real. I know HPE has been very bullish on hybrid.
-
-**Neri:** We have been the one to say the world would be hybrid.
-
-**Knorr:** But today, how hybrid is hybrid really? I mean, you have workloads in the public cloud, you have workloads in a [private cloud][22]. Can you really rope it all together into hybrid?
-
-**Neri:** I think you have to have portability eventually.
-
-**Knorr:** Eventually. It’s not really true now, though.
-
-**Neri:** No, not true now. If you look at it from the software brokering perspective that makes hybrid very small. We know this eventually has to be all connected, but it’s not there yet. More and more of these workloads have to go back and forth.
-
-If you ask me what the CIO role of the future will look like, it would be a service provider. I wake up in the morning, have a screen that says – oh, you know what? Today it’s cheaper to run that app here. I just slice it there and then it just moves. Whatever attributes on the data I want to manage and so forth – oh, today I have capacity here and by the way, why are you not using it? Slide it back here. That’s the hybrid world.
-
-Many people, when they started with the cloud, thought, “I’ll just virtualize everything,” but that’s not the cloud. You’re [virtualizing][23], but you have to make it self-service. Obviously, cloud-native applications have developed that are different today. That’s why containers are definitely a much more efficient way, and that’s why I agree that the bare-metal piece of this is coming back.
-
-**Knorr:** Do you worry about public cloud incursions into the [data center][24]?
-
-**Neri:** It’s happening. Of course I’m worried. But what at least gives me comfort is twofold. One is that the customer wants choice. They don’t want to be locked in. Service is important. It’s one thing to say: Here’s the system. The other is: Who’s going to maintain it for me? Who is going to run it for me? And even though you have all the automation tools in the world, somebody has to watch this thing. Our job is to bring the public-cloud experience on prem, so that the customer has that choice.
-
-**Knorr:** Part of that is economics.
-
-**Neri:** When you look at economics it’s no longer just the cost of compute anymore. What we see more and more is the cost of the data bandwidth back and forth. That’s why the first question a customer asks is: Where should I put my data? And that dictates a lot of things, because today the data transfer bill is way higher than the cost of renting a VM.
-
-The other thing is that when you go on the public cloud you can spin up a VM, but the problem is if you don’t shut it off, the bill keeps going. We brought, in the context of [composability][25], the ability to shut it off automatically. That’s why composability is important, because we can run, first of all, multi-workloads in the same infrastructure – whether it’s bare metal, virtualized or containerized. It’s called composable because the software layers of intelligence compose the right solutions from compute, storage, fabric and memory to that workload. When it doesn’t need it, it gives it back.
-
-**Knorr:** Is there any opportunity left at the hardware level to innovate?
-
-**Neri:** That’s why we think about memory-driven computing. Today we have a very CPU-centric approach. This is a limiting factor, and the reality is, if you believe data is the core of the architecture going forward, then the CPU can’t be the core of the architecture anymore.
-
-You have a bunch of inefficiency by moving data back and forth across the system, which also creates energy waste and so forth. What we are doing is basically rearchitecting this for once in 70 years. We take memory and storage and collapse the two into one, so this becomes one central pool, which is nonvolatile and becomes the core. And then we bring the right computing capability to the data.
-
-In an AI use case, you don’t move the data. You bring accelerators or GPUs to the data. For general purpose, you may use an X86, and maybe in video transcoding, you use an ARM-based architecture. The magic is this: You can do this on zettabytes of data and the benefit is there is no waste, very little power to keep it alive, and it’s persistent.
-
-We call this the Generation Z fabric, which is based on a data fabric and silicon photonics. Now we go from copper, which is generating a lot of waste and a lot of heat and energy, to silicon photonics. So we not only scale this to zettabytes, we can do massive amounts of computation by bringing the right compute at the speed that’s needed to the data – and we solve a cost and scale problem too, because copper today costs a significant amount of money, and gold-plated connectors are hundreds of dollars.
-
-We’re going to actually implement this capability in silicon photonics in our current architectures by the end of the year. In Synergy, for example, which is a composable blade system, at the back of the rack you can swap from Ethernet to silicon photonics. It was designed that way. We already prototyped this in a simple 2U chassis with 160 TB of memory and 2000 cores. We were able to process a billion-record database with 55 million combinations of algorithms in less than a minute.
-
-**Knorr:** So you’re not just focusing on the edge, but the core, too.
-
-**Neri:** As you go down from the cloud to the edge, that architecture actually scales to the smallest things. You can do it on a massive scale or you can do it on a small scale. We will deploy these technologies in our systems architectures now. Once the whole ecosystem is developed, because we also need an ISV ecosystem that can code applications in this new world or you’re not taking advantage of it. Also, the current Linux kernel can only handle so much memory, so you have to rewrite the kernel. We are working with two universities to do that.
-
-The hardware will continue to evolve and develop, but there still is a lot of innovation that has to happen. What’s holding us back, honestly, is the software.
-
-**Knorr:** And that’s where a lot of your investment is going?
-
-**Neri:** Correct. Exactly right. Systems software, not application software. It’s the system software that makes this infrastructure solution-oriented, workload-optimized, autonomous and efficient.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][26] and [LinkedIn][27] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394879/hpe-s-ceo-lays-out-his-technology-vision.html
-
-作者：[Eric Knorr][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/antonio-neri_hpe_new-100796112-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2891130/aruba-networks-is-different-than-hps-failed-wireless-acquisitions.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3158784/hpe-buying-simplivity-for-650-million-to-boost-hyperconvergence.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3177376/hpe-to-pay-1-billion-for-nimble-storage-after-cutting-emc-ties.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3273113/hpe-snaps-up-hyperconverged-network-hcn-vendor-plexxi.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html
-[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html
-[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331978/lan-wan/edge-computing-best-practices.html
-[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331905/internet-of-things/how-edge-computing-can-help-secure-the-iot.html
-[10]: https://www.cio.com/article/3394598/hpe-ceo-antonio-neri-rearchitects-for-the-future.html
-[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3238664/80211-wi-fi-standards-and-speeds-explained.html
-[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3248989/what-is-a-wide-area-network-a-definition-examples-and-where-wans-are-headed.html
-[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203489/what-is-5g-how-is-it-better-than-4g.html
-[14]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fapple-certified-technical-trainer-10-11
-[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3235124/internet-of-things-definitions-a-handy-guide-to-essential-iot-terms.html
-[16]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3340259/vmware-s-transformation-takes-hold.html
-[17]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2174203/hp-expands-oneview-into-vmware-environs.html
-[18]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3199826/hpe-highlights-innovation-in-software-defined-it-security-at-discover.html
-[19]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388297/hpe-and-nutanix-partner-for-hyperconverged-private-cloud-systems.html
-[20]: https://www.infoworld.com/article/3268073/what-is-kubernetes-container-orchestration-explained.html
-[21]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3268448/what-is-hybrid-cloud-really-and-whats-the-best-strategy.html
-[22]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2159885/cloud-computing-gartner-5-things-a-private-cloud-is-not.html
-[23]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285906/whats-the-future-of-server-virtualization.html
-[24]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
-[25]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3266106/what-is-composable-infrastructure.html
-[26]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[27]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190514 Brillio and Blue Planet Partner to Bring Network Automation to the Enterprise.md b/sources/talk/20190514 Brillio and Blue Planet Partner to Bring Network Automation to the Enterprise.md
deleted file mode 100644
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--- a/sources/talk/20190514 Brillio and Blue Planet Partner to Bring Network Automation to the Enterprise.md
+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Brillio and Blue Planet Partner to Bring Network Automation to the Enterprise)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394687/brillio-and-blue-planet-partner-to-bring-network-automation-to-the-enterprise.html)
-[#]: author: (Rick Hamilton, Senior Vice President, Blue Planet Software )
-
-Brillio and Blue Planet Partner to Bring Network Automation to the Enterprise
-======
-Rick Hamilton, senior vice president of Blue Planet, a division of Ciena, explains how partnering with Brillio brings the next generation of network capabilities to enterprises—just when they need it most.
-![Kritchanut][1]
-
-![][2]
-
-_Rick Hamilton, senior vice president of Blue Planet, a division of Ciena, explains how partnering with Brillio brings the next generation of network capabilities to enterprises—just when they need it most._
-
-In February 2019, we announced that Blue Planet was evolving into a more independent division, helping us increase our focus on innovative intelligent automation solutions that help our enterprise and service provider customers accelerate and achieve their business transformation goals.
-
-Today we’re excited to make another leap forward in delivering these benefits to enterprises of all types via our partnership with digital transformation services and solutions leader Brillio. Together, we are co-creating intelligent cloud and network management solutions that increase service visibility and improve service assurance by effectively leveraging the convergence of cloud, IoT, and AI.
-
-**Accelerating digital transformation in the enterprise**
-
-Enterprises continue to look toward cloud services to create new and incremental revenue streams based on innovative solution offerings and on-demand product/solution delivery models, and to optimize their infrastructure investments. In fact, Gartner predicts that enterprise IT spending for cloud-based offerings will continue to grow faster than non-cloud IT offerings, making up 28% of spending by 2022, up from 19% in 2018.
-
-As enterprises adopt cloud, they realize there are many challenges associated with traditional approaches to operating and managing complex and hybrid multi-cloud environments. Our partnership with Brillio enables us to help these organizations across industries such as manufacturing, logistics, retail, and financial services meet their technical and business needs with high-impact solutions that improve customer experiences, drive operational efficiencies, and improve quality of service.
-
-This is achieved by combining the Blue Planet intelligent automation platform and the Brillio CLIP™services delivery excellence platform and user-centered design (UCD) lead solution framework. Together, we offer end-to-end visibility of application and infrastructure assets in a hybrid multi-cloud environment and provide service assurance and self-healing capabilities that improve network and service availability.
-
-**Partnering on research and development**
-
-Brillio will also partner with Blue Planet on longer-term R&D efforts. As one of a preferred product engineering services providers, Brillio will work closely with our engineering team to develop and deliver network intelligence and automation solutions to help enterprises build dynamic, programmable infrastructure that leverage analytics and automation to realize the Adaptive Network vision.
-
-Of course, a partnership like this is a two-way street, and we consider Brillio’s choice to work with us to be a testament to our expertise, vision, and execution. In the words of Brillio Chairman and CEO Raj Mamodia, “Blue Planet’s experience in end-to-end service orchestration coupled with Brillio’s expertise in cloudification, user-centered enterprise solutions design, and rapid software development delivers distinct advantages to the industry. Through integration of technologies like cloud, IoT, and AI into our combined solutions, our partnership spurs greater innovation and helps us address the large and growing enterprise networking automation market.”
-
-Co-creating intelligent hybrid cloud and network management solutions with Brillio is key to advancing enterprise digital transformation initiatives. Partnering with Brillio helps us address the plethora of challenges facing enterprises today on their digital journey. Our partnership enables Blue Planet to achieve faster time-to-market and greater efficiency in developing new solutions to enable enterprises to continue to thrive and grow.
-
-[Learn more about Blue Planet here][3]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394687/brillio-and-blue-planet-partner-to-bring-network-automation-to-the-enterprise.html
-
-作者：[Rick Hamilton, Senior Vice President, Blue Planet Software][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/istock-952625346-100796314-large.jpg
-[2]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/rick-100796315-small.jpg
-[3]: https://www.blueplanet.com/?utm_campaign=X1058319&utm_source=NWW&utm_term=BPWeb_Brillio&utm_medium=sponsoredpost3Q19
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190514 Las Vegas targets transport, public safety with IoT deployments.md b/sources/talk/20190514 Las Vegas targets transport, public safety with IoT deployments.md
deleted file mode 100644
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Las Vegas targets transport, public safety with IoT deployments)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3395536/las-vegas-targets-transport-public-safety-with-iot-deployments.html)
-[#]: author: (Jon Gold https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/)
-
-Las Vegas targets transport, public safety with IoT deployments
-======
-
-![Franck V. \(CC0\)][1]
-
-The city of Las Vegas’ pilot program with NTT and Dell, designed to crack down on wrong-way driving on municipal roads, is just part of the big plans that Sin City has for leveraging IoT tech in the future, according to the city's director of technology Michael Sherwood, who sat down with Network World at the IoT World conference in Silicon Valley this week.
-
-The system uses smart cameras and does most of its processing at the edge, according to Sherwood. The only information that gets sent back to the city’s private cloud is metadata – aggregated information about overall patterns, for decision-making and targeting purposes, not data about individual traffic incidents and wrong-way drivers.
-
-**[ Also see[What is edge computing?][2] and [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][3].]**
-
-It’s an important public safety consideration, he said, but it’s a small part of the larger IoT-enabled framework that the city envisions for the future.
-
-“Our goal is to make our data open to the public, not only for transparency purposes, but to help spur development and create new applications to make Vegas a better place to live,” said Sherwood.
-
-[The city’s public data repository][4] already boasts a range of relevant data, some IoT-generated, some not. And efforts to make that data store more open have already begun to bear fruit, according to Sherwood. For example, one hackathon about a year ago resulted in an Alexa app that tells users how many traffic lights are out, by tracking energy usage data via the city’s portal, among other applications.
-
-As with IoT in general, Sherwood said that the city’s efforts have been bolstered by an influx of operational talen. Rather than additional IT staff to run the new systems, they’ve brought in experts from the traffic department to help get the most out of the framework.
-
-Another idea for leveraging the city’s traffic data involves tracking the status of the curb. Given the rise of Uber and Lyft and other on-demand transportation services, linking a piece of camera-generated information like “rideshares are parked along both sides of this street” directly into a navigation app could help truck drivers avoid gridlock.
-
-“We’re really looking to make the roads a living source of information,” Sherwood said.
-
-**Safer parks**
-
-Las Vegas is also pursuing related public safety initiatives. One pilot project aims to make public parks safer by installing infrared cameras so authorities can tell whether people are in parks after hours without incurring undue privacy concerns, given that facial recognition is very tricky in infrared.
-
-It’s the test-and-see method of IoT development, according to Sherwood.
-
-“That’s a way of starting with an IoT project: start with one park. The cost to do something like this is not astronomical, and it allows you to gauge some other information from it,” he said.
-
-The city has also worked to keep the costs of these projects low or even show a returnon investment, Sherwood added. Workforce development programs could train municipal workers to do simple maintenance on smart cameras in parks or along roadways, and the economic gains made from the successful use of the systems ought to outweigh deployment and operational outlay.
-
-“If it’s doing it’s job, those efficiencies should cover the system’s cost,” he said.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3395536/las-vegas-targets-transport-public-safety-with-iot-deployments.html
-
-作者：[Jon Gold][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/07/pedestrian-walk-sign_go_start_begin_traffic-light_by-franck-v-unsplaash-100765089-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html
-[4]: https://opendata.lasvegasnevada.gov/
-[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190515 IBM overhauls mainframe-software pricing, adds hybrid, private-cloud services.md b/sources/talk/20190515 IBM overhauls mainframe-software pricing, adds hybrid, private-cloud services.md
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (IBM overhauls mainframe-software pricing, adds hybrid, private-cloud services)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3395776/ibm-overhauls-mainframe-software-pricing-adds-hybrid-private-cloud-services.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-IBM overhauls mainframe-software pricing, adds hybrid, private-cloud services
-======
-IBM brings cloud consumption model to the mainframe, adds Docker container extensions
-![Thinkstock][1]
-
-IBM continues to adopt new tools and practices for its mainframe customers to keep the Big Iron relevant in a cloud world.
-
-First of all, the company switched-up its 20-year mainframe software pricing scheme to make it more palatable to hybrid and multicloud users who might be thinking of moving workloads off the mainframe and into the cloud.
-
-**[ Check out[What is hybrid cloud computing][2] and learn [what you need to know about multi-cloud][3]. | Get regularly scheduled insights by [signing up for Network World newsletters][4]. ]**
-
-Specifically IBM rolled out Tailored Fit Pricing for the IBM Z mainframe which offers two consumption-based pricing models that can help customers cope with ever-changing workload – and hence software – costs.
-
-Tailored Fit Pricing removes the need for complex and restrictive capping, which typically weakens responsiveness and can impact service level availability, IBM said. IBM’s standard monthly mainframe licensing model calculates costs as a “rolling four-hour average” (R4HA) which would determine cost based on a customer’s peak usage during the month. Customers would many time cap usage to keep costs down, experts said
-
-Systems can now be configured to support optimal response times and service level agreements, rather than artificially slowing down workloads to manage software licensing costs, IBM stated.
-
-Predicting demand for IT services can be a major challenge and in the era of hybrid and multicloud, everything is connected and workload patterns constantly change, wrote IBM’s Ross Mauri, General Manager, IBM Z in a [blog][5] about the new pricing and services. “In this environment, managing demand for IT services can be a major challenge. As more customers shift to an enterprise IT model that incorporates on-premises, private cloud and public we’ve developed a simple cloud pricing model to drive the transformation forward.”
-
-[Tailored Fit Pricing][6] for IBM Z comes in two flavors, the Enterprise Consumption Solution and the Enterprise Capacity Solution.
-
-IBM said the Enterprise Consumption model is a tailored usage-based pricing model, where customers pay only for what they use, removing the need for complex and restrictive capping, IBM said.
-
-The Enterprise Capacity model lets customers mix and match workloads to help maximize use of the full capacity of the platform. Charges are referenced to the overall size of the physical environment and are calculated based on the estimated mix of workloads running, while providing the flexibility to vary actual usage across workloads, IBM said.
-
-The software pricing changes should be a welcome benefit to customers, experts said.
-
-“By making access to Z mainframes more flexible and ‘cloud-like,’ IBM is making it less likely that customers will consider shifting Z workloads to other systems and environments. As cloud providers become increasingly able to support mission critical applications, that’s a big deal,” wrote Charles King, president and principal analyst for Pund-IT in a [blog][7] about the IBM changes.
-
-“A notable point about both models is that discounted growth pricing is offered on all workloads – whether they be 40-year old Assembler programs or 4-day old JavaScript apps. This is in contrast to previous models which primarily rewarded only brand-new applications with growth pricing. By thinking outside the Big Iron box, the company has substantially eased the pain for its largest clients’ biggest mainframe-related headaches,” King wrote.
-
-IBM’s Tailored Fit Pricing supports an increasing number of enterprises that want to continue to grow and build new services on top of this mission-critical platform, wrote [John McKenny][8] vice president of strategy for ZSolutions Optimization at BMC Software. “In not yet released results from the 2019 BMC State of the Mainframe Survey, 62% of the survey respondents reported that they are planning to expand MIPS/MSU consumption and are growing their mainframe workloads. For customers with no current plans for growth, the affordability and cost-competitiveness of the new pricing model will re-ignite interest in also using this platform as an integral part of their hybrid cloud strategies.”
-
-In addition to the pricing, IBM announced some new services that bring the mainframe closer to cloud workloads.
-
-First, IBM rolled out z/OS Container Extensions (zCX), which makes it possible to run Linux on Z applications that are packaged as Docker Container images on z/OS. Application developers can develop and data centers can operate popular open source packages, Linux applications, IBM software, and third-party software together with z/OS applications and data, IBM said. zCX will let customers use the latest open source tools, popular NoSQL databases, analytics frameworks, application servers, and so on within the z/OS environment.
-
-“With z/OS Container Extensions, customers will be able to access the most recent development tools and processes available in Linux on the Z ecosystem, giving developers the flexibility to build new, cloud-native containerized apps and deploy them on z/OS without requiring Linux or a Linux partition,” IBM’s Mauri stated.
-
-Big Blue also rolled out z/OS Cloud Broker which will let customers access and deploy z/OS resources and services on [IBM Cloud Private][9]. [IBM Cloud Private][10] is the company’s Kubernetes-based Platform as a Service (PaaS) environment for developing and managing containerized applications. IBM said z/OS Cloud Broker is designed to help cloud application developers more easily provision and deprovision apps in z/OS environments.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][11] and [LinkedIn][12] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3395776/ibm-overhauls-mainframe-software-pricing-adds-hybrid-private-cloud-services.html
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/08/thinkstockphotos-520137237-100610459-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3233132/cloud-computing/what-is-hybrid-cloud-computing.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3252775/hybrid-cloud/multicloud-mania-what-to-know.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
-[5]: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/systems/ibm-z-defines-the-future-of-hybrid-cloud/
-[6]: https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=AN&subtype=CA&htmlfid=897/ENUS219-014&appname=USN
-[7]: https://www.pund-it.com/blog/ibm-reinvents-the-z-mainframe-again/
-[8]: https://www.bmc.com/blogs/bmc-supports-ibm-tailored-fit-pricing-ibm-z/
-[9]: https://www.ibm.com/marketplace/cloud-private-on-z-and-linuxone
-[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3340043/ibm-marries-on-premises-private-and-public-cloud-data.html
-[11]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[12]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190517 HPE to buy Cray, offer HPC as a service.md b/sources/talk/20190517 HPE to buy Cray, offer HPC as a service.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a1dafef683..0000000000
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+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (HPE to buy Cray, offer HPC as a service)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396220/hpe-to-buy-cray-offer-hpc-as-a-service.html)
-[#]: author: (Tim Greene https://www.networkworld.com/author/Tim-Greene/)
-
-HPE to buy Cray, offer HPC as a service
-======
-High-performance computing offerings from HPE plus Cray could enable things like AI, ML, high-speed financial trading, creation digital twins for entire enterprise networks.
-![Cray Inc.][1]
-
-HPE has agreed to buy supercomputer-maker Cray for $1.3 billion, a deal that the companies say will bring their corporate customers high-performance computing as a service to help with analytics needed for artificial intelligence and machine learning, but also products supporting high-performance storage, compute and software.
-
-In addition to bringing HPC capabilities that can blend with and expand HPE’s current products, Cray brings with it customers in government and academia that might be interested in HPE’s existing portfolio as well.
-
-**[ Now read:[Who's developing quantum computers][2] ]**
-
-The companies say they expect to close the cash deal by the end of next April.
-
-The HPC-as-a-service would be offered through [HPE GreenLake][3], the company’s public-, private-, hybrid-cloud service. Such a service could address periodic enterprise need for fast computing that might otherwise be too expensive, says Tim Zimmerman, an analyst with Gartner.
-
-Businesses could use the service, for example, to create [digital twins][4] of their entire networks and use them to test new code to see how it will impact the network before deploying it live, Zimmerman says.
-
-Cray has HPC technology that HPE Labs might be exploring on its own, but that can be brought to market in a much quicker timeframe.
-
-HPE says that overall, buying cray give it technologies needed for massively data-intensive workloads such as AI and ML that is used for engineering services, transaction-based trading by financial firms, pharmaceutical research and academic studies into weather and genomes, for instance, Zimmerman says.
-
-As HPE puts it, Cray supercomputing platforms “have the ability to handle massive data sets, converged modelling, simulation, AI and analytics workloads.”
-
-Cray is working on [what it says will be the world’s fastest supercomputer][5] when it’s finished in 2021, cranking out 1.5 exaflops. The current fastest supercomputer is 143.5 petaflops. [Click [here][6] to see the current top 10 fastest supercomputers.]
-
-In general, HPE says it hopes to create a comprehensive line of products to support HPC infrastructure including “compute, high-performance storage, system interconnects, software and services.”
-
-Together, the talent in the two companies and their combined technologies should be able to increase innovation, HPE says.
-
-Earlier this month, HPE’s CEO Antonio Neri said in [an interview with _Network World_][7] that the company will be investing $4 billion over four years in a range of technology to boost “connectivity, security, and obviously cloud and analytics.” In laying out the company’s roadmap he made no specific mention of HPC.
-
-HPE net revenues last fiscal year were $30.9 billion. Cray’s total revenue was $456 million, with a gross profit of $130 million.
-
-The acquisition will pay $35 per share for Cray stock.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][8] and [LinkedIn][9] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396220/hpe-to-buy-cray-offer-hpc-as-a-service.html
-
-作者：[Tim Greene][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Tim-Greene/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/06/the_cray_xc30_piz_daint_system_at_the_swiss_national_supercomputing_centre_via_cray_inc_3x2_978x652-100762113-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3275385/who-s-developing-quantum-computers.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280996/hpe-adds-greenlake-hybrid-cloud-to-enterprise-service-offerings.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3373539/doe-plans-worlds-fastest-supercomputer.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236875/embargo-10-of-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputers.html
-[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394879/hpe-s-ceo-lays-out-his-technology-vision.html
-[8]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[9]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190523 Cisco ties its security-SD-WAN gear with Teridion-s cloud WAN service.md b/sources/talk/20190523 Cisco ties its security-SD-WAN gear with Teridion-s cloud WAN service.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2638987b16..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190523 Cisco ties its security-SD-WAN gear with Teridion-s cloud WAN service.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco ties its security/SD-WAN gear with Teridion’s cloud WAN service)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396628/cisco-ties-its-securitysd-wan-gear-with-teridions-cloud-wan-service.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco ties its security/SD-WAN gear with Teridion’s cloud WAN service
-======
-An agreement links Cisco Meraki MX Security/SD-WAN appliances and its Auto VPN technology to Teridion’s cloud-based WAN service that claims to accelerate TCP-based applications by up to 5X.
-![istock][1]
-
-Cisco and Teridion have tied the knot to deliver faster enterprise [software-defined WAN][2] services.
-
-The agreement links [Cisco Meraki][3] MX Security/SD-WAN appliances and its Auto [VPN][4] technology which lets users quickly bring up and configure secure sessions between branches and data centers with [Teridion’s cloud-based WAN service][5]. Teridion’s service promises customers better performance and control over traffic running from remote offices over the public internet to the [data center][6]. The service features what Teridion calls “Curated Routing” which fuses WAN acceleration techniques with route optimization to speed traffic.
