From fd7c2ff6434e3b0e895c19751b30497fec42b8e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ninifly <18328038336@163.com> Date: Sat, 18 May 2019 00:50:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0001/1265] Update 20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md --- ...Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md b/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md index 5e5f4df763..0fb3c6469d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md +++ b/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (ninifly) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7187d0dced4e3714a4c796687a86ee3c88e52092 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ninifly <18328038336@163.com> Date: Sat, 18 May 2019 15:35:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0002/1265] Update 20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md --- ...computing is in most industries- future.md | 29 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md b/sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md index 3f5a6d4c00..ec6366638b 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md @@ -7,38 +7,39 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391016/edge-computing-is-in-most-industries-future.html#tk.rss_all) [#]: author: (Anne Taylor https://www.networkworld.com/author/Anne-Taylor/) -Edge computing is in most industries’ future +边缘计算是大多数行业的未来 ====== -Nearly every industry can take advantage of edge computing in the journey to speed digital transformation efforts +几乎每个行业都能够在加速数字化转型的进程中利用边缘计算的优势。 ![iStock][1] -The growth of edge computing is about to take a huge leap. Right now, companies are generating about 10% of their data outside a traditional data center or cloud. But within the next six years, that will increase to 75%, [according to Gartner][2]. +边缘计算的发展将取得一次巨大的飞跃。现在，公司在传统数据中心或云之外生成了10%的数据。但在未来六年内，这一比例将升至75%。 +[according to Gartner][2]. -That’s largely down to the need to process data emanating from devices, such as Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. Early adopters include: +这很大程度上取决于处理来自设备数据的需要，比如物联网数据传感器。 +早起采用这一方法的人包括: - * **Manufacturers:** Devices and sensors seem endemic to this industry, so it’s no surprise to see the need to find faster processing methods for the data produced. A recent [_Automation World_][3] survey found that 43% of manufacturers have deployed edge projects. Most popular use cases have included production/manufacturing data analysis and equipment data analytics. + * **制造商:** 设备与传感器在这个行业似乎是特有的，因此需要为生产数据找到更快速的方法也就不足为奇。最近 [_Automation World_][3]研究发现43%的制造商已经部署了边缘计算。最流行的事例包括了生产数据分析与设备数据分析。 - * **Retailers** : Like most industries deeply affected by the need to digitize operations, retailers are being forced to innovate their customer experiences. To that end, these organizations are “investing aggressively in compute power located closer to the buyer,” [writes Dave Johnson][4], executive vice president of the IT division at Schneider Electric. He cites examples such as augmented-reality mirrors in fitting rooms that offer different clothing options without the consumer having to try on the items, and beacon-based heat maps that show in-store traffic. + * **零售商** : 与大多数深受数字化运营需求影响的产业一样，零售商被迫革新其客户体验。为了达到那一目的，这些组织“正在积极投资靠近买家的计算能力”[writes Dave Johns on][4], 施耐德电气公司IT部门执行副总裁说。他列举了一些例子，例如在试衣间的增强现实镜，给提供了不同的服装选择，而不用顾客试用这些服装。又如用于显示店内交通的基于信标的热图。 - * **Healthcare organizations** : As healthcare costs continue to escalate, this industry is ripe for innovation that improves productivity and cost efficiencies. Management consulting firm [McKinsey & Co. has identified][5] at least 11 healthcare use cases that benefit patients, the facility, or both. Two examples: tracking mobile medical devices for nursing efficiency as well as optimization of equipment, and wearable devices that track user exercise and offer wellness advice. + * **医疗保健机构** : 随着医疗成本的不断上升，这一行业已经在具备在提高生产能力与成本效率方面的创新能力。管理咨询公司已经确定，[McKinsey & Co. has identified][5] 至少有11个有益于患者、医疗机构或者两者都有的医疗保健用例。两个例子：跟踪移动医疗设备提高护理效率，同时也有助于优化设备；可穿戴设备跟踪用户锻炼并提供健康的建议。 -While these are strong use cases, as the edge computing market grows, so too will the number of industries adopting it. +虽然这些是强大的用例，随着边缘计算市场的扩大，使用它的行业也会增加。 -**Getting the edge on digital transformation** +**数字化转型的优势** -Faster processing at the edge fits perfectly into the objectives and goals of digital transformation — improving efficiencies, productivity, speed to market, and the customer experience. Here are just a few of the potential applications and industries that will be changed by edge computing: +随着边缘计算的快速处理能力完全符合数字化转型的提高效率、生产能力和市场发展速度和客户体验。以下是一些有潜力的应用及将被边缘计算改变的行业： -**Agriculture:** Farmers and organizations already use drones to transmit field and climate conditions to watering equipment. Other applications might include monitoring and location tracking of workers, livestock, and equipment to improve productivity, efficiencies, and costs. - -**Energy** : There are multiple potential applications in this sector that could benefit both consumers and providers. For example, smart meters help homeowners better manage energy use while reducing grid operators’ need for manual meter reading. Similarly, sensors on water pipes would detect leaks, while providing real-time consumption data. +**农业** ：农名和组织已经使用无人机将农田和气候环境传给灌溉设备。其他的应用可能包括了工人、牲畜和设备的监测与位置跟踪从而改善生产能力、效率和成本。 +**能源** : 在这一领域有许多的qian that could benefit both consumers and providers. For example, smart meters help homeowners better manage energy use while reducing grid operators’ need for manual meter reading. Similarly, sensors on water pipes would detect leaks, while providing real-time consumption data. **Financial services** : Banks are adopting interactive ATMs that quickly process data to provide better customer experiences. At the organizational level, transactional data can be more quickly analyzed for fraudulent activity. -**Logistics** : As consumers demand faster delivery of goods and services, logistics companies will need to transform mapping and routing capabilities to get real-time data, especially in terms of last-mile planning and tracking. That could involve street-, package-, and car-based sensors transmitting data for processing. +**Logistics** : As consumers demand faster delivery of goods and services, logistics companies will need to transform mapping and routing capabilities to get real-time data, especially in terms of last-mile pla钱 nning and tracking. That could involve street-, package-, and car-based sensors transmitting data for processing. All industries have the potential for transformation, thanks to edge computing. But it will depend on how they address their computing infrastructure. Discover how to overcome any IT obstacles at [APC.com][6]. From e8f92a6dfbafcdf901a2bb7e06c6bf92b168b3e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ninifly <18328038336@163.com> Date: Mon, 20 May 2019 22:08:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0003/1265] Update 20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md --- ...3 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md b/sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md index ec6366638b..f94e35ef05 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md @@ -24,24 +24,24 @@ - * **医疗保健机构** : 随着医疗成本的不断上升，这一行业已经在具备在提高生产能力与成本效率方面的创新能力。管理咨询公司已经确定，[McKinsey & Co. has identified][5] 至少有11个有益于患者、医疗机构或者两者都有的医疗保健用例。两个例子：跟踪移动医疗设备提高护理效率，同时也有助于优化设备；可穿戴设备跟踪用户锻炼并提供健康的建议。 + * **医疗保健机构** : 随着医疗成本的不断上升，这一行业已经在具备在提高生产能力与成本效率方面的创新能力。管理咨询公司已经确定，[McKinsey & Co. has identified][5] 至少有11个有益于患者、医疗机构或者两者都有的医疗保健用例。举两个例子：跟踪移动医疗设备提高护理效率，同时也有助于优化设备；可穿戴设备跟踪用户锻炼并提供健康的建议。 -虽然这些是强大的用例，随着边缘计算市场的扩大，使用它的行业也会增加。 +虽然以上这些是明显的用例，随着边缘计算市场的扩大，使用它的行业也会增加。 **数字化转型的优势** 随着边缘计算的快速处理能力完全符合数字化转型的提高效率、生产能力和市场发展速度和客户体验。以下是一些有潜力的应用及将被边缘计算改变的行业： **农业** ：农名和组织已经使用无人机将农田和气候环境传给灌溉设备。其他的应用可能包括了工人、牲畜和设备的监测与位置跟踪从而改善生产能力、效率和成本。 -**能源** : 在这一领域有许多的qian that could benefit both consumers and providers. For example, smart meters help homeowners better manage energy use while reducing grid operators’ need for manual meter reading. Similarly, sensors on water pipes would detect leaks, while providing real-time consumption data. +**能源** : 在这一领域有许多的潜在的应用，可以使消费者与供应商都受益。例如，智能电表有助于业主更好地管理能源使用，同时减少电网运营商对手动抄表的需求。 同样的，水管上的传感器能够监测到泄露，同时提供实时漏水数据。 -**Financial services** : Banks are adopting interactive ATMs that quickly process data to provide better customer experiences. At the organizational level, transactional data can be more quickly analyzed for fraudulent activity. +**金融服务** : 银行正在采取交互式ATM机，这种交互式ATM机能够快速地处理数据以提供更好的用户体验。在管理层次，可以更快速地分析交易数据中的欺诈行为。 -**Logistics** : As consumers demand faster delivery of goods and services, logistics companies will need to transform mapping and routing capabilities to get real-time data, especially in terms of last-mile pla钱 nning and tracking. That could involve street-, package-, and car-based sensors transmitting data for processing. +**物流** : 由于消费者需要更快速地提供商品和服务，物流公司将需要转换映射和路由功能以获取实时数据，尤其在最后一公里计划和轨迹方面。这可能涉及到街道、数据包及汽车基于传感器的数据传输过程。 -All industries have the potential for transformation, thanks to edge computing. But it will depend on how they address their computing infrastructure. Discover how to overcome any IT obstacles at [APC.com][6]. +得益于边缘计算，所有行业都有转型的潜力。但是，这将取决于他们如何处理计算机基础设施。在APC.com发现如何克服任何IT阻碍。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 8716e8849c14d14c190e10724d69abf7916add13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Northurland <40388212+Northurland@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 24 May 2019 20:32:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0004/1265] Update 20180818 What Did Ada Lovelace-s Program Actually Do.md --- .../20180818 What Did Ada Lovelace-s Program Actually Do.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20180818 What Did Ada Lovelace-s Program Actually Do.md b/sources/talk/20180818 What Did Ada Lovelace-s Program Actually Do.md index 8bbb651cfd..fc669a1a3c 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20180818 What Did Ada Lovelace-s Program Actually Do.md +++ b/sources/talk/20180818 What Did Ada Lovelace-s Program Actually Do.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Northurland Translating + What Did Ada Lovelace's Program Actually Do? ====== The story of Microsoft’s founding is one of the most famous episodes in computing history. In 1975, Paul Allen flew out to Albuquerque to demonstrate the BASIC interpreter that he and Bill Gates had written for the Altair microcomputer. Because neither of them had a working Altair, Allen and Gates tested their interpreter using an emulator that they wrote and ran on Harvard’s computer system. The emulator was based on nothing more than the published specifications for the Intel 8080 processor. When Allen finally ran their interpreter on a real Altair—in front of the person he and Gates hoped would buy their software—he had no idea if it would work. But it did. The next month, Allen and Gates officially founded their new company. From b7b6513e4b8c62490a23dbd42c1d28628829c1f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Beini Gu Date: Fri, 24 May 2019 13:03:40 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 0005/1265] Finish translating --- ... source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md | 84 ------------------- ... source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md | 83 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md b/sources/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md deleted file mode 100644 index 664c054913..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,84 +0,0 @@ -3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/camera-photography-film.jpg?itok=oe2ixyu6) - -You wouldn't be wrong to wonder whether the smartphone, that modern jack-of-all-trades, is taking over photography. While that might be valid in the point-and-shoot camera market, there are a sizeable number of photography professionals and hobbyists who recognize that a camera that fits in your pocket can never replace a high-end DSLR camera and the depth, clarity, and realism of its photos. - -All of that power comes with a small price in terms of convenience; like negatives from traditional film cameras, the [raw image][1] files produced by DSLRs must be processed before they can be edited or printed. For this, a digital image processing application is indispensable, and the go-to application has been Adobe Lightroom. But for many reasons—including its expensive, subscription-based pricing model and its proprietary license—there's a lot of interest in open source and other alternatives. - -Lightroom has two main functions: processing raw image files and digital asset management (DAM)—organizing images with tags, ratings, and other metadata to make it easier to keep track of them. - -In this article, we'll look at three open source image processing applications: Darktable, LightZone, and RawTherapee. All of them have DAM capabilities, but none has Lightroom's machine learning-based image categorization and tagging features. If you're looking for more information about open source DAM software, check out Terry Hancock's article "[Digital asset management for an open movie project][2]," where he shares his research on software to organize multimedia files for his [_Lunatics!_][3] open movie project. - -### Darktable - -![Darktable][4] - -Like the other applications on our list, [darktable][5] processes raw images into usable file formats—it exports into JPEG, PNG, TIFF, PPM, PFM, and EXR, and it also supports Google and Facebook web albums, Flickr uploads, email attachments, and web gallery creation. - -Its 61 image operation modules allow you to adjust contrast, tone, exposure, color, noise, etc.; add watermarks; crop and rotate; and much more. As with the other applications described in this article, those edits are "non-destructive"—that is, your original raw image is preserved no matter how many tweaks and modifications you make. - -Darktable imports raw images from more than 400 cameras plus JPEG, CR2, DNG, OpenEXR, and PFM; images are managed in a database so you can filter and search using metadata including tags, ratings, and color. It's also available in 21 languages and is supported on Linux, MacOS, BSD, Solaris 11/GNOME, and Windows. (The [Windows port][6] is new, and darktable warns it may have "rough edges or missing functionality" compared to other versions.) - -Darktable is licensed under [GPLv3][7]; you can learn more by perusing its [features][8], viewing the [user manual][9], or accessing its [source code][10] on GitHub. - -### LightZone - -![LightZone's tool stack][11] - -As a non-destructive raw image processing tool, [LightZone][12] is similar to the other two applications on this list: it's cross-platform, operating on Windows, MacOS, and Linux, and it supports JPG and TIFF images in addition to raw. But it's also unique in several ways. - -For one thing, it started out in 2005 as a proprietary image processing tool and later became an open source project under a BSD license. Also, before you can download the application, you must register for a free account; this is so the LightZone development community can track downloads and build the community. (Approval is quick and automated, so it's not a large barrier.) - -Another difference is that image modifications are done using stackable tools, rather than filters (like most image-editing applications); tool stacks can be rearranged or removed, as well as saved and copied to a batch of images. You can also edit certain parts of an image using a vector-based tool or by selecting pixels based on color or brightness. - -You can get more information on LightZone by searching its [forums][13] or accessing its [source code][14] on GitHub. - -### RawTherapee - -![RawTherapee][15] - -[RawTherapee][16] is another popular open source ([GPL][17]) raw image processor worth your attention. Like darktable and LightZone, it is cross-platform (Windows, MacOS, and Linux) and implements edits in a non-destructive fashion, so you maintain access to your original raw image file no matter what filters or changes you make. - -RawTherapee uses a panel-based interface, including a history panel to keep track of your changes and revert to a previous point; a snapshot panel that allows you to work with multiple versions of a photo; and scrollable tool panels to easily select a tool without worrying about accidentally using the wrong one. Its tools offer a wide variety of exposure, color, detail, transformation, and demosaicing features. - -The application imports raw files from most cameras and is localized to more than 25 languages, making it widely usable. Features like batch processing and [SSE][18] optimizations improve speed and CPU performance. - -RawTherapee offers many other [features][19]; check out its [documentation][20] and [source code][21] for details. - -Do you use another open source raw image processing tool in your photography? Do you have any related tips or suggestions for other photographers? If so, please share your recommendations in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/alternatives/adobe-lightroom - -作者：[Opensource.com][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com -[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_image_format -[2]:https://opensource.com/article/18/3/movie-open-source-software -[3]:http://lunatics.tv/ -[4]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/panopoly_image_original/public/uploads/raw-image-processors_darkroom1.jpg?itok=0fjk37tC (Darktable) -[5]:http://www.darktable.org/ -[6]:https://www.darktable.org/about/faq/#faq-windows -[7]:https://github.com/darktable-org/darktable/blob/master/LICENSE -[8]:https://www.darktable.org/about/features/ -[9]:https://www.darktable.org/resources/ -[10]:https://github.com/darktable-org/darktable -[11]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/panopoly_image_original/public/uploads/raw-image-processors_lightzone1tookstack.jpg?itok=1e3s85CZ (LightZone's tool stack) -[12]:http://www.lightzoneproject.org/ -[13]:http://www.lightzoneproject.org/Forum -[14]:https://github.com/ktgw0316/LightZone -[15]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/panopoly_image_original/public/uploads/raw-image-processors_rawtherapee.jpg?itok=meiuLxPw (RawTherapee) -[16]:http://rawtherapee.com/ -[17]:https://github.com/Beep6581/RawTherapee/blob/dev/LICENSE.txt -[18]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_SIMD_Extensions -[19]:http://rawpedia.rawtherapee.com/Features -[20]:http://rawpedia.rawtherapee.com/Main_Page -[21]:https://github.com/Beep6581/RawTherapee diff --git a/translated/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md b/translated/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1ac86027b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +# Adobe Lightroom 的三个开源替代 + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/camera-photography-film.jpg?itok=oe2ixyu6) + +如今智能手机的摄像功能已经完备到多数人认为可以代替传统摄影了。虽然这在傻瓜相机的市场中是个事实，但是对于许多摄影爱好者和专业摄影师看来，一个高端单反相机所能带来的照片景深，清晰度以及真实质感是无法和口袋中的智能手机相比的。 + +所有的这些功能在便利性上仅有很小的代价；就像传统的胶片相机中的反色负片，单反照相得到的RAW格式文件必须预先处理才能印刷或编辑；因此对于单反相机，照片的后期处理是无可替代的，因此Adobe Lightroom便无可替代。但是Adobe Lightroom的昂贵价格，月付的订阅费用以及专有许可证都使更多人开始关注其开源替代的软件。 + +Lightroom 有两大主要功能：处理 RAW 格式的图片文件，以及数字资产管理系统（DAM：Digital Asset Management） —— 通过标签，评星以及其他的元数据信息来简单清晰地整理照片。 + +在这篇文章中，我们将介绍三个开源的图片处理软件：Darktable，LightZone 以及 RawTherapee。所有的软件都有 DAM 系统，但没有任何一个有 Lightroom 基于机器学习的图像分类和标签功能。如果你想要知道更多关于 开源的 DAM 系统的软件，可以看 Terry Hacock 的文章："[开源项目的 DAM 管理][2]“，他分享了他在自己的 [_Lunatics!_][3] 电影项目研究过的开源多媒体软件。 + +### Darktable + +![Darktable][4] + +类似其他两个软件，darktable 可以处理RAW 格式的图像并将他们转换成可用的文件格式—— JPEG，PNG，TIFF, PPM， PFM 和 EXR，它同时支持Google 和 Facebook 的在线相册，上传至Flikr，通过邮件附件发送以及创建在线相册。 + +它有 61 个图像处理模块，可以调整图像的对比度、色调、明暗、色彩、噪点；添加水印；切割以及旋转；等等。如同另外两个软件一样，不论你做出多少次修改，这些修改都是”无损的“ —— 你的初始 RAW 图像文件始终会被保存。 + +Darktable 可以从 400 多种相机型号中直接导入照片，以及有 JPEG，CR2，DNG ，OpenEXR和PFM等格式的支持。图像在一个数据库中显示，因此你可以轻易地filter并查询这些元数据，包括了文字标签，评星以及颜色标签。软件同时支持21种语言，支持 Linux，MacOS，BSD，Solaris 11/GNOME 以及 Windows （Windows 版本是最新发布的，Darktable 声明它比起其他版本可能还有一些不完备之处，有一些未实现的功能） + +Darktable 在开源证书 [GPLv3][7] 下被公开，你可以了解更多它的 [特性][8]，查阅它的 [用户手册][9]，或者直接去 Github 上看[源代码][10] 。 + +### LightZone + +![LightZone's tool stack][11] + + [LightZone][12] 和其他两个软件类似同样是无损的 RAW 格式图像处理工具：它跨平台，有 Windows，MacOS 和 Linux 版本，除 RAW 格式之外，它还支持 JPG 和 TIFF 格式的图像处理。接下来说LightZone 其他的特性。 + +这个软件最初是一个在专有许可证下的图像处理软件，后来在 BSD 证书下开源。以及，在你下载这个软件之前，你必须注册一个免费账号。因此 LightZone的 开发团队可以跟踪软件的下载数量以及建立相关社区。（许可很快，而且是自动的，因此这不是一个很大的使用障碍。） + +除此之外的一个特性是这个软件的图像处理通常是通过很多可组合的工具实现的，而不是叠加滤镜（就像大多数图像处理软件），这些工具组可以被重新编排以及移除，以及被保存并且复制到另一些图像。如果想要编辑图片的一部分，你还可以通过矢量工具或者根据色彩和亮度来选择像素。 + +想要了解更多，见 LightZone 的[论坛][13] 或者查看Github上的 [源代码][14]。 + +### RawTherapee + +![RawTherapee][15] + +[RawTherapee][16] 是另一个开源（[GPL][17]）的RAW图像处理器。就像 Darktable 和 LightZone，它是跨平台的（支持 Windows，MacOS 和 Linux），一切修改都在无损条件下进行，因此不论你叠加多少滤镜做出多少改变，你都可以回到你最初的 RAW 文件。 + +RawTherapee 采用的是一个面板式的界面，包括一个历史记录面板来跟踪你做出的修改方便随时回到先前的图像；一个快照面板可以让你同时处理一张照片的不同版本；一个可滚动的工具面板方便准确选择工具。这些工具包括了一系列的调整曝光、色彩、细节、图像变换以及去马赛克功能。 + +这个软件可以从多数相机直接导入 RAW 文件，并且支持超过25种语言得以广泛使用。批量处理以及 [SSE][18] 优化这类功能也进一步提高了图像处理的速度以及 CPU 性能。 + +RawTherapee 还提供了很多其他 [功能][19]；可以查看它的 [官方文档][20] 以及 [源代码][21] 了解更多细节。 + +你是否在摄影中使用另一个开源的 RAW图像处理工具？有任何建议和推荐都可以在评论中分享。 + +------ + +via: https://opensource.com/alternatives/adobe-lightroom + +作者：[Opensource.com][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[scoutydren](https://github.com/scoutydren) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_image_format +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/movie-open-source-software +[3]: http://lunatics.tv/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/panopoly_image_original/public/uploads/raw-image-processors_darkroom1.jpg?itok=0fjk37tC "Darktable" +[5]: http://www.darktable.org/ +[6]: https://www.darktable.org/about/faq/#faq-windows +[7]: https://github.com/darktable-org/darktable/blob/master/LICENSE +[8]: https://www.darktable.org/about/features/ +[9]: https://www.darktable.org/resources/ +[10]: https://github.com/darktable-org/darktable +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/panopoly_image_original/public/uploads/raw-image-processors_lightzone1tookstack.jpg?itok=1e3s85CZ "LightZone's tool stack" +[12]: http://www.lightzoneproject.org/ +[13]: http://www.lightzoneproject.org/Forum +[14]: https://github.com/ktgw0316/LightZone +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/panopoly_image_original/public/uploads/raw-image-processors_rawtherapee.jpg?itok=meiuLxPw "RawTherapee" +[16]: http://rawtherapee.com/ +[17]: https://github.com/Beep6581/RawTherapee/blob/dev/LICENSE.txt +[18]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_SIMD_Extensions +[19]: http://rawpedia.rawtherapee.com/Features +[20]: http://rawpedia.rawtherapee.com/Main_Page +[21]: https://github.com/Beep6581/RawTherapee From 0578939e4f4c5268929e13cb7340c8cc3967eb27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Sat, 25 May 2019 09:39:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0006/1265] Translanting --- sources/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md b/sources/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md index 2c4ca113e3..74aab10896 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 18e154f7dd4ca57ab26bcefdd6458f9623e861de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 25 May 2019 10:14:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0007/1265] PRF:20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md @zhs852 --- ...odes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md | 12 +++++------- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md b/translated/tech/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md index bf57e58d12..08355ef70e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (zhs852) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/slimbook-battry-optimizer-ubuntu/) -[#]: author: Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) 在 Ubuntu 中使用 Slimbook Battery Optimizer 切换电源模式 ====== -> Slimbook Battery Optimizer 是一个美观实用的指示器小程序，它可以让你你在安装 Linux 的笔记本上快速切换电源模式来延长续航时间。 +> Slimbook Battery Optimizer 是一个美观实用的指示器小程序，它可以让你在安装了 Linux 的笔记本上快速切换电源模式来延长续航时间。 -[Slimbook][1] 是一个销售 [预装 Linux 的笔电][2] 的西班牙电脑制造商，他们发布了一款好用的小程序，用来在基于 Ubuntu 的 Linux 发行版下调整电池性能。 +[Slimbook][1] 是一个销售 [预装 Linux 的笔记本电脑][2] 的西班牙电脑制造商，他们发布了一款好用的小程序，用来在基于 Ubuntu 的 Linux 发行版下调整电池性能。 因为 Slimbook 销售他们自己的 Linux 系统，所以他们制作了一些在 Linux 上用于调整他们自己硬件性能的小工具。Battery Optimizer 就是这样一个工具。 @@ -46,8 +46,6 @@ Slimbook 有专门为多种电源管理参数提供的页面。如果你希望 总的来说，Slimbook Battery 是一个小巧精美的软件，你可以用它来快速切换电源模式。如果你决定在 Ubuntu 及其衍生发行版上（比如 Linux Mint 或 elementary OS 等），你可以使用官方 [PPA 源][8]。 -说个题外话，推荐阅读大家阅读 [Ubuntu 论坛被入侵，用户数据被盗取][9] 这篇文章。 - #### 在基于 Ubuntu 的发行版上安装 Slimbook Battery 打开终端，一步一步地使用以下命令： @@ -86,7 +84,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/slimbook-battry-optimizer-ubuntu/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[zhs852](https://github.com/zhs852) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5fa30ba853b2545969500471c3103478ff5a7249 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 25 May 2019 10:15:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0008/1265] PUB:20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md @zhs852 https://linux.cn/article-10897-1.html --- ...e Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md b/published/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md rename to published/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md index 08355ef70e..15c51dc608 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md +++ b/published/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (zhs852) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10897-1.html) [#]: subject: (Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/slimbook-battry-optimizer-ubuntu/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) From 78a8ad139ab1f280f7d9d7ec35c15712dfa976b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Sat, 25 May 2019 16:11:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0009/1265] translating by MjSeven --- ... Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md index 555a475651..b4f891d16c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by MjSeve + ddgr – A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal ====== Bash tricks are really awesome in Linux that makes everything is possible in Linux. From 863f765617a2cd8dd6f1d4b500ed5c8be1bd42ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 26 May 2019 10:47:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0010/1265] PRF:20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md @MjSeven --- ...80429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md | 167 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 76 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md b/translated/tech/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md index df3e8581e3..cadc526b0f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md +++ b/translated/tech/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -最简单的 PDO 教程（基础知识） +PHP PDO 简单教程 ====== ![](http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/php-language.jpg) -大约 80% 的 Web 应用程序由 PHP 提供支持。类似地，SQL 也是如此。PHP 5.5 版本之前，我们有用于访问 mysql 数据库的 **mysql_** 命令，但由于安全性不足，它们最终被弃用。 +大约 80% 的 Web 应用程序由 PHP 提供支持。类似地，SQL 也是如此。PHP 5.5 版本之前，我们有用于访问 MySQL 数据库的 mysql_ 命令，但由于安全性不足，它们最终被弃用。 -**这发生在 2013 年的 PHP 5.5 上，我写这篇文章的时间是 2018 年，PHP 版本为 7.2。mysql_** 的弃用带来了访问数据库的两种主要方法：**mysqli** 和 **PDO** 库。 +弃用这件事是发生在 2013 年的 PHP 5.5 上，我写这篇文章的时间是 2018 年，PHP 版本为 7.2。mysql_ 的弃用带来了访问数据库的两种主要方法：mysqli 和 PDO 库。 虽然 mysqli 库是官方指定的，但由于 mysqli 只能支持 mysql 数据库，而 PDO 可以支持 12 种不同类型的数据库驱动程序，因此 PDO 获得了更多的赞誉。此外，PDO 还有其它一些特性，使其成为大多数开发人员的更好选择。你可以在下表中看到一些特性比较： | | PDO | MySQLi ---|---|--- -| **数据库支持** | 12 种驱动 | 只有 MySQL -| **范例** | OOP | 过程 + OOP -| **预处理语句（客户端侧）** | Yes | No -| **命名参数** | Yes | No +| 数据库支持 | 12 种驱动 | 只有 MySQL +| 范例 | OOP | 过程 + OOP +| 预处理语句（客户端侧） | Yes | No +| 1命名参数 | Yes | No 现在我想对于大多数开发人员来说，PDO 是首选的原因已经很清楚了。所以让我们深入研究它，并希望在本文中尽量涵盖关于 PDO 你需要的了解的。 @@ -24,51 +24,43 @@ 我们要做的第一件事是定义主机、数据库名称、用户名、密码和数据库字符集。 -`$host = 'localhost';` +``` +$host = 'localhost'; +$db = 'theitstuff'; +$user = 'root'; +$pass = 'root'; +$charset = 'utf8mb4'; +$dsn = "mysql:host=$host;dbname=$db;charset=$charset"; +$conn = new PDO($dsn, $user, $pass); +``` -`$db = 'theitstuff';` +之后，正如你在上面的代码中看到的，我们创建了 DSN 变量，DSN 变量只是一个保存数据库信息的变量。对于一些在外部服务器上运行 MySQL 的人，你还可以通过提供一个 `port=$port_number` 来调整端口号。 -`$user = 'root';` - -`$pass = 'root';` - -`$charset = 'utf8mb4';` - -`$dsn = "mysql:host=$host;dbname=$db;charset=$charset";` - -`$conn = new PDO($dsn, $user, $pass);` - -之后，正如你在上面的代码中看到的，我们创建了 **DSN** 变量，DSN 变量只是一个保存数据库信息的变量。对于一些在外部服务器上运行 mysql 的人，你还可以通过提供一个 **port=$port_number** 来调整端口号。 - -最后，你可以创建一个 PDO 类的实例，我使用了 **\$conn** 变量，并提供了 **\$dsn、\$user、\$pass** 参数。如果你遵循这些步骤，你现在应该有一个名为 $conn 的对象，它是 PDO 连接类的一个实例。现在是时候进入数据库并运行一些查询。 +最后，你可以创建一个 PDO 类的实例，我使用了 `$conn` 变量，并提供了 `$dsn`、`$user`、`$pass` 参数。如果你遵循这些步骤，你现在应该有一个名为 `$conn` 的对象，它是 PDO 连接类的一个实例。现在是时候进入数据库并运行一些查询。 ### 一个简单的 SQL 查询 现在让我们运行一个简单的 SQL 查询。 -`$tis = $conn->query('SELECT name, age FROM students');` +``` +$tis = $conn->query('SELECT name, age FROM students'); +while ($row = $tis->fetch()) +{ + echo $row['name']."\t"; + echo $row['age']; + echo "
"; +} +``` -`while ($row = $tis->fetch())` +这是使用 PDO 运行查询的最简单形式。我们首先创建了一个名为 `tis`（TheITStuff 的缩写 ）的变量，然后你可以看到我们使用了创建的 `$conn` 对象中的查询函数。 -`{` - -`echo $row['name']."\t";` - -`echo $row['age'];` - -`echo "
";` - -`}` - -这是使用 PDO 运行查询的最简单形式。我们首先创建了一个名为 **tis（TheITStuff 的缩写 ）** 的变量，然后你可以看到我们使用了创建的 $conn 对象中的查询函数。 - -然后我们运行一个 while 循环并创建了一个 **$row** 变量来从 **$tis** 对象中获取内容，最后通过调用列名来显示每一行。 +然后我们运行一个 `while` 循环并创建了一个 `$row` 变量来从 `$tis` 对象中获取内容，最后通过调用列名来显示每一行。 很简单，不是吗？现在让我们来看看预处理语句。 ### 预处理语句 -预处理语句是人们开始使用 PDO 的主要原因之一，因为它准备了可以阻止 SQL 注入的语句。 +预处理语句是人们开始使用 PDO 的主要原因之一，因为它提供了可以阻止 SQL 注入的语句。 有两种基本方法可供使用，你可以使用位置参数或命名参数。 @@ -76,83 +68,76 @@ 让我们看一个使用位置参数的查询示例。 -`$tis = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO STUDENTS(name, age) values(?, ?)");` +``` +$tis = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO STUDENTS(name, age) values(?, ?)"); +$tis->bindValue(1,'mike'); +$tis->bindValue(2,22); +$tis->execute(); +``` -`$tis->bindValue(1,'mike');` +在上面的例子中，我们放置了两个问号，然后使用 `bindValue()` 函数将值映射到查询中。这些值绑定到语句问号中的位置。 -`$tis->bindValue(2,22);` +我还可以使用变量而不是直接提供值，通过使用 `bindParam()` 函数相同例子如下： -`$tis->execute();` - -在上面的例子中，我们放置了两个问号，然后使用 **bindValue()** 函数将值映射到查询中。这些值绑定到语句问号中的位置。 - -我还可以使用变量而不是直接提供值，通过使用 **bindParam()** 函数相同例子如下： - -`$name='Rishabh'; $age=20;` - -`$tis = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO STUDENTS(name, age) values(?, ?)");` - -`$tis->bindParam(1,$name);` - -`$tis->bindParam(2,$age);` - -`$tis->execute();` +``` +$name='Rishabh'; $age=20; +$tis = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO STUDENTS(name, age) values(?, ?)"); +$tis->bindParam(1,$name); +$tis->bindParam(2,$age); +$tis->execute(); +``` ### 命名参数 命名参数也是预处理语句，它将值/变量映射到查询中的命名位置。由于没有位置绑定，因此在多次使用相同变量的查询中非常有效。 -`$name='Rishabh'; $age=20;` +``` +$name='Rishabh'; $age=20; +$tis = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO STUDENTS(name, age) values(:name, :age)"); +$tis->bindParam(':name', $name); +$tis->bindParam(':age', $age); +$tis->execute(); +``` -`$tis = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO STUDENTS(name, age) values(:name, :age)");` +你可以注意到，唯一的变化是我使用 `:name` 和 `:age` 作为占位符，然后将变量映射到它们。冒号在参数之前使用，让 PDO 知道该位置是一个变量，这非常重要。 -`$tis->bindParam(':name', $name);` - -`$tis->bindParam(':age', $age);` - -`$tis->execute();` - -你可以注意到，唯一的变化是我使用 **:name** 和 **:age** 作为占位符，然后将变量映射到它们。冒号在参数之前使用，让 PDO 知道该位置是一个变量，这非常重要。 - -你也可以类似地使用 **bindValue()** 来使用命名参数直接映射值。 +你也可以类似地使用 `bindValue()` 来使用命名参数直接映射值。 ### 获取数据 PDO 在获取数据时非常丰富，它实际上提供了许多格式来从数据库中获取数据。 -你可以使用 **PDO::FETCH_ASSOC** 来获取关联数组，**PDO::FETCH_NUM** 来获取数字数组，使用 **PDO::FETCH_OBJ** 来获取对象数组。 +你可以使用 `PDO::FETCH_ASSOC` 来获取关联数组，`PDO::FETCH_NUM` 来获取数字数组，使用 `PDO::FETCH_OBJ` 来获取对象数组。 -`$tis = $conn->prepare("SELECT * FROM STUDENTS");` +``` +$tis = $conn->prepare("SELECT * FROM STUDENTS"); +$tis->execute(); +$result = $tis->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); +``` -`$tis->execute();` - -`$result = $tis->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);` - -你可以看到我使用了 **fetchAll**，因为我想要所有匹配的记录。如果只需要一行，你可以简单地使用 **fetch**。 +你可以看到我使用了 `fetchAll`，因为我想要所有匹配的记录。如果只需要一行，你可以简单地使用 `fetch`。 现在我们已经获取了数据，现在是时候循环它了，这非常简单。 -`foreach($result as $lnu){` - -`echo $lnu['name'];` - -`echo $lnu['age']."
";` - -`}` +``` +foreach ($result as $lnu){ + echo $lnu['name']; + echo $lnu['age']."
"; +} +``` 你可以看到，因为我请求了关联数组，所以我正在按名称访问各个成员。 -虽然在定义希望如何传输递数据方面没有要求，但在定义 conn 变量本身时，实际上可以将其设置为默认值。 +虽然在定义希望如何传输递数据方面没有要求，但在定义 `$conn` 变量本身时，实际上可以将其设置为默认值。 -你需要做的就是创建一个 options 数组，你可以在其中放入所有默认配置，只需在 conn 变量中传递数组即可。 +你需要做的就是创建一个 `$options` 数组，你可以在其中放入所有默认配置，只需在 `$conn` 变量中传递数组即可。 -`$options = [` - -` PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => PDO::FETCH_ASSOC,` - -`];` - -`$conn = new PDO($dsn, $user, $pass, $options);` +``` +$options = [ + PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE => PDO::FETCH_ASSOC, +]; +$conn = new PDO($dsn, $user, $pass, $options); +``` 这是一个非常简短和快速的 PDO 介绍，我们很快就会制作一个高级教程。如果你在理解本教程的任何部分时遇到任何困难，请在评论部分告诉我，我会在那你为你解答。 @@ -163,7 +148,7 @@ via: http://www.theitstuff.com/easiest-pdo-tutorial-basics 作者：[Rishabh Kandari][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a2b9d960a4caeb5d32c7cf789fc3815e104c681a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 26 May 2019 10:47:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0011/1265] PUB:20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md @MjSeven https://linux.cn/article-10899-1.html --- .../20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md b/published/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md rename to published/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md From d8863509c197508181042fd88c1b49fe1d5a8dfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 26 May 2019 13:42:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0012/1265] PRF:20190503 API evolution the right way.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @MjSeven 翻译的很好！ --- .../20190503 API evolution the right way.md | 246 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 110 insertions(+), 136 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190503 API evolution the right way.md b/translated/tech/20190503 API evolution the right way.md index a999b724f5..b8ef4f9911 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190503 API evolution the right way.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190503 API evolution the right way.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (MjSeven) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (API evolution the right way) @@ -9,20 +9,22 @@ API 演进的正确方式 ====== -负责任的库作者与其用户保持的十个约定。 -![Browser of things][1] -想象你是一个创造之神，为一个生物设计一个身体。出于仁慈，你希望这个生物能随着时间进化：首先，因为它必须对环境的变化作出反应，其次，因为你的智慧在增长，你想到了更好的设计。它不应该永远留在同一个身体里！ +> 负责任的库作者与其用户的十个约定。 + +![Browser of things](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201905/26/134131jnymeg7t7gmo6qcy.jpg) + +想象一下你是一个造物主，为一个生物设计一个身体。出于仁慈，你希望它能随着时间进化：首先，因为它必须对环境的变化作出反应；其次，因为你的智慧在增长，你对这个小东西想到了更好的设计，它不应该永远保持一个样子。 ![Serpents][2] -然而，该生物可能依赖于其目前解剖学的特征。你不能在没有警告的情况下添加翅膀或改变它的比例。它需要一个有序的过程来适应新的身体。作为一个负责任的设计师，你如何才能温柔地引导这种生物走向更大的进步呢？ +然而，这个生物可能有赖于其目前解剖学的特征。你不能无所顾忌地添加翅膀或改变它的身材比例。它需要一个有序的过程来适应新的身体。作为一个负责任的设计者，你如何才能温柔地引导这种生物走向更大的进步呢？ -对于负责任的库维护者也是如此。我们向依赖我们代码的人保证我们的承诺：我们发布 bug 修复和有用的新特性。如果对库的未来有利，我们有时会删除特性。我们不断创新，但我们不会破坏使用我们库的人的代码。我们怎样才能一次实现所有这些目标呢？ +对于负责任的库维护者也是如此。我们向依赖我们代码的人保证我们的承诺：我们会发布 bug 修复和有用的新特性。如果对库的未来有利，我们有时会删除某些特性。我们会不断创新，但我们不会破坏使用我们库的人的代码。我们怎样才能一次实现所有这些目标呢？ ### 添加有用的特性 -你的库不应该永远保持不变：你应该添加一些特性，使你的库更适合用户。例如，如果你有一个爬行动物类，并且有翅膀飞行是有用的，那就去添加吧。 +你的库不应该永远保持不变：你应该添加一些特性，使你的库更适合用户。例如，如果你有一个爬行动物类，并且如果有个可以飞行的翅膀是有用的，那就去添加吧。 ``` class Reptile: @@ -47,7 +49,8 @@ bool(datetime.time(0, 0)) == False 我已经写了十多年的 Python 了，但直到上周才发现这条规则。这种奇怪的行为会在用户代码中引起什么样的 bug？ -考虑一个日历应用程序，它带有一个创建事件的函数。如果一个事件有一个结束时间，那么函数也应该要求它有一个开始时间。 +比如说一个日历应用程序，它带有一个创建事件的函数。如果一个事件有一个结束时间，那么函数也应该要求它有一个开始时间。 + ``` def create_event(day, start_time=None, @@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ create_event(datetime.date.today(), datetime.time(4, 0)) ``` -不幸的是，对于女巫来说，从午夜开始的事件无法通过验证。当然，一个了解午夜怪癖的细心程序员可以正确地编写这个函数。 +不幸的是，对于女巫来说，从午夜开始的事件无法通过校验。当然，一个了解午夜怪癖的细心程序员可以正确地编写这个函数。 ``` def create_event(day, @@ -71,13 +74,13 @@ def create_event(day, raise ValueError("Can't pass end_time without start_time") ``` -但这种微妙之处令人担忧。如果一个库作者想要创建一个对用户有害的 API，那么像午夜的布尔转换这样的“特性”很有效。 +但这种微妙之处令人担忧。如果一个库作者想要创建一个伤害用户的 API，那么像午夜的布尔转换这样的“特性”很有效。 ![Man being chased by an alligator][3] 但是，负责任的创建者的目标是使你的库易于正确使用。 -这个功能是由 Tim Peters 在 2002 年首次编写 datetime 模块时造成的。即时是像 Tim 这样的 Python 创始人也会犯错误。[这个怪异后来被消除了][4]，现在所有时间的布尔值都是 True。 +这个功能是由 Tim Peters 在 2002 年首次编写 datetime 模块时造成的。即时是像 Tim 这样的奠基 Python 的高手也会犯错误。[这个怪异之处后来被消除了][4]，现在所有时间的布尔值都是 True。 ``` # Python 3.5 以后 @@ -86,15 +89,15 @@ bool(datetime.time(9, 30)) == True bool(datetime.time(0, 0)) == True ``` -不知道午夜古怪之处的程序员现在可以从晦涩的 bug 中解脱出来，但是一想到任何依赖于古怪的旧行为的代码现在没有注意变化，我会感到紧张。如果根本不实现这个糟糕的特性，情况会更好。这就引出了库维护者的第一个承诺： +不知道午夜怪癖的古怪之处的程序员现在可以从这种晦涩的 bug 中解脱出来，但是一想到任何依赖于古怪的旧行为的代码现在没有注意变化，我就会感到紧张。如果从来没有实现这个糟糕的特性，情况会更好。这就引出了库维护者的第一个承诺： #### 第一个约定：避免糟糕的特性 -最痛苦的变化是你必须删除一个特性。一般来说，避免糟糕特性的一种方法是添加少的特性！没有充分的理由，不要使用公共方法、类、功能或属性。因此： +最痛苦的变化是你必须删除一个特性。一般来说，避免糟糕特性的一种方法是少添加特性！没有充分的理由，不要使用公共方法、类、功能或属性。因此： #### 第二个约定：最小化特性 -特性就像孩子：在充满激情的瞬间孕育，（to 校正：我怀疑作者在开车，可是我没有证据）它们必须得到多年的支持。不要因为你能做傻事就去做傻事。不要画蛇添足（to 校正：我认为这里内在是这个意思）！ +特性就像孩子：在充满激情的瞬间孕育，但是它们必须要支持多年（LCTT 译注：我怀疑作者在开车，可是我没有证据）。不要因为你能做傻事就去做傻事。不要画蛇添足！ ![Serpents with and without feathers][5] @@ -110,13 +113,14 @@ async def my_coroutine(): print(my_coroutine()) ``` + ``` ``` -你的代码必须 "await" 这个对象以此来运行协程。很容易忘记这一点，所以 asyncio 的开发人员想要一个“调试模式”来捕捉这个错误。但协程在没有 await 的情况下被销毁时，调试模式将打印一个警告，并在其创建的行上进行回溯。 +你的代码必须 “等待await” 这个对象以此来运行协程。人们很容易忘记这一点，所以 asyncio 的开发人员想要一个“调试模式”来捕捉这个错误。当协程在没有等待的情况下被销毁时，调试模式将打印一个警告，并在其创建的行上进行回溯。 -当 Yury Selivanov 实现调试模式时，他在其基础上添加了一个“协程装饰器”特性。装饰器是一个函数，它接收一个协程并返回所有内容。Yury 使用它在每个协程上安装警告逻辑，但是其他人可以使用它将协程转换为字符串 "hi!"。 +当 Yury Selivanov 实现调试模式时，他添加了一个“协程装饰器”的基础特性。装饰器是一个函数，它接收一个协程并返回任何内容。Yury 使用它在每个协程上接入警告逻辑，但是其他人可以使用它将协程转换为字符串 “hi!”。 ``` import sys @@ -131,15 +135,16 @@ async def my_coroutine(): print(my_coroutine()) ``` + ``` hi! ``` -这是一个地狱般的定制。它改变了 "async" 的含义。一次调用 `set_coroutine_wrapper` 将在全局永久改变所有的协程函数。正如 [Nathaniel Smith 所说][6]：“一个有问题的 API” 很容易被误用，必须被删除。如果异步开发人员能够更好地按照其目标来设计该特性，他们就可以避免删除该特性的痛苦。负责任的创建者必须牢记这一点： +这是一个地狱般的定制。它改变了 “异步async" 的含义。调用一次 `set_coroutine_wrapper` 将在全局永久改变所有的协程函数。正如 [Nathaniel Smith 所说][6]：“一个有问题的 API” 很容易被误用，必须被删除。如果 asyncio 开发人员能够更好地按照其目标来设计该特性，他们就可以避免删除该特性的痛苦。负责任的创建者必须牢记这一点： #### 第三个约定：保持特性单一 -幸运的是，Yury 有良好的判断力，他将特性标记为临时，所以 asyncio 用户知道不能依赖它。Nathaniel 可以用更单一的功能替换 **set_coroutine_wrapper** ，该特性只定制回溯深度。 +幸运的是，Yury 有良好的判断力，他将该特性标记为临时，所以 asyncio 用户知道不能依赖它。Nathaniel 可以用更单一的功能替换 `set_coroutine_wrapper`，该特性只定制回溯深度。 ``` import sys @@ -152,6 +157,7 @@ async def my_coroutine(): print(my_coroutine()) ``` + ``` @@ -162,27 +168,27 @@ Coroutine created at (most recent call last) print(my_coroutine()) ``` -这样好多了。没有其他全局设置可以更改协程的类型，因此 asyncio 用户无需编写防御代码。神灵应该像 Yury 一样有远见。 +这样好多了。没有可以更改协程的类型的其他全局设置，因此 asyncio 用户无需编写防御代码。造物主应该像 Yury 一样有远见。 #### 第四个约定：标记实验特征“临时” -如果你只是预感你的生物需要犄角和四叉舌，那就介绍一下这些特性，但将它们标记为“临时”。 +如果你只是预感你的生物需要犄角和四叉舌，那就引入这些特性，但将它们标记为“临时”。 ![Serpent with horns][7] -你可能会发现犄角是无关紧要的，但是四叉舌是有用的。在库的下一个版本中，你可以删除前者并标记后者。 +你可能会发现犄角是无关紧要的，但是四叉舌是有用的。在库的下一个版本中，你可以删除前者并标记后者为正式的。 ### 删除特性 -无论我们如何明智地指导我们的生物进化，总会有一天最好删除一个官方特征。例如，你可能已经创建了一只蜥蜴，现在你选择删除它的腿。也许你想把这个笨拙的家伙变成一条时尚而现代的蟒蛇。 +无论我们如何明智地指导我们的生物进化，总会有一天想要删除一个正式特征。例如，你可能已经创建了一只蜥蜴，现在你选择删除它的腿。也许你想把这个笨拙的家伙变成一条时尚而现代的蟒蛇。 ![Lizard transformed to snake][8] -删除特性主要有两个原因。首先，通过用户反馈或者你自己不断增长的智慧，你可能会发现某个特性是个坏主意。午夜的古怪行为就是这种情况。或者，最初该特性可能已经很好地适应了你的库环境，但现在生态环境发生了变化，也许另一个神发明了哺乳动物，你的生物想要挤进哺乳动物的小洞穴里，吃掉里面美味的哺乳动物，所以它不得不失去双腿。 +删除特性主要有两个原因。首先，通过用户反馈或者你自己不断增长的智慧，你可能会发现某个特性是个坏主意。午夜怪癖的古怪行为就是这种情况。或者，最初该特性可能已经很好地适应了你的库环境，但现在生态环境发生了变化，也许另一个神发明了哺乳动物，你的生物想要挤进哺乳动物的小洞穴里，吃掉里面美味的哺乳动物，所以它不得不失去双腿。 ![A mouse][9] -同样，Python 标准库会根据语言本身的变化删除特性。考虑 asyncio 的 Lock 功能，在把 "await" 作为一个关键字添加进来之前，它一直在等待： +同样，Python 标准库会根据语言本身的变化删除特性。考虑 asyncio 的 Lock 功能，在把 `await` 作为一个关键字添加进来之前，它一直在等待： ``` lock = asyncio.Lock() @@ -195,7 +201,7 @@ async def critical_section(): lock.release() ``` -但是现在，我们可以做“锁同步”： +但是现在，我们可以做“异步锁”： ``` @@ -208,18 +214,18 @@ async def critical_section(): 新方法好多了！很短，并且在一个大函数中使用其他 try-except 块时不容易出错。因为“尽量找一种，最好是唯一一种明显的解决方案”，[旧语法在 Python 3.7 中被弃用][10]，并且很快就会被禁止。 -不可避免的是，生态变化会对你的代码产生影响，因此要学会温柔地删除特性。在此之前，请考虑删除它的成本或好处。负责任的维护者不愿意让用户更改大量代码或逻辑。（还记得 Python 3 在重新添加 "u" 字符串前缀之前删除它是多么痛苦吗？）如果代码删除是机械性的，就像一个简单的搜索和替换，或者如果该特性是危险的，那么它可能值得删除。 +不可避免的是，生态变化会对你的代码产生影响，因此要学会温柔地删除特性。在此之前，请考虑删除它的成本或好处。负责任的维护者不会愿意让用户更改大量代码或逻辑。（还记得 Python 3 在重新添加会 `u` 字符串前缀之前删除它是多么痛苦吗？）如果代码删除是机械性的动作，就像一个简单的搜索和替换，或者如果该特性是危险的，那么它可能值得删除。 #### 是否删除特性 ![Balance scales][11] -Con | Pro +反对 | 支持 ---|--- 代码必须改变 | 改变是机械性的 逻辑必须改变 | 特性是危险的 -就我们饥饿的蜥蜴而言，我们决定删除它的腿，这样它就可以滑进老鼠洞里吃掉它。我们该怎么做呢？我们可以删除 **walk** 方法，像下面一样修改代码： +就我们饥饿的蜥蜴而言，我们决定删除它的腿，这样它就可以滑进老鼠洞里吃掉它。我们该怎么做呢？我们可以删除 `walk` 方法，像下面一样修改代码： ``` class Reptile: @@ -229,7 +235,6 @@ class Reptile: 变成这样： - ``` class Reptile: def slither(self): @@ -238,7 +243,6 @@ class Reptile: 这不是一个好主意，这个生物习惯于走路！或者，就库而言，你的用户拥有依赖于现有方法的代码。当他们升级到最新库版本时，他们的代码将会崩溃。 - ``` # 用户的代码，哦，不! Reptile.walk() @@ -248,7 +252,7 @@ Reptile.walk() #### 第五条预定：温柔地删除 -温柔删除一个特性需要几个步骤。从用腿走路的蜥蜴开始，首先添加新方法 "slither"。接下来，弃用旧方法。 +温柔地删除一个特性需要几个步骤。从用腿走路的蜥蜴开始，首先添加新方法 `slither`。接下来，弃用旧方法。 ``` import warnings @@ -264,12 +268,11 @@ class Reptile: print('slide slide slide') ``` -Python 的 warnings 模块非常强大。默认情况下，它会将警告输出到 stderr，每个代码位置只显示一次，但你可以在其它选项中禁用警告或将其转换为异常。 +Python 的 warnings 模块非常强大。默认情况下，它会将警告输出到 stderr，每个代码位置只显示一次，但你可以禁用警告或将其转换为异常，以及其它选项。 一旦将这个警告添加到库中，PyCharm 和其他 IDE 就会使用删除线呈现这个被弃用的方法。用户马上就知道该删除这个方法。 -`Reptile().walk()` - +> Reptile().~~walk()~~ 当他们使用升级后的库运行代码时会发生什么？ @@ -282,10 +285,9 @@ DeprecationWarning: walk is deprecated, use slither step step step ``` -默认情况下，他们会在 stderr 上看到警告，但脚本会成功并打印 "step step step"。警告的回溯显示必须修复用户代码的哪一行。（这就是 "stacklevel" 参数的作用：它显示了用户需要更改的调用，而不是库中生成警告的行。）请注意，错误消息有指导意义，它描述了库用户迁移到新版本必须做的事情。 - -你的用户将希望测试他们的代码，并证明他们没有调用不推荐的库方法。仅警告不会使单元测试失败，但异常会失败。Python 有一个命令行选项，可以将弃用警告转换为异常。 +默认情况下，他们会在 stderr 上看到警告，但脚本会成功并打印 “step step step”。警告的回溯显示必须修复用户代码的哪一行。（这就是 `stacklevel` 参数的作用：它显示了用户需要更改的调用，而不是库中生成警告的行。）请注意，错误消息有指导意义，它描述了库用户迁移到新版本必须做的事情。 +你的用户可能会希望测试他们的代码，并证明他们没有调用弃用的库方法。仅警告不会使单元测试失败，但异常会失败。Python 有一个命令行选项，可以将弃用警告转换为异常。 ``` > python3 -Werror::DeprecationWarning script.py @@ -298,47 +300,44 @@ Traceback (most recent call last): DeprecationWarning: walk is deprecated, use slither ``` -现在，"step step step" 没有输出出来，因为脚本以一个错误终止。 +现在，“step step step” 没有输出出来，因为脚本以一个错误终止。 -因此，一旦你发布了库的一个版本，该版本会警告已启用的 "walk" 方法，你就可以在下一个版本中安全地删除它。对吧？ +因此，一旦你发布了库的一个版本，该版本会警告已启用的 `walk` 方法，你就可以在下一个版本中安全地删除它。对吧？ -考虑一下你的库用户在他们项目的 requirements 中可能有什么。 +考虑一下你的库用户在他们项目的 `requirements` 中可能有什么。 ``` # 用户的 requirements.txt 显示 reptile 包的依赖关系 reptile ``` -下次他们部署代码时，他们将安装最新版本的库。如果他们尚未处理所有的弃用，那么他们的代码将会崩溃，因为代码仍然依赖 "walk"。你需要温柔一点，你必须向用户做出三个承诺：维护更改日志，选择版本方案和编写升级指南。 +下次他们部署代码时，他们将安装最新版本的库。如果他们尚未处理所有的弃用，那么他们的代码将会崩溃，因为代码仍然依赖 `walk`。你需要温柔一点，你必须向用户做出三个承诺：维护更改日志，选择版本化方案和编写升级指南。 #### 第六个约定：维护变更日志 你的库必须有更改日志，其主要目的是宣布用户所依赖的功能何时被弃用或删除。 ---- -#### 版本 1.1 中的更改 +> **版本 1.1 中的更改** +> +> **新特性** +> +> * 新功能 Reptile.slither() +> +> **弃用** +> +> * Reptile.walk() 已弃用，将在 2.0 版本中删除，请使用 slither() -**新特性** +负责任的创建者会使用版本号来表示库发生了怎样的变化，以便用户能够对升级做出明智的决定。“版本化方案”是一种用于交流变化速度的语言。 - * 新功能 Reptile.slither() +#### 第七个约定：选择一个版本化方案 -**弃用** - - * Reptile.walk() 已弃用，将在 2.0 版本中删除，请使用 slither() - ---- - -负责任的创建者使用版本号来表示库发生了怎样的变化，以便用户能够对升级做出明智的决定。“版本方案”是一种用于交流变化速度的语言。 - -#### 第七个约定：选择一个版本方案 - -有两种广泛使用的方案，[语义版本控制][12]和基于时间的版本控制。我推荐任何库都进行语义版本控制。Python 的风格在 [PEP 440][13] 中定义，像 **pip** 这样的工具可以理解语义版本号。 +有两种广泛使用的方案，[语义版本控制][12]和基于时间的版本控制。我推荐任何库都进行语义版本控制。Python 的风格在 [PEP 440][13] 中定义，像 `pip` 这样的工具可以理解语义版本号。 如果你为库选择语义版本控制，你可以使用版本号温柔地删除腿，例如： -> 1.0: First "stable" release, with walk() -> 1.1: Add slither(), deprecate walk() -> 2.0: Delete walk() +> 1.0: 第一个“稳定”版，带有 `walk()` +> 1.1: 添加 `slither()`，废弃 `walk()` +> 2.0: 删除 `walk()` 你的用户依赖于你的库的版本应该有一个范围，例如： @@ -347,33 +346,18 @@ reptile reptile>=1,<2 ``` -这允许他们在主要版本中自动升级，接收错误修正并可能引发一些弃用警告，但不会升级到 _下_ 个主要版本并冒着破坏其代码的更改的风险。 +这允许他们在主要版本中自动升级，接收错误修正并可能引发一些弃用警告，但不会升级到**下**个主要版本并冒着更改破坏其代码的风险。 如果你遵循基于时间的版本控制，则你的版本可能会编号： -> 2017.06.0: A release in June 2017 -> 2018.11.0: Add slither(), deprecate walk() -> 2019.04.0: Delete walk() +> 2017.06.0: 2017 年 6 月的版本 +> 2018.11.0: 添加 `slither()`，废弃 `walk()` +> 2019.04.0: 删除 `walk()` -用户可以依赖于你的库： +用户可以这样依赖于你的库： ``` -# User's requirements.txt for time-based version. -reptile==2018.11.* -``` - -这允许他们在一个主要版本中自动升级，接收错误修复，并可能引发一些弃用警告，但不能升级到 _下_ 个主要版本，并冒着改变破坏代码的风险。 - -如果你遵循基于时间的版本控制，你的版本号可能是这样： - -> 2017.06.0: A release in June 2017 -> 2018.11.0: Add slither(), deprecate walk() -> 2019.04.0: Delete walk() - -用户可以依赖你的库： - -``` -# 用户的 requirements.txt，对于基于时间的版本 +# 用户的 requirements.txt，基于时间控制的版本 reptile==2018.11.* ``` @@ -383,43 +367,40 @@ reptile==2018.11.* 下面是一个负责任的库创建者如何指导用户： ---- -#### 升级到 2.0 +> **升级到 2.0** +> +> **从弃用的 API 迁移** +> +> 请参阅更改日志以了解已弃用的特性。 +> +> **启用弃用警告** +> +> 升级到 1.1 并使用以下代码测试代码： +> +> `python -Werror::DeprecationWarning` +> +>​​​​​​ 现在可以安全地升级了。 -**从弃用的 API 迁移** - -请参阅更改日志以了解已弃用的特性。 - -**启用弃用警告** - -升级到 1.1 并使用以下代码测试代码： - -`python -Werror::DeprecationWarning` - -​​​​​​现在可以安全地升级了。 - ---- - -你必须通过向用户显示命令行选项来教会用户如何处理弃用警告。并非所有 Python 程序员都知道这一点 - 当然，我每次都必须查找语法。注意，你必须 _release_ 一个版本，它输出来自每个弃用的 API 的警告，以便用户可以在再次升级之前使用该版本进行测试。在本例中，1.1 版本是小版本。它允许你的用户逐步重写代码，分别修复每个弃用警告，直到他们完全迁移到最新的 API。他们可以彼此独立地测试代码和库的更改，并隔离 bug 的原因。 +你必须通过向用户显示命令行选项来教会用户如何处理弃用警告。并非所有 Python 程序员都知道这一点 —— 我自己就每次都得查找这个语法。注意，你必须*发布*一个版本，它输出来自每个弃用的 API 的警告，以便用户可以在再次升级之前使用该版本进行测试。在本例中，1.1 版本是小版本。它允许你的用户逐步重写代码，分别修复每个弃用警告，直到他们完全迁移到最新的 API。他们可以彼此独立地测试代码和库的更改，并隔离 bug 的原因。 如果你选择语义版本控制，则此过渡期将持续到下一个主要版本，从 1.x 到 2.0，或从 2.x 到 3.0 以此类推。删除生物腿部的温柔方法是至少给它一个版本来调整其生活方式。不要一次性把腿删掉！ ![A skink][14] -版本号，弃用警告，更改日志和升级指南可以协同工作，在不违背与用户约定的情况下温柔地改进你的库。[Twisted 项目的兼容性政策][15] 解释的很漂亮： +版本号、弃用警告、更改日志和升级指南可以协同工作，在不违背与用户约定的情况下温柔地改进你的库。[Twisted 项目的兼容性政策][15] 解释的很漂亮： -> "The First One's Always Free" +> “先行者总是自由的” > -> Any application which runs without warnings may be upgraded one minor version of Twisted. +> 运行的应用程序在没有任何警告的情况下都可以升级为 Twisted 的一个次要版本。 +> +> 换句话说，任何运行其测试而不触发 Twisted 警告的应用程序应该能够将其 Twisted 版本升级至少一次，除了可能产生新警告之外没有任何不良影响。 > -> In other words, any application which runs its tests without triggering any warnings from Twisted should be able to have its Twisted version upgraded at least once with no ill effects except the possible production of new warnings. -现在，我们的造物之神已经获得了智慧和力量，可以通过添加方法来添加特性，并温柔地删除它们。我们还可以通过添加参数来添加特性，但这带来了新的难度。你准备好了吗？ +现在，我们的造物主已经获得了智慧和力量，可以通过添加方法来添加特性，并温柔地删除它们。我们还可以通过添加参数来添加特性，但这带来了新的难度。你准备好了吗？ ### 添加参数 -想象一下，你只是给了你的蛇形生物一对翅膀。现在你必须允许它选择是滑行还是飞行。目前它的 "move" 功能只接受一个参数。 - +想象一下，你只是给了你的蛇形生物一对翅膀。现在你必须允许它选择是滑行还是飞行。目前它的 `move` 功能只接受一个参数。 ``` # 你的库代码 @@ -430,8 +411,7 @@ def move(direction): move('north') ``` -你想要添加一个 "mode" 参数，但如果用户升级库，这会破坏他们的代码，因为他们只传递一个参数。 - +你想要添加一个 `mode` 参数，但如果用户升级库，这会破坏他们的代码，因为他们只传递了一个参数。 ``` # 你的库代码 @@ -443,7 +423,7 @@ def move(direction, mode): move('north') ``` -一个真正聪明的创建者者承诺不会以这种方式破坏用户的代码。 +一个真正聪明的创建者者会承诺不会以这种方式破坏用户的代码。 #### 第九条约定：兼容地添加参数 @@ -459,7 +439,7 @@ def move(direction, mode='slither'): move('north') ``` -随着时间推移，参数是函数演化的自然历史。它们首先列出最老的，每个都有默认值。库用户可以传递关键字参数以选择特定的新行为，并接受所有其他行为的默认值。 +随着时间推移，参数是函数演化的自然历史。它们首先列出最老的参数，每个都有默认值。库用户可以传递关键字参数以选择特定的新行为，并接受所有其他行为的默认值。 ``` # 你的库代码 @@ -481,7 +461,7 @@ move('north', extra_sinuous=True) move('north', 'slither', False, True) ``` -如果在你在库的下一个主要版本中去掉其中一个参数，例如 "turbo"，会发生什么？ +如果在你在库的下一个主要版本中去掉其中一个参数，例如 `turbo`，会发生什么？ ``` # 你的库代码，下一个主要版本中 "turbo" 被删除 @@ -495,7 +475,7 @@ def move(direction, move('north', 'slither', False, True) ``` -用户的代码仍然编译，这是一件坏事。代码停止了曲折的移动并开始欢呼 Lyft，这不是它的本意。我相信你可以预测我接下来要说的内容：删除参数需要几个步骤。当然，首先弃用 "trubo" 参数。我喜欢这种技术，它可以检测任何用户的代码是否依赖于这个参数。 +用户的代码仍然能编译，这是一件坏事。代码停止了曲折的移动并开始招呼 Lyft，这不是它的本意。我相信你可以预测我接下来要说的内容：删除参数需要几个步骤。当然，首先弃用 `trubo` 参数。我喜欢这种技术，它可以检测任何用户的代码是否依赖于这个参数。 ``` # 你的库代码 @@ -516,7 +496,7 @@ def move(direction, turbo = False ``` -但是你的用户可能不会注意到警告。警告声音不是很大：它们可以在日志文件中被抑制或丢失。用户可能会漫不经心地升级到库的下一个主要版本，即删除 "turbo" 的版本。他们的代码运行将没有错误，默默做错误的事情！正如 Python 之禅所说：“错误绝不应该被默默 pass”。实际上，爬行动物的听力很差，所有当它们犯错误时，你必须非常大声地纠正它们。 +但是你的用户可能不会注意到警告。警告声音不是很大：它们可以在日志文件中被抑制或丢失。用户可能会漫不经心地升级到库的下一个主要版本——那个删除 `turbo` 的版本。他们的代码运行时将没有错误、默默做错误的事情！正如 Python 之禅所说：“错误绝不应该被默默 pass”。实际上，爬行动物的听力很差，所有当它们犯错误时，你必须非常大声地纠正它们。 ![Woman riding an alligator][16] @@ -524,7 +504,7 @@ def move(direction, ``` # 你的库代码 -# All arguments after "*" must be passed by keyword. +# 所有 “*” 后的参数必须以关键字方式传输。 def move(direction, *, mode='slither', @@ -538,14 +518,14 @@ def move(direction, move('north', 'slither', False, True) ``` -有了这个星，以下唯一允许的语法： +有了这个星，以下是唯一允许的语法： ``` # 用户代码 move('north', extra_sinuous=True) ``` -现在，当你删除 "turbo" 时，你可以确定任何依赖于它的用户代码都会明显地提示失败。如果你的库也支持 Python2，这没有什么大不了。你可以模拟星型语法（[归功于 Brett Slatkin][17]）： +现在，当你删除 `turbo` 时，你可以确定任何依赖于它的用户代码都会明显地提示失败。如果你的库也支持 Python2，这没有什么大不了。你可以模拟星型语法（[归功于 Brett Slatkin][17]）： ``` # 你的库代码，兼容 Python 2 @@ -562,7 +542,7 @@ def move(direction, **kwargs): # ... ``` -要求关键字参数是一个明智的选择，但它需要远见。如果允许按位置传递参数，则不能仅在以后的版本中将其转换为仅关键字。所以，现在加上星号，你可以在 asyncio API 中观察到，它在构造函数、方法和函数中普遍使用星号。尽管到目前为止，"Lock" 只接受一个可选参数，但 asyncio 开发人员立即添加了星号。这是幸运的。 +要求关键字参数是一个明智的选择，但它需要远见。如果允许按位置传递参数，则不能仅在以后的版本中将其转换为仅关键字。所以，现在加上星号。你可以在 asyncio API 中观察到，它在构造函数、方法和函数中普遍使用星号。尽管到目前为止，`Lock` 只接受一个可选参数，但 asyncio 开发人员立即添加了星号。这是幸运的。 ``` # In asyncio. @@ -579,20 +559,20 @@ class Lock: ![Rattlesnake][18] -横向的！这个生物的身体看起来是一样的，但它的行为会发生变化。我们如何为这一进化步骤做好准备？ +横向移动！这个生物的身体看起来是一样的，但它的行为会发生变化。我们如何为这一进化步骤做好准备？ ![][19] -Image by HCA [[CC BY-SA 4.0][20]], [via Wikimedia Commons][21], 由 Opensource.com 修改 +*Image by HCA [[CC BY-SA 4.0][20]], [via Wikimedia Commons][21], 由 Opensource.com 修改* -当行为在没有新函数或新参数的情况下发生更改时，负责的创建者可以从 Python 标准库中学习。很久以前，os 模块引入了stat 函数来获取文件统计信息，比如创建时间。起初，这个时间总是整数。 +当行为在没有新函数或新参数的情况下发生更改时，负责任的创建者可以从 Python 标准库中学习。很久以前，os 模块引入了 `stat` 函数来获取文件统计信息，比如创建时间。起初，这个时间总是整数。 ``` >>> os.stat('file.txt').st_ctime 1540817862 ``` -有一天，核心开发人员决定在 os.stat 中使用浮点数来提供亚秒级精度。但他们担心现有的用户代码还没有做好准备更改。于是他们在 Python 2.3 中创建了一个设置 "stat_float_times"，默认情况下是 false 。用户可以将其设置为 True 来选择浮点时间戳。 +有一天，核心开发人员决定在 `os.stat` 中使用浮点数来提供亚秒级精度。但他们担心现有的用户代码还没有做好准备更改。于是他们在 Python 2.3 中创建了一个设置 `stat_float_times`，默认情况下是 `False` 。用户可以将其设置为 True 来选择浮点时间戳。 ``` >>> # Python 2.3. @@ -601,7 +581,7 @@ Image by HCA [[CC BY-SA 4.0][20]], [via Wikimedia Commons][21], 由 Opensource.c 1540817862.598021 ``` -从 Python 2.5 开始，浮点时间成为默认值，因此 2.5 及之后版本编写的任何新代码都可以忽略该设置并期望得到浮点数。当然，你可以将其设置为 False 以保持旧行为，或将其设置为 True 以确保所有 Python 版本都得到浮点数，并为删除 stat_float_times 的那一天准备代码。 +从 Python 2.5 开始，浮点时间成为默认值，因此 2.5 及之后版本编写的任何新代码都可以忽略该设置并期望得到浮点数。当然，你可以将其设置为 `False` 以保持旧行为，或将其设置为 `True` 以确保所有 Python 版本都得到浮点数，并为删除 `stat_float_times` 的那一天准备代码。 多年过去了，在 Python 3.1 中，该设置已被弃用，以便为人们为遥远的未来做好准备，最后，经过数十年的旅程，[这个设置被删除][22]。浮点时间现在是唯一的选择。这是一个漫长的过程，但负责任的神灵是有耐心的，因为我们知道这个渐进的过程很有可能于意外的行为变化拯救用户。 @@ -609,22 +589,20 @@ Image by HCA [[CC BY-SA 4.0][20]], [via Wikimedia Commons][21], 由 Opensource.c 以下是步骤： - * 添加一个标志来选择新行为，默认为 False，如果为 False 则发出警告 - * 将默认值更改为 True，表示完全弃用标记 - * 删除标志 - + * 添加一个标志来选择新行为，默认为 `False`，如果为 `False` 则发出警告 + * 将默认值更改为 `True`，表示完全弃用标记 + * 删除该标志 如果你遵循语义版本控制，版本可能如下： -Library version | Library API | User code +库版本 | 库 API | 用户代码 ---|---|--- -| | -1.0 | 没有标志 | 期望的旧行为 -1.1 | 添加标志，默认为 False，如果是 False，则警告 | 设置标志为 True，处理新行为 -2.0 | 改变默认为 True，完全弃用标志 | 处理新行为 +1.0 | 没有标志 | 预期的旧行为 +1.1 | 添加标志，默认为 `False`，如果是 `False`，则警告 | 设置标志为 `True`，处理新行为 +2.0 | 改变默认为 `True`，完全弃用标志 | 处理新行为 3.0 | 移除标志 | 处理新行为 -你需要 _两_ 个主要版本来完成该操作。如果你直接从“添加标志，默认为 False，如果是 False 则发出警告到“删除标志”，而没有中间版本，那么用户的代码将无法升级。为 1.1 正确编写的用户代码必须能够升级到下一个版本，除了新警告之外，没有任何不良影响，但如果在下一个版本中删除了该标志，那么该代码将崩溃。一个负责任的神明从不违反扭曲的政策：“第一个总是自由的”。 +你需要**两**个主要版本来完成该操作。如果你直接从“添加标志，默认为 `False`，如果是 `False` 则发出警告”变到“删除标志”，而没有中间版本，那么用户的代码将无法升级。为 1.1 正确编写的用户代码必须能够升级到下一个版本，除了新警告之外，没有任何不良影响，但如果在下一个版本中删除了该标志，那么该代码将崩溃。一个负责任的神明从不违反扭曲的政策：“先行者总是自由的”。 ### 负责任的创建者 @@ -640,22 +618,18 @@ Library version | Library API | User code 4. 标记实验特征“临时” 5. 温柔删除功能 - **严格记录历史** 1. 维护更改日志 2. 选择版本方案 3. 编写升级指南 - **缓慢而明显地改变** 1. 兼容添加参数 2. 逐渐改变行为 - -如果你对你所创造的物种保持这些约定，你将成为一个负责任的创造之神。你的生物的身体可以随着时间的推移而进化，永远改善和适应环境的变化，而不是在生物没有准备好就突然改变。如果你维护一个库，请向用户保留这些承诺，这样你就可以在不破坏依赖库的人的代码的情况下对库进行更新。 - +如果你对你所创造的物种保持这些约定，你将成为一个负责任的造物主。你的生物的身体可以随着时间的推移而进化，一直在改善和适应环境的变化，而不是在生物没有准备好就突然改变。如果你维护一个库，请向用户保留这些承诺，这样你就可以在不破坏依赖该库的代码的情况下对库进行更新。 * * * @@ -680,7 +654,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/api-evolution-right-way 作者：[A. Jesse][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d6987bf53d05f39800626d5451bf9df96ab34ed3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 26 May 2019 13:44:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0013/1265] PUB:20190503 API evolution the right way.md @MjSeven https://linux.cn/article-10900-1.html --- .../20190503 API evolution the right way.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190503 API evolution the right way.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190503 API evolution the right way.md b/published/20190503 API evolution the right way.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190503 API evolution the right way.md rename to published/20190503 API evolution the right way.md index b8ef4f9911..069687be7a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190503 API evolution the right way.md +++ b/published/20190503 API evolution the right way.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (MjSeven) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10900-1.html) [#]: subject: (API evolution the right way) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/api-evolution-right-way) [#]: author: (A. Jesse https://opensource.com/users/emptysquare) @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def create_event(day, if end_time and not start_time: raise ValueError("Can't pass end_time without start_time") - # 女巫集会从午夜一直开到凌晨 4 点 +# 女巫集会从午夜一直开到凌晨 4 点 create_event(datetime.date.today(), datetime.time(0, 0), datetime.time(4, 0)) From c3f5680d9dc7b4481ddeb2afec802ac4f68f2f56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 26 May 2019 20:37:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0014/1265] PRF:20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @robsean 我几乎重译了整篇，太不认真了。 --- ... platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md | 173 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 88 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md b/translated/tech/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md index 35b951cc02..de9e987eb8 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md @@ -1,45 +1,46 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/7/put-platforms-python-game) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) -放置舞台到一个使用 Pygame 的 Python 游戏中 +在 Pygame 游戏中放置平台 ====== -在这系列的第六部分中，在从零构建一个 Python 游戏时，为你的角色创建一些舞台来旅行。 + +> 在这个从零构建一个 Python 游戏系列的第六部分中，为你的角色创建一些平台来旅行。 + ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/header.png?itok=iq8HFoEJ) -这是关于使用 Pygame 模块来在 Python 3 中创建电脑游戏的仍在进行的一系列的文章的第六部分。先前的文章是： +这是仍在进行中的关于使用 Pygame 模块来在 Python 3 中创建电脑游戏的系列文章的第六部分。先前的文章是： -+ [通过构建一个简单的骰子游戏来学习如何用 Python 编程][24] ++ [通过构建一个简单的掷骰子游戏去学习怎么用 Python 编程][24] + [使用 Python 和 Pygame 模块构建一个游戏框架][25] -+ [如何添加一个玩家到你的 Python 游戏][26] -+ [使用 Pygame 来在周围移动你的游戏角色][27] -+ [没有一个坏蛋的一个英雄是什么？如何添加一个坏蛋到你的 Python 游戏][28] ++ [如何在你的 Python 游戏中添加一个玩家][26] ++ [用 Pygame 使你的游戏角色移动起来][27] ++ [如何向你的 Python 游戏中添加一个敌人][28] +一个平台类游戏需要平台。 -一个舞台游戏需要舞台。 +在 [Pygame][1] 中，平台本身也是个妖精，正像你那个可玩的妖精。这一点是重要的，因为有个是对象的平台，可以使你的玩家妖精更容易与之互动。 -在 [Pygame][1] 中，舞台本身是小精灵，正像你的可玩的小精灵。这一点是重要的，因为有对象的舞台，使你的玩家小精灵很简单地与舞台一起作用。. +创建平台有两个主要步骤。首先，你必须给该对象编写代码，然后，你必须映射出你希望该对象出现的位置。 -创建舞台有两个主要步骤。首先，你必须编码对象，然后，你必须设计你希望对象来出现的位置。 +### 编码平台对象 -### 编码舞台对象 +要构建一个平台对象，你要创建一个名为 `Platform` 的类。它是一个妖精，正像你的 `Player` [妖精][2] 一样，带有很多相同的属性。 -为构建一个舞台对象，你创建一个称为`Platform`的类。它是一个小精灵，正像你的[`玩家`][2] [小精灵][2]，带有很多相同的属性。 +你的 `Platform` 类需要知道很多平台类型的信息，它应该出现在游戏世界的哪里、它应该包含的什么图片等等。这其中很多信息可能还尚不存在，这要看你为你的游戏计划了多少，但是没有关系。正如直到[移动你的游戏角色][3]那篇文章结束时，你都没有告诉你的玩家妖精移动速度有多快，你不必事先告诉 `Platform` 每一件事。 -你的`舞台`类需要知道很多你想要的舞台的类型的信息 ，它应该出现在游戏世界的哪里，和它应该包含的什么图片。它们中很多信息可能还尚不存在，依赖于你计划了多少游戏，但是，没有关系。正像直到[移到文章][3]的结尾时，你不告诉你的玩家小精灵多快速度移到，你没有必要告诉`Platform`预交的每一件事。 - -在你所写的这系列中脚本的顶部附近，创建一个新的类。在这代码示例中前三行是用于上下文，因此在注释的下面添加代码： +在这系列中你所写的脚本的开头附近，创建一个新的类。在这个代码示例中前三行是用于说明上下文，因此在注释的下面添加代码： ``` import pygame import sys import os -## new code below: +## 新代码如下： class Platform(pygame.sprite.Sprite): # x location, y location, img width, img height, img file     @@ -53,55 +54,55 @@ def __init__(self,xloc,yloc,imgw,imgh,img):     self.rect.x = xloc ``` -当被调用时，这个类在一些 X 和 Y 位置上创建一个对象 onscreen, 带有一些宽度和高度，对于纹理使用一些图片文件。它非常类似于如何玩家或敌人绘制onscreen。 +当被调用时，这个类在某个 X 和 Y 位置上创建一个屏上对象，具有某种宽度和高度，并使用某种图像作为纹理。这与如何在屏上绘制出玩家或敌人非常类似。 -### 舞台的类型 +### 平台的类型 -下一步是设计你所有舞台需要出现的地方。 +下一步是绘制出你的平台需要出现的地方。 -#### 瓷砖方法 +#### 瓷砖方式 -这里有几个不同的方法来实施一个舞台游戏世界。在最初的侧面滚动游戏，例如，马里奥超级兄弟和刺猬索尼克，这个技巧是来使用"瓷砖"，意味着这里有几个块“瓷砖”来代表地面和各种各样的舞台，并且这些块被使用和重复使用来制作一个层次。你仅有8或12种不同的块，你排列它们在屏幕上来创建地面，浮动的舞台，和你游戏需要的其它的一切事物。一些人找到这最容易的方法来制作一个游戏，尽管你不得不制作(或下载)一小组价值相等的有用的事物来创建很多不同的有用的事物。然而，代码需要一点更多的数学。 +实现平台类游戏世界有几种不同的方法。在最初的横向滚轴游戏中，例如，马里奥超级兄弟和刺猬索尼克，这个技巧是使用“瓷砖”方式，也就是说有几个代表地面和各种平台的块，并且这些块被重复使用来制作一个关卡。你只能有 8 或 12 种不同的块，你可以将它们排列在屏幕上来创建地面、浮动的平台，以及你游戏中需要的一切其它的事物。有人发现这是制作游戏最容易的方法了，因为你只需要制作（或下载）一小组关卡素材就能创建很多不同的关卡。然而，这里的代码需要一点数学知识。 ![Supertux, a tile-based video game][5] -[SuperTux][6] ，一个基于瓷砖的电脑游戏。 +*[SuperTux][6] ，一个基于瓷砖的电脑游戏。* -#### 手工绘制方法 +#### 手工绘制方式 -另一个方法是来使各个和每一个有用的事物作为一整个图像。如果你享受为你的游戏世界创建有用的事物，在一个图形应用程序中花费时间来构建你的游戏世界的各个和每一部件是一个极好的理由。这个方法需要较少的数学，因为所有的舞台是完整的对象，并且你告诉 [Python][7] 在屏幕上放置它们的位置。 +另一种方法是将每个素材作为一个整体图像。如果你喜欢为游戏世界创建素材，那你会在用图形应用程序构建游戏世界的每个部分上花费很多时间。这种方法不需要太多的数学知识，因为所有的平台都是整体的、完整的对象，你只需要告诉 [Python][7] 将它们放在屏幕上的什么位置。 -每种方法都有优势和劣势，并且依赖于你的选择使用的代码是稍微不同的.我将覆盖这两方面,所以你可以在你的工程中使用一个或另一个,甚至两者的混合。 +每种方法都有优势和劣势，并且根据于你选择使用的方式，代码稍有不同。我将覆盖这两方面，所以你可以在你的工程中使用一种或另一种，甚至两者的混合。 -### 层次映射 +### 关卡绘制 -总的来说，映射出你的游戏世界是层次设计和游戏程序的一个重要的部分。这需要数学，但是没有什么太难的，而且 Python 擅长数学，因此它可以帮助一些。 +总的来说，绘制你的游戏世界是关卡设计和游戏编程中的一个重要的部分。这需要数学知识，但是没有什么太难的，而且 Python 擅长数学，它会有所帮助。 -你可以发现先在纸张上设计是有益的。获取纸张的一个表格，并绘制一个方框来代表你的游戏窗体。在方框中绘制舞台，用 X 和 Y 坐标标记每一个，以及它的意欲达到的宽度和高度。在方框中的实际位置没有必要是精确的，只要你保持实际的数字。譬如，假如你的屏幕是 720 像素宽，那么你不能在一个屏幕上以 100 像素处容纳8块舞台。 +你也许发现先在纸张上设计是有用的。拿一张表格纸，并绘制一个方框来代表你的游戏窗体。在方框中绘制平台，并标记其每一个平台的 X 和 Y 坐标，以及它的宽度和高度。在方框中的实际位置没有必要是精确的，你只要保持数字合理即可。譬如，假设你的屏幕是 720 像素宽，那么你不能在一个屏幕上放 8 块 100 像素的平台。 -当然，在你的游戏中不是所有的舞台不得不容纳在一个屏幕大小的方框，因为你的游戏将随着你的玩家行走而滚动。所以保持绘制你的游戏世界到第一屏幕的右侧，直到层次的右侧。 +当然，不是你游戏中的所有平台都必须容纳在一个屏幕大小的方框里，因为你的游戏将随着你的玩家行走而滚动。