-
-**More about SD-WAN**
-
- * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][7]
- * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][8]
- * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][9]
- * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][10]
-
-
-
-For example, Teridion says its WAN service can accelerate TCP-based applications like file transfers, backups and page loads, by as much as three to five times.
-
-“[The service] improves network performance for UDP based applications like voice, video, RDP, and VDI. Enterprises can get carrier grade performance over broadband and dedicated internet access. Depending on the locations of the sites, [customers] can expect to see a 15 to 30 percent reduction in latency. That’s the difference between a great quality video conference and an unworkable, choppy mess” Teridion [stated][11].
-
-Teridion says the Meraki integration creates an IPSec connection from the Cisco Meraki MX to the Teridion edge. “Customers create locations in the Teridion portal and apply the preconfigured Meraki template to them, or just upload a csv file if you have a lot of locations. Then, from each Meraki MX, create a 3rd party IPSec tunnel to the Teridion edge IP addresses that are generated as part of the Teridion configuration.”
-
-The combined Cisco Meraki and Teridion offering brings SD-WAN and security capabilities at the WAN edge that are tightly integrated with a WAN service delivered over cost-effective broadband or dedicated Internet access, said Raviv Levi, director of product management at Cisco Meraki in a statement. “This brings better reliability and consistency to the enterprise WAN across multiple sites, as well as high performance access to all SaaS applications and cloud workloads.”
-
-Meraki’s MX family supports everything from SD-WAN and [Wi-Fi][12] features to next-generation [firewall][13] and intrusion prevention in a single package.
-
-Some studies show that by 2021 over 75 percent of enterprise traffic will be SaaS-oriented, so giving branch offices SD-WAN's reliable, secure transportation options will be a necessity, Cisco said when it [upgraded the Meraki][3] boxes last year.
-
-Cisco Meraki isn’t the only SD-WAN service Teridion supports. The company also has agreements Citrix, Silver Peak, VMware (VeloCloud). Teridion also has partnerships with over 25 cloud partners, including Google, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure.
-
-[Teridion for Cisco Meraki][14] is available now from authorized Teridion resellers. Pricing starts at $50 per site per month.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][15] and [LinkedIn][16] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396628/cisco-ties-its-securitysd-wan-gear-with-teridions-cloud-wan-service.html
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/02/istock-820219662-100749695-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3031279/sd-wan-what-it-is-and-why-you-ll-use-it-one-day.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3301169/cisco-meraki-amps-up-throughput-wi-fi-to-sd-wan-family.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3138952/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-virtual-private-networks.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284285/teridion-enables-higher-performing-and-more-responsive-saas-applications.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
-[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html
-[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html
-[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html
-[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true
-[11]: https://www.teridion.com/blog/teridion-announces-deep-integration-with-cisco-meraki-mx/
-[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3318119/what-to-expect-from-wi-fi-6-in-2019.html
-[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3230457/what-is-a-firewall-perimeter-stateful-inspection-next-generation.html
-[14]: https://www.teridion.com/meraki
-[15]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[16]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190528 With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market.md b/sources/talk/20190528 With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 07f9eea10c..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190528 With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397087/with-cray-buy-hpe-rules-but-does-not-own-the-supercomputing-market.html)
-[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
-
-With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market
-======
-In buying supercomputer vendor Cray, HPE has strengthened its high-performance-computing technology, but serious competitors remain.
-![Cray Inc.][1]
-
-Hewlett Packard Enterprise was already the leader in the high-performance computing (HPC) sector before its announced acquisition of supercomputer maker Cray earlier this month. Now it has a commanding lead, but there are still competitors to the giant.
-
-The news that HPE would shell out $1.3 billion to buy the company came just as Cray had announced plans to build three of the biggest systems yet — all exascale, and all with the same deployment time of 2021.
-
-Sales had been slowing for HPC systems, but our government, with its endless supply of money, came to the rescue, throwing hundreds of millions at Cray for systems to be built at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
-
-**[ Read also:[How to plan a software-defined data-center network][2] ]**
-
-And HPE sees a big revenue opportunity in HPC, a market that was $2 billion in 1990 and now nearly $30 billion, according to Steve Conway, senior vice president with Hyperion Research, which follows the HPC market. HPE thinks the HPC market will grow to $35 billion by 2021, and it hopes to earn a big chunk of that pie.
-
-“They were solidly in the lead without Cray. They were already in a significant lead over the No. 2 company, Dell. This adds to their lead and gives them access to very high end of market, especially government supercomputers that sell for $300 million to $600 million each,” said Conway.
-
-He’s not exaggerating. Earlier this month the U.S. Department of Energy announced a contract with Cray to build Frontier, an exascale supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, sometime in 2021, with a $600 million price tag. Frontier will be powered by AMD Epyc processors and Radeon GPUs, which must have them doing backflips at AMD.
-
-With Cray, HPE is sitting on a lot of technology for the supercomputing and even the high-end, non-HPC market. It had the ProLiant business, the bulk of server sales (and proof the Compaq acquisition wasn’t such a bad idea), Integrity NonStop mission-critical servers, the SGI business it acquired in in 2016, plus a variety running everything from Arm to Xeon Scalable processors.
-
-Conway thinks all of those technologies fit in different spaces, so he doubts HPE will try to consolidate any of it. All HPE has said so far is it will keep the supercomputer products it has now under the Cray business unit.
-
-But the company is still getting something it didn’t have. “It takes a certain kind of technical experience [to do HPC right] and only a few companies able to play at that level. Before this deal, HPE was not one of them,” said Conway.
-
-And in the process, HPE takes Cray away from its many competitors: IBM, Lenovo, Dell/EMC, Huawei (well, not so much now), Super Micro, NEC, Hitachi, Fujitsu, and Atos.
-
-“[The acquisition] doesn’t fundamentally change things because there’s still enough competitors that buyers can have competitive bids. But it’s gotten to be a much bigger market,” said Conway.
-
-Cray sells a lot to government, but Conway thinks there is a new opportunity in the ever-expanding AI race. “Because HPC is indispensable at the forefront of AI, there is a new area for expanding the market,” he said.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397087/with-cray-buy-hpe-rules-but-does-not-own-the-supercomputing-market.html
-
-作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/06/the_cray_xc30_piz_daint_system_at_the_swiss_national_supercomputing_centre_via_cray_inc_3x2_978x652-100762113-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284352/data-center/how-to-plan-a-software-defined-data-center-network.html
-[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190529 Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase.md b/sources/talk/20190529 Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase.md
deleted file mode 100644
index c1e0493e63..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190529 Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398925/cisco-security-spotlights-microsoft-office-365-e-mail-phishing-increase.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase
-======
-Cisco blog follows DHS Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) report detailing risks around Office 365 and other cloud services
-![weerapatkiatdumrong / Getty Images][1]
-
-It’s no secret that if you have a cloud-based e-mail service, fighting off the barrage of security issues has become a maddening daily routine.
-
-The leading e-mail service – in [Microsoft’s Office 365][2] package – seems to be getting the most attention from those attackers hellbent on stealing enterprise data or your private information via phishing attacks. Amazon and Google see their share of phishing attempts in their cloud-based services as well.
-
-**[ Also see[What to consider when deploying a next generation firewall][3]. | Get regularly scheduled insights by [signing up for Network World newsletters][4]. ]**
-
-But attackers are crafting and launching phishing campaigns targeting Office 365 users, [wrote][5] Ben Nahorney, a Threat Intelligence Analyst focused on covering the threat landscape for Cisco Security in a blog focusing on the Office 365 phishing issue.
-
-Nahorney wrote of research from security vendor [Agari Data][6], that found over the last few quarters, there has been a steady increase in the number of phishing emails impersonating Microsoft. While Microsoft has long been the most commonly impersonated brand, it now accounts for more than half of all brand impersonations seen in the last quarter.
-
-Recently cloud security firm Avanan wrote in its [annual phishing report][7], one in every 99 emails is a phishing attack, using malicious links and attachments as the main vector. “Of the phishing attacks we analyzed, 25 percent bypassed Office 365 security, a number that is likely to increase as attackers design new obfuscation methods that take advantage of zero-day vulnerabilities on the platform,” Avanan wrote.
-
-The attackers attempt to steal a user’s login credentials with the goal of taking over accounts. If successful, attackers can often log into the compromised accounts, and perform a wide variety of malicious activity: Spread malware, spam and phishing emails from within the internal network; carry out tailored attacks such as spear phishing and [business email compromise][8] [a long-standing business scam that uses spear-phishing, social engineering, identity theft, e-mail spoofing], and target partners and customers, Nahorney wrote.
-
-Nahorney wrote that at first glance, this may not seem very different than external email-based attacks. However, there is one critical distinction: The malicious emails sent are now coming from legitimate accounts.
-
-**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][9] ]**
-
-“For the recipient, it’s often even someone that they know, eliciting trust in a way that would not necessarily be afforded to an unknown source. To make things more complicated, attackers often leverage ‘conversation hijacking,’ where they deliver their payload by replying to an email that’s already located in the compromised inbox,” Nahorney stated.
-
-The methods used by attackers to gain access to an Office 365 account are fairly straightforward, Nahorney wrote.
-
-“The phishing campaigns usually take the form of an email from Microsoft. The email contains a request to log in, claiming the user needs to reset their password, hasn’t logged in recently or that there’s a problem with the account that needs their attention. A URL is included, enticing the reader to click to remedy the issue,” Nahorney wrote.
-
-Once logged in, nefarious activities can go on unnoticed as the attacker has what look like authorized credentials.
-
-“This gives the attacker time for reconnaissance: a chance to observe and plan additional attacks. Nor will this type of attack set off a security alert in the same way something like a brute-force attack against a webmail client will, where the attacker guesses password after password until they get in or are detected,” Nahorney stated.
-
-Nahorney suggested the following steps customers can take to protect email:
-
- * Use multi-factor authentication. If a login attempt requires a secondary authorization before someone is allowed access to an inbox, this will stop many attackers, even with phished credentials.
- * Deploy advanced anti-phishing technologies. Some machine-learning technologies can use local identity and relationship modeling alongside behavioral analytics to spot deception-based threats.
- * Run regular phishing exercises. Regular, mandated phishing exercises across the entire organization will help to train employees to recognize phishing emails, so that they don’t click on malicious URLs, or enter their credentials into malicious website.
-
-
-
-### Homeland Security flags Office 365, other cloud email services
-
-The U.S. government, too, has been warning customers of Office 365 and other cloud-based email services that they should be on alert for security risks. The US Department of Homeland Security's Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) this month [issued a report targeting][10] Office 365 and other cloud services saying:
-
-“Organizations that used a third party have had a mix of configurations that lowered their overall security posture (e.g., mailbox auditing disabled, unified audit log disabled, multi-factor authentication disabled on admin accounts). In addition, the majority of these organizations did not have a dedicated IT security team to focus on their security in the cloud. These security oversights have led to user and mailbox compromises and vulnerabilities.”
-
-The agency also posted remediation suggestions including:
-
- * Enable unified audit logging in the Security and Compliance Center.
- * Enable mailbox auditing for each user.
- * Ensure Azure AD password sync is planned for and configured correctly, prior to migrating users.
- * Disable legacy email protocols, if not required, or limit their use to specific users.
-
-
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][11] and [LinkedIn][12] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398925/cisco-security-spotlights-microsoft-office-365-e-mail-phishing-increase.html
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/cso_phishing_social_engineering_security_threat_by_weerapatkiatdumrong_gettyimages-489433130_3x2_2400x1600-100796450-large.jpg
-[2]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/security-roadmap
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236448/lan-wan/what-to-consider-when-deploying-a-next-generation-firewall.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
-[5]: https://blogs.cisco.com/security/office-365-phishing-threat-of-the-month
-[6]: https://www.agari.com/
-[7]: https://www.avanan.com/hubfs/2019-Global-Phish-Report.pdf
-[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3195072/fbi-ic3-vile-5b-business-e-mail-scam-continues-to-breed.html
-[9]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
-[10]: https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/AR19-133A
-[11]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[12]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190529 Nvidia launches edge computing platform for AI processing.md b/sources/talk/20190529 Nvidia launches edge computing platform for AI processing.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f608db970c..0000000000
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+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Nvidia launches edge computing platform for AI processing)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397841/nvidia-launches-edge-computing-platform-for-ai-processing.html)
-[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
-
-Nvidia launches edge computing platform for AI processing
-======
-EGX platform goes to the edge to do as much processing there as possible before sending data upstream to major data centers.
-![Leo Wolfert / Getty Images][1]
-
-Nvidia is launching a new platform called EGX Platform designed to bring real-time artificial intelligence (AI) to edge networks. The idea is to put AI computing closer to where sensors collect data before it is sent to larger data centers.
-
-The edge serves as a buffer to data sent to data centers. It whittles down the data collected and only sends what is relevant up to major data centers for processing. This can mean discarding more than 90% of data collected, but the trick is knowing which data to keep and which to discard.
-
-“AI is required in this data-driven world,” said Justin Boitano, senior director for enterprise and edge computing at Nvidia, on a press call last Friday. “We analyze data near the source, capture anomalies and report anomalies back to the mothership for analysis.”
-
-**[ Now read[20 hot jobs ambitious IT pros should shoot for][2]. ]**
-
-Boitano said we are hitting crossover where there is more compute at edge than cloud because more work needs to be done there.
-
-EGX comes from 14 server vendors in a range of form factors, combining AI with network, security and storage from Mellanox. Boitano said that the racks will fit in any industry-standard rack, so they will fit into edge containers from the likes of Vapor IO and Schneider Electric.
-
-EGX uses Nvidia’s low-power Jetson Nano processor, but also all the way up to Nvidia T4 processors that can deliver more than 10,000 trillion operations per second (TOPS) for real-time speech recognition and other real-time AI tasks.
-
-Nvdia is working on software stack called Nvidia Edge Stack that can be updated constantly, and the software runs in containers, so no reboots are required, just a restart of the container. EGX runs enterprise-grade Kubernetes container platforms like Red Hat Openshift.
-
-Edge Stack is optimized software that includes Nvidia drivers, a CUDA Kubernetes plugin, a CUDA container runtime, CUDA-X libraries and containerized AI frameworks and applications, including TensorRT, TensorRT Inference Server and DeepStream.
-
-The company is boasting more than 40 early adopters, including BMW Group Logistics, which uses EGX and its own Isaac robotic platforms to handle increasingly complex logistics with real-time efficiency.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397841/nvidia-launches-edge-computing-platform-for-ai-processing.html
-
-作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/industry_4-0_industrial_iot_smart_factory_by_leowolfert_gettyimages-689799380_2400x1600-100788464-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276025/careers/20-hot-jobs-ambitious-it-pros-should-shoot-for.html
-[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190601 HPE Synergy For Dummies.md b/sources/talk/20190601 HPE Synergy For Dummies.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b7ddbe2e7..0000000000
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+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (HPE Synergy For Dummies)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399618/hpe-synergy-for-dummies.html)
-[#]: author: (HPE https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-HPE Synergy For Dummies
-======
-
-![istock/venimo][1]
-
-Business must move fast today to keep up with competitive forces. That means IT must provide an agile — anytime, anywhere, any workload — infrastructure that ensures growth, boosts productivity, enhances innovation, improves the customer experience, and reduces risk.
-
-A composable infrastructure helps organizations achieve these important objectives that are difficult — if not impossible — to achieve via traditional means, such as the ability to do the following:
-
- * Deploy quickly with simple flexing, scaling, and updating
- * Run workloads anywhere — on physical servers, on virtual servers, or in containers
- * Operate any workload upon which the business depends, without worrying about infrastructure resources or compatibility
- * Ensure the infrastructure is able to provide the right service levels so the business can stay in business
-
-
-
-In other words, IT must inherently become part of the fabric of products and services that are rapidly innovated at every company, with an anytime, anywhere, any workload infrastructure.
-
-**The anytime paradigm**
-
-For organizations that seek to embrace DevOps, collaboration is the cultural norm. Development and operations staff work side‐by‐side to support software across its entire life cycle, from initial idea to production support.
-
-To provide DevOps groups — as well as other stakeholders — the IT infrastructure required at the rate at which it is demanded, enterprise IT must increase its speed, agility, and flexibility to enable people anytime composition and re‐composition of resources. Composable infrastructure enables this anytime paradigm.
-
-**The anywhere ability**
-
-Bare metal and virtualized workloads are just two application foundations that need to be supported in the modern data center. Today, containers are emerging as a compelling construct, providing significant benefits for certain kinds of workloads. Unfortunately, with traditional infrastructure approaches, IT needs to build out custom, unique infrastructure to support them, at least until an infrastructure is deployed that can seamlessly handle physical, virtual, and container‐based workloads.
-
-Each environment would need its own hardware and software and might even need its own staff members supporting it.
-
-Composable infrastructure provides an environment that supports the ability to run physical, virtual, or containerized workloads.
-
-**Support any workload**
-
-Do you have a legacy on‐premises application that you have to keep running? Do you have enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that currently powers your business but that will take ten years to phase out? At the same time, do you have an emerging DevOps philosophy under which you’d like to empower developers to dynamically create computing environments as a part of their development efforts?
-
-All these things can be accomplished simultaneously on the right kind of infrastructure. Composable infrastructure enables any workload to operate as a part of the architecture.
-
-**HPE Synergy**
-
-HPE Synergy brings to life the architectural principles of composable infrastructure. It is a single, purpose-built platform that reduces operational complexity for workloads and increases operational velocity for applications and services.
-
-Download a copy of the [HPE Synergy for Dummies eBook][2] to learn how to:
-
- * Infuse the IT architecture with the ability to enable agility, flexibility, and speed
- * Apply composable infrastructure concepts to support both traditional and cloud-native applications
- * Deploy HPE Synergy infrastructure to revolutionize workload support in the data center
-
-
-
-Also, you will find more information about HPE Synergy [here][3].
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399618/hpe-synergy-for-dummies.html
-
-作者：[HPE][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/istock-1026657600-100798064-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.hpe.com/us/en/resources/integrated-systems/synergy-for-dummies.html
-[3]: http://hpe.com/synergy
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190605 Cisco will use AI-ML to boost intent-based networking.md b/sources/talk/20190605 Cisco will use AI-ML to boost intent-based networking.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 29d2acd519..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190605 Cisco will use AI-ML to boost intent-based networking.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco will use AI/ML to boost intent-based networking)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400382/cisco-will-use-aiml-to-boost-intent-based-networking.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco will use AI/ML to boost intent-based networking
-======
-Cisco explains how artificial intelligence and machine learning fit into a feedback loop that implements and maintain desired network conditions to optimize network performance for workloads using real-time data.
-![xijian / Getty Images][1]
-
-Artificial Intelligence and machine learning are expected to be some of the big topics at next week’s Cisco Live event and the company is already talking about how those technologies will help drive the next generation of [Intent-Based Networking][2].
-
-“Artificial intelligence will change how we manage networks, and it’s a change we need,” wrote John Apostolopoulos Cisco CTO and vice president of Enterprise Networking in a [blog][3] about how Cisco says these technologies impact the network.
-
-**[ Now see[7 free network tools you must have][4]. ]**
-
-AI is the next major step for networking capabilities, and while researchers have talked in the past about how great AI would be, now the compute power and algorithms exist to make it possible, Apostolopoulos told Network World.
-
-To understand how AI and ML can boost IBN, Cisco says it's necessary to understand four key factors an IBN environment needs: infrastructure, translation, activation and assurance.
-
-Infrastructure can be virtual or physical and include wireless access points, switches, routers, compute and storage. “To make the infrastructure do what we want, we use the translation function to convert the intent, or what we are trying to make the network accomplish, from a person or computer into the correct network and security policies. These policies then must be activated on the network,” Apostolopoulos said.
-
-The activation step takes the network and security polices and couples them with a deep understanding of the network infrastructure that includes both real-time and historic data about its behavior. It then activates or automates the policies across all of the network infrastructure elements, ideally optimizing for performance, reliability and security, Apostolopoulos wrote.
-
-Finally assurance maintains a continuous validation-and-verification loop. IBN improves on translation and assurance to form a valuable feedback loop about what’s going on in the network that wasn’t available before. ** **
-
-Apostolopoulos used the example of an international company that wanted to set up a world-wide video all-hands meeting. Everyone on the call had to have high-quality, low-latency video, and also needed the capability to send high-quality video into the call when it was time for Q&A.
-
-“By applying machine learning and related machine reasoning, assurance can also sift through the massive amount of data related to such a global event to correctly identify if there are any problems arising. We can then get solutions to these issues – and even automatically apply solutions – more quickly and more reliably than before,” Apostolopoulos said.
-
-In this case, assurance could identify that the use of WAN bandwidth to certain sites is increasing at a rate that will saturate the network paths and could proactively reroute some of the WAN flows through alternative paths to prevent congestion from occurring, Apostolopoulos wrote.
-
-“In prior systems, this problem would typically only be recognized after the bandwidth bottleneck occurred and users experienced a drop in call quality or even lost their connection to the meeting. It would be challenging or impossible to identify the issue in real time, much less to fix it before it distracted from the experience of the meeting. Accurate and fast identification through ML and MR coupled with intelligent automation through the feedback loop is key to successful outcome.”
-
-Apostolopoulos said AI can accelerate the path from intent into translation and activation and then examine network and behavior data in the assurance step to make sure everything is working correctly. Activation uses the insights to drive more intelligent actions for improved performance, reliability and security, creating a cycle of network optimization.
-
-So what might an implementation of this look like? Applications that run on Cisco’s DNA Center may be the central component in an IBN environment. Introduced on 2017 as the heart of its IBN initiative, [Cisco DNA Center][5] features automation capabilities, assurance setting, fabric provisioning and policy-based segmentation for enterprise networks.
-
-“DNA Center can bring together AI and ML in a unified manner,” Apostolopoulos said. “It can store data from across the network and then customers can do AI and ML on that data.”
-
-Central to Cisco's push is being able to gather metadata about traffic as it passes without slowing the traffic, which is accomplished through the use of ASICs in its campus and data-center switches.
-
-“We have designed our networking gear from the ASIC, OS and software levels to gather key data via our IBN architecture, which provides unified data collection and performs algorithmic analysis across the entire network (wired, wireless, LAN, WAN, datacenter), Apostolopoulos said. “We have a massive collection of network data, including a database of problems and associated root causes, from being the world’s top enterprise network vendor over the past 20-plus years. And we have been investing for many years to create innovative network-data analysis and ML, MR, and other AI techniques to identify and solve key problems.”
-
-Machine learning and AI can then be applied to all that data to help network operators handle everything from policy setting and network control to security.
-
-“I also want to stress that the feedback the IT user gets from the IBN system with AI is not overwhelming telemetry data,” Apostolopoulos said. Instead it is valuable and actionable insights at scale, derived from immense data and behavioral analytics using AI.
-
-Managing and developing new AI/ML-based applications from enormous data sets beyond what Cisco already has is a key driver behind it’s the company’s Unified Compute System (UCS) server that wasa rolled out last September. While the new server, the UCS C480 ML, is powerful – it includes eight Nvidia Tesla V100-32G GPUs with 128GB of DDR4 RAM, 24 SATA hard drives and more – it is the ecosystem of vendors – Cloudera, HortonWorks and others that will end up being more important.
-
-[Earlier this year Cisco forecast][6] that [AI and ML][7] will significantly boost network management this year.
-
-“In 2019, companies will start to adopt Artificial Intelligence, in particular Machine Learning, to analyze the telemetry coming off networks to see these patterns, in an attempt to get ahead of issues from performance optimization, to financial efficiency, to security,” said [Anand Oswal][8], senior vice president of engineering in Cisco’s Enterprise Networking Business. The pattern-matching capabilities of ML will be used to spot anomalies in network behavior that might otherwise be missed, while also de-prioritizing alerts that otherwise nag network operators but that aren’t critical, Oswal said.
-
-“We will also start to use these tools to categorize and cluster device and user types, which can help us create profiles for use cases as well as spot outlier activities that could indicate security incursions,” he said.
-
-The first application of AI in network management will be smarter alerts that simply report on activities that break normal patterns, but as the technology advances it will react to more situations autonomously. The idea is to give customers more information so they and the systems can make better network decisions. Workable tools should appear later in 2019, Oswal said.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][9] and [LinkedIn][10] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400382/cisco-will-use-aiml-to-boost-intent-based-networking.html
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/ai-vendor-relationship-management_bar-code_purple_artificial-intelligence_hand-on-virtual-screen-100795252-large.jpg
-[2]: http://www.networkworld.com/cms/article/3202699
-[3]: https://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/improving-networks-with-ai
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2825879/7-free-open-source-network-monitoring-tools.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280988/cisco-opens-dna-center-network-control-and-management-software-to-the-devops-masses.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332027/cisco-touts-5-technologies-that-will-change-networking-in-2019.html
-[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3320978/data-center/network-operations-a-new-role-for-ai-and-ml.html
-[8]: https://blogs.cisco.com/author/anandoswal
-[9]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[10]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190606 Juniper- Security could help drive interest in SDN.md b/sources/talk/20190606 Juniper- Security could help drive interest in SDN.md
deleted file mode 100644
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+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Juniper: Security could help drive interest in SDN)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400739/juniper-sdn-snapshot-finds-security-legacy-network-tech-impacts-core-network-changes.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Juniper: Security could help drive interest in SDN
-======
-Juniper finds that enterprise interest in software-defined networking (SDN) is influenced by other factors, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML).
-![monsitj / Getty Images][1]
-
-Security challenges and developing artificial intelligence/maching learning (AI/ML) technologies are among the key issues driving [software-defined networking][2] (SDN) implementations, according to a new Juniper survey of 500 IT decision makers.
-
-And SDN interest abounds – 98% of the 500 said they were already using or considering an SDN implementation. Juniper said it had [Wakefield Research][3] poll IT decision makers of companies with 500 or more employees about their SDN strategies between May 7 and May 14, 2019.
-
-**More about SD-WAN**
-
- * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][4]
- * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][5]
- * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][6]
- * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][7]
-
-
-
-SDN includes technologies that separate the network control plane from the forwarding plane to enable more automated provisioning and policy-based management of network resources.
-
-IDC estimates that the worldwide data-center SDN market will be worth more than $12 billion in 2022, recording a CAGR of 18.5% during the 2017-2022 period. The market-generated revenue of nearly $5.15 billion in 2017 was up more than 32.2% from 2016.
-
-There are many ideas driving the development of SDN. For example, it promises to reduce the complexity of statically defined networks; make automating network functions much easier; and allow for simpler provisioning and management of networked resources from the data center to the campus or wide area network.
-
-While the evolution of SDN is ongoing, Juniper’s study pointed out an issue that was perhaps not unexpected – many users are still managing operations via the command line interface (CLI). CLI is the primary text-based user interface used for configuring, monitoring and maintaining most networked devices.
-
-“If SDN is as attractive as it is then why manage the network with the same legacy technology of the past?” said Michael Bushong, vice president of enterprise and cloud marketing at Juniper Networks. “If you deploy SDN and don’t adjust the operational model then it is difficult to reap all the benefits SDN can bring. It’s the difference between managing devices individually which you may have done in the past to managing fleets of devices via SDN – it simplifies and reduces operational expenses.”
-
-Juniper pointed to a [Gartner prediction][8] that stated “by 2020, only 30% of network operations teams will use the command line interface (CLI) as their primary interface, down from 85% at years end 2016.” Garter stated that poll results from a recent Gartner conference found some 71% still using CLI as the primary way to make network changes.
-
-Gartner [wrote][9] in the past that CLI has remained the primary operational tool for mainstream network operations teams for easily the past 15-20 years but that “moving away from the CLI is a good thing for the networking industry, and while it won’t disappear completely (advanced/nuanced troubleshooting for example), it will be supplanted as the main interface into networking infrastructure.”
-
-Juniper’s study found that 87% of businesses are still doing most or some of their network management at the device level.
-
-What all of this shows is that customers are obviously interested in SDN but are still grappling with the best ways to get there, Bushong said.
-
-The Juniper study also found users interested in SDN because of the potential for a security boost.
-
-SDN can empowers a variety of security benefits. A customer can split up a network connection between an end user and the data center and have different security settings for the various types of network traffic. A network could have one public-facing, low-security network that does not touch any sensitive information. Another segment could have much more fine-grained remote-access control with software-based [firewall][10] and encryption policies on it, which allow sensitive data to traverse over it. SDN users can roll out security policies across the network from the data center to the edge much more rapidly than traditional network environments.
-
-“Many enterprises see security—not speed—as the biggest consequence of not making this transition in the next five years, with nearly 40 percent identifying the inability to quickly address new threats as one of their main concerns,” wrote Manoj Leelanivas, chief product officer at Juniper Networks, in a blog about the survey.
-
-“SDN is not often associated with greater security but this makes sense when we remember this is an operational transformation. In security, the challenge lies not in identifying threats or creating solutions, but in applying these solutions to a fragmented network. Streamlining complex security operations, touching many different departments and managing multiple security solutions, is where a software-defined approach can provide the answer,” Leelanivas stated.
-
-Some of the other key findings from Juniper included:
-
- * **The future of AI** : The deployment of artificial intelligence is about changing the operational model, Bushong said. “The ability to more easily manage workflows over groups of devices and derive usable insights to help customers be more proactive rather than reactive is the direction we are moving. Everything will ultimately be AI-driven, he said.
- * **Automation** : While automation is often considered a threat, Juniper said its respondents see it positively within the context of SDN, with 38% reporting it will improve security and 25% that it will enhance their jobs by streamlining manual operations.
- * **Flexibility** : Agility is the #1 benefit respondents considering SDN want to gain (48%), followed by improved reliability (43%) and greater simplicity (38%).
- * **SD-WAN** : The majority, 54%, have rolled out or are in the process of rolling out SD-WAN, while an additional 34% have it under current consideration.
-
-
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][11] and [LinkedIn][12] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
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-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/03/sdn_software-defined-network_architecture-100791938-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3209131/what-sdn-is-and-where-its-going.html
-[3]: https://www.wakefieldresearch.com/
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html
-[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true
-[8]: https://blogs.gartner.com/andrew-lerner/2018/01/04/checking-in-on-the-death-of-the-cli/
-[9]: https://blogs.gartner.com/andrew-lerner/2016/11/22/predicting-the-death-of-the-cli/
-[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3230457/what-is-a-firewall-perimeter-stateful-inspection-next-generation.html
-[11]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[12]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190611 Cisco launches a developer-community cert program.md b/sources/talk/20190611 Cisco launches a developer-community cert program.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 92ce486e6d..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190611 Cisco launches a developer-community cert program.md
+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco launches a developer-community cert program)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401524/cisco-launches-a-developer-community-cert-program.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco launches a developer-community cert program
-======
-Cisco has revamped some of its most critical certification and career-development programs in an effort to address the emerging software-oriented-network environment.
-![Getty Images][1]
-
-SAN DIEGO – Cisco revamped some of its most critical certification and career-development tools in an effort to address the emerging software-oriented network environment.
-
-Perhaps one of the biggest additions – rolled out here at the company’s Cisco Live customer event – is the new set of professional certifications for developers utilizing Cisco’s growing DevNet developer community.
-
-**[ Also see[4 job skills that can boost networking salaries][2] and [20 hot jobs ambitious IT pros should shoot for][3].]**
-
-The Cisco Certified DevNet Associate, Specialist and Professional certifications will cover software development for applications, automation, DevOps, cloud and IoT. They will also target software developers and network engineers who develop software proficiency to develop applications and automated workflows for operational networks and infrastructure.
-
-“This certification evolution is the next step to reflect the critical skills network engineers must have to be at the leading edge of networked-enabled business disruption and delivering customer excellence,” said Mike Adams, vice president and general manager of Learning@Cisco. “To perform effectively in this new world, every IT professional needs skills that are broader, deeper and more agile than ever before. And they have to be comfortable working as a multidisciplinary team including infrastructure network engineers, DevOps and automation specialists, and software professionals.”
-
-Other Cisco Certifications changes include:
-
- * Streamlined certifications to validate engineering professionals with Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) and Cisco Specialist certifications as well as Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) and Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certifications in enterprise, data center, service provider, security and collaboration.
- * For more senior professionals, the CCNP will give learners a choice of five tracks, covering enterprise technologies including infrastructure and wireless, service provider, data center, security and collaboration. Candidates will be able to further specialize in a particular focus area within those technologies.
- * Cisco says it will eliminate pre-requisites for certifications, meaning engineers can change career options without having to take a defined path.
- * Expansion of Cisco Networking Academy offerings to train entry level network professionals and software developers. Courses prepare students to earn CCNA and Certified DevNet Associate certifications, equipping them for high-demand jobs in IT.
-
-
-
-New network technologies such as intent-based networking, multi-domain networking, and programmability fundamentally change the capabilities of the network, giving network engineers the opportunity to architect solutions that utilize the programmable network in new and exciting ways, wrote Susie Wee senior vice president and chief technology officer of DevNet.
-
-“DevOps practices can be applied to the network, making the network more agile and enabling automation at scale. The new network provides more than just connectivity, it can now use policy and intent to securely connect applications, users, devices and data across multiple environments – from the data center and cloud, to the campus and branch, to the edge, and to the device,” Wee wrote.
-
-**[[Looking to upgrade your career in tech? This comprehensive online course teaches you how.][4] ]**
-
-She also announced the DevNet Automation Exchange, a community that will offer shared code, best practices and technology tools for users, developers or channel partners interested in developing automation apps.
-
-Wee said Cisco seeded the Automation Exchange with over 50 shared code repositories.
-
-“It is becoming increasingly clear that network ops can be handled much more efficiently with automation, and offering the tools to develop better applications is crucial going forward,” said Zeus Kerravala, founder and principal analyst with ZK Research.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401524/cisco-launches-a-developer-community-cert-program.html
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/01/run_digital-vanguard_business-executive-with-briefcase_career-growth-100786736-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3227832/lan-wan/4-job-skills-that-can-boost-networking-salaries.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276025/careers/20-hot-jobs-ambitious-it-pros-should-shoot-for.html
-[4]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fupgrading-your-technology-career
-[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190612 Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources.md b/sources/talk/20190612 Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a6cd0c73b4..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190612 Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402079/cisco-offers-cloud-based-security-for-sd-wan-resources.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources
-======
-Cisco adds support for its cloud-based security gateway Umbrella to SD-WAN software
-![Thinkstock][1]
-
-SAN DIEGO— As many companies look to [SD-WAN][2] technology to reduce costs, improve connectivity and streamline branch office access, one of the key requirements will be solid security technologies to protect corporate resources.
-
-At its Cisco Live customer event here this week, the company took aim at that need by telling customers it added support for the its cloud-based security gateway – known as Umbrella – to its SD-WAN software offerings.
-
-**More about SD-WAN**
-
- * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][3]
- * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][4]
- * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][5]
- * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][6]
-
-
-
-At its most basic, SD-WAN lets companies aggregate a variety of network connections – including MPLS, 4G LTE and DSL – into a branch or network-edge location and provides a management software that can turn up new sites, prioritize traffic and set security policies. SD-WAN's driving principle is to simplify the way big companies turn up new links to branch offices, better manage the way those links are utilized – for data, voice or video – and potentially save money in the process.
-
-According to Cisco, Umbrella can provide the first line of defense against threats on the internet. By analyzing and learning from internet activity patterns, Umbrella automatically uncovers attacker infrastructure and proactively blocks requests to malicious destinations before a connection is even established — without adding latency for users. With Umbrella, customers can stop phishing and malware infections earlier, identify already infected devices faster and prevent data exfiltration, Cisco says.
-
-Branch offices and roaming users are more vulnerable to attacks, and attackers are looking to exploit them, said Gee Rittenhouse, senior vice president and general manager of Cisco's Security Business Group. He pointed to Enterprise Strategy Group research that says 68 percent of branch offices and roaming users were the source of compromise in recent attacks. And as organizations move to more direct internet access, this becomes an even greater risk, Rittenhouse said.
-
-“Scaling security at every location often means more appliances to ship and manage, more policies to separately maintain, which translates into more money and resources needed – but Umbrella offers an alternative to all that," he said. "Umbrella provides simple deployment and management, and in a single cloud platform, it unifies multiple layers of security, ncluding DNS, secure web gateway, firewall and cloud-access security,” Rittenhouse said.
-
-“It also acts as your secure onramp to the internet by offering secure internet access and controlled SaaS usage across all locations and roaming users.”
-
-Basically users can set up Umbrella support via the SD-WAN dashboard vManage, and the system automatically creates a secure tunnel to the cloud.** ** Once the SD-WAN traffic is pointed at the cloud, firewall and other security policies can be set. Customers can then see traffic and collect information about patterns or set policies and respond to anomalies, Rittenhouse said.
-
-Analysts said the Umbrella offering is another important security option offered by Cisco for SD-WAN customers.
-
-“Since it is cloud-based, using Umbrella is a great option for customers with lots of branch or SD-WAN locations who don’t want or need to have a security gateway on premises,” said Rohit Mehra, vice president of Network Infrastructure at IDC. “One of the largest requirements for large customers going forward will be the need for all manner of security technologies for the SD-WAN environment, and Cisco has a big menu of offerings that can address those requirements.”
-
-IDC says the SD-WAN infrastructure market will hit $4.5 billion by 2022, growing at a more than 40 percent yearly clip between now and then.
-
-The Umbrella announcement is on top of other recent SD-WAN security enhancements the company has made. In May [Cisco added support for Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) to its million-plus ISR/ASR edge routers][7] in an effort to reinforce branch- and core-network malware protection across the SD-WAN.
-
-“Together with Cisco Talos [Cisco’s security-intelligence arm], AMP imbues your SD-WAN branch, core and campuses locations with threat intelligence from millions of worldwide users, honeypots, sandboxes and extensive industry partnerships,” Cisco said.
-
-In total, AMP identifies more than 1.1 million unique malware samples a day and when AMP in Cisco SD-WAN platform spots malicious behavior it automatically blocks it, Cisco said.
-
-Last year Cisco added its [Viptela SD-WAN technology to the IOS XE][8] version 16.9.1 software that runs its core ISR/ASR routers such as the ISR models 1000, 4000 and ASR 1000, in use by organizations worldwide. Cisco bought Viptela in 2017.
-
-The release of Cisco IOS XE offered an instant upgrade path for creating cloud-controlled SD-WAN fabrics to connect distributed offices, people, devices and applications operating on the installed base, Cisco said. At the time Cisco said that Cisco SD-WAN on edge routers builds a secure virtual IP fabric by combining routing, segmentation, security, policy and orchestration.
-
-With the recent release of IOS-XE SD-WAN 16.11, Cisco has brought AMP and other enhancements to its SD-WAN.
-
-AMP support is added to a menu of security features already included in Cisco's SD-WAN software including support for URL filtering, Snort Intrusion Prevention, the ability to segment users across the WAN and embedded platform security, including the Cisco Trust Anchor module.
-
-The software also supports SD-WAN Cloud onRamp for CoLocation, which lets customers tie distributed multicloud applications back to a local branch office or local private data center. That way a cloud-to-branch link would be shorter, faster and possibly more secure that tying cloud-based applications directly to the data center.
-
-Also in May [Cisco and Teridion][9] said they would team to deliver faster enterprise software-defined WAN services. The integration links Cisco Meraki MX Security/SD-WAN appliances and its Auto VPN technology which lets users quickly bring up and configure secure sessions between branches and data centers with Teridion’s cloud-based WAN service. Teridion’s service promises customers better performance and control over traffic running from remote offices over the public internet to the data center.
-
-Teridion said the Meraki integration creates an IPSec connection from the Cisco Meraki MX to the Teridion edge. Customers create locations in the Teridion portal and apply the preconfigured Meraki template to them, or just upload a csv file if they have a lot of locations. Then, from each Meraki MX, they can create a third-party IPSec tunnel to the Teridion edge IP addresses that are generated as part of the Teridion configuration, the company stated.
-
-The combined Cisco Meraki and Teridion offering brings SD-WAN and security capabilities at the WAN edge that are tightly integrated with a WAN service delivered over cost-effective broadband or dedicated Internet access. Meraki’s MX family supports everything from SD-WAN and [Wi-Fi][10] features to next-generation [firewall][11] and intrusion prevention in a single package.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/10/cloud-security-ts-100622309-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3209131/what-sdn-is-and-where-its-going.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true
-[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394597/cisco-adds-amp-to-sd-wan-for-israsr-routers.html
-[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3296007/cisco-upgrade-enables-sd-wan-in-1m-israsr-routers.html
-[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396628/cisco-ties-its-securitysd-wan-gear-with-teridions-cloud-wan-service.html
-[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3318119/what-to-expect-from-wi-fi-6-in-2019.html
-[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3230457/what-is-a-firewall-perimeter-stateful-inspection-next-generation.html
-[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190612 Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features.md b/sources/talk/20190612 Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 30e225de98..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190612 Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402036/dell-and-cisco-extend-vxblock-integration-with-new-features.html)
-[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
-
-Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features
-======
-Dell EMC and Cisco took another step in their alliance, announcing plans to expand VxBlock 1000 integration across servers, networking, storage, and data protection.
-![Dell EMC][1]
-
-Just two months ago [Dell EMC and Cisco renewed their converged infrastructure][2] vows, and now the two have taken another step in the alliance. At this year’s at [Cisco Live][3] event taking place in San Diego, the two announced plans to expand VxBlock 1000 integration across servers, networking, storage, and data protection.
-
-This is done through support of NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF), which allows enterprise SSDs to talk to each other directly through a high-speed fabric. NVMe is an important advance because SATA and PCI Express SSDs could never talk directly to other drives before until NVMe came along.
-
-To leverage NVMe-oF to its fullest extent, Dell EMC has unveiled a new integrated Cisco compute (UCS) and storage (MDS) 32G options, extending PowerMax capabilities to deliver NVMe performance across the VxBlock stack.
-
-**More news from Cisco Live 2019:**
-
- * [Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources][4]
- * [Cisco software to make networks smarter, safer, more manageable][5]
- * [Cisco launches a developer-community cert program][6]
-
-
-
-Dell EMC said this will enhance the architecture, high-performance consistency, availability, and scalability of VxBlock and provide its customers with high-performance, end-to-end mission-critical workloads that can deliver microsecond responses.
-
-These new compute and storage options will be available to order sometime later this month.
-
-### Other VxBlock news from Dell EMC
-
-Dell EMC also announced it is extending its factory-integrated on-premise integrated protection solutions for VxBlock to hybrid and multi-cloud environments, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS). This update will offer to help protect VMware workloads and data via the company’s Data Domain Virtual Edition and Cloud Disaster Recovery software options. This will be available in July.
-
-The company also plans to release VxBlock Central 2.0 software next month. VxBlock Central is designed to help customers simplify CI administration through converged awareness, automation, and analytics.
-
-New to version 2.0 is modular licensing that matches workflow automation, advanced analytics, and life-cycle management/upgrade options to your needs.
-
-VxBlock Central 2.0 has a variety of license features, including the following:
-
-**Base** – Free with purchase of a VxBlock, the base license allows you to manage your system and improve compliance with inventory reporting and alerting. **Workflow Automation** – Provision infrastructure on-demand using engineered workflows through vRealize Orchestrator. New workflows available with this package include Cisco UCS server expansion with Unity and XtremIO storage arrays. **Advanced Analytics** – View capacity and KPIs to discover deeper actionable insights through vRealize Operations. **Lifecycle Management** (new, available later in 2019) – Apply “guided path” software upgrades to optimize system performance.
-
- * Lifecycle Management includes a new multi-tenant, cloud-based database based on Cloud IQ that will collect and store the CI component inventory structured by the customer, extending the value and ease of use of the cloud-based analytics monitoring.
- * This feature extends the value and ease of use of the cloud-based analytics monitoring Cloud IQ already provides for individual Dell EMC storage arrays.
-
-
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402036/dell-and-cisco-extend-vxblock-integration-with-new-features.html
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-作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/04/dell-emc-vxblock-1000-100794721-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391071/dell-emc-and-cisco-renew-converged-infrastructure-alliance.html
-[3]: https://www.ciscolive.com/global/
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402079/cisco-offers-cloud-based-security-for-sd-wan-resources.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401523/cisco-software-to-make-networks-smarter-safer-more-manageable.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401524/cisco-launches-a-developer-community-cert-program.html
-[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190613 Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities.md b/sources/talk/20190613 Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 280cfd1a4a..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190613 Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402559/oracle-updates-exadata-at-long-last-with-ai-and-machine-learning-abilities.html)
-[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
-
-Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities
-======
-Oracle to update the Oracle Exadata Database Machine X8 server line to include artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning capabilities, plus support for hybrid cloud.
-![Magdalena Petrova][1]
-
-After a rather [long period of silence][2], Oracle announced an update to its server line, the Oracle Exadata Database Machine X8, which features hardware and software enhancements that include artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning capabilities, as well as support for hybrid cloud.
-
-Oracle acquired a hardware business nine years ago with the purchase of Sun Microsystems. It steadily whittled down the offerings, getting out of the commodity hardware business in favor of high-end mission-critical hardware. Whereas the Exalogic line is more of a general-purpose appliance running Oracle’s own version of Linux, Exadata is a purpose-built database server, and they really made some upgrades.
-
-The Exadata X8 comes with the latest Intel Xeon Scalable processors and PCIe NVME flash technology to drive performance improvements, which Oracle promises a 60% increase in I/O throughput for all-Flash storage and a 25% increase in IOPS per storage server compared to Exadata X7. The X8 offers a 60% performance improvement over the previous generation for analytics with up to 560GB per second throughput. It can scan a 1TB table in under two seconds.
-
-**[ Also read:[What is quantum computing (and why enterprises should care)][3] ]**
-
-The company also enhanced the storage server to offload Oracle Database processing, and the X8 features 60% more cores and 40% higher capacity disk drives over the X7.
-
-But the real enhancements come on the software side. With Exadata X8, Oracle introduces new machine-learning capabilities, such as Automatic Indexing, which continuously learns and tunes the database as usage patterns change. The Indexing technology originated with the Oracle Autonomous Database, the cloud-based software designed to automate management of Oracle databases.
-
-And no, MySQL is not included in the stack. This is for Oracle databases only.
-
-“We’re taking code from Autonomous Database and making it available on prem for our customers,” said Steve Zivanic, vice president for converged infrastructure at Oracle’s Cloud Business Group. “That enables companies rather than doing manual indexing for various Oracle databases to automate it with machine learning.”
-
-In one test, it took a 15-year-old Netsuite database with over 9,000 indexes built up over the lifespan of the database, and in 24 hours, its AI indexer rebuilt the indexes with just 6,000, reducing storage space and greatly increasing performance of the database, since the number of indexes to search were smaller.
-
-### Performance improvements with Exadata
-
-Zivanic cited several examples of server consolidation done with Exadata but would not identify companies by name. He told of a large healthcare company that achieved a 10-fold performance improvement over IBM Power servers and consolidated 600 Power servers with 50 Exadata systems.
-
-A financial services company replaced 4,000 Dell servers running Red Hat Linux and VMware with 100 Exadata systems running 6,000 production Oracle databases. Not only did it reduce its power footprint, but patching was down 99%. An unnamed retailer with 28 racks of hardware from five vendors went from installing 1,400 patches per year to 16 patches on four Exadata racks.
-
-Because Oracle owns the entire stack, from hardware to OS to middleware and database, Exadata can roll all of its patch components – 640 in all – into a single bundle.
-
-“The trend we’ve noticed is you see these [IT hardware] companies who try to maintain an erector set mentality,” said Zivanic. “And you have people saying why are we trying to build pods? Why don’t we buy finished goods and focus on our core competency rather than build erector sets?”
-
-### Oracle Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance X8 now available
-
-Oracle also announced the availability of the Oracle Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance X8, its database backup appliance, which offers up to 10 times faster data recovery of an Oracle Database than conventional data deduplication appliances while providing sub-second recoverability of all transactions.
-
-The new Oracle Recovery Appliance X8 now features 30% larger capacity, nearly a petabyte in a single rack, for the same price, Oracle says.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402559/oracle-updates-exadata-at-long-last-with-ai-and-machine-learning-abilities.html
-
-作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2017/03/vid-still-79-of-82-100714308-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3317564/is-oracles-silence-on-its-on-premises-servers-cause-for-concern.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3275367/what-s-quantum-computing-and-why-enterprises-need-to-care.html
-[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190614 Report- Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN.md b/sources/talk/20190614 Report- Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d4a3a9a927..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190614 Report- Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN.md
+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Report: Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403016/report-mirai-tries-to-hook-its-tentacles-into-sd-wan.html)
-[#]: author: (Jon Gold https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/)
-
-Report: Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN
-======
-
-Mirai – the software that has hijacked hundreds of thousands of internet-connected devices to launch massive DDoS attacks – now goes beyond recruiting just IoT products; it also includes code that seeks to exploit a vulnerability in corporate SD-WAN gear.
-
-That specific equipment – VMware’s SDX line of SD-WAN appliances – now has an updated software version that fixes the vulnerability, but by targeting it Mirai’s authors show that they now look beyond enlisting security cameras and set-top boxes and seek out any vulnerable connected devices, including enterprise networking gear.
-
-**More about SD-WAN**
-
- * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][1]
- * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][2]
- * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][3]
- * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][4]
-
-
-
-“I assume we’re going to see Mirai just collecting as many devices as it can,” said Jen Miller-Osborn, deputy director of threat research at Palo Alto Networks’ Unit 42, which recently issued [a report][5] about Mirai.
-
-### Exploiting SD-WAN gear is new
-
-While the exploit against the SD-WAN appliances was a departure for Mirai, it doesn’t represent a sea-change in the way its authors are approaching their work, according Miller-Osborn.
-
-The idea, she said, is simply to add any devices to the botnet, regardless of what they are. The fact that SD-WAN devices were targeted is more about those particular devices having a vulnerability than anything to do with their SD-WAN capabilities.
-
-### Responsible disclosure headed off execution of exploits
-
-[The vulnerability][6] itself was discovered last year by independent researchers who responsibly disclosed it to VMware, which then fixed it in a later software version. But the means to exploit the weakness nevertheless is included in a recently discovered new variant of Mirai, according to the Unit 42 report.
-
-The authors behind Mirai periodically update the software to add new targets to the list, according to Unit 42, and the botherders’ original tactic of simply targeting devices running default credentials has given way to a strategy that also exploits vulnerabilities in a wide range of different devices. The updated variant of the malicious software includes a total of eight new-to-Mirai exploits.
-
-**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][7] ]**
-
-The remediated version of the VMware SD-WAN is SD-WAN Edge 3.1.2. The vulnerability still affects SD-WAN Edge 3.1.1 and earlier, [according to a VMware security advisory][8]. After the Unit 42 report came out VMware posted [a blog][9] that says it is conducting its own investigation into the matter.
-
-Detecting whether a given SD-WAN implementation has been compromised depends heavily on the degree of monitoring in place on the network. Any products that give IT staff the ability to notice unusual traffic to or from an affected appliance could flag that activity. Otherwise, it could be difficult to tell if anything’s wrong, Miller-Osborne said. “You honestly might not notice it unless you start seeing a hit in performance or an outside actor notifies you about it.”