所以，可以继续绘制你的游戏世界到第一屏幕的右侧，直到关卡结束。 -如果你更喜欢精确一点，你可以使用方格纸。当设计一个带有瓷砖的游戏时，这是特别有用的，因为每个方格可以代表一个瓷砖。 +如果你更喜欢精确一点，你可以使用方格纸。当设计一个瓷砖类的游戏时，这是特别有用的，因为每个方格可以代表一个瓷砖。 ![Example of a level map][9] -一个平面地图示例。 +*一个关卡地图示例。* #### 坐标系 -你可能已经在学校中学习[笛卡尔坐标系][10]。你学习的东西应用到 Pygame，除了在 Pygame 中，你的游戏世界的坐标系放置 `0,0` 在你的屏幕的左上角而不是在中间，中间可能是你which is probably what you're used to from Geometry class. +你可能已经在学校中学习过[笛卡尔坐标系][10]。你学习的东西也适用于 Pygame，除了在 Pygame 中你的游戏世界的坐标系的原点 `0,0` 是放置在你的屏幕的左上角而不是在中间，是你在地理课上用过的坐标是在中间的。 ![Example of coordinates in Pygame][12] -在 Pygame 中的坐标示例。 +*在 Pygame 中的坐标示例。* -X 轴起始于最左边的 0 ，无限地向右增加。Y 轴起始于屏幕顶部的 0 ，向下延伸。 +X 轴起始于最左边的 0，向右无限增加。Y 轴起始于屏幕顶部的 0，向下延伸。 #### 图片大小 -映射出一个游戏世界不是毫无意义的，如果你不知道你的玩家，敌人，舞台是多大的。你可以找到你的舞台的尺寸或在一个图形程序中的标题。在 [Krita][13] 中，例如，单击**图形**菜单，并选择**属性**。你可以在**属性**窗口的非常顶部处找到尺寸。 +如果你不知道你的玩家、敌人、平台是多大的，绘制出一个游戏世界是毫无意义的。你可以在图形程序中找到你的平台或瓷砖的尺寸。例如在 [Krita][13] 中，单击“图像”菜单，并选择“属性”。你可以在“属性”窗口的最顶部处找到它的尺寸。 -可选地，你可以创建一个简单点的 Python 脚本来告诉你的一个图形的尺寸。打开一个新的文本文件，并输入这些代码到其中： +另外，你也可以创建一个简单的 Python 脚本来告诉你的一个图像的尺寸。打开一个新的文本文件，并输入这些代码到其中： ``` #!/usr/bin/env python3 @@ -123,44 +124,44 @@ Y   = dim.size[1] print(X,Y) ``` -保存文本文件为 `identify.py` 。 +保存该文本文件为 `identify.py`。 -为安装这个脚本，你必需安装安装一组额外的 Python 模块，它们包含使用在脚本中新的关键字： +要使用这个脚本，你必须安装一些额外的 Python 模块，它们包含了这个脚本中新使用的关键字： ``` $ pip3 install Pillow --user ``` -一旦这些被安装，在你游戏工程目录中运行你的脚本： +一旦安装好，在你游戏工程目录中运行这个脚本： ``` $ python3 ./identify.py images/ground.png (1080, 97) ``` -在这个示例中的地面舞台的图形的大小是1080像素宽和97像素高。 +在这个示例中，地面平台的图形的大小是 1080 像素宽和 97 像素高。 -### 舞台块 +### 平台块 -如果你选择单独地绘制每个有用的事物，你必需创建一些舞台和一些你希望插入到你的游戏世界中其它的元素，每个元素都在它自己的文件中。换句话说，你应该每个有用的事物都有一个文件，像这： +如果你选择单独地绘制每个素材，你必须创建想要插入到你的游戏世界中的几个平台和其它元素，每个素材都放在它自己的文件中。换句话说，你应该让每个素材都有一个文件，像这样： ![One image file per object][15] -每个对象一个图形文件。 +*每个对象一个图形文件。* -你可以按照你希望的次数重复使用每个舞台，只要确保每个文件仅包含一个舞台。你不能使用一个包含每一件事物的文件，像这： +你可以按照你希望的次数重复使用每个平台，只要确保每个文件仅包含一个平台。你不能使用一个文件包含全部素材，像这样： ![Your level cannot be one image file][17] -你的层次不能是一个图形。 +*你的关卡不能是一个图形文件。* -当你完成时，你可能希望你的游戏看起来像这样，但是如果你在一个大文件中创建你的层次，没有方法从背景中区分一个舞台，因此，要么在它们拥有的文件中绘制你的对象，要么从一个大规模文件中复制它们，并单独地保存副本。 +当你完成时，你可能希望你的游戏看起来像这样，但是如果你在一个大文件中创建你的关卡，你就没有方法从背景中区分出一个平台，因此，要么把对象绘制在它们自己的文件中，要么从一个更大的文件中裁剪出它们，并保存为单独的副本。 -**注意:** 如同你的其它的有用的事物，你可以使用[GIMP][18]，Krita，[MyPaint][19]，或[Inkscape][20] 来创建你的游戏的有用的事物。 +**注意：** 如同你的其它素材，你可以使用 [GIMP][18]、Krita、[MyPaint][19]，或 [Inkscape][20] 来创建你的游戏素材。 -舞台出现在每个层次开始的屏幕上，因此你必需在你的`Level`类中添加一个`platform`函数。在这里特殊的情况是地面舞台，作为它自身拥有的舞台组来对待是足够重要的。通过把地面看作它自身拥有的特殊类型的舞台，你可以选择它是否滚动，或在其它舞台漂浮在它上面期间是否仍然站立。它取决于你。 +平台出现在每个关卡开始的屏幕上，因此你必须在你的 `Level` 类中添加一个 `platform` 函数。在这里特例是地面平台，它重要到应该拥有它自己的一个组。通过把地面看作一组特殊类型的平台，你可以选择它是否滚动，或它上面是否可以站立，而其它平台可以漂浮在它上面。这取决于你。 -添加这两个函数到你的`Level`类： +添加这两个函数到你的 `Level` 类： ``` def ground(lvl,x,y,w,h): @@ -187,15 +188,15 @@ def platform( lvl ):     return plat_list ``` - `ground` 函数需要一个 X 和 Y 位置，以便 Pygame 知道在哪里放置地面舞台。它也需要舞台的宽度和高度，这样 Pygame 知道地面延伸到每个方向有多远。该函数使用你的 `Platform` 来来生成一个对象 onscreen ，然后他就这个对象到 `ground_list` 组。 +`ground` 函数需要一个 X 和 Y 位置，以便 Pygame 知道在哪里放置地面平台。它也需要知道平台的宽度和高度，这样 Pygame 知道地面延伸到每个方向有多远。该函数使用你的 `Platform` 类来生成一个屏上对象，然后将这个对象添加到 `ground_list` 组。 -`platform` 函数本质上是相同的，除了其有更多的舞台来列出。在这个示例中，仅有两个，但是你可以想多少就多少。在进入一个舞台后，在列出另一个前，你必需添加它到 `plat_list` 中。如果你不添加一个舞台到组中，那么它将不出现在你的游戏中。 +`platform` 函数本质上是相同的，除了其有更多的平台。在这个示例中，仅有两个平台，但是你可以想有多少就有多少。在进入一个平台后，在列出另一个前你必须添加它到 `plat_list` 中。如果你不添加平台到组中，那么它将不出现在你的游戏中。 -> **提示:** 很难想象你的游戏世界的0在顶部，因为在真实世界中发生的情况是相反的；当估计你多高时，你不要从天空下面测量你自己，从脚到头的顶部来测量。 +> **提示：** 很难想象你的游戏世界的 0 是在顶部，因为在真实世界中发生的情况是相反的；当估计你有多高时，你不会从上往下测量你自己，而是从脚到头顶来测量。 > -> 如果对你来说从“地面”上来构建你的游戏世界更容易，它可能有助于表示 Y 轴值为负数。例如，你知道你的游戏世界的底部是 `worldy` 的值。因此 `worldy` 减去地面(97，在这个示例中)的高度是你的玩家正常站立的位置。如果你的角色是64像素高，那么地面减去128正好是你的玩家的两倍。事实上，一个放置在128像素处舞台大约是两层楼高度，相对于你的玩家。一个舞台在-320处是三层楼高。等等 +> 如果对你来说从“地面”上来构建你的游戏世界更容易，将 Y 轴值表示为负数可能有帮助。例如，你知道你的游戏世界的底部是 `worldy` 的值。因此 `worldy` 减去地面的高度（在这个示例中是 97）是你的玩家正常站立的位置。如果你的角色是 64 像素高，那么地面减去 128 正好是你的玩家的两倍高。事实上，一个放置在 128 像素处平台大约是相对于你的玩家的两层楼高度。一个平台在 -320 处比三层楼更高。等等。 -正像你现在可能所知的，如果你不使用它们，你的类和函数是没有有价值的。添加这些代码到你的 setup 部分（第一行只是上下文，所以添加最后两行）： +正像你现在可能所知的，如果你不使用它们，你的类和函数是没有价值的。添加这些代码到你的设置部分（第一行只是上下文，所以添加最后两行）： ``` enemy_list  = Level.bad( 1, eloc ) @@ -203,32 +204,32 @@ ground_list = Level.ground( 1,0,worldy-97,1080,97 ) plat_list   = Level.platform( 1 ) ``` -并提交这些行到你的主循环(再一次，第一行仅用于上下文)： +并把这些行加到你的主循环（再一次，第一行仅用于上下文）： ``` -enemy_list.draw(world)  # refresh enemies -ground_list.draw(world)  # refresh ground -plat_list.draw(world)  # refresh platforms +enemy_list.draw(world)  # 刷新敌人 +ground_list.draw(world)  # 刷新地面 +plat_list.draw(world)  # 刷新平台 ``` -### 瓷砖舞台 +### 瓷砖平台 -瓷砖游戏世界被认为更容易制作，因为你只需要绘制一些在前面的块，就能在游戏中反反复复创建每一个舞台。在网站上甚至有一组供你来使用的瓷砖，像 [OpenGameArt.org][21]。 +瓷砖类游戏世界更容易制作，因为你只需要在前面绘制一些块，就能在游戏中一再使用它们创建每个平台。在像 [OpenGameArt.org][21] 这样的网站上甚至有一套瓷砖供你来使用。 `Platform` 类与在前面部分中的类是相同的。 -在 `Level` 类中的 `ground` 和 `platform` ， 然而，必需使用循环来计算使用多少块来创建每个舞台。 +`ground` 和 `platform` 在 `Level` 类中，然而，必须使用循环来计算使用多少块来创建每个平台。 -如果你打算在你的游戏世界中有一个坚固的地面，地面是简单的。你仅从整个窗口一边到另一边"克隆"你的地面瓷砖。例如，你可以创建一个 X 和 Y 值的列表来规定每个瓷砖应该放置的位置，然后使用一个循环来获取每个值和绘制一个瓷砖。这仅是一个示例，所以不要添加这到你的代码： +如果你打算在你的游戏世界中有一个坚固的地面，这种地面是很简单的。你只需要从整个窗口的一边到另一边“克隆”你的地面瓷砖。例如，你可以创建一个 X 和 Y 值的列表来规定每个瓷砖应该放置的位置，然后使用一个循环来获取每个值并绘制每一个瓷砖。这仅是一个示例，所以不要添加这到你的代码： ``` # Do not add this to your code gloc = [0,656,64,656,128,656,192,656,256,656,320,656,384,656] ``` -如果你仔细看，不过，你也可以看到所有的 Y 值是相同的，X 值以64的增量不断地增加，这是瓷砖的东西。这种类型的重复是精确地，是计算机擅长的，因此你可以使用一点数学逻辑来让计算机为你做所有的计算： +不过，如果你仔细看，你可以看到所有的 Y 值是相同的，X 值以 64 的增量不断地增加 —— 这就是瓷砖的大小。这种重复是精确地，是计算机擅长的，因此你可以使用一点数学逻辑来让计算机为你做所有的计算： -添加这代你的脚本的 setup 部分： +添加这些到你的脚本的设置部分： ``` gloc = [] @@ -243,9 +244,9 @@ while i <= (worldx/tx)+tx: ground_list = Level.ground( 1,gloc,tx,ty ) ``` -现在，不管你的窗口的大小，Python 通过瓷砖的宽度 分割游戏世界的宽度，并创建一个数组列表列出每个 X 值。这不计算 Y 值，但是无论如何，从不在平的地面上更改。 +现在，不管你的窗口的大小，Python 会通过瓷砖的宽度分割游戏世界的宽度，并创建一个数组列表列出每个 X 值。这里不计算 Y 值，因为在平的地面上这个从不会变化。 -为在一个函数中使用数组，使用一个`while`循环，查看每个条目并在适当的位置添加一个地面瓷砖： +为了在一个函数中使用数组，使用一个 `while` 循环，查看每个条目并在适当的位置添加一个地面瓷砖： ``` def ground(lvl,gloc,tx,ty): @@ -263,13 +264,13 @@ def ground(lvl,gloc,tx,ty):     return ground_list ``` -除了 `while` 循环，这几乎与在上面一部分中提供的块样式平台游戏 `ground` 函数的代码相同。 +除了 `while` 循环，这几乎与在上面一部分中提供的瓷砖类平台的 `ground` 函数的代码相同。 -对于移到舞台，原理是相似的，但是这里有一些你可以使用的技巧来使你的生活更简单。 +对于移动的平台，原理是相似的，但是这里有一些技巧可以使它简单。 -而不通过像素映射每个舞台，你可以通过它的起始像素（它的 X 值），从地面（它的 Y 值）的高度，绘制多少瓷砖来定义一个舞台。用那种方法，你不必担心每个舞台的宽度和高度。 +你可以通过它的起始像素（它的 X 值）、距地面的高度（它的 Y 值）、绘制多少瓷砖来定义一个平台，而不是通过像素绘制每个平台。这样，你不必操心每个平台的宽度和高度。 -这个技巧的逻辑有一点更复杂，因此仔细复制这些代码。有一个 `while` 循环在另一个 `while` 循环的内部，因为这个函数必需考虑在每个数组入口处的所有三个值来成功地建造一个完整的舞台。在这个示例中，这里仅有三个舞台被定义为 `ploc.append` 语句，但是你的游戏可能需要更多，因此你需要多少就定义多少。当然，一些也将不出现，因为它们远在屏幕外，但是一旦你实施滚动，它们将呈现眼前。 +这个技巧的逻辑有一点复杂，因此请仔细复制这些代码。有一个 `while` 循环嵌套在另一个 `while` 循环的内部，因为这个函数必须考虑每个数组项的三个值来成功地建造一个完整的平台。在这个示例中，这里仅有三个平台以 `ploc.append` 语句定义，但是你的游戏可能需要更多，因此你需要多少就定义多少。当然，有一些不会出现，因为它们远在屏幕外，但是一旦当你进行滚动时，它们将呈现在眼前。 ``` def platform(lvl,tx,ty): @@ -295,21 +296,21 @@ def platform(lvl,tx,ty):     return plat_list ``` -为获取舞台，使其出现在你的游戏世界，它们必需在你的主循环中。如果你还没有这样做，添加这些行到你的主循环(再一次，第一行仅被用于上下文)中： +要让这些平台出现在你的游戏世界，它们必须出现在你的主循环中。如果你还没有这样做，添加这些行到你的主循环（再一次，第一行仅被用于上下文）中： ``` -        enemy_list.draw(world)  # refresh enemies -        ground_list.draw(world) # refresh ground -        plat_list.draw(world)   # refresh platforms +        enemy_list.draw(world)  # 刷新敌人 +        ground_list.draw(world) # 刷新地面 +        plat_list.draw(world)   # 刷新平台 ``` -启动你的游戏，根据需要调整你的舞台的放置位置。不要担心，你不能看见在屏幕外面产生的舞台；你将不久后修复。 +启动你的游戏，根据需要调整你的平台的放置位置。如果你看不见屏幕外产生的平台，不要担心；你不久后就可以修复它。 -到目前为止，这是在一个图片和在代码中游戏： +到目前为止，这是游戏的图片和代码： ![Pygame game][23] -到目前为止，我们的 Pygame 舞台。 +*到目前为止，我们的 Pygame 平台。* ``` #!/usr/bin/env python3 @@ -546,14 +547,16 @@ while main == True:     clock.tick(fps) ``` +（LCTT 译注：到本文翻译完为止，该系列已经近一年没有继续更新了~） + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/put-platforms-python-game 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[robsan](https://github.com/robsean) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -582,9 +585,9 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/put-platforms-python-game [21]: https://opengameart.org/content/simplified-platformer-pack [22]: /file/403886 [23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pygame_platforms.jpg (Pygame game) -[24]: Learn how to program in Python by building a simple dice game -[25]: https://opensource.com/article/17/12/game-framework-python -[26]: https://opensource.com/article/17/12/game-python-add-a-player -[27]: https://opensource.com/article/17/12/game-python-moving-player -[28]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/pygame-enemy +[24]: https://linux.cn/article-9071-1.html +[25]: https://linux.cn/article-10850-1.html +[26]: https://linux.cn/article-10858-1.html +[27]: https://linux.cn/article-10874-1.html +[28]: https://linux.cn/article-10883-1.html From 3641940c443f97186e23b649757ceec660aceafd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 26 May 2019 20:38:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0015/1265] PUB:20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md @robsean https://linux.cn/article-10902-1.html --- .../20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md b/published/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md rename to published/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md index de9e987eb8..d5f6a910d2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md +++ b/published/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10902-1.html) [#]: subject: (Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/7/put-platforms-python-game) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) From 8f413fa888e11e6fa29c7ae9ffce88c127b32dba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 26 May 2019 21:50:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0016/1265] APL:20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io --- ...g 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md b/sources/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md index c7ec1de513..fe7f9a2478 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 94ca7c94d1a824ac10991625c08b32fea981dd88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 26 May 2019 22:38:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0017/1265] TSL:20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md --- ...ub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md | 164 ------------------ ...ub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md | 156 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 156 insertions(+), 164 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md b/sources/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md deleted file mode 100644 index fe7f9a2478..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,164 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/chaossearch-github-ghtorrent) -[#]: author: (Pete Cheslock https://opensource.com/users/petecheslock/users/ghaff/users/payalsingh/users/davidmstokes) - -Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io -====== -There is a way to explore GitHub data without any local infrastructure -using open source datasets. -![magnifying glass on computer screen][1] - -I’m always on the lookout for new datasets that we can use to show off the power of my team's work. [**CHAOS** SEARCH][2] turns your [Amazon S3][3] object storage data into a fully searchable [Elasticsearch][4]-like cluster. With the Elasticsearch API or tools like [Kibana][5], you can then query whatever data you find. - -I was excited when I found the [GHTorrent][6] project to explore. GHTorrent aims to build an offline version of all data available through the GitHub APIs. If datasets are your thing, this is a project worth checking out or even consider [donating one of your GitHub API keys][7]. - -### Accessing GHTorrent data - -There are many ways to gain access to and use [GHTorrent’s data][8], which is available in [NDJSON][9]** **format. This project does a great job making the data available in multiple forms, including[CSV][10] for restoring into a [MySQL][11] database, [MongoDB][12] dumps of all objects, and Google Big Query** **(free) for exporting data directly into Google’s object storage. There is one caveat: this dataset has a nearly complete dataset from 2008 to 2017 but is not as complete from 2017 to today. That will impact our ability to query with certainty, but it is still an exciting amount of information. - -I chose Google Big Query to avoid running any database myself, so I was quickly able to download a full corpus of data including users and projects. **CHAOS** SEARCH can natively analyze the NDJSON format, so after uploading the data to Amazon S3 I was able to index it in just a few minutes. The **CHAOS** SEARCH platform doesn’t require users to set up index schemas or define mappings for their data, so it discovered all of the fields—strings, integers, etc.—itself. - -With my data fully indexed and ready for search and aggregation, I wanted to dive in and see what insights we can learn, like which software languages are the most popular for GitHub projects. - -(A note on formatting: this is a valid JSON query that we won't format correctly here to avoid scroll fatigue. To properly format it, you can copy it locally and send to a command-line utility like [jq][13].) - - -``` -`{"aggs":{"2":{"date_histogram":{"field":"root.created_at","interval":"1M","time_zone":"America/New_York","min_doc_count":1}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["root.created_at","root.updated_at"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"root.language":{"query":""}}}]}}}` -``` - -This result is of little surprise to anyone who’s followed the state of open source languages over recent years. - -![Which software languages are the most popular on GitHub.][14] - -[JavaScript][15] is still the reigning champion, and while some believe JavaScript is on its way out, it remains the 800-pound gorilla and is likely to remain that way for some time. [Java][16] faces similar rumors and this data shows that it's a major part of the open source ecosystem. - -Given the popularity of projects like [Docker][17] and [Kubernetes][18], you might be wondering, “What about Go ([Golang][19])?” This is a good time for a reminder that the GitHub dataset discussed here contains some gaps, most significantly after 2017, which is about when I saw Golang projects popping up everywhere. I hope to repeat this search with a complete GitHub dataset and see if it changes the rankings at all. - -Now let's explore the rate of project creation. (Reminder: this is valid JSON consolidated for readability.) - - -``` -`{"aggs":{"2":{"date_histogram":{"field":"root.created_at","interval":"1M","time_zone":"America/New_York","min_doc_count":1}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["root.created_at","root.updated_at"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"root.language":{"query":""}}}]}}}` -``` - -Seeing the rate at which new projects are created would be fun impressive as well, with tremendous growth starting around 2012: - -![The rate at which new projects are created on GitHub.][20] - -Now that I knew the rate of projects created as well as the most popular languages used to create these projects, I wanted to find out what open source licenses these projects chose. Unfortunately, this data doesn’t exist in the GitHub projects dataset, but the fantastic team over at [Tidelift][21] publishes a detailed list of GitHub projects, licenses used, and other details regarding the state of open source software in their [Libraries.io][22][ data][23]. Ingesting this dataset into **CHAOS** SEARCH took just minutes, letting me see which open source software licenses are the most popular on GitHub: - -(Reminder: this is valid JSON consolidated for readability.) - - -``` -`{"aggs":{"2":{"terms":{"field":"Repository License","size":10,"order":{"_count":"desc"}}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["Created Timestamp","Last synced Timestamp","Latest Release Publish Timestamp","Updated Timestamp"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository License":{"query":""}}}]}}}` -``` - -The results show some significant outliers: - -![Which open source software licenses are the most popular on GitHub.][24] - -As you can see, the [MIT license][25] and the [Apache 2.0 license][26] by far outweighs most of the other open source licenses used for these projects, while [various BSD and GPL licenses][27] follow far behind. I can’t say that I’m surprised by these results given GitHub’s open model. I would guess that users, not companies, create most projects and that they use the MIT license to make it simple for other people to use, share, and contribute. That Apache 2.0** **licensing is right behind also makes sense, given just how many companies want to ensure their trademarks are respected and have an open source component to their businesses. - -Now that I identified the most popular licenses, I was curious to see the least used ones. By adjusting my last query, I reversed the top 10 into the bottom 10 and was able to find just two projects using the [University of Illinois—NCSA Open Source License][28]. I had never heard of this license before, but it’s pretty close to Apache 2.0. It’s interesting to see just how many different software licenses are in use across all GitHub projects. - -![The University of Illinois/NCSA open source license.][29] - -The University of Illinois/NCSA open source license. - -After that, I dove into a specific language (JavaScript) to see the most popular license used there. (Reminder: this is valid JSON consolidated for readability.) - - -``` -`{"aggs":{"2":{"terms":{"field":"Repository License","size":10,"order":{"_count":"desc"}}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["Created Timestamp","Last synced Timestamp","Latest Release Publish Timestamp","Updated Timestamp"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository Language":{"query":"JavaScript"}}}],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository License":{"query":""}}}]}}}` -``` - -There were some surprises in this output. - -![The most popular open source licenses used for GitHub JavaScript projects.][30] - -Even though the default license for [NPM][31] modules when created with **npm init **is the one from [Internet Systems Consortium (ISC)][32], you can see that a considerable number of these projects use MIT as well as Apache 2.0 for their open source license. - -Since the Libraries.io dataset is rich in open source project content, and since the GHTorrent data is missing the last few years’ data (and thus missing any details about Golang projects), I decided to run a similar query to see how Golang projects license their code. - -(Reminder: this is valid JSON consolidated for readability.) - - -``` -`{"aggs":{"2":{"terms":{"field":"Repository License","size":10,"order":{"_count":"desc"}}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["Created Timestamp","Last synced Timestamp","Latest Release Publish Timestamp","Updated Timestamp"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository Language":{"query":"Go"}}}],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository License":{"query":""}}}]}}}` -``` - -The results were quite different than Javascript. - -![How Golang projects license their GitHub code.][33] - -Golang offers a stunning reversal from JavaScript—nearly three times as many Golang projects are licensed with Apache 2.0 over MIT. While it’s hard precisely explain why this is the case, over the last few years there’s been massive growth in Golang, especially among companies building projects and software offerings, both open source and commercially. - -As we learned above, many of these companies want to enforce their trademarks, thus the move to the Apache 2.0 license makes sense. - -#### Conclusion - -In the end, I found some interesting results by diving into the GitHub users and projects data dump. Some of these I definitely would have guessed, but a few results were surprises to me as well, especially the outliers like the rarely-used NCSA license. - -All in all, you can see how quickly and easily the **CHAOS** SEARCH platform lets us find complicated answers to interesting questions. I dove into this dataset and received deep analytics without having to run any databases myself, and even stored the data inexpensively on Amazon S3—so there’s little maintenance involved. Now I can ask any other questions regarding the data anytime I want. - -What other questions are you asking your data, and what data sets do you use? Let me know in the comments or on Twitter [@petecheslock][34]. - -_A version of this article was originally posted on[ **CHAOS** SEARCH][35]._ - -* * * - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/chaossearch-github-ghtorrent - -作者：[Pete Cheslock][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/petecheslock/users/ghaff/users/payalsingh/users/davidmstokes -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/search_find_code_issue_bug_programming.png?itok=XPrh7fa0 (magnifying glass on computer screen) -[2]: https://chaossearch.io/ -[3]: https://aws.amazon.com/s3/ -[4]: https://www.elastic.co/ -[5]: https://www.elastic.co/products/kibana -[6]: http://ghtorrent.org -[7]: http://ghtorrent.org/services.html -[8]: http://ghtorrent.org/downloads.html -[9]: http://ndjson.org -[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values -[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL -[12]: https://www.mongodb.com/ -[13]: https://stedolan.github.io/jq/ -[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-1_500.png (Which software languages are the most popular on GitHub.) -[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript -[16]: /resources/java -[17]: /resources/what-docker -[18]: /resources/what-is-kubernetes -[19]: https://golang.org/ -[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-2_500.png (The rate at which new projects are created on GitHub.) -[21]: https://tidelift.com -[22]: http://libraries.io/ -[23]: https://libraries.io/data -[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-3_500.png (Which open source software licenses are the most popular on GitHub.) -[25]: https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT -[26]: https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0 -[27]: https://opensource.org/licenses -[28]: https://tldrlegal.com/license/university-of-illinois---ncsa-open-source-license-(ncsa) -[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-4_500_0.png (The University of Illinois/NCSA open source license.) -[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-5_500_0.png (The most popular open source licenses used for GitHub JavaScript projects.) -[31]: https://www.npmjs.com/ -[32]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_license -[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-6_500.png (How Golang projects license their GitHub code.) -[34]: https://twitter.com/petecheslock -[35]: https://chaossearch.io/blog/where-are-the-github-users-part-1/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md b/translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b51f375a48 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/chaossearch-github-ghtorrent) +[#]: author: (Pete Cheslock https://opensource.com/users/petecheslock/users/ghaff/users/payalsingh/users/davidmstokes) + +用 GHTorrent 和 Libraries.io 查询 10 年的 GitHub 数据 +====== +> 有一种方法可以在没有任何本地基础设施的情况下使用开源数据集探索 GitHub 数据. + +![magnifying glass on computer screen][1] + +我一直在寻找新的数据集，以用它们来展示我团队工作的力量。[CHAOSSEARCH][2] 可以将你的 [Amazon S3][3] 对象存储数据转换为完全可搜索的 [Elasticsearch][4] 式集群。使用 Elasticsearch API 或 [Kibana][5] 等工具，你可以查询你找的任何数据。 + +当我找到 [GHTorrent][6] 项目进行探索时，我很兴奋。GHTorrent 旨在通过 GitHub API 构建所有可用数据的离线版本。如果你喜欢数据集，这是一个值得一看的项目，甚至你可以考虑[捐赠一个 GitHub API 密钥][7]。 + +### 访问 GHTorrent 数据 + +有许多方法可以访问和使用 [GHTorrent 的数据][8]，它以 [NDJSON][9] 格式提供。这个项目可以以多种形式提供数据，包括用于恢复到 [MySQL][11] 数据库的 [CSV][10]，可以转储所有对象的 [MongoDB][12]，以及用于将数据直接导出到 Google 对象存储中的 Google Big Query（免费）。 有一点需要注意：这个数据集有从 2008 年到 2017 年的几乎完整的数据集，但从 2017 年到现在的数据还不完整。这将影响我们确定性查询的能力，但它仍然是一个令人兴奋的信息量。 + +我选择 Google Big Query 来避免自己运行任何数据库，那么我就可以很快下载包括用户和项目在内的完整数据库。 CHAOSSEARCH 可以原生分析 NDJSON 格式，因此在将数据上传到 Amazon S3 之后，我能够在几分钟内对其进行索引。 CHAOSSEARCH 平台不要求用户设置索引模式或定义其数据的映射，它可以发现所有字段本身（字符串、整数等）。 + +随着我的数据完全索引并准备好进行搜索和聚合，我想深入了解看看我们可以发现什么，比如哪些软件语言是 GitHub 项目最受欢迎的。 + +（关于格式化的说明：下面这是一个有效的 JSON 查询，我们不会在这里正确格式化以避免滚动疲劳。要正确格式化它，你可以在本地复制它并发送到命令行实用程序，如 [jq][13]。） + +``` +{"aggs":{"2":{"date_histogram":{"field":"root.created_at","interval":"1M","time_zone":"America/New_York","min_doc_count":1}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["root.created_at","root.updated_at"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"root.language":{"query":""}}}]}}} +``` + +对于那些近年来跟踪开源语言状态的人来说，这个结果并不令人惊讶。 + +![Which software languages are the most popular on GitHub.][14] + +[JavaScript][15] 仍然是卫冕冠军，虽然有些人认为 JavaScript 正在逐渐消失，但它仍然是 800 磅重的大猩猩，很可能会保持这种状态一段时间。[Java][16] 面临类似的谣言，但这些数据表明它是开源生态系统的重要组成部分。 + +考虑到像 [Docker][17] 和 [Kubernetes][18] 这样的项目的流行，你可能会想，“Go（[Golang][19]）怎么样？”这是一个提醒的好时机，这里讨论的 GitHub 数据集包含一些空缺，最明显的是在 2017 年之后我看到 Golang 项目随处可见，而这里并没有显示。我希望用完整的 GitHub 数据集重复此搜索，看看它是否会改变排名。 + +现在让我们来探讨项目创建的速度。 （提醒：这是为了便于阅读而合并的有效 JSON。） + +``` +{"aggs":{"2":{"date_histogram":{"field":"root.created_at","interval":"1M","time_zone":"America/New_York","min_doc_count":1}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["root.created_at","root.updated_at"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"root.language":{"query":""}}}]}}} +``` + +我们可以看到创建新项目的速度，也会给人留下深刻的印象，从 2012 年左右开始大幅增长： + +![The rate at which new projects are created on GitHub.][20] + +既然我知道了创建的项目的速度以及用于创建这些项目的最流行的语言，我还想知道这些项目选择的开源许可证。遗憾的是，这个 GitHub 项目数据集中并不存在这些数据，但是 [Tidelift][21] 的精彩团队在 [Libraries.io][22] [数据][23] 里发布了一个 GitHub 项目的详细列表，包括使用的许可证以及其中有关开源软件状态的其他详细信息。将此数据集导入 CHAOSSEARCH 只花了几分钟，让我看看哪些开源软件许可证在 GitHub 上最受欢迎： + +（提醒：这是为了便于阅读而合并的有效 JSON。） + + +``` +{"aggs":{"2":{"terms":{"field":"Repository License","size":10,"order":{"_count":"desc"}}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["Created Timestamp","Last synced Timestamp","Latest Release Publish Timestamp","Updated Timestamp"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository License":{"query":""}}}]}}} +``` + +结果显示了一些重要的异常值： + +![Which open source software licenses are the most popular on GitHub.][24] + +如你所见，[MIT 许可证][25] 和 [Apache 2.0 许可证][26] 的开源项目远远超过了其他大多数开源许可证，而 [各种 BSD 和 GPL 许可证][27] 则差得很远。鉴于 GitHub 的开放模式，我不能说我对这些结果感到惊讶。我猜想用户（而不是公司）创建了大多数项目，并且他们使用 MIT 许可证可以使其他人轻松使用、共享和贡献。而鉴于有不少公司希望确保其商标得到尊重并为其业务提供开源组件，那么 Apache 2.0 许可证数量高企的背后也是有道理的。 + +现在我确定了最受欢迎的许可证，我很想看看到最少使用的许可证。通过调整我的上一个查询，我将前 10 名逆转为最后 10 名，并且只找到了两个使用 [伊利诺伊大学 - NCSA 开源许可证][28] 的项目。我之前从未听说过这个许可证，但它与 Apache 2.0 非常接近。看到了所有 GitHub 项目中使用了多少个不同的软件许可证，这很有意思。 + +![The University of Illinois/NCSA open source license.][29] + +之后，我针对特定语言（JavaScript）来查看最常用的许可证。（提醒：这是为了便于阅读而合并的有效JSON。） + +``` +{"aggs":{"2":{"terms":{"field":"Repository License","size":10,"order":{"_count":"desc"}}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["Created Timestamp","Last synced Timestamp","Latest Release Publish Timestamp","Updated Timestamp"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository Language":{"query":"JavaScript"}}}],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository License":{"query":""}}}]}}} +``` + +这个输出有一些意外。 + +![The most popular open source licenses used for GitHub JavaScript projects.][30] + +尽管使用 `npm init` 创建的 [NPM][31] 模块的默认许可证是 [Internet Systems Consortium（ISC）][32] 的许可证，但你可以看到相当多的这些项目使用 MIT 以及 Apache 2.0 的开源许可证。 + +由于 Libraries.io 数据集中包含丰富的开源项目内容，并且由于 GHTorrent 数据缺少最近几年的数据（因此缺少有关 Golang 项目的任何细节），因此我决定运行类似的查询来查看 Golang 项目是如何许可他们的代码的。 + +（提醒：这是为了便于阅读而合并的有效 JSON。） + +``` +{"aggs":{"2":{"terms":{"field":"Repository License","size":10,"order":{"_count":"desc"}}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["Created Timestamp","Last synced Timestamp","Latest Release Publish Timestamp","Updated Timestamp"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository Language":{"query":"Go"}}}],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository License":{"query":""}}}]}}} +``` + +结果与 Javascript 完全不同。 + +![How Golang projects license their GitHub code.][33] + +Golang 项目与 JavaScript 项目惊人逆转 —— 使用 Apache 2.0 的 Golang 项目几乎是 MIT 许可证的三倍。虽然很难准确地解释为什么会出现这种情况，但在过去的几年中，Golang 已经出现了大规模的增长，特别是在开源和商业化的项目和软件产品公司中。 + +正如我们上面所了解的，这些公司中的许多公司都希望强制执行其商标，因此转向 Apache 2.0 许可证是有道理的。 + +#### 总结 + +最后，我通过深入了解 GitHub 用户和项目的数据找到了一些有趣的结果。其中一些我肯定会猜到，但是一些结果对我来说也是惊喜，特别是像很少使用的 NCSA 许可证这样的异常值。 + +总而言之，你可以看到 CHAOSSEARCH 平台能够快速轻松地找到有趣问题的复杂答案。我无需自己运行任何数据库就可以深入研究这个数据集，甚至可以在 Amazon S3 上以低成本的方式存储数据，因此无需维护。 现在，我可以随时查询有关这些数据的任何其他问题。 + +你对数据提出了哪些其他问题，以及你使用了哪些数据集？请在评论或推特上告诉我 [@petecheslock] [34]。 + +本文的一个版本最初发布在 [CHAOSSEARCH][35]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/chaossearch-github-ghtorrent + +作者：[Pete Cheslock][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/petecheslock/users/ghaff/users/payalsingh/users/davidmstokes +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/search_find_code_issue_bug_programming.png?itok=XPrh7fa0 (magnifying glass on computer screen) +[2]: https://chaossearch.io/ +[3]: https://aws.amazon.com/s3/ +[4]: https://www.elastic.co/ +[5]: https://www.elastic.co/products/kibana +[6]: http://ghtorrent.org +[7]: http://ghtorrent.org/services.html +[8]: http://ghtorrent.org/downloads.html +[9]: http://ndjson.org +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL +[12]: https://www.mongodb.com/ +[13]: https://stedolan.github.io/jq/ +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-1_500.png (Which software languages are the most popular on GitHub.) +[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript +[16]: /resources/java +[17]: /resources/what-docker +[18]: /resources/what-is-kubernetes +[19]: https://golang.org/ +[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-2_500.png (The rate at which new projects are created on GitHub.) +[21]: https://tidelift.com +[22]: http://libraries.io/ +[23]: https://libraries.io/data +[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-3_500.png (Which open source software licenses are the most popular on GitHub.) +[25]: https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT +[26]: https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0 +[27]: https://opensource.org/licenses +[28]: https://tldrlegal.com/license/university-of-illinois---ncsa-open-source-license-(ncsa) +[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-4_500_0.png (The University of Illinois/NCSA open source license.) +[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-5_500_0.png (The most popular open source licenses used for GitHub JavaScript projects.) +[31]: https://www.npmjs.com/ +[32]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_license +[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/github-6_500.png (How Golang projects license their GitHub code.) +[34]: https://twitter.com/petecheslock +[35]: https://chaossearch.io/blog/where-are-the-github-users-part-1/ From 759c477794116960b89cf8310c53d1e65098e84b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 26 May 2019 23:37:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0018/1265] PRF:20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md @geekpi --- ...apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md index 05015d29b3..5ca559313e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora) @@ -14,15 +14,15 @@ 网上有很多可以用来管理你个人财务的服务。虽然它们可能很方便，但这通常也意味着将你最宝贵的个人数据放在你无法监控的公司。也有些人对这些不太在意。 -无论你是否在意，你可能会对你自己系统上的应用感兴趣。这意味着如果你不想，你的数据永远不会离开莫自己的计算机。这三款之一可能就是你想找的。 +无论你是否在意，你可能会对你自己系统上的应用感兴趣。这意味着如果你不想，你的数据永远不会离开自己的计算机。这三款之一可能就是你想找的。 ### HomeBank -HomeBank 是一款可以管理多个账户的全功能软件。它很容易设置并保持更新。它有多种方式画出你的分类和负载，以便你可以看到资金流向何处。它可以通过官方 Fedora 仓库下载。 +HomeBank 是一款可以管理多个账户的全功能软件。它很容易设置并保持更新。它有多种方式画出你的分类和负债，以便你可以看到资金流向何处。它可以通过官方 Fedora 仓库下载。 ![A simple account set up in HomeBank with a few transactions.][2] -要安装 HomeBank，请打开_软件中心_，搜索 _HomeBank_，然后选择该应用。单击_安装_将其添加到你的系统中。HomeBank 也可以通过 Flatpak 安装。 +要安装 HomeBank，请打开“软件中心”，搜索 “HomeBank”，然后选择该应用。单击“安装”将其添加到你的系统中。HomeBank 也可以通过 Flatpak 安装。 ### KMyMoney @@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ $ sudo dnf install kmymoney ![Checking account records shown in GnuCash.][5] -打开_软件中心_，搜索 _GnuCash_，然后选择应用。单击_安装_将其添加到你的系统中。或者如上所述使用 _dnf install_ 来安装 _gnucash_ 包。 +打开“软件中心”，搜索 “GnuCash”，然后选择应用。单击“安装”将其添加到你的系统中。或者如上所述使用 `dnf install` 来安装 “gnucash” 包。 -它现在可以通过 Flathub 安装，这使得安装变得简单。如果你没有安装 Flathub，请查看 [Fedora Magazine 上的这篇文章][6]了解如何使用它。这样你也可以在终端使用 _flatpak install GnuCash_ 命令。 +它现在可以通过 Flathub 安装，这使得安装变得简单。如果你没有安装 Flathub，请查看 [Fedora Magazine 上的这篇文章][6]了解如何使用它。这样你也可以在终端使用 `flatpak install gnucash` 命令。 * * * -照片由 _[_Fabian Blank_][7]_ 拍摄，发布在 [ _Unsplash_][8] 上。 +照片由 [Fabian Blank][7] 拍摄，发布在 [Unsplash][8] 上。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/3-apps-to-manage-personal-finances-in-fedora/ 作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7ac5acf15a0fd5affefa472e732ffa74ff6f87cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 26 May 2019 23:38:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0019/1265] PUB:20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10903-1.html --- .../20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md b/published/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md rename to published/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md index 5ca559313e..dee4fb0985 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md +++ b/published/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10903-1.html) [#]: subject: (3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/3-apps-to-manage-personal-finances-in-fedora/) [#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/) From 7ece246ac5b4c57be574053e72fb52dc7eb4d427 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 08:54:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0020/1265] translated --- ... open source apps for plant-based diets.md | 68 ------------------- ... open source apps for plant-based diets.md | 67 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md b/sources/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2e27ab4b44..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,68 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (4 open source apps for plant-based diets) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/apps-plant-based-diets) -[#]: author: (Joshua Allen Holm https://opensource.com/users/holmja) - -4 open source apps for plant-based diets -====== -These apps make it easier for vegetarians and vegans—and omnivores who -want to eat healthier—to find food they can eat. -![][1] - -Reducing your consumption of meat, dairy, and processed foods is better for the planet and better for your health. Changing your diet can be difficult, but several open source Android applications can help you switch to a more plant-based diet. Whether you are taking part in [Meatless Monday][2], following Mark Bittman's [Vegan Before 6:00][3] guidelines, or switching entirely to a [whole-food, plant-based diet][4], these apps can aid you on your journey by helping you figure out what to eat, discover vegan- and vegetarian-friendly restaurants, and easily communicate your dietary preferences to others. All of these apps are open source and available from the [F-Droid repository][5]. - -### Daily Dozen - -![Daily Dozen app][6] - -The [Daily Dozen][7] app provides a checklist of items that Michael Greger, MD, FACLM, recommends as part of a healthy diet and lifestyle. Dr. Greger recommends consuming a whole-food, plant-based diet consisting of diverse foods and supported by daily exercise. This app lets you keep track of how many servings of each type of food you have eaten, how many servings of water (or other approved beverage, such as tea) you drank, and if you exercised each day. Each category of food provides serving sizes and lists of foods that fall under that category; for example, the Cruciferous Vegetable category includes bok choy, broccoli, brussels sprouts, and many other suggestions. - -### Food Restrictions - -![Food Restrictions app][8] - -[Food Restrictions][9] is a simple app that can help you communicate your dietary restrictions to others, even if those people do not speak your language. Users can enter their food restrictions for seven different categories: chicken, beef, pork, fish, cheese, milk, and peppers. There is an "I don't eat" and an "I'm allergic" option for each of those categories. The "don't eat" option shows the icon with a red X over it. The "allergic" option displays the X and a small skull icon. The same information can be displayed using text instead of icons, but the text is only available in English and Portuguese. There is also an option for displaying a text message that says the user is vegetarian or vegan, which summarizes those dietary restrictions more succinctly and more accurately than the pick-and-choose options. The vegan text clearly mentions not eating eggs and honey, which are not options in the pick-and-choose method. However, just like the text version of the pick-and-choose option, these sentences are only available in English and Portuguese. - -### OpenFoodFacts - -![Open Food Facts app][10] - -Avoiding unwanted ingredients when buying groceries can be frustrating, but [OpenFoodFacts][11] can help make the process easier. This app lets you scan the barcodes on products to get a report about the ingredients in a product and how healthy the product is. A product can still be very unhealthy even if it meets the criteria to be a vegan product. Having both the ingredients list and the nutrition facts lets you make informed choices when shopping. The only drawback for this app is that the data is user contributed, so not every product is available, but you can contribute new items, if you want to give back to the project. - -### OpenVegeMap - -![OpenVegeMap app][12] - -Find vegan and vegetarian restaurants in your neighborhood with the [OpenVegeMap][13] app. This app lets you search by either using your phone's current location or by entering an address. Restaurants are classified as Vegan only, Vegan friendly, Vegetarian only, Vegetarian friendly, Non-vegetarian, and Unknown. The app uses data from [OpenStreetMap][14] and user-contributed information about the restaurants, so be sure to double-check to make sure the information provided is up-to-date and accurate. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/apps-plant-based-diets - -作者：[Joshua Allen Holm ][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/holmja -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003588_01_rd3os.combacktoschoolserieshe_rh_041x_0.png?itok=tfg6_I78 -[2]: https://www.meatlessmonday.com/ -[3]: https://www.amazon.com/dp/0385344740/ -[4]: https://nutritionstudies.org/whole-food-plant-based-diet-guide/ -[5]: https://f-droid.org/ -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/daily_dozen.png (Daily Dozen app) -[7]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.nutritionfacts.dailydozen/ -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/food_restrictions.png (Food Restrictions app) -[9]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/br.com.frs.foodrestrictions/ -[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openfoodfacts.png (Open Food Facts app) -[11]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/openfoodfacts.github.scrachx.openfood/ -[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openvegmap.png (OpenVegeMap app) -[13]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/pro.rudloff.openvegemap/ -[14]: https://www.openstreetmap.org/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md b/translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..96107a526a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (4 open source apps for plant-based diets) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/apps-plant-based-diets) +[#]: author: (Joshua Allen Holm https://opensource.com/users/holmja) + +4 款基于植物饮食的开源应用 +====== +这些应用使素食者、纯素食主义者和那些想吃得更健康的杂食者找到可以吃的食物。 +![][1] + +减少对肉类、乳制品和加工食品的消费对地球来说更好，也对你的健康更有益。改变你的饮食习惯可能很困难，但是一些开源的 Android 应用可以帮助你切换成基于植物的饮食。无论你是参加[无肉星期一][2]，参加 Mark Bittman 的 [6:00 前的素食][3]指南，还是完全切换到[全植物性饮食][4]，这些应用能帮助你找出要吃什么，发现素食和素食友好的餐馆，并轻松地将你的饮食偏好传达给他人，来助你更好地走这条路。所有这些应用都是开源的，可从 [F-Droid 仓库][5]下载。 + +### Daily Dozen + +![Daily Dozen app][6] + +[Daily Dozen][7] 提供了医学博士、美国法律医学院院士 Michael Greger 推荐的项目清单，作为健康饮食和生活方式的一部分。Greger 博士建议食用全食，由多种食物组成的基于植物的饮食，并坚持日常锻炼。该应用可以让你跟踪你吃的每种食物的份数，你喝了多少份水（或其他获准的饮料，如茶），以及你是否每天锻炼。每类食物都提供食物分量和属于该类别的食物清单。例如，十字花科蔬菜类包括白菜、花椰菜、芽甘蓝等许多其他建议。 + +### Food Restrictions + +![Food Restrictions app][8] + +[Food Restrictions][9] 是一个简单的应用，它可以帮助你将饮食限制传达给他人，即使这些人不会说你的语言。用户可以输入七种不同类别的食物限制：鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉、鱼、奶酪、牛奶和辣椒。每种类别都有“我不吃”和“我过敏”选项。“不吃”选项会显示带有红色 X 的图标。“过敏” 选项显示 X 和小骷髅图标。可以使用文本而不是图标显示相同的信息，但文本仅提供英语和葡萄牙语。还有一个选项可以显示一条文字信息，说明用户是素食主义者或纯素食主义者，它比选择更简洁、更准确地总结了这些饮食限制。纯素食主义者的文本清楚地提到不吃鸡蛋和蜂蜜，这在挑选中是没有的。但是，就像挑选方式的文字版本一样，这些句子仅提供英语和葡萄牙语。 + +### OpenFoodFacts + +![Open Food Facts app][10] + +购买杂货时避免不必要的成分可能令人沮丧，但 [OpenFoodFacts][11] 可以帮助简化流程。该应用可让你扫描产品上的条形码，以获得有关产品成分和是否健康的报告。即使产品符合纯素产品的标准，产品仍然可能非常不健康。拥有成分列表和营养成分可让你在购物时做出明智的选择。此应用的唯一缺点是数据是用户贡献的，因此并非每个产品都可有数据，但如果你想回馈项目，你可以贡献新数据。 + +### OpenVegeMap + +![OpenVegeMap app][12] + +使用 [OpenVegeMap][13] 查找你附近的纯素食或素食主义餐厅。此应用可以通过手机的当前位置或者输入地址来搜索。餐厅分类为仅限纯素食者、纯素友好，仅限素食主义者，素食友好者，非素食和未知。该应用使用来自 [OpenStreetMap][14] 的数据和用户提供的有关餐馆的信息，因此请务必仔细检查以确保所提供的信息是最新且准确的。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/apps-plant-based-diets + +作者：[Joshua Allen Holm ][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/holmja +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003588_01_rd3os.combacktoschoolserieshe_rh_041x_0.png?itok=tfg6_I78 +[2]: https://www.meatlessmonday.com/ +[3]: https://www.amazon.com/dp/0385344740/ +[4]: https://nutritionstudies.org/whole-food-plant-based-diet-guide/ +[5]: https://f-droid.org/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/daily_dozen.png (Daily Dozen app) +[7]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.nutritionfacts.dailydozen/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/food_restrictions.png (Food Restrictions app) +[9]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/br.com.frs.foodrestrictions/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openfoodfacts.png (Open Food Facts app) +[11]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/openfoodfacts.github.scrachx.openfood/ +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openvegmap.png (OpenVegeMap app) +[13]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/pro.rudloff.openvegemap/ +[14]: https://www.openstreetmap.org/ From c447eea9eefd2de50b53feae5ad17f901fd84d30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 09:00:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0021/1265] translating --- ...20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md b/sources/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md index 11659592fb..b7a2707cfe 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 87d53f338bcee5022684345e273703c6e130e224 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhang5788 <1109750079@qq.com> Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 11:01:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0022/1265] zhang5788 translating --- sources/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md b/sources/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md index 873173e4ad..596fb27801 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (zhang5788) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From b95df6303df76584ef84e5124913ef12f00636d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 12:19:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0023/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190405=20Bloc?= =?UTF-8?q?kchain=202.0=20=E2=80=93=20Ongoing=20Projects=20(The=20State=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Of=20Smart=20Contracts=20Now)=20[Part=206]=20sources/tech/20190?= =?UTF-8?q?405=20Blockchain=202.0=20-=20Ongoing=20Projects=20(The=20State?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Of=20Smart=20Contracts=20Now)=20-Part=206.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md | 120 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 120 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md b/sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3674b73954 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) [Part 6]) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/) +[#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) + +Blockchain 2.0 – Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) [Part 6] +====== + +![The State Of Smart Contracts Now][1] + +Continuing from our [**earlier post on smart contracts**][2], this post aims to discuss the state of Smart contracts, highlight some current projects and companies currently undertaking developments in the area. Smart contracts as discussed in the previous article of the series are programs that exist and execute themselves on a blockchain network. We explored how smart contracts work and why they are superior to traditional digital platforms. Companies described here operate in a wide variety of industries however most of them deal with identity management systems, financial services, crowd funding systems etc., as these are the areas thought to be most suitable for switching to blockchain based data base systems. + +### Open platforms + +Platforms such as **Counterparty** [1] and **Solidity(Ethereum)** are fully public building blocks for developers to create their own smart contracts. Wide spread developer participation in such projects have allowed these to become de facto standards for developing smart contracts, designing your own cryptocurrency token systems, and creating protocols for the blockchains to function. Many commendable projects have derived from them. **Quorum** , by JP Morgan, derived from Ethereum, is an example. **Ripple** is another example for the same. + +### Managing financial transactions + +Transferring cryptocurrencies over the internet is touted to be the norm in the coming years. The shortfalls with the same are: + + * Identities and wallet addresses are anonymous. The payer doesn’t have any first recourse if the receiver does not honor the transaction. + * Erroneous transactions if any will cannot be traced. + * Cryptographically generated hash keys are difficult to work with for humans and human errors are a prime concern. + + + +Having someone else take in the transaction momentarily and settle it with the receiver after due diligence is preferred in this case. + +**EscrowMyEther** [3] and **PAYFAIR** [4] are two such escrow platforms. Basically, the escrow company takes the agreed upon amount and sends a token to the receiver. Once the receiver delivers what the payer wants via the same escrow platform, both confirm and the final payment is released. These are used extensively by freelancers and hobbyist collectors online. + +### Financial services + +Developments in micro-financing and micro-insurance projects will improve the banking infrastructure for much of the world’s poor and unbanked. Involving the poorer “unbanked” sections of the society is estimated to increase revenues for banks and institutions involved by **$380 billion** [5]. This amount supersedes the savings in operational expenses that can be expected by switching to blockchain DLT for banks. + +**BankQu Inc.** based in Midwest United States goes by the slogan “Dignity through identity”. Their platform allows for individuals to setup their own digital identity record where all their transactions will be vetted and processed real time on the blockchain. Overtime the underlying code records and builds a unique online identity for its users allowing for ultra-quick transactions and settlements. The BankQu case studies exploring more about how they’re helping individuals and companies this way is available [here][3]. + +**Stratumn** is helping insurance companies offer better insurance services by automating tasks which were earlier micromanaged by humans. By automation, end to end traceability, and efficient data privacy methods they’ve radically changed how insurance claims are settled. Improved customer experience along with significant cost reductions present a win-win situation for clients as well as firms involved[6]. + +A similar endeavor is being run on a trial basis currently by the French Insurance firm, **AXA**. The product _**“fizzy”**_ allows users to subscribe to its service for a small fee and enter their flight details. In case, the flight gets delayed or comes across some other issue, the program automatically scours online databases, checks with the insurance terms and credits the insurance amount to the user’s account. This eliminates the need for the user or the customer to file a claim after checking with the terms manually and in the long-run once such systems become mainstream, increase accountability from airlines[7][8]. + +### Keeping track of ownership rights + +It is theoretically possible to track media from creation to end user consumption utilizing timestamped blocks of data in a DLT. Companies **Peertracks** and **Mycelia** are currently helping musicians publish content without worrying about their content being stolen or misused. They help artists sell directly to fans and clients while getting paid for their work without having to go through rights and record labels[9]. + +### Identity management platforms + +Blockchain based identity management platforms store your identity on a distributed ledger. Once an account is setup, it is securely encrypted and sent to all the participating nodes after. However, as the owner of the data block only the user has access to the data. Once your identity is established on the network and you begin transactions, an automated program within the network will verify all previous transactions associated with your account, send it for regulatory filings after checking requirements and execute the settlement automatically provided the program deems the transaction legitimate. The upside here being that since the data on the blockchain is tamper-proof and the smart contract checks the input with zero bias (or subjectivity), the transaction doesn’t, as previously mentioned, require oversight or approval from anyone and is taken care of instantaneously. + +Start-ups like **ShoCard** , **Credits** , and **OneName** are currently rolling out similar services and are currently in talks with government and social institutions for integrating them into mainstream use. + +Other independent projects by developers like **Chris Ellis** and **David Duccini** have respectively developed or proposed alternative identity management systems such as **“[World Citizenship][4]”** , and **[IDCoin][5]** , respectively. Mr Ellis even demonstrated the capabilities of his work by creating passports on the a blockchain network[10][11] [12][5]. + +### Resource sharing + +**Share & Charge (Slock.It)** is a European blockchain start-up. Their mobile app allows homeowners and other individuals who’ve invested their money in setting up a charging station share their resource with other individuals who’re looking for a quick. This not only allows owners to get back some of their investment, but also allows EV drivers to access significantly more charging points in their near-by geographical area allowing for suppliers to meet demands in a convenient manner. Once a “customer” is done charging their vehicle, the hardware associated creates a secure time stamped block consisting of the data and a smart contract working on the platform automatically credits the corresponding amount of money into the owners account. A track of all such transactions is recorded and proper security verifications kept in place. Interested readers can take a look [here][6], to know the technical angle behind their product[13][14]. The company’s platforms will gradually enable users to share other products and services with individuals in need and earn a passive income from the same. + +The companies we’ve looked at here, comprise a very short list of ongoing projects that make use of smart contracts and blockchain database systems. Platform such as these help in building a secure “box” full of information to be accessed only by the users themselves and the overlying code or the smart contract. The information is vetted in real time based on a trigger, examined, and the algorithm is executed by the system. Such platforms with minimal human oversight, a much-needed step in the right direction with respect to secure digital automation, something which has never been thought of at this scale previously. + +The next post will shed some light on the **different types of blockchains**. Click the following link to know more about this topic. + + * [**Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison**][7] + + + +**References:** + + * **[1][About | Counterparty][8]** + * **[2] [Quorum | J.P. Morgan][9] +** + * **[3][Escrow My Ether][10]** + * **[4][PayFair][11]** + * **[5] B. Pani, “Blockchain Powered Financial Inclusion,” 2016.** + * **[6][STRATUMN | Insurance Claim Automation Across Europe][12]** + * **[7][fizzy][13]** + * **[8][AXA goes blockchain with fizzy | AXA][14]** + * **[9] M. Gates, “Blockchain. Ultimate guide to understanding blockchain bitcoin cryptocurrencies smart-contracts and the future of money.pdf.” 2017.** + * **[10][ShoCard Is A Digital Identity Card On The Blockchain | TechCrunch][15]** + * **[11][J. Biggs, “Your Next Passport Could Be On The Blockchain | TechCrunch][16]** + * **[12][OneName – Namecoin Wiki][17]** + * **[13][Share&Charge launches its app, on-boards over 1,000 charging stations on the blockchain][18]** + * **[14][slock.it – Landing][19]** + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/ + +作者：[editor][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/State-Of-Smart-Contracts-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/ +[3]: https://banqu.co/case-study/ +[4]: https://github.com/MrChrisJ/World-Citizenship +[5]: https://github.com/IDCoin/IDCoin +[6]: https://blog.slock.it/share-charge-smart-contracts-the-technical-angle-58b93ce80f15 +[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/ +[8]: https://counterparty.io/platform/ +[9]: https://www.jpmorgan.com/global/Quorum +[10]: http://escrowmyether.com/ +[11]: https://payfair.io/ +[12]: https://stratumn.com/business-case/insurance-claim-automation-across-europe/ +[13]: https://fizzy.axa/en-gb/ +[14]: https://group.axa.com/en/newsroom/news/axa-goes-blockchain-with-fizzy +[15]: https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/shocard-is-a-digital-identity-card-on-the-blockchain/ +[16]: https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/31/your-next-passport-could-be-on-the-blockchain/ +[17]: https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=OneName +[18]: https://blog.slock.it/share-charge-launches-its-app-on-boards-over-1-000-charging-stations-on-the-blockchain-ba8275390309 +[19]: https://slock.it/ From 125e4c5abf2fff34d0c1c4b48060b4ba6d172b90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 12:20:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0024/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190308=20Bloc?= =?UTF-8?q?kchain=202.0=20=E2=80=93=20Explaining=20Smart=20Contracts=20And?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Its=20Types=20[Part=205]=20sources/tech/20190308=20Blockchai?= =?UTF-8?q?n=202.0=20-=20Explaining=20Smart=20Contracts=20And=20Its=20Type?= =?UTF-8?q?s=20-Part=205.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...g Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md | 173 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 173 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md b/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..072cbd63ee --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types [Part 5]) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/) +[#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) + +Blockchain 2.0 – Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types [Part 5] +====== + +![Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types][1] + +This is the 5th article in **Blockchain 2.0** series. The previous article of this series explored how can we implement [**Blockchain in real estate**][2]. This post briefly explores the topic of **Smart Contracts** within the domain of Blockchains and related technology. Smart Contracts, which are basic protocols to verify and create new “blocks” of data on the blockchain, are touted to be a focal point for future developments and applications of the system. However, like all “cure-all” medications, it is not the answer to everything. We explore the concept from the basics to understand what “smart contracts” are and what they’re not. + +### Evolving Contracts + +The world is built on contracts. No individual or firm on earth can function in current society without the use and reuse of contracts. The task of creating, maintaining, and enforcing contracts have become so complicated that entire judicial and legal systems have had to be setup in the name of **“contract law”** to support it. Most of all contracts are in fact overseen by a “trusted” third party to make sure the stakeholders at the ends are taken care of as per the conditions arrived. There are contracts that even talk about a third-party beneficiary. Such contracts are intended to have an effect on a third party who is not an active (or participating) party to the contract. Settling and arguing over contractual obligations takes up the bulk of most legal battles that civil lawsuits are involved in. Surely enough a better way to take care of contracts would be a godsend for individuals and enterprises alike. Not to mention the enormous paperwork it would save the government in the name of verifications and attestations[1][2]. + +Most posts in this series have looked at how existing blockchain tech is being leveraged today. In contrast, this post will be more about what to expect in the coming years. A natural discussion about “smart contracts” evolve from the property discussions presented in the previous post. The current post aims to provide an overview of the capabilities of blockchain to automate and carry out “smart” executable programs. Dealing with this issue pragmatically means we’ll first have to define and explore what these “smart contracts” are and how they fit into the existing system of contracts. We look at major present-day applications and projects going on in the field in the next post titled, **“Blockchain 2.0: Ongoing Projects”**. + +### Defining Smart Contracts + +The [**first article of this series**][3] looked at blockchain from a fundamental point of view as a **“distributed ledger”** consisting of blocks of data that were: + + * Tamper-proof + * Non-repudiable (Meaning every block of data is explicitly created by someone and that someone cannot deny any accountability of the same) + * Secure and is resilient to traditional methods of cyber attack + * Almost permanent (of course this depends on the blockchain protocol overlay) + * Highly redundant, by existing on multiple network nodes or participant systems, the failure of one of these nodes will not affect the capabilities of the system in any way, and, + * Offers faster processing depending on application. + + + +Because every instance of data is securely stored and accessible by suitable credentials, a blockchain network can provide easy basis for precise verification of facts and information without the need for third party oversight. blockchain 2.0 developments also allow for **“distributed applications”** (a term which we’ll be looking at in detail in coming posts). Such distributed applications exist and run on the network as per requirements. They’re called when a user needs them and executed by making use of information that has already been vetted and stored on the blockchain. + +The last paragraph provides a foundation for defining smart contracts. _**The Chamber for Digital Commerce**_ , provides a definition for smart contracts which many experts agree on. + +_**“Computer code that, upon the occurrence of a specified condition or conditions, is capable of running automatically according to prespecified functions. The code can be stored and processed on a distributed ledger and would write any resulting change into the distributed ledger”[1].**_ + +Smart contracts are as mentioned above simple computer programs working like “if-then” or “if-else if” statements. The “smart” aspect about the same comes from the fact that the predefined inputs for the program comes from the blockchain ledger, which as proven above, is a secure and reliable source of recorded information. The program can call upon external services or sources to get information as well, if need be, to verify the terms of operation and will only execute once all the predefined conditions are met. + +It has to be kept in mind that unlike what the name implies, smart contracts are not usually autonomous entities nor are they strictly speaking contracts. A very early mention of smart contracts was made by **Nick Szabo** in 1996, where he compared the same with a vending machine accepting payment and delivering the product chosen by the user[3]. The full text can be accessed **[here][4]**. Furthermore, Legal frameworks allowing the entry of smart contracts into mainstream contract use are still being developed and as such the use of the technology currently is limited to areas where legal oversight is less explicit and stringent[4]. + +### Major types of smart contracts + +Assuming the reader has a basic understanding of contracts and computer programming, and building on from our definition of smart contracts, we can roughly classify smart contracts and protocols into the following major categories. + +##### 1\. Smart legal contracts + +These are presumably the most obvious kind. Most, if not, all contracts are legally enforceable. Without going into much technicalities, a smart legal contact is one that involves strict legal recourses in case parties involved in the same were to not fulfill their end of the bargain. As previously mentioned, the current legal framework in different countries and contexts lack sufficient support for smart and automated contracts on the blockchain and their legal status is unclear. However, once the laws are made, smart contracts can be made to simplify processes which currently involve strict regulatory oversight such as transactions in the financial and real estate market, government subsidies, international trade etc. + +##### 2\. DAOs + +**Decentralized Autonomous Organizations** , shortly DAO, can be loosely defined as communities that exist on the blockchain. The community may be defined by a set of rules arrived at and put into code via smart contracts. Every action by every participant would then be subject to these sets of rules with the task of enforcing and reaching at recourse in case of a break being left to the program. Multitudes of smart contracts make up these rules and they work in tandem policing and watching over participants. + +A DAO called the **Genesis DAO** was created by **Ethereum** participants in may of 2016. The community was meant to be a crowdfunding and venture capital platform. In a surprisingly short period of time they managed to raise an astounding **$150 million**. However, hacker(s) found loopholes in the system and managed to steal about **$50 million** dollars’ worth of Ethers from the crowdfund investors. The hack and its fallout resulted in a fork of the Ethereum blockchain into two, **Ethereum** and **Ethereum Classic** [5]. + +##### 3\. Application logic contracts (ALCs) + +If you’ve heard about the internet of things in conjunction with the blockchain, chances are that the matter talked about **Application logic contacts** , shortly ALC. Such smart contracts contain application specific code that work in conjunction with other smart contracts and programs on the blockchain. They aid in communicating with and validating communication between devices (while in the domain of IoT). ALCs are a pivotal piece of every multi-function smart contract and mostly always work under a managing program. They find applications everywhere in most examples cited here[6][7]. + +_Since development is ongoing in the area, any definition or standard so to speak of will be fluidic and vague at best currently._ + +### How smart contracts work** + +To simplify things, let’s proceed by taking an example. + +John and Peter are two individuals debating about the scores in a football match. They have conflicting views about the outcome with both of them supporting different teams (context). Since both of them need to go elsewhere and won’t be able to finish the match then, John bets that team A will beat team B in the match and _offers_ Peter $100 in that case. Peter _considers_ and _accepts_ the bet while making it clear that they are _bound_ to the terms. However, neither of them _trusts_ each other to honour the bet and they don’t have the time nor the money to appoint a _third party_ to oversee the same. + +Assuming both John and Peter were to use a smart contract platform such as **[Etherparty][5]** , to automatically settle the bet at the time of the contract negotiation, they’ll both link their blockchain based identities to the contract and set the terms, making it clear that as soon as the match is over, the program will find out who the winning side is and automatically credit the amount to the winners bank account from the losers. As soon as the match ends and media outlets report the same, the program will scour the internet for the prescribed sources, identify which team won, relate it to the terms of the contract, in this case since B won Peter gets the money from John and after intimating both the parties transfers $100 from John’s to Peter’s account. After having executed, the smart contract will terminate and be inactive for all the time to come unless otherwise mentioned. + +The simplicity of the example aside, the situation involved a classic contract (paying attention to the italicized words) and the participants chose to implement the same using a smart contract. All smart contracts basically work on a similar principle, with the program being coded to execute on predefined parameters and spitting out expected outputs only. The outside sources the smart contract consults for information is may a times referred to as the _Oracle_ in the IT world. Oracles are a common part of many smart contract systems worldwide today. + +The use of a smart contract in this situation allowed the participants the following benefits: + + * It was faster than getting together and settling the bet manually. + * Removed the issue of trust from the equation. + * Eliminated the need for a trusted third party to handle the settlement on behalf of the parties involved. + * Costed nothing to execute. + * Is secure in how it handles parameters and sensitive data. + * The associated data will remain in the blockchain platform they ran it on permanently and future bets can be placed on by calling the same function and giving it added inputs. + * Gradually over time, assuming John and Peter develop gambling addictions, the program will help them develop reliable statistics to gauge their winning streaks. + + + +Now that we know **what smart contracts are** and **how they work** , we’re still yet to address **why we need them**. + +### The need for smart contracts + +As the previous example we visited highlights we need smart contracts for a variety of reasons. + +##### **Transparency** + +The terms and conditions involved are very clear to the counterparties. Furthermore, since the execution of the program or the smart contract involves certain explicit inputs, users have a very direct way of verifying the factors that would impact them and the contract beneficiaries. + +##### Time Efficient + +As mentioned, smart contracts go to work immediately once they’re triggered by a control variable or a user call. Since data is made available to the system instantaneously by the blockchain and from other sources in the network, the execution does not take any time at all to verify and process information and settle the transaction. Transferring land title deeds for instance, a process which involved manual verification of tons of paperwork and takes weeks on normal can be processed in a matter of minutes or even seconds with the help of smart contract programs working to vet the documents and the parties involved. + +##### Precision + +Since the platform is basically just computer code and everything predefined, there can be no subjective errors and all the results will be precise and completely free of human errors. + +##### Safety + +An inherent feature of the blockchain is that every block of data is cryptographically encrypted. Meaning even though the data is stored on a multitude of nodes on the network for redundancy, **only the owner of the data has access to see and use the data**. Similarly, all process will be completely secure and tamper proof with the execution utilizing the blockchain for storing important variables and outcomes in the process. The same also simplifies auditing and regulatory affairs by providing auditors with a native, un-changed and non-repudiable version of the data chronologically. + +##### Trust + +The article series started by saying that blockchain adds a much-needed layer of trust to the internet and the services that run on it. The fact that smart contracts will under no circumstances show bias or subjectivity in executing the agreement means that parties involved are fully bound the outcomes and can trust the system with no strings attached. This also means that the **“trusted third-party”** required in conventional contracts of significant value is not required here. Foul play between the parties involved and oversight will be issues of the past. + +##### Cost effective + +As highlighted in the example, utilizing a smart contract involves minimal costs. Enterprises usually have administrative staff who work exclusively for making that transactions they undertake are legitimate and comply with regulations. If the deal involved multiple parties, duplication of the effort is unavoidable. Smart contracts essentially make the former irrelevant and duplication is eliminated since both the parties can simultaneously have their due diligence done. + +### Applications of Smart Contracts + +Basically, if two or more parties use a common blockchain platform and agree on a set of principles or business logic, they can come together to create a smart contract on the blockchain and it is executed with no human intervention at all. No one can tamper with the conditions set and, any changes, if the original code allows for it, is timestamped and carries the editor’s fingerprint increasing accountability. Imagine a similar situation at a much larger enterprise scale and you understand what smart contracts are capable of and in fact a **Capgemini study** from 2016 found that smart contracts could actually be commercially mainstream **“in the early years of the next decade”** [8]. Commercial applications involve uses in Insurance, Financial Markets, IoT, Loans, Identity Management systems, Escrow Accounts, Employment contracts, and Patent & Royalty contracts among others. Platforms such as Ethereum, a blockchain designed keeping smart contracts in mind, allow for individual private users to utilize smart contracts free of cost as well. + +A more comprehensive overview of the applications of smart contracts on current technological problems will be presented in the next article of the series by exploring the companies that deal with it. + +### So, what are the drawbacks? + +This is not to say that smart contracts come with no concerns regarding their use whatsoever. Such concerns have actually slowed down development in this aspect as well. The tamper-proof nature of everything blockchain essentially makes it next to impossible to modify or add new clauses to existing clauses if the parties involved need to without major overhaul or legal recourse. + +Secondly, even though activity on a public blockchain is open for all to see and observe. The personal identities of the parties involved in a transaction are not always known. This anonymity raises question regarding legal impunity in case either party defaults especially since current laws and lawmakers are not exactly accommodative of modern technology. + +Thirdly, blockchains and smart contracts are still subject to security flaws in many ways because the technology for all the interest in it is still in a very nascent stage of development. This inexperience with the code and platform is what ultimately led to the DAO incident in 2016. + +All of this is keeping aside the significant initial investment that might be needed in case an enterprise or firm needs to adapt a blockchain for its use. The fact that these are initial one-time investments and come with potential savings down the road however is what interests people. + +### Conclusion + +Current legal frameworks don’t really support a full-on smart contract enabled society and won’t in the near future due to obvious reasons. A solution is to opt for **“hybrid” contracts** that combine traditional legal texts and documents with smart contract code running on blockchains designed for the purpose[4]. However, even hybrid contracts remain largely unexplored as innovative legislature is required to bring them into fruition. The applications briefly mentioned here and many more are explored in detail in the [**next post of the series**][6]. + +**References:** + + * **[1] S. C. A. Chamber of Digital Commerce, “Smart contracts – Is the law ready,” no. September, 2018.** + * **[2] [Legal Definition of ius quaesitum tertio][7]. +** + * **[3][N. Szabo, “Nick Szabo — Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets,” 1996.][4]** + * **[4] Cardozo Blockchain Project, “‘Smart Contracts’ & Legal Enforceability,” vol. 2, p. 28, 2018.** + * **[5][The DAO Heist Undone: 97% of ETH Holders Vote for the Hard Fork.][8]** + * **[6] F. Idelberger, G. Governatori, R. Riveret, and G. Sartor, “Evaluation of Logic-Based Smart Contracts for Blockchain Systems,” 2016, pp. 167–183.** + * **[7][Types of Smart Contracts Based on Applications | Market InsightsTM – Everest Group.][9]** + * **[8] B. Cant et al., “Smart Contracts in Financial Services : Getting from Hype to Reality,” Capgemini Consult., pp. 1–24, 2016.** + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/ + +作者：[editor][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/smart-contracts-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ +[4]: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html +[5]: https://etherparty.com/ +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/ +[7]: http://www.legal-glossary.org/ +[8]: https://futurism.com/the-dao-heist-undone-97-of-eth-holders-vote-for-the-hard-fork/ +[9]: https://www.everestgrp.com/2016-10-types-smart-contracts-based-applications-market-insights-36573.html/ From f805f926eff070c27ff6f0cd3fb7b7f71422eda9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:26:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0025/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190527=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20To=20Check=20Available=20Security=20Updates=20On=20Red=20Hat?= =?UTF-8?q?=20(RHEL)=20And=20CentOS=20System=3F=20sources/tech/20190527=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20To=20Check=20Available=20Security=20Updates=20On=20Red=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Hat=20(RHEL)=20And=20CentOS=20System.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...tes On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 320 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 320 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..531612777a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -0,0 +1,320 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System?) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-list-view-find-available-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System? +====== + +As per your organization policy you may need to push only security updates due to varies reasons. + +In most cases, it could be an application compatibility issues. + +How to do that? Is it possible to limit yum to perform only security updates? + +Yes, it’s possible and can be done easily through yum package manager. + +In this article, we are not giving only the required information. + +Instead, we have added lot more commands that help you to gather many information about a given security package. + +This may give you an idea or opportunity to understand and fix the list of vulnerabilities, which you have it. + +If security vulnerabilities are discovered, the affected software must be updated in order to limit any potential security risks on system. + +For RHEL/CentOS 6 systems, run the following **[Yum Command][1]** to install yum security plugin. + +``` +# yum -y install yum-plugin-security +``` + +The plugin is already a part of yum itself so, no need to install this on RHEL 7&8/CentOS 7&8. + +To list all available erratas (it includes Security, Bug Fix and Product Enhancement) without installing them. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list available +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, + : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 +RHSA-2015:0416 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-13.el7.x86_64 +RHBA-2015:0626 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-15.el7_1.x86_64 +RHSA-2015:0895 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-16.el7_1.x86_64 +RHBA-2015:1554 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-20.el7_1.x86_64 +RHBA-2015:1960 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-23.el7_1.x86_64 +RHBA-2015:2351 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-19.el7.x86_64 +RHBA-2015:2572 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-21.el7_2.x86_64 +RHSA-2016:0204 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-26.el7_2.x86_64 +RHBA-2016:0550 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-29.el7_2.x86_64 +RHBA-2016:1048 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-30.el7_2.x86_64 +RHBA-2016:1298 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-32.el7_2.x86_64 +``` + +To count the number of erratas, run the following command. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list available | wc -l +11269 +``` + +To list all available security updates without installing them. + +It used to display information about both installed and available advisories on your system. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list security all +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, + : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock + RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 + RHSA-2015:0416 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-13.el7.x86_64 + RHSA-2015:0895 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-16.el7_1.x86_64 + RHSA-2016:0204 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-26.el7_2.x86_64 + RHSA-2016:2594 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.5.10-11.el7.x86_64 + RHSA-2017:0920 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.5.10-20.el7_3.x86_64 + RHSA-2017:2569 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.6.1-19.el7_4.x86_64 + RHSA-2018:0163 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.6.1-26.el7_4.x86_64 + RHSA-2018:0414 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.6.1-28.el7_4.x86_64 + RHSA-2018:1380 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-21.el7_5.x86_64 + RHSA-2018:2757 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-28.el7_5.x86_64 + RHSA-2018:3127 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.8.4-15.el7.x86_64 + RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-libs-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 +``` + +To print all available advisories security packages (It prints all kind of packages like installed and not-installed). + +``` +# yum updateinfo list security all | grep -v "i" + + RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 + RHSA-2015:0416 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-13.el7.x86_64 + RHSA-2015:0895 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-16.el7_1.x86_64 + RHSA-2016:0204 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-26.el7_2.x86_64 + RHSA-2016:2594 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.5.10-11.el7.x86_64 + RHSA-2017:0920 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.5.10-20.el7_3.x86_64 + RHSA-2017:2569 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.6.1-19.el7_4.x86_64 + RHSA-2018:0163 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.6.1-26.el7_4.x86_64 + RHSA-2018:0414 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.6.1-28.el7_4.x86_64 + RHSA-2018:1380 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-21.el7_5.x86_64 + RHSA-2018:2757 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-28.el7_5.x86_64 +``` + +To count the number of available security package, run the following command. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list security all | wc -l +3522 +``` + +It’s used to list all of the relevant errata notice information, from the updateinfo.xml data in yum. This includes bugzillas, CVEs, security updates and new. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list security + +or + +# yum updateinfo list sec + +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, + : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock + +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-bluetooth-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.noarch +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-glib-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-libnm-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-ppp-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-team-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-tui-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-wifi-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-wwan-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +``` + +To display all updates that are security relevant, and get a return code on whether there are security updates. + +``` +# yum --security check-update +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 +--> policycoreutils-devel-2.2.5-20.el7.x86_64 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) +--> smc-raghumalayalam-fonts-6.0-7.el7.noarch from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) +--> amanda-server-3.3.3-17.el7.x86_64 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) +--> 389-ds-base-libs-1.3.4.0-26.el7_2.x86_64 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) +--> 1:cups-devel-1.6.3-26.el7.i686 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) +--> openwsman-client-2.6.3-3.git4391e5c.el7.i686 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) +--> 1:emacs-24.3-18.el7.x86_64 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) +--> augeas-libs-1.4.0-2.el7_4.2.i686 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) +--> samba-winbind-modules-4.2.3-10.el7.i686 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) +--> tftp-5.2-11.el7.x86_64 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) +. +. +35 package(s) needed for security, out of 115 available +NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms +NetworkManager-adsl.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms +NetworkManager-bluetooth.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms +NetworkManager-config-server.noarch 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms +NetworkManager-glib.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms +NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms +NetworkManager-ppp.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms +``` + +To list all available security updates with verbose descriptions of the issues. + +``` +# yum info-sec +. +. +=============================================================================== + tzdata bug fix and enhancement update +=============================================================================== + Update ID : RHBA-2019:0689 + Release : 0 + Type : bugfix + Status : final + Issued : 2019-03-28 19:27:44 UTC +Description : The tzdata packages contain data files with rules for various + : time zones. + : + : The tzdata packages have been updated to version + : 2019a, which addresses recent time zone changes. + : Notably: + : + : * The Asia/Hebron and Asia/Gaza zones will start + : DST on 2019-03-30, rather than 2019-03-23 as + : previously predicted. + : * Metlakatla rejoined Alaska time on 2019-01-20, + : ending its observances of Pacific standard time. + : + : (BZ#1692616, BZ#1692615, BZ#1692816) + : + : Users of tzdata are advised to upgrade to these + : updated packages. + Severity : None +``` + +If you would like to know more information about the given advisory, run the following command. + +``` +# yum updateinfo RHSA-2019:0163 + +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 +=============================================================================== + Important: kernel security, bug fix, and enhancement update +=============================================================================== + Update ID : RHSA-2019:0163 + Release : 0 + Type : security + Status : final + Issued : 2019-01-29 15:21:23 UTC + Updated : 2019-01-29 15:23:47 UTC Bugs : 1641548 - CVE-2018-18397 kernel: userfaultfd bypasses tmpfs file permissions + : 1641878 - CVE-2018-18559 kernel: Use-after-free due to race condition in AF_PACKET implementation + CVEs : CVE-2018-18397 + : CVE-2018-18559 +Description : The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any + : Linux operating system. + : + : Security Fix(es): + : + : * kernel: Use-after-free due to race condition in + : AF_PACKET implementation (CVE-2018-18559) + : + : * kernel: userfaultfd bypasses tmpfs file + : permissions (CVE-2018-18397) + : + : For more details about the security issue(s), + : including the impact, a CVSS score, and other + : related information, refer to the CVE page(s) + : listed in the References section. + : + : Bug Fix(es): + : + : These updated kernel packages include also + : numerous bug fixes and enhancements. Space + : precludes documenting all of the bug fixes in this + : advisory. See the descriptions in the related + : Knowledge Article: + : https://access.redhat.com/articles/3827321 + Severity : Important +updateinfo info done +``` + +Similarly, you can view CVEs which affect the system using the following command. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list cves + +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, + : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-bluetooth-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.noarch +CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-glib-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-libnm-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-ppp-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-team-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 +``` + +Similarly, you can view the packages which is belongs to bugfixs by running the following command. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list bugfix | less + +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, + : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +RHBA-2018:3349 bugfix NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-7.el7_6.x86_64 +RHBA-2019:0519 bugfix NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-10.el7_6.x86_64 +RHBA-2018:3349 bugfix NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.12.0-7.el7_6.x86_64 +RHBA-2019:0519 bugfix NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.12.0-10.el7_6.x86_64 +RHBA-2018:3349 bugfix NetworkManager-bluetooth-1:1.12.0-7.el7_6.x86_64 +RHBA-2019:0519 bugfix NetworkManager-bluetooth-1:1.12.0-10.el7_6.x86_64 +RHBA-2018:3349 bugfix NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.12.0-7.el7_6.noarch +RHBA-2019:0519 bugfix NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.12.0-10.el7_6.noarch +``` + +To get a summary of advisories, which needs to be installed on your system. + +``` +# yum updateinfo summary +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 +Updates Information Summary: updates + 13 Security notice(s) + 9 Important Security notice(s) + 3 Moderate Security notice(s) + 1 Low Security notice(s) + 35 Bugfix notice(s) + 1 Enhancement notice(s) +updateinfo summary done +``` + +To print only specific pattern of security advisories, run the following command. Similarly, you can check Important or Moderate security advisories info alone. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list sec | grep -i "Low" + +RHSA-2019:0201 Low/Sec. libgudev1-219-62.el7_6.3.x86_64 +RHSA-2019:0201 Low/Sec. systemd-219-62.el7_6.3.x86_64 +RHSA-2019:0201 Low/Sec. systemd-libs-219-62.el7_6.3.x86_64 +RHSA-2019:0201 Low/Sec. systemd-sysv-219-62.el7_6.3.x86_64 +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-list-view-find-available-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/ From bcc7c5e38daa3e319c0716c96c789b05f679b0cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:26:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0026/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190527=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20To=20Enable=20Or=20Disable=20SSH=20Access=20For=20A=20Partic?= =?UTF-8?q?ular=20User=20Or=20Group=20In=20Linux=3F=20sources/tech/2019052?= =?UTF-8?q?7=20How=20To=20Enable=20Or=20Disable=20SSH=20Access=20For=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Particular=20User=20Or=20Group=20In=20Linux.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...For A Particular User Or Group In Linux.md | 300 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 300 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 How To Enable Or Disable SSH Access For A Particular User Or Group In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 How To Enable Or Disable SSH Access For A Particular User Or Group In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190527 How To Enable Or Disable SSH Access For A Particular User Or Group In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a717d05ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 How To Enable Or Disable SSH Access For A Particular User Or Group In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Enable Or Disable SSH Access For A Particular User Or Group In Linux?) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/allow-deny-enable-disable-ssh-access-user-group-in-linux/) +[#]: author: (2daygeek http://www.2daygeek.com/author/2daygeek/) + +How To Enable Or Disable SSH Access For A Particular User Or Group In Linux? +====== + +As per your organization standard policy, you may need to allow only the list of users that are allowed to access the Linux system. + +Or you may need to allow only few groups, which are allowed to access the Linux system. + +How to achieve this? What is the best way? How to achieve this in a simple way? + +Yes, there are many ways are available to perform this. + +However, we need to go with simple and easy method. + +If so, it can be done by making the necessary changes in `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file. + +In this article we will show you, how to perform this in details. + +Why are we doing this? due to security reason. Navigate to the following URL to know more about **[openSSH][1]** usage. + +### What Is SSH? + +openssh stands for OpenBSD Secure Shell. Secure Shell (ssh) is a free open source networking tool which allow us to access remote system over an unsecured network using Secure Shell (SSH) protocol. + +It’s a client-server architecture. It handles user authentication, encryption, transferring files between computers and tunneling. + +These can be accomplished via traditional tools such as telnet or rcp, these are insecure and use transfer password in cleartext format while performing any action. + +### How To Allow A User To Access SSH In Linux? + +We can allow/enable the ssh access for a particular user or list of the users using the following method. + +If you would like to allow more than one user then you have to add the users with space in the same line. + +To do so, just append the following value into `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file. In this example, we are going to allow ssh access for `user3`. + +``` +# echo "AllowUsers user3" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config +``` + +You can double check this by running the following command. + +``` +# cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config | grep -i allowusers +AllowUsers user3 +``` + +That’s it. Just bounce the ssh service and see the magic. + +``` +# systemctl restart sshd + +# service restart sshd +``` + +Simple open a new terminal or session and try to access the Linux system with different user. Yes, `user2` isn’t allowed for SSH login and will be getting an error message as shown below. + +``` +# ssh [email protected] +[email protected]'s password: +Permission denied, please try again. +``` + +Output: + +``` +Mar 29 02:00:35 CentOS7 sshd[4900]: User user2 from 192.168.1.6 not allowed because not listed in AllowUsers +Mar 29 02:00:35 CentOS7 sshd[4900]: input_userauth_request: invalid user user2 [preauth] +Mar 29 02:00:40 CentOS7 unix_chkpwd[4902]: password check failed for user (user2) +Mar 29 02:00:40 CentOS7 sshd[4900]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=192.168.1.6 user=user2 +Mar 29 02:00:43 CentOS7 sshd[4900]: Failed password for invalid user user2 from 192.168.1.6 port 42568 ssh2 +``` + +At the same time `user3` is allowed to login into the system because it’s in allowed users list. + +``` +# ssh [email protected] +[email protected]'s password: +[[email protected] ~]$ +``` + +Output: + +``` +Mar 29 02:01:13 CentOS7 sshd[4939]: Accepted password for user3 from 192.168.1.6 port 42590 ssh2 +Mar 29 02:01:13 CentOS7 sshd[4939]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user user3 by (uid=0) +``` + +### How To Deny Users To Access SSH In Linux? + +We can deny/disable the ssh access for a particular user or list of the users using the following method. + +If you would like to disable more than one user then you have to add the users with space in the same line. + +To do so, just append the following value into `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file. In this example, we are going to disable ssh access for `user1`. + +``` +# echo "DenyUsers user1" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config +``` + +You can double check this by running the following command. + +``` +# cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config | grep -i denyusers +DenyUsers user1 +``` + +That’s it. Just bounce the ssh service and see the magic. + +``` +# systemctl restart sshd + +# service restart sshd +``` + +Simple open a new terminal or session and try to access the Linux system with Deny user. Yes, `user1` is in denyusers list. So, you will be getting an error message as shown below when you are try to login. + +``` +# ssh [email protected] +[email protected]'s password: +Permission denied, please try again. +``` + +Output: + +``` +Mar 29 01:53:42 CentOS7 sshd[4753]: User user1 from 192.168.1.6 not allowed because listed in DenyUsers +Mar 29 01:53:42 CentOS7 sshd[4753]: input_userauth_request: invalid user user1 [preauth] +Mar 29 01:53:46 CentOS7 unix_chkpwd[4755]: password check failed for user (user1) +Mar 29 01:53:46 CentOS7 sshd[4753]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=192.168.1.6 user=user1 +Mar 29 01:53:48 CentOS7 sshd[4753]: Failed password for invalid user user1 from 192.168.1.6 port 42522 ssh2 +``` + +### How To Allow Groups To Access SSH In Linux? + +We can allow/enable the ssh access for a particular group or groups using the following method. + +If you would like to allow more than one group then you have to add the groups with space in the same line. + +To do so, just append the following value into `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file. In this example, we are going to disable ssh access for `2g-admin` group. + +``` +# echo "AllowGroups 2g-admin" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config +``` + +You can double check this by running the following command. + +``` +# cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config | grep -i allowgroups +AllowGroups 2g-admin +``` + +Run the following command to know the list of the users are belongs to this group. + +``` +# getent group 2g-admin +2g-admin:x:1005:user1,user2,user3 +``` + +That’s it. Just bounce the ssh service and see the magic. + +``` +# systemctl restart sshd + +# service restart sshd +``` + +Yes, `user3` is allowed to login into the system because user3 is belongs to `2g-admin` group. + +``` +# ssh [email protected] +[email protected]'s password: +[[email protected] ~]$ +``` + +Output: + +``` +Mar 29 02:10:21 CentOS7 sshd[5165]: Accepted password for user1 from 192.168.1.6 port 42640 ssh2 +Mar 29 02:10:22 CentOS7 sshd[5165]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user user1 by (uid=0) +``` + +Yes, `user2` is allowed to login into the system because user2 is belongs to `2g-admin` group. + +``` +# ssh [email protected] +[email protected]'s password: +[[email protected] ~]$ +``` + +Output: + +``` +Mar 29 02:10:38 CentOS7 sshd[5225]: Accepted password for user2 from 192.168.1.6 port 42642 ssh2 +Mar 29 02:10:38 CentOS7 sshd[5225]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user user2 by (uid=0) +``` + +When you are try to login into the system with other users which are not part of this group then you will be getting an error message as shown below. + +``` +# ssh [email protected] +[email protected]'s password: +Permission denied, please try again. +``` + +Output: + +``` +Mar 29 02:12:36 CentOS7 sshd[5306]: User ladmin from 192.168.1.6 not allowed because none of user's groups are listed in AllowGroups +Mar 29 02:12:36 CentOS7 sshd[5306]: input_userauth_request: invalid user ladmin [preauth] +Mar 29 02:12:56 CentOS7 unix_chkpwd[5310]: password check failed for user (ladmin) +Mar 29 02:12:56 CentOS7 sshd[5306]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=192.168.1.6 user=ladmin +Mar 29 02:12:58 CentOS7 sshd[5306]: Failed password for invalid user ladmin from 192.168.1.6 port 42674 ssh2 +``` + +### How To Deny Group To Access SSH In Linux? + +We can deny/disable the ssh access for a particular group or groups using the following method. + +If you would like to disable more than one group then you need to add the group with space in the same line. + +To do so, just append the following value into `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file. + +``` +# echo "DenyGroups 2g-admin" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config +``` + +You can double check this by running the following command. + +``` +# # cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config | grep -i denygroups +DenyGroups 2g-admin + +# getent group 2g-admin +2g-admin:x:1005:user1,user2,user3 +``` + +That’s it. Just bounce the ssh service and see the magic. + +``` +# systemctl restart sshd + +# service restart sshd +``` + +Yes `user3` isn’t allowed to login into the system because it’s not part of `2g-admin` group. It’s in Denygroups. + +``` +# ssh [email protected] +[email protected]'s password: +Permission denied, please try again. +``` + +Output: + +``` +Mar 29 02:17:32 CentOS7 sshd[5400]: User user1 from 192.168.1.6 not allowed because a group is listed in DenyGroups +Mar 29 02:17:32 CentOS7 sshd[5400]: input_userauth_request: invalid user user1 [preauth] +Mar 29 02:17:38 CentOS7 unix_chkpwd[5402]: password check failed for user (user1) +Mar 29 02:17:38 CentOS7 sshd[5400]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=192.168.1.6 user=user1 +Mar 29 02:17:41 CentOS7 sshd[5400]: Failed password for invalid user user1 from 192.168.1.6 port 42710 ssh2 +``` + +Anyone can login into the system except `2g-admin` group. Hence, `ladmin` user is allowed to login into the system. + +``` +# ssh [email protected] +[email protected]'s password: +[[email protected] ~]$ +``` + +Output: + +``` +Mar 29 02:19:13 CentOS7 sshd[5432]: Accepted password for ladmin from 192.168.1.6 port 42716 ssh2 +Mar 29 02:19:13 CentOS7 sshd[5432]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user ladmin by (uid=0) +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/allow-deny-enable-disable-ssh-access-user-group-in-linux/ + +作者：[2daygeek][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: http://www.2daygeek.com/author/2daygeek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/ssh-tutorials/ From af4c94ea6d315cae7e7ea45f0ac261dbdca3966c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:27:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0027/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190527=205=20?= =?UTF-8?q?GNOME=20keyboard=20shortcuts=20to=20be=20more=20productive=20so?= =?UTF-8?q?urces/tech/20190527=205=20GNOME=20keyboard=20shortcuts=20to=20b?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20more=20productive.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...eyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md | 86 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md b/sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..989d69e524 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive/) +[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/) + +5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive +====== + +![][1] + +For some people, using GNOME Shell as a traditional desktop manager may be frustrating since it often requires more action of the mouse. In fact, GNOME Shell is also a [desktop manager][2] designed for and meant to be driven by the keyboard. Learn how to be more efficient with GNOME Shell with these 5 ways to use the keyboard instead of the mouse. + +### GNOME activities overview + +The activities overview can be easily opened using the **Super** key from the keyboard. (The **Super** key usually has a logo on it.) This is really useful when it comes to start an application. For example, it’s easy to start the Firefox web browser with the following key sequence **Super + f i r + Enter.** + +![][3] + +### Message tray + +In GNOME, notifications are available in the message tray. This is also the place where the calendar and world clocks are available. To open the message tray using the keyboard use the **Super+m** shortcut. To close the message tray simply use the same shortcut again. + + * ![][4] + + + +### Managing workspaces in GNOME + +Gnome Shell uses dynamic workspaces, meaning it creates additional workspaces as they are needed. A great way to be more productive using Gnome is to use one workspace per application or per dedicated activity, and then use the keyboard to navigate between these workspaces. + +Let’s look at a practical example. To open a Terminal in the current workspace press the following keys: **Super + t e r + Enter.** Then, to open a new workspace press **Super + PgDn**. Open Firefox ( **Super + f i r + Enter)**. To come back to the terminal, use **Super + PgUp**. + +![][5] + +### Managing an application window + +Using the keyboard it is also easy to manage the size of an application window. Minimizing, maximizing and moving the application to the left or the right of the screen can be done with only a few key strokes. Use **Super+**🠝 to maximize, **Super+**🠟 to minimize, **Super+**🠜 and **Super+**🠞 to move the window left and right. + +![][6] + +### Multiple windows from the same application + +Using the activities overview to start an application is very efficient. But trying to open a new window from an application already running only results in focusing on the open window. To create a new window, instead of simply hitting **Enter** to start the application, use **Ctrl+Enter**. + +So for example, to start a second instance of the terminal using the application overview, **Super + t e r + (Ctrl+Enter)**. + +![][7] + +Then you can use **Super+`** to switch between windows of the same application. + +![][8] + +As shown, GNOME Shell is a really powerful desktop environment when controlled from the keyboard. Learning to use these shortcuts and train your muscle memory to not use the mouse will give you a better user experience, and make you more productive when using GNOME. For other useful shortcuts, check out [this page on the GNOME wiki][9]. + +* * * + +_Photo by _[ _1AmFcS_][10]_ on _[_Unsplash_][11]_._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive/ + +作者：[Clément Verna][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/5-gnome-keycombos-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/gnome-3-32-released-coming-to-fedora-30/ +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-10-50.gif +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-11-01.gif +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-12-57.gif +[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-06.gif +[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-19.gif +[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-22.gif +[9]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Design/OS/KeyboardShortcuts +[10]: https://unsplash.com/photos/MuTWth_RnEs?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText +[11]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/keyboard?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText From dd4f9ffd9016f19fcdcaa727bf2dd11a834dba59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:27:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0028/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190522=20Secu?= =?UTF-8?q?ring=20telnet=20connections=20with=20stunnel=20sources/tech/201?= =?UTF-8?q?90522=20Securing=20telnet=20connections=20with=20stunnel.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ecuring telnet connections with stunnel.md | 202 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 202 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md b/sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d69b6237cd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md @@ -0,0 +1,202 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Securing telnet connections with stunnel) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/securing-telnet-connections-with-stunnel/) +[#]: author: (Curt Warfield https://fedoramagazine.org/author/rcurtiswarfield/) + +Securing telnet connections with stunnel +====== + +![][1] + +Telnet is a client-server protocol that connects to a remote server through TCP over port 23. Telnet does not encrypt data and is considered insecure and passwords can be easily sniffed because data is sent in the clear. However there are still legacy systems that need to use it. This is where **stunnel** comes to the rescue. + +Stunnel is designed to add SSL encryption to programs that have insecure connection protocols. This article shows you how to use it, with telnet as an example. + +### Server Installation + +Install stunnel along with the telnet server and client [using sudo][2]: + +``` +sudo dnf -y install stunnel telnet-server telnet +``` + +Add a firewall rule, entering your password when prompted: + +``` +firewall-cmd --add-service=telnet --perm +firewall-cmd --reload +``` + +Next, generate an RSA private key and an SSL certificate: + +``` +openssl genrsa 2048 > stunnel.key +openssl req -new -key stunnel.key -x509 -days 90 -out stunnel.crt +``` + +You will be prompted for the following information one line at a time. When asked for _Common Name_ you must enter the correct host name or IP address, but everything else you can skip through by hitting the **Enter** key. + +``` +You are about to be asked to enter information that will be +incorporated into your certificate request. +What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. +There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank +For some fields there will be a default value, +If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. +----- +Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]: +State or Province Name (full name) []: +Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]: +Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]: +Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: +Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []: +Email Address [] +``` + +Merge the RSA key and SSL certificate into a single _.pem_ file, and copy that to the SSL certificate directory: + +``` +cat stunnel.crt stunnel.key > stunnel.pem +sudo cp stunnel.pem /etc/pki/tls/certs/ +``` + +Now it’s time to define the service and the ports to use for encrypting your connection. Choose a port that is not already in use. This example uses port 450 for tunneling telnet. Edit or create the _/etc/stunnel/telnet.conf_ file: + +``` +cert = /etc/pki/tls/certs/stunnel.pem +sslVersion = TLSv1 +chroot = /var/run/stunnel +setuid = nobody +setgid = nobody +pid = /stunnel.pid +socket = l:TCP_NODELAY=1 +socket = r:TCP_NODELAY=1 +[telnet] +accept = 450 +connect = 23 +``` + +The **accept** option is the port the server will listen to for incoming telnet requests. The **connect** option is the internal port the telnet server listens to. + +Next, make a copy of the systemd unit file that allows you to override the packaged version: + +``` +sudo cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/stunnel.service /etc/systemd/system +``` + +Edit the _/etc/systemd/system/stunnel.service_ file to add two lines. These lines create a chroot jail for the service when it starts. + +``` +[Unit] +Description=TLS tunnel for network daemons +After=syslog.target network.target + +[Service] +ExecStart=/usr/bin/stunnel +Type=forking +PrivateTmp=true +ExecStartPre=-/usr/bin/mkdir /var/run/stunnel +ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/chown -R nobody:nobody /var/run/stunnel + +[Install] +WantedBy=multi-user.target +``` + +Next, configure SELinux to listen to telnet on the new port you just specified: + +``` +sudo semanage port -a -t telnetd_port_t -p tcp 450 +``` + +Finally, add a new firewall rule: + +``` +firewall-cmd --add-port=450/tcp --perm +firewall-cmd --reload +``` + +Now you can enable and start telnet and stunnel. + +``` +systemctl enable telnet.socket stunnel@telnet.service --now +``` + +A note on the _systemctl_ command is in order. Systemd and the stunnel package provide an additional [template unit file][3] by default. The template lets you drop multiple configuration files for stunnel into _/etc/stunnel_ , and use the filename to start the service. For instance, if you had a _foobar.conf_ file, you could start that instance of stunnel with _systemctl start[stunnel@foobar.service][4]_ , without having to write any unit files yourself. + +If you want, you can set this stunnel template service to start on boot: + +``` +systemctl enable stunnel@telnet.service +``` + +### Client Installation + +This part of the article assumes you are logged in as a normal user ([with sudo privileges][2]) on the client system. Install stunnel and the telnet client: + +``` +dnf -y install stunnel telnet +``` + +Copy the _stunnel.pem_ file from the remote server to your client _/etc/pki/tls/certs_ directory. In this example, the IP address of the remote telnet server is 192.168.1.143. + +``` +sudo scp myuser@192.168.1.143:/etc/pki/tls/certs/stunnel.pem +/etc/pki/tls/certs/ +``` + +Create the _/etc/stunnel/telnet.conf_ file: + +``` +cert = /etc/pki/tls/certs/stunnel.pem +client=yes +[telnet] +accept=450 +connect=192.168.1.143:450 +``` + +The **accept** option is the port that will be used for telnet sessions. The **connect** option is the IP address of your remote server and the port it’s listening on. + +Next, enable and start stunnel: + +``` +systemctl enable stunnel@telnet.service --now +``` + +Test your connection. Since you have a connection established, you will telnet to _localhost_ instead of the hostname or IP address of the remote telnet server: + +``` +[user@client ~]$ telnet localhost 450 +Trying ::1... +telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused +Trying 127.0.0.1... +Connected to localhost. +Escape character is '^]'. + +Kernel 5.0.9-301.fc30.x86_64 on an x86_64 (0) +server login: myuser +Password: XXXXXXX +Last login: Sun May 5 14:28:22 from localhost +[myuser@server ~]$ +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/securing-telnet-connections-with-stunnel/ + +作者：[Curt Warfield][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/rcurtiswarfield/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/stunnel-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/systemd-template-unit-files/ +[4]: mailto:stunnel@foobar.service From c98bc1a6e68ec7ac7c40f855ed7bfe22dc7ef1bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:27:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0029/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190525=204=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Ways=20to=20Run=20Linux=20Commands=20in=20Windows=20sources/tec?= =?UTF-8?q?h/20190525=204=20Ways=20to=20Run=20Linux=20Commands=20in=20Wind?= =?UTF-8?q?ows.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md | 129 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 129 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md b/sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2de100ce08 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/run-linux-commands-in-windows/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows +====== + +_**Brief: Want to use Linux commands but don’t want to leave Windows? Here are several ways to run Linux bash commands in Windows.