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][10] and [LinkedIn][11] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403016/report-mirai-tries-to-hook-its-tentacles-into-sd-wan.html
-
-作者：[Jon Gold][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true
-[5]: https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/new-mirai-variant-adds-8-new-exploits-targets-additional-iot-devices/
-[6]: https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44959
-[7]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
-[8]: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2018-0011.html
-[9]: https://blogs.vmware.com/security/2019/06/vmsa-2018-0011-revisited.html
-[10]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190614 Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative.md b/sources/talk/20190614 Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c31358d47..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190614 Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402318/western-digital-launches-open-source-zettabyte-storage-initiative.html)
-[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
-
-Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative
-======
-Western Digital's Zoned Storage initiative leverages new technology to create more efficient zettabyte-scale data storage for data centers by improving how data is organized when it is stored.
-![monsitj / Getty Images][1]
-
-Western Digital has announced a project called the Zoned Storage initiative that leverages new technology to create more efficient zettabyte-scale data storage for data centers by improving how data is organized when it is stored.
-
-As part of this, the company also launched a [developer site][2] that will host open-source, standards-based tools and other resources.
-
-The Zoned Storage architecture is designed for Western Digital hardware and its shingled magnetic recording (SMR) HDDs, which hold up to 15TB of data, as well as the emerging zoned namespaces (ZNS) standard for NVMe SSDs, designed to deliver better endurance and predictability.
-
-**[ Now read:[What is quantum computing (and why enterprises should care)][3] ]**
-
-This initiative is not being retrofitted for non-SMR drives or non-NVMe SSDs. Western Digital estimates that by 2023, half of all its HDD shipments are expected to be SMR. And that will be needed because IDC predicts data will be generated at a rate of 103 zettabytes a year by 2023.
-
-With this project Western Digital is targeting cloud and hyperscale providers and anyone building a large data center who has to manage a large amount of data, according to Eddie Ramirez, senior director of product marketing for Western Digital.
-
-Western Digital is changing how data is written and stored from the traditional random 4K block writes to large blocks of sequential data, like Big Data workloads and video streams, which are rapidly growing in size and use in the digital age.
-
-“We are now looking at a one-size-fits-all architecture that leaves a lot of TCO [total cost of ownership] benefits on the table if you design for a single architecture,” Ramirez said. “We are looking at workloads that don’t rely on small block randomization of data but large block sequential write in nature.”
-
-Because drives use 4k write blocks, that leads to overprovisioning of storage, especially around SSDs. This is true of consumer and enterprise SSDs alike. My 1TB SSD drive has only 930GB available. And that loss scales. An 8TB SSD has only 6.4TB available, according to Ramirez. SSDs also have to be built with DRAM for caching of small block random writes. You need about 1GB of DRAM per 1TB of NAND to act as a buffer, according to Ramirez.
-
-### The benefits of Zoned Storage
-
-Zoned Storage allows for 15-20% more storage on a HDD the than traditional storage mechanism. It eliminates the overprovisioning of SSDs, so you get all the NAND flash the drive has and you need far fewer DRAM chips on an SSD. Additionally, Western Digital promises you will need up to one-eighth as much DRAM to act as a cache in future SSD drives, lowering the cost.
-
-Ramirez also said quality of service will improve, not necessarily that peak performance is better, but it will manage latency from outliers better.
-
-Western Digital has not disclosed what if any pricing is associated with the project. It plans to work with the open-source community, customers, and industry players to help accelerate application development around Zoned Storage through its website.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402318/western-digital-launches-open-source-zettabyte-storage-initiative.html
-
-作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/big_data_center_server_racks_storage_binary_analytics_by_monsitj_gettyimages-951389152_3x2-100787358-large.jpg
-[2]: http://ZonedStorage.io
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3275367/what-s-quantum-computing-and-why-enterprises-need-to-care.html
-[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190617 Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow.md b/sources/talk/20190617 Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 31820a380b..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190617 Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow)
-[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/use-imageglass-view-jpg-images-slideshow-windows-10)
-[#]: author: (Jeff Macharyas https://opensource.com/users/jeffmacharyas)
-
-Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow
-======
-Want to view images from a folder one-by-one in a slideshow on Windows
-10? Open source to the rescue.
-![Looking back with binoculars][1]
-
-Welcome to today’s episode of "How Can I Make This Work?" In my case, I was trying to view a folder of JPG images as a slideshow on Windows 10. As often happens, I turned to open source to solve the issue.
-
-On a Mac, viewing a folder of JPG images as a slideshow is a simple matter of selecting all the images in a folder ( **Command-A** ), and then pressing **Option-Command-Y**. From there, you can advance the images with the arrow key. Of course, you can do a similar thing on Windows by selecting the first image, then clicking on the window frame's yellow **Manage** bar, then selecting **Slide Show**. There, you can control the speed, but only to a point: slow, medium, and fast.
-
-I wanted to advance the images in Windows the same way I do it on a Mac. Naturally, I fired up the Googler and searched for a solution. There, I found the [ImageGlass][2] open source app, [licensed GPL 3.0][3], and it did the trick perfectly. Here's what it looks like:
-
-![Viewing an image in ImageGlass.][4]
-
-### About ImageGlass
-
-ImageGlass was developed by Dương Diệu Pháp, a Vietnamese developer who works on the front end for Chainstack, according to his website. He collaborates with US-based [Kevin Routley][5], who "develops new features for ImageGlass." The source code is available on [GitHub][6].
-
-ImageGlass supports most common image formats, including JPG, GIF, PNG, WEBP, SVG, and RAW. Users can customize this extension list easily.
-
-My specific problem was needing to find an image for a catalog cover. Unfortunately, it was in a folder containing dozens of photos. Navigating through the slideshow in ImageGlass, stopping on the image I wanted, and downloading it into my project folder turned out to be easy. Open source to the rescue yet again, and the app took only seconds to download and use.
-
-ImageGlass was featured as a Picasa alternative in Jason Baker’s article [9 open source alternatives to][7] [Picasa][7] from March 10, 2016. There are some other interesting image-related open source tools in there as well if you are in need.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/use-imageglass-view-jpg-images-slideshow-windows-10
-
-作者：[Jeff Macharyas][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jeffmacharyas
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/look-binoculars-sight-see-review.png?itok=NOw2cm39 (Looking back with binoculars)
-[2]: https://imageglass.org/
-[3]: https://github.com/d2phap/ImageGlass/blob/master/LICENSE
-[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/imageglass-screenshot.png (Viewing an image in ImageGlass.)
-[5]: https://github.com/fire-eggs
-[6]: https://github.com/d2phap/ImageGlass
-[7]: https://opensource.com/alternatives/picasa
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment.md b/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b3344c5eb2..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403363/cisco-connects-with-ibm-in-to-simplify-hybrid-cloud-deployment.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment
-======
-Cisco and IBM are working todevelop a hybrid-cloud architecture that meld Cisco’s data-center, networking and analytics platforms with IBM’s cloud offerings.
-![Ilze Lucero \(CC0\)][1]
-
-Cisco and IBM said the companies would meld their [data-center][2] and cloud technologies to help customers more easily and securely build and support on-premises and [hybrid-cloud][3] applications.
-
-Cisco, IBM Cloud and IBM Global Technology Services (the professional services business of IBM) said they will work to develop a hybrid-cloud architecture that melds Cisco’s data-center, networking and analytics platforms with IBM’s cloud offerings. IBM's contribution includea a heavy emphasis on Kubernetes-based offerings such as Cloud Foundry and Cloud Private as well as a catalog of [IBM enterprise software][4] such as Websphere and open source software such as Open Whisk, KNative, Istio and Prometheus.
-
-**[ Read also:[How to plan a software-defined data-center network][5] ]**
-
-Cisco said customers deploying its Virtual Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) technologies can now extend that network fabric from on-premises to the IBM Cloud. ACI is Cisco’s [software-defined networking (SDN)][6] data-center package, but it also delivers the company’s Intent-Based Networking technology, which brings customers the ability to automatically implement network and policy changes on the fly and ensure data delivery.
-
-[IBM said Cisco ACI Virtual Pod][7] (vPOD) software can now run on IBM Cloud bare-metal servers. “vPOD consists of virtual spines and leafs and supports up to eight instances of ACI Virtual Edge. These elements are often deployed on VMware services on the IBM Cloud to support hybrid deployments from on-premises environments to the IBM Cloud," the company stated.
-
-“Through a new relationship with IBM’s Global Technology Services team, customers can implement Virtual ACI on their IBM Cloud,” Cisco’s Kaustubh Das, vice president of strategy and product development wrote in a [blog][8] about the agreement. “Virtual ACI is a software-only solution that you can deploy wherever you have at least two servers on which you can run the VMware ESXi hypervisor. In the future, the ability to deploy IBM Cloud Pak for Applications in a Cisco ACI environment will also be supported,” he stated.
-
-IBM’s prepackaged Cloud Paks include a secured Kubernetes container and containerized IBM middleware designed to let customers quickly spin-up enterprise-ready containers, Big Blue said.
-
-Additionally IBM said it would add support for its IBM Cloud Private, which manages Kubernetes and other containers, on Cisco HyperFlex and HyperFlex Edge hyperconverged infrastructure (HCI) systems. HyperFlex is Cisco's HCI that offers computing, networking and storage resources in a single system. The package can be managed via Cisco’s Intersight software-as-a-service cloud management platform that offers a central dashboard of HyperFlex operations.
-
-IBM said it was adding Hyperflex support to its IBM Cloud Pak for Applications as well.
-
-The paks include IBM Multicloud Manager which is a Kubernetes-based platform that runs on the company’s [IBM Cloud Private][9] platform and lets customers manage and integrate workloads on clouds from other providers such as Amazon, Red Hat and Microsoft.
-
-At the heart of the Multi-cloud Manager is a dashboard interface for managing thousands of Kubernetes applications and huge volumes of data regardless of where in the organization they are located.
-
-The idea is that Multi-cloud Manager lets operations and development teams get visibility of Kubernetes applications and components across the different clouds and clusters via a single control pane.
-
-“With IBM Multicloud Manager, enterprises can have a single place to manage multiple clusters running across multiple on-premises, public and private cloud environments, providing consistent visibility, governance and automation from on-premises to the edge, wrote IBM’s Evaristus Mainsah, general manager of IBM Cloud Private Ecosystem in a [blog][7] about the relationship.
-
-Distributed workloads can be pushed out and managed directly at the device at a much larger scale across multiple public clouds and on-premises locations. Visibility, compliance and governance are provided with extended MCM capabilities that will be available at the lightweight device layer, with a connection back to the central server/gateway, Mainsah stated.
-
-In addition, Cisco’s AppDynamics\can be tied in to monitor infrastructure and business performance, Cisco stated. Cisco recently added [AppDynamics for Kubernetes][10], which Cisco said will reduce the time it takes to identify and troubleshoot performance issues across Kubernetes clusters.
-
-The companies said the hybrid-cloud architecture they envision will help reduce the complexity of setting up and managing hybrid-cloud environments.
-
-Cisco and IBM are both aggressively pursuing cloud customers. Cisco[ ramped up][11] its own cloud presence in 2018 with all manner of support stemming from an [agreement with Amazon Web Services][12] (AWS) that will offer enterprise customers an integrated platform to help them more simply build, secure and connect [Kubernetes][13] clusters across private [data centers][14] and the AWS cloud.
-
-Cisco and Google in [April expanded their joint cloud-development][15] activities to help customers more easily build secure multicloud and hybrid applications everywhere from on-premises data centers to public clouds.
-
-IBM is waiting to close [its $34 billion Red Hat deal][16] that it expects will give it a huge presence in the hotly contested hybrid-cloud arena and increase its inroads to competitors – Google, Amazon and Microsoft among others. Gartner says that market will be worth $240 billion by next year.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][17] and [LinkedIn][18] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403363/cisco-connects-with-ibm-in-to-simplify-hybrid-cloud-deployment.html
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/03/cubes_blocks_squares_containers_ilze_lucero_cc0_via_unsplash_1200x800-100752172-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3233132/what-is-hybrid-cloud-computing.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3340043/ibm-marries-on-premises-private-and-public-cloud-data.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284352/data-center/how-to-plan-a-software-defined-data-center-network.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3209131/what-sdn-is-and-where-its-going.html
-[7]: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2019/06/18/ibm-cisco-collaborating-hybrid-cloud-modern-enterprise/
-[8]: https://blogs.cisco.com/datacenter/cisco-and-ibm-cloud-announce-hybrid-cloud-partnership
-[9]: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/private
-[10]: https://blog.appdynamics.com/product/kubernetes-monitoring-with-appdynamics/
-[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322937/lan-wan/what-will-be-hot-for-cisco-in-2019.html?nsdr=true
-[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3319782/cloud-computing/cisco-aws-marriage-simplifies-hybrid-cloud-app-development.html?nsdr=true
-[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269848/cloud-computing/cisco-embraces-kubernetes-pushing-container-software-into-mainstream.html
-[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/data-center/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
-[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388218/cisco-google-reenergize-multicloudhybrid-cloud-joint-development.html
-[16]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3316960/ibm-says-buying-red-hat-makes-it-the-biggest-in-hybrid-cloud.html
-[17]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[18]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center.md b/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 187e883706..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403349/cisco-issues-critical-security-warnings-on-sd-wan-dna-center.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center
-======
-Vulnerabilities to Cisco's SD-WAN and DNA Center software top a list of nearly 30 security advisories issued by the company.
-![zajcsik \(CC0\)][1]
-
-Cisco has released two critical warnings about security issues with its SD-WAN and DNA Center software packages.
-
-The worse, with a Common Vulnerability Scoring System rating of 9.3 out of 10, is a vulnerability in its [Digital Network Architecture][2] (DNA) Center software that could let an unauthenticated attacker connect an unauthorized network device to the subnet designated for cluster services.
-
-**More about SD-WAN**
-
- * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][3]
- * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][4]
- * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][5]
- * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][6]
-
-
-
-A successful exploit could let an attacker reach internal services that are not hardened for external access, Cisco [stated][7]. The vulnerability is due to insufficient access restriction on ports necessary for system operation, and the company discovered the issue during internal security testing, Cisco stated.
-
-Cisco DNA Center gives IT teams the ability to control access through policies using Software-Defined Access, automatically provision through Cisco DNA Automation, virtualize devices through Cisco Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), and lower security risks through segmentation and Encrypted Traffic Analysis.
-
-This vulnerability affects Cisco DNA Center Software releases prior to 1.3, and it is fixed in version 1.3 and releases after that.
-
-Cisco wrote that system updates are available from the Cisco cloud but not from the [Software Center][8] on Cisco.com. To upgrade to a fixed release of Cisco DNA Center Software, administrators can use the “System Updates” feature of the software.
-
-A second critical warning – with a CVVS score of 7.8 – is a weakness in the command-line interface of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution that could let an authenticated local attacker elevate lower-level privileges to the root user on an affected device.
-
-Cisco [wrote][9] that the vulnerability is due to insufficient authorization enforcement. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to the targeted device and executing commands that could lead to elevated privileges. A successful exploit could let the attacker make configuration changes to the system as the root user, the company stated.
-
-This vulnerability affects a range of Cisco products running a release of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution prior to Releases 18.3.6, 18.4.1, and 19.1.0 including:
-
- * vBond Orchestrator Software
- * vEdge 100 Series Routers
- * vEdge 1000 Series Routers
- * vEdge 2000 Series Routers
- * vEdge 5000 Series Routers
- * vEdge Cloud Router Platform
- * vManage Network Management Software
- * vSmart Controller Software
-
-
-
-Cisco said it has released free [software updates][10] that address the vulnerability described in this advisory. Cisco wrote that it fixed this vulnerability in Release 18.4.1 of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution.
-
-The two critical warnings were included in a dump of [nearly 30 security advisories][11].
-
-There were two other “High” impact rated warnings involving the SD-WAN software.
-
-One, a vulnerability in the vManage web-based UI (Web UI) of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution could let an authenticated, remote attacker gain elevated privileges on an affected vManage device, Cisco [wrote][12].
-
-The vulnerability is due to a failure to properly authorize certain user actions in the device configuration. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by logging in to the vManage Web UI and sending crafted HTTP requests to vManage. A successful exploit could let attackers gain elevated privileges and make changes to the configuration that they would not normally be authorized to make, Cisco stated.
-
-Another vulnerability in the vManage web-based UI could let an authenticated, remote attacker inject arbitrary commands that are executed with root privileges.
-
-This exposure is due to insufficient input validation, Cisco [wrote][13]. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to the device and submitting crafted input to the vManage Web UI.
-
-Both vulnerabilities affect Cisco vManage Network Management Software that is running a release of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution prior to Release 18.4.0 and Cisco has released free [software updates][10] to correct them.
-
-Other high-rated vulnerabilities Cisco disclosed included:
-
- * A [vulnerability][14] in the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) implementation for the Cisco TelePresence Codec (TC) and Collaboration Endpoint (CE) Software could allow an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker to inject arbitrary shell commands that are executed by the device.
- * A [weakness][15] in the internal packet-processing functionality of the Cisco StarOS operating system running on virtual platforms could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause an affected device to stop processing traffic, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition.
- * A [vulnerability][16] in the web-based management interface of the Cisco RV110W Wireless-N VPN Firewall, Cisco RV130W Wireless-N Multifunction VPN Router, and Cisco RV215W Wireless-N VPN Router could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause a reload of an affected device, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition.
-
-
-
-Cisco has [released software][10] fixes for those advisories as well.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][17] and [LinkedIn][18] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403349/cisco-issues-critical-security-warnings-on-sd-wan-dna-center.html
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/04/lightning_storm_night_gyorgy_karoly_toth_aka_zajcsik_cc0_via_pixabay_1200x800-100754504-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401523/cisco-software-to-make-networks-smarter-safer-more-manageable.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true
-[7]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-dnac-bypass
-[8]: https://software.cisco.com/download/home
-[9]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-sdwan-privesca
-[10]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/security_vulnerability_policy.html#fixes
-[11]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/publicationListing.x?product=Cisco&sort=-day_sir&limit=50#~Vulnerabilities
-[12]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-sdwan-privilescal
-[13]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-sdwan-cmdinj
-[14]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-tele-shell-inj
-[15]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-staros-asr-dos
-[16]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-rvrouters-dos
-[17]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[18]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190625 You Can-t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN.md b/sources/talk/20190625 You Can-t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN.md
deleted file mode 100644
index eb2dc6f18e..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190625 You Can-t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (You Can’t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404618/you-can-t-afford-not-to-use-a-business-driven-sd-wan.html)
-[#]: author: (Rami Rammaha https://www.networkworld.com/author/Rami-Rammaha/)
-
-You Can’t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN
-======
-
-![maxkabakov/istock][1]
-
-Digital transformation and cloud initiatives are changing the way IT organizations are thinking about and architecting the wide area network. It is estimated that over 70 percent of applications have already moved to the cloud. Yet, the transformational promise of the cloud is falling short as conventional networks can’t keep pace with demands of the cloud. Why? Because today’s router-centric and basic [SD-WAN][2] architectures have either hit the wall or can’t keep up with traffic pattern shifts, distributed applications and the open security perimeters inherent to the cloud. This blog will explore the limitations of today’s WAN approaches, offering a better way forward with a business-first networking model.
-
-### **Traditional Router-centric WAN**
-
-The traditional router-centric model is network-driven, where businesses are forced to conform to the constraints of the network. Enterprises struggle trying to stretch the old router-centric WAN – it’s too cumbersome and complicated and is simply unable to meet the business needs of a cloud-first enterprise. Cloud-first enterprise business requirements include:
-
- * Using the internet to connect users directly to cloud applications
- * Delivering new applications to 1000s of sites, across multiple clouds, in 10 percent of the time
- * Delivering 10x more bandwidth at the edge, for the same budget
- * Protecting the business when the cloud is open, accessible and everything is connected
- * Continuously delivering a WOW application performance for every business-critical application
-
-
-
-![][3]
-
-### **Basic SD-WAN Solutions**
-
-To address the requirements of cloud-first businesses, a plethora of SD-WAN solutions have emerged in the past few years. Basic SD-WAN solutions are a step in the right direction but fall well short of the goal of a fully automated business-driven network. A basic SD-WAN provides some level of automation and intelligence, but it is unable to continuously and automatically adapt to changing network conditions. A basic SD-WAN solution can’t deliver a consistent WOW experience for real-time voice and video applications, especially over broadband. Furthermore, with a basic SD-WAN, IT is unable to deliver a simplified end-to-end secure segmentation across the LAN-WAN-LAN/Data Center to minimize the attack surface. A basic SD-WAN also won’t deliver on the promised savings in operational costs. The graphic below illustrates the short falls of a basic SD-WAN offering.
-
-![][4]
-
-### **The Time is Now to Shift to a Business-driven SD-WAN**
-
-With a [business-driven SD-WAN][5], the network becomes a business enabler, not a constraint. It acts as a business accelerant with a top-down approach that starts with business intent. Business intent defines how applications should be delivered to end users. Business intent can include performance, priority, security, resiliency, routing, etc. that should be applied to different classes of applications. With a business-driven SD-WAN, network resources are matched – automatically – based on the business priority and security requirements for every application. The network continuously monitors the performance of applications and transport resources and automatically adapts to any changes to remain in compliance with application QoS and security policies. A business-driven SD-WAN delivers the highest quality of experience for users with consistent, reliable application performance – including the highest quality voice and video over broadband.
-
-The highest quality of experience doesn’t stop with users. With [centralized orchestration][6], a business-driven SD-WAN minimizes human error, makes changes easier and enables faster response to business needs. A business-driven SD-WAN goes beyond the automation and templates of basic SD-WAN solutions to power a self-driving wide area network™ that learns and adapts to the changing requirements of the business to ensure the highest levels of end user and application performance. It eliminates the impact of brownouts and blackouts as monitoring and analytics detect changing conditions and trigger immediate adjustments. Built-in monitoring, alarms/alerts and reporting enables faster troubleshooting when issues occur. With a highly available, resilient, business-driven SD-WAN, IT can reclaim their weekends and sleep through the night! A unified platform is designed as one unifying and orchestrating network functions such as SD-WAN, firewall, segmentation, routing, WAN optimization, application visibility and control based on business requirements. With service chaining, to ecosystem partners (security, cloud and service providers), existing investments can be fully leveraged with rapid deployment, interoperating with full and open APIs.
-
-![][7]
-
-In this table, a comparison of router-centric, basic SD-WAN and business-driven SD-WAN shows that enterprises get the most value and benefits from shifting to a business-first networking model.
-
-![Full Harvey Ball: Most; Empty Harvey Ball: Least][8]
-
-Click on the [infographic][9] for a full summary of the WAN edge architecture approaches.
-
-![][10]
-
-With an interactive ROI calculator, you can calculate savings between a business-driven SD-WAN from Silver Peak and a traditional router-centric SD-WAN. Click [here][11] to calculate your savings right now.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404618/you-can-t-afford-not-to-use-a-business-driven-sd-wan.html
-
-作者：[Rami Rammaha][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Rami-Rammaha/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/istock-1073941846-100800084-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.silver-peak.com/sd-wan/sd-wan-explained
-[3]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/illo_1-100800095-large.jpg
-[4]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/illo_2-100800097-large.jpg
-[5]: https://www.silver-peak.com/products/unity-edge-connect
-[6]: https://www.silver-peak.com/products/unity-orchestrator
-[7]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/illo_3-100800099-large.jpg
-[8]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/sd-wan-comparison-chart4-100800100-large.jpg
-[9]: https://www.silver-peak.com/sites/default/files/infoctr/sd-wan-comparison-diagram-0119.pdf
-[10]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/acomparisonoftodayswanedgeapproaches-100800113-large.jpg
-[11]: https://www.silver-peak.com/sd-wan-interactive-roi-calculator
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190626 Juniper-s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge.md b/sources/talk/20190626 Juniper-s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 0548e968fe..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190626 Juniper-s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Juniper’s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405123/juniper-s-mist-adds-wifi-6-ai-based-cloud-services-to-enterprise-edge.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Juniper’s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge
-======
-Mist, a Juniper Networks company, has rolled out an artificial-intelligence, cloud-based appliance and a WIFI 6 access point aimed at helping users roll out smart, high-density wireless networks.
-![Getty Images][1]
-
-Mist, now a Juniper Networks company, has rolled out an artificial-intelligence, cloud-based appliance and a WiFi 6 access point that together aim at helping users deploy smart, high-density wireless networks.
-
-Leading the rollout is the Mist Edge appliance that extends Mist’s cloud services to the branch and lets enterprises manage the distributed Wi-Fi infrastructure from a central location.
-
-**More about 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6)**
-
- * [Why 802.11ax is the next big thing in wireless][2]
- * [FAQ: 802.11ax Wi-Fi][3]
- * [Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) is coming to a router near you][4]
- * [Wi-Fi 6 with OFDMA opens a world of new wireless possibilities][5]
- * [802.11ax preview: Access points and routers that support Wi-Fi 6 are on tap][6]
-
-
-
-The Mist Edge device features the company’s artificial-intelligence engine that helps automate tasks such as adjusting Wi-Fi signal strength and troubleshooting. According to Mist, some other potential use cases for Mist Edge include:
-
- * Seamless roaming for large campus networks through on-premises tunnel termination of traffic to/from access points.
- * Extending virtual LANs (VLANs) to distributed branches and telecommuters to replace remote virtual private network (VPN) technology.
- * Dynamic traffic segmentation for IoT devices.
- * The ability to split tunneling to keep guest access and corporate traffic separate.
-
-
-
-The company says a software-only version of Mist Edge will be available in the future.
-
-[Mist’s][7] strength is its AI-based wireless platform which makes Wi-Fi more predictable, reliable and measurable. Mist is also unique in how it has delivered applications via cloud microservices and containers which could be attractive to enterprise users looking to reduce wireless operational costs, experts say.