**_ + +If you are learning Shell scripting probably as a part of your course curriculum, you need to use Linux commands to practice the commands and scripting. + +Your school lab might have Linux installed but personally you don’t have a [Linux laptop][1] but the regular Windows computer like everyone else. Your homework needs to run Linux commands and you wonder how to run Bash commands and scripts on Windows. + +You can [install Linux alongside Windows in dual boot mode][2]. This method allows you to choose either Linux or Windows when you start your computer. But taking all the trouble to mess with partitions for the sole purpose of running Linux command may not be for everyone. + +You can also [use Linux terminals online][3] but your work won’t be saved here. + +The good news is that there are several ways you can run Linux commands inside Windows, like any regular application. Isn’t it cool? + +### Using Linux commands inside Windows + +![][4] + +As an ardent Linux user and promoter, I would like to see more and more people using ‘real’ Linux but I understand that at times, that’s not the priority. If you are just looking to practice Linux to pass your exams, you can use one of these methods for running Bash commands on Windows. + +#### 1\. Use Linux Bash Shell on Windows 10 + +Did you know that you can run a Linux distribution inside Windows 10? The [Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)][5] allows you to run Linux inside Windows. The upcoming version of WSL will be using the real Linux kernel inside Windows. + +This WSL, also called Bash on Windows, gives you a Linux distribution in command line mode running as a regular Windows application. Don’t be scared with the command line mode because your purpose is to run Linux commands. That’s all you need. + +![Ubuntu Linux inside Windows][6] + +You can find some popular Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Kali Linux, openSUSE etc in Windows Store. You just have to download and install it like any other Windows application. Once installed, you can run all the Linux commands you want. + +[][7] + +Suggested read 6 Non-Ubuntu Linux Distributions For Beginners + +![Linux distributions in Windows 10 Store][8] + +Please refer to this tutorial about [installing Linux bash shell on Windows][9]. + +#### 2\. Use Git Bash to run Bash commands on Windows + +You probably know what [Git][10] is. It’s a version control system developed by [Linux creator Linus Torvalds][11]. + +[Git for Windows][12] is a set of tools that allows you to use Git in both command line and graphical interfaces. One of the tools included in Git for Windows is Git Bash. + +Git Bash application provides and emulation layer for Git command line. Apart from Git commands, Git Bash also supports many Bash utilities such as ssh, scp, cat, find etc. + +![Git Bash][13] + +In other words, you can run many common Linux/Bash commands using the Git Bash application. + +You can install Git Bash in Windows by downloading and installing the Git for Windows tool for free from its website. + +[Download Git for Windows][12] + +#### 3\. Using Linux commands in Windows with Cygwin + +If you want to run Linux commands in Windows, Cygwin is a recommended tool. Cygwin was created in 1995 to provide a POSIX-compatible environment that runs natively on Windows. Cygwin is a free and open source software maintained by Red Hat employees and many other volunteers. + +For two decades, Windows users use Cygwin for running and practicing Linux/Bash commands. Even I used Cygwin to learn Linux commands more than a decade ago. + +![Cygwin | Image Credit][14] + +You can download Cygwin from its official website below. I also advise you to refer to this [Cygwin cheat sheet][15] to get started with it. + +[Download Cygwin][16] + +#### 4\. Use Linux in virtual machine + +Another way is to use a virtualization software and install Linux in it. This way, you install a Linux distribution (with graphical interface) inside Windows and run it like a regular Windows application. + +This method requires that your system has a good amount of RAM, at least 4 GB but better if you have over 8 GB of RAM. The good thing here is that you get the real feel of using a desktop Linux. If you like the interface, you may later decide to [switch to Linux][17] completely. + +![Ubuntu Running in Virtual Machine Inside Windows][18] + +There are two popular tools for creating virtual machines on Windows, Oracle VirtualBox and VMware Workstation Player. You can use either of the two. Personally, I prefer VirtualBox. + +[][19] + +Suggested read 9 Simple Ways To Free Up Space On Ubuntu and Linux Mint + +You can follow [this tutorial to learn how to install Linux in VirtualBox][20]. + +**Conclusion** + +The best way to run Linux commands is to use Linux. When installing Linux is not an option, these tools allow you to run Linux commands on Windows. Give them a try and see which method is best suited for you. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/run-linux-commands-in-windows/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/get-linux-laptops/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/guide-install-linux-mint-16-dual-boot-windows/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/online-linux-terminals/ +[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/run-linux-commands-in-windows.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/bash-on-windows/ +[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/install-ubuntu-windows-10-linux-subsystem-10.jpeg?resize=800%2C268&ssl=1 +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/non-ubuntu-beginner-linux/ +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/install-ubuntu-windows-10-linux-subsystem-4.jpeg?resize=800%2C632&ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/install-bash-on-windows/ +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/basic-git-commands-cheat-sheet/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-facts/ +[12]: https://gitforwindows.org/ +[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/git-bash.png?ssl=1 +[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/cygwin-shell.jpg?ssl=1 +[15]: http://www.voxforge.org/home/docs/cygwin-cheat-sheet +[16]: https://www.cygwin.com/ +[17]: https://itsfoss.com/reasons-switch-linux-windows-xp/ +[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ubuntu-running-in-virtual-machine-inside-windows.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[19]: https://itsfoss.com/free-up-space-ubuntu-linux/ +[20]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-in-virtualbox/ From d49ae38141715161fc6bc1bcacba71f1b785bbfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:28:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0030/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190522=20Damn?= =?UTF-8?q?!=20Antergos=20Linux=20has=20been=20Discontinued=20sources/tech?= =?UTF-8?q?/20190522=20Damn-=20Antergos=20Linux=20has=20been=20Discontinue?= =?UTF-8?q?d.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...n- Antergos Linux has been Discontinued.md | 103 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190522 Damn- Antergos Linux has been Discontinued.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190522 Damn- Antergos Linux has been Discontinued.md b/sources/tech/20190522 Damn- Antergos Linux has been Discontinued.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..38c11508bf --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190522 Damn- Antergos Linux has been Discontinued.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Damn! Antergos Linux has been Discontinued) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/antergos-linux-discontinued/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +Damn! Antergos Linux has been Discontinued +====== + +_**Beginner-friendly Arch Linux based distribution Antergos has announced that the project is being discontinued.**_ + +Arch Linux has always been considered a no-go zone for the beginners. Antergos challenged this status quo and made Arch Linux accessible to everyone by providing easier installation method. People who wouldn’t dare [installing Arch Linux][1], opted for Antergos. + +![Antergos provided easy access to Arch with its easy to use GUI tools][2] + +The project started in 2012-13 and started gaining popularity around 2014. I used Antergos, liked it and covered it here on It’s FOSS and perhaps (slightly) contributed to its popularity. In last five years, Antergos was downloaded close to a million times. + +But for past year or so, I felt that this project was stagnating. Antergos hardly made any news. Neither the forum nor the social media handles were active. The community around Antergos grew thinner though a few dedicated users still remain. + +### The end of Antergos Linux project + +![][3] + +On May 21, 2019, Antergos [announced][4] its discontinuation. Lack of free time cited as the main reason behind this decision. + +> Today, we are announcing the end of this project. As many of you probably noticed over the past several months, we no longer have enough free time to properly maintain Antergos. We came to this decision because we believe that continuing to neglect the project would be a huge disservice to the community. +> +> Antergos Team + +Antergos developers also mentioned that since the project’s code still works, it’s an opportunity for interested developers to take what they find useful and start their own projects. + +#### What happens to Existing Antergos users? + +If you are an Antergos user, you don’t have to worry a lot. It’s not that your system will be unusable from today. Your system will continue to get updates directly from Arch Linux. + +Antergos team plans to release an update to remove the Antergos repositories from your system along with any Antergos-specific packages that no longer serve a purpose as the project is ending. After that any packages installed from the Antergos repo that are in the AUR will begin to receive updates from [AUR][5]. + +[][6] + +Suggested read Peppermint 8 Released. Download Now! + +The Antergos forum and wiki will be functional but only for some time. + +If you think using an ‘unmaintained’ project is not a good idea, you should switch your distribution. The most appropriate choice would be [Manjaro Linux][7]. + +Manjaro Linux started around the same time as Antergos. Both Antergos and Manjaro were sort of competitors as both of them tried to make Arch Linux accessible for everyone. + +Manjaro gained a huge userbase in the last few years and its community is thriving. If you want to remain in Arch domain but don’t want to install Arch Linux itself, Manjaro is the best choice for you. + +Just note that Manjaro Linux doesn’t provide all the updates immediately as Arch or Antergos. It is a rolling release but with stability in mind. So the updates are tested first. + +#### Inevitable fate for smaller distributions? + +_Here’s my opinion on the discontinuation on Antergos and other similar open source projects._ + +Antergos was a niche distribution. It had a smaller but dedicated userbase. The developers cited lack of free time as the main reason for their decision. However, I believe that lack of motivation plays a bigger role in such cases. + +What motivates the people behind a project? They start it mostly as a side project and if the project is good, they start gaining users. This growth of userbase drives their motivation to work on the project. + +If the userbase starts declining or gets stagnated, the motivation takes a hit. + +If the userbase keeps on growing, the motivation increases but only to a certain point. More users require more effort in various tasks around the project. Keeping the wiki and forum along with social media itself is a challenging part, leave aside the actual code development. The situation becomes overwhelming. + +When a project grows in considerable size, project owners have two choices. First choice is to form a community of volunteers and start delegating tasks that could be delegated. Having volunteers dedicated to project is not easy but it can surely be achieved as Debian and Manjaro have done it already. + +[][8] + +Suggested read Lightweight Distribution Linux Lite 4.0 Released With Brand New Look + +Second choice is to create some revenue generation channel around the project. The additional revenue may ‘justify’ those extra hours and in some cases, it could drive the developer to work full time on the project. [elementary OS][9] is trying to achieve something similar by developing an ecosystem of ‘payable apps’ in their software center. + +You may argue that money should not be a factor in Free and Open Source Software culture but the unfortunate truth is that money is always a factor, in every aspect of our life. I am not saying that a project should be purely driven by money but a project must be sustainable in every aspect. + +We have see how other smaller but moderately popular Linux distributions like Korora has been discontinued due to lack of free time. [Solus creator Ikey Doherty had to leave the project][10] to focus on his personal life. Developing and maintaining a successful open source project is not an easy task. + +That’s just my opinion. Please feel free to disagree with it and voice your opinion in the comment section. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/antergos-linux-discontinued/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/install-arch-linux/ +[2]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Installing_Antergos_Linux_7.png?ssl=1 +[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/antergos-linux-dead.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[4]: https://antergos.com/blog/antergos-linux-project-ends/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/best-aur-helpers/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/peppermint-8-released/ +[7]: https://manjaro.org/ +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-lite-4/ +[9]: https://elementary.io/ +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/ikey-leaves-solus/ From 9aa2969d321168d2b018730e75482ff3a8aeece6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:28:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0031/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190521=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20Disable=20IPv6=20on=20Ubuntu=20Linux=20sources/tech/201?= =?UTF-8?q?90521=20How=20to=20Disable=20IPv6=20on=20Ubuntu=20Linux.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md | 219 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 219 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4420b034e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/disable-ipv6-ubuntu-linux/) +[#]: author: (Sergiu https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/) + +How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux +====== + +Are you looking for a way to **disable IPv6** connections on your Ubuntu machine? In this article, I’ll teach you exactly how to do it and why you would consider this option. I’ll also show you how to **enable or re-enable IPv6** in case you change your mind. + +### What is IPv6 and why would you want to disable IPv6 on Ubuntu? + +**[Internet Protocol version 6][1]** [(][1] **[IPv6][1]**[)][1] is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. It was developed in 1998 to replace the **IPv4** protocol. + +**IPv6** aims to improve security and performance, while also making sure we don’t run out of addresses. It assigns unique addresses globally to every device, storing them in **128-bits** , compared to just 32-bits used by IPv4. + +![Disable IPv6 Ubuntu][2] + +Although the goal is for IPv4 to be replaced by IPv6, there is still a long way to go. Less than **30%** of the sites on the Internet makes IPv6 connectivity available to users (tracked by Google [here][3]). IPv6 can also cause [problems with some applications at time][4]. + +Since **VPNs** provide global services, the fact that IPv6 uses globally routed addresses (uniquely assigned) and that there (still) are ISPs that don’t offer IPv6 support shifts this feature lower down their priority list. This way, they can focus on what matters the most for VPN users: security. + +Another possible reason you might want to disable IPv6 on your system is not wanting to expose yourself to various threats. Although IPv6 itself is safer than IPv4, the risks I am referring to are of another nature. If you aren’t actively using IPv6 and its features, [having IPv6 enabled leaves you vulnerable to various attacks][5], offering the hacker another possible exploitable tool. + +On the same note, configuring basic network rules is not enough. You have to pay the same level of attention to tweaking your IPv6 configuration as you do for IPv4. This can prove to be quite a hassle to do (and also to maintain). With IPv6 comes a suite of problems different to those of IPv4 (many of which can be referenced online, given the age of this protocol), giving your system another layer of complexity. + +[][6] + +Suggested read How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] + +### Disabling IPv6 on Ubuntu [For Advanced Users Only] + +In this section, I’ll be covering how you can disable IPv6 protocol on your Ubuntu machine. Open up a terminal ( **default:** CTRL+ALT+T) and let’s get to it! + +**Note:** _For most of the commands you are going to input in the terminal_ _you are going to need root privileges ( **sudo** )._ + +Warning! + +If you are a regular desktop Linux user and prefer a stable working system, please avoid this tutorial. This is for advanced users who know what they are doing and why they are doing so. + +#### 1\. Disable IPv6 using Sysctl + +First of all, you can **check** if you have IPv6 enabled with: + +``` +ip a +``` + +You should see an IPv6 address if it is enabled (the name of your internet card might be different): + +![IPv6 Address Ubuntu][7] + +You have see the sysctl command in the tutorial about [restarting network in Ubuntu][8]. We are going to use it here as well. To **disable IPv6** you only have to input 3 commands: + +``` +sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=1 +sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6=1 +sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6=1 +``` + +You can check if it worked using: + +``` +ip a +``` + +You should see no IPv6 entry: + +![IPv6 Disabled Ubuntu][9] + +However, this only **temporarily disables IPv6**. The next time your system boots, IPv6 will be enabled again. + +One method to make this option persist is modifying **/etc/sysctl.conf**. I’ll be using vim to edit the file, but you can use any editor you like. Make sure you have **administrator rights** (use **sudo** ): + +![Sysctl Configuration][10] + +Add the following lines to the file: + +``` +net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=1 +net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6=1 +net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6=1 +``` + +For the settings to take effect use: + +``` +sudo sysctl -p +``` + +If IPv6 is still enabled after rebooting, you must create (with root privileges) the file **/etc/rc.local** and fill it with: + +``` +#!/bin/bash +# /etc/rc.local + +/etc/sysctl.d +/etc/init.d/procps restart + +exit 0 +``` + +Now use [chmod command][11] to make the file executable: + +``` +sudo chmod 755 /etc/rc.local +``` + +What this will do is manually read (during the boot time) the kernel parameters from your sysctl configuration file. + +[][12] + +Suggested read 3 Ways to Check Linux Kernel Version in Command Line + +#### 2\. Disable IPv6 using GRUB + +An alternative method is to configure **GRUB** to pass kernel parameters at boot time. You’ll have to edit **/etc/default/grub**. Once again, make sure you have administrator privileges: + +![GRUB Configuration][13] + +Now you need to modify **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT** and **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX** to disable IPv6 on boot: + +``` +GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash ipv6.disable=1" +GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="ipv6.disable=1" +``` + +Save the file and run: + +``` +sudo update-grub +``` + +The settings should now persist on reboot. + +### Re-enabling IPv6 on Ubuntu + +To re-enable IPv6, you’ll have to undo the changes you made. To enable IPv6 until reboot, enter: + +``` +sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=0 +sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6=0 +sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6=0 +``` + +Otherwise, if you modified **/etc/sysctl.conf** you can either remove the lines you added or change them to: + +``` +net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=0 +net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6=0 +net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6=0 +``` + +You can optionally reload these values: + +``` +sudo sysctl -p +``` + +You should once again see a IPv6 address: + +![IPv6 Reenabled in Ubuntu][14] + +Optionally, you can remove **/etc/rc.local** : + +``` +sudo rm /etc/rc.local +``` + +If you modified the kernel parameters in **/etc/default/grub** , go ahead and delete the added options: + +``` +GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash" +GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="" +``` + +Now do: + +``` +sudo update-grub +``` + +**Wrapping Up** + +In this guide I provided you ways in which you can **disable IPv6** on Linux, as well as giving you an idea about what IPv6 is and why you would want to disable it. + +Did you find this article useful? Do you disable IPv6 connectivity? Let us know in the comment section! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/disable-ipv6-ubuntu-linux/ + +作者：[Sergiu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6 +[2]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/disable_ipv6_ubuntu.png?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[3]: https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html +[4]: https://whatismyipaddress.com/ipv6-issues +[5]: https://www.internetsociety.org/blog/2015/01/ipv6-security-myth-1-im-not-running-ipv6-so-i-dont-have-to-worry/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/remove-drive-icons-from-unity-launcher-in-ubuntu/ +[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ipv6_address_ubuntu.png?fit=800%2C517&ssl=1 +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/restart-network-ubuntu/ +[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ipv6_disabled_ubuntu.png?fit=800%2C442&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/sysctl_configuration.jpg?fit=800%2C554&ssl=1 +[11]: https://linuxhandbook.com/chmod-command/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/find-which-kernel-version-is-running-in-ubuntu/ +[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/grub_configuration-1.jpg?fit=800%2C565&ssl=1 +[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ipv6_address_ubuntu-1.png?fit=800%2C517&ssl=1 From 2953b59ff99672f929ed6534275d831d2d0c191f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:28:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0032/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190520=20Zett?= =?UTF-8?q?lr=20=E2=80=93=20Markdown=20Editor=20for=20Writers=20and=20Rese?= =?UTF-8?q?archers=20sources/tech/20190520=20Zettlr=20-=20Markdown=20Edito?= =?UTF-8?q?r=20for=20Writers=20and=20Researchers.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...down Editor for Writers and Researchers.md | 120 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 120 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md b/sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92d6278ed4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Zettlr – Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/) +[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) + +Zettlr – Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers +====== + +There are quite a few [Markdown editors available for Linux][1], with more popping up all of the time. The problem is that like [Boostnote][2], most are designed for coders and may not be as welcoming to non-techie people. Let’s take a look at a Markdown editor that wants to replace Word and expensive word processors for the non-techies. Let’s take a look at Zettlr. + +### Zettlr Markdown Editor + +![Zettlr Light Mode][3] + +I may have mentioned it a time or two on this site, but I prefer to write all of my documents in [Markdown][4]. It is simple to learn and does not leave you tied to a proprietary document format. I have also mentioned Markdown editor among my [list of open source tools for writers][5]. + +I have used a number of Markdown editors and am always interested to try out someone’s new take on the idea. Recently, I came across Zettlr, an open source markdown editor. + +[Zettlr][6] is the creation of a German sociologist/political theorist named [Hendrik Erz][7]. Hendrik created Zettlr because he was frustrated by the current line up of word processors. He wanted something that would allow him to “focus on writing and reading only”. + +After discovering Markdown, he tried several Markdown editors on different operating systems. But none of them had what he was looking for. [According to Hendrik][8], “But I had to realize that there are simply none written for the needs of organizing a huge amount of text efficiently. Most editors have been written by coders, therefore tailored to the needs of engineers and mathematicians. No luck for a student of social sciences, history or political science like me.” + +So he decided to create his own. In November of 2017, he started to work on Zettlr. + +![Zettlr About][9] + +#### Zettlr Features + +Zettlr has a number of neat features, including: + + * Import sources from your [Zotero database][10] and cite them in your document + * Focus on your writing with the distraction free mode with optional line muting + * Support for code highlighting + * Use tags to sort information + * Ability to set writing goals for the session + * View writing stats over time + * Pomodoro Timer + * Light/Dark theme + * Create presentation using [reveal.js][11] + * Quick preview of a document + * Search all Markdown documents in a project folder with heatmap showing the density of word searched + * Export files to HTML, PDF, ODT, DOC, reStructuredText, LaTex, TXT, Emacs ORG, [TextBundle][12], and Textpack + * Add custom CSS to your document + + + +[][13] + +Suggested read Manage Your PDF Files In Style With Great Little Book Shelf + +As I am writing this article, a dialog box popped up telling me about the recently released [1.3.0 beta][14]. This beta will include several new themes, as well as, a boatload of fixes, new features and under the hood improvements. + +![Zettlr Night Mode][15] + +#### Installing Zettlr + +Currently, the only Linux repository that has Zettlr for you to install is the [AUR][16]. If your Linux distro is not Arch-based, you can [download an installer][17] from the website for macOS, Windows, Debian, and Fedora. + +#### Final Thoughts on Zettlr + +Note: In order to test Zettlr, I used it to write this article. + +Zettlr has a number of neat features that I wish my Markdown editor of choice (ghostwriter) had, such as the ability to set a word count goal for the document. I also like the option to preview a document without having to open it. + +![Zettlr Settings][18] + +I did run into a couple issues, but they had more to do with the fact that Zettlr works a little bit different than ghostwriter. For example, when I tried to copy a quote or name from a web site, it pasted the in-line styling into Zettlr. Fortunately, there is an option to “Paste without Style”. A couple times I ran into a slight delay when I was trying to type. But that could because it is an Electron app. + +Overall, I think that Zettlr is a good option for a first time Markdown user. It has features that many Markdown editors already have and adds a few more for those who only ever used word processors + +As Hendrik says on the [Zettlr site][8], “Free yourselves from the fetters of word processors and see how your writing process can be improved by using technology that’s right at hand!” + +If you do find Zettlr useful, please consider supporting [Hendrik][19]. As he says on the site, “And this free of any charge, because I do not believe in the fast-living, early-dying startup culture. I simply want to help.” + +[][20] + +Suggested read Calligra Office App Brings ODT Support To Android + +Have you ever used Zettlr? What is your favorite Markdown editor? Please let us know in the comments below. + +If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News or [Reddit][21]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/ + +作者：[John Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-markdown-editors-linux/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/boostnote-linux-review/ +[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Zettlr-light-mode.png?fit=800%2C462&ssl=1 +[4]: https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-tools-writers/ +[6]: https://www.zettlr.com/ +[7]: https://github.com/nathanlesage +[8]: https://www.zettlr.com/about +[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/zettlr-about.png?fit=800%2C528&ssl=1 +[10]: https://www.zotero.org/ +[11]: https://revealjs.com/#/ +[12]: http://textbundle.org/ +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/great-little-book-shelf-review/ +[14]: https://github.com/Zettlr/Zettlr/releases/tag/v1.3.0-beta +[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Zettlr-night-mode.png?fit=800%2C469&ssl=1 +[16]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/zettlr-bin/ +[17]: https://www.zettlr.com/download +[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/zettlr-settings.png?fit=800%2C353&ssl=1 +[19]: https://www.zettlr.com/supporters +[20]: https://itsfoss.com/calligra-android-app-coffice/ +[21]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup From 586717b02b797214ae115c58fad4192c3e919b16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:29:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0033/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190527=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20write=20a=20good=20C=20main=20function=20sources/tech/2?= =?UTF-8?q?0190527=20How=20to=20write=20a=20good=20C=20main=20function.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...527 How to write a good C main function.md | 490 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 490 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md b/sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..55fd091d73 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md @@ -0,0 +1,490 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to write a good C main function) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/how-write-good-c-main-function) +[#]: author: (Erik O'Shaughnessy https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny) + +How to write a good C main function +====== +Learn how to structure a C file and write a C main function that handles +command line arguments like a champ. +![Hand drawing out the word "code"][1] + +I know, Python and JavaScript are what the kids are writing all their crazy "apps" with these days. But don't be so quick to dismiss C—it's a capable and concise language that has a lot to offer. If you need speed, writing in C could be your answer. If you are looking for job security and the opportunity to learn how to hunt down [null pointer dereferences][2], C could also be your answer! In this article, I'll explain how to structure a C file and write a C main function that handles command line arguments like a champ. + +**Me** : a crusty Unix system programmer. +**You** : someone with an editor, a C compiler, and some time to kill. + +_Let's do this._ + +### A boring but correct C program + +![Parody O'Reilly book cover, "Hating Other People's Code"][3] + +A C program starts with a **main()** function, usually kept in a file named **main.c**. + + +``` +/* main.c */ +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { + +} +``` + +This program _compiles_ but doesn't _do_ anything. + + +``` +$ gcc main.c +$ ./a.out -o foo -vv +$ +``` + +Correct and boring. + +### Main functions are unique + +The **main()** function is the first function in your program that is executed when it begins executing, but it's not the first function executed. The _first_ function is **_start()** , which is typically provided by the C runtime library, linked in automatically when your program is compiled. The details are highly dependent on the operating system and compiler toolchain, so I'm going to pretend I didn't mention it. + +The **main()** function has two arguments that traditionally are called **argc** and **argv** and return a signed integer. Most Unix environments expect programs to return **0** (zero) on success and **-1** (negative one) on failure. + +Argument | Name | Description +---|---|--- +argc | Argument count | Length of the argument vector +argv | Argument vector | Array of character pointers + +The argument vector, **argv** , is a tokenized representation of the command line that invoked your program. In the example above, **argv** would be a list of the following strings: + + +``` +`argv = [ "/path/to/a.out", "-o", "foo", "-vv" ];` +``` + +The argument vector is guaranteed to always have at least one string in the first index, **argv[0]** , which is the full path to the program executed. + +### Anatomy of a main.c file + +When I write a **main.c** from scratch, it's usually structured like this: + + +``` +/* main.c */ +/* 0 copyright/licensing */ +/* 1 includes */ +/* 2 defines */ +/* 3 external declarations */ +/* 4 typedefs */ +/* 5 global variable declarations */ +/* 6 function prototypes */ + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { +/* 7 command-line parsing */ +} + +/* 8 function declarations */ +``` + +I'll talk about each of these numbered sections, except for zero, below. If you have to put copyright or licensing text in your source, put it there. + +Another thing I won't talk about adding to your program is comments. + + +``` +"Comments lie." +\- A cynical but smart and good looking programmer. +``` + +Instead of comments, use meaningful function and variable names. + +Appealing to the inherent laziness of programmers, once you add comments, you've doubled your maintenance load. If you change or refactor the code, you need to update or expand the comments. Over time, the code mutates away from anything resembling what the comments describe. + +If you have to write comments, do not write about _what_ the code is doing. Instead, write about _why_ the code is doing what it's doing. Write comments that you would want to read five years from now when you've forgotten everything about this code. And the fate of the world is depending on you. _No pressure_. + +#### 1\. Includes + +The first things I add to a **main.c** file are includes to make a multitude of standard C library functions and variables available to my program. The standard C library does lots of things; explore header files in **/usr/include** to find out what it can do for you. + +The **#include** string is a [C preprocessor][4] (cpp) directive that causes the inclusion of the referenced file, in its entirety, in the current file. Header files in C are usually named with a **.h** extension and should not contain any executable code; only macros, defines, typedefs, and external variable and function prototypes. The string **< header.h>** tells cpp to look for a file called **header.h** in the system-defined header path, usually **/usr/include**. + + +``` +/* main.c */ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +``` + +This is the minimum set of global includes that I'll include by default for the following stuff: + +#include File | Stuff It Provides +---|--- +stdio | Supplies FILE, stdin, stdout, stderr, and the fprint() family of functions +stdlib | Supplies malloc(), calloc(), and realloc() +unistd | Supplies EXIT_FAILURE, EXIT_SUCCESS +libgen | Supplies the basename() function +errno | Defines the external errno variable and all the values it can take on +string | Supplies memcpy(), memset(), and the strlen() family of functions +getopt | Supplies external optarg, opterr, optind, and getopt() function +sys/types | Typedef shortcuts like uint32_t and uint64_t + +#### 2\. Defines + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +#define OPTSTR "vi⭕f:h" +#define USAGE_FMT "%s [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h]" +#define ERR_FOPEN_INPUT "fopen(input, r)" +#define ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT "fopen(output, w)" +#define ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL "do_the_needful blew up" +#define DEFAULT_PROGNAME "george" +``` + +This doesn't make a lot of sense right now, but the **OPTSTR** define is where I will state what command line switches the program will recommend. Consult the [**getopt(3)**][5] man page to learn how **OPTSTR** will affect **getopt()** 's behavior. + +The **USAGE_FMT** define is a **printf()** -style format string that is referenced in the **usage()** function. + +I also like to gather string constants as **#defines** in this part of the file. Collecting them makes it easier to fix spelling, reuse messages, and internationalize messages, if required. + +Finally, use all capital letters when naming a **#define** to distinguish it from variable and function names. You can run the words together if you want or separate words with an underscore; just make sure they're all upper case. + +#### 3\. External declarations + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +extern int errno; +extern char *optarg; +extern int opterr, optind; +``` + +An **extern** declaration brings that name into the namespace of the current compilation unit (aka "file") and allows the program to access that variable. Here we've brought in the definitions for three integer variables and a character pointer. The **opt** prefaced variables are used by the **getopt()** function, and **errno** is used as an out-of-band communication channel by the standard C library to communicate why a function might have failed. + +#### 4\. Typedefs + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +typedef struct { +int verbose; +uint32_t flags; +FILE *input; +FILE *output; +} options_t; +``` + +After external declarations, I like to declare **typedefs** for structures, unions, and enumerations. Naming a **typedef** is a religion all to itself; I strongly prefer a **_t** suffix to indicate that the name is a type. In this example, I've declared **options_t** as a **struct** with four members. C is a whitespace-neutral programming language, so I use whitespace to line up field names in the same column. I just like the way it looks. For the pointer declarations, I prepend the asterisk to the name to make it clear that it's a pointer. + +#### 5\. Global variable declarations + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +int dumb_global_variable = -11; +``` + +Global variables are a bad idea and you should never use them. But if you have to use a global variable, declare them here and be sure to give them a default value. Seriously, _don't use global variables_. + +#### 6\. Function prototypes + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +void usage(char *progname, int opt); +int do_the_needful(options_t *options); +``` + +As you write functions, adding them after the **main()** function and not before, include the function prototypes here. Early C compilers used a single-pass strategy, which meant that every symbol (variable or function name) you used in your program had to be declared before you used it. Modern compilers are nearly all multi-pass compilers that build a complete symbol table before generating code, so using function prototypes is not strictly required. However, you sometimes don't get to choose what compiler is used on your code, so write the function prototypes and drive on. + +As a matter of course, I always include a **usage()** function that **main()** calls when it doesn't understand something you passed in from the command line. + +#### 7\. Command line parsing + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { +int opt; +options_t options = { 0, 0x0, stdin, stdout }; + +opterr = 0; + +while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, OPTSTR)) != EOF) +switch(opt) { +case 'i': +if (!(options.input = [fopen][6](optarg, "r")) ){ +[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_INPUT); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} +break; + +case 'o': +if (!(options.output = [fopen][6](optarg, "w")) ){ +[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} +break; + +case 'f': +options.flags = (uint32_t )[strtoul][9](optarg, NULL, 16); +break; + +case 'v': +options.verbose += 1; +break; + +case 'h': +default: +usage(basename(argv[0]), opt); +/* NOTREACHED */ +break; +} + +if (do_the_needful(&options) != EXIT_SUCCESS) { +[perror][7](ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} + +return EXIT_SUCCESS; +} +``` + +OK, that's a lot. The purpose of the **main()** function is to collect the arguments that the user provides, perform minimal input validation, and then pass the collected arguments to functions that will use them. This example declares an **options** variable initialized with default values and parse the command line, updating **options** as necessary. + +The guts of this **main()** function is a **while** loop that uses **getopt()** to step through **argv** looking for command line options and their arguments (if any). The **OPTSTR** **#define** earlier in the file is the template that drives **getopt()** 's behavior. The **opt** variable takes on the character value of any command line options found by **getopt()** , and the program's response to the detection of the command line option happens in the **switch** statement. + +Those of you paying attention will now be questioning why **opt** is declared as a 32-bit **int** but is expected to take on an 8-bit **char**? It turns out that **getopt()** returns an **int** that takes on a negative value when it gets to the end of **argv** , which I check against **EOF** (the _End of File_ marker). A **char** is a signed quantity, but I like matching variables to their function return values. + +When a known command line option is detected, option-specific behavior happens. Some options have an argument, specified in **OPTSTR** with a trailing colon. When an option has an argument, the next string in **argv** is available to the program via the externally defined variable **optarg**. I use **optarg** to open files for reading and writing or converting a command line argument from a string to an integer value. + +There are a couple of points for style here: + + * Initialize **opterr** to 0, which disables **getopt** from emiting a **?**. + * Use **exit(EXIT_FAILURE);** or **exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);** in the middle of **main()**. + * **/* NOTREACHED */** is a lint directive that I like. + * Use **return EXIT_SUCCESS;** at the end of functions that return **int**. + * Explicitly cast implicit type conversions. + + + +The command line signature for this program, if it were compiled, would look something like this: + + +``` +$ ./a.out -h +a.out [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h] +``` + +In fact, that's what **usage()** will emit to **stderr** once compiled. + +#### 8\. Function declarations + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +void usage(char *progname, int opt) { +[fprintf][10](stderr, USAGE_FMT, progname?progname:DEFAULT_PROGNAME); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} + +int do_the_needful(options_t *options) { + +if (!options) { +errno = EINVAL; +return EXIT_FAILURE; +} + +if (!options->input || !options->output) { +errno = ENOENT; +return EXIT_FAILURE; +} + +/* XXX do needful stuff */ + +return EXIT_SUCCESS; +} +``` + +Finally, I write functions that aren't boilerplate. In this example, function **do_the_needful()** accepts a pointer to an **options_t** structure. I validate that the **options** pointer is not **NULL** and then go on to validate the **input** and **output** structure members. **EXIT_FAILURE** returns if either test fails and, by setting the external global variable **errno** to a conventional error code, I signal to the caller a general reason. The convenience function **perror()** can be used by the caller to emit human-readable-ish error messages based on the value of **errno**. + +Functions should almost always validate their input in some way. If full validation is expensive, try to do it once and treat the validated data as immutable. The **usage()** function validates the **progname** argument using a conditional assignment in the **fprintf()** call. The **usage()** function is going to exit anyway, so I don't bother setting **errno** or making a big stink about using a correct program name. + +The big class of errors I am trying to avoid here is de-referencing a **NULL** pointer. This will cause the operating system to send a special signal to my process called **SYSSEGV** , which results in unavoidable death. The last thing users want to see is a crash due to **SYSSEGV**. It's much better to catch a **NULL** pointer in order to emit better error messages and shut down the program gracefully. + +Some people complain about having multiple **return** statements in a function body. They make arguments about "continuity of control flow" and other stuff. Honestly, if something goes wrong in the middle of a function, it's a good time to return an error condition. Writing a ton of nested **if** statements to just have one return is never a "good idea."™ + +Finally, if you write a function that takes four or more arguments, consider bundling them in a structure and passing a pointer to the structure. This makes the function signatures simpler, making them easier to remember and not screw up when they're called later. It also makes calling the function slightly faster, since fewer things need to be copied into the function's stack frame. In practice, this will only become a consideration if the function is called millions or billions of times. Don't worry about it if that doesn't make sense. + +### Wait, you said no comments!?!! + +In the **do_the_needful()** function, I wrote a specific type of comment that is designed to be a placeholder rather than documenting the code: + + +``` +`/* XXX do needful stuff */` +``` + +When you are in the zone, sometimes you don't want to stop and write some particularly gnarly bit of code. You'll come back and do it later, just not now. That's where I'll leave myself a little breadcrumb. I insert a comment with a **XXX** prefix and a short remark describing what needs to be done. Later on, when I have more time, I'll grep through source looking for **XXX**. It doesn't matter what you use, just make sure it's not likely to show up in your codebase in another context, as a function name or variable, for instance. + +### Putting it all together + +OK, this program _still_ does almost nothing when you compile and run it. But now you have a solid skeleton to build your own command line parsing C programs. + + +``` +/* main.c - the complete listing */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define OPTSTR "vi⭕f:h" +#define USAGE_FMT "%s [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h]" +#define ERR_FOPEN_INPUT "fopen(input, r)" +#define ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT "fopen(output, w)" +#define ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL "do_the_needful blew up" +#define DEFAULT_PROGNAME "george" + +extern int errno; +extern char *optarg; +extern int opterr, optind; + +typedef struct { +int verbose; +uint32_t flags; +FILE *input; +FILE *output; +} options_t; + +int dumb_global_variable = -11; + +void usage(char *progname, int opt); +int do_the_needful(options_t *options); + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { +int opt; +options_t options = { 0, 0x0, stdin, stdout }; + +opterr = 0; + +while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, OPTSTR)) != EOF) +switch(opt) { +case 'i': +if (!(options.input = [fopen][6](optarg, "r")) ){ +[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_INPUT); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} +break; + +case 'o': +if (!(options.output = [fopen][6](optarg, "w")) ){ +[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} +break; + +case 'f': +options.flags = (uint32_t )[strtoul][9](optarg, NULL, 16); +break; + +case 'v': +options.verbose += 1; +break; + +case 'h': +default: +usage(basename(argv[0]), opt); +/* NOTREACHED */ +break; +} + +if (do_the_needful(&options) != EXIT_SUCCESS) { +[perror][7](ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} + +return EXIT_SUCCESS; +} + +void usage(char *progname, int opt) { +[fprintf][10](stderr, USAGE_FMT, progname?progname:DEFAULT_PROGNAME); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} + +int do_the_needful(options_t *options) { + +if (!options) { +errno = EINVAL; +return EXIT_FAILURE; +} + +if (!options->input || !options->output) { +errno = ENOENT; +return EXIT_FAILURE; +} + +/* XXX do needful stuff */ + +return EXIT_SUCCESS; +} +``` + +Now you're ready to write C that will be easier to maintain. If you have any questions or feedback, please share them in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/how-write-good-c-main-function + +作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/code_hand_draw.png?itok=dpAf--Db (Hand drawing out the word "code") +[2]: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Null_Dereference +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hatingotherpeoplescode-big.png (Parody O'Reilly book cover, "Hating Other People's Code") +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_preprocessor +[5]: https://linux.die.net/man/3/getopt +[6]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fopen.html +[7]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/perror.html +[8]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/exit.html +[9]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/strtoul.html +[10]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fprintf.html From 4a373a6088f5a4d73f81c1c209383f5452e708c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:29:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0034/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190527=204=20?= =?UTF-8?q?open=20source=20mobile=20apps=20for=20Nextcloud=20sources/tech/?= =?UTF-8?q?20190527=204=20open=20source=20mobile=20apps=20for=20Nextcloud.?= =?UTF-8?q?md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...4 open source mobile apps for Nextcloud.md | 140 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 140 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 4 open source mobile apps for Nextcloud.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 4 open source mobile apps for Nextcloud.md b/sources/tech/20190527 4 open source mobile apps for Nextcloud.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c97817e3c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 4 open source mobile apps for Nextcloud.md @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (4 open source mobile apps for Nextcloud) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/mobile-apps-nextcloud) +[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt) + +4 open source mobile apps for Nextcloud +====== +Increase Nextcloud's value by turning it into an on-the-go information +hub. +![][1] + +I've been using [Nextcloud][2] (and before that, ownCloud), an open source alternative to file syncing and storage services like Dropbox and Google Drive, for many years. It's been both reliable and useful, and it respects my privacy. + +While Nextcloud is great at both syncing and storage, it's much more than a place to dump your files. Thanks to applications that you can fold into Nextcloud, it becomes more of an information hub than a storage space. + +While I usually interact with Nextcloud using the desktop client or in a browser, I'm not always at my computer (or any computer that I trust). So it's important that I can work with Nextcloud using my [LineageOS][3]-powered smartphone or tablet. + +To do that, I use several open source apps that work with Nextcloud. Let's take a look at four of them. + +As you've probably guessed, this article looks at the Android version of those apps. I grabbed mine from [F-Droid][4], although you get them from other Android app markets. You might be able to get some or all of them from Apple's App Store if you're an iOS person. + +### Working with files and folders + +The obvious app to start with is the [Nextcloud sync client][5]. This little app links your phone or tablet to your Nextcloud account. + +![Nextcloud mobile app][6] + +Using the app, you can: + + * Create folders + * Upload one or more files + * Sync files between your device and server + * Rename or remove files + * Make files available offline + + + +You can also tap a file to view or edit it. If your device doesn't have an app that can open the file, then you're out of luck. You can still download it to your phone or tablet though. + +### Reading news feeds + +Remember all the whining that went on when Google pulled the plug on Google Reader in 2013? This despite Google giving users several months to find an alternative. And, yes, there are alternatives. One of them, believe it or not, is Nextcloud. + +Nextcloud has a built-in RSS reader. All you need to do to get started is upload an [OPML][7] file containing your feeds or manually add a site's RSS feed to Nextcloud. + +Going mobile is easy, too, with the Nextcloud [News Reader app][8]. + +![Nextcloud News app][9] + +Unless you configure the app to sync when you start it up, you'll need to swipe down from the top of the app to load updates to your feeds. Depending on how many feeds you have, and how many unread items are in those feeds, syncing takes anywhere from a few seconds to half a minute. + +From there, tap an item to read it in the News app. + +![Nextcloud News app][10] + +You can also add feeds or open what you're reading in your device's default web browser. + +### Reading and writing notes + +I don't use Nextcloud's [Notes][11] app all that often (I'm more of a [Standard Notes][12] person). That said, you might find the Notes app comes in handy. + +How? By giving you a lightweight way to take [plain text][13] notes on your mobile device. The Notes app syncs any notes you have in your Nextcloud account and displays them in chronological order—newest or last-edited notes first. + +![Nextcloud Notes app][14] + +Tap a note to read or edit it. You can also create a note by tapping the **+** button, then typing what you need to type. + +![Nextcloud Notes app][15] + +There's no formatting, although you can add markup (like Markdown) to the note. Once you're done editing, the app syncs your note with Nextcloud. + +### Accessing your bookmarks + +Nextcloud has a decent bookmarking tool, and its [Bookmarks][16] app makes it easy to work with the tool on your phone or tablet. + +![Nextcloud Bookmarks app][17] + +Like the Notes app, Bookmarks displays your bookmarks in chronological order, with the newest appearing first in the list. + +If you tagged your bookmarks in Nextcloud, you can swipe left in the app to see a list of those tags rather than a long list of bookmarks. Tap a tag to view the bookmarks under it. + +![Nextcloud Bookmarks app][18] + +From there, just tap a bookmark. It opens in your device's default browser. + +You can also add a bookmark within the app. To do that, tap the **+** menu and add the bookmark. + +![Nextcloud Bookmarks app][19] + +You can include: + + * The URL + * A title for the bookmark + * A description + * One or more tags + + + +### Is that all? + +Definitely not. There are apps for [Nextcloud Deck][20] (a personal kanban tool) and [Nextcloud Talk][21] (a voice and video chat app). There are also a number of third-party apps that work with Nextcloud. Just do a search for _Nextcloud_ or _ownCloud_ in your favorite app store to track them down. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/mobile-apps-nextcloud + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/OSDC_BUS_cloudagenda_20140341_jehb.png?itok=1NGs3_n4 +[2]: https://nextcloud.com/ +[3]: https://lineageos.org/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/life/15/1/going-open-source-android-f-droid +[5]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.nextcloud.client/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nextcloud-app.png (Nextcloud mobile app) +[7]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPML +[8]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/de.luhmer.owncloudnewsreader/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nextcloud-news.png (Nextcloud News app) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nextcloud-news-reading.png (Nextcloud News app) +[11]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/it.niedermann.owncloud.notes +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/taking-notes-standard-notes +[13]: https://plaintextproject.online +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nextcloud-notes.png (Nextcloud Notes app) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nextcloud-notes-add.png (Nextcloud Notes app) +[16]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/org.schabi.nxbookmarks/ +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nextcloud-bookmarks.png (Nextcloud Bookmarks app) +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nextcloud-bookmarks-tags.png (Nextcloud Bookmarks app) +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nextcloud-bookmarks-add.png (Nextcloud Bookmarks app) +[20]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/it.niedermann.nextcloud.deck +[21]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.nextcloud.talk2 From 241a451d25d5c4f3f1bf4e07281f8a3bb4baadd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:30:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0035/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190524=20Choo?= =?UTF-8?q?sing=20the=20right=20model=20for=20maintaining=20and=20enhancin?= =?UTF-8?q?g=20your=20IoT=20project=20sources/tech/20190524=20Choosing=20t?= =?UTF-8?q?he=20right=20model=20for=20maintaining=20and=20enhancing=20your?= =?UTF-8?q?=20IoT=20project.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ntaining and enhancing your IoT project.md | 96 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 96 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190524 Choosing the right model for maintaining and enhancing your IoT project.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190524 Choosing the right model for maintaining and enhancing your IoT project.md b/sources/tech/20190524 Choosing the right model for maintaining and enhancing your IoT project.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..06b8fd6de3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190524 Choosing the right model for maintaining and enhancing your IoT project.