-
-Mist’s cloud-based system brings patented dynamic packet capture and machine learning technology to automatically identify, adapt and fix network issues, Gartner wrote in a recent Magic Quadrant report. The Mist system is delivered and managed via cloud services.
-
-“Mist's AI-driven Wi-Fi provides guest access, network management, policy applications and a virtual network assistant as well as analytics, IoT segmentation, and behavioral analysis at scale,” Gartner stated. “Mist offers a new and unique approach to high-accuracy location services through a cloud-based machine-learning engine that uses Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)-based signals from its multielement directional-antenna access points. The same platform can be used for Real Time Location System (RTLS) usage scenarios, static or zonal applications, and engagement use cases like wayfinding and proximity notifications.”
-
-Juniper bought Mist in March for $405 million for this AI-based WIFI technology. For Juniper the Mist buy was significant as it had depended on agreements with partners such as Aerohive and Aruba to deliver wireless, according to Gartner.
-
-Mist, too, has partners and recently announced joint product development with VMware that integrates Mist WLAN technology and VMware’s VeloCloud-based NSX SD-WAN.
-
-“Mist has focused on large enterprises and has won some very well known brands,” said Chris Depuy, technology analyst with the 650 Group. “The [Mist/Juniper] combination is a good fit because both product lines are focusing on larger enterprises and over time, we expect Mist AI will be used to benefit the entire Juniper campus portfolio.”
-
-The other part of the company’s rollout is a WiFi 6 (802.11ax) access point, the Mist AP43, a cloud-managed WiFi 6 access point with integrated support for Mist’s AI automation and manageability.
-
-“The new access point gets Juniper to 802.11ax on the same time frame as other major competitors like Cisco,” said Depuy. “Juniper could not address customers who were upgrading wireless and wired at the same time without Mist. With 802.11ax, we expect new switches to be necessary because 1 GB isn’t fast enough to support these new APs. Thus, Juniper can now upgrade customers to 802.11ax and MultiGig switches instead of bringing in another vendor. “
-
-WiFi 6 is designed for high-density public or private environments. But it also will be beneficial in internet of things (IoT) deployments, and in offices that use bandwidth-hogging applications like videoconferencing. Products promising WIFI 6 support have been rolling out across the industry with [HPE][8], [Cisco][9], [Arista][10] and others recently tossing their hats into the ring.
-
-The enterprise WLAN is now dominated by the 802.11ac standard, which makes up 86.4% of dependent access point (AP) shipments and 93.1% of enterprise WLAN dependent AP revenues. The next iteration of the standard, 802.11ax or WiFi 6, will increase in the market throughout the rest of 2019 and into 2020. In the consumer WLAN market, the 802.11ac standard accounted for 58.0% of shipments and 79.2% of revenue in 1Q19, according to IDC’s most recent [Worldwide Quarterly WLAN Tracker][11] report.
-
-"The WLAN market continues to see steady, moderate growth as enterprises invest in wireless connectivity to support the continued demand for access technology," said [Brandon Butler][12], senior research analyst, Network Infrastructure at IDC in the report. "Meanwhile, the coming Wi-Fi 6 standard will be a major driver of growth in the WLAN market in the coming years, especially in the advanced enterprise segments of the market."
-
-The AP43 lists at $1,585.
-
-Mist also announced a strategic relationship with ForeScout to automate management and security control of Wi-Fi client and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The Juniper and Forescout mashup lets customers monitor and profile devices and mobile clients including smartphones, tablets, laptops, robots and IoT devices (HVAC systems, security devices, displays, sensors, lights) based on their network traffic patterns. Then if anomalous or threatening behavior is observed, customers can launch trouble tickets, remediate software on devices as needed or quarantine devices.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][13] and [LinkedIn][14] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405123/juniper-s-mist-adds-wifi-6-ai-based-cloud-services-to-enterprise-edge.html
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/wifi_cloud_wireless-100787113-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/mobile-wireless/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html
-[3]: https://%20https//www.networkworld.com/article/3048196/mobile-wireless/faq-802-11ax-wi-fi.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3311921/mobile-wireless/wi-fi-6-is-coming-to-a-router-near-you.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332018/wi-fi/wi-fi-6-with-ofdma-opens-a-world-of-new-wireless-possibilities.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3309439/mobile-wireless/80211ax-preview-access-points-and-routers-that-support-the-wi-fi-6-protocol-on-tap.html
-[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3089038/why-one-cisco-shop-is-willing-to-give-wifi-startup-mist-a-shot.html
-[8]: https://www.arubanetworks.com/products/networking/802-11ax/
-[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391919/cisco-goes-all-in-on-wifi-6.html
-[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400905/new-switches-wi-fi-gear-to-advance-aristas-campus-architecture.html
-[11]: http://www.idc.com/tracker/showproductinfo.jsp?prod_id=262
-[12]: https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=PRF005027
-[13]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190701 Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation.md b/sources/talk/20190701 Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 5cf40e865d..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190701 Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405853/tempered-networks-simplifies-secure-network-connectivity-and-microsegmentation.html)
-[#]: author: (Linda Musthaler https://www.networkworld.com/author/Linda-Musthaler/)
-
-Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation
-======
-Tempered Networks’ Identity Defined Network platform uses the Host Identity Protocol to partition and isolate the network into trusted microsegments, providing an easy and cost-effective way to secure the network.
-![Thinkstock][1]
-
-The TCP/IP protocol is the foundation of the internet and pretty much every single network out there. The protocol was designed 45 years ago and was originally only created for connectivity. There’s nothing in the protocol for security, mobility, or trusted authentication.
-
-The fundamental problem with TCP/IP is that the IP address within the protocol represents both the device location and the device identity on a network. This dual functionality of the address lacks the basic mechanisms for security and mobility of devices on a network.
-
-This is one of the reasons networks are so complicated today. To connect to things on a network or over the internet, you need VPNs, firewalls, routers, cell modems, etc. and you have all the configurations that come with ACLs, VLANs, certificates, and so on. The nightmare grows exponentially when you factor in internet of things (IoT) device connectivity and security. It’s all unsustainable at scale.
-
-Clearly, we need a more efficient and effective way to take on network connectivity, mobility, and security.
-
-**[ Also read: [What is microsegmentation? How getting granular improves network security][2] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][3] ]**
-
-The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) tackled this problem with the Host Identity Protocol (HIP). It provides a method of separating the endpoint identifier and the locator roles of IP addresses. It introduces a new Host Identity (HI) name space, based on public keys, from which endpoint identifiers are taken. HIP uses existing IP addressing and forwarding for locators and packet delivery.The protocol is compatible with IPv4 and IPv6 applications and utilizes a customized IPsec tunnel mode for confidentiality, authentication, and integrity of network applications.
-
-Ratified by IETF in 2015, HIP represents a new security networking layer within the OSI stack. Think of it as Layer 3.5. It’s a flip of the trust model where TCP/IP is inherently promiscuous and will answer to anything that wants to talk to a device on that network. In contrast, HIP is a trust protocol that will not answer to anything on the network unless that connection has been authenticated and authorized based on its cryptographic identity. It is, in effect, a form of a [software-defined perimeter][4] around specific network resources. This is also known as [microsegmentation][5].
-
-![][6]
-
-### Tempered Networks’ IDN platform creates segmented, encrypted network
-
-[Tempered Networks][7] has created a platform utilizing the HIP and a variety of technologies that partitions and isolates the network into trusted microsegments. Tempered Networks’ Identity Defined Networking (IDN) platform is deployed as an overlay technology that layers on top of any IP network. The HIP was designed to be both forward and backward compatible with any IP network without having to make any changes to the underlay network. The overlay network creates a direct tunnel between the two things you want to connect.
-
-**[ [Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][8] ]**
-
-The IDN platform uses three components to create a segmented and encrypted network: an orchestration engine called the Conductor, the HIPrelay identity-based router, and HIP Services enforcement points.
-
-The Conductor is a centralized orchestration and intelligence engine that connects, protects, and disconnects any resource globally through a single pane of glass. The Conductor is used to define and enforce policies for HIP Services. Policy configuration is done in a simple point-and-click manner. The Conductor is available as a physical or virtual appliance or in the Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud.
-
-HIP Services provide software-based policy enforcement, enabling secure connectivity among IDN-protected devices, as well as cloaking, segmentation, identity-based routing, and IP mobility. They can be deployed on or in-line to any device or system and come in the form of HIPswitch hardware, HIPserver, HIPclient, Cloud HIPswitch, or Virtual HIPswitch. HIP Services also can be embedded in customer hardware or applications.
-
-Placing HIPswitches in front of any connected device renders the device HIP-enabled and immediately microsegments the traffic, isolating inbound and outbound traffic from the underlying network. HIPswitches deployed on the network automatically register with the Conductor using their cryptographic identity.
-
-HIPrelay works with the HIP Service-enabled endpoints to deliver peer-to-peer connectivity for any device or system across all networks and transport options. Rather than using Layer 3 or 4 rule sets or traditional routing protocols, HIPrelay routes and connects encrypted communications based on provable cryptographic identities traversing existing infrastructure.
-
-It sounds complicated, but it really isn’t. A use case example should demonstrate the ease and power of this solution.
-
-### Use case: Smart Ships
-
-An international cruise line recently installed Tempered Networks’ IDN solution to provide tighter security around its critical maritime systems. Prior to deployment, the systems for fuel, propulsion, navigation, ballast, weather, and incinerators were on a flat Layer 2 network, which basically allowed authorized users of the network to see everything.
-
-Given that vendors of the different maritime systems had access to their own system, the lack of microsegmentation allowed them to see the other systems as well. The cruise line needed a simple way to segment access to these different systems — isolating them from each other — and they wanted to do it without having to put the ships in dry dock for the network reconfiguration.
-
-The original configuration looked like this:
-
-![][9]
-
-The company implemented microsegmentation of the network based on the functionality of the systems. This isolated and segmented vendor access to only their own systems — everything else was hidden to them. The implementation involved installing HIPrelay identity routing in the cloud, several HIPswitch wireless devices onboard the ships, and HIPclient software on the vendors’ and crew members’ devices. The Conductor appliance that managed the entire deployment was installed in AWS.
-
-All of that was done without impacting the underlying network, and no dry dock time was required for the deployment. In addition, the cruise line was able to eliminate internal firewalls and VPNs that had previously been used for segmentation and remote access. The resulting configuration looks like this:
-
-![][10]
-
-The color coding of the illustration above indicates what systems are now able to directly see and communicate with their corresponding controllers and sensors. Everything else on the network is hidden from view of those systems.
-
-The acquisition cost of the Tempered Networks’ solution was one-tenth that of a traditional microsegmentation solution. The deployment time was 2 FTE days per ship compared to the 40 FTE days a traditional solution would have needed. No additional staffing was required to support the solution, and no changes were made to the underlying network.
-
-### A time-tested microsegmentation solution
-
-This technology came out of Boeing and was deployed for over 12 years within their manufacturing facilities until 2014, when Boeing allowed the technology to become commercialized. Tempered Networks took the HIP and developed the full platform with easy, centralized management. It was purpose-built to provide secure connectivity to networks. The solution has been successfully deployed in industrial domains such as the utilities sector, oil and gas, electricity generation, and aircraft manufacturing, as well as in enterprise domains and healthcare.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][11] and [LinkedIn][12] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405853/tempered-networks-simplifies-secure-network-connectivity-and-microsegmentation.html
-
-作者：[Linda Musthaler][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Linda-Musthaler/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/01/network_security_hacker_virus_crime-100745979-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236448/lan-wan/what-to-consider-when-deploying-a-next-generation-firewall.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3359363/software-defined-perimeter-brings-trusted-access-to-multi-cloud-applications-network-resources.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3247672/what-is-microsegmentation-how-getting-granular-improves-network-security.html
-[6]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/07/hip-slide-100800735-large.jpg
-[7]: https://www.temperednetworks.com/
-[8]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
-[9]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/07/cruise-ship-before-100800736-large.jpg
-[10]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/07/cruise-ship-after-100800738-large.jpg
-[11]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[12]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190705 Lessons in Vendor Lock-in- Google and Huawei.md b/sources/talk/20190705 Lessons in Vendor Lock-in- Google and Huawei.md
index 445075b49f..fe92b389a9 100644
--- a/sources/talk/20190705 Lessons in Vendor Lock-in- Google and Huawei.md
+++ b/sources/talk/20190705 Lessons in Vendor Lock-in- Google and Huawei.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
-[#]: translator: "acyanbird "
+[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190709 Cisco goes deeper into photonic, optical technology with -2.6B Acacia buy.md b/sources/talk/20190709 Cisco goes deeper into photonic, optical technology with -2.6B Acacia buy.md
deleted file mode 100644
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--- a/sources/talk/20190709 Cisco goes deeper into photonic, optical technology with -2.6B Acacia buy.md
+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Cisco goes deeper into photonic, optical technology with $2.6B Acacia buy)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3407706/cisco-goes-deeper-into-photonic-optical-technology-with-2-6b-acacia-buy.html)
-[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
-
-Cisco goes deeper into photonic, optical technology with $2.6B Acacia buy
-======
-Cisco: Optical-interconnect technologies are becoming increasingly strategic for data centers, service providers
-![KTSimage / Getty Images][1]
-
-Looking to bulk-up its optical systems portfolio, Cisco says it intends to buy Acacia Communications for approximately $2.6 billion. The deal is Cisco’s largest since it [laid out $3.7B for AppDynamics][2] in 2017.
-
-Acacia develops, manufactures and sells high-speed [coherent optical][3] interconnect products that are designed to transform networks linking data centers, cloud and service providers. Cisco is familiar with Acacia as it has been a “significant” customer of the optical firm for about five years, Cisco said.
-
-**[ Also see [How to plan a software-defined data-center network][4] and [Efficient container use requires data-center software networking][5].]**
-
-Acacia’s other customers include Nokia Oyj, Huawei and ZTE. Cisco accounts for about 18% of its revenue, [according to Bloomberg’s supply-chain analysis][6].
-
-"With the explosion of bandwidth in the multi-cloud era, optical interconnect technologies are becoming increasingly strategic,” said David Goeckeler, executive vice president and general manager of Cisco's networking and security business in a statement. “The acquisition of Acacia will allow us to build on the strength of our switching, routing and optical networking portfolio to address our customers' most demanding requirements."
-
-For Cisco, one of the key drivers for making this deal was Acacia’s coherent technology – “a fancy term that means the ability to send optical signals over long distances,” said Bill Gartner, senior vice president of Cisco’s Optical Systems and Optics business. “That technology today is typically delivered via a line card on a big chassis in a separate optical layer but with Acadia’s digital signal processing, ASIC and other technology we are looking to move that from a line card to a pluggable module that increases network capacity, but also reduces complexity and costs.”
-
-In addition, Acacia uses silicon photonics as the platform for integration of multiple photonic functions for coherent optics, Gartner wrote in a [blog][7] about the acquisition. “Leveraging the advances in silicon photonics, each new generation of coherent optics products has enabled higher data transmission rates, lower power and higher performance than the one before.”
-
-Recent research from [IHS Markit][8] shows that data center interconnections are the fastest growing segment for coherent transceivers.
-
-“Acacia’s digital signal processing and small form-factor long-distance communications technology is strong and will be very valuable to Cisco in the long and short term,” said Jimmy Yu, vice president of the Dell'Oro Group.
-
-The question many analysts have is the impact the sale will have on other Acacia customers Yu said. “If wasn’t for Acacia selling to others, [such as Huawei, ZTE and Infinera] I don’t thise think vendors would have done as well as they have, and when Cisco owns Acacia it could be a different story,” Yu said.
-
-The Acacia buy will significantly boost Cisco’s optical portfolio for application outside the data center. In February [Cisco closed a deal to buy optical-semiconductor firm Luxtera][9] for $660 million, bringing it the advanced optical technology customers will need for speed and throughput for future data center and webscale networks.
-
-The combination of Cisco’s and Luxtera’s capabilities in 100GbE/400GbE optics, silicon and process technology will help customers build future-proof networks optimized for performance, reliability and cost, Cisco stated.
-
-The reason Cisco snatched-up Luxtera was its silicon photonics technology that moves data among computer chips optically, which is far quicker than today's electrical transfer, Cisco said. Photonics will be the underpinning of future switches and other networking devices.
-
-"It seems that Cisco is going all in on being a supplier of optical components and optical pluggable: Luxtera (client side optical components and pluggable) and Acacia (line side optical components and pluggable)," Yu said.
-
-"Unless Cisco captures more of the optical systems market share and coherent shipment volume, I think Cisco will need to continue selling Acacia products to the broader market and other system vendors due to the high cost of product development," Yu said.
-
-The acquisition is expected to close during the second half of Cisco's FY2020, and upon close, Acacia employees will join Cisco's Optical Systems and Optics business within its networking and security business under Goeckeler.
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][10] and [LinkedIn][11] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3407706/cisco-goes-deeper-into-photonic-optical-technology-with-2-6b-acacia-buy.html
-
-作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/money_currency_printing_press_us_100-dollar_bills_by_ktsimage_gettyimages-1015664778_2400x1600-100788423-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3184027/cisco-closes-appdynamics-deal-increases-software-weight.html
-[3]: https://www.ciena.com/insights/what-is/What-Is-Coherent-Optics.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284352/data-center/how-to-plan-a-software-defined-data-center-network.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3297379/data-center/efficient-container-use-requires-data-center-software-networking.html
-[6]: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-09/cisco-to-acquire-acacia-communications-for-2-6-billion-jxvs6rva?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&cmpid=socialflow-twitter-business&utm_content=business&utm_campaign=socialflow-organic
-[7]: https://blogs.cisco.com/news/cisco-news-announcement-07191234
-[8]: https://technology.ihs.com/
-[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3339360/cisco-pushes-silicon-photonics-for-enterprise-webscale-networking.html
-[10]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190710 The Titan supercomputer is being decommissioned- a costly, time-consuming project.md b/sources/talk/20190710 The Titan supercomputer is being decommissioned- a costly, time-consuming project.md
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (The Titan supercomputer is being decommissioned: a costly, time-consuming project)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3408176/the-titan-supercomputer-is-being-decommissioned-a-costly-time-consuming-project.html)
-[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
-
-The Titan supercomputer is being decommissioned: a costly, time-consuming project
-======
-The old gives way to new at Oak Ridge National Labs. The Titan supercomputer is being replaced by Frontier, and it's a super-sized task.
-![Oak Ridge National Laboratory][1]
-
-A supercomputer deployed in 2012 is going into retirement after seven years of hard work, but the task of decommissioning it is not trivial.
-
-The Cray XK7 “Titan” supercomputer at the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is scheduled to be decommissioned on August 1 and disassembled for recycling.
-
-At 27 petaflops, or 27 quadrillion calculations per second, Titan was at one point the fastest supercomputer in the world at its debut in 2012 and remained in the top 10 worldwide until June 2019.
-
-**[ Also read: [10 of the world's fastest supercomputers][2] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][3] ]**
-
-But time marches on. This beast is positively ancient by computing standards. It uses 16-core AMD Opteron CPUs and Nvidia Kepler generation processors. You can buy a gaming PC with better than that today.
-
-“Titan has run its course,” Operations Manager Stephen McNally at ORNL said in an [article][4] published by ONRL. “The reality is, in electronic years, Titan is ancient. Think of what a cell phone was like seven years ago compared to the cell phones available today. Technology advances rapidly, including supercomputers.”
-
-In its seven years, Titan generated than 26 billion core hours of computing time for hundreds of research teams around the world, not just the DOE. It was one of the first to use GPUs, a groundbreaking move at the time but now commonplace.
-
-The Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) actually houses Titan in a 60,000-sq.-ft. facility, 20,000 of which is occupied by Titan, the Eos cluster that supports Titan and Atlas file system that holds 32 petabytes of data.
-
-**[ [Get certified as an Apple Technical Coordinator with this seven-part online course from PluralSight.][5] ]**
-
-June 30 was the last day users could submit jobs to Titan or Eos, another supercomputer, which is also 7 years old.
-
-### Decommissioning a supercomputer is a super-sized task
-
-Decommissioning a computer the size of Titan is more than turning off a switch. ONRL didn’t have a dollar estimate of the cost involved, but it did discuss the scale, which should give some idea of how costly this will be.
-
-The decommissioning of Titan will include about 41 people, including staff from ORNL, Cray, and external subcontractors. OLCF staff are supporting users who need to complete runs, save data, or transition their projects to other resources.
-
-Electricians will safely shut down the 9 megawatt-capacity system, and Cray staff will disassemble and recycle Titan’s electronics and its metal components and cabinets. A separate crew will handle the cooling system. All told, 350 tons of equipment and 10,800 pounds of refrigerant are being removed from the site.
-
-What becomes of the old gear is unclear. Even ONRL has no idea what Cray will do with it. McNally said there is no value in Titan’s parts: “It’s simply not worth the cost to a data center or university of powering and cooling even fragments of Titan. Titan’s value lies in the system as a whole.”
-
-The 20,000-sq.-ft. data center that is currently home to Titan will be gutted and expanded in preparation for [Frontier][6], the an exascale system scheduled for delivery in 2021 running AMD Epyc processors and Nvidia GPUs.
-
-A power, cooling, and data center upgrade is already underway ahead of the Titan decommissioning to prepare for Frontier. The whole removal process will take about a month but has been in the works for several months to ensure a smooth transition for people still using the old machine.
-
-**[ Now read this: [10 of the world's fastest supercomputers][2] ]**
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3408176/the-titan-supercomputer-is-being-decommissioned-a-costly-time-consuming-project.html
-
-作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/06/titan_supercomputer_at_ornl_oak_ridge_national_laboratory_1200x800-100762120-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236875/embargo-10-of-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputers.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
-[4]: https://www.olcf.ornl.gov/2019/06/28/farewell-titan/
-[5]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fapple-certified-technical-trainer-10-11
-[6]: https://www.olcf.ornl.gov/frontier/
-[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190710 Will IBM-s acquisition be the end of Red Hat.md b/sources/talk/20190710 Will IBM-s acquisition be the end of Red Hat.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a1a2e4cad5..0000000000
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+++ /dev/null
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-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Will IBM’s acquisition be the end of Red Hat?)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3407746/will-ibms-acquisition-be-the-end-of-red-hat.html)
-[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
-
-Will IBM’s acquisition be the end of Red Hat?
-======
-IBM's acquisition of Red Hat is a big deal -- a 34 billion dollar big deal -- and many Linux professionals are wondering how it's going to change Red Hat's role in the Linux world. Here are some thoughts.
-![Stephen Lawson/IDG][1]
-
-[IBM's acquisition of Red Hat for $34 billion][2] is now a done deal, and statements from the leadership of both companies sound extremely promising. But some in the Linux users have expressed concern.
-
-Questions being asked by some Linux professionals and devotees include:
-
- * Will Red Hat lose customer confidence now that it’s part of IBM and not an independent company?
- * Will IBM continue putting funds into open source after paying such a huge price for Red Hat? Will they curtail what Red Hat is able to invest?
- * Both companies’ leaders are saying all the right things now, but can they predict how their business partners and customers will react as they move forward? Will their good intentions be derailed?
-
-
-
-Part of the worry simply comes from the size of this deal. Thirty-four billion dollars is a _lot_ of money. This is probably the largest cloud computing acquisition to date. What kind of strain will that price tag put on how the new IBM functions going forward? Other worries come from the character of the acquisition – whether Red Hat will be able to continue operating independently and what will change if they cannot. In addition, a few Linux devotees hark back to Oracle’s acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2010 and Sun’s slow death in its aftermath.
-
-**[ Also read: [The IBM-Red Hat deal: What it means for enterprises][3] | Get daily insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][4] ]**
-
-The good news is that this merger of IBM and Red Hat appears to offer each of the companies some significant benefits. IBM makes a strong move into cloud computing, and Red Hat gains a broader international footing.
-
-The other good news relates to the pace at which this acquisition occurred. Initially announced on October 28, 2018, it is now more than eight months later. It’s clear that the leadership of each company has not rushed headlong into this new relationship. Both parties to the acquisition appear to be moving ahead with trust and optimism. IBM promises to ensure Red Hat's independence and will allow it to continue to be "Red Hat" both in name and business activity.
-
-### The end of Red Hat highly unlikely
-
-Will this acquisition be the end of Red Hat? That outcome is not impossible, but it seems extremely unlikely. For one thing, both companies stand to gain significantly from the other’s strong points. IBM is likely to be revitalized in ways that allow it to be more successful, and Red Hat is starting from a very strong position. While it’s a huge gamble by some measurements, I think most of us Linux enthusiasts are cautiously optimistic at worst.
-
-IBM seems intent on allowing Red Hat to work independently and seems to be taking the time required to work out the kinks in their plans.
-
-As for the eventual demise of Sun Microsystems, the circumstances were very different. As this [coverage in Network World in 2017][5] suggests, Sun was in an altogether different position when it was acquired. The future for IBM and Red Hat appears to be considerably brighter – even to a former (decades earlier) member of the Sun User Group Board of Directors.
-
-The answer to the question posed by the title of this post is “probably not.” Only time will tell, but leadership seems committed to doing things the right way – preserving Red Hat's role in the Linux world and making the arrangement pay off for both organizations. And I, for one, expect good things to come from the merger – for IBM, for Red Hat and likely even for Linux enthusiasts like myself.
-
-**[ Now read this: [The IBM-Red Hat deal: What it means for enterprises][3] ]**
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][6] and [LinkedIn][7] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
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-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3407746/will-ibms-acquisition-be-the-end-of-red-hat.html
-
-作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/10/20151027-red-hat-logo-100625237-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3316960/ibm-closes-34b-red-hat-deal-vaults-into-multi-cloud.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3317517/the-ibm-red-hat-deal-what-it-means-for-enterprises.html
-[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3222707/the-sun-sets-on-solaris-and-sparc.html
-[6]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190717 MPLS is hanging on in this SD-WAN world.md b/sources/talk/20190717 MPLS is hanging on in this SD-WAN world.md
deleted file mode 100644
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+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (MPLS is hanging on in this SD-WAN world)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3409070/mpls-is-hanging-on-in-this-sd-wan-world.html)
-[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
-
-MPLS is hanging on in this SD-WAN world
-======
-The legacy networking protocol is still viable and there is no need to replace it in certain use cases, argues one cloud provider.
-![jamesteohart][1]
-
-The [SD-WAN networking market is booming and is expected to grow][2] to $17 billion by 2025, and no wonder. Software-defined wide-area networking eliminates the need for expensive routers and does all the network connectivity in the cloud.
-
-Among its advantages is the support for secure cloud connectivity, one area where multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) falls short. MPLS is a data protocol from before the internet took off and while ideal for communications within the corporate firewall, it doesn’t lend itself to cloud and outside communications well.
-
-You would think that would seal MPLS’s fate, but just like IPv6 is ever so slowly replacing IPv4, MPLS is hanging on and some IT pros are even increasing their investment.
-
-**[ Related: [MPLS explained – What you need to know about multi-protocol label switching][3] ]**
-
-Avant Communications, a cloud services provider that specializes in SD-WAN, recently issued a report entitled [State of Disruption][4] that found that 83% of enterprises that use or are familiar with MPLS plan to increase their MPLS network infrastructure this year, and 40% say they will “significantly increase” their use of it.
-
-The report did not find one protocol winning that the expense of another. Just as 83% plan to use MPLS, 78% acknowledged plans to use SD-WAN in their corporate networks by the end of the year. Although SD-WAN is on the rise, MPLS is clearly not going away anytime soon. Both SD-WAN and MPLS can live together in harmony, adding value to each other.
-
-“SD-WAN is the most disruptive technology in our study. It’s not surprising that adoption of new technologies is slowest among the largest companies. The wave of SD-WAN disruption has not fully hit larger companies yet, but our belief is that it is moving quickly upmarket,” the report stated.
-
-While SD-WAN is much better suited for the job of cloud connectivity, 50% of network traffic is still staying within the corporate firewall. So while SD-WAN can solve the connection issues, so can MPLS. And if you have it deployed, rip and replace makes no sense.
-
-“MPLS continues to have a strong role in modern networks, and we expect that to continue,” the report stated. “This is especially true among larger enterprises that have larger networks depending on MPLS. While you’ll find MPLS at the core for a long time to come, we expect to see a shared environment with SD-WAN at the edge, enabled by broadband Internet and other lower cost networks. “
-
-And MPLS isn’t without its advantages, most notably it can [guarantee performance][5] while SD-WAN, at the mercy of the public internet, cannot.
-
-As broadband networks continue to improve in performance, SD-WAN will allow companies to reduce their reliance on MPLS, especially as equipment ages and is replaced. Avant expects that, for the foreseeable future, there will continue to be a very viable role for both.
-
-**More about SD-WAN:**
-
- * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][6]
- * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][7]
- * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][8]
- * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][9]
-
-
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][10] and [LinkedIn][11] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3409070/mpls-is-hanging-on-in-this-sd-wan-world.html
-
-作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/07/the-latest-in-innovation-in-the-sd-wan-managed-services-market1400-100801684-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/software-defined-wide-area-network-sd-wan-market-to-hit-17bn-by-2025-global-market-insights-inc-300795304.html
-[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2297171/sd-wan/network-security-mpls-explained.html
-[4]: https://www.goavant.net/Disruption
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2297171/network-security-mpls-explained.html
-[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html
-[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html
-[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html
-[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true
-[10]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190718 Smart cities offer window into the evolution of enterprise IoT technology.md b/sources/talk/20190718 Smart cities offer window into the evolution of enterprise IoT technology.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 06b5726379..0000000000
--- a/sources/talk/20190718 Smart cities offer window into the evolution of enterprise IoT technology.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Smart cities offer window into the evolution of enterprise IoT technology)
-[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3409787/smart-cities-offer-window-into-the-evolution-of-enterprise-iot-technology.html)
-[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/)
-
-Smart cities offer window into the evolution of enterprise IoT technology
-======
-Smart-city technologies such as 0G networking hold clues for successful large-scale implementations of the internet of things in enterprise settings.
-![Benjamin Hung modified by IDG Comm. \(CC0\)][1]
-
-Powering smart cities is one of the most ambitious use cases for the internet of things (IoT), combining a wide variety of IoT technologies to create coherent systems that span not just individual buildings or campuses but entire metropolises. As such, smart cities offer a window into the evolution of enterprise IoT technologies and implementations on the largest scale.
-
-And that’s why I connected with [Christophe Fourtet][2], CSO and co-founder of [Sigfox][3], a French global network operator, to learn more about using wireless networks to connect large numbers of low-power objects, ranging from smartwatches to electricity meters. (And I have to admit I was intrigued by the 0G network moniker, which conjured visions of weightless IoT devices floating in space, or maybe [OG-][4]style old-school authenticity. That’s not at all what it’s about, of course.)
-
-**[ Learns more: [Download a PDF bundle of five essential articles about IoT in the enterprise][5] ]**
-
-According to Fourtet, "Sigfox’s global 0G network specializes in inexpensively conveying small amounts of data over long ranges—without sacrificing quality. Whereas other networks aim to collect and transmit as much data as possible, as quickly as possible, we deliver small packets of information at regular intervals, giving customers only the critical information they need."
-
-The software-based wireless 0G network listens to devices without the need to establish and maintain network connection, eliminating signaling overhead. With network and computing complexity managed in the cloud, energy consumption and costs of connected devices are dramatically reduced, [the company says][6]. Just as important, the low power requirements can also dramatically cut battery requirements for IoT devices.
-
-Around the world, customers like Michelin, General Motors, and Airbus use the 0G networks to connect IoT devices, and the network is supported by more than 660 partner organizations, including device makers and service providers such as Urbansense and Bosch. Sigfox cited [0G-connected IoT devices enabling Danish cities][7] to monitor quality of life data, from detecting defects in buildings to tracking garbage collection.
-
-### 0G applications beyond smart cities
-
-In addition to smart cities applications, Sigfox serves several industry verticals, including manufacturing, agriculture, and retail. Common use cases include supply-chain management and asset tracking, both within factory/warehouse environments and between locations as containers/shipments move through the supply chain around the globe. The network is uniquely equipped for supply chain use cases due to its cost-efficiency, long-lasting batteries with totally predictable autonomy, and wide-range reach.
-
-In facilities management, the 0G network can connect IoT devices that track ambient factors such temperature, humidity, and occupancy. Doing so helps managers leverage occupancy data to adjust the amount of space a company needs to rent, reducing overhead costs. It can also help farmers optimize the planting, care, and harvesting of crops.
-
-Operating as a backup solution to ensure connectivity during a broadband network outage, 0G networking built into a cable box or router could allow service providers to access hardware even when the primary network is down, Fourtet said.
-
-“The 0G network does not promise a continuation of these services,” Fourtet noted, “but it can provide access to the necessary information to solve challenges associated with outages.”
-
-In a more dire example in the home and commercial building security market, sophisticated burglars could use cellular and Wi-Fi jammers to block a security system’s access to a network so even though alarms were issued, the service might never receive them, Fourtet said. But the 0G network can send an alert to the alarm system provider even if it has been jammed or blocked, he said.
-
-### How 0g networks are used today
-
-Current 0G implementations include helping [Louis Vuitton track luggage][8] for its traveling customers. Using a luggage tracker powered by by [Sigfox’s Monarch service][9], a suitcase can stay connected to the 0G network throughout a trip, automatically recognizing and adapting to local radio frequency standards. The idea is for travelers to track the location of their bags at major airports in multiple countries, Fourtet said, while low energy consumption promises a six-month battery life with a very small battery.
-
-At the Special Olympics World Games Abu Dhabi 2019, [iWire, LITE-ON and Sigfox worked together][10] to create a tracking solution designed to help safeguard 10,000 athletes and delegates. Sensors connected to the Sigfox 0G network and outfitted with Wi-Fi capabilities were equipped with tiny batteries designed to provide uninterrupted service throughout the weeklong event. The devices “periodically transmitted messages that helped to identify the location of athletes and delegates in case they went off course,” Fourtet said, while LITE-ON incorporated a panic button for use in case of emergencies. In fact, during the event, the system was used to locate a lost athlete and return them to the Games without incident, he said.
-
-French car manufacturer [Groupe PSA][11] uses the 0G network to optimize shipping container routes between suppliers and assembly plants. [Track&Trace][11] works with IBM’s cloud-based IoT technologies to track container locations and alert Groupe PSA when issues crop up, Fourtet said.
-
-### 0G is still growing
-
-“It takes time to build a new network,” Fourtet said. So while Sigfox has delivered 0G network coverage in 60 countries across five continents, covering 1 billion people (including 51 U.S. metropolitan areas covering 30% of the population), Fourtet acknowledged, “[We] still have a ways to go to build our global network.” In the meantime, the company is expanding its Connectivity-as-a-Service (CaaS) solutions to enable coverage in areas where the 0G network does not yet exist.
-
-**More on IoT:**
-
- * [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][12]
- * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][13]
- * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][14]
- * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][15]
- * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][16]
- * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][17]
- * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][18]
- * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][5]
- * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][19]
- * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][20]
-
-
-
-Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][21] and [LinkedIn][22] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3409787/smart-cities-offer-window-into-the-evolution-of-enterprise-iot-technology.html
-
-作者：[Fredric Paul][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/07/tokyo_asia_smart-city_iot_networking_by-benjamin-hung-unsplash-100764249-large.jpg
-[2]: https://www.sigfox.com/en/sigfox-story
-[3]: https://www.sigfox.com/en
-[4]: https://www.dictionary.com/e/slang/og/
-[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html
-[6]: https://www.sigfox.com/en/sigfox-iot-technology-overview
-[7]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXc722WGjnE&t=1s
-[8]: https://www.sigfox.com/en/news/sigfox-and-louis-vuitton-partner-innovative-luggage-tracker
-[9]: https://www.sigfox.com/en/solutions/sigfox-services
-[10]: https://www.sigfox.com/en/news/case-study-special-olympics-2019
-[11]: https://www.sigfox.com/en/news/ibm-revolutionizes-container-tracking-groupe-psa-sigfox
-[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html
-[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html
-[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html
-[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html
-[16]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html
-[17]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html
-[18]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html
-[19]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html
-[20]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html
-[21]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
-[22]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190718 Worst DNS attacks and how to mitigate them.md b/sources/talk/20190718 Worst DNS attacks and how to mitigate them.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b490eeeea1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/talk/20190718 Worst DNS attacks and how to mitigate them.md
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Worst DNS attacks and how to mitigate them)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3409719/worst-dns-attacks-and-how-to-mitigate-them.html)
+[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
+
+Worst DNS attacks and how to mitigate them
+======
+DNS threats, including DNS hijacking, tunneling, phishing, cache poisoning and DDoS attacks, are all on the rise.
+![Max Bender \(CC0\)][1]
+
+The Domain Name System remains under constant attack, and there seems to be no end in sight as threats grow increasingly sophisticated.
+
+DNS, known as the internet’s phonebook, is part of the global internet infrastructure that translates between familiar names and the numbers computers need to access a website or send an email. While DNS has long been the target of assailants looking to steal all manner of corporate and private information, the threats in the [past year][2] or so indicate a worsening of the situation.
+
+**More about DNS:**
+
+ * [DNS in the cloud: Why and why not][3]
+ * [DNS over HTTPS seeks to make internet use more private][4]
+ * [How to protect your infrastructure from DNS cache poisoning][5]
+ * [ICANN housecleaning revokes old DNS security key][6]
+
+
+
+IDC reports that 82% of companies worldwide have faced a DNS attack over the past year. The research firm recently published its fifth annual [Global DNS Threat Report][7], which is based on a survey IDC conducted on behalf of DNS security vendor EfficientIP of 904 organizations across the world during the first half of 2019.
+
+According to IDC's research, the average costs associated with a DNS attack rose by 49% compared to a year earlier. In the U.S., the average cost of a DNS attack tops out at more than $1.27 million. Almost half of respondents (48%) report losing more than $500,000 to a DNS attack, and nearly 10% say they lost more than $5 million on each breach. In addition, the majority of U.S. organizations say that it took more than one day to resolve a DNS attack.
+
+“Worryingly, both in-house and cloud applications were damaged, with growth of over 100% for in-house application downtime, making it now the most prevalent damage suffered,” IDC wrote. "DNS attacks are moving away from pure brute-force to more sophisticated attacks acting from the internal network. This will force organizations to use intelligent mitigation tools to cope with insider threats."
+
+### Sea Turtle DNS hijacking campaign
+
+An ongoing DNS hijacking campaign known as Sea Turtle is one example of what's occuring in today's DNS threat landscape.
+
+This month, [Cisco Talos][8] security researchers said the people behind the Sea Turtle campaign have been busy [revamping their attacks][9] with new infrastructure and going after new victims.
+
+**[ [Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][10] ]**
+
+In April, Talos released a [report detailing][11] Sea Turtle and calling it the “first known case of a domain name registry organization that was compromised for cyber espionage operations.” Talos says the ongoing DNS threat campaign is a state-sponsored attack that abuses DNS to harvest credentials to gain access to sensitive networks and systems in a way that victims are unable to detect, which displays unique knowledge on how to manipulate DNS.
+
+By obtaining control of victims’ DNS, the attackers can change or falsify any data on the Internet and illicitly modify DNS name records to point users to actor-controlled servers; users visiting those sites would never know, Talos reports.
+
+The hackers behind Sea Turtle appear to have regrouped after the April report from Talos and are redoubling their efforts with new infrastructure – a move Talos researchers find to be unusual: “While many actors will slow down once they are discovered, this group appears to be unusually brazen, and will be unlikely to be deterred going forward,” Talos [wrote][9] in July.
+
+“Additionally, we discovered a new DNS hijacking technique that we assess with moderate confidence is connected to the actors behind Sea Turtle. This new technique is similar in that the threat actors compromise the name server records and respond to DNS requests with falsified A records,” Talos stated.
+
+“This new technique has only been observed in a few highly targeted operations. We also identified a new wave of victims, including a country code top-level domain (ccTLD) registry, which manages the DNS records for every domain [that] uses that particular country code; that access was used to then compromise additional government entities. Unfortunately, unless there are significant changes made to better secure DNS, these sorts of attacks are going to remain prevalent,” Talos wrote.
+
+### DNSpionage attack upgrades its tools
+
+Another newer threat to DNS comes in the form of an attack campaign called [DNSpionage][12].
+
+DNSpionage initially used two malicious websites containing job postings to compromise targets via crafted Microsoft Office documents with embedded macros. The malware supported HTTP and DNS communication with the attackers. And the attackers are continuing to develop new assault techniques.
+
+“The threat actor's ongoing development of DNSpionage malware shows that the attacker continues to find new ways to avoid detection. DNS tunneling is a popular method of exfiltration for some actors, and recent examples of DNSpionage show that we must ensure DNS is monitored as closely as an organization's normal proxy or weblogs,” [Talos wrote][13]. “DNS is essentially the phonebook of the internet, and when it is tampered with, it becomes difficult for anyone to discern whether what they are seeing online is legitimate.”
+
+The DNSpionage campaign targeted various businesses in the Middle East as well as United Arab Emirates government domains.
+
+“One of the biggest problems with DNS attacks or the lack of protection from them is complacency,” said Craig Williams, director of Talos outreach. Companies think DNS is stable and that they don’t need to worry about it. “But what we are seeing with attacks like DNSpionage and Sea Turtle are kind of the opposite, because attackers have figured out how to use it to their advantage – how to use it to do damage to credentials in a way, in the case of Sea Turtle, that the victim never even knows it happened. And that’s a real potential problem.”
+
+If you know, for example, your name server has been compromised, then you can force everyone to change their passwords. But if instead they go after the registrar and the registrar points to the bad guy’s name, you never knew it happened because nothing of yours was touched – that’s why these new threats are so nefarious, Williams said.
+
+“Once attackers start using it publicly, successfully, other bad guys are going to look at it and say, ‘Hey, why don't I use that to harvest a bunch of credentials from the sites I am interested in,’” Williams said.
+
+### **The DNS IoT risk**
+
+Another developing risk would be the proliferation of IoT devices. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) recently wrote a [paper on the risk that IoT brings to DNS][14].
+
+“The IoT is a risk to the DNS because various measurement studies suggest that IoT devices could stress the DNS infrastructure in ways that we have not seen before,” ICANN stated. “For example, a software update for a popular IP-enabled IoT device that causes the device to use the DNS more frequently (e.g., regularly lookup random domain names to check for network availability) could stress the DNS in individual networks when millions of devices automatically install the update at the same time.”
+
+While this is a programming error from the perspective of individual devices, it could result in a significant attack vector from the perspective of DNS infrastructure operators. Incidents like this have already occurred on a small scale, but they may occur more frequently in the future due to the growth of heterogeneous IoT devices from manufacturers that equip their IoT devices with controllers that use the DNS, ICANN stated.
+
+ICANN also suggested that IoT botnets will represent an increased threat to DNS operators. “Larger DDoS attacks, partly because IoT bots are more difficult to eradicate. Current botnet sizes are on the order of hundreds of thousands. The most well-known example is the Mirai botnet, which involved 400K (steady-state) to 600K (peak) infected IoT devices. The Hajime botnet hovers around 400K infected IoT devices, but has not launched any DDoS attacks yet. With the growth of the IoT, these attacks may grow to involve millions of bots and as a result larger DDoS attacks.
+
+### **DNS security warnings grow**
+
+The UK's [National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC)][15] issued a warning this month about ongoing DNS attacks, particularly focusing on DNS hijacking. It cited a number of risks associated with the uptick in DNS hijacking including:
+
+**Creating malicious DNS records.** A malicious DNS record could be used, for example, to create a phishing website that is present within an organization’s familiar domain. This may be used to phish employees or customers.
+
+**Obtaining SSL certificates.** Domain-validated SSL certificates are issued based on the creation of DNS records; thus an attacker may obtain valid SSL certificates for a domain name, which could be used to create a phishing website intended to look like an authentic website, for example.
+
+**Transparent proxying.** One serious risk employed recently involves transparently proxying traffic to intercept data. The attacker modifies an organization’s configured domain zone entries (such as “A” or “CNAME” records) to point traffic to their own IP address, which is infrastructure they manage.
+
+“An organization may lose total control of their domain and often the attackers will change the domain ownership details making it harder to recover,” the NCSC wrote.
+
+These new threats, as well as other dangers, led the U.S. government to issue a warning earlier this year about DNS attacks on federal agencies.
+
+The Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) told all federal agencies to bolt down their DNS in the face of a series of global hacking campaigns.
+
+CISA said in its [Emergency Directive][16] that it was tracking a series of incidents targeting DNS infrastructure. CISA wrote that it “is aware of multiple executive branch agency domains that were impacted by the tampering campaign and has notified the agencies that maintain them.”
+
+CISA says that attackers have managed to intercept and redirect web and mail traffic and could target other networked services. The agency said the attacks start with compromising user credentials of an account that can make changes to DNS records. Then the attacker alters DNS records, like Address, Mail Exchanger, or Name Server records, replacing the legitimate address of the services with an address the attacker controls.
+
+These actions let the attacker direct user traffic to their own infrastructure for manipulation or inspection before passing it on to the legitimate service, should they choose. This creates a risk that persists beyond the period of traffic redirection, CISA stated.
+
+“Because the attacker can set DNS record values, they can also obtain valid encryption certificates for an organization’s domain names. This allows the redirected traffic to be decrypted, exposing any user-submitted data. Since the certificate is valid for the domain, end users receive no error warnings,” CISA stated.
+
+### **Get on the DNSSEC bandwagon**
+
+“Enterprises that are potential targets – in particular those that capture or expose user and enterprise data through their applications – should heed this advisory by the NSCS and should pressure their DNS and registrar vendors to make DNSSEC and other domain security best practices easy to implement and standardized,” said Kris Beevers, co-founder and CEO of DNS security vendor [NS1][17]. “They can easily implement DNSSEC signing and other domain security best practices with technologies in the market today. At the very least, they should work with their vendors and security teams to audit their implementations.”
+
+DNSSEC was in the news earlier this year when in response to increased DNS attacks, ICANN called for an intensified community effort to install stronger DNS security technology.
+
+Specifically, ICANN wants full deployment of the Domain Name System Security Extensions ([DNSSEC][18]) across all unsecured domain names. DNSSEC adds a layer of security on top of DNS. Full deployment of DNSSEC ensures end users are connecting to the actual web site or other service corresponding to a particular domain name, ICANN said. “Although this will not solve all the security problems of the Internet, it does protect a critical piece of it – the directory lookup – complementing other technologies such as SSL (https:) that protect the ‘conversation’, and provide a platform for yet-to-be-developed security improvements,” ICANN stated.
+
+DNSSEC technologies have been around since about 2010 but are not widely deployed, with less than 20% of the world’s DNS registrars having deployed it, according to the regional internet address registry for the Asia-Pacific region ([APNIC][19]).
+
+DNSSEC adoption has been lagging because it was viewed as optional and can require a tradeoff between security and functionality, said NS1's Beevers.
+
+### **Traditional DNS threats**
+
+While DNS hijacking may be the front line attack method, other more traditional threats still exist.
+
+The IDC/EfficientIP study found most popular DNS threats have changed compared with last year. Phishing (47%) is now more popular than last year’s favorite, DNS-based malware (39%), followed by DDoS attacks (30%), false positive triggering (26%), and lock-up domain attacks (26%).
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3409719/worst-dns-attacks-and-how-to-mitigate-them.html
+
+作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/08/anonymous_faceless_hooded_mand_in_scary_halloween_mask_finger_to_lips_danger_threat_stealth_attack_hacker_hush_silence_warning_by_max_bender_cc0_via_unsplash_1200x800-100766358-large.jpg
+[2]: https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/global-dns-hijacking-campaign-dns-record-manipulation-at-scale.html
+[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3273891/hybrid-cloud/dns-in-the-cloud-why-and-why-not.html
+[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322023/internet/dns-over-https-seeks-to-make-internet-use-more-private.html
+[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3298160/internet/how-to-protect-your-infrastructure-from-dns-cache-poisoning.html
+[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331606/security/icann-housecleaning-revokes-old-dns-security-key.html
+[7]: https://www.efficientip.com/resources/idc-dns-threat-report-2019/
+[8]: https://www.talosintelligence.com/
+[9]: https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/07/sea-turtle-keeps-on-swimming.html
+[10]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
+[11]: https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/seaturtle.html
+[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390666/cisco-dnspionage-attack-adds-new-tools-morphs-tactics.html
+[13]: https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/dnspionage-brings-out-karkoff.html
+[14]: https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/sac-105-en.pdf
+[15]: https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/ongoing-dns-hijacking-and-mitigation-advice
+[16]: https://cyber.dhs.gov/ed/19-01/
+[17]: https://ns1.com/
+[18]: https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/dnssec-qaa-2014-01-29-en
+[19]: https://www.apnic.net/
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190724 Data centers may soon recycle heat into electricity.md b/sources/talk/20190724 Data centers may soon recycle heat into electricity.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92298e1a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/talk/20190724 Data centers may soon recycle heat into electricity.md
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Data centers may soon recycle heat into electricity)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3410578/data-centers-may-soon-recycle-heat-into-electricity.html)
+[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/)
+
+Data centers may soon recycle heat into electricity
+======
+Rice University researchers are developing a system that converts waste heat into light and then that light into electricity, which could help data centers reduce computing costs.
+![Gordon Mah Ung / IDG][1]
+
+Waste heat is the scurge of computing. In fact, much of the cost of powering a computer is from creating unwanted heat. That’s because the inefficiencies in electronic circuits, caused by resistance in the materials, generates that heat. The processors, without computing anything, are essentially converting expensively produced electrical energy into waste energy.
+
+It’s a fundamental problem, and one that hasn’t been going away. But what if you could convert the unwanted heat back into electricity—recycle the heat back into its original energy form? The data center heat, instead of simply disgorging into the atmosphere to be gotten rid of with dubious eco-effects, could actually run more machines. Plus, your cooling costs would be taken care of—there’s nothing to cool because you’ve already grabbed the hot air.
+
+**[ Read also: [How server disaggregation can boost data center efficiency][2] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][3] ]**
+
+Scientists at Rice Univeristy are trying to make that a reality by developing heat scavenging and conversion solutions.
+
+Currently, the most efficient way to convert heat into electricity is through the use of traditional turbines.
+
+Turbines “can give you nearly 50% conversion efficiency,” says Chloe Doiron, a graduate student at Rice University and co-lead on the project, in a [news article][4] on the school’s website. Turbines convert the kinetic energy of moving fluids, like steam or combustion gases, into mechanical energy. The moving steam then shifts blades mounted on a shaft, which turns a generator, thus creating the power.
+
+Not a bad solution. The problem, though, is “those systems are not easy to implement,” the researchers explain. The issue is that turbines are full of moving parts, and they’re big, noisy, and messy.
+
+### Thermal emitter better than turbines for converting heat to energy
+
+A better option would be a solid-state, thermal device that could absorb heat at the source and simply convert it, perhaps straight into attached batteries.
+
+The researchers say a thermal emitter could absorb heat, jam it into tight, easy-to-capture bandwidth and then emit it as light. Cunningly, they would then simply turn the light into electricity, as we see all the time now in solar systems.