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Choosing the right model for maintaining and enhancing your IoT project) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/model-choose-embedded-iot-development) +[#]: author: (Drew Moseley https://opensource.com/users/drewmoseley) + +Choosing the right model for maintaining and enhancing your IoT project +====== +Learn more about these two models: Centralized Golden Master and +Distributed Build System +![][1] + +In today's connected embedded device market, driven by the [Internet of things (IoT)][2], a large share of devices in development are based on Linux of one form or another. The prevalence of low-cost boards with ready-made Linux distributions is a key driver in this. Acquiring hardware, building your custom code, connecting the devices to other hardware peripherals and the internet as well as device management using commercial cloud providers has never been easier. A developer or development team can quickly prototype a new application and get the devices in the hands of potential users. This is a good thing and results in many interesting new applications, as well as many questionable ones. + +When planning a system design for beyond the prototyping phase, things get a little more complex. In this post, we want to consider mechanisms for developing and maintaining your base [operating system (OS) image][3]. There are many tools to help with this but we won't be discussing individual tools; of interest here is the underlying model for maintaining and enhancing this image and how it will make your life better or worse. + +There are two primary models for generating these images: + + 1. Centralized Golden Master + 2. Distributed Build System + + + +These categories mirror the driving models for [Source Code Management (SCM)][4] systems, and many of the arguments regarding centralized vs. distributed are applicable when discussing OS images. + +### Centralized Golden Master + +Hobbyist and maker projects primarily use the Centralized Golden Master method of creating and maintaining application images. This fact gives this model the benefit of speed and familiarity, allowing developers to quickly set up such a system and get it running. The speed comes from the fact that many device manufacturers provide canned images for their off-the-shelf hardware. For example, boards from such families as the [BeagleBone][5] and [Raspberry Pi][6] offer ready-to-use OS images and [flashing][7]. Relying on these images means having your system up and running in just a few mouse clicks. The familiarity is due to the fact that these images are generally based on a desktop distro many device developers have already used, such as [Debian][8]. Years of using Linux can then directly transfer to the embedded design, including the fact that the packaging utilities remain largely the same, and it is simple for designers to get the extra software packages they need. + +There are a few downsides of such an approach. The first is that the [golden master image][9] is generally a choke point, resulting in lost developer productivity after the prototyping stage since everyone must wait for their turn to access the latest image and make their changes. In the SCM realm, this practice is equivalent to a centralized system with individual [file locking][10]. Only the developer with the lock can work on any given file. + +![Development flow with the Centralized Golden Master model.][11] + +The second downside with this approach is image reproducibility. This issue is usually managed by manually logging into the target systems, installing packages using the native package manager, configuring applications and dot files, and then modifying the system configuration files in place. Once this process is completed, the disk is imaged using the **dd** utility, or an equivalent, and then distributed. + +Again, this approach creates a minefield of potential issues. For example, network-based package feeds may cease to exist, and the base software provided by the vendor image may change. Scripting can help mitigate these issues. However, these scripts tend to be fragile and break when changes are made to configuration file formats or the vendor's base software packages. + +The final issue that arises with this development model is reliance on third parties. If the hardware vendor's image changes don't work for your design, you may need to invest significant time to adapt. To make matters even more complicated, as mentioned before, the hardware vendors often based their images on an upstream project such as Debian or Ubuntu. This situation introduces even more third parties who can affect your design. + +### Distributed Build System + +This method of creating and maintaining an image for your application relies on the generation of target images separate from the target hardware. The developer workflow here is similar to standard software development using an SCM system; the image is fully buildable by tooling and each developer can work independently. Changes to the system are made via edits to metadata files (scripting, recipes, configuration files, etc) and then the tooling is rerun to generate an updated image. These metadata files are then managed using an SCM system. Individual developers can merge the latest changes into their working copies to produce their development images. In this case, no golden master image is needed and developers can avoid the associated bottleneck. + +Release images are then produced by a build system using standard SCM techniques to pull changes from all the developers. + +![Development flow with the Distributed Build System model.][12] + +Working in this fashion allows the size of your development team to increase without reducing productivity of individual developers. All engineers can work independently of the others. Additionally, this build setup ensures that your builds can be reproduced. Using standard SCM workflows can ensure that, at any future time, you can regenerate a specific build allowing for long term maintenance, even if upstream providers are no longer available. Similar to working with distributed SCM tools however, there is additional policy that needs to be in place to enable reproducible, release candidate images. Individual developers have their own copies of the source and can build their own test images but for a proper release engineering effort, development teams will need to establish merging and branching standards and ensure that all changes targeted for release eventually get merged into a well-defined branch. Many upstream projects already have well-defined processes for this kind of release strategy (for instance, using *-stable and *-next branches). + +The primary downside of this approach is the lack of familiarity. For example, adding a package to the image normally requires creating a recipe of some kind and then updating the definitions so that the package binaries are included in the image. This is very different from running apt while logged into a running system. The learning curve of these systems can be daunting but the results are more predictable and scalable and are likely a better choice when considering a design for a product that will be mass produced. + +Dedicated build systems such as [OpenEmbedded][13] and [Buildroot][14] use this model as do distro packaging tools such as [debootstrap][15] and [multistrap][16]. Newer tools such as [Isar][17], [debos][18], and [ELBE][19] also use this basic model. Choices abound, and it is worth the investment to learn one or more of these packages for your designs. The long term maintainability and reproducibility of these systems will reduce risk in your design by allowing you to generate reproducible builds, track all the source code, and remove your dependency on third-party providers continued existence. + +#### Conclusion + +To be clear, the distributed model does suffer some of the same issues as mentioned for the Golden Master Model; especially the reliance on third parties. This is a consequence of using systems designed by others and cannot be completely avoided unless you choose a completely roll-your-own approach which comes with a significant cost in development and maintenance. + +For prototyping and proof-of-concept level design, and a team of just a few developers, the Golden Master Model may well be the right choice given restrictions in time and budget that are present at this stage of development. For low volume, high touch designs, this may be an acceptable trade-off for production use. + +For general production use, the benefits in terms of team size scalability, image reproducibility and developer productivity greatly outweigh the learning curve and overhead of systems implementing the distributed model. Support from board and chip vendors is also widely available in these systems reducing the upfront costs of developing with them. For your next product, I strongly recommend starting the design with a serious consideration of the model being used to generate the base OS image. If you choose to prototype with the golden master model with the intention of migrating to the distributed model, make sure to build sufficient time in your schedule for this effort; the estimates will vary widely depending on the specific tooling you choose as well as the scope of the requirements and the out-of-the-box availability of software packages your code relies on. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/model-choose-embedded-iot-development + +作者：[Drew Moseley][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/drewmoseley +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LAW-Internet_construction_9401467_520x292_0512_dc.png?itok=RPkPPtDe +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_image +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control +[5]: http://beagleboard.org/ +[6]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/ +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory +[8]: https://www.debian.org/ +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#RTM +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_locking +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/cgm1_500.png (Development flow with the Centralized Golden Master model.) +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/cgm2_500.png (Development flow with the Distributed Build System model.) +[13]: https://www.openembedded.org/ +[14]: https://buildroot.org/ +[15]: https://wiki.debian.org/Debootstrap +[16]: https://wiki.debian.org/Multistrap +[17]: https://github.com/ilbers/isar +[18]: https://github.com/go-debos/debos +[19]: https://elbe-rfs.org/ From bbc4a9f6b36f32cce521e1bba511bd5d0428bec3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:30:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0036/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190524=20Dual?= =?UTF-8?q?=20booting=20Windows=20and=20Linux=20using=20UEFI=20sources/tec?= =?UTF-8?q?h/20190524=20Dual=20booting=20Windows=20and=20Linux=20using=20U?= =?UTF-8?q?EFI.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...al booting Windows and Linux using UEFI.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190524 Dual booting Windows and Linux using UEFI.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190524 Dual booting Windows and Linux using UEFI.md b/sources/tech/20190524 Dual booting Windows and Linux using UEFI.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b281b6036b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190524 Dual booting Windows and Linux using UEFI.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Dual booting Windows and Linux using UEFI) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/dual-booting-windows-linux-uefi) +[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss/users/ckrzen) + +Dual booting Windows and Linux using UEFI +====== +A quick rundown of setting up Linux and Windows to dual boot on the same +machine, using the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). +![Linux keys on the keyboard for a desktop computer][1] + +Rather than doing a step-by-step how-to guide to configuring your system to dual boot, I’ll highlight the important points. As an example, I will refer to my new laptop that I purchased a few months ago. I first installed [Ubuntu Linux][2] onto the entire hard drive, which destroyed the pre-installed [Windows 10][3] installation. After a few months, I decided to install a different Linux distribution, and so also decided to re-install Windows 10 alongside [Fedora Linux][4] in a dual boot configuration. I’ll highlight some essential facts to get started. + +### Firmware + +Dual booting is not just a matter of software. Or, it is, but it involves changing your firmware, which among other things tells your machine how to begin the boot process. Here are some firmware-related issues to keep in mind. + +#### UEFI vs. BIOS + +Before attempting to install, make sure your firmware configuration is optimal. Most computers sold today have a new type of firmware known as [Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)][5], which has pretty much replaced the other firmware known as [Basic Input Output System (BIOS)][6], which is often included through the mode many providers call Legacy Boot. + +I had no need for BIOS, so I chose UEFI mode. + +#### Secure Boot + +One other important setting is Secure Boot. This feature detects whether the boot path has been tampered with, and stops unapproved operating systems from booting. For now, I disabled this option to ensure that I could install Fedora Linux. According to the Fedora Project Wiki [Features/Secure Boot ][7] Fedora Linux will work with it enabled. This may be different for other Linux distributions —I plan to revisit this setting in the future. + +In short, if you find that you cannot install your Linux OS with this setting active, disable Secure Boot and try again. + +### Partitioning the boot drive + +If you choose to dual boot and have both operating systems on the same drive, you have to break it into partitions. Even if you dual boot using two different drives, most Linux installations are best broken into a few basic partitions for a variety of reasons. Here are some options to consider. + +#### GPT vs MBR + +If you decide to manually partition your boot drive in advance, I recommend using the [GUID Partition Table (GPT)][8] rather than the older [Master Boot Record (MBR)][9]. Among the reasons for this change, there are two specific limitations of MBR that GPT doesn’t have: + + * MBR can hold up to 15 partitions, while GPT can hold up to 128. + * MBR only supports up to 2 terabytes, while GPT uses 64-bit addresses which allows it to support disks up to 8 million terabytes. + + + +If you have shopped for hard drives recently, then you know that many of today’s drives exceed the 2 terabyte limit. + +#### The EFI system partition + +If you are doing a fresh installation or using a new drive, there are probably no partitions to begin with. In this case, the OS installer will create the first one, which is the [EFI System Partition (ESP)][10]. If you choose to manually partition your drive using a tool such as [gdisk][11], you will need to create this partition with several parameters. Based on the existing ESP, I set the size to around 500MB and assigned it the ef00 (EFI System) partition type. The UEFI specification requires the format to be FAT32/msdos, most likely because it is supportable by a wide range of operating systems. + +![Partitions][12] + +### Operating System Installation + +Once you accomplish the first two tasks, you can install your operating systems. While I focus on Windows 10 and Fedora Linux here, the process is fairly similar when installing other combinations as well. + +#### Windows 10 + +I started the Windows 10 installation and created a 20 Gigabyte Windows partition. Since I had previously installed Linux on my laptop, the drive had an ESP, which I chose to keep. I deleted all existing Linux and swap partitions to start fresh, and then started my Windows installation. The Windows installer automatically created another small partition—16 Megabytes—called the [Microsoft Reserved Partition (MSR)][13]. Roughly 400 Gigabytes of unallocated space remained on the 512GB boot drive once this was finished. + +I then proceeded with and completed the Windows 10 installation process. I then rebooted into Windows to make sure it was working, created my user account, set up wi-fi, and completed other tasks that need to be done on a first-time OS installation. + +#### Fedora Linux + +I next moved to install Linux. I started the process, and when it reached the disk configuration steps, I made sure not to change the Windows NTFS and MSR partitions. I also did not change the EPS, but I did set its mount point to **/boot/efi**. I then created the usual ext4 formatted partitions, **/** (root), **/boot** , and **/home**. The last partition I created was Linux **swap**. + +As with Windows, I continued and completed the Linux installation, and then rebooted. To my delight, at boot time the [GRand][14] [Unified Boot Loader (GRUB)][14] menu provided the choice to select either Windows or Linux, which meant I did not have to do any additional configuration. I selected Linux and completed the usual steps such as creating my user account. + +### Conclusion + +Overall, the process was painless. In past years, there has been some difficulty navigating the changes from UEFI to BIOS, plus the introduction of features such as Secure Boot. I believe that we have now made it past these hurdles and can reliably set up multi-boot systems. + +I don’t miss the [Linux LOader (LILO)][15] anymore! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/dual-booting-windows-linux-uefi + +作者：[Alan Formy-Duval][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss/users/ckrzen +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_keyboard_desktop.png?itok=I2nGw78_ (Linux keys on the keyboard for a desktop computer) +[2]: https://www.ubuntu.com +[3]: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows +[4]: https://getfedora.org +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS +[7]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Features/SecureBoot +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFI_system_partition +[11]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/gptfdisk/ +[12]: /sites/default/files/u216961/gdisk_screenshot_s.png +[13]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Reserved_Partition +[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB +[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO_(boot_loader) From 28a1d3d5eb10a27bd33ebaea75d28bdd09cd6310 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:30:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0037/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190523=20Run?= =?UTF-8?q?=20your=20blog=20on=20GitHub=20Pages=20with=20Python=20sources/?= =?UTF-8?q?tech/20190523=20Run=20your=20blog=20on=20GitHub=20Pages=20with?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Python.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...n your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md | 235 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 235 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md b/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1e3634a327 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md @@ -0,0 +1,235 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/run-your-blog-github-pages-python) +[#]: author: (Erik O'Shaughnessy https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny/users/jasperzanjani/users/jasperzanjani/users/jasperzanjani/users/jnyjny/users/jasperzanjani) + +Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python +====== +Create a blog with Pelican, a Python-based blogging platform that works +well with GitHub. +![Raspberry Pi and Python][1] + +[GitHub][2] is a hugely popular web service for source code control that uses [Git][3] to synchronize local files with copies kept on GitHub's servers so you can easily share and back up your work. + +In addition to providing a user interface for code repositories, GitHub also enables users to [publish web pages][4] directly from a repository. The website generation package GitHub recommends is [Jekyll][5], written in Ruby. Since I'm a bigger fan of [Python][6], I prefer [Pelican][7], a Python-based blogging platform that works well with GitHub. + +Pelican and Jekyll both transform content written in [Markdown][8] or [reStructuredText][9] into HTML to generate static websites, and both generators support themes that allow unlimited customization. + +In this article, I'll describe how to install Pelican, set up your GitHub repository, run a quickstart helper, write some Markdown files, and publish your first page. I'll assume that you have a [GitHub account][10], are comfortable with [basic Git commands][11], and want to publish a blog using Pelican. + +### Install Pelican and create the repo + +First things first, Pelican (and **ghp-import** ) must be installed on your local machine. This is super easy with [pip][12], the Python package installation tool (you have pip right?): + + +``` +`$ pip install pelican ghp-import` +``` + +Next, open a browser and create a new repository on GitHub for your sweet new blog. Name it as follows (substituting your GitHub username for here and throughout this tutorial): + + +``` +`https://GitHub.com/username/username.github.io` +``` + +Leave it empty; we will fill it with compelling blog content in a moment. + +Using a command line (you command line right?), clone your empty Git repository to your local machine: + + +``` +$ git clone blog +$ cd blog +``` + +### That one weird trick… + +Here's a not-super-obvious trick about publishing web content on GitHub. For user pages (pages hosted in repos named _username.github.io_ ), the content is served from the **master** branch. + +I strongly prefer not to keep all the Pelican configuration files and raw Markdown files in **master** , rather just the web content. So I keep the Pelican configuration and the raw content in a separate branch I like to call **content**. (You can call it whatever you want, but the following instructions will call it **content**.) I like this structure since I can throw away all the files in **master** and re-populate it with the **content** branch. + + +``` +$ git checkout -b content +Switched to a new branch 'content' +``` + +### Configure Pelican + +Now it's time for content configuration. Pelican provides a great initialization tool called **pelican-quickstart** that will ask you a series of questions about your blog. + + +``` +$ pelican-quickstart +Welcome to pelican-quickstart v3.7.1. + +This script will help you create a new Pelican-based website. + +Please answer the following questions so this script can generate the files +needed by Pelican. + +> Where do you want to create your new web site? [.] +> What will be the title of this web site? Super blog +> Who will be the author of this web site? username +> What will be the default language of this web site? [en] +> Do you want to specify a URL prefix? e.g., (Y/n) n +> Do you want to enable article pagination? (Y/n) +> How many articles per page do you want? [10] +> What is your time zone? [Europe/Paris] US/Central +> Do you want to generate a Fabfile/Makefile to automate generation and publishing? (Y/n) y +> Do you want an auto-reload & simpleHTTP script to assist with theme and site development? (Y/n) y +> Do you want to upload your website using FTP? (y/N) n +> Do you want to upload your website using SSH? (y/N) n +> Do you want to upload your website using Dropbox? (y/N) n +> Do you want to upload your website using S3? (y/N) n +> Do you want to upload your website using Rackspace Cloud Files? (y/N) n +> Do you want to upload your website using GitHub Pages? (y/N) y +> Is this your personal page (username.github.io)? (y/N) y +Done. Your new project is available at /Users/username/blog +``` + +You can take the defaults on every question except: + + * Website title, which should be unique and special + * Website author, which can be a personal username or your full name + * Time zone, which may not be in Paris + * Upload to GitHub Pages, which is a "y" in our case + + + +After answering all the questions, Pelican leaves the following in the current directory: + + +``` +$ ls +Makefile content/ develop_server.sh* +fabfile.py output/ pelicanconf.py +publishconf.py +``` + +You can check out the [Pelican docs][13] to find out how to use those files, but we're all about getting things done _right now_. No, I haven't read the docs yet either. + +### Forge on + +Add all the Pelican-generated files to the **content** branch of the local Git repo, commit the changes, and push the local changes to the remote repo hosted on GitHub by entering: + + +``` +$ git add . +$ git commit -m 'initial pelican commit to content' +$ git push origin content +``` + +This isn't super exciting, but it will be handy if we need to revert edits to one of these files. + +### Finally getting somewhere + +OK, now you can get bloggy! All of your blog posts, photos, images, PDFs, etc., will live in the **content** directory, which is initially empty. To begin creating a first post and an About page with a photo, enter: + + +``` +$ cd content +$ mkdir pages images +$ cp /Users/username/SecretStash/HotPhotoOfMe.jpg images +$ touch first-post.md +$ touch pages/about.md +``` + +Next, open the empty file **first-post.md** in your favorite text editor and add the following: + + +``` +title: First Post on My Sweet New Blog +date: +author: Your Name Here + +# I am On My Way To Internet Fame and Fortune! + +This is my first post on my new blog. While not super informative it +should convey my sense of excitement and eagerness to engage with you, +the reader! +``` + +The first three lines contain metadata that Pelican uses to organize things. There are lots of different metadata you can put there; again, the docs are your best bet for learning more about the options. + +Now, open the empty file **pages/about.md** and add this text: + + +``` +title: About +date: + +![So Schmexy][my_sweet_photo] + +Hi, I am and I wrote this epic collection of Interweb +wisdom. In days of yore, much of this would have been deemed sorcery +and I would probably have been burned at the stake. + +😆 + +[my_sweet_photo]: {filename}/images/HotPhotoOfMe.jpg +``` + +You now have three new pieces of web content in your content directory. Of the content branch. That's a lot of content. + +### Publish + +Don't worry; the payoff is coming! + +All that's left to do is: + + * Run Pelican to generate the static HTML files in **output** : [code]`$ pelican content -o output -s publishconf.py` +``` +* Use **ghp-import** to add the contents of the **output** directory to the **master** branch: [code]`$ ghp-import -m "Generate Pelican site" --no-jekyll -b master output` +``` + * Push the local master branch to the remote repo: [code]`$ git push origin master` +``` + * Commit and push the new content to the **content** branch: [code] $ git add content +$ git commit -m 'added a first post, a photo and an about page' +$ git push origin content +``` + + + +### OMG, I did it! + +Now the exciting part is here, when you get to view what you've published for everyone to see! Open your browser and enter: + + +``` +`https://username.github.io` +``` + +Congratulations on your new blog, self-published on GitHub! You can follow this pattern whenever you want to add more pages or articles. Happy blogging. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/run-your-blog-github-pages-python + +作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny/users/jasperzanjani/users/jasperzanjani/users/jasperzanjani/users/jnyjny/users/jasperzanjani +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/getting_started_with_python.png?itok=MFEKm3gl (Raspberry Pi and Python) +[2]: https://github.com/ +[3]: https://git-scm.com +[4]: https://help.github.com/en/categories/github-pages-basics +[5]: https://jekyllrb.com +[6]: https://python.org +[7]: https://blog.getpelican.com +[8]: https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown +[9]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/quickref.html +[10]: https://github.com/join?source=header-home +[11]: https://git-scm.com/docs +[12]: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/ +[13]: https://docs.getpelican.com From 10df00cab9d108538191ec52917b8dec7e16dadd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:30:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0038/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190523=20Hard?= =?UTF-8?q?ware=20bootstrapping=20with=20Ansible=20sources/tech/20190523?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Hardware=20bootstrapping=20with=20Ansible.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...523 Hardware bootstrapping with Ansible.md | 223 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 223 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190523 Hardware bootstrapping with Ansible.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190523 Hardware bootstrapping with Ansible.md b/sources/tech/20190523 Hardware bootstrapping with Ansible.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..94842453cc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190523 Hardware bootstrapping with Ansible.md @@ -0,0 +1,223 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Hardware bootstrapping with Ansible) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/hardware-bootstrapping-ansible) +[#]: author: (Mark Phillips https://opensource.com/users/markp/users/feeble/users/markp) + +Hardware bootstrapping with Ansible +====== + +![computer servers processing data][1] + +At a recent [Ansible London Meetup][2], I got chatting with somebody about automated hardware builds. _"It's all cloud now!"_ I hear you say. Ah, but for many large organisations it's not—they still have massive data centres full of hardware. Almost regularly somebody pops up on our internal mail list and asks, *"can Ansible do hardware provisioning?" *Well yes, you can provision hardware with Ansible… + +### Requirements + +Bootstrapping hardware is mostly about network services. Before we do any operating system (OS) installing then, we must set up some services. We will need: + + * DHCP + * PXE + * TFTP + * Operating system media + * Web server + + + +### Setup + +Besides the DHCP configuration, everything else in this article is handled by the Ansible plays included in [this repository][3]. + +#### DHCP server + +I'm writing here on the assumption you can control your DHCP configuration. If you don't have access to your DHCP server, you'll need to ask the owner to set two options. DHCP option 67 needs to be set to **pxelinux.0** and **next-server** (which is option 66—but you may not need to know that; often a DHCP server will have a field/option for 'next server') needs to be set to the IP address of your TFTP server. + +If you can own the DHCP server, I'd suggest using dnsmasq. It's small and simple. I will not cover configuring it here, but look at [the man page][4] and the **\--enable-tftp** option. + +#### TFTP + +The **next-server** setting for our DHCP server, above, will point to a machine serving [TFTP][5]. Here I've used a [CentOS Linux][6] virtual machine, as it only takes one package (syslinux-tftpboot) and a service to start to have TFTP up and running. We'll stick with the default path, **/var/lib/tftpboot**. + +#### PXE + +If you're not already familiar with PXE, you might like to take a quick look at [the Wikipedia page][7]. For this article I'll keep it short—we will serve some files over TFTP, which DHCP guides our hardware to. + +You'll want **images/pxeboot/{initrd.img,vmlinuz}** from the OS distribution media for pxeboot. These need to be copied to **/var/lib/tftpboot/pxeboot**. The referenced Ansible plays **do not do this step, **so you need to copy them over yourself. + +We'll also need to serve the OS installation files. There are two approaches to this: 1) install, via HTTP, from the internet or 2) install, again via HTTP, from a local server. For my testing, since I'm on a private LAN (and I guess you are too), the fastest installation method is the second. The easiest way to prepare this is to mount the DVD image and rsync the `images`, **`Packages` **and `repodata` directories to your webserver location. The referenced Ansible plays will install **httpd** but won't copy over these files, so don't forget to do that after running [the play][8]. For this article, we'll once again stick with defaults for simplicity—so files need to be copied to Apache's standard docroot, **/var/www/html**. + +#### Directories + +We should end up with directory structures like this: + +##### PXE/TFTP + + +``` +[root@c7 ~]# tree /var/lib/tftpboot/pxe{b*,l*cfg} +/var/lib/tftpboot/pxeboot +└── 6 +├── initrd.img +└── vmlinuz +``` + +##### httpd + + +``` +[root@c7 ~]# tree -d /var/www/html/ +/var/www/html/ +├── 6 -> centos/6 +├── 7 -> centos/7 +├── centos +│ ├── 6 +│ │ └── os +│ │ └── x86_64 +│ │ ├── images +│ │ │ └── pxeboot +│ │ ├── Packages +│ │ └── repodata +│ └── 7 +│ └── os +│ └── x86_64 +│ ├── images +│ │ └── pxeboot +│ ├── Packages +│ └── repodata +└── ks +``` + +You'll notice my web setup appears a little less simple than the words above! I've pasted my actual structure to give you some ideas. The hardware I'm using is really old, and even getting CentOS 7 to work was horrible (if you're interested, it's due to the lack of [cciss][9] drivers for the HP Smart Array controller—yes, [there is an answer][10], but it takes a lot of faffing to make work), so all examples are of CentOS 6. I also wanted a flexible setup that could install many versions. Here I've done that using symlinks—this arrangement will work just fine for RHEL too, for example. The basic structure is present though—note the images, Packages and repodata directories. + +These paths relate directly to [the PXE menu][11] file we'll serve up and [the kickstart file][12] too. + +#### If you don't have DHCP + +If you can't manage your own DHCP server or the owners of your infrastructure can't help, there is another option. In the past, I've used [iPXE][13] to create a boot image that I've loaded as virtual media. A lot of out-of-band/lights-out-management (LOM) interfaces on modern hardware support this functionality. You can make a custom embedded PXE menu in seconds with iPXE. I won't cover that here, but if it turns out to be a problem for you, then drop me a line [on Twitter][14] and I'll look at doing a follow-up blog post if enough people request it. + +### Installing hardware + +We've got our structure in place now, and we can [kickstart][15] a server. Before we do, we have to add some configuration to the TFTP setup to enable a given piece of hardware to pick up the PXE boot menu. + +It's here we come across a small chicken/egg problem. We need a host's MAC address to create a link to the specific piece of hardware we want to kickstart. If the hardware is already running and we can access it with Ansible, that's great—we have a way of finding out the boot interface MAC address via the setup module (see [the reinstall play][16]). If it's a new piece of tin, however, we need to get the MAC address and tell our setup what to do with it. This probably means some manual intervention—booting the server and looking at a screen or maybe getting the MAC from a manifest or such like. Whichever way you get hold of it, we can tell our play about it via the inventory. + +Let's put a custom variable into our simple INI format [inventory file][17], but run a play to set up TFTP… + + +``` +(pip)iMac:ansible-hw-bootstrap$ ansible-inventory --host hp.box +{ +"ilo_ip": "192.168.1.68", +"ilo_password": "administrator" +} +(pip)iMac:ansible-hw-bootstrap$ ansible-playbook plays/install.yml + +PLAY [kickstart] ******************************************************************************************************* + +TASK [Host inventory entry has a MAC address] ************************************************************************** +failed: [ks.box] (item=hp.box) => { +"assertion": "hostvars[item]['mac'] is defined", +"changed": false, +"evaluated_to": false, +"item": "hp.box", +"msg": "Assertion failed" +} + +PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************* +ks.box : ok=0 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=1 +``` + +Uh oh, play failed. It [contains a check][18] that the host we're about to install actually has a MAC address added. Let's fix that and run the play again… + + +``` +(pip)iMac:ansible-hw-bootstrap$ ansible-inventory --host hp.box +{ +"ilo_ip": "192.168.1.68", +"ilo_password": "administrator", +"mac": "00:AA:BB:CC:DD:EE" +} +(pip)iMac:ansible-hw-bootstrap$ ansible-playbook plays/install.yml + +PLAY [kickstart] ******************************************************************************************************* + +TASK [Host inventory entry has a MAC address] ************************************************************************** +ok: [ks.box] => (item=hp.box) => { +"changed": false, +"item": "hp.box", +"msg": "All assertions passed" +} + +TASK [Set PXE menu to install] ***************************************************************************************** +ok: [ks.box] => (item=hp.box) + +TASK [Reboot target host for PXE boot] ********************************************************************************* +skipping: [ks.box] => (item=hp.box) + +PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************* +ks.box : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 +``` + +That worked! What did it do? Looking at the pxelinux.cfg directory under our TFTP root, we can see a symlink… + + +``` +[root@c7 pxelinux.cfg]# pwd +/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg +[root@c7 pxelinux.cfg]# l +total 12 +drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 65 May 13 14:23 ./ +drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 May 2 22:13 ../ +-r--r--r--. 1 root root 515 May 2 12:22 00README +lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 13 14:12 01-00-aa-bb-cc-dd-ee -> install +-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 682 May 2 22:07 install +``` + +The **install** file is symlinked to a file named after our MAC address. This is the key, useful piece. It will ensure our hardware with MAC address **00-aa-bb-cc-dd-ee** is served a PXE menu when it boots from its network card. + +So let's boot our machine. + +Usefully, Ansible has some [remote management modules][19]. We're working with an HP server here, so we can use the [hpilo_boot][20] module to save us from having to interact directly with the LOM web interface. + +Let's run the reinstall play on a booted server… + +The neat thing about the **hpilo_boot** module, you'll notice, is it sets the boot medium to be the network. When the installation completes, the server restarts and boots from its hard drive. The eagle-eyed amongst you will have spotted the critical problem with this—what happens if the server boots to its network card again? It will pick up the PXE menu and promptly reinstall itself. I would suggest removing the symlink as a "belt and braces" step then. I will leave that as an exercise for you, dear reader. Hint: I would make the new server do a 'phone home' on boot, to somewhere, which runs a clean-up job. Since you wouldn't need the console open, as I had here to demonstrate what's going on in the background, a 'phone home' job would also give a nice indication that the process completed. Ansible, [naturally][21]. Good luck! + +If you've any thoughts or comments on this process, please let me know. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/hardware-bootstrapping-ansible + +作者：[Mark Phillips][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/markp/users/feeble/users/markp +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/server_data_system_admin.png?itok=q6HCfNQ8 (computer servers processing data) +[2]: https://www.meetup.com/Ansible-London/ +[3]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-hw-bootstrap +[4]: http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/docs/dnsmasq-man.html +[5]: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_File_Transfer_Protocol +[6]: https://www.centos.org +[7]: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment +[8]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-hw-bootstrap/blob/master/plays/kickstart.yml +[9]: https://linux.die.net/man/4/cciss +[10]: https://serverfault.com/questions/611182/centos-7-x64-and-hp-proliant-dl360-g5-scsi-controller-compatibility +[11]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-hw-bootstrap/blob/master/roles/kickstart/templates/pxe_install.j2#L10 +[12]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-hw-bootstrap/blob/master/roles/kickstart/templates/local6.ks.j2#L3 +[13]: https://ipxe.org +[14]: https://twitter.com/thismarkp +[15]: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/installation_guide/ch-kickstart2 +[16]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-hw-bootstrap/blob/master/plays/reinstall.yml +[17]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/user_guide/intro_inventory.html +[18]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-hw-bootstrap/blob/master/plays/install.yml#L9 +[19]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/modules/list_of_remote_management_modules.html +[20]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/modules/hpilo_boot_module.html#hpilo-boot-module +[21]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-demos/tree/master/roles/phone_home From b3ed0b9739f1cd84b6068f6fe344105b2e5b31e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:31:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0039/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190523=20Test?= =?UTF-8?q?ing=20a=20Go-based=20S2I=20builder=20image=20sources/tech/20190?= =?UTF-8?q?523=20Testing=20a=20Go-based=20S2I=20builder=20image.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...23 Testing a Go-based S2I builder image.md | 222 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 222 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190523 Testing a Go-based S2I builder image.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190523 Testing a Go-based S2I builder image.md b/sources/tech/20190523 Testing a Go-based S2I builder image.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a6facd515d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190523 Testing a Go-based S2I builder image.md @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Testing a Go-based S2I builder image) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/source-image-golang-part-3) +[#]: author: (Chris Collins https://opensource.com/users/clcollins) + +Testing a Go-based S2I builder image +====== +In the third article in this series on Source-to-Image for Golang +applications, build your application image and take it out for a spin. +![gopher illustrations][1] + +In the first two articles in this series, we explored the general [requirements of a Source To Image (S2I) system][2] and [prepared an environment][3] specifically for a Go (Golang) application. Now let's give it a spin. + +### Building the builder image + +Once the Dockerfile and Source-to-Image (S2I) scripts are ready, the Golang builder image can be created with the **docker build** command: + + +``` +`docker build -t golang-builder .` +``` + +This will produce a builder image named **golang-builder** with the context of our current directory. + +### Building the application image + +The golang-builder image is not much use without an application to build. For this exercise, we will build a simple **hello-world** application. + +#### GoHelloWorld + +Let's meet our test app, [GoHelloWorld][4]. Download the latest [version of Go][5] if you want to follow along. There are two important (for this exercise) files in this repository: + + +``` +// goHelloWorld.go +package main + +import "fmt" + +func main() { +fmt.Println("Hello World!") +} +``` + +This is a very basic app, but it will work fine for testing the builder image. We also have a basic test for GoHelloWorld: + + +``` +// goHelloWorld_test.go +package main + +import "testing" + +func TestMain(t *testing.T) { +t.Log("Hello World!") +} +``` + +#### Build the application image + +Building the application image entails running the **s2i build** command with arguments for the repository containing the code to build (or **.** to build with code from the current directory), the name of the builder image to use, and the name of the resulting application image to create. + + +``` +`$ s2i build https://github.com/clcollins/goHelloWorld.git golang-builder go-hello-world` +``` + +To build from a local directory on a filesystem, replace the Git URL with a period to represent the current directory. For example: + + +``` +`$ s2i build . golang-builder go-hello-world` +``` + +_Note:_ If a Git repository is initialized in the current directory, S2I will fetch the code from the repository URL rather than using the local code. This results in local, uncommitted changes not being used when building the image (if you're unfamiliar with what I mean by "uncommitted changes," brush up on your [Git terminology over here][6]). Directories that are not Git-initialized repositories behave as expected. + +#### Run the application image + +Once the application image is built, it can be tested by running it with the **Docker** command. Source-to-Image has replaced the **CMD** in the image with the run script created earlier so it will execute the **/go/src/app/app** binary created during the build process: + + +``` +$ docker run go-hello-world +Hello World! +``` + +Success! We now have a compiled Go application inside a Docker image created by passing the contents of a Git repo to S2I and without needing a special Dockerfile for our application. + +The application image we just built includes not only the application, but also its source code, test code, the S2I scripts, Golang libraries, and _much of the Debian Linux distribution_ (because the Golang image is based on the Debian base image). The resulting image is not small: + + +``` +$ docker images | grep go-hello-world +go-hello-world latest 75a70c79a12f 4 minutes ago 789 MB +``` + +For applications written in languages that are interpreted at runtime and depend on linked libraries, like Ruby or Python, having all the source code and operating system are necessary to run. The build images will be pretty large as a result, but at least we know it will be able to run. With these languages, we could stop here with our S2I builds. + +There is the option, however, to more explicitly define the production requirements for the application. + +Since the resulting application image would be the same image that would run the production app, I want to assure the required ports, volumes, and environment variables are added to the Dockerfile for the builder image. By writing these in a declarative way, our app is closer to the [Twelve-Factor App][7] recommended practice. For example, if we were to use the builder image to create application images for a Ruby on Rails application running [Puma][8], we would want to open a port to access the webserver. We should add the line **PORT 3000** in the builder Dockerfile so it can be inherited by all the images generated from it. + +But for the Go app, we can do better. + +### Build a runtime image + +Since our builder image created a statically compiled Go binary with our application, we can create a final "runtime" image containing _only_ the binary and none of the other cruft. + +Once the application image is created, the compiled GoHelloWorld app can be extracted and put into a new, empty image using the save-artifacts script. + +#### Runtime files + +Only the application binary and a Dockerfile are required to create the runtime image. + +##### Application binary + +Inside of the application image, the save-artifacts script is written to stream a tar archive of the app binary to stdout. We can check the files included in the tar archive created by save-artifacts with the **-vt** flags for tar: + + +``` +$ docker run go-hello-world /usr/libexec/s2i/save-artifacts | tar -tvf - +-rwxr-xr-x 1001/root 1997502 2019-05-03 18:20 app +``` + +If this results in errors along the lines of "This does not appear to be a tar archive," the save-artifacts script is probably outputting other data in addition to the tar stream, as mentioned above. We must make sure to suppress all output other than the tar stream. + +If everything looks OK, we can use **save-artifacts** to copy the binary out of the application image: + + +``` +`$ docker run go-hello-world /usr/libexec/s2i/save-artifacts | tar -xf -` +``` + +This will copy the app file into the current directory, ready to be added to its own image. + +##### Dockerfile + +The Dockerfile is extremely simple, with only three lines. The **FROM scratch** source denotes that it uses an empty, blank parent image. The rest of the Dockerfile specifies copying the app binary into **/app** in the image and using that binary as the image **ENTRYPOINT** : + + +``` +FROM scratch +COPY app /app +ENTRYPOINT ["/app"] +``` + +Save this Dockerfile as **Dockerfile-runtime**. + +Why **ENTRYPOINT** and not **CMD**? We could do either, but since there is nothing else in the image (no filesystem, no shell), we couldn't run anything else anyway. + +#### Building the runtime image + +With the Dockerfile and binary ready to go, we can build the new runtime image: + + +``` +`$ docker build -f Dockerfile-runtime -t go-hello-world:slim .` +``` + +The new runtime image is considerably smaller—just 2MB! + + +``` +$ docker images | grep -e 'go-hello-world *slim' +go-hello-world slim 4bd091c43816 3 minutes ago 2 MB +``` + +We can test that it still works as expected with **docker run** : + + +``` +$ docker run go-hello-world:slim +Hello World! +``` + +### Bootstrapping s2i with s2i create + +While we hand-created all the S2I files in this example, the **s2i** command has a sub-command to help scaffold all the files we might need for a Source-to-Image build: **s2i create**. + +Using the **s2i create** command, we can generate a new project, creatively named **go-hello-world-2** in the **./ghw2** directory: + + +``` +$ s2i create go-hello-world-2 ./ghw2 +$ ls ./ghw2/ +Dockerfile Makefile README.md s2i test +``` + +The **create** sub-command creates a placeholder Dockerfile, a README.md with information about how to use Source-to-Image, some example S2I scripts, a basic test framework, and a Makefile. The Makefile is a great way to automate building and testing the Source-to-Image builder image. Out of the box, running **make** will build our image, and it can be extended to do more. For example, we could add steps to build a base application image, run tests, or generate a runtime Dockerfile. + +### Conclusion + +In this tutorial, we have learned how to use Source-to-Image to build a custom Golang builder image, create an application image using **s2i build** , and extract the application binary to create a super-slim runtime image. + +In a future extension to this series, I would like to look at how to use the builder image we created with [OKD][9] to automatically deploy our Golang apps with **buildConfigs** , **imageStreams** , and **deploymentConfigs**. Please let me know in the comments if you are interested in me continuing the series, and thanks for reading. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/source-image-golang-part-3 + +作者：[Chris Collins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clcollins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/go-golang.png?itok=OAW9BXny (gopher illustrations) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/source-image-golang-part-1 +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/source-image-golang-part-2 +[4]: https://github.com/clcollins/goHelloWorld.git +[5]: https://golang.org/doc/install +[6]: /article/19/2/git-terminology +[7]: https://12factor.net/ +[8]: http://puma.io/ +[9]: https://okd.io/ From 224463e3d5fa252c55caa3da9306888e542b295e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:31:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0040/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190522=20Conv?= =?UTF-8?q?ert=20Markdown=20files=20to=20word=20processor=20docs=20using?= =?UTF-8?q?=20pandoc=20sources/tech/20190522=20Convert=20Markdown=20files?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20word=20processor=20docs=20using=20pandoc.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...les to word processor docs using pandoc.md | 119 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 119 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190522 Convert Markdown files to word processor docs using pandoc.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190522 Convert Markdown files to word processor docs using pandoc.md b/sources/tech/20190522 Convert Markdown files to word processor docs using pandoc.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8fab8bfcae --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190522 Convert Markdown files to word processor docs using pandoc.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Convert Markdown files to word processor docs using pandoc) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/convert-markdown-to-word-pandoc) +[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt/users/jason-van-gumster/users/kikofernandez) + +Convert Markdown files to word processor docs using pandoc +====== +Living that plaintext life? Here's how to create the word processor +documents people ask for without having to work in a word processor +yourself. +![][1] + +If you live your life in [plaintext][2], there invariably comes a time when someone asks for a word processor document. I run into this issue frequently, especially at the Day JobTM. Although I've introduced one of the development teams I work with to a [Docs Like Code][3] workflow for writing and reviewing release notes, there are a small number of people who have no interest in GitHub or working with [Markdown][4]. They prefer documents formatted for a certain proprietary application. + +The good news is that you're not stuck copying and pasting unformatted text into a word processor document. Using **[pandoc][5]** , you can quickly give people what they want. Let's take a look at how to convert a document from Markdown to a word processor format in [Linux][6] using **pandoc.** ​​​​ + +Note that **pandoc** is also available for a wide variety of operating systems, ranging from two flavors of BSD ([NetBSD][7] and [FreeBSD][8]) to Chrome OS, MacOS, and Windows. + +### Converting basics + +To begin, [install **pandoc**][9] on your computer. Then, crack open a console terminal window and navigate to the directory containing the file that you want to convert. + +Type this command to create an ODT file (which you can open with a word processor like [LibreOffice Writer][10] or [AbiWord][11]): + +**pandoc -t odt filename.md -o filename.odt** + +Remember to replace **filename** with the file's actual name. And if you need to create a file for that other word processor (you know the one I mean), replace **odt** on the command line with **docx**. Here's what this article looks like when converted to an ODT file: + +![Basic conversion results with pandoc.][12] + +These results are serviceable, but a bit bland. Let's look at how to add a bit more style to the converted documents. + +### Converting with style + +**pandoc** has a nifty feature enabling you to specify a style template when converting a marked-up plaintext file to a word processor format. In this file, you can edit a small number of styles in the document, including those that control the look of paragraphs, headings, captions, titles and subtitles, a basic table, and hyperlinks. + +Let's look at the possibilities. + +#### Creating a template + +In order to style your documents, you can't just use _any_ template. You need to generate what **pandoc** calls a _reference_ template, which is the template it uses when converting text files to word processor documents. To create this file, type the following in a terminal window: + +**pandoc -o custom-reference.odt --print-default-data-file reference.odt** + +This command creates a file called **custom-reference.odt**. If you're using that other word processor, change the references to **odt** on the command line to **docx**. + +Open the template file in LibreOffice Writer, and then press **F11** to open LibreOffice Writer's **Styles** pane. Although the [pandoc manual][13] advises against making other changes to the file, I change the page size and add headers and footers when necessary. + +#### Using the template + +So, how do you use that template you just created? There are two ways to do this. + +The easiest way is to drop the template in your **/home** directory's **.pandoc** folder—you might have to create the folder first if it doesn't exist. When it's time to convert a document, **pandoc** uses this template file. See the next section on how to choose from multiple templates if you need more than one. + +The other way to use your template is to type this set of conversion options at the command line: + +**pandoc -t odt file-name.md --reference-doc=path-to-your-file/reference.odt -o file-name.odt** + +If you're wondering what a converted file looks like with a customized template, here's an example: + +![A document converted using a pandoc style template.][14] + +#### Choosing from multiple templates + +Many people only need one **pandoc** template. Some people, however, need more than one. + +At my day job, for example, I use several templates—one with a DRAFT watermark, one with a watermark stating FOR INTERNAL USE, and one for a document's final versions. Each type of document needs a different template. + +If you have similar needs, start the same way you do for a single template, by creating the file **custom-reference.odt**. Rename the resulting file—for example, to **custom-reference-draft.odt** —then open it in LibreOffice Writer and modify the styles. Repeat this process for each template you need. + +Next, copy the files into your **/home** directory. You can even put them in the **.pandoc** folder if you want to. + +To select a specific template at conversion time, you'll need to run this command in a terminal: + +**pandoc -t odt file-name.md --reference-doc=path-to-your-file/custom-template.odt -o file-name.odt** + +Change **custom-template.odt** to your template file's name. + +### Wrapping up + +To avoid having to remember a set of options I don't regularly use, I cobbled together some simple, very lame one-line scripts that encapsulate the options for each template. For example, I run the script **todraft.sh** to create a word processor document using the template with a DRAFT watermark. You might want to do the same. + +Here's an example of a script using the template containing a DRAFT watermark: + +`pandoc -t odt $1.md -o $1.odt --reference-doc=~/Documents/pandoc-templates/custom-reference-draft.odt` + +Using **pandoc** is a great way to provide documents in the format that people ask for, without having to give up the command line life. This tool doesn't just work with Markdown, either. What I've discussed in this article also allows you to create and convert documents between a wide variety of markup languages. See the **pandoc** site linked earlier for more details. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/convert-markdown-to-word-pandoc + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt/users/jason-van-gumster/users/kikofernandez +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/computer_keyboard_laptop_development_code_woman.png?itok=vbYz6jjb +[2]: https://plaintextproject.online/ +[3]: https://www.docslikecode.com/ +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown +[5]: https://pandoc.org/ +[6]: /resources/linux +[7]: https://www.netbsd.org/ +[8]: https://www.freebsd.org/ +[9]: https://pandoc.org/installing.html +[10]: https://www.libreoffice.org/discover/writer/ +[11]: https://www.abisource.com/ +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pandoc-wp-basic-conversion_600_0.png (Basic conversion results with pandoc.) +[13]: https://pandoc.org/MANUAL.html +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pandoc-wp-conversion-with-tpl_600.png (A document converted using a pandoc style template.) From 314aad18840c8444a3199a75ba04d36aaa27e2a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:31:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0041/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190523=20Cisc?= =?UTF-8?q?o=20ties=20its=20security/SD-WAN=20gear=20with=20Teridion?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=99s=20cloud=20WAN=20service=20sources/talk/20190523=20Ci?= =?UTF-8?q?sco=20ties=20its=20security-SD-WAN=20gear=20with=20Teridion-s?= =?UTF-8?q?=20cloud=20WAN=20service.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... gear with Teridion-s cloud WAN service.md | 74 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190523 Cisco ties its security-SD-WAN gear with Teridion-s cloud WAN service.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190523 Cisco ties its security-SD-WAN gear with Teridion-s cloud WAN service.md b/sources/talk/20190523 Cisco ties its security-SD-WAN gear with Teridion-s cloud WAN service.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2638987b16 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190523 Cisco ties its security-SD-WAN gear with Teridion-s cloud WAN service.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cisco ties its security/SD-WAN gear with Teridion’s cloud WAN service) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396628/cisco-ties-its-securitysd-wan-gear-with-teridions-cloud-wan-service.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Cisco ties its security/SD-WAN gear with Teridion’s cloud WAN service +====== +An agreement links Cisco Meraki MX Security/SD-WAN appliances and its Auto VPN technology to Teridion’s cloud-based WAN service that claims to accelerate TCP-based applications by up to 5X. +![istock][1] + +Cisco and Teridion have tied the knot to deliver faster enterprise [software-defined WAN][2] services. + +The agreement links [Cisco Meraki][3] MX Security/SD-WAN appliances and its Auto [VPN][4] technology which lets users quickly bring up and configure secure sessions between branches and data centers with [Teridion’s cloud-based WAN service][5]. Teridion’s service promises customers better performance and control over traffic running from remote offices over the public internet to the [data center][6]. The service features what Teridion calls “Curated Routing” which fuses WAN acceleration techniques with route optimization to speed traffic. + +**More about SD-WAN** + + * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][7] + * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][8] + * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][9] + * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][10] + + + +For example, Teridion says its WAN service can accelerate TCP-based applications like file transfers, backups and page loads, by as much as three to five times. + +“[The service] improves network performance for UDP based applications like voice, video, RDP, and VDI. Enterprises can get carrier grade performance over broadband and dedicated internet access. Depending on the locations of the sites, [customers] can expect to see a 15 to 30 percent reduction in latency. That’s the difference between a great quality video conference and an unworkable, choppy mess” Teridion [stated][11]. + +Teridion says the Meraki integration creates an IPSec connection from the Cisco Meraki MX to the Teridion edge. “Customers create locations in the Teridion portal and apply the preconfigured Meraki template to them, or just upload a csv file if you have a lot of locations. Then, from each Meraki MX, create a 3rd party IPSec tunnel to the Teridion edge IP addresses that are generated as part of the Teridion configuration.” + +The combined Cisco Meraki and Teridion offering brings SD-WAN and security capabilities at the WAN edge that are tightly integrated with a WAN service delivered over cost-effective broadband or dedicated Internet access, said Raviv Levi, director of product management at Cisco Meraki in a statement. “This brings better reliability and consistency to the enterprise WAN across multiple sites, as well as high performance access to all SaaS applications and cloud workloads.” + +Meraki’s MX family supports everything from SD-WAN and [Wi-Fi][12] features to next-generation [firewall][13] and intrusion prevention in a single package. + +Some studies show that by 2021 over 75 percent of enterprise traffic will be SaaS-oriented, so giving branch offices SD-WAN's reliable, secure transportation options will be a necessity, Cisco said when it [upgraded the Meraki][3] boxes last year. + +Cisco Meraki isn’t the only SD-WAN service Teridion supports. The company also has agreements Citrix, Silver Peak, VMware (VeloCloud). Teridion also has partnerships with over 25 cloud partners, including Google, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure. + +[Teridion for Cisco Meraki][14] is available now from authorized Teridion resellers. Pricing starts at $50 per site per month. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][15] and [LinkedIn][16] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396628/cisco-ties-its-securitysd-wan-gear-with-teridions-cloud-wan-service.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/02/istock-820219662-100749695-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3031279/sd-wan-what-it-is-and-why-you-ll-use-it-one-day.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3301169/cisco-meraki-amps-up-throughput-wi-fi-to-sd-wan-family.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3138952/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-virtual-private-networks.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284285/teridion-enables-higher-performing-and-more-responsive-saas-applications.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true +[11]: https://www.teridion.com/blog/teridion-announces-deep-integration-with-cisco-meraki-mx/ +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3318119/what-to-expect-from-wi-fi-6-in-2019.html +[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3230457/what-is-a-firewall-perimeter-stateful-inspection-next-generation.html +[14]: https://www.teridion.com/meraki +[15]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[16]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From e4d5626abf97e99c9593ba2b415fe134210a2fe4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:32:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0042/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190523=20Stud?= =?UTF-8?q?y:=20Most=20enterprise=20IoT=20transactions=20are=20unencrypted?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/talk/20190523=20Study-=20Most=20enterprise=20IoT=20t?= =?UTF-8?q?ransactions=20are=20unencrypted.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rprise IoT transactions are unencrypted.md | 93 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190523 Study- Most enterprise IoT transactions are unencrypted.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190523 Study- Most enterprise IoT transactions are unencrypted.md b/sources/talk/20190523 Study- Most enterprise IoT transactions are unencrypted.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..51098dad33 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190523 Study- Most enterprise IoT transactions are unencrypted.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Study: Most enterprise IoT transactions are unencrypted) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396647/study-most-enterprise-iot-transactions-are-unencrypted.html) +[#]: author: (Tim Greene https://www.networkworld.com/author/Tim-Greene/) + +Study: Most enterprise IoT transactions are unencrypted +====== +A Zscaler report finds 91.5% of IoT communications within enterprises are in plaintext and so susceptible to interference. +![HYWARDS / Getty Images][1] + +Of the millions of enterprise-[IoT][2] transactions examined in a recent study, the vast majority were sent without benefit of encryption, leaving the data vulnerable to theft and tampering. + +The research by cloud-based security provider Zscaler found that about 91.5 percent of transactions by internet of things devices took place over plaintext, while 8.5 percent were encrypted with [SSL][3]. That means if attackers could intercept the unencrypted traffic, they’d be able to read it and possibly alter it, then deliver it as if it had not been changed. + +**[ For more on IoT security, see[our corporate guide to addressing IoT security concerns][4]. | Get regularly scheduled insights by [signing up for Network World newsletters][5]. ]** + +Researchers looked through one month’s worth of enterprise traffic traversing Zscaler’s cloud seeking the digital footprints of IoT devices. It found and analyzed 56 million IoT-device transactions over that time, and identified the type of devices, protocols they used, the servers they communicated with, how often communication went in and out and general IoT traffic patterns. + +The team tried to find out which devices generate the most traffic and the threats they face. It discovered that 1,015 organizations had at least one IoT device. The most common devices were set-top boxes (52 percent), then smart TVs (17 percent), wearables (8 percent), data-collection terminals (8 percent), printers (7 percent), IP cameras and phones (5 percent) and medical devices (1 percent). + +While they represented only 8 percent of the devices, data-collection terminals generated 80 percent of the traffic. + +The breakdown is that 18 percent of the IoT devices use SSL to communicate all the time, and of the remaining 82 percent, half used it part of the time and half never used it. +The study also found cases of plaintext HTTP being used to authenticate devices and to update software and firmware, as well as use of outdated crypto libraries and weak default credentials. + +While IoT devices are common in enterprises, “many of the devices are employee owned, and this is just one of the reasons they are a security concern,” the report says. Without strict policies and enforcement, these devices represent potential vulnerabilities. + +**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][6] ]** + +Another reason employee-owned IoT devices are a concern is that many businesses don’t consider them a threat because no data is stored on them. But if the data they gather is transmitted insecurely, it is at risk. + +### 5 tips to protect enterprise IoT + +Zscaler recommends these security precautions: + + * Change default credentials to something more secure. As employees bring in devices, encourage them to use strong passwords and to keep their firmware current. + * Isolate IoT devices on networks and restrict inbound and outbound network traffic. + * Restrict access to IoT devices from external networks and block unnecessary ports from external access. + * Apply regular security and firmware updates to IoT devices, and secure network traffic. + * Deploy tools to gain visibility of shadow-IoT devices already inside the network so they can be protected. + + + +**More on IoT:** + + * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][7] + * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][8] + * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][9] + * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][10] + * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][11] + * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][12] + * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][13] + * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][14] + * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][15] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][16] and [LinkedIn][17] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396647/study-most-enterprise-iot-transactions-are-unencrypted.html + +作者：[Tim Greene][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Tim-Greene/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/network_security_network_traffic_scanning_by_hywards_gettyimages-673891964_2400x1600-100796830-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3045953/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-ssl.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269165/internet-of-things/a-corporate-guide-to-addressing-iot-security-concerns.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[6]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html +[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html +[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html +[16]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[17]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 2c0761d24cdb6d652e75a35eef681be7d145b648 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:32:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0043/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190523=20Onli?= =?UTF-8?q?ne=20performance=20benchmarks=20all=20companies=20should=20try?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20achieve=20sources/talk/20190523=20Online=20performance?= =?UTF-8?q?=20benchmarks=20all=20companies=20should=20try=20to=20achieve.m?= =?UTF-8?q?d?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rks all companies should try to achieve.md | 80 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190523 Online performance benchmarks all companies should try to achieve.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190523 Online performance benchmarks all companies should try to achieve.md b/sources/talk/20190523 Online performance benchmarks all companies should try to achieve.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..829fb127f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190523 Online performance benchmarks all companies should try to achieve.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Online performance benchmarks all companies should try to achieve) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397322/online-performance-benchmarks-all-companies-should-try-to-achieve.html) +[#]: author: (Zeus Kerravala https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/) + +Online performance benchmarks all companies should try to achieve +====== +With digital performance more important than ever, companies must ensure their online performance meets customers’ needs. A new ThousandEyes report can help them determine that. +![Thinkstock][1] + +There's no doubt about it: We have entered the experience economy, and digital performance is more important than ever. + +Customer experience is the top brand differentiator, topping price and every other factor. And businesses that provide a poor digital experience will find customers will actively seek a competitor. In fact, recent ZK Research found that in 2018, about two-thirds of millennials changed loyalties to a brand because of a bad experience. (Note: I am an employee of ZK Research.) + +To help companies determine if their online performance is leading, lacking, or on par with some of the top companies, ThousandEyes this week released its [2019 Digital Experience Performance Benchmark Report][2]. This document provides a comparative analysis of web, infrastructure, and network performance from the top 20 U.S. digital retail, travel, and media websites. Although this is a small sampling of companies, those three industries are the most competitive when it comes to using their digital platforms for competitive advantage. The aggregated data from this report can be used as an industry-agnostic performance benchmark that all companies should strive to meet. + +**[ Read also:[IoT providers need to take responsibility for performance][3] ]** + +The methodology of the study was for ThousandEyes to use its own platform to provide an independent view of performance. It uses active monitoring and a global network of monitoring agents to measure application and network layer performance for websites, applications, and services. The company collected data from 36 major cities scattered across the U.S. Six of the locations (Ashburn, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Jose, and Seattle) also included vantage points connected to six major broadband ISPs (AT&T, CenturyLink, Charter, Comcast, Cox, and Verizon). This acts as a good proxy for what a user would experience. + +The test involved page load tests against the websites of the major companies in retail, media, and travel and looked at several factors, including DNS response time, round-trip latency, network time (one-way latency), HTTP response time, and page load. The averages and median times can be seen in the table below. Those can be considered the average benchmarks that all companies should try to attain. + +![][4] + +### Choice of content delivery network matters by location + +ThousandEyes' report also looked at how the various services that companies use impacts web performance. For example, the study measured the performance of the content delivery network (CDN) providers in the 36 markets. It found that in Albuquerque, Akamai and Fastly had the most latency, whereas Edgecast had the least. It also found that in Boston, all of the CDN providers were close. Companies can use this type of data to help them select a CDN. Without it, decision makers are essentially guessing and hoping. + +### CDN performance is impacted by ISP + +Another useful set of data was cross-referencing CDN performance by ISP, which lead to some fascinating information. With Comcast, Akamai, Cloudfront, Google and Incapula all had high amounts of latency. Only Edgecast and Fastly offered average latency. On the other hand, all of the CDNs worked great with CenturyLink. This tells a buyer, "If my customer base is largely in Comcast’s footprint, I should look at Edgecast or Fastly or my customers will be impacted." + +### DNS and latency directly impact page load times + +The ThousandEyes study also confirmed some points that many people believe as true but until now had no quantifiable evidence to support it. For example, it's widely accepted that DNS response time and network latency to the CDN edge correlate to web performance; the data in the report now supports that belief. ThousandEyes did some regression analysis and fancy math and found that in general, companies that were in the top quartile of HTTP performance had above-average DNS response time and network performance. There were a few exceptions, but in most cases, this is true. + +Based on all the data, the below are the benchmarks for the three infrastructure metrics gathered and is what businesses, even ones outside the three verticals studied, should hope to achieve to support a high-quality digital experience. + + * DNS response time 25 ms + * Round trip network latency 15 ms + * HTTP response time 250 ms + + + +### Operations teams need to focus on digital performance + +Benchmarking certainly provides value, but the report also offers some recommendations on how operations teams can use the data to improve digital performance. Those include: + + * **Measure site from distributed user vantage points**. There is no single point that will provide a view of digital performance everywhere. Instead, measure from a range of ISPs in different regions and take a multi-layered approach to visibility (application, network and routing). + * **Use internet performance information as a baseline**. Compare your organization's data to the baselines, and if you’re not meeting it in some markets, focus on improvement there. + * **Compare performance to industry peers**. In highly competitive industries, it’s important to understand how you rank versus the competition. Don’t be satisfied with hitting the benchmarks if your key competitors exceed them. + * **Build a strong performance stack.** The data shows that solid DNS and HTTP response times and low latency are correlated to solid page load times. Focus on optimizing those factors and consider them foundational to digital performance. + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397322/online-performance-benchmarks-all-companies-should-try-to-achieve.html + +作者：[Zeus Kerravala][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2017/07/racing_speed_runners_internet-speed-100728363-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.thousandeyes.com/research/digital-experience +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3340318/iot-providers-need-to-take-responsibility-for-performance.html +[4]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/thousandeyes-100797290-large.jpg +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From b5f76b41738dff239c92170f07a7d1e7ffafd041 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:33:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0044/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190523=20Edge?= =?UTF-8?q?-based=20caching=20and=20blockchain-nodes=20speed=20up=20data?= =?UTF-8?q?=20transmission=20sources/talk/20190523=20Edge-based=20caching?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20blockchain-nodes=20speed=20up=20data=20transmission.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...kchain-nodes speed up data transmission.md | 74 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190523 Edge-based caching and blockchain-nodes speed up data transmission.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190523 Edge-based caching and blockchain-nodes speed up data transmission.md b/sources/talk/20190523 Edge-based caching and blockchain-nodes speed up data transmission.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..54ddf76db3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190523 Edge-based caching and blockchain-nodes speed up data transmission.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Edge-based caching and blockchain-nodes speed up data transmission) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397105/edge-based-caching-and-blockchain-nodes-speed-up-data-transmission.html) +[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) + +Edge-based caching and blockchain-nodes speed up data transmission +====== +Using a combination of edge-based data caches and blockchain-like distributed networks, Bluzelle claims it can significantly speed up the delivery of data across the globe. +![OlgaSalt / /getty][1] + +The combination of a blockchain-like distributed network, along with the ability to locate data at the edge will massively speed up future networks, such as those used by the internet of things (IoT), claims Bluzelle in announcing what is says is the first decentralized data delivery network (DDN). + +Distributed DDNs will be like content delivery networks (CDNs) that now cache content around the world to speed up the web, but in this case, it will be for data, the Singapore-based company explains. Distributed key-value (blockchain) networks and edge computing built into Bluzelle's system will provide significantly faster delivery than existing caching, the company claims in a press release announcing its product. + +“The future of data delivery can only ever be de-centrally distributed,” says Pavel Bains, CEO and co-founder of Bluzelle. It’s because the world requires instant access to data that’s being created at the edge, he argues. + +“But delivery is hampered by existing technology,” he says. + +**[ Also read:[What is edge computing?][2] and [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][3]. ]** + +Bluzelle says decentralized caching is the logical next step to generalized data caching, used for reducing latency. “Decentralized caching expands the theory of caching,” the company writes in a [report][4] (Dropbox pdf) on its [website][5]. It says the cache must be expanded from simply being located at one unique location. + +“Using a combination of distributed networks, the edge and the cloud, [it’s] thereby increasing the transactional throughput of data,” the company says. + +This kind of thing is particularly important in consumer gaming now, where split-second responses from players around the world make or break a game experience, but it will likely be crucial for the IoT, higher-definition media, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality as they gain more of a role in digitization—including at critical enterprise applications. + +“Currently applications are limited to data caching technologies that require complex configuration and management of 10-plus-year-old technology constrained to a few data centers,” Bains says. “These were not designed to handle the ever-increasing volumes of data.” + +Bains says one of the key selling points of Bluzelle's network is that developers should be able to implement and run networks without having to also physically expand the networks manually. + +“Software developers don’t want to react to where their customers come from. Our architecture is designed to always have the data right where the customer is. This provides a superior consumer experience,” he says. + +Data caches are around now, but Bluzelle claims its system, written in C++ and available on Linux and Docker containers, among other platforms, is faster than others. It further says that if its system and a more traditional cache would connect to the same MySQL database in Virginia, say, their users will get the data three to 16 times faster than a traditional “non-edge-caching” network. Write updates to all Bluzelle nodes around the world takes 875 milliseconds (ms), it says. + +The company has been concentrating its efforts on gaming, and with a test setup in Virginia, it says it was able to deliver data 33 times faster—at 22ms to Singapore—than a normal, cloud-based data cache. That traditional cache (located near the database) took 727ms in the Bluzelle-published test. In a test to Ireland, it claims 16ms over 223ms using a traditional cache. + +An algorithm is partly the reason for the gains, the company explains. It “allows the nodes to make decisions and take actions without the need for masternodes,” the company says. Masternodes are the server-like parts of blockchain systems. + +**More about edge networking** + + * [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][3] + * [Edge computing best practices][6] + * [How edge computing can help secure the IoT][7] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][8] and [LinkedIn][9] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397105/edge-based-caching-and-blockchain-nodes-speed-up-data-transmission.html + +作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/blockchain_crypotocurrency_bitcoin-by-olgasalt-getty-100787949-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html +[4]: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/go5bnhdproy1sk5/AAC5MDoafopFS7lXUnmiLAEFa?dl=0&preview=Bluzelle+Report+-+The+Decentralized+Internet+Is+Here.pdf +[5]: https://bluzelle.com/ +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331978/lan-wan/edge-computing-best-practices.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331905/internet-of-things/how-edge-computing-can-help-secure-the-iot.html +[8]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[9]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From dcfa2a3f103271205e09c54b50d131e3b1f4d277 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:33:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0045/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190523=20Benc?= =?UTF-8?q?hmarks=20of=20forthcoming=20Epyc=202=20processor=20leaked=20sou?= =?UTF-8?q?rces/talk/20190523=20Benchmarks=20of=20forthcoming=20Epyc=202?= =?UTF-8?q?=20processor=20leaked.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... of forthcoming Epyc 2 processor leaked.md | 55 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190523 Benchmarks of forthcoming Epyc 2 processor leaked.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190523 Benchmarks of forthcoming Epyc 2 processor leaked.md b/sources/talk/20190523 Benchmarks of forthcoming Epyc 2 processor leaked.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..61ae9e656b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190523 Benchmarks of forthcoming Epyc 2 processor leaked.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Benchmarks of forthcoming Epyc 2 processor leaked) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397081/benchmarks-of-forthcoming-epyc-2-processor-leaked.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +Benchmarks of forthcoming Epyc 2 processor leaked +====== +Benchmarks of AMD's second-generation Epyc server briefly found their way online and show the chip is larger but a little slower than the Epyc 7601 on the market now. +![Gordon Mah Ung][1] + +Benchmarks of engineering samples of AMD's second-generation Epyc server, code-named “Rome,” briefly found their way online and show a very beefy chip running a little slower than its predecessor. + +Rome is based on the Zen 2 architecture, believed to be more of an incremental improvement over the prior generation than a major leap. It’s already known that Rome would feature a 64-core, 128-thread design, but that was about all of the details. + +**[ Also read:[Who's developing quantum computers][2] ]** + +The details came courtesy of SiSoftware's Sandra PC analysis and benchmarking tool. It’s very popular and has been used by hobbyists and benchmarkers alike for more than 20 years. New benchmarks are uploaded to the Sandra database all the time, and what I suspect happened is someone running a Rome sample ran the benchmark, not realizing the results would be uploaded to the Sandra database. + +The benchmarks were from two different servers, a Dell PowerEdge R7515 and a Super Micro Super Server. The Dell product number is not on the market, so this would indicate a future server with Rome processors. The entry has since been deleted, but several sites, including the hobbyist site Tom’s Hardware Guide, managed to [take a screenshot][3]. + +According to the entry, the chip is a mid-range processor with a base clock speed of 1.4GHz, jumping up to 2.2GHz in turbo mode, with 16MB of Level 2 cache and 256MB of Level 3 cache, the latter of which is crazy. The first-generation Epyc had just 32MB of L3 cache. + +That’s a little slower than the Epyc 7601 on the market now, but when you double the number of cores in the same space, something’s gotta give, and in this case, it’s electricity. The thermal envelope was not revealed by the benchmark. Previous Epyc processors ranged from 120 watts to 180 watts. + +Sandra ranked the processor at #3 for arithmetic and #5 for multimedia processing, which makes me wonder what on Earth beat the Rome chip. Interestingly, the servers were running Windows 10, not Windows Server 2019. + +**[[Get certified as an Apple Technical Coordinator with this seven-part online course from PluralSight.][4] ]** + +Rome is expected to be officially launched at the massive Computex trade show in Taiwan on May 27 and will begin shipping in the third quarter of the year. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397081/benchmarks-of-forthcoming-epyc-2-processor-leaked.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/11/rome_2-100779395-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3275385/who-s-developing-quantum-computers.html +[3]: https://www.tomshardware.co.uk/amd-epyc-rome-processor-data-center,news-60265.html +[4]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fapple-certified-technical-trainer-10-11 +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 6d94c478aeaa275734d95a520e21da18fdb315dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:33:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0046/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190522=20Expe?= =?UTF-8?q?rts:=20Enterprise=20IoT=20enters=20the=20mass-adoption=20phase?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/talk/20190522=20Experts-=20Enterprise=20IoT=20enters?= =?UTF-8?q?=20the=20mass-adoption=20phase.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rise IoT enters the mass-adoption phase.md | 78 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 78 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190522 Experts- Enterprise IoT enters the mass-adoption phase.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190522 Experts- Enterprise IoT enters the mass-adoption phase.md b/sources/talk/20190522 Experts- Enterprise IoT enters the mass-adoption phase.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..86d7bf0efe --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190522 Experts- Enterprise IoT enters the mass-adoption phase.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Experts: Enterprise IoT enters the mass-adoption phase) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397317/experts-enterprise-iot-enters-the-mass-adoption-phase.html) +[#]: author: (Jon Gold https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/) + +Experts: Enterprise IoT enters the mass-adoption phase +====== +Dropping hardware prices, 5G boost business internet-of-things deployments; technical complexity encourages partnerships. +![Avgust01 / Getty Images][1] + +[IoT][2] in general has taken off quickly over the past few years, but experts at the recent IoT World highlighted that the enterprise part of the market has been particularly robust of late – it’s not just an explosion of connected home gadgets anymore. + +Donna Moore, chairwoman of the LoRa Alliance, an industry group that works to develop and scale low-power WAN technology for mass usage, said on a panel that she’s never seen growth this fast in the sector. “I’d say we’re now in the early mass adopters [stage],” she said. + +**More on IoT:** + + * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][3] + * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][4] + * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][5] + * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][6] + * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][7] + * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][8] + * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][9] + * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][10] + + + +The technology itself has pushed adoption to these heights, said Graham Trickey, head of IoT for the GSMA, a trade organization for mobile network operators. Along with price drops for wireless connectivity modules, the array of upcoming technologies nestling under the umbrella label of [5G][11] could simplify the process of connecting devices to [edge-computing][12] hardware – and the edge to the cloud or [data center][13]. + +“Mobile operators are not just providers of connectivity now, they’re farther up the stack,” he said. Technologies like narrow-band IoT and support for highly demanding applications like telehealth are all set to be part of the final 5G spec. + +### Partnerships needed to deal with IoT complexity** + +** + +That’s not to imply that there aren’t still huge tasks facing both companies trying to implement their own IoT frameworks and the creators of the technology underpinning them. For one thing, IoT tech requires a huge array of different sets of specialized knowledge. + +“That means partnerships, because you need an expert in your [vertical] area to know what you’re looking for, you need an expert in communications, and you might need a systems integrator,” said Trickey. + +Phil Beecher, the president and CEO of the Wi-SUN Alliance (the acronym stands for Smart Ubiquitous Networks, and the group is heavily focused on IoT for the utility sector), concurred with that, arguing that broad ecosystems of different technologies and different partners would be needed. “There’s no one technology that’s going to solve all these problems, no matter how much some parties might push it,” he said. + +One of the central problems – [IoT security][14] – is particularly dear to Beecher’s heart, given the consequences of successful hacks of the electrical grid or other utilities. More than one panelist praised the passage of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, saying that it offered concrete guidelines for entities developing IoT tech – a crucial consideration for some companies that may not have a lot of in-house expertise in that area. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][15] and [LinkedIn][16] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397317/experts-enterprise-iot-enters-the-mass-adoption-phase.html + +作者：[Jon Gold][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/iot_internet_of_things_mobile_connections_by_avgust01_gettyimages-1055659210_2400x1600-100788447-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203489/what-is-5g-how-is-it-better-than-4g.html +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html?nsdr=true +[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html +[15]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[16]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 3158ae0c2f248a3ab7c3fe4808bfaedfde364c89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:33:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0047/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190522=20Fren?= =?UTF-8?q?ch=20IT=20giant=20Atos=20enters=20the=20edge-computing=20busine?= =?UTF-8?q?ss=20sources/talk/20190522=20French=20IT=20giant=20Atos=20enter?= =?UTF-8?q?s=20the=20edge-computing=20business.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Atos enters the edge-computing business.md | 66 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md b/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..def37a0025 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397139/atos-is-the-latest-to-enter-the-edge-computing-business.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business +====== +Atos takes a different approach to edge computing with a device called BullSequana Edge that's the size of a suitcase. +![iStock][1] + +French IT giant Atos is the latest to jump into the edge computing business with a small device called BullSequana Edge. Unlike devices from its competitors that are the size of a shipping container, including those from Vapor IO and Schneider Electronics, Atos' edge device can sit in a closet. + +Atos says the device uses artificial intelligence (AI) applications to offer fast response times that are needed in areas such as manufacturing 4.0, autonomous vehicles, healthcare and retail/airport security – where data needs to be processed and analyzed at the edge in real time. + +**[ Also see:[What is edge computing?][2] and [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][3].]** + +The BullSequana Edge can be purchased as standalone infrastructure or bundled with Atos’ software edge software, and that software is pretty impressive. Atos says the BullSequana Edge supports three main categories of use cases: + + * AI: Atos Edge Computer Vision software for surveillance cameras provide advanced extraction and analysis of features such as people, faces, emotions, and behaviors so that automatic actions can be carried out based on that analysis. + * Big data: Atos Edge Data Analytics enables organizations to improve their business models with predictive and prescriptive solutions. It utilizes data lake capabilities to make data trustworthy and useable. + * Containers: Atos Edge Data Container (EDC) is an all-in-one container solution that is ready to run at the edge and serves as a decentralized IT system that can run autonomously in non-data center environments with no need for local on-site operation. + + + +Because of its small size, the BullSequana Edge doesn’t pack a lot of processing power. It comes with a 16-core Intel Xeon CPU and can hold up to two Nvidia Tesla T4 GPUs or optional FPGAs. Atos says that is enough to handle the inference of complex AI models with low latency at the edge. + +Because it handles sensitive data, BullSequana Edge also comes with an intrusion sensor that will disable the machine in case of physical attacks. + +Most edge devices are placed near cell towers, but since the edge system can be placed anywhere, it can communicate via radio, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), or Wi-Fi. + +Atos may not be a household name in the U.S., but it’s on par with IBM in Europe, having acquired IT giants Bull SA, Xerox IT Outsourcing, and Siemens IT all in this past decade. + +**More about edge networking:** + + * [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][3] + * [Edge computing best practices][4] + * [How edge computing can help secure the IoT][5] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][6] and [LinkedIn][7] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397139/atos-is-the-latest-to-enter-the-edge-computing-business.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/01/huawei-18501-edge-gartner-100786331-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331978/lan-wan/edge-computing-best-practices.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331905/internet-of-things/how-edge-computing-can-help-secure-the-iot.html +[6]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 2642601e01f92a39a44d82ad83e48b3f9b953bfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:34:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0048/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190522=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Traffic=20Jam=20Whopper=20project=20may=20be=20the=20coolest?= =?UTF-8?q?/dumbest=20IoT=20idea=20ever=20sources/talk/20190522=20The=20Tr?= =?UTF-8?q?affic=20Jam=20Whopper=20project=20may=20be=20the=20coolest-dumb?= =?UTF-8?q?est=20IoT=20idea=20ever.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ay be the coolest-dumbest IoT idea ever.md | 97 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190522 The Traffic Jam Whopper project may be the coolest-dumbest IoT idea ever.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190522 The Traffic Jam Whopper project may be the coolest-dumbest IoT idea ever.md b/sources/talk/20190522 The Traffic Jam Whopper project may be the coolest-dumbest IoT idea ever.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..be8a4833cc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190522 The Traffic Jam Whopper project may be the coolest-dumbest IoT idea ever.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The Traffic Jam Whopper project may be the coolest/dumbest IoT idea ever) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396188/the-traffic-jam-whopper-project-may-be-the-coolestdumbest-iot-idea-ever.html) +[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) + +The Traffic Jam Whopper project may be the coolest/dumbest IoT idea ever +====== +Burger King uses real-time IoT data to deliver burgers to drivers stuck in traffic — and it seems to be working. +![Mike Mozart \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] + +People love to eat in their cars. That’s why we invented the drive-in and the drive-thru. + +But despite a fast-food outlet on the corner of every major intersection, it turns out we were only scratching the surface of this idea. Burger King is taking this concept to the next logical step with its new IoT-powered Traffic Jam Whopper project. + +I have to admit, when I first heard about this, I thought it was a joke, but apparently the [Traffic Jam Whopper project is totally real][2] and has already passed a month-long test in Mexico City. While the company hasn’t specified a timeline, it plans to roll out the Traffic Jam Whopper project in Los Angeles (where else?) and other traffic-plagued megacities such as São Paulo and Shanghai. + +**[ Also read:[Is IoT in the enterprise about making money or saving money?][3] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][4] ]** + +### How Burger King's Traffic Jam Whopper project works + +According to [Nations Restaurant News][5], this is how Burger King's Traffic Jam Whopper project works: + +The project uses real-time data to target hungry drivers along congested roads and highways for food delivery by couriers on motorcycles. + +The system leverages push notifications to the Burger King app and personalized messaging on digital billboards positioned along busy roads close to a Burger King restaurant. + +[According to the We Believers agency][6] that put it all together, “By leveraging traffic and drivers’ real-time data [location and speed], we adjusted our billboards’ location and content, displaying information about the remaining time in traffic to order, and personalized updates about deliveries in progress.” The menu is limited to Whopper Combos to speed preparation (though the company plans to offer a wider menu as it works out the kinks). + +**[[Become a Microsoft Office 365 administrator in record time with this quick start course from PluralSight.][7] ]** + +The company said orders in Mexico City were delivered in an average of 15 minutes. Fortunately (or unfortunately, depending on how you look at it) many traffic jams hold drivers captive for far longer than that. + +Once the order is ready, the motorcyclist uses Google maps and GPS technology embedded into the app to locate the car that made the order. The delivery person then weaves through traffic to hand over the Whopper. (Lane-splitting is legal in California, but I have no idea if there are other potential safety or law-enforcement issues involved here. For drivers ordering burgers, at least, the Burger King app supports voice ordering. I also don’t know what happens if traffic somehow clears up before the burger arrives.) + +Here’s a video of the pilot program in Mexico City: + +#### **New technology = > new opportunities** + +Even more amazing, this is not _just_ a publicity stunt. NRN quotes Bruno Cardinali, head of marketing for Burger King Latin America and Caribbean, claiming the project boosted sales during rush hour, when app orders are normally slow: + +“Thanks to The Traffic Jam Whopper campaign, we’ve increased deliveries by 63% in selected locations across the month of April, adding a significant amount of orders per restaurant per day, just during rush hours." + +If nothing else, this project shows that creative thinking really can leverage IoT technology into new businesses. In this case, it’s turning notoriously bad traffic—pretty much required for this process to work—from a problem into an opportunity to generate additional sales during slow periods. + +**More on IoT:** + + * [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][8] + * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][9] + * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][10] + * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][11] + * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][12] + * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][13] + * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][14] + * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][15] + * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][16] + * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][17] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][18] and [LinkedIn][19] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396188/the-traffic-jam-whopper-project-may-be-the-coolestdumbest-iot-idea-ever.html + +作者：[Fredric Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/burger-king-gift-card-100797164-large.jpg +[2]: https://abc7news.com/food/burger-king-to-deliver-to-drivers-stuck-in-traffic/5299073/ +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3343917/the-big-picture-is-iot-in-the-enterprise-about-making-money-or-saving-money.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[5]: https://www.nrn.com/technology/tech-tracker-burger-king-deliver-la-motorists-stuck-traffic?cid= +[6]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXNgEZV7lNg +[7]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fcourses%2Fadministering-office-365-quick-start +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html +[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html +[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html +[16]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html +[17]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html +[18]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[19]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 4925b0d9146b9c0619f6cd6c97d8ab7ad7e8499a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:34:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0049/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190521=20Ente?= =?UTF-8?q?rprise=20IoT:=20Companies=20want=20solutions=20in=20these=204?= =?UTF-8?q?=20areas=20sources/talk/20190521=20Enterprise=20IoT-=20Companie?= =?UTF-8?q?s=20want=20solutions=20in=20these=204=20areas.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...mpanies want solutions in these 4 areas.md | 119 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 119 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190521 Enterprise IoT- Companies want solutions in these 4 areas.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190521 Enterprise IoT- Companies want solutions in these 4 areas.md b/sources/talk/20190521 Enterprise IoT- Companies want solutions in these 4 areas.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9df4495f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190521 Enterprise IoT- Companies want solutions in these 4 areas.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Enterprise IoT: Companies want solutions in these 4 areas) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396128/the-state-of-enterprise-iot-companies-want-solutions-for-these-4-areas.html) +[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) + +Enterprise IoT: Companies want solutions in these 4 areas +====== +Based on customer pain points, PwC identified four areas companies are seeking enterprise solutions for, including energy use and sustainability. +![Jackie Niam / Getty Images][1] + +Internet of things (IoT) vendors and pundits like to crow about the billions and billions of connected devices that make the IoT so ubiquitous and powerful. But how much of that installed base is really relevant to the enterprise? + +To find out, I traded emails with Rob Mesirow, principal at [PwC’s Connected Solutions][2], the firm’s new one-stop-shop of IoT solutions, who suggests that consumer adoption may not paint a true picture of the enterprise opportunities. If you remove the health trackers and the smart thermostats from the market, he suggested, there are very few connected devices left. + +So, I wondered, what is actually happening on the enterprise side of IoT? What kinds of devices are we talking about, and in what kinds of numbers? + +**[ Read also:[Forget 'smart homes,' the new goal is 'autonomous buildings'][3] ]** + +“When people talk about the IoT,” Mesirow told me, “they usually focus on [consumer devices, which far outnumber business devices][4]. Yet [connected buildings currently represent only 12% of global IoT projects][5],” he noted, “and that’s without including wearables and smart home projects.” (Mesirow is talking about buildings that “use various IoT devices, including occupancy sensors that determine when people are present in a room in order to keep lighting and temperature controls at optimal levels, lowering energy costs and aiding sustainability goals. Sensors can also detect water and gas leaks and aid in predictive maintenance for HVAC systems.”) + +### 4 key enterprise IoT opportunities + +More specifically, based on customer pain points, PwC’s Connected Solutions is focusing on a few key opportunities, which Mesirow laid out in a [blog post][6] earlier this year. (Not surprisingly, the opportunities seem tied to [the group’s products][7].) + +“A lot of these solutions came directly from our customers’ request,” he noted. “We pre-qualify our solutions with customers before we build them.” + +Let’s take a look at the top four areas, along with a quick reality check on how important they are and whether the technology is ready for prime time. + +#### **1\. Energy use and sustainability** + +The IoT makes it possible to manage buildings and spaces more efficiently, with savings of 25% or more. Occupancy sensors can tell whether anyone is actually in a room, adjusting lighting and temperature to saving money and conserve energy. + +Connected buildings can also help determine when meeting spaces are available, which can boost occupancy at large businesses and universities by 40% while cutting infrastructure and maintenance costs. Other sensors, meanwhile, can detect water and gas leaks and aid in predictive maintenance for HVAC systems. + +**Reality check:** Obviously, much of this technology is not new, but there’s a real opportunity to make it work better by integrating disparate systems and adding better analytics to the data to make planning more effective. + +#### **2. Asset tracking + +** + +“Businesses can also use the IoT to track their assets,“ Mesirow told me, “which can range from trucks to hotel luggage carts to medical equipment. It can even assist with monitoring trash by alerting appropriate people when dumpsters need to be emptied.” + +Asset trackers can instantly identify the location of all kinds of equipment (saving employee time and productivity), and they can reduce the number of lost, stolen, and misplaced devices and machines as well as provide complete visibility into the location of your assets. + +Such trackers can also save employees from wasting time hunting down the devices and machines they need. For example, PwC noted that during an average hospital shift, more than one-third of nurses spend at least an hour looking for equipment such as blood pressure monitors and insulin pumps. Just as important, location tracking often improves asset optimization, reduced inventory needs, and improved customer experience. + +**Reality check:** Asset tracking offers clear value. The real question is whether a given use case is cost effective or not, as well as how the data gathered will actually be used. Too often, companies spend a lot of money and effort tracking their assets, but don’t do much with the information. + +#### **3\. Security and compliance** + +Connected solutions can create better working environments, Mesirow said. “In a hotel, for example, these smart devices can ensure that air and water quality is up to standards, provide automated pest traps, monitor dumpsters and recycling bins, detect trespassers, determine when someone needs assistance, or discover activity in an unauthorized area. Monitoring the water quality of hotel swimming pools can lower chemical and filtering costs,” he said. + +Mesirow cited an innovative use case where, in response to workers’ complaints about harassment, hotel operators—in conjunction with the [American Hotel and Lodging Association][8]—are giving their employees portable devices that alert security staff when workers request assistance. + +**Reality check:** This seems useful, but the ROI might be difficult to calculate. + +#### **4\. Customer experience** + +According to PwC, “Sensors, facial recognition, analytics, dashboards, and notifications can elevate and even transform the customer experience. … Using connected solutions, you can identify and reward your best customers by offering perks, reduced wait times, and/or shorter lines.” + +Those kinds of personalized customer experiences can potentially boost customer loyalty and increase revenue, Mesirow said, adding that the technology can also make staff deployments more efficient and “enhance safety by identifying trespassers and criminals who are tampering with company property.” + +**Reality check:** Creating a great customer experience is critical for businesses today, and this kind of personalized targeting promises to make it more efficient and effective. However, it has to be done in a way that makes customers comfortable and not creeped out. Privacy concerns are very real, especially when it comes to working with facial recognition and other kinds of surveillance technology. For example, [San Francisco recently banned city agencies from using facial recognition][9], and others may follow. + +**More on IoT:** + + * [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][10] + * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][11] + * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][12] + * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][13] + * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][14] + * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][15] + * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][16] + * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][17] + * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][18] + * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][19] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][20] and [LinkedIn][21] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396128/the-state-of-enterprise-iot-companies-want-solutions-for-these-4-areas.html + +作者：[Fredric Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/iot_internet_of_things_by_jackie_niam_gettyimages-996958260_2400x1600-100788446-large.jpg +[2]: https://digital.pwc.com/content/pwc-digital/en/products/connected-solutions.html#get-connected +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3309420/forget-smart-homes-the-new-goal-is-autonomous-buildings.html +[4]: https://www.statista.com/statistics/370350/internet-of-things-installed-base-by-category/) +[5]: https://iot-analytics.com/top-10-iot-segments-2018-real-iot-projects/ +[6]: https://www.digitalpulse.pwc.com.au/five-unexpected-ways-internet-of-things/ +[7]: https://digital.pwc.com/content/pwc-digital/en/products/connected-solutions.html +[8]: https://www.ahla.com/ +[9]: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/us/facial-recognition-ban-san-francisco.