+
+“Thermal photons are just photons emitted from a hot body,” says Rice University professor Junichiro Kono in the article. “If you look at something hot with an infrared camera, you see it glow. The camera is capturing these thermally excited photons.” Indeed, all heated surfaces, to some extent, send out light as thermal radiation.
+
+The Rice team wants to use a film of aligned carbon nanotubes to do the job. The test system will be structured as an actual solar panel. That’s because solar panels, too, lose energy through heat, so are a good environment in which to work. The concept applies to other inefficient technologies, too. “Anything else that loses energy through heat [would become] far more efficient,” the researchers say.
+
+Around 20% of industrial energy consumption is unwanted heat, Doiron says. That's a lot of wasted energy.
+
+### Other heat conversion solutions
+
+Other heat scavenging devices are making inroads, too. Now-commercially available thermoelectric technology can convert a temperature difference into power, also with no moving parts. They function by exposing a specially made material to heat. [Electrons flow when one part is cold and one is hot][5]. And the University of Utah is working on [silicon for chips that generates electricity][6] as one of two wafers heat up.
+
+Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3410578/data-centers-may-soon-recycle-heat-into-electricity.html
+
+作者：[Patrick Nelson][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/07/flir_20190711t191326-100801627-large.jpg
+[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3266624/how-server-disaggregation-could-make-cloud-datacenters-more-efficient.html
+[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
+[4]: https://news.rice.edu/2019/07/12/rice-device-channels-heat-into-light/
+[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2861438/how-to-convert-waste-data-center-heat-into-electricity.html
+[6]: https://unews.utah.edu/beat-the-heat/
+[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
+[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190724 Reports- As the IoT grows, so do its threats to DNS.md b/sources/talk/20190724 Reports- As the IoT grows, so do its threats to DNS.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9647304b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/talk/20190724 Reports- As the IoT grows, so do its threats to DNS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Reports: As the IoT grows, so do its threats to DNS)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3411437/reports-as-the-iot-grows-so-do-its-threats-to-dns.html)
+[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
+
+Reports: As the IoT grows, so do its threats to DNS
+======
+ICANN and IBM's security researchers separately spell out how the growth of the internet of things will increase opportunities for malicious actors to attack the Domain Name System with hyperscale botnets and worm their malware into the cloud.
+The internet of things is shaping up to be a more significant threat to the Domain Name System through larger IoT botnets, unintentional adverse effects of IoT-software updates and the continuing development of bot-herding software.
+
+The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and IBM’s X-Force security researchers have recently issued reports outlining the interplay between DNS and IoT that includes warnings about the pressure IoT botnets will put on the availability of DNS systems.
+
+**More about DNS:**
+
+ * [DNS in the cloud: Why and why not][1]
+ * [DNS over HTTPS seeks to make internet use more private][2]
+ * [How to protect your infrastructure from DNS cache poisoning][3]
+ * [ICANN housecleaning revokes old DNS security key][4]
+
+
+
+ICANN’s Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC) wrote in a [report][5] that “a significant number of IoT devices will likely be IP enabled and will use the DNS to locate the remote services they require to perform their functions. As a result, the DNS will continue to play the same crucial role for the IoT that it has for traditional applications that enable human users to interact with services and content,” ICANN stated. “The role of the DNS might become even more crucial from a security and stability perspective with IoT devices interacting with people’s physical environment.”
+
+IoT represents both an opportunity and a risk to the DNS, ICANN stated. “It is an opportunity because the DNS provides functions and data that can help make the IoT more secure, stable, and transparent, which is critical given the IoT's interaction with the physical world. It is a risk because various measurement studies suggest that IoT devices may stress the DNS, for instance, because of complex DDoS attacks carried out by botnets that grow to hundreds of thousands or in the future millions of infected IoT devices within hours,” ICANN stated.
+
+Unintentional DDoS attacks
+
+One risk is that the IoT could place new burdens on the DNS. “For example, a software update for a popular IP-enabled IoT device that causes the device to use the DNS more frequently (e.g., regularly lookup random domain names to check for network availability) could stress the DNS in individual networks when millions of devices automatically install the update at the same time,” ICANN stated.
+
+While this is a programming error from the perspective of individual devices, it could result in a significant attack vector from the perspective of DNS infrastructure operators. Incidents like this have already occurred on a small scale, but they may occur more frequently in the future due to the growth of heterogeneous IoT devices from manufacturers that equip their IoT devices with controllers that use the DNS, ICANN stated.
+
+Massively larger botnets, threat to clouds
+
+The report also suggested that the scale of IoT botnets could grow from hundreds of thousands of devices to millions. The best known IoT botnet is Mirai, responsible for DDoS attacks involving 400,000 to 600,000 devices. The Hajime botnet hovers around 400K infected IoT devices but has not launched any DDoS attacks yet. But as the IoT grows, so will the botnets and as a result larger DDoS attacks.
+
+Cloud-connected IoT devices could endanger cloud resources. “IoT devices connected to cloud architecture could allow Mirai adversaries to gain access to cloud servers. They could infect a server with additional malware dropped by Mirai or expose all IoT devices connected to the server to further compromise,” wrote Charles DeBeck, a senior cyber threat intelligence strategic analyst with [IBM X-Force Incident Response][6] in a recent report.
+
+ “As organizations increasingly adopt cloud architecture to scale efficiency and productivity, disruption to a cloud environment could be catastrophic.”
+
+For enterprises that are rapidly adopting both IoT technology and cloud architecture, insufficient security controls could expose the organization to elevated risk, calling for the security committee to conduct an up-to-date risk assessment, DeBeck stated.
+
+Attackers continue malware development
+
+“Since this activity is highly automated, there remains a strong possibility of large-scale infection of IoT devices in the future,” DeBeck stated. “Additionally, threat actors are continuing to expand their targets to include new types of IoT devices and may start looking at industrial IoT devices or connected wearables to increase their footprint and profits.”
+
+Botnet bad guys are also developing new Mirai variants and IoT botnet malware outside of the Mirai family to target IoT devices, DeBeck stated.
+
+To continue reading this article register now
+
+[Get Free Access][7]
+
+[Learn More][8] Existing Users [Sign In][7]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3411437/reports-as-the-iot-grows-so-do-its-threats-to-dns.html
+
+作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3273891/hybrid-cloud/dns-in-the-cloud-why-and-why-not.html
+[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322023/internet/dns-over-https-seeks-to-make-internet-use-more-private.html
+[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3298160/internet/how-to-protect-your-infrastructure-from-dns-cache-poisoning.html
+[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331606/security/icann-housecleaning-revokes-old-dns-security-key.html
+[5]: https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/sac-105-en.pdf
+[6]: https://securityintelligence.com/posts/i-cant-believe-mirais-tracking-the-infamous-iot-malware-2/?cm_mmc=OSocial_Twitter-_-Security_Security+Brand+and+Outcomes-_-WW_WW-_-SI+TW+blog&cm_mmca1=000034XK&cm_mmca2=10009814&linkId=70790642
+[7]: javascript://
+[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/learn-about-insider/
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190724 When it comes to the IoT, Wi-Fi has the best security.md b/sources/talk/20190724 When it comes to the IoT, Wi-Fi has the best security.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b5014dfa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/talk/20190724 When it comes to the IoT, Wi-Fi has the best security.md
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (When it comes to the IoT, Wi-Fi has the best security)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3410563/when-it-comes-to-the-iot-wi-fi-has-the-best-security.html)
+[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/)
+
+When it comes to the IoT, Wi-Fi has the best security
+======
+It’s easy to dismiss good ol’ Wi-Fi’s role in internet of things networking. But Wi-Fi has more security advantages than other IoT networking choices.
+![Ralph Gaithe / Soifer / Getty Images][1]
+
+When it comes to connecting internet of things (IoT) devices, there is a wide variety of networks to choose from, each with its own set of capabilities, advantages and disadvantages, and ideal use cases. Good ol’ Wi-Fi is often seen as a default networking choice, available in many places, but of limited range and not particularly suited for IoT implementations.
+
+According to [Aerohive Networks][2], however, Wi-Fi is “evolving to help IT address security complexities and challenges associated with IoT devices.” Aerohive sells cloud-managed networking solutions and was [acquired recently by software-defined networking company Extreme Networks for some $272 million][3]. And Aerohive's director of product marketing, Mathew Edwards, told me via email that Wi-Fi brings a number of security advantages compared to other IoT networking choices.
+
+It’s not a trivial problem. According to Gartner, in just the last three years, [approximately one in five organizations have been subject to an IoT-based attack][4]. And as more and more IoT devices come on line, the attack surface continues to grow quickly.
+
+**[ Also read: [Extreme targets cloud services, SD-WAN, Wi-Fi 6 with $210M Aerohive grab][3] and [Smart cities offer window into the evolution of enterprise IoT technology][5] ]**
+
+### What makes Wi-Fi more secure for IoT?
+
+What exactly are Wi-Fi’s IoT security benefits? Some of it is simply 20 years of technological maturity, Edwards said.
+
+“Extending beyond the physical boundaries of organizations, Wi-Fi has always had to be on the front foot when it comes to securely onboarding and monitoring a range of corporate, guest, and BYOD devices, and is now prepared with the next round of connectivity complexities with IoT,” he said.
+
+Specifically, Edwards said, “Wi-Fi has evolved … to increase the visibility, security, and troubleshooting of edge devices by combining edge security with centralized cloud intelligence.”
+
+Just as important, though, new Wi-Fi capabilities from a variety of vendors are designed to help identify and isolate IoT devices to integrate them into the wider network while limiting the potential risks. The goal is to incorporate IoT device awareness and protection mechanisms to prevent breaches and attacks through vulnerable headless devices. Edwards cited Aerohive’s work to “securely onboard IoT devices with its PPSK (private pre-shared key) technology, an authentication and encryption method providing 802.1X-equivalent role-based access, without the equivalent management complexities.”
+
+**[ [Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][6] ]**
+
+### The IoT is already here—and so is Wi-Fi
+
+Unfortunately, enterprise IoT security is not always a carefully planned and monitored operation.
+
+“Much like BYOD,” Edwards said, “many organizations are dealing with IoT without them even knowing it.” On the plus side, even as “IoT devices have infiltrated many networks , ... administrators are already leveraging some of the tools to protect against IoT threats without them even realizing it.”
+
+He noted that customers who have already deployed PPSK to secure guest and BYOD networks can easily extend those capabilities to cover IoT devices such as “smart TVs, projectors, printers, security systems, sensors and more.”
+
+In addition, Edwards said, “vendors have introduced methods to assign performance and security limits through context-based profiling, which is easily extended to IoT devices once the vendor can utilize signatures to identify an IoT device.”
+
+Once an IoT device is identified and tagged, Wi-Fi networks can assign it to a particular VLAN, set minimum and maximum data rates, data limits, application access, firewall rules, and other protections. That way, Edwards said, “if the device is lost, stolen, or launches a DDoS attack, the Wi-Fi network can kick it off, restrict it, or quarantine it.”
+
+### Wi-Fi still isn’t for every IoT deployment
+
+All that hardly turns Wi-Fi into the perfect IoT network. Relatively high costs and limited range mean it won’t find a place in many large-scale IoT implementations. But Edwards says Wi-Fi’s mature identification and control systems can help enterprises incorporate new IoT-based systems and sensors into their networks with more confidence.
+
+**More about 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6)**
+
+ * [Why 802.11ax is the next big thing in wireless][7]
+ * [FAQ: 802.11ax Wi-Fi][8]
+ * [Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) is coming to a router near you][9]
+ * [Wi-Fi 6 with OFDMA opens a world of new wireless possibilities][10]
+ * [802.11ax preview: Access points and routers that support Wi-Fi 6 are on tap][11]
+
+
+
+Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3410563/when-it-comes-to-the-iot-wi-fi-has-the-best-security.html
+
+作者：[Fredric Paul][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/03/hack-your-own-wi-fi_neon-wi-fi_keyboard_hacker-100791531-large.jpg
+[2]: http://www.aerohive.com/
+[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405440/extreme-targets-cloud-services-sd-wan-wifi-6-with-210m-aerohive-grab.html
+[4]: https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2018-03-21-gartner-says-worldwide-iot-security-spending-will-reach-1-point-5-billion-in-2018.
+[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3409787/smart-cities-offer-window-into-the-evolution-of-enterprise-iot-technology.html
+[6]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
+[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/mobile-wireless/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html
+[8]: https://%20https//www.networkworld.com/article/3048196/mobile-wireless/faq-802-11ax-wi-fi.html
+[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3311921/mobile-wireless/wi-fi-6-is-coming-to-a-router-near-you.html
+[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332018/wi-fi/wi-fi-6-with-ofdma-opens-a-world-of-new-wireless-possibilities.html
+[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3309439/mobile-wireless/80211ax-preview-access-points-and-routers-that-support-the-wi-fi-6-protocol-on-tap.html
+[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
+[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190725 IoT-s role in expanding drone use.md b/sources/talk/20190725 IoT-s role in expanding drone use.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9281dcf40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/talk/20190725 IoT-s role in expanding drone use.md
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (IoT’s role in expanding drone use)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3410564/iots-role-in-expanding-drone-use.html)
+[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/)
+
+IoT’s role in expanding drone use
+======
+Collision avoidance technology that uses internet of things (IoT) connectivity, AI, machine learning, and computer vision could be the key to expanding drone applications.
+![Thinkstock][1]
+
+As faithful readers of [TechWatch][2] (love you, Mom) may know, the rollout of many companies’ ambitious drone delivery services has not gone as quickly as promised. Despite recent signs of progress in Australia and the United States—not to mention [clever ideas for burger deliveries to cars stuck in traffic][3]—drone delivery remains a long way from becoming a viable option in the vast majority of use cases. And the problem affects many areas of drone usage, not just the heavily hyped drone delivery applications.
+
+According to [Grace McKenzie][4], director of operations and controller at [Iris Automation][5], one key restriction to economically viable drone deliveries is that the “skies are not safe enough for many drone use cases.”
+
+Speaking at a recent [SF New Tech “Internet of Everything” event in San Francisco][6], McKenzie said fear of collisions with manned aircraft is the big reason why the Federal Aviation Association (FAA) and international regulators typically prohibit drones from flying beyond the line of the sight of the remote pilot. Obviously, she added, that restriction greatly constrains where and how drones can make deliveries and is working to keep the market from growing test and pilot programs into full-scale commercial adoption.
+
+**[ Read also: [No, drone delivery still isn’t ready for prime time][7] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][8] ]**
+
+### Detect and avoid technology is critical
+
+Iris Automation, not surprisingly, is in the business of creating workable collision avoidance systems for drones in an attempt to solve this issue. Variously called “detect and avoid” or “sense and avoid” technologies, these automated solutions are required for “beyond visual line of sight” (BVLOS) drone operations. There are multiple issues in play.
+
+As explained on Iris’ website, “Drone pilots are skilled aviators, but even they struggle to see and avoid obstacles and aircraft when operating drones at extended range [and] no pilot on board means low situational awareness. This risk is huge, and the potential conflicts can be extremely dangerous.”
+
+As “a software company with a hardware problem,” McKenzie said, Iris’ systems use artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, computer vision, and IoT connectivity to identify and focus on the “small group of pixels that could be a risk.” Working together, those technologies are creating an “exponential curve” in detect-and-avoid technology improvements, she added. The result? Drones that “see better than a human pilot,” she claimed.
+
+### Bigger market and new use cases for drones
+
+It’s hardly an academic issue. “Not being able to show adequate mitigation of operational risk means regulators are forced to limit drone uses and applications to closed environments,” the company says.
+
+Solving this problem would open up a wide range of industrial and commercial applications for drones. Far beyond delivering burritos, McKenzie said that with confidence in drone “sense and avoid” capabilities, drones could be used for all kinds of aerial data gathering, from inspecting hydro-electric dams, power lines, and railways to surveying crops to fighting forest fires and conducting search-and-rescue operations.
+
+Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][9] and [LinkedIn][10] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3410564/iots-role-in-expanding-drone-use.html
+
+作者：[Fredric Paul][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/01/drone_delivery_package_future-100745961-large.jpg
+[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/blog/techwatch/
+[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396188/the-traffic-jam-whopper-project-may-be-the-coolestdumbest-iot-idea-ever.html
+[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/withgracetoo/
+[5]: https://www.irisonboard.com/
+[6]: https://sfnewtech.com/event/iot/
+[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390677/drone-delivery-not-ready-for-prime-time.html
+[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
+[9]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
+[10]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190725 Report- Smart-city IoT isn-t smart enough yet.md b/sources/talk/20190725 Report- Smart-city IoT isn-t smart enough yet.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da6d4ee57a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/talk/20190725 Report- Smart-city IoT isn-t smart enough yet.md
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Report: Smart-city IoT isn’t smart enough yet)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3411561/report-smart-city-iot-isnt-smart-enough-yet.html)
+[#]: author: (Jon Gold https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/)
+
+Report: Smart-city IoT isn’t smart enough yet
+======
+A report from Forrester Research details vulnerabilities affecting smart-city internet of things (IoT) infrastructure and offers some methods of mitigation.
+![Aleksandr Durnov / Getty Images][1]
+
+Security arrangements for smart-city IoT technology around the world are in an alarming state of disrepair, according to a report from Forrester Research that argues serious changes are needed in order to avoid widespread compromises.
+
+Much of what’s wrong has to do with a lack of understanding on the part of the people in charge of those systems and a failure to follow well-known security best practices, like centralized management, network visibility and limiting attack-surfaces.
+
+**More on IoT:**
+
+ * [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][2]
+ * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][3]
+ * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][4]
+ * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][5]
+ * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][6]
+ * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][7]
+ * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][8]
+ * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][9]
+ * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][10]
+ * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][11]
+
+
+
+Those all pose stiff challenges, according to “Making Smart Cities Safe And Secure,” the Forrester report by Merritt Maxim and Salvatore Schiano. The attack surface for a smart city is, by default, enormous, given the volume of Internet-connected hardware involved. Some device, somewhere, is likely to be vulnerable, and with the devices geographically spread out it’s difficult to secure all types of access to them.
+
+Worse still, some legacy systems can be downright impossible to manage and update in a safe way. Older technology often contains no provision for live updates, and its vulnerabilities can be severe, according to the report. Physical access to some types of devices also remains a serious challenge. The report gives the example of wastewater treatment plants in remote locations in Australia, which were sabotaged by a contractor who accessed the SCADA systems directly.
+
+In addition to the risk of compromised control systems, the generalized insecurity of smart city IoT makes the vast amounts of data that it generates highly suspect. Improperly configured devices could collect more information than they’re supposed to, including personally identifiable information, which could violate privacy regulations. Also, the data collected is analyzed to glean useful information about such things as parking patterns, water flow and electricity use, and inaccurate or compromised information can badly undercut the value of smart city technology to a given user.
+
+“Security teams are just gaining maturity in the IT environment with the necessity for data inventory, classification, and flow mapping, together with thorough risk and privacy impact assessments, to drive appropriate protection,” the report says. “In OT environments, they’re even further behind.”
+
+Yet, despite the fact that IoT planning and implementation doubled between 2017 and 2018, according to Forrester’s data, comparatively little work has been done on the security front. The report lists 13 cyberattacks on smart-city technology between 2014 and 2019 that had serious consequences, including widespread electricity outages, ransomware infections on hospital computers and emergency-service interruptions.
+
+Still, there are ways forward, according to Forrester. Careful log monitoring can keep administrators abreast of what’s normal and what’s suspicious on their networks. Asset mapping and centralizing control-plane functionality should make it much more difficult for bad actors to insert malicious devices into a smart-city network or take control of less-secure items. And intelligent alerting – the kind that provides contextual information, differentiating between “this system just got rained on and has poor connectivity” and “someone is tampering with this system” – should help cities be more responsive to security threats when they arise.
+
+Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3411561/report-smart-city-iot-isnt-smart-enough-yet.html
+
+作者：[Jon Gold][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/smart_city_smart_cities_iot_internet_of_things_by_aleksandr_durnov_gettyimages-971455374_2400x1600-100788363-large.jpg
+[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html
+[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html
+[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html
+[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html
+[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html
+[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html
+[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html
+[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html
+[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html
+[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html
+[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
+[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190725 Storage management a weak area for most enterprises.md b/sources/talk/20190725 Storage management a weak area for most enterprises.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..859c1caa32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/talk/20190725 Storage management a weak area for most enterprises.md
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Storage management a weak area for most enterprises)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3411400/storage-management-a-weak-area-for-most-enterprises.html)
+[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
+
+Storage management a weak area for most enterprises
+======
+Survey finds companies are adopting technology for such things as AI, machine learning, edge computing and IoT, but still use legacy storage that can't handle those workloads.
+![Miakievy / Getty Images][1]
+
+Stop me if you’ve heard this before: Companies are racing to a new technological paradigm but are using yesterday’s tech to do it.
+
+I know. Shocking.
+
+A survey of more than 300 storage professionals by storage vendor NGD Systems found only 11% of the companies they talked to would give themselves an “A” grade for their compute and storage capabilities.
+
+Why? The chief reason given is that while enterprises are rapidly deploying technologies for edge networks, real-time analytics, machine learning, and internet of things (IoT) projects, they are still using legacy storage solutions that are not designed for such data-intensive workloads. More than half — 54% — said their processing of edge applications is a bottleneck, and they want faster and more intelligent storage solutions.
+
+**[ Read also: [What is NVMe, and how is it changing enterprise storage][2] ]**
+
+### NVMe SSD use increases, but doesn't solve all needs
+
+It’s not all bad news. The study, entitled ["The State of Storage and Edge Computing"][3] and conducted by Dimensional Research, found 60% of storage professionals are using NVMe SSDs to speed up the processing of large data sets being generated at the edge.
+
+However, this has not solved their needs. As artificial intelligence (AI) and other data-intensive deployments increase, data needs to be moved over increasingly longer distances, which causes network bottlenecks and delays analytic results. And edge computing systems tend to have a smaller footprint than a traditional data center, so they are performance constrained.
+
+The solution is to process the data where it is ingested, in this case, the edge device. Separate the wheat from the chafe and only send relevant data upstream to a data center to be processed. This is called computational storage, processing data where it is stored rather than moving it around.
+
+According to the survey, 89% of respondents said they expect real value from computational storage. Conveniently, NGD is a vendor of computational storage systems. So, yes, this is a self-serving finding. This happens a lot. That doesn’t mean they don’t have a valid point, though. Processing the data where it lies is the point of edge computing.
+
+Among the survey’s findings:
+
+ * 55% use edge computing
+ * 71% use edge computing for real-time analytics
+ * 61% said the cost of traditional storage solutions continues to plague their applications
+ * 57% said faster access to storage would improve their compute abilities
+
+
+
+The study also found that [NVMe][2] is being adopted very quickly but is being hampered by price.
+
+ * 86% expect storage’s future to rely on NVMe SSDs
+ * 60% use NVMe SSDs in their work environments
+ * 63% said NVMe SSDs helped with superior storage speed
+ * 67% reported budget and cost as issues preventing the use of NVMe SSDs
+
+
+
+That last finding is why so many enterprises are hampered in their work. For whatever reason they are using old storage systems rather than new NVMe systems, and it hurts them.
+
+### GPUs won't improve workload performance
+
+One interesting finding: 70% of respondents said they are using GPUs to help improve workload performance, but NGD said those are no good.
+
+“We were not surprised to find that while more than half of respondents are actively using edge computing, more than 70% are using legacy GPUs, which will not reduce the network bandwidth, power and footprint necessary to analyze mass data-sets in real time,” said Nader Salessi, CEO and founder of NGD Systems, in a statement.
+
+That’s because GPUs lend themselves well to repetitive tasks and parallel processing jobs, while computational storage is very much a serial processing job, with the task constantly changing. So while some processing jobs will benefit from a GPU, a good number will not and the GPU is essentially wasted.
+
+Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3411400/storage-management-a-weak-area-for-most-enterprises.html
+
+作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/edge_computing_by_miakievy_gettyimages-957694592_2400x1600-100788315-large.jpg
+[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280991/what-is-nvme-and-how-is-it-changing-enterprise-storage.html
+[3]: https://ngd.dnastaging.net/brief/NGD_Systems_Storage_Edge_Computing_Survey_Report
+[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
+[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190726 NVMe over Fabrics enterprise storage spec enters final review process.md b/sources/talk/20190726 NVMe over Fabrics enterprise storage spec enters final review process.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f14dcd7d67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/talk/20190726 NVMe over Fabrics enterprise storage spec enters final review process.md
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (NVMe over Fabrics enterprise storage spec enters final review process)
+[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3411958/nvme-over-fabrics-enterprise-storage-spec-enters-final-review-process.html)
+[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/)
+
+NVMe over Fabrics enterprise storage spec enters final review process
+======
+The NVMe over Fabric (NVMe-oF) architecture is closer to becoming a formal specification. It's expected improve storage network fabric communications and network performance.
+![Gremlin / Getty Images][1]
+
+NVM Express Inc., the developer of the [NVMe][2] spec for enterprise SSDs, announced that its NVMe-oF architecture has entered a final 45-day review, an important step toward release of a formal specification for enterprise SSD makers.
+
+NVMe-oF stands for [NVMe over Fabrics][3], a mechanism to transfer data between a host computer and a target SSD or system over a network, such as Ethernet, Fibre Channel (FC), or InfiniBand. NVM Express first released the 1.0 spec of NVMe-oF in 2016, so this is long overdue.
+
+**[ Read also: [NVMe over Fabrics creates data-center storage disruption][3] ]**
+
+NVMe has become an important advance in enterprise storage because it allows for intra-network data sharing. Before, when PCI Express-based SSDs first started being used in servers, they could not easily share data with another physical server. The SSD was basically for the machine it was in, and moving data around was difficult.
+
+With NVMe over Fabrics, it’s possible for one machine to directly reach out to another for data and have it transmitted over a variety of high-speed fabrics rather than just Ethernet.
+
+### How NVMe-oF 1.1 improves storage network fabric communication
+
+The NVMe-oF 1.1 architecture is designed to improve storage network fabric communications in several ways:
+
+ * Adds TCP transport supports NVMe-oF on current data center TCP/IP network infrastructure.
+ * Asynchronous discovery events inform hosts of addition or removal of target ports in a fabric-independent manner.
+ * Fabric I/O Queue Disconnect enables finer-grain I/O resource management.
+ * End-to-end (command to response) flow control improves concurrency.
+
+
+
+### New enterprise features for NVMe 1.4
+
+The organization also announced the release of the NVMe 1.4 base specification with new “enterprise features” described as a further maturation of the protocol. The specification provides important benefits, such as improved quality of service (QoS), faster performance, improvements for high-availability deployments, and scalability optimizations for data centers.
+
+Among the new features:
+
+ * Rebuild Assist simplifies data recovery and migration scenarios.
+ * Persistent Event Log enables robust drive history for issue triage and debug at scale.
+ * NVM Sets and IO Determinism allow for better performance, isolation, and QoS.
+ * Multipathing enhancements or Asymmetric Namespace Access (ANA) enable optimal and redundant paths to namespaces for high availability and full multi-controller scalability.
+ * Host Memory Buffer feature reduces latency and SSD design complexity, benefiting client SSDs.
+
+
+
+The upgraded NVMe 1.4 base specification and the pending over-fabric spec will be demonstrated at the Flash Memory Summit August 6-8, 2019 in Santa Clara, California.
+
+Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3411958/nvme-over-fabrics-enterprise-storage-spec-enters-final-review-process.html
+
+作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/big_data_storage_businessman_walks_through_futuristic_data_center_by_gremlin_gettyimages-1098116540_2400x1600-100788347-large.jpg
+[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280991/what-is-nvme-and-how-is-it-changing-enterprise-storage.html
+[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394296/nvme-over-fabrics-creates-data-center-storage-disruption.html
+[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
+[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190729 Do you prefer a live demo to be perfect or broken.md b/sources/talk/20190729 Do you prefer a live demo to be perfect or broken.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4b76aadd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/talk/20190729 Do you prefer a live demo to be perfect or broken.md
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Do you prefer a live demo to be perfect or broken?)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/live-demo-perfect-or-broken)
+[#]: author: (Lauren Maffeo https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeohttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkinshttps://opensource.com/users/jamesf)
+
+Do you prefer a live demo to be perfect or broken?
+======
+Do you learn more from flawless demos or ones the presenter de-bugs in
+real-time? Let us know by answering our poll.
+![video editing dashboard][1]
+
+At [DevFest DC][2] in June, [Sara Robinson][3], developer advocate at Google Cloud, gave the most seamless live demo I've ever witnessed.
+
+Sara live-coded a machine model from scratch using TensorFlow and Keras. Then she trained the model live, deployed it to Google's Cloud AI platform, and used the deployed model to make predictions.
+
+With the exception of perhaps one small hiccup, the whole thing went smoothly, and I learned a lot as an audience member.
+
+At that evening's reception, I congratulated Sara on the live demo's success and told her I've never seen a live demo go so well. It turns out that this subject was already on her mind; Sara asked this question on Twitter less than two hours before her live demo:
+
+> Do you prefer watching a live demo where everything works perfectly or one that breaks and the presenter has to de-bug?
+>
+> — Sara Robinson (@SRobTweets) [June 14, 2019][4]
+
+Contrary to my preference for flawless demos, two-thirds of Sara's followers prefer to watch de-bugging. The replies to her poll were equally enlightening:
+
+> I prefer ones that break once or twice, just so you know it's real. "Break" can be something small like a typo or skipping a step.
+>
+> — Seth Vargo (@sethvargo) [June 14, 2019][5]
+
+> Broken demos which are fixed in real time seem to get a better reaction from the audience. This was our experience with the All-Demo Super Session at NEXT SF. Audible gasps followed by applause from the audience when the broken demo was fixed in real-time 🤓
+>
+> — Jamie Kinney (@jamiekinney) [June 14, 2019][6]
+
+This made me reconsider my preference for perfection. When I attend live demos at events, I'm looking for tools that I'm unfamiliar with. I want to learn the basics of those tools, then see real-world applications. I don't expect magic, but I do want to see how the tools intend to work so I can gain and retain some knowledge.
+
+I've gone to several live demos that break. In my experience, this has caught most presenters off-guard; they seemed unfamiliar with the bugs at hand and, in one case, the error derailed the rest of the presentation. In short, it was like this:
+
+> Hmm, at least when the live demo fails you know it's not a video 😁
+> But I don't like when the presenter start to struggle, when everything becomes silent, it becomes so awkward (especially when I'm the one presenting)
+>
+> — Sylvain Nouts Ⓥ (@SylvainNouts) [June 14, 2019][7]
+
+Reading the replies to Sara's thread made me wonder what I'm really after when attending live demos. Is "perfection" what I seek? Or is it presenters who are more skilled at de-bugging in real-time? Upon reflection, I suspect that it's the latter.
+
+After all, "perfect" code is a lofty (if impossible) concept. Mistakes will happen, and I don't expect them not to. But I _do_ expect conference presenters to know their tools well enough that when things go sideways during live demos, they won't get so flustered that they can't keep going.
+
+Overall, this reply to Sara resonates with me the most. I attend live demos as a new coder with the goal to learn, and those that veer too far off-course aren't as effective for me:
+
+> I don’t necessarily prefer a broken demo, but I do think they show a more realistic view.
+> That said, when you are newer to coding if the error takes things too far off the rails it can make it challenging to understand the original concept.
+>
+> — April Bowler (@A_Bowler2) [June 14, 2019][8]
+
+I don't expect everyone to attend live demos with the same goals and perspective as me. That's why we want to learn what the open source community thinks.
+
+_Do you prefer for live demos to be perfect? Or do you gain more from watching presenters de-bug in real-time? Do you attend live demos primarily to learn or for other reasons? Let us know by taking our poll or leaving a comment below._
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/live-demo-perfect-or-broken
+
+作者：[Lauren Maffeo][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeohttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkinshttps://opensource.com/users/jamesf
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/video_editing_folder_music_wave_play.png?itok=-J9rs-My (video editing dashboard)
+[2]: https://www.devfestdc.org/
+[3]: https://twitter.com/SRobTweets
+[4]: https://twitter.com/SRobTweets/status/1139619990687162368?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[5]: https://twitter.com/sethvargo/status/1139620990546145281?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[6]: https://twitter.com/jamiekinney/status/1139636109585989632?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[7]: https://twitter.com/SylvainNouts/status/1139637154731237376?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
+[8]: https://twitter.com/A_Bowler2/status/1139648492953976832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
diff --git a/sources/talk/20190729 I Used The Web For A Day On A 50 MB Budget - Smashing Magazine.md b/sources/talk/20190729 I Used The Web For A Day On A 50 MB Budget - Smashing Magazine.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0a7f4a7e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/talk/20190729 I Used The Web For A Day On A 50 MB Budget - Smashing Magazine.md
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (I Used The Web For A Day On A 50 MB Budget — Smashing Magazine)
+[#]: via: (https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2019/07/web-on-50mb-budget/)
+[#]: author: (Chris Ashton https://www.smashingmagazine.com/author/chrisbashton)
+
+I Used The Web For A Day On A 50 MB Budget
+======
+
+Data can be prohibitively expensive, especially in developing countries. Chris Ashton puts himself in the shoes of someone on a tight data budget and offers practical tips for reducing our websites’ data footprint.
+
+This article is part of a series in which I attempt to use the web under various constraints, representing a given demographic of user. I hope to raise the profile of difficulties faced by real people, which are avoidable if we design and develop in a way that is sympathetic to their needs.
+
+Last time, I [navigated the web for a day using Internet Explorer 8][7]. This time, I browsed the web for a day on a 50 MB budget.
+
+### Why 50 MB?
+
+Many of us are lucky enough to be on mobile plans which allow several gigabytes of data transfer per month. Failing that, we are usually able to connect to home or public WiFi networks that are on fast broadband connections and have effectively unlimited data.
+
+But there are parts of the world where mobile data is prohibitively expensive, and where there is little or no broadband infrastructure.
+
+> People often buy data packages of just tens of megabytes at a time, making a gigabyte a relatively large and therefore expensive amount of data to buy.
+> — Dan Howdle, consumer telecoms analyst at Cable.co.uk
+
+Just how expensive are we talking?
+
+#### The Cost Of Mobile Data
+
+A 2018 [study by cable.co.uk][8] found that Zimbabwe was the most expensive country in the world for mobile data, where 1 GB cost an average of $75.20, ranging from $12.50 to $138.46. The enormous range in price is due to smaller amounts of data being very expensive, getting proportionally cheaper the bigger the data plan you commit to. You can read the [study methodology][9] for more information.
+
+Zimbabwe is by no means a one-off. Equatorial Guinea, Saint Helena and the Falkland Islands are next in line, with 1 GB of data costing $65.83, $55.47 and $47.39 respectively. These countries generally have a combination of poor technical infrastructure and low adoption, meaning data is both costly to deliver and doesn’t have the economy of scale to drive costs down.
+
+Data is expensive in parts of Europe too. A gigabyte of data in Greece will set you back $32.71; in Switzerland, $20.22. For comparison, the same amount of data costs $6.66 in the UK, or $12.37 in the USA. On the other end of the scale, India is the cheapest place in the world for data, at an average cost of $0.26. Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Ukraine follow at $0.27, $0.49 and $0.51 per GB respectively.
+
+The speed of mobile networks, too, varies considerably between countries. Perhaps surprisingly, [users experience faster speeds over a mobile network than WiFi][10] in at least 30 countries worldwide, including Australia and France. South Korea has the [fastest mobile download speed][11], averaging 52.4 Mbps, but Iraq has the slowest, averaging 1.6 Mbps download and 0.7 Mbps upload. The USA ranks 40th in the world for mobile download speeds, at around 34 Mbps, and is [at risk of falling further behind][12] as the world moves towards 5G.
+
+As for mobile network connection type, 84.7% of user connections in the UK are on 4G, compared to 93% in the USA, and 97.5% in South Korea. This compares with less than 50% in Uzbekistan and less than 60% in Algeria, Ecuador, Nepal and Iraq.
+
+#### The Cost Of Broadband Data
+
+Meanwhile, a [study of the cost of broadband in 2018][13] shows that a broadband connection in Niger costs $263 ‘per megabit per month’. This metric is a little difficult to comprehend, so here’s an example: if the average cost of broadband packages in a country is $22, and the average download speed offered by the packages is 10 Mbps, then the cost ‘per megabit per month’ would be $2.20.
+
+It’s an interesting metric, and one that acknowledges that broadband speed is as important a factor as the data cap. A cost of $263 suggests a combination of extremely slow and extremely expensive broadband. For reference, the metric is $1.19 in the UK and $1.26 in the USA.
+
+What’s perhaps easier to comprehend is the average cost of a broadband package. Note that this study was looking for the cheapest broadband packages on offer, ignoring whether or not these packages had a data cap, so provides a useful ballpark figure rather than the cost of data per se.
+
+On package cost alone, Mauritania has the most expensive broadband in the world, at an average of $768.16 (a range of $307.26 to $1,368.72). This enormous cost includes building physical lines to the property, since few already exist in Mauritania. At 0.7 Mbps, Mauritania also has one of the slowest broadband networks in the world.
+
+[Taiwan has the fastest broadband in the world][14], at a mean speed of 85 Mbps. Yemen has the slowest, at 0.38 Mbps. But even countries with good established broadband infrastructure have so-called ‘not-spots’. The United Kingdom is ranked 34th out of 207 countries for broadband speed, but in July 2019 there was [still a school in the UK without broadband][15].
+
+The average cost of a broadband package in the UK is $39.58, and in the USA is $67.69. The cheapest average in the world is Ukraine’s, at just $5, although the cheapest broadband deal of them all was found in Kyrgystan ($1.27 — against the country average of $108.22).
+
+Zimbabwe was the most costly country for mobile data, and the statistics aren’t much better for its broadband, with an average cost of $128.71 and a ‘per megabit per month’ cost of $6.89.
+
+#### Absolute Cost vs Cost In Real Terms
+
+All of the costs outlined so far are the absolute costs in USD, based on the exchange rates at the time of the study. These costs have [not been accounted for cost of living][16], meaning that for many countries the cost is actually far higher in real terms.
+
+I’m going to limit my browsing today to 50 MB, which in Zimbabwe would cost around $3.67 on a mobile data tariff. That may not sound like much, but teachers in Zimbabwe were striking this year because their [salaries had fallen to just $2.50 a day][17].
+
+For comparison, $3.67 is around half the [$7.25 minimum wage in the USA][18]. As a Zimbabwean, I’d have to work for around a day and a half to earn the money to buy this 50MB data, compared to just half an hour in the USA. It’s not easy to compare cost of living between countries, but on wages alone the $3.67 cost of 50 MB of data in Zimbabwe would feel like $52 to an American on minimum wage.
+
+### Setting Up The Experiment
+
+I launched Chrome and opened the dev tools, where I throttled the network to a slow 3G connection. I wanted to simulate a slow connection like those experienced by users in Uzbekistan, to see what kind of experience websites would give me. I also throttled my CPU to simulate being on a lower end device.
+
+[![][19]][20]I opted to throttle my network to Slow 3G and my CPU to 6x slowdown. ([Large preview][20])
+
+I installed [ModHeader][21] and set the [‘Save-Data’ header][22] to let websites know I want to minimise my data usage. This is also the header set by Chrome for Android’s ‘Lite mode’, which I’ll cover in more detail later.
+
+I downloaded [TripMode][23]; an application for Mac which gives you control over which apps on your Mac can access the internet. Any other application’s internet access is automatically blocked.
+
+You can enable/disable individual apps from connecting to the internet with TripMode. I enabled Chrome. ([Large preview][24])
+
+How far do I predict my 50 MB budget will take me? With the [average weight of a web page being almost 1.7 MB][25], that suggests I’ve got around 29 pages in my budget, although probably a few more than that if I’m able to stay on the same sites and leverage browser caching.
+
+Throughout the experiment I will suggest performance tips to speed up the [first contentful paint][26] and perceived loading time of the page. Some of these tips may not affect the amount of data transferred directly, but do generally involve deferring the download of less important resources, which on slow connections may mean the resources are never downloaded and data is saved.
+
+### The Experiment
+
+Without any further ado, I loaded google.com, using 402 KB of my budget and spending $0.03 (around 1% of my Zimbabwe budget).
+
+[![402 KB transferred, 1.1 MB resources, 24 requests][27]][28]402 KB transferred, 1.1 MB resources, 24 requests. ([Large preview][28])
+
+All in all, not a bad page size, but I wondered where those 24 network requests were coming from and whether or not the page could be made any lighter.
+
+#### Google Homepage — DOM
+
+[![][29]][30]Chrome devtools screenshot of the DOM, where I’ve expanded one inline `style` tag. ([Large preview][30])
+
+Looking at the page markup, there are no external stylesheets — all of the CSS is inline.
+
+##### Performance Tip #1: Inline Critical CSS
+
+This is good for performance as it saves the browser having to make an additional network request in order to fetch an external stylesheet, so the styles can be parsed and applied immediately for the first contentful paint. There’s a trade-off to be made here, as external stylesheets can be cached but inline ones cannot (unless you [get clever with JavaScript][31]).
+
+The general advice is for your [critical styles][32] (anything [above-the-fold][33]) to be inline, and for the rest of your styling to be external and loaded asynchronously. Asynchronous loading of CSS can be achieved in [one remarkably clever line of HTML][34]:
+
+```
+
+```
+
+The devtools show a prettified version of the DOM. If you want to see what was actually downloaded to the browser, switch to the Sources tab and find the document.
+
+[![A wall of minified code.][35]][36]Switching to Sources and finding the index shows the ‘raw’ HTML that was delivered to the browser. What a mess! ([Large preview][36])
+
+You can see there is a LOT of inline JavaScript here. It’s worth noting that it has been uglified rather than merely minified.
+
+##### Performance Tip #2: Minify And Uglify Your Assets
+
+Minification removes unnecessary spaces and characters, but uglification actually ‘mangles’ the code to be shorter. The tell-tale sign is that the code contains short, machine-generated variable names rather than untouched source code. This is good as it means the script is smaller and quicker to download.
+
+Even so, inline scripts look to be roughly 120 KB of the 210 KB page resource (about half the 60 KB gzipped size). In addition, there are five external JavaScript files amounting to 291 KB of the 402 KB downloaded:
+
+[![Network tab of DevTools showing the external javascript files][37]][38]Five external JavaScript files in the Network tab of the devtools. ([Large preview][38])
+
+This means that JavaScript accounts for about 80 percent of the overall page weight.
+
+This isn’t useless JavaScript; Google has to have some in order to display suggestions as you type. But I suspect a lot of it is tracking code and advertising setup.
+
+For comparison, I disabled JavaScript and reloaded the page:
+
+[![DevTools showing only 5 network requests][39]][40]The disabled JS version of Google search was only 102 KB and had just 5 network requests. ([Large preview][40])
+
+The JS-disabled version of Google search is just 102 KB, as opposed to 402 KB. Although Google can’t provide autosuggestions under these conditions, the site is still functional, and I’ve just cut my data usage down to a quarter of what it was. If I really did have to limit my data usage in the long term, one of the first things I’d do is disable JavaScript. [It’s not as bad as it sounds][41].
+
+##### Performance Tip #3: Less Is More
+
+Inlining, uglifying and minifying assets is all well and good, but the best performance comes from not sending down the assets in the first place.
+
+ * Before adding any new features, do you have a [performance budget][42] in place?
+ * Before adding JavaScript to your site, can your feature be accomplished using plain HTML? (For example, [HTML5 form validation][43]).
+ * Before pulling a large JavaScript or CSS library into your application, use something like [bundlephobia.com][44] to measure how big it is. Is the convenience worth the weight? Can you accomplish the same thing using vanilla code at a much smaller data size?
+
+
+
+#### Analysing The Resource Info
+
+There’s a lot to unpack here, so let’s get cracking. I’ve only got 50 MB to play with, so I’m going to milk every bit of this page load. Settle in for a short Chrome Devtools tutorial.
+
+402 KB transferred, but 1.1 MB of resources: what does that actually mean?
+
+It means 402 KB of content was actually downloaded, but in its compressed form (using a compression algorithm such as [gzip or brotli][45]). The browser then had to do some work to unpack it into something meaningful. The total size of the unpacked data is 1.1 MB.
+
+This unpacking isn’t free — [there are a few milliseconds of overhead in decompressing the resources][46]. But that’s a negligible overhead compared to sending 1.1MB down the wire.
+
+##### Performance Tip #4: Compress Text-based Assets
+
+As a general rule, always compress your assets, using something like gzip. But don’t use compression on your images and other binary files — you should optimize these in advance at source. Compression could actually end up [making them bigger][47].
+
+And, if you can, [avoid compressing files that are 1500 bytes or smaller][47]. The smallest TCP packet size is 1500 bytes, so by compressing to, say, 800 bytes, you save nothing, as it’s still transmitted in the same byte packet. Again, the cost is negligible, but wastes some compression CPU time on the server and decompression CPU time on the client.
+
+Now back to the Network tab in Chrome: let’s dig into those priorities. Notice that resources have priority “Highest” to “Lowest” — these are the browser’s best guess as to what are the more important resources to download. The higher the priority, the sooner the browser will try to download the asset.
+
+##### Performance Tip #5: Give Resource Hints To The Browser
+
+The browser will guess at what the highest priority assets are, but you can [provide a resource hint][48] using the `` tag, instructing the browser to download the asset as soon as possible. It’s a good idea to preload fonts, logos and anything else that appears above the fold.
+
+Let’s talk about caching. I’m going to hold ALT and right-click to change my column headers to unlock some more juicy information. We’re going to check out Cache-Control.
+
+There are lots of interesting fields tucked away behind ALT. ([Large preview][49])
+
+Cache-Control denotes whether or not a resource can be cached, how long it can be cached for, and what rules it should follow around [revalidating][50]. Setting proper cache values is crucial to keeping the data cost of repeat visits down.
+
+##### Performance Tip #6: Set cache-control Headers On All Cacheable Assets
+
+Note that the cache-control value begins with a directive of `public` or `private`, followed by an expiration value (e.g. `max-age=31536000`). What does the directive mean, and why the oddly specific `max-age` value?
+
+[![Screenshot of Google network tab with cache-control column visible][51]][52]A mixture of max-age values and public/private. ([Large preview][52])
+
+The value `31536000` is the number of seconds there are in a year, and is the theoretical maximum value allowed by the cache-control specification. It is common to see this value applied to all static assets and effectively means “this resource isn’t going to change”. In practice, [no browser is going to cache for an entire year][53], but it will cache the asset for as long as makes sense.
+
+To explain the public/private directive, we must explain the two main caches that exist off the server. First, there is the traditional browser cache, where the resource is stored on the user’s machine (the ‘client’). And then there is the CDN cache, which sits between the client and the server; resources are cached at the CDN level to prevent the CDN from requesting the resource from the origin server over and over again.
+
+A `Cache-Control` directive of `public` allows the resource to be cached in both the client and the CDN. A value of `private` means only the client can cache it; the CDN is not supposed to. This latter value is typically used for pages or assets that exist behind authentication, where it is fine to be cached on the client but we wouldn’t want to leak private information by caching it in the CDN and delivering it to other users.
+
+[![Screenshot of Google logo cache-control setting: private, max-age=31536000][54]][55]A mixture of max-age values and public/private. ([Large preview][55])
+
+One thing that got my attention was that the Google logo has a cache control of “private”. Other images on the page do have a public cache, and I don’t know why the logo would be treated any differently. If you have any ideas, let me know in the comments!
+
+I refreshed the page and most of the resources were served from cache, apart from the page itself, which as you’ve seen already is `private, max-age=0`, meaning it cannot be cached. This is normal for dynamic web pages where it is important that the user always gets the very latest page when they refresh.
+
+It was at this point I accidentally clicked on an ‘Explanation’ URL in the devtools, which took me to the [network analysis reference][56], costing me about 5 MB of my budget. Oops.
+
+### Google Dev Docs
+
+4.2 MB of this new 5 MB page was down to images; specifically SVGs. The weightiest of these was 186 KB, which isn’t particularly big — there were just so many of them, and they all downloaded at once.
+
+This is a loooong page. All the images downloaded on page load. ([Large preview][57])
+
+That 5 MB page load was 10% of my budget for today. So far I’ve used 5.5 MB, including the no-JavaScript reload of the Google homepage, and spent $0.40. I didn’t even mean to open this page.
+
+What would have been a better user experience here?
+
+##### Performance Tip #7: Lazy-load Your Images
+
+Ordinarily, if I accidentally clicked on a link, I would hit the back button in my browser. I’d have received no benefit whatsoever from downloading those images — what a waste of 4.2 MB!
+
+Apart from video, where you generally know what you’re getting yourself into, images are by far the biggest culprit to data usage on the web. A [study of the world’s top 500 websites][58] found that images take up to 53% of the average page weight. “This means they have a big impact on page-loading times and subsequently overall performance”.
+
+Instead of downloading all of the images on page load, it is good practice to lazy-load the images so that only users who are engaged with the page pay the cost of downloading them. Users who choose not to scroll below the fold therefore don’t waste any unnecessary bandwidth downloading images they’ll never see.
+
+There’s a great [css-tricks.com guide to rolling out lazy-loading for images][59] which offers a good balance between those on good connections, those on poor connections, and those with JavaScript disabled.
+
+If this page had implemented lazy loading as per the guide above, each of the 38 SVGs would have been represented by a 1 KB placeholder image by default, and only loaded into view on scroll.
+
+##### Performance Tip #8: Use The Right Format For Your Images
+
+I thought that Google had missed a trick by not using [WebP][60], which is an image format that is 26% smaller in size compared to PNGs (with no loss in quality) and 25-34% smaller in size compared to JPEGs (and of a comparable quality). I thought I’d have a go at converting SVG to WebP.
+
+Converting to WebP did bring one of the SVGs down from 186 KB to just 65 KB, but actually, looking at the images side by side, the WebP came out grainy:
+
+[![Comparison of the two images][61]][62]The SVG (left) is noticeably crisper than the WebP (right). ([Large preview][62])
+
+I then tried converting one of the PNGs to WebP, which is supposed to be lossless and should come out smaller. However, the WebP output was *heavier* (127 KB, from 109 KB)!
+
+[![Comparison of the two images][63]][64]The PNG (left) is a similar quality to the WebP (right) but is smaller at 109 KB compared to 127 KB. ([Large preview][64])
+
+This surprised me. WebP isn’t necessarily the silver bullet we think it is, and even Google have neglected to use it on this page.
+
+So my advice would be: where possible, experiment with different image formats on a per-image basis. The format that keeps the best quality for the smallest size may not be the one you expect.
+
+Now back to the DOM. I came across this:
+
+Notice the `async` keyword on the Google analytics script?
+
+[![Screenshot of performance analysis output of devtools][65]][66]Google analytics has ‘low’ priority. ([Large preview][66])
+
+Despite being one of the first things in the head of the document, this was given a low priority, as we’ve explicitly opted out of being a blocking request by using the `async` keyword.
+
+A blocking request is one that stops the rendering of the page. A `
+
+
+