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html +[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html +[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html +[16]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html +[17]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html +[18]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html +[19]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html +[20]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[21]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From d1d93d7634f5c088dbd29dd65cde8b5f5c192845 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:35:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0050/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190520=20When?= =?UTF-8?q?=20IoT=20systems=20fail:=20The=20risk=20of=20having=20bad=20IoT?= =?UTF-8?q?=20data=20sources/talk/20190520=20When=20IoT=20systems=20fail-?= =?UTF-8?q?=20The=20risk=20of=20having=20bad=20IoT=20data.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...s fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md | 75 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md b/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0aeaa32a36 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (When IoT systems fail: The risk of having bad IoT data) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396230/when-iot-systems-fail-the-risk-of-having-bad-iot-data.html) +[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) + +When IoT systems fail: The risk of having bad IoT data +====== +As the use of internet of things (IoT) devices grows, the data they generate can lead to significant savings for consumers and new opportunities for businesses. But what happens when errors inevitably crop up? +![Oonal / Getty Images][1] + +No matter what numbers you look at, it’s clear that the internet of things (IoT) continues to worm its way into more and more areas of personal and private life. That growth brings many benefits, but it also poses new risks. A big question is who takes responsibility when things go wrong. + +Perhaps the biggest issue surrounds the use of IoT-generated data to personalize the offering and pricing of various products and services. [Insurance companies have long struggled with how best to use IoT data][2], but last year I wrote about how IoT sensors are beginning to be used to help home insurers reduce water damage losses. And some companies are looking into the potential for insurers to bid for consumers: business based on the risks (or lack thereof) revealed by their smart-home data. + +But some of the biggest progress has come in the area of automobile insurance, where many automobile insurers already let customers install tracking devices in their cars in exchange for discounts for demonstrating safe-driving habits. + +**[ Also read:[Finally, a smart way for insurers to leverage IoT in smart homes][3] ]** + +### **The rise of usage-based insurance** + +Called usage-based insurance (UBI), this “pay-as-you-drive” approach tracks speed, location, and other factors to assess risk and calculate auto insurance premiums. An estimated [50 million U.S. drivers][4] will have enrolled in UBI programs by 2020. + +Not surprisingly, insurers love UBI because it helps them calculate their risks more precisely. In fact, [AIG Ireland is trying to get the country to require UBI for drivers under 25][5]. And demonstrably safe drivers are also often happy save some money. There has been pushback, of course, mostly from privacy advocates and groups who might have to pay more under this model. + +### **What happens when something goes wrong?** + +But there’s another, more worrisome, potential issue: What happens when the data provided by the IoT device is wrong or gets garbled somewhere along the way? Because despite all the automation, error-checking, and so on, occasional errors inevitably slip through the cracks. + +Unfortunately, this isn’t just an academic concern that might someday accidentally cost some careful drivers a few extra bucks on their insurance. It’s already a real-world problem with serious consequences. And just like [the insurance industry still hasn’t figured out who should “own” data generated by customer-facing IoT devices][6], it’s not clear who would take responsibility for dealing with problems with that data. + +Though not strictly an IoT issue, computer “glitches” allegedly led to Hertz rental cars erroneously being reported stolen and innocent renters being arrested and detained. The result? Criminal charges, years of litigation, and finger pointing. Lots and lots of finger pointing. + +With that in mind, it’s easy to imagine, for example, an IoT sensor getting confused and indicating that a car was speeding even while safely under the speed limit. Think of the hassles of trying to fight _that_ in court, or arguing with your insurance company over it. + +(Of course, there’s also the flip side of this problem: Consumers may find ways to hack the data shared by their IoT devices to fraudulently qualify for lower rates or deflect blame for an incident. There’s no real plan in place to deal with _that_ , either.) + +### **Studying the need for government regulation** + +Given the potential impacts of these issues, and the apparent lack of interest in dealing with them from the many companies involved, it seems legitimate to wonder if government intervention is warranted. + +That could be one motivation behind the [reintroduction of the SMART (State of Modern Application, Research, and Trends of) IoT Act][7] by Rep. Bob Latta (R-Ohio). [The bill][8], stemming from a bipartisan IoT working group helmed by Latta and Rep. Peter Welch (D-Vt.), passed the House last fall but failed in the Senate. It would require the Commerce Department to study the state of the IoT industry and report back to the House Energy & Commerce and Senate Commerce Committee in two years. + +In a statement, Latta said, “With a projected economic impact in the trillions of dollars, we need to look at the policies, opportunities, and challenges that IoT presents. The SMART IoT Act will make it easier to understand what the government is doing on IoT policy, what it can do better, and how federal policies can impact the research and discovery of cutting-edge technologies.” + +The research is welcome, but the bill may not even pass. Even it does, with its two-year wait time, the IoT will likely evolve too fast for the government to keep up. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][9] and [LinkedIn][10] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396230/when-iot-systems-fail-the-risk-of-having-bad-iot-data.html + +作者：[Fredric Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/08/cloud_connected_smart_cars_by_oonal_gettyimages-692819426_1200x800-100767788-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3264655/most-insurance-carriers-not-ready-to-use-iot-data.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3296706/finally-a-smart-way-for-insurers-to-leverage-iot-in-smart-homes.html +[4]: https://www.businessinsider.com/iot-is-changing-the-auto-insurance-industry-2015-8 +[5]: https://www.iotforall.com/iot-data-is-disrupting-the-insurance-industry/ +[6]: https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/articles/big-data/5-challenges-for-iot-in-insurance-industry.html +[7]: https://www.multichannel.com/news/latta-re-ups-smart-iot-act +[8]: https://latta.house.gov/uploadedfiles/smart_iot_116th.pdf +[9]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[10]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 3c744fc34a7c253ada8ba8adfa657d8842b7b9a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:42:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0051/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190527=20Dock?= =?UTF-8?q?ly=20=E2=80=93=20Manage=20Docker=20Containers=20From=20Terminal?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/tech/20190527=20Dockly=20-=20Manage=20Docker=20Conta?= =?UTF-8?q?iners=20From=20Terminal.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md | 162 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 162 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9c5bf68840 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Dockly – Manage Docker Containers From Terminal) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/dockly-manage-docker-containers-from-terminal/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Dockly – Manage Docker Containers From Terminal +====== + +![][1] + +A few days ago, we published a guide which covered almost all details you ever need to know to [**getting started with Docker**][2]. In that guide, we have shown you how to create and manage Docker containers in detail. There are also some non-official tools available for managing Docker containers. If you’ve looked at our old archives, you might have stumbled upon two web-based tools namely [**“Portainer”**][3] and [**“PiCluster”**][4]. Both of them makes the Docker management task much easier and simpler from a web browser. Today, I came across yet another Docker management tool named **“Dockly”**. + +Unlike the aforementioned tools, Dockly is a TUI (text user interface) utility to manage Docker containers and services from the Terminal in Unix-like systems. It is free, open source tool built with **NodeJS**. In this brief guide, we will see how to install Dockly and how to manage Docker containers from command line. + +### Installing Dockly + +Make sure you have installed NodeJS on your Linux box. If you haven’t installed it yet, refer the following guide. + + * [**How To Install NodeJS On Linux**][5] + + + +Once NodeJS is installed, run the following command to install Dockly: + +``` +# npm install -g dockly +``` + +### Manage Docker Containers With Dockly From Terminal + +Managing Docker containers with Dockly is easy! All you have to do is to open the terminal and run the following command: + +``` +# dockly +``` + +Dockly will will automatically connect to your localhost docker daemon through the unix socket and display the list of running containers in the Terminal as shown below. + +![][6] + +Manage Docker Containers Using Dockly + +As you can see in the above screenshot, Dockly displays the following information of running containers on the top: + + * Container ID, + * Name of the container(s), + * Docker image, + * Command, + * State of the running container(s), + * Status. + + + +On the top right side, you will see the CPU an Memory utilization of containers. Use UP/DOWN arrow keys to move between Containers. + +At the bottom, there are few keyboard shortcut keys to do various docker management tasks. Here are the list of currently available keyboard shortcuts: + + * **=** – Refresh the Dockly interface, + * **/** – Search the containers list view, + * **i** – Display the information about the currently selected container or service, + * **< RETURN>** – Show logs of the current container or service, + * **v** – Toggle between Containers and Services view, + * **l** – Launch a /bin/bash session on the selected Container, + * **r** – Restart the selected Container, + * **s** – Stop the selected Container, + * **h** – Show HELP window, + * **q** – Quit Dockly. + + + +##### **Viewing information of a container** + +Choose a Container using UP/DOWN arrow and press **“i”** to display the information of the selected Container. + +![][7] + +View container’s information + +##### Restart Containers + +If you want to restart your Containers at any time, just choose it and press **“r”** to restart. + +![][8] + +Restart Docker containers + +##### Stop/Remove Containers and Images + +We can stop and/or remove one or all containers at once if they are no longer required. To do so, press **“m”** to open **Menu**. + +![][9] + +Stop, remove Docker containers and images + +From here, you can do the following operations. + + * Stop all Docker containers, + * Remove selected container, + * Remove all containers, + * Remove all Docker images etc. + + + +##### Display Dockly help section + +If you have any questions, just press **“h”** to open the help section. + +![][10] + +Dockly Help + +For more details, refer the official GitHub page given at the end. + +And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. If you spend a lot of time working with Docker containers, give Dockly a try and see if it helps. + +* * * + +**Suggested read:** + + * **[How To Automatically Update Running Docker Containers][11]** + * [**ctop – A Commandline Monitoring Tool For Linux Containers**][12] + + + +* * * + +**Resource:** + + * [**Dockly GitHub Repository**][13] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/dockly-manage-docker-containers-from-terminal/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Dockly-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/portainer-an-easiest-way-to-manage-docker/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/picluster-simple-web-based-docker-management-application/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-node-js-linux/ +[6]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Manage-Docker-Containers-Using-Dockly.png +[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/View-containers-information.png +[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Restart-containers.png +[9]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/stop-remove-containers-and-images.png +[10]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Dockly-Help.png +[11]: https://www.ostechnix.com/automatically-update-running-docker-containers/ +[12]: https://www.ostechnix.com/ctop-commandline-monitoring-tool-linux-containers/ +[13]: https://github.com/lirantal/dockly From 6bc2bf4c35ad9203347d86aca3b50f1fcd7a71dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:43:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0052/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190527=20Bloc?= =?UTF-8?q?kchain=202.0=20=E2=80=93=20Introduction=20To=20Hyperledger=20Sa?= =?UTF-8?q?wtooth=20[Part=2012]=20sources/tech/20190527=20Blockchain=202.0?= =?UTF-8?q?=20-=20Introduction=20To=20Hyperledger=20Sawtooth=20-Part=2012.?= =?UTF-8?q?md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...uction To Hyperledger Sawtooth -Part 12.md | 103 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 Blockchain 2.0 - Introduction To Hyperledger Sawtooth -Part 12.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 Blockchain 2.0 - Introduction To Hyperledger Sawtooth -Part 12.md b/sources/tech/20190527 Blockchain 2.0 - Introduction To Hyperledger Sawtooth -Part 12.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8ab4b5b0b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 Blockchain 2.0 - Introduction To Hyperledger Sawtooth -Part 12.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Introduction To Hyperledger Sawtooth [Part 12]) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-introduction-to-hyperledger-sawtooth/) +[#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) + +Blockchain 2.0 – Introduction To Hyperledger Sawtooth [Part 12] +====== + +![Introduction To Hyperledger Sawtooth][1] + +After having discussed the [**Hyperledger Fabric**][2] project in detail on this blog, its time we moved on to the next project of interest at the Hyperledger camp. **Hyperledger Sawtooth** is Intel’s contribution to the [**Blockchain**][3] consortium mission to develop enterprise ready modular distributed ledgers and applications. Sawtooth is another attempt at creating an easy to roll out blockchain ledger for businesses keeping their resource constraints and security requirements in mind. While platforms such as [**Ethereum**][4] will in theory offer similar functionality when placed in capable hands, Sawtooth readily provides a lot of customizability and is built from the ground up for specific enterprise level use cases. + +The Hyperledger project page has an introductory video detailing the Sawtooth architecture and platform. We’re attaching it here for readers to get a quick round-up about the product. + +Moving to the intricacies of the Sawtooth project, there are **five primary and significant differences** between Sawtooth and its alternatives. The post from now and on will explore these differences and at the end will mention an example real world use case for Hyperledger Sawtooth in managing supply chains. + +### Distinction 1: The consensus algorithm – PoET + +This is perhaps amongst the most notable and significant changes that Sawtooth brings to the fore. While exploring all the different consensus algorithms that exist for blockchain platforms these days is out of the scope of this post, what is to be noted is that Sawtooth uses a **Proof Of Elapsed Time** (POET) based consensus algorithm. Such a system for validating transactions and blocks on the blockchain is considered to be resources efficient unlike other computation heavy systems which use the likes of **Proof of work** or **Proof of stake** algorithms. + +POET is designed to utilize the security and tamper proof features of modern processors with reference implementations utilizing **Intel’s trusted execution environment** (TEE) architecture on its modern CPUs. The fact that the execution of the validating program takes use of a TEE along with a **“lottery”** system that is implemented to choose the **validator** or **node** to fulfill the request makes the process of creating blocks on the Sawtooth architecture secure and resource efficient at the same time. + +The POET algorithm basically elects a validator randomly based on a stochastic process. The probability of a particular node being selected depends on a host of pointers one of which depends on the amount of computing resources the said node has contributed to the ledger so far. The chosen validator then proceeds to timestamp the said block of data and shares it with the permissioned nodes in the network so that there remains a reliable record of the blockchains immutability. This method of electing the “validator” node was developed by **Intel** and so far, has been shown to exhibit zero bias and or error in executing its function. + +### Distinction 2: A fully separated level of abstraction between the application level and core system + +As mentioned, the Sawtooth platform takes modularity to the next level. Here in the reference implementation that is shared by the [**Hyperledger project**][5] foundation, the core system that enables users to create a distributed ledger, and, the application run-time environment (the virtual environment where applications developed to run on the blockchain otherwise known as [**smart contracts**][6] or **chaincode** ) are separated by a full level of abstraction. This essentially means that developers can separately code applications in any programming language of their choice instead of having to conform to and follow platform specific languages. The Sawtooth platform provides support for the following contract languages out of the box: **Java** , **Python** , **C++** , **Go** , **JavaScript** and **Rust**. This distinction between the core system and application levels are obtained by defining a custom transaction family for each application that is developed on the platform. + +A transaction family contains the following: + + * **A transaction processor** : basically, your applications logic or business logic. + * **Data model** : a system that defines and handles data storage and processing at the system level. + * **Client-side handler** to handle the end user side of your application. + + + +Multiple low-level transaction families such as this may be defined in a permissioned blockchain and used in a modular fashion throughout the network. For instance, if a consortium of banks chose to implement it, they could come together and define common functionalities or rules for their applications and then plug and play the transaction families they need in their respective systems without having to develop everything on their own. + +### Distinction 3: SETH + +It is without doubt that a blockchain future would for sure have Ethereum as one of the key players. People at the Hyperledger foundation know this well. The **Hyperledger Burrow project** is in fact meant to address the existence of entities working on multiple platforms by providing a way for developers to use Ethereum blockchain specifications to build custom distributed applications using the **EVM** (Ethereum virtual machine). + +Basically speaking, Burrow lets you customize and deploy Ethereum based [**DApps**][7] (written in **solidity** ) in non-public blockchains (the kind developed for use at the Hyperledger foundation). The Burrow and Sawtooth projects teamed up and created **SETH**. **Sawtooth-Ethereum Integration project** (SETH) is meant to add Ethereum (solidity) smart contract functionality and compatibility to Sawtooth based distributed ledger networks. A much-less known agenda to SETH is the fact that applications (DApps) and smart contracts written for EVM can now be easily ported to Sawtooth. + +### Distinction 4: ACID principle and ability to batch process + +A rather path breaking feature of Sawtooth is its ability to batch transactions together and then package them into a block. The blocks and transactions will still be subject to the **ACID** principle ( **A** tomicity, **C** onsistency, **I** solation and **D** urability). The implication of these two facts are highlighted using an example as follows. + +Let’s say you have **6 transactions** to be packaged into **two blocks (4+2)**. Block A has 4 transactions which individually needs to succeed in order for the next block of 2 transactions to be timestamped and validated. Assuming they succeed, the next block of 2 transactions is processed and assuming even they are successful the entire package of 6 transactions are deemed successful and the overall business logic is deemed successful. For instance, assume you’re selling a car. Different transactions at the ends of the buyer (block A) and the seller (block B) will need be completed in order for the trade to be deemed valid. Ownership is transferred only if both the sides are successful in carrying out their individual transactions. + +Such a feature will improve accountability on individual ends by separating responsibilities and improve the recognizability of faults and errors by the same principle. The ACID principle is implemented by coding for a custom transaction processor and defining a transaction family that will store data in the said block structure. + +### Distinction 5: Parallel transaction execution + +Blockchain platforms usually follow a serial **first come first serve route** to executing transactions and follow a queueing system for the same. Sawtooth provides support for both **serial** and **parallel execution** of transactions. Parallel transaction processing offers significant performance gains for even faster transactions by reducing overall transaction latencies. More faster transactions will be processed along with slower and bigger transactions at the same time on the platform instead of transactions of all types to be kept waiting. + +The methodology followed to implement the parallel transaction paradigm efficiently takes care of the double spending problems and errors due to multiple changes being made to the same state by defining a custom scheduler for the network which can identity processes and their predecessors. + +Real world use case: Supply Chain Management using Sawtooth applied with IoT + +The Sawtooth **official website** lists seafood traceability as an example use case for the Sawtooth platform. The basic template is applicable for almost all supply chain related use cases. + +![][8] + +Figure 1 From the Hyperledger Sawtooth Official Website + +Traditional supply chain management solutions in this space work majorly through manual record keeping which leaves room for massive frauds, errors, and significant quality control issues. IoT has been cited as a solution to overcome such issues with supply chains in day to day use. Inexpensive GPS enabled RFID-tags can be attached to fresh catch or produce as the case may be and can be scanned for updating at the individual processing centres automatically. Buyers or middle men can verify and or track the information easily using a client on their mobile device to know the route their dinner has taken before arriving on their plates. + +While tracking seafood seems to be a first world problem in countries like India, the change an IoT enabled system can bring to public delivery systems in developing countries can be a welcome change. The application is available for demo at this **[link][9]** and users are encouraged to fiddle with it and adopt it to suit their needs. + +**Reference:** + + * [**The Official Hyperledger Sawtooth Docs**][10] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-introduction-to-hyperledger-sawtooth/ + +作者：[editor][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Hyperledger-Sawtooth-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-introduction-to-hyperledger-fabric/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-what-is-ethereum/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction-to-hyperledger-project-hlp/ +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/ +[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-distributed-computing-and-distributed-applications/ +[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Sawtooth.png +[9]: https://sawtooth.hyperledger.org/examples/seafood.html +[10]: https://sawtooth.hyperledger.org/docs/core/releases/1.0/contents.html From 161f623c249795bb24f2ce8e404b0d87b1a3d3cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 16:44:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0053/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190527=2020+?= =?UTF-8?q?=20FFmpeg=20Commands=20For=20Beginners=20sources/tech/20190527?= =?UTF-8?q?=2020-=20FFmpeg=20Commands=20For=20Beginners.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...90527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md | 497 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 497 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md b/sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cf8798d96a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md @@ -0,0 +1,497 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (20+ FFmpeg Commands For Beginners) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/20-ffmpeg-commands-beginners/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +20+ FFmpeg Commands For Beginners +====== + +![FFmpeg Commands][1] + +In this guide, I will be explaining how to use FFmpeg multimedia framework to do various audio, video transcoding and conversion operations with examples. I have compiled most commonly and frequently used 20+ FFmpeg commands for beginners. I will keep updating this guide by adding more examples from time to time. Please bookmark this guide and come back in a while to check for the updates. Let us get started, shall we? If you haven’t installed FFmpeg in your Linux system yet, refer the following guide. + + * [**Install FFmpeg in Linux**][2] + + + +### 20+ FFmpeg Commands For Beginners + +The typical syntax of the FFmpeg command is: + +``` +ffmpeg [global_options] {[input_file_options] -i input_url} ... + {[output_file_options] output_url} ... +``` + +We are now going to see some important and useful FFmpeg commands. + +##### **1\. Getting audio/video file information** + +To display your media file details, run: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +ffmpeg version n4.1.3 Copyright (c) 2000-2019 the FFmpeg developers +built with gcc 8.2.1 (GCC) 20181127 +configuration: --prefix=/usr --disable-debug --disable-static --disable-stripping --enable-fontconfig --enable-gmp --enable-gnutls --enable-gpl --enable-ladspa --enable-libaom --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libdrm --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgsm --enable-libiec61883 --enable-libjack --enable-libmodplug --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore_amrnb --enable-libopencore_amrwb --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libv4l2 --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxcb --enable-libxml2 --enable-libxvid --enable-nvdec --enable-nvenc --enable-omx --enable-shared --enable-version3 +libavutil 56. 22.100 / 56. 22.100 +libavcodec 58. 35.100 / 58. 35.100 +libavformat 58. 20.100 / 58. 20.100 +libavdevice 58. 5.100 / 58. 5.100 +libavfilter 7. 40.101 / 7. 40.101 +libswscale 5. 3.100 / 5. 3.100 +libswresample 3. 3.100 / 3. 3.100 +libpostproc 55. 3.100 / 55. 3.100 +Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'video.mp4': +Metadata: +major_brand : isom +minor_version : 512 +compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 +encoder : Lavf58.20.100 +Duration: 00:00:28.79, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 454 kb/s +Stream #0:0(und): Video: h264 (High) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p(tv, smpte170m/bt470bg/smpte170m), 1920x1080 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 318 kb/s, 30 fps, 30 tbr, 15360 tbn, 60 tbc (default) +Metadata: +handler_name : ISO Media file produced by Google Inc. Created on: 04/08/2019. +Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 44100 Hz, stereo, fltp, 128 kb/s (default) +Metadata: +handler_name : ISO Media file produced by Google Inc. Created on: 04/08/2019. +At least one output file must be specified +``` + +As you see in the above output, FFmpeg displays the media file information along with FFmpeg details such as version, configuration details, copyright notice, build and library options etc. + +If you don’t want to see the FFmpeg banner and other details, but only the media file information, use **-hide_banner** flag like below. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -hide_banner +``` + +**Sample output:** + +![][3] + +View audio, video file information using FFMpeg + +See? Now, it displays only the media file details. + +** **Recommended Download** – [**Free Guide: “Spotify Music Streaming: The Unofficial Guide”**][4] + +##### **2\. Converting video files to different formats** + +FFmpeg is powerful audio and video converter, so It’s possible to convert media files between different formats. Say for example, to convert **mp4 file to avi file** , run: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 video.avi +``` + +Similarly, you can convert media files to any format of your choice. + +For example, to convert youtube **flv** format videos to **mpeg** format, run: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i video.flv video.mpeg +``` + +If you want to preserve the quality of your source video file, use ‘-qscale 0’ parameter: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.webm -qscale 0 output.mp4 +``` + +To check list of supported formats by FFmpeg, run: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -formats +``` + +##### **3\. Converting video files to audio files** + +To convert a video file to audio file, just specify the output format as .mp3, or .ogg, or any other audio formats. + +The above command will convert **input.mp4** video file to **output.mp3** audio file. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn output.mp3 +``` + +Also, you can use various audio transcoding options to the output file as shown below. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -ar 44100 -ac 2 -ab 320 -f mp3 output.mp3 +``` + +Here, + + * **-vn** – Indicates that we have disabled video recording in the output file. + * **-ar** – Set the audio frequency of the output file. The common values used are 22050, 44100, 48000 Hz. + * **-ac** – Set the number of audio channels. + * **-ab** – Indicates the audio bitrate. + * **-f** – Output file format. In our case, it’s mp3 format. + + + +##### **4\. Change resolution of video files** + +If you want to set a particular resolution to a video file, you can use following command: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v scale=1280:720 -c:a copy output.mp4 +``` + +Or, + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -s 1280x720 -c:a copy output.mp4 +``` + +The above command will set the resolution of the given video file to 1280×720. + +Similarly, to convert the above file to 640×480 size, run: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v scale=640:480 -c:a copy output.mp4 +``` + +Or, + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -s 640x480 -c:a copy output.mp4 +``` + +This trick will help you to scale your video files to smaller display devices such as tablets and mobiles. + +##### **5\. Compressing video files** + +It is always an good idea to reduce the media files size to lower size to save the harddrive’s space. + +The following command will compress and reduce the output file’s size. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf scale=1280:-1 -c:v libx264 -preset veryslow -crf 24 output.mp4 +``` + +Please note that you will lose the quality if you try to reduce the video file size. You can lower that **crf** value to **23** or lower if **24** is too aggressive. + +You could also transcode the audio down a bit and make it stereo to reduce the size by including the following options. + +``` +-ac 2 -c:a aac -strict -2 -b:a 128k +``` + +** **Recommended Download** – [**Free Guide: “PLEX, a Manual: Your Media, With Style”**][5] + +##### **6\. Compressing Audio files** + +Just like compressing video files, you can also compress audio files using **-ab** flag in order to save some disk space. + +Let us say you have an audio file of 320 kbps bitrate. You want to compress it by changing the bitrate to any lower value like below. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp3 -ab 128 output.mp3 +``` + +The list of various available audio bitrates are: + + 1. 96kbps + 2. 112kbps + 3. 128kbps + 4. 160kbps + 5. 192kbps + 6. 256kbps + 7. 320kbps + + + +##### **7. Removing audio stream from a video file + +** + +If you don’t want to a audio from a video file, use **-an** flag. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -an output.mp4 +``` + +Here, ‘an’ indicates no audio recording. + +The above command will undo all audio related flags, because we don’t audio from the input.mp4. + +##### **8\. Removing video stream from a media file** + +Similarly, if you don’t want video stream, you could easily remove it from the media file using ‘vn’ flag. vn stands for no video recording. In other words, this command converts the given media file into audio file. + +The following command will remove the video from the given media file. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn output.mp3 +``` + +You can also mention the output file’s bitrate using ‘-ab’ flag as shown in the following example. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -ab 320 output.mp3 +``` + +##### **9. Extracting images from the video ** + +Another useful feature of FFmpeg is we can easily extract images from a video file. This could be very useful, if you want to create a photo album from a video file. + +To extract images from a video file, use the following command: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -r 1 -f image2 image-%2d.png +``` + +Here, + + * **-r** – Set the frame rate. I.e the number of frames to be extracted into images per second. The default value is **25**. + * **-f** – Indicates the output format i.e image format in our case. + * **image-%2d.png** – Indicates how we want to name the extracted images. In this case, the names should start like image-01.png, image-02.png, image-03.png and so on. If you use %3d, then the name of images will start like image-001.png, image-002.png and so on. + + + +##### **10\. Cropping videos** + +FFMpeg allows to crop a given media file in any dimension of our choice. + +The syntax to crop a vide ofile is given below: + +``` +ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "crop=w:h:x:y" output.mp4 +``` + +Here, + + * **input.mp4** – source video file. + * **-filter:v** – Indicates the video filter. + * **crop** – Indicates crop filter. + * **w** – **Width** of the rectangle that we want to crop from the source video. + * **h** – Height of the rectangle. + * **x** – **x coordinate** of the rectangle that we want to crop from the source video. + * **y** – y coordinate of the rectangle. + + + +Let us say you want to a video with a **width of 640 pixels** and a **height of 480 pixels** , from the **position (200,150)** , the command would be: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "crop=640:480:200:150" output.mp4 +``` + +Please note that cropping videos will affect the quality. Do not do this unless it is necessary. + +##### **11\. Convert a specific portion of a video** + +Sometimes, you might want to convert only a specific portion of the video file to different format. Say for example, the following command will convert the **first 50 seconds** of given video.mp4 file to video.avi format. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -t 10 output.avi +``` + +Here, we specify the the time in seconds. Also, it is possible to specify the time in **hh.mm.ss** format. + +##### **12\. Set the aspect ratio to video** + +You can set the aspect ration to a video file using **-aspect** flag like below. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -aspect 16:9 output.mp4 +``` + +The commonly used aspect ratios are: + + * 16:9 + * 4:3 + * 16:10 + * 5:4 + * 2:21:1 + * 2:35:1 + * 2:39:1 + + + +##### **13\. Adding poster image to audio files** + +You can add the poster images to your files, so that the images will be displayed while playing the audio files. This could be useful to host audio files in Video hosting or sharing websites. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -loop 1 -i inputimage.jpg -i inputaudio.mp3 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -strict experimental -b:a 192k -shortest output.mp4 +``` + +##### **14. Trim a media file using start and stop times + +** + +To trim down a video to smaller clip using start and stop times, we can use the following command. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -ss 00:00:50 -codec copy -t 50 output.mp4 +``` + +Here, + + * –s – Indicates the starting time of the video clip. In our example, starting time is the 50th second. + * -t – Indicates the total time duration. + + + +This is very helpful when you want to cut a part from an audio or video file using starting and ending time. + +Similarly, we can trim down the audio file like below. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i audio.mp3 -ss 00:01:54 -to 00:06:53 -c copy output.mp3 +``` + +##### **15\. Split video files into multiple parts** + +Some websites will allow you to upload only a specific size of video. In such cases, you can split the large video files into multiple smaller parts like below. + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -t 00:00:30 -c copy part1.mp4 -ss 00:00:30 -codec copy part2.mp4 +``` + +Here, **-t 00:00:30** indicates a part that is created from the start of the video to the 30th second of video. **-ss 00:00:30** shows the starting time stamp for the next part of video. It means that the 2nd part will start from the 30th second and will continue up to the end of the original video file. + +** **Recommended Download** – [**Free Guide: “How to Start Your Own Successful Podcast”**][6] + +##### **16\. Joining or merging multiple video parts into one** + +FFmpeg will also join the multiple video parts and create a single video file. + +Create **join.txt** file that contains the exact paths of the files that you want to join. All files should be same format (same codec). The path name of all files should be mentioned one by one like below. + +``` +file /home/sk/myvideos/part1.mp4 +file /home/sk/myvideos/part2.mp4 +file /home/sk/myvideos/part3.mp4 +file /home/sk/myvideos/part4.mp4 +``` + +Now, join all files using command: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -f concat -i join.txt -c copy output.mp4 +``` + +If you get an error something like below; + +``` +[concat @ 0x555fed174cc0] Unsafe file name '/path/to/mp4' +join.txt: Operation not permitted +``` + +Add **“-safe 0”** : + +``` +$ ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i join.txt -c copy output.mp4 +``` + +The above command will join part1.mp4, part2.mp4, part3.mp4, and part4.mp4 files into a single file called “output.mp4”. + +##### **17\. Add subtitles to a video file** + +We can also add subtitles to a video file using FFmpeg. Download the correct subtitle for your video and add it your video as shown below. + +``` +$ fmpeg -i input.mp4 -i subtitle.srt -map 0 -map 1 -c copy -c:v libx264 -crf 23 -preset veryfast output.mp4 +``` + +##### **18\. Preview or test video or audio files** + +You might want to preview to verify or test whether the output file has been properly transcoded or not. To do so, you can play it from your Terminal with command: + +``` +$ ffplay video.mp4 +``` + +[![][1]][7] + +Similarly, you can test the audio files as shown below. + +``` +$ ffplay audio.mp3 +``` + +[![][1]][8] + +##### **19\. Increase/decrease video playback speed** + +FFmpeg allows you to adjust the video playback speed. + +To increase the video playback speed, run: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=0.5*PTS" output.mp4 +``` + +The command will double the speed of the video. + +To slow down your video, you need to use a multiplier **greater than 1**. To decrease playback speed, run: + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=4.0*PTS" output.mp4 +``` + +##### **20. Create Animated GIF + +** + +We use GIF images on almost all social and professional networks for various purposes. Using FFmpeg, we can easily and quickly create animated video files. The following guide explains how to create an animated GIF file using FFmpeg and ImageMagick in Unix-like systems. + + * [**How To Create Animated GIF In Linux**][9] + + + +##### **21.** Create videos from PDF files + +I collected many PDF files, mostly Linux tutorials, over the years and saved in my Tablet PC. Sometimes I feel too lazy to read them from the tablet. So, I decided to create a video from PDF files and watch it in a big screen devices like a TV or a Computer. If you ever wondered how to make a movie file from a collection of PDF files, the following guide will help. + + * [**How To Create A Video From PDF Files In Linux**][10] + + + +##### **22\. Getting help** + +In this guide, I have covered the most commonly used FFmpeg commands. It has a lot more different options to do various advanced functions. To learn more about it, refer the man page. + +``` +$ man ffmpeg +``` + +And, that’s all. I hope this guide will help you to getting started with FFmpeg. If you find this guide useful, please share it on your social, and professional networks. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! + +Cheers! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/20-ffmpeg-commands-beginners/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/FFmpeg-Commands-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-ffmpeg-linux/ +[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/sk@sk_001.png +[4]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_make141/prgm.cgi +[5]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_make75/prgm.cgi +[6]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_make235/prgm.cgi +[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Menu_004.png +[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Menu_005-3.png +[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/create-animated-gif-ubuntu-16-04/ +[10]: https://www.ostechnix.com/create-video-pdf-files-linux/ From 7a6e45028882b2685a5eb9a7f76cbc8b01db1278 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 19:56:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0054/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md | 233 ------------------ ... To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md | 228 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 228 insertions(+), 233 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md deleted file mode 100644 index b4f891d16c..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,233 +0,0 @@ -Translating by MjSeve - -ddgr – A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal -====== -Bash tricks are really awesome in Linux that makes everything is possible in Linux. - -It really works well for developers or system admins because they are spending most of the time with terminal. Did you know why they are preferring this tricks? - -These trick will improve their productivity and also make them to work fast. - -### What Is ddgr - -[ddgr][1] is a command-line utility to search DuckDuckGo from the terminal. ddgr works out of the box with several text-based browsers if the BROWSER environment variable is set. - -Make sure your system should have installed any text-based browsers. You may know about [googler][2] that allow users to perform Google searches from the Linux command line. - -It’s highly popular among cmdline users and they are expect the similar utility for privacy-aware DuckDuckGo, that’s why ddgr came to picture. - -Unlike the web interface, you can specify the number of search results you would like to see per page. - -**Suggested Read :** -**(#)** [Googler – Google Search From The Linux Command Line][2] -**(#)** [Buku – A Powerful Command-line Bookmark Manager for Linux][3] -**(#)** [SoCLI – Easy Way To Search And Browse Stack Overflow From The Terminal][4] -**(#)** [RTV (Reddit Terminal Viewer) – A Simple Terminal Viewer For Reddit][5] - -### What Is DuckDuckGo - -DDG stands for DuckDuckGo. DuckDuckGo (DDG) is an Internet search engine that really protecting users search and privacy. - -They didn’t filter users personalized search results and It’s showing the same search results to all users for a given search term. - -Most of the users prefer google search engine, if you really worrying about privacy then you can blindly go with DuckDuckGo. - -### ddgr Features - - * Fast and clean (no ads, stray URLs or clutter), custom color - * Designed to deliver maximum readability at minimum space - * Specify the number of search results to show per page - * Navigate result pages from omniprompt, open URLs in browser - * Search and option completion scripts for Bash, Zsh and Fish - * DuckDuckGo Bang support (along with completion) - * Open the first result directly in browser (as in I’m Feeling Ducky) - * Non-stop searches: fire new searches at omniprompt without exiting - * Keywords (e.g. filetype:mime, site:somesite.com) support - * Limit search by time, specify region, disable safe search - * HTTPS proxy support, Do Not Track set, optionally disable User Agent - * Support custom url handler script or cmdline utility - * Comprehensive documentation, man page with handy usage examples - * Minimal dependencies - - - -### Prerequisites - -ddgr requires Python 3.4 or later. So, make sure you system should have Python 3.4 or later version. -``` -$ python3 --version -Python 3.6.3 - -``` - -### How To Install ddgr In Linux - -We can easily install ddgr using the following command based on the distributions. - -For **`Fedora`** , use [DNF Command][6] to install ddgr. -``` -# dnf install ddgr - -``` - -Alternatively we can use [SNAP Command][7] to install ddgr. -``` -# snap install ddgr - -``` - -For **`LinuxMint/Ubuntu`** , use [APT-GET Command][8] or [APT Command][9] to install ddgr. -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:twodopeshaggy/jarun -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install ddgr - -``` - -For **`Arch Linux`** based systems, use [Yaourt Command][10] or [Packer Command][11] to install ddgr from AUR repository. -``` -$ yaourt -S ddgr -or -$ packer -S ddgr - -``` - -For **`Debian`** , use [DPKG Command][12] to install ddgr. -``` -# wget https://github.com/jarun/ddgr/releases/download/v1.2/ddgr_1.2-1_debian9.amd64.deb -# dpkg -i ddgr_1.2-1_debian9.amd64.deb - -``` - -For **`CentOS 7`** , use [YUM Command][13] to install ddgr. -``` -# yum install https://github.com/jarun/ddgr/releases/download/v1.2/ddgr-1.2-1.el7.3.centos.x86_64.rpm - -``` - -For **`opensuse`** , use [zypper Command][14] to install ddgr. -``` -# zypper install https://github.com/jarun/ddgr/releases/download/v1.2/ddgr-1.2-1.opensuse42.3.x86_64.rpm - -``` - -### How To Launch ddgr - -Enter the `ddgr` command without any option on terminal to bring DuckDuckGo search. You will get the same output similar to below. -``` -$ ddgr - -``` - -![][16] - -### How To Search Using ddgr - -We can initiate the search through two ways. Either from omniprompt or directly from terminal. You can search any phrases which you want. - -Directly from terminal. -``` -$ ddgr 2daygeek - -``` - -![][17] - -From `omniprompt`. -![][18] - -### Omniprompt Shortcut - -Enter `?` to obtain the `omniprompt`, which will show you list of keywords and shortcut to work further with ddgr. -![][19] - -### How To Move Next,Previous, and Fist Page - -It allows user to move next page or previous page or first page. - - * `n:` Move to next set of search results - * `p:` Move to previous set of search results - * `f:` Jump to the first page - - - -![][20] - -### How To Initiate A New Search - -“ **d** ” option allow users to initiate a new search from omniprompt. For example, i searched about `2daygeek website` and now i’m going to initiate a new search with phrase “ **Magesh Maruthamuthu** “. - -From `omniprompt`. -``` -ddgr (? for help) d magesh maruthmuthu - -``` - -![][21] - -### Show Complete URLs In Search Result - -By default it shows only an article heading, add the “ **x** ” option in search to show complete article urls in search result. -``` -$ ddgr -n 5 -x 2daygeek - -``` - -![][22] - -### Limit Search Results - -By default search results shows 10 results per page. If you want to limit the page results for your convenience, you can do by passing `--num or -n` argument with ddgr. -``` -$ ddgr -n 5 2daygeek - -``` - -![][23] - -### Website Specific Search - -To search specific pages from the particular website, use the below format. This will fetch the results for given keywords from the website. For example, We are going search about “ **Package Manager** ” from 2daygeek website. See the results. -``` -$ ddgr -n 5 --site 2daygeek "package manager" - -``` - -![][24] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/ddgr-duckduckgo-search-from-the-command-line-in-linux/ - -作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ -[1]:https://github.com/jarun/ddgr -[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/googler-google-search-from-the-command-line-on-linux/ -[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/buku-command-line-bookmark-manager-linux/ -[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/socli-search-and-browse-stack-overflow-from-linux-terminal/ -[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/rtv-reddit-terminal-viewer-a-simple-terminal-viewer-for-reddit/ -[6]:https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/ -[7]:https://www.2daygeek.com/snap-command-examples/ -[8]:https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ -[9]:https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ -[10]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-yaourt-aur-helper-on-arch-linux/ -[11]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-packer-aur-helper-on-arch-linux/ -[12]:https://www.2daygeek.com/dpkg-command-to-manage-packages-on-debian-ubuntu-linux-mint-systems/ -[13]:https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/ -[14]:https://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples-manage-packages-opensuse-system/ -[15]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 -[16]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux1.png -[17]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-3.png -[18]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-2.png -[19]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-4.png -[20]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-5a.png -[21]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-6a.png -[22]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-7a.png -[23]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-8.png -[24]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-9a.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f14f1ebaae --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ +ddgr - 一个从终端搜索 DuckDuckGo 的命令行工具 +====== +在 Linux 中，Bash 技巧非常棒，它使 Linux 中的一切成为可能。 + +对于开发人员或系统管理员来说，它真的很管用，因为他们大部分时间都在使用终端。你知道他们为什么喜欢这种技巧吗？ + +因为这些技巧可以提高他们的工作效率，也能使他们工作更快。 + +### 什么是 ddgr + +[ddgr][1] 是一个命令行实用程序，用于从终端搜索 DuckDuckGo。如果设置了 BROWSER 环境变量，ddgr 可以在几个基于文本的浏览器中开箱即用。 + +确保你的系统安装了任何基于文本的浏览器。你可能知道 [googler][2]，它允许用户从 Linux 命令行进行 Google 搜索。 + +它在命令行用户中非常受欢迎，他们期望对隐私敏感的 DuckDuckGo 也有类似的实用程序，这就是 ddgr 出现的原因。 + +与 Web 界面不同，你可以指定每页要查看的搜索结果数。 + +**建议阅读：** +**(#)** [Googler – 从 Linux 命令行搜索 Google][2] +**(#)** [Buku – Linux 中一个强大的命令行书签管理器][3] +**(#)** [SoCLI – 从终端搜索和浏览堆栈溢出的简单方法][4] +**(#)** [RTV（Reddit 终端查看器）- 一个简单的 Reddit 终端查看器][5] + +### 什么是 DuckDuckGo + +DDG 即 DuckDuckGo。DuckDuckGo（DDG）是一个真正保护用户搜索和隐私的互联网搜索引擎。 + +它们没有过滤用户的个性化搜索结果，对于给定的搜索词，它会向所有用户显示相同的搜索结果。 + +大多数用户更喜欢谷歌搜索引擎，但是如果你真的担心隐私，那么你可以放心地使用 DuckDuckGo。 + +### ddgr 特性 + + * 快速且干净（没有广告，多余的 URL 或杂物），自定义颜色 + * 旨在以最小的空间提供最高的可读性 + * 指定每页显示的搜索结果数 + * 从浏览器中打开的 omniprompt URL 导航结果页面 + * Bash、Zsh 和 Fish 的搜索和配置脚本 + * DuckDuckGo Bang 支持（自动完成） + * 直接在浏览器中打开第一个结果（就像我感觉 Ducky） + * 不间断搜索：无需退出即可在 omniprompt 中触发新搜索 + * 关键字支持（例如：filetype:mime、site:somesite.com） + * 按时间、指定区域、禁用安全搜索 + * HTTPS 代理支持，无跟踪，可选择禁用用户代理 + * 支持自定义 URL 处理程序脚本或命令行实用程序 + * 全面的文档，man 页面有方便的使用示例 + * 最小的依赖关系 + + +### 需要条件 + +ddgr 需要 Python 3.4 或更高版本。因此，确保你的系统应具有 Python 3.4 或更高版本。 +``` +$ python3 --version +Python 3.6.3 + +``` + +### 如何在 Linux 中安装 ddgr + +我们可以根据发行版使用以下命令轻松安装 ddgr。 + +对于 **`Fedora`** ，使用 [DNF 命令][6]来安装 ddgr。 +``` +# dnf install ddgr + +``` + +或者我们可以使用 [SNAP 命令][7]来安装 ddgr。 +``` +# snap install ddgr + +``` + +对于 **`LinuxMint/Ubuntu`**，使用 [APT-GET 命令][8] 或 [APT 命令][9]来安装 ddgr。 +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:twodopeshaggy/jarun +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install ddgr + +``` + +对于基于 **`Arch Linux`** 的系统，使用 [Yaourt 命令][10]或 [Packer 命令][11]从 AUR 仓库安装 ddgr。 +``` +$ yaourt -S ddgr +or +$ packer -S ddgr + +``` + +对于 **`Debian`**，使用 [DPKG 命令][12] 安装 ddgr。 +``` +# wget https://github.com/jarun/ddgr/releases/download/v1.2/ddgr_1.2-1_debian9.amd64.deb +# dpkg -i ddgr_1.2-1_debian9.amd64.deb + +``` + +对于 **`CentOS 7`**，使用 [YUM 命令][13]来安装 ddgr。 +``` +# yum install https://github.com/jarun/ddgr/releases/download/v1.2/ddgr-1.2-1.el7.3.centos.x86_64.rpm + +``` + +对于 **`opensuse`**，使用 [zypper 命令][14]来安装 ddgr。 +``` +# zypper install https://github.com/jarun/ddgr/releases/download/v1.2/ddgr-1.2-1.opensuse42.3.x86_64.rpm + +``` + +### 如何启动 ddgr + +在终端上输入 `ddgr` 命令，不带任何选项来进行 DuckDuckGo 搜索。你将获得类似于下面的输出。 +``` +$ ddgr + +``` + +![][16] + +### 如何使用 ddgr 进行搜索 + +我们可以通过两种方式启动搜索。从omniprompt 或者直接从终端开始。你可以搜索任何你想要的短语。 + +直接从终端： +``` +$ ddgr 2daygeek + +``` + +![][17] + +从 `omniprompt`： +![][18] + +### Omniprompt 快捷方式 + +输入 `?` 以获得 `omniprompt`，它将显示关键字列表和进一步使用 ddgr 的快捷方式。 +![][19] + +### 如何移动下一页、上一页和第一页 + +它允许用户移动下一页、上一页或第一页。 + + * `n:` 移动到下一组搜索结果 + * `p:` 移动到上一组搜索结果 + * `f:` 跳转到第一页 + +![][20] + +### 如何启动新搜索 + +“**d**” 选项允许用户从 omniprompt 发起新的搜索。例如，我搜索了 `2daygeek 网站`，现在我将搜索 **Magesh Maruthamuthu** 这个新短语。 + +从 `omniprompt`. +``` +ddgr (? for help) d magesh maruthmuthu + +``` + +![][21] + +### 在搜索结果中显示完整的 URL + +默认情况下，它仅显示文章标题，在搜索中添加 **x** 选项以在搜索结果中显示完整的文章网址。 +``` +$ ddgr -n 5 -x 2daygeek + +``` + +![][22] + +### 限制搜索结果 + +默认情况下，搜索结果每页显示 10 个结果。如果你想为方便起见限制页面结果，可以使用 ddgr 带有 `--num` 或 ` -n` 参数。 +``` +$ ddgr -n 5 2daygeek + +``` + +![][23] + +### 网站特定搜索 + +要搜索特定网站的特定页面，使用以下格式。这将从网站获取给定关键字的结果。例如，我们在 2daygeek 网站搜索 **Package Manager**，查看结果。 +``` +$ ddgr -n 5 --site 2daygeek "package manager" + +``` + +![][24] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/ddgr-duckduckgo-search-from-the-command-line-in-linux/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[1]:https://github.com/jarun/ddgr +[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/googler-google-search-from-the-command-line-on-linux/ +[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/buku-command-line-bookmark-manager-linux/ +[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/socli-search-and-browse-stack-overflow-from-linux-terminal/ +[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/rtv-reddit-terminal-viewer-a-simple-terminal-viewer-for-reddit/ +[6]:https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/ +[7]:https://www.2daygeek.com/snap-command-examples/ +[8]:https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[9]:https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[10]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-yaourt-aur-helper-on-arch-linux/ +[11]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-packer-aur-helper-on-arch-linux/ +[12]:https://www.2daygeek.com/dpkg-command-to-manage-packages-on-debian-ubuntu-linux-mint-systems/ +[13]:https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/ +[14]:https://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples-manage-packages-opensuse-system/ +[15]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[16]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux1.png +[17]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-3.png +[18]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-2.png +[19]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-4.png +[20]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-5a.png +[21]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-6a.png +[22]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-7a.png +[23]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-8.png +[24]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ddgr-duckduckgo-command-line-search-for-linux-9a.png From ae8e81fcb936c66089b4d20a0ee5ee69ad5ea6dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 22:03:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0055/1265] PRF:20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md @wxy --- ...ub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md | 30 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md b/translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md index b51f375a48..837d127990 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io) @@ -9,19 +9,20 @@ 用 GHTorrent 和 Libraries.io 查询 10 年的 GitHub 数据 ====== -> 有一种方法可以在没有任何本地基础设施的情况下使用开源数据集探索 GitHub 数据. - -![magnifying glass on computer screen][1] -我一直在寻找新的数据集，以用它们来展示我团队工作的力量。[CHAOSSEARCH][2] 可以将你的 [Amazon S3][3] 对象存储数据转换为完全可搜索的 [Elasticsearch][4] 式集群。使用 Elasticsearch API 或 [Kibana][5] 等工具，你可以查询你找的任何数据。 +> 有一种方法可以在没有任何本地基础设施的情况下使用开源数据集探索 GitHub 数据。 + +![magnifying glass on computer screen](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201905/27/220200jlzrlz333vkfl8ok.jpg) + +我一直在寻找新的数据集，以用它们来展示我们团队工作的力量。[CHAOSSEARCH][2] 可以将你的 [Amazon S3][3] 对象存储数据转换为完全可搜索的 [Elasticsearch][4] 式集群。使用 Elasticsearch API 或 [Kibana][5] 等工具，你可以查询你所要找的任何数据。 当我找到 [GHTorrent][6] 项目进行探索时，我很兴奋。GHTorrent 旨在通过 GitHub API 构建所有可用数据的离线版本。如果你喜欢数据集，这是一个值得一看的项目，甚至你可以考虑[捐赠一个 GitHub API 密钥][7]。 ### 访问 GHTorrent 数据 -有许多方法可以访问和使用 [GHTorrent 的数据][8]，它以 [NDJSON][9] 格式提供。这个项目可以以多种形式提供数据，包括用于恢复到 [MySQL][11] 数据库的 [CSV][10]，可以转储所有对象的 [MongoDB][12]，以及用于将数据直接导出到 Google 对象存储中的 Google Big Query（免费）。 有一点需要注意：这个数据集有从 2008 年到 2017 年的几乎完整的数据集，但从 2017 年到现在的数据还不完整。这将影响我们确定性查询的能力，但它仍然是一个令人兴奋的信息量。 +有许多方法可以访问和使用 [GHTorrent 的数据][8]，它以 [NDJSON][9] 格式提供。这个项目可以以多种形式提供数据，包括用于恢复到 [MySQL][11] 数据库的 [CSV][10]，可以转储所有对象的 [MongoDB][12]，以及用于将数据直接导出到 Google 对象存储中的 Google Big Query（免费）。 有一点需要注意：这个数据集有从 2008 年到 2017 年几乎完整的数据集，但从 2017 年到现在的数据还不完整。这将影响我们确定性查询的能力，但它仍然是一个令人兴奋的信息量。 -我选择 Google Big Query 来避免自己运行任何数据库，那么我就可以很快下载包括用户和项目在内的完整数据库。 CHAOSSEARCH 可以原生分析 NDJSON 格式，因此在将数据上传到 Amazon S3 之后，我能够在几分钟内对其进行索引。 CHAOSSEARCH 平台不要求用户设置索引模式或定义其数据的映射，它可以发现所有字段本身（字符串、整数等）。 +我选择 Google Big Query 来避免自己运行任何数据库，那么我就可以很快下载包括用户和项目在内的完整数据库。CHAOSSEARCH 可以原生分析 NDJSON 格式，因此在将数据上传到 Amazon S3 之后，我能够在几分钟内对其进行索引。CHAOSSEARCH 平台不要求用户设置索引模式或定义其数据的映射，它可以发现所有字段本身（字符串、整数等）。 随着我的数据完全索引并准备好进行搜索和聚合，我想深入了解看看我们可以发现什么，比如哪些软件语言是 GitHub 项目最受欢迎的。 @@ -49,11 +50,10 @@ ![The rate at which new projects are created on GitHub.][20] -既然我知道了创建的项目的速度以及用于创建这些项目的最流行的语言，我还想知道这些项目选择的开源许可证。遗憾的是，这个 GitHub 项目数据集中并不存在这些数据，但是 [Tidelift][21] 的精彩团队在 [Libraries.io][22] [数据][23] 里发布了一个 GitHub 项目的详细列表，包括使用的许可证以及其中有关开源软件状态的其他详细信息。将此数据集导入 CHAOSSEARCH 只花了几分钟，让我看看哪些开源软件许可证在 GitHub 上最受欢迎： +既然我知道了创建项目的速度以及用于创建这些项目的最流行的语言，我还想知道这些项目选择的开源许可证。遗憾的是，这个 GitHub 项目数据集中并不存在这些数据，但是 [Tidelift][21] 的精彩团队在 [Libraries.io][22] [数据][23] 里发布了一个 GitHub 项目的详细列表，包括使用的许可证以及其中有关开源软件状态的其他详细信息。将此数据集导入 CHAOSSEARCH 只花了几分钟，让我看看哪些开源软件许可证在 GitHub 上最受欢迎： （提醒：这是为了便于阅读而合并的有效 JSON。） - ``` {"aggs":{"2":{"terms":{"field":"Repository License","size":10,"order":{"_count":"desc"}}}},"size":0,"_source":{"excludes":[]},"stored_fields":["*"],"script_fields":{},"docvalue_fields":["Created Timestamp","Last synced Timestamp","Latest Release Publish Timestamp","Updated Timestamp"],"query":{"bool":{"must":[],"filter":[{"match_all":{}}],"should":[],"must_not":[{"match_phrase":{"Repository License":{"query":""}}}]}}} ``` @@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ ![Which open source software licenses are the most popular on GitHub.][24] -如你所见，[MIT 许可证][25] 和 [Apache 2.0 许可证][26] 的开源项目远远超过了其他大多数开源许可证，而 [各种 BSD 和 GPL 许可证][27] 则差得很远。鉴于 GitHub 的开放模式，我不能说我对这些结果感到惊讶。我猜想用户（而不是公司）创建了大多数项目，并且他们使用 MIT 许可证可以使其他人轻松使用、共享和贡献。而鉴于有不少公司希望确保其商标得到尊重并为其业务提供开源组件，那么 Apache 2.0 许可证数量高企的背后也是有道理的。 +如你所见，[MIT 许可证][25] 和 [Apache 2.0 许可证][26] 的开源项目远远超过了其他大多数开源许可证，而 [各种 BSD 和 GPL 许可证][27] 则差得很远。鉴于 GitHub 的开放模式，我不能说我对这些结果感到惊讶。我猜想是用户（而不是公司）创建了大多数项目，并且他们使用 MIT 许可证可以使其他人轻松地使用、共享和贡献。而鉴于有不少公司希望确保其商标得到尊重并为其业务提供开源组件，那么 Apache 2.0 许可证数量高企的背后也是有道理的。 -现在我确定了最受欢迎的许可证，我很想看看到最少使用的许可证。通过调整我的上一个查询，我将前 10 名逆转为最后 10 名，并且只找到了两个使用 [伊利诺伊大学 - NCSA 开源许可证][28] 的项目。我之前从未听说过这个许可证，但它与 Apache 2.0 非常接近。看到了所有 GitHub 项目中使用了多少个不同的软件许可证，这很有意思。 +现在我确定了最受欢迎的许可证，我很想看看最少使用的许可证。通过调整我的上一个查询，我将前 10 名逆转为最后 10 名，并且只找到了两个使用 [伊利诺伊大学 - NCSA 开源许可证][28] 的项目。我之前从未听说过这个许可证，但它与 Apache 2.0 非常接近。看到所有 GitHub 项目中使用了多少个不同的软件许可证，这很有意思。 ![The University of Illinois/NCSA open source license.][29] @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ ![The most popular open source licenses used for GitHub JavaScript projects.][30] -尽管使用 `npm init` 创建的 [NPM][31] 模块的默认许可证是 [Internet Systems Consortium（ISC）][32] 的许可证，但你可以看到相当多的这些项目使用 MIT 以及 Apache 2.0 的开源许可证。 +尽管使用 `npm init` 创建的 [NPM][31] 模块的默认许可证是来自 [Internet Systems Consortium（ISC）][32] 的许可证，但你可以看到相当多的这些项目使用 MIT 以及 Apache 2.0 的开源许可证。 由于 Libraries.io 数据集中包含丰富的开源项目内容，并且由于 GHTorrent 数据缺少最近几年的数据（因此缺少有关 Golang 项目的任何细节），因此我决定运行类似的查询来查看 Golang 项目是如何许可他们的代码的。 @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Golang 项目与 JavaScript 项目惊人逆转 —— 使用 Apache 2.0 的 Golang 项目几乎是 MIT 许可证的三倍。虽然很难准确地解释为什么会出现这种情况，但在过去的几年中，Golang 已经出现了大规模的增长，特别是在开源和商业化的项目和软件产品公司中。 -正如我们上面所了解的，这些公司中的许多公司都希望强制执行其商标，因此转向 Apache 2.0 许可证是有道理的。 +正如我们上面所了解的，这些公司中的许多公司都希望强制执行其商标策略，因此转向 Apache 2.0 许可证是有道理的。 #### 总结 @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ Golang 项目与 JavaScript 项目惊人逆转 —— 使用 Apache 2.0 的 Gola 你对数据提出了哪些其他问题，以及你使用了哪些数据集？请在评论或推特上告诉我 [@petecheslock] [34]。 -本文的一个版本最初发布在 [CHAOSSEARCH][35]。 +本文的一个版本最初发布在 [CHAOSSEARCH][35]，有更多结果可供发现。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/chaossearch-github-ghtorrent 作者：[Pete Cheslock][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9ef0a30259efcc79344f06a70f492371275fd3d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 22:04:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0056/1265] PUB:20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10906-1.html --- ...10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md b/published/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md rename to published/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md index 837d127990..5c51721c84 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md +++ b/published/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10906-1.html) [#]: subject: (Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/chaossearch-github-ghtorrent) [#]: author: (Pete Cheslock https://opensource.com/users/petecheslock/users/ghaff/users/payalsingh/users/davidmstokes) From 23953d1f10c6cbd01b83a58d944e20b1adfbad85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 22:31:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0057/1265] Translating by MjSeven --- sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md b/sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md index 55fd091d73..6193f4a04a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (MjSeven) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/how-write-good-c-main-function 作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 158946a3abd3b5fb2d1655cef782a841668a310c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 23:16:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0058/1265] APL:20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4 --- ...0190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md b/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md index 9e85b82f2c..243ea5e28f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 04be0276a8a9a107090586d86a2df057878974e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt-bot Date: Mon, 27 May 2019 17:00:21 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 0059/1265] Revert "LuuMing translating" This reverts commit 0761f24917201fb4cc8e026f01fb1ca9e98e3692. --- .../tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/sources/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md index 7fb7fe9a6a..a7f8289b63 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md +++ b/sources/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -LuMing Translating Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch ============================================================ From 00f59d0789c9365e3f3d189db631a8a103acedc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 07:03:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0060/1265] Translated --- ...29 How to manage your Linux environment.md | 177 ------------------ ...29 How to manage your Linux environment.md | 177 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 177 insertions(+), 177 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md b/sources/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md deleted file mode 100644 index 74aab10896..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,177 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to manage your Linux environment) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -How to manage your Linux environment -====== - -### Linux user environments help you find the command you need and get a lot done without needing details about how the system is configured. Where the settings come from and how they can be modified is another matter. - -![IIP Photo Archive \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] - -The configuration of your user account on a Linux system simplifies your use of the system in a multitude of ways. You can run commands without knowing where they're located. You can reuse previously run commands without worrying how the system is keeping track of them. You can look at your email, view man pages, and get back to your home directory easily no matter where you might have wandered off to in the file system. And, when needed, you can tweak your account settings so that it works even more to your liking. - -Linux environment settings come from a series of files — some are system-wide (meaning they affect all user accounts) and some are configured in files that are sitting in your home directory. The system-wide settings take effect when you log in and local ones take effect right afterwards, so the changes that you make in your account will override system-wide settings. For bash users, these files include these system files: - -``` -/etc/environment -/etc/bash.bashrc -/etc/profile -``` - -And some of these local files: - -``` -~/.bashrc -~/.profile -- not read if ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login -~/.bash_profile -~/.bash_login -``` - -You can modify any of the local four that exist, since they sit in your home directory and belong to you. - -**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]** - -### Viewing your Linux environment settings - -To view your environment settings, use the **env** command. Your output will likely look similar to this: - -``` -$ env -LS_COLORS=rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33; -01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32: -*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31: -*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31: -*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01; -31:*.zst=01;31:*.tzst=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31: -*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31: -*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31: -*.wim=01;31:*.swm=01;31:*.dwm=01;31:*.esd=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mjpg=01;35: -*.mjpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35: -*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35: -*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35: -*.webm=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35: -*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35: -*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35: -*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36: -*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36: -*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.opus=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.spf=00;36: -SSH_CONNECTION=192.168.0.21 34975 192.168.0.11 22 -LESSCLOSE=/usr/bin/lesspipe %s %s -LANG=en_US.UTF-8 -OLDPWD=/home/shs -XDG_SESSION_ID=2253 -USER=shs -PWD=/home/shs -HOME=/home/shs -SSH_CLIENT=192.168.0.21 34975 22 -XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/local/share:/usr/share:/var/lib/snapd/desktop -SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/0 -MAIL=/var/mail/shs -TERM=xterm -SHELL=/bin/bash -SHLVL=1 -LOGNAME=shs -DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus -XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000 -PATH=/home/shs/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin -LESSOPEN=| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s -_=/usr/bin/env -``` - -While you're likely to get a _lot_ of output, the first big section shown above deals with the colors that are used on the command line to identify various file types. When you see something like ***.tar=01;31:** , this tells you that tar files will be displayed in a file listing in red, while ***.jpg=01;35:** tells you that jpg files will show up in purple. These colors are meant to make it easy to pick out certain files from a file listing. You can learn more about these colors are defined and how to customize them at [Customizing your colors on the Linux command line][3]. - -One easy way to turn colors off when you prefer a simpler display is to use a command such as this one: - -``` -$ ls -l --color=never -``` - -That command could easily be turned into an alias: - -``` -$ alias ll2='ls -l --color=never' -``` - -You can also display individual settings using the **echo** command. In this command, we display the number of commands that will be remembered in our history buffer: - -``` -$ echo $HISTSIZE -1000 -``` - -Your last location in the file system will be remembered if you've moved. - -``` -PWD=/home/shs -OLDPWD=/tmp -``` - -### Making changes - -You can make changes to environment settings with a command like this, but add a line lsuch as "HISTSIZE=1234" in your ~/.bashrc file if you want to retain this setting. - -``` -$ export HISTSIZE=1234 -``` - -### What it means to "export" a variable - -Exporting a variable makes the setting available to your shell and possible subshells. By default, user-defined variables are local and are not exported to new processes such as subshells and scripts. The export command makes variables available to functions to child processes. - -### Adding and removing variables - -You can create new variables and make them available to you on the command line and subshells quite easily. However, these variables will not survive your logging out and then back in again unless you also add them to ~/.bashrc or a similar file. - -``` -$ export MSG="Hello, World!" -``` - -You can unset a variable if you need by using the **unset** command: - -``` -$ unset MSG -``` - -If the variable is defined locally, you can easily set it back up by sourcing your startup file(s). For example: - -``` -$ echo $MSG -Hello, World! -$ unset $MSG -$ echo $MSG - -$ . ~/.bashrc -$ echo $MSG -Hello, World! -``` - -### Wrap-up - -User accounts are set up with an appropriate set of startup files for creating a userful user environment, but both individual users and sysadmins can change the default settings by editing their personal setup files (users) or the files from which many of the settings originate (sysadmins). - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/03/environment-rocks-leaves-100792229-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269587/customizing-your-text-colors-on-the-linux-command-line.html -[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md b/translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a8af83c687 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (robsean) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to manage your Linux environment) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html#tk.rss_all) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +如何管理你的 Linux 环境 +====== + +### Linux 用户环境变量帮助你找到你需要的命令，获取很多完成的细节，而不需要知道系统如何配置的。 设置来自哪里和如何被修改它们是另一个课题。 + +![IIP Photo Archive \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] + +在 Linux 系统上的用户配置可以用多种方法简化你的使用。你可以运行命令，而不需要知道它们的位置。你可以重新使用先前运行的命令，而不用发愁系统是如何保持它们的踪迹。你可以查看你的电子邮件，查看手册页，并容易地回到你的 home 目录，而不管你在文件系统可能已经迷失方向。并且，当需要的时候，你可以调整你的账户设置，以便它向着你喜欢的方式来工作。 + +Linux 环境设置来自一系列的文件 — 一些是系统范围（意味着它们影响所有用户账户），一些是配置处于你的 home 目录中文件中。系统范围设置在你登陆时生效，本地设置在以后生效，所以，你在你账户中作出的更改将覆盖系统范围设置。对于 bash 用户，这些文件包含这些系统文件： + +``` +/etc/environment +/etc/bash.bashrc +/etc/profile +``` + +和其中一些本地文件： + +``` +~/.bashrc +~/.profile -- not read if ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login +~/.bash_profile +~/.bash_login +``` + +你可以修改本地存在的四个文件的任何一个，因为它们处于你的 home 目录，并且它们是属于你的。 + +**[ 两分钟 Linux 提示：[学习如何在2分钟视频教程中掌握很多 Linux 命令][2] ]** + +### 查看你的 Linux 环境设置 + +为查看你的环境设置，使用 **env** 命令。你的输出将可能与这相似： + +``` +$ env +LS_COLORS=rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33; +01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32: +*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31: +*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31: +*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01; +31:*.zst=01;31:*.tzst=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31: +*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31: +*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31: +*.wim=01;31:*.swm=01;31:*.dwm=01;31:*.esd=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mjpg=01;35: +*.mjpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35: +*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35: +*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35: +*.webm=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35: +*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35: +*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35: +*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36: +*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36: +*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.opus=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.spf=00;36: +SSH_CONNECTION=192.168.0.21 34975 192.168.0.11 22 +LESSCLOSE=/usr/bin/lesspipe %s %s +LANG=en_US.UTF-8 +OLDPWD=/home/shs +XDG_SESSION_ID=2253 +USER=shs +PWD=/home/shs +HOME=/home/shs +SSH_CLIENT=192.168.0.21 34975 22 +XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/local/share:/usr/share:/var/lib/snapd/desktop +SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/0 +MAIL=/var/mail/shs +TERM=xterm +SHELL=/bin/bash +SHLVL=1 +LOGNAME=shs +DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus +XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000 +PATH=/home/shs/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin +LESSOPEN=| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s +_=/usr/bin/env +``` + +虽然你可能会得到大量的输出，第一个大部分用颜色显示上面的细节，颜色被用于命令行上来识别各种各样文件类型。当你看到一些东西，像 ***.tar=01;31:** ，这告诉你 tar 文件将以红色显示在文件列表中，然而 ***.jpg=01;35:** 告诉你 jpg 文件将以紫色显现出来。这些颜色本意是使它易于从一个文件列表中分辨出某些文件。你可以在[在 Linux 命令行中自定义你的颜色][3]处学习更多关于这些颜色的定义，和如何自定义它们， + +当你更喜欢一种不加装饰的显示时，一种简单关闭颜色方法是使用一个命令，例如这一个： + +``` +$ ls -l --color=never +``` + +这个命令可以简单地转换到一个别名： + +``` +$ alias ll2='ls -l --color=never' +``` + +你也可以使用 **echo** 命令来单独地显现设置。在这个命令中，我们显示在历史缓存区中将被记忆命令的数量： + +``` +$ echo $HISTSIZE +1000 +``` + +如果你已经移动，你在文件系统中的最后位置将被记忆。 + +``` +PWD=/home/shs +OLDPWD=/tmp +``` + +### 作出更改 + +你可以使用一个像这样的命令更改环境设置的，但是，如果你希望保持这个设置，在你的 ~/.bashrc 文件中添加一行代码，例如 "HISTSIZE=1234" 。 + +``` +$ export HISTSIZE=1234 +``` + +### "export" 一个变量的本意是什么 + +导出一个变量使设置可用于你的 shell 和可能的子shell。默认情况下，用户定义的变量是本地的，并不被导出到新的进程，例如，子 shell 和脚本。export 命令使变量可用于子进程的函数。 + +### 添加和移除变量 + +你可以创建新的变量，并使它们在命令行和子 shell 上非常容易地可用。然而，这些变量将不存活于你的登出和再次回来，除非你也添加它们到 ~/.bashrc 或一个类似的文件。 + +``` +$ export MSG="Hello, World!" +``` + +如果你需要，你可以使用 **unset** 命令来消除一个变量： + +``` +$ unset MSG +``` + +如果变量被局部定义，你可以通过获得你的启动文件来简单地设置它回来。例如： + +``` +$ echo $MSG +Hello, World! +$ unset $MSG +$ echo $MSG + +$ . ~/.bashrc +$ echo $MSG +Hello, World! +``` + +### 小结 + +用户账户是为创建一个有用的用户环境，而使用一组恰当的启动文件建立，但是，独立的用户和系统管理员都可以通过编辑他们的个人设置文件（对于用户）或很多来自设置起源的文件（对于系统管理员）来更改默认设置。 + +Join the Network World communities on 在 [Facebook][4] 和 [LinkedIn][5] 上加入网络世界社区来评论重要话题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html#tk.rss_all + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/03/environment-rocks-leaves-100792229-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269587/customizing-your-text-colors-on-the-linux-command-line.html +[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From d913e2294b3d40f85ccefe56684bc4d841fa3d3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 07:15:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0061/1265] Translating --- sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md b/sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md index cf8798d96a..5a09ad4a01 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 712a5b51766b0ecf7a59f6af28991d6da3ac91b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 08:49:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0062/1265] translated --- ...g Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md | 116 ------------------ ...g Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md | 116 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 116 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md b/sources/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md deleted file mode 100644 index b7a2707cfe..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,116 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu [Quick Guide]) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-budgie-ubuntu/) -[#]: author: (Atharva Lele https://itsfoss.com/author/atharva/) - -Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu [Quick Guide] -====== - -_**Brief: Learn how to install Budgie desktop on Ubuntu in this step-by-step tutorial.**_ - -Among all the [various Ubuntu versions][1], [Ubuntu Budgie][2] is the most underrated one. It looks elegant and it’s not heavy on resources. - -Read this [Ubuntu Budgie review][3] or simply watch this video to see what Ubuntu Budgie 18.04 looks like. - -[Subscribe to our YouTube channel for more Linux Videos][4] - -If you like [Budgie desktop][5] but you are using some other version of Ubuntu such as the default Ubuntu with GNOME desktop, I have good news for you. You can install Budgie on your current Ubuntu system and switch the desktop environments. - -In this post, I’m going to tell you exactly how to do that. But first, a little introduction to Budgie for those who are unaware about it. - -Budgie desktop environment is developed mainly by [Solus Linux team.][6] It is designed with focus on elegance and modern usage. Budgie is available for all major Linux distributions for users to try and experience this new desktop environment. Budgie is pretty mature by now and provides a great desktop experience. - -Warning - -Installing multiple desktops on the same system MAY result in conflicts and you may see some issue like missing icons in the panel or multiple icons of the same program. - -You may not see any issue at all as well. It’s your call if you want to try different desktop. - -### Install Budgie on Ubuntu - -This method is not tested on Linux Mint, so I recommend that you not follow this guide for Mint. - -For those on Ubuntu, Budgie is now a part of the Ubuntu repositories by default. Hence, we don’t need to add any PPAs in order to get Budgie. - -To install Budgie, simply run this command in terminal. We’ll first make sure that the system is fully updated. - -``` -sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -sudo apt install ubuntu-budgie-desktop -``` - -When everything is done downloading, you will get a prompt to choose your display manager. Select ‘lightdm’ to get the full Budgie experience. - -![Select lightdm][7] - -After the installation is complete, reboot your computer. You will be then greeted by the Budgie login screen. Enter your password to go into the homescreen. - -![Budgie Desktop Home][8] - -### Switching to other desktop environments - -![Budgie login screen][9] - -You can click the Budgie icon next to your name to get options for login. From there you can select between the installed Desktop Environments (DEs). In my case, I see Budgie and the default Ubuntu (GNOME) DEs. - -![Select your DE][10] - -Hence whenever you feel like logging into GNOME, you can do so using this menu. - -[][11] - -Suggested read Get Rid of 'snapd returned status code 400: Bad Request' Error in Ubuntu - -### How to Remove Budgie - -If you don’t like Budgie or just want to go back to your regular old Ubuntu, you can switch back to your regular desktop as described in the above section. - -However, if you really want to remove Budgie and its component, you can follow the following commands to get back to a clean slate. - -_**Switch to some other desktop environments before using these commands:**_ - -``` -sudo apt remove ubuntu-budgie-desktop ubuntu-budgie* lightdm -sudo apt autoremove -sudo apt install --reinstall gdm3 -``` - -After running all the commands successfully, reboot your computer. - -Now, you will be back to GNOME or whichever desktop environment you had. - -**What you think of Budgie?** - -Budgie is one of the [best desktop environments for Linux][12]. Hope this short guide helped you install the awesome Budgie desktop on your Ubuntu system. - -If you did install Budgie, what do you like about it the most? Let us know in the comments below. And as usual, any questions or suggestions are always welcome. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/install-budgie-ubuntu/ - -作者：[Atharva Lele][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/atharva/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/ -[2]: https://ubuntubudgie.org/ -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-budgie-18-review/ -[4]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1 -[5]: https://github.com/solus-project/budgie-desktop -[6]: https://getsol.us/home/ -[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/budgie_install_select_dm.png?fit=800%2C559&ssl=1 -[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/budgie_homescreen.jpg?fit=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/budgie_install_lockscreen.png?fit=800%2C403&ssl=1 -[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/budgie_install_lockscreen_select_de.png?fit=800%2C403&ssl=1 -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/snapd-error-ubuntu/ -[12]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md b/translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7e5d6fbbda --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu [Quick Guide]) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-budgie-ubuntu/) +[#]: author: (Atharva Lele https://itsfoss.com/author/atharva/) + +在 Ubuntu 上安装 Budgie 桌面 [快速指南] +====== + +_ **简介：在这一步步的教程中学习如何在 Ubuntu 上安装 Budgie 桌面。** _ + +在所有[各种 Ubuntu 版本][1]中，[Ubuntu Budgie][2] 是最被低估的版本。它看起来很优雅，而且需要的资源也不多。 + +阅读这篇 [Ubuntu Budgie 的评论][3]或观看此视频，了解 Ubuntu Budgie 18.04 的外观。 + +[Subscribe to our YouTube channel for more Linux Videos][4] + +如果你喜欢 [Budgie 桌面][5]但你正在使用其他版本的 Ubuntu，例如默认的 GNOME 桌面的 Ubuntu，我有个好消息。你可以在当前的 Ubuntu 系统上安装 Budgie 并切换桌面环境。 + +在这篇文章中，我将告诉你到底该怎么做。但首先，对那些不了解 Budgie 的人进行一点介绍。 + +Budgie 桌面环境主要由 [Solus Linux 团队开发][6]。它的设计注重优雅和现代使用。Budgie 适用于所有主流 Linux 发行版，供用户尝试体验这种新的桌面环境。Budgie 现在非常成熟，并提供了出色的桌面体验。 + +警告 + +在同一系统上安装多个桌面可能会导致冲突，你可能会遇到一些问题，如面板中缺少图标或同一程序的多个图标。 + +你也许不会遇到任何问题。是否要尝试不同桌面由你决定。 + +### 在 Ubuntu 上安装 Budgie + +此方法未在 Linux Mint 上进行测试，因此我建议你 Mint 上不要按照此指南进行操作。 + +对于正在使用 Ubuntu 的人，Budgie 现在默认是 Ubuntu 仓库的一部分。因此，我们不需要添加任何 PPA 来下载 Budgie。 + +要安装 Budgie，只需在终端中运行此命令即可。我们首先要确保系统已完全更新。 + +``` +sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade +sudo apt install ubuntu-budgie-desktop +``` + +下载完成后，你将看到选择显示管理器的提示。选择 “lightdm” 以获得完整的 Budgie 体验。 + +![Select lightdm][7] + +安装完成后，重启计算机。然后，你会看到 Budgie 的登录页面。输入你的密码进入主屏幕。 + +![Budgie Desktop Home][8] + +### 切换到其他桌面环境 + +![Budgie login screen][9] + +你可以单击登录名旁边的 Budgie 图标获取登录选项。在那里，你可以在已安装的桌面环境 （DE） 之间进行选择。就我而言，我看到了 Budgie 和默认的 Ubuntu（GNOME）桌面。 + +![Select your DE][10] + +因此，无论何时你想登录 GNOME，都可以使用此菜单执行此操作。 + +[][11] + +建议阅读：在 Ubuntu中 摆脱 “snapd returned status code 400: Bad Request” 错误。 + +### 如何删除 Budgie + +如果你不喜欢 Budgie 或只是想回到常规的以前的 Ubuntu，你可以如上节所述切换回常规桌面。 + +但是，如果你真的想要删除 Budgie 及其组件，你可以按照以下命令回到之前的状态。 + +_ **在使用这些命令之前先切换到其他桌面环境：** _ + +``` +sudo apt remove ubuntu-budgie-desktop ubuntu-budgie* lightdm +sudo apt autoremove +sudo apt install --reinstall gdm3 +``` + +成功运行所有命令后，重启计算机。 + +现在，你将回到 GNOME 或其他你有的桌面。 + +**你对Budgie有什么看法？** + +Budgie 是[最佳 Linux 桌面环境][12]之一。希望这个简短的指南帮助你在 Ubuntu 上安装了很棒的 Budgie 桌面。 + +如果你安装了 Budgie，你最喜欢它的什么？请在下面的评论中告诉我们。像往常一样，欢迎任何问题或建议。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/install-budgie-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Atharva Lele][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/atharva/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/ +[2]: https://ubuntubudgie.org/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-budgie-18-review/ +[4]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1 +[5]: https://github.com/solus-project/budgie-desktop +[6]: https://getsol.us/home/ +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/budgie_install_select_dm.png?fit=800%2C559&ssl=1 +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/budgie_homescreen.jpg?fit=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/budgie_install_lockscreen.png?fit=800%2C403&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/budgie_install_lockscreen_select_de.png?fit=800%2C403&ssl=1 +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/snapd-error-ubuntu/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/ From 161da01d742b6b8c53868ca0d0e60dc3e1cf88ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 08:54:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0063/1265] TSL:20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md part --- ...hain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md | 15 +++++++-------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md b/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md index 243ea5e28f..9b752327db 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md @@ -7,20 +7,19 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/) [#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) -Blockchain 2.0: Blockchain In Real Estate [Part 4] +区块链 2.0：房地产区块链（四） ====== ![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Blockchain-In-Real-Estate-720x340.png) -### Blockchain 2.0: Smart‘er’ Real Estate +### 区块链 2.0：“更”智能的房地产 -The [**previous article**][1] of this series explored the features of blockchain which will enable institutions to transform and interlace **traditional banking** and **financing systems** with it. This part will explore – **Blockchain in real estate**. The real estate industry is ripe for a revolution. It’s among the most actively traded most significant asset classes known to man. However, filled with regulatory hurdles and numerous possibilities of fraud and deceit, it’s also one of the toughest to participate in. The distributed ledger capabilities of the blockchain utilizing an appropriate consensus algorithm are touted as the way forward for the industry which is traditionally regarded as conservative in its attitude to change. +在本系列的[上一篇文章][1]中探讨了区块链的特征，这些区块链将使机构能够将**传统银行**和**融资系统**转换和交织在一起。这部分将探讨**房地产区块链**。房地产业正在走向革命。它是人类已知的最活跃、交易最重要的资产类别之一。然而，由于充满了监管障碍和欺诈、欺骗的无数可能性，它也是最难参与交易的之一。利用适当的共识算法的区块链的分布式分类账本功能被吹捧为这个行业的前进方向，而这个行业传统上被认为其面对变革是保守的。 -Real estate has always been a very conservative industry in terms of its myriad operations. Somewhat rightfully so as well. A major economic crisis such as the 2008 financial crisis or the great depression from the early half of the 20th century managed to destroy the industry and its participants. However, like most products of economic value, the real estate industry is resilient and this resilience is rooted in its conservative nature. +就其无数的业务而言，房地产一直是一个非常保守的行业。这似乎也是理所当然的。2008 年金融危机或 20 世纪上半叶的大萧条等重大经济危机成功摧毁了该行业及其参与者。然而，与大多数具有经济价值的产品一样，房地产行业具有弹性，而这种弹性则源于其保守性。 -The global real estate market comprises an asset class worth **$228 trillion dollars** [1]. Give or take. Other investment assets such as stocks, bonds, and shares combined are only worth **$170 trillion**. Obviously, any and all transactions implemented in such an industry is naturally carefully planned and meticulously executed, for the most part. For the most part, because real estate is also notorious for numerous instances of fraud and devastating loses which ensue them. The industry because of the very conservative nature of its operations is also tough to navigate. It’s heavily regulated with complex laws creating an intertwined web of nuances that are just too difficult for an average person to understand fully. This makes entry and participation near impossible for most people. If you’ve ever been involved in one such deal, you’ll know how heavy and long the paper trail was. +全球房地产市场包括价值 228 万亿 [^1] 美元的资产类别。给予或接受。其他投资资产，如股票、债券和股票合计价值仅为 170 万亿美元。显然，在这样一个行业中实施的任何和所有交易在很大程度上都是自然精心策划和精心执行的。在大多数情况下，房地产也因许多欺诈事件而臭名昭着，并且随之而来的是毁灭性的损失。由于其运营非常保守，该行业也难以驾驭。它受到严格法律的严格监管，创造了一个交织在一起的细微差别网络，这对于普通人来说太难以完全理解。使得大多数人无法进入和参与。如果你曾参与过这样的交易，那么你就会知道纸质文件的重要性和长期性。 -This hard reality is now set to change, albeit a slow and gradual transformation. The very reasons the industry has stuck to its hardy tested roots all this while can finally give way to its modern-day counterpart. The backbone of the real estate industry has always been its paper records. Land deeds, titles, agreements, rental insurance, proofs, and declarations etc., are just the tip of the iceberg here. If you’ve noticed the pattern here, this should be obvious, the distributed ledger technology that is blockchain, fits in perfectly with the needs here. Forget paper records, conventional database systems are also points of major failure. They can be modified by multiple participants, is not tamper proof or un-hackable, has a complicated set of ever-changing regulatory parameters making auditing and verifying data a nightmare. The blockchain perfectly solves all of these issues and more. Starting with a trivial albeit an important example to show just how bad the current record management practices are in the real estate sector, consider the **Title Insurance business** [2], [3]. Title Insurance is used to hedge against the possibility of the land’s titles and ownership records being inadmissible and hence unenforceable. An insurance product such as this is also referred to as an indemnity cover. It is by law required in many cases that properties have title insurance, especially when dealing with property that has changed hands multiple times over the years. Mortgage firms might insist on the same as well when they back real estate deals. The fact that a product of this kind has existed since the 1850s and that it does business worth at least **$1.5 trillion a year in the US alone** is a testament to the statement at the start. A revolution in terms of how these records are maintained is imperative to have in this situation and the blockchain provides a sustainable solution. Title fraud averages around $100k per case on average as per the **American Land Title Association** and 25% of all titles involved in transactions have an issue regarding their documents[4]. The blockchain allows for setting up an immutable permanent database that will track the property itself, recording each and every transaction or investment that has gone into it. Such a ledger system will make life easier for everyone involved in the real estate industry including one-time home buyers and make financial products such as Title Insurance basically irrelevant. Converting a physical asset such as real estate to a digital asset like this is unconventional and is extant only in theory at the moment. However, such a change is imminent sooner rather than later[5]. @@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ However, another significant and arguably a very democratic change that the bloc However, even with all of that said, Blockchain technology is still in very early stages of adoption in the real estate sector and current regulations are not exactly defined for it to be either[8]. Concepts such as distributed applications, distributed anonymous organizations, smart contracts etc., are unheard of in the legal domain in many countries. A complete overhaul of existing regulations and guidelines once all the stakeholders are well educated on the intricacies of the blockchain is the most pragmatic way forward. Again, it’ll be a slow and gradual change to go through, however a much-needed one nonetheless. The next article of the series will look at how **“Smart Contracts”** , such as those implemented by companies such as UBITQUITY and XYO are created and executed in the blockchain. - +[^1]: HSBC, “Global Real Estate,” no. April, 2008 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -47,4 +46,4 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/ [a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-redefining-financial-services/ +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10689-1.html From cb57ab1099c3c6db78780b5f6737b0ba694c5752 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 08:54:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0064/1265] translating --- .../20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md index 9c5bf68840..55de1756c6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From a901e9e0425e4f049366c0d0328422a19e2c76df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 09:41:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0065/1265] PRF:20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md @StdioA --- ...90415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md | 60 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md b/translated/tech/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md index 82729f24a3..425fc175d9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md @@ -1,37 +1,37 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (StdioA) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/kubernetes-on-fedora-iot-with-k3s/) [#]: author: (Lennart Jern https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lennartj/) -使用 k3s 在 Fedora IoT 上运行 Kubernetes +使用 k3s 在 Fedora IoT 上运行 K8S ====== -![][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201905/28/094048yrzlik9oek5rbs5s.jpg) -Fedora IoT 是一个即将发布的、面相物联网的 Fedora 版本。去年 Fedora Magazine 中的《如何使用 Fedora IOT 点亮 LED》一文，第一次介绍了它。从那以后，它与 Fedora Silverblue 一起不断改进，以提供针对面相容器的工作流程的不可变基础操作系统。 +Fedora IoT 是一个即将发布的、面向物联网的 Fedora 版本。去年 Fedora Magazine 的《[如何使用 Fedora IoT 点亮 LED 灯][2]》一文第一次介绍了它。从那以后，它与 Fedora Silverblue 一起不断改进，以提供针对面向容器的工作流的不可变基础操作系统。 -Kubernetes 是一个颇受欢迎的容器编排系统。它可能最常用在那些能够处理巨大负载的强劲硬件上。不过，它也能在像树莓派 3 这样轻量级的设备上运行。我们继续阅读，来了解如何运行它。 +Kubernetes 是一个颇受欢迎的容器编排系统。它可能最常用在那些能够处理巨大负载的强劲硬件上。不过，它也能在像树莓派 3 这样轻量级的设备上运行。让我们继续阅读，来了解如何运行它。 ### 为什么用 Kubernetes？ -虽然 Kubernetes 在云计算领域风靡一时，但让它在小型单板机上运行可能并不是显而易见的。不过，我们有非常明确的理由来做这件事。首先，这是一个不需要昂贵硬件就可以学习并熟悉 Kubernetes 的好方法；其次，由于它的流行性，市面上有[大量应用][2]进行了预先打包，以用于在 Kubernetes 集群中运行。更不用说，当你遇到问题时，会有大规模的社区用户为你提供帮助。 +虽然 Kubernetes 在云计算领域风靡一时，但让它在小型单板机上运行可能并不是常见的。不过，我们有非常明确的理由来做这件事。首先，这是一个不需要昂贵硬件就可以学习并熟悉 Kubernetes 的好方法；其次，由于它的流行性，市面上有[大量应用][3]进行了预先打包，以用于在 Kubernetes 集群中运行。更不用说，当你遇到问题时，会有大规模的社区用户为你提供帮助。 -最后但同样重要的是，即使是在家庭实验室这样的小规模环境中，容器编排也确实能事情变得更加简单。虽然在学习曲线方面，这一点并不明显，但这些技能在你将来与任何集群打交道的时候都会有帮助。不管你面对的是一个单节点树莓派集群，还是一个大规模的机器学习场，它们的操作方式都是类似的。 +最后但同样重要的是，即使是在家庭实验室这样的小规模环境中，容器编排也确实能够使事情变得更加简单。虽然在学习曲线方面，这一点并不明显，但这些技能在你将来与任何集群打交道的时候都会有帮助。不管你面对的是一个单节点树莓派集群，还是一个大规模的机器学习场，它们的操作方式都是类似的。 #### K3s - 轻量级的 Kubernetes -一个 Kubernetes 的“正常”安装（如果有这么一说的话）对于物联网来说有点沉重。K8s 的推荐内存配置，是每台机器 2GB！不过，我们也有一些替代品，其中一个新人是 [k3s][4]——一个轻量级的 Kubernetes 发行版。 +一个“正常”安装的 Kubernetes（如果有这么一说的话）对于物联网来说有点沉重。K8s 的推荐内存配置，是每台机器 2GB！不过，我们也有一些替代品，其中一个新人是 [k3s][4] —— 一个轻量级的 Kubernetes 发行版。 -K3s 非常特殊，因为它将 etcd 替换成了 SQLite 以满足键值存储需求。还有一点，在于整个 k3s 将使用一个二进制文件分发，而不是每个组件一个。这减少了内存占用并简化了安装过程。基于上述原因，我们只需要 512MB 内存即可运行 k3s，简直适合小型单板电脑！ +K3s 非常特殊，因为它将 etcd 替换成了 SQLite 以满足键值存储需求。还有一点，在于整个 k3s 将使用一个二进制文件分发，而不是每个组件一个。这减少了内存占用并简化了安装过程。基于上述原因，我们只需要 512MB 内存即可运行 k3s，极度适合小型单板电脑！ ### 你需要的东西 -1. 在虚拟机或实体设备中运行的 Fedora IoT。在[这里][5]可以看到优秀的入门指南。一台机器就足够了，不过两台可以用来测试向集群添加更多节点。 -2. [配置防火墙][6]，允许 6443 和 8372 端口的通信。或者，你也可以简单地运行“systemctl stop firewalld”来为这次实验关闭防火墙。 +1. Fedora IoT 运行在虚拟机或实体设备中运行的。在[这里][5]可以看到优秀的入门指南。一台机器就足够了，不过两台可以用来测试向集群添加更多节点。 +2. [配置防火墙][6]，允许 6443 和 8372 端口的通信。或者，你也可以简单地运行 `systemctl stop firewalld` 来为这次实验关闭防火墙。 ### 安装 k3s @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ kubectl get nodes 需要注意的是，有几个选项可以通过环境变量传递给安装脚本。这些选项可以在[文档][7]中找到。当然，你也完全可以直接下载二进制文件来手动安装 k3s。 -对于实验和学习来说，这样已经很棒了，不过单节点的集群也不是一个集群。幸运的是，添加另一个节点并不比设置第一个节点要难。只需要向安装脚本传递两个环境变量，它就可以找到第一个节点，避免运行 k3s 的服务器部分。 +对于实验和学习来说，这样已经很棒了，不过单节点的集群也不能算一个集群。幸运的是，添加另一个节点并不比设置第一个节点要难。只需要向安装脚本传递两个环境变量，它就可以找到第一个节点，而不用运行 k3s 的服务器部分。 ``` curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | K3S_URL=https://example-url:6443 \ K3S_TOKEN=XXX sh - ``` -上面的 example-url 应被替换为第一个节点的 IP 地址，或一个经过完全限定的域名。在该节点中，（用 XXX 表示的）令牌可以在 /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/node-token 文件中找到。 +上面的 `example-url` 应被替换为第一个节点的 IP 地址，或一个完全限定域名。在该节点中，（用 XXX 表示的）令牌可以在 `/var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/node-token` 文件中找到。 ### 部署一些容器 @@ -66,19 +66,19 @@ curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | K3S_URL=https://example-url:6443 \ kubectl create deployment my-server --image nginx ``` -这会从名为“nginx”的容器镜像中创建出一个名叫“my-server”的 [Deployment][8]（镜像名默认使用 docker hub 注册中心，以及 latest 标签）。 +这会从名为 `nginx` 的容器镜像中创建出一个名叫 `my-server` 的 [部署][8]（默认使用 docker hub 注册中心，以及 `latest` 标签）。 ``` kubectl get pods ``` -为了接触到 pod 中运行的 nginx 服务器，首先将 Deployment 通过一个 [Service][9] 来进行暴露。以下命令将创建一个与 Deployment 同名的 Service。 +为了访问到 pod 中运行的 nginx 服务器，首先通过一个 [服务][9] 来暴露该部署。以下命令将创建一个与该部署同名的服务。 ``` kubectl expose deployment my-server --port 80 ``` -Service 将作为一种负载均衡器和 Pod 的 DNS 记录来工作。比如，当运行第二个 Pod 时，我们只需指定 _my-server_（Service 名称）就可以通过 _curl_ 访问 nginx 服务器。有关如何操作，可以看下面的实例。 +服务将作为一种负载均衡器和 Pod 的 DNS 记录来工作。比如，当运行第二个 Pod 时，我们只需指定 `my-server`（服务名称）就可以通过 `curl` 访问 nginx 服务器。有关如何操作，可以看下面的实例。 ``` # 启动一个 pod，在里面以交互方式运行 bash @@ -90,15 +90,15 @@ curl my-server ### Ingress 控制器及外部 IP -默认状态下，一个 Service 只能获得一个 ClusterIP（只能从集群内部访问），但你也可以通过把它的类型设置为 [LoadBalancer][10] 为服务申请一个外部 IP。不过，并非所有应用都需要自己的 IP 地址。相反，通常可以通过基于 Host 请求头部或请求路径进行路由，从而使多个服务共享一个 IP 地址。你可以在 Kubernetes 使用 [Ingress][11] 完成此操作，而这也是我们要做的。Ingress 也提供了额外的功能，比如无需配置应用，即可对流量进行 TLS 加密。 +默认状态下，一个服务只能获得一个 ClusterIP（只能从集群内部访问），但你也可以通过把它的类型设置为 [LoadBalancer][10] 为该服务申请一个外部 IP。不过，并非所有应用都需要自己的 IP 地址。相反，通常可以通过基于 Host 请求头部或请求路径进行路由，从而使多个服务共享一个 IP 地址。你可以在 Kubernetes 使用 [Ingress][11] 完成此操作，而这也是我们要做的。Ingress 也提供了额外的功能，比如无需配置应用即可对流量进行 TLS 加密。 -Kubernetes 需要入口控制器来使 Ingress 资源工作，k3s 包含 [Traefik][12] 正是出于此目的。它还包含了一个简单的服务负载均衡器，可以为集群中的服务提供外部 IP。这篇[文档][13]描述了这种服务： +Kubernetes 需要 Ingress 控制器来使 Ingress 资源工作，k3s 包含 [Traefik][12] 正是出于此目的。它还包含了一个简单的服务负载均衡器，可以为集群中的服务提供外部 IP。这篇[文档][13]描述了这种服务： > k3s 包含一个使用可用主机端口的基础服务负载均衡器。比如，如果你尝试创建一个监听 80 端口的负载均衡器，它会尝试在集群中寻找一个 80 端口空闲的节点。如果没有可用端口，那么负载均衡器将保持在 Pending 状态。 > > k3s README -入口控制器已经通过这个负载均衡器暴露在外。你可以使用以下命令找到它正在使用的 IP 地址。 +Ingress 控制器已经通过这个负载均衡器暴露在外。你可以使用以下命令找到它正在使用的 IP 地址。 ``` $ kubectl get svc --all-namespaces @@ -109,13 +109,13 @@ NAMESPACE NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) kube-system traefik LoadBalancer 10.43.145.104 10.0.0.8 80:31596/TCP,443:31539/TCP 33d ``` -找到名为 traefik 的 Service。在上面的例子中，我们感兴趣的 IP 是 10.0.0.8。 +找到名为 `traefik` 的服务。在上面的例子中，我们感兴趣的 IP 是 10.0.0.8。 ### 路由传入的请求 -让我们创建一个 Ingress，使它通过基于 Host 头部的路由规则将请求路由至我们的服务器。这个例子中我们使用 [xip.io][14] 来避免必要的 DNS 记录配置工作。它的工作原理是将 IP 地址作为子域包含，以使用10.0.0.8.xip.io的任何子域来达到IP 10.0.0.8。换句话说，my-server.10.0.0.8.xip.io 被用于访问集群中的入口控制器。你现在就可以尝试（使用你自己的 IP，而不是 10.0.0.8）。如果没有入口，你应该会访问到“默认后端”，只是一个写着“404 page not found”的页面。 +让我们创建一个 Ingress，使它通过基于 Host 头部的路由规则将请求路由至我们的服务器。这个例子中我们使用 [xip.io][14] 来避免必要的 DNS 记录配置工作。它的工作原理是将 IP 地址作为子域包含，以使用 `10.0.0.8.xip.io` 的任何子域来达到 IP `10.0.0.8`。换句话说，`my-server.10.0.0.8.xip.io` 被用于访问集群中的 Ingress 控制器。你现在就可以尝试（使用你自己的 IP，而不是 10.0.0.8）。如果没有 Ingress，你应该会访问到“默认后端”，只是一个写着“404 page not found”的页面。 -我们可以使用以下 Ingress 让入口控制器将请求路由到我们的 Web 服务器 Service。 +我们可以使用以下 Ingress 让 Ingress 控制器将请求路由到我们的 Web 服务器的服务。 ``` apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1 @@ -133,17 +133,17 @@ spec: servicePort: 80 ``` -将以上片段保存到 _my-ingress.yaml_ 文件中，然后运行以下命令将其加入集群： +将以上片段保存到 `my-ingress.yaml` 文件中，然后运行以下命令将其加入集群： ``` kubectl apply -f my-ingress.yaml ``` -你现在应该能够在你选择的完全限定域名中访问到 nginx 的默认欢迎页面了。在我的例子中，它是 my-server.10.0.0.8.xip.io。入口控制器会通过 Ingress 中包含的信息来路由请求。对 my-server.10.0.0.8.xip.io 的请求将被路由到 Ingress 中定义为“后端”的 Service 和端口（在本例中为 my-server 和 80）。 +你现在应该能够在你选择的完全限定域名中访问到 nginx 的默认欢迎页面了。在我的例子中，它是 `my-server.10.0.0.8.xip.io`。Ingress 控制器会通过 Ingress 中包含的信息来路由请求。对 `my-server.10.0.0.8.xip.io` 的请求将被路由到 Ingress 中定义为 `backend` 的服务和端口（在本例中为 `my-server` 和 `80`）。 ### 那么，物联网呢？ -想象如下场景：你的家伙农场周围有很多的设备。它是一个具有各种硬件功能，传感器和执行器的物联网设备的异构集合。也许某些设备拥有摄像头，天气或光线传感器。其它设备可能会被连接起来，用来控制通风、灯光、百叶窗或闪烁的LED。 +想象如下场景：你的家或农场周围有很多的设备。它是一个具有各种硬件功能、传感器和执行器的物联网设备的异构集合。也许某些设备拥有摄像头、天气或光线传感器。其它设备可能会被连接起来，用来控制通风、灯光、百叶窗或闪烁的 LED。 这种情况下，你想从所有传感器中收集数据，在最终使用它来制定决策和控制执行器之前，也可能会对其进行处理和分析。除此之外，你可能还想配置一个仪表盘来可视化那些正在发生的事情。那么 Kubernetes 如何帮助我们来管理这样的事情呢？我们怎么保证 Pod 在合适的设备上运行？ @@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ kubectl label nodes = kubectl label nodes node2 camera=available ``` -一旦它们被打上标签，我们就可以轻松地使用 [nodeSelector][15] 为你的工作负载选择合适的节点。拼图的最后一块：如果你想在_所有_合适的节点上运行 Pod，那应该使用 [DaemonSet][16] 而不是 Deployment。换句话说，应为每个使用唯一传感器的数据收集应用程序创建一个 DaemonSet，并使用 nodeSelectors 确保它们仅在具有适当硬件的节点上运行。 +一旦它们被打上标签，我们就可以轻松地使用 [nodeSelector][15] 为你的工作负载选择合适的节点。拼图的最后一块：如果你想在*所有*合适的节点上运行 Pod，那应该使用 [DaemonSet][16] 而不是部署。换句话说，应为每个使用唯一传感器的数据收集应用程序创建一个 DaemonSet，并使用 nodeSelector 确保它们仅在具有适当硬件的节点上运行。 -服务发现功能允许 Pod 通过 Service 名称来寻找彼此，这项功能使得这类分布式系统的管理工作变得易如反掌。你不需要为应用配置 IP 地址或自定义端口，也不需要知道它们。相反，它们可以通过集群中的具名 Service 轻松找到彼此。 +服务发现功能允许 Pod 通过服务名称来寻找彼此，这项功能使得这类分布式系统的管理工作变得易如反掌。你不需要为应用配置 IP 地址或自定义端口，也不需要知道它们。相反，它们可以通过集群中的命名服务轻松找到彼此。 #### 充分利用空闲资源 -随着集群的启动并运行，收集数据并控制灯光和气候可能使你觉得你已经把它完成了。不过，集群中还有大量的计算资源可以用于其它项目。这才是 Kubernetes 真正出彩的地方。 +随着集群的启动并运行，收集数据并控制灯光和气候，可能使你觉得你已经把它完成了。不过，集群中还有大量的计算资源可以用于其它项目。这才是 Kubernetes 真正出彩的地方。 你不必担心这些资源的确切位置，或者去计算是否有足够的内存来容纳额外的应用程序。这正是编排系统所解决的问题！你可以轻松地在集群中部署更多的应用，让 Kubernetes 来找出适合运行它们的位置（或是否适合运行它们）。 @@ -182,14 +182,14 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/kubernetes-on-fedora-iot-with-k3s/ 作者：[Lennart Jern][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[StdioA](https://github.com/StdioA) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lennartj/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/k3s-1-816x345.png -[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/turnon-led-fedora-iot/ +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10380-1.html [3]: https://hub.helm.sh/ [4]: https://k3s.io [5]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/iot/getting-started/ From ab6a6fe8b235c9e64b049d058d3d3fc745af1961 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 09:43:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0066/1265] PUB:20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md @StdioA https://linux.cn/article-10908-1.html --- .../20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md b/published/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md rename to published/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md index 425fc175d9..a8293d4d3b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md +++ b/published/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (StdioA) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10908-1.html) [#]: subject: (Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/kubernetes-on-fedora-iot-with-k3s/) [#]: author: (Lennart Jern https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lennartj/) From dbd9118c8156584d4b8e499dbfccd96fccc1353a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cycoe Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 15:17:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0067/1265] translating by cycoe --- .../20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md index 89f942ce66..dcc3cec871 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (cycoe) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From c1ac757c7b1827c1b49026879698ca8f00338ba7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 20:00:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0068/1265] translating --- sources/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md b/sources/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md index f6ea26aba4..9ecdd54315 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7ffa5d2b5268716c851b1f1629c70b42e2c1e48e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 28 May 2019 22:29:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0069/1265] TSL:20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md --- ... 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md | 49 ---------------- ... 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md | 56 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md b/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9b752327db..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0: Blockchain In Real Estate [Part 4]) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/) -[#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) - -区块链 2.0：房地产区块链（四） -====== - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Blockchain-In-Real-Estate-720x340.png) - -### 区块链 2.0：“更”智能的房地产 - -在本系列的[上一篇文章][1]中探讨了区块链的特征，这些区块链将使机构能够将**传统银行**和**融资系统**转换和交织在一起。这部分将探讨**房地产区块链**。房地产业正在走向革命。它是人类已知的最活跃、交易最重要的资产类别之一。然而，由于充满了监管障碍和欺诈、欺骗的无数可能性，它也是最难参与交易的之一。利用适当的共识算法的区块链的分布式分类账本功能被吹捧为这个行业的前进方向，而这个行业传统上被认为其面对变革是保守的。 - -就其无数的业务而言，房地产一直是一个非常保守的行业。这似乎也是理所当然的。2008 年金融危机或 20 世纪上半叶的大萧条等重大经济危机成功摧毁了该行业及其参与者。然而，与大多数具有经济价值的产品一样，房地产行业具有弹性，而这种弹性则源于其保守性。 - -全球房地产市场包括价值 228 万亿 [^1] 美元的资产类别。给予或接受。其他投资资产，如股票、债券和股票合计价值仅为 170 万亿美元。显然，在这样一个行业中实施的任何和所有交易在很大程度上都是自然精心策划和精心执行的。在大多数情况下，房地产也因许多欺诈事件而臭名昭着，并且随之而来的是毁灭性的损失。由于其运营非常保守，该行业也难以驾驭。它受到严格法律的严格监管，创造了一个交织在一起的细微差别网络，这对于普通人来说太难以完全理解。使得大多数人无法进入和参与。如果你曾参与过这样的交易，那么你就会知道纸质文件的重要性和长期性。 - - -Starting with a trivial albeit an important example to show just how bad the current record management practices are in the real estate sector, consider the **Title Insurance business** [2], [3]. Title Insurance is used to hedge against the possibility of the land’s titles and ownership records being inadmissible and hence unenforceable. An insurance product such as this is also referred to as an indemnity cover. It is by law required in many cases that properties have title insurance, especially when dealing with property that has changed hands multiple times over the years. Mortgage firms might insist on the same as well when they back real estate deals. The fact that a product of this kind has existed since the 1850s and that it does business worth at least **$1.5 trillion a year in the US alone** is a testament to the statement at the start. A revolution in terms of how these records are maintained is imperative to have in this situation and the blockchain provides a sustainable solution. Title fraud averages around $100k per case on average as per the **American Land Title Association** and 25% of all titles involved in transactions have an issue regarding their documents[4]. The blockchain allows for setting up an immutable permanent database that will track the property itself, recording each and every transaction or investment that has gone into it. Such a ledger system will make life easier for everyone involved in the real estate industry including one-time home buyers and make financial products such as Title Insurance basically irrelevant. Converting a physical asset such as real estate to a digital asset like this is unconventional and is extant only in theory at the moment. However, such a change is imminent sooner rather than later[5]. - -Among the areas in which blockchain will have the most impact within real estate is as highlighted above in maintaining a transparent and secure title management system for properties. A blockchain based record of the property can contain information about the property, its location, history of ownership, and any related public record of the same[6]. This will permit closing real estate deals fast and obliviates the need for 3rd party monitoring and oversight. Tasks such as real estate appraisal and tax calculations become matters of tangible objective parameters rather than subjective measures and guesses because of reliable historical data which is publicly verifiable. **UBITQUITY** is one such platform that offers customized blockchain-based solutions to enterprise customers. The platform allows customers to keep track of all property details, payment records, mortgage records and even allows running smart contracts that’ll take care of taxation and leasing automatically[7]. - -This brings us to the second biggest opportunity and use case of blockchains in real estate. Since the sector is highly regulated by numerous 3rd parties apart from the counterparties involved in the trade, due-diligence and financial evaluations can be significantly time-consuming. These processes are predominantly carried out using offline channels and paperwork needs to travel for days before a final evaluation report comes out. This is especially true for corporate real estate deals and forms a bulk of the total billable hours charged by consultants. In case the transaction is backed by a mortgage, duplication of these processes is unavoidable. Once combined with digital identities for the people and institutions involved along with the property, the current inefficiencies can be avoided altogether and transactions can take place in a matter of seconds. The tenants, investors, institutions involved, consultants etc., could individually validate the data and arrive at a critical consensus thereby validating the property records for perpetuity[8]. This increases the accuracy of verification manifold. Real estate giant **RE/MAX** has recently announced a partnership with service provider **XYO Network Partners** for building a national database of real estate listings in Mexico. They hope to one day create one of the largest (as of yet) decentralized real estate title registry in the world[9]. - -However, another significant and arguably a very democratic change that the blockchain can bring about is with respect to investing in real estate. Unlike other investment asset classes where even small household investors can potentially participate, real estate often requires large hands-down payments to participate. Companies such as **ATLANT** and **BitOfProperty** tokenize the book value of a property and convert them into equivalents of a cryptocurrency. These tokens are then put for sale on their exchanges similar to how stocks and shares are traded. Any cash flow that the real estate property generates afterward is credited or debited to the token owners depending on their “share” in the property[4]. - -However, even with all of that said, Blockchain technology is still in very early stages of adoption in the real estate sector and current regulations are not exactly defined for it to be either[8]. Concepts such as distributed applications, distributed anonymous organizations, smart contracts etc., are unheard of in the legal domain in many countries. A complete overhaul of existing regulations and guidelines once all the stakeholders are well educated on the intricacies of the blockchain is the most pragmatic way forward. Again, it’ll be a slow and gradual change to go through, however a much-needed one nonetheless. The next article of the series will look at how **“Smart Contracts”** , such as those implemented by companies such as UBITQUITY and XYO are created and executed in the blockchain. - -[^1]: HSBC, “Global Real Estate,” no. April, 2008 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/ - -作者：[EDITOR][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10689-1.html diff --git a/translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md b/translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bb560c72d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0: Blockchain In Real Estate [Part 4]) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/) +[#]: author: (ostechnix https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) + +区块链 2.0：房地产区块链（四） +====== + +![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Blockchain-In-Real-Estate-720x340.png) + +### 区块链 2.0：“更”智能的房地产 + +在本系列的[上一篇文章][1]中探讨了区块链的特征，这些区块链将使机构能够将**传统银行**和**融资系统**转换和交织在一起。这部分将探讨**房地产区块链**。房地产业正在走向革命。它是人类已知的最活跃、交易最重要的资产类别之一。然而，由于充满了监管障碍和欺诈、欺骗的无数可能性，它也是最难参与交易的之一。利用适当的共识算法的区块链的分布式分类账本功能被吹捧为这个行业的前进方向，而这个行业传统上被认为其面对变革是保守的。 + +就其无数的业务而言，房地产一直是一个非常保守的行业。这似乎也是理所当然的。2008 年金融危机或 20 世纪上半叶的大萧条等重大经济危机成功摧毁了该行业及其参与者。然而，与大多数具有经济价值的产品一样，房地产行业具有弹性，而这种弹性则源于其保守性。 + +全球房地产市场包括价值 228 万亿 [^1] 美元的资产类别。给予或接受。其他投资资产，如股票、债券和股票合计价值仅为 170 万亿美元。显然，在这样一个行业中实施的任何和所有交易在很大程度上都是自然精心策划和精心执行的。在大多数情况下，房地产也因许多欺诈事件而臭名昭着，并且随之而来的是毁灭性的损失。由于其运营非常保守，该行业也难以驾驭。它受到严格法律的严格监管，创造了一个交织在一起的细微差别网络，这对于普通人来说太难以完全理解。使得大多数人无法进入和参与。如果你曾参与过这样的交易，那么你就会知道纸质文件的重要性和长期性。 + +从一个微不足道的开始，虽然是一个重要的例子，以显示当前的记录管理实践在房地产行业有多糟糕，考虑一下[产权保险业务][2][^3]。产权保险用于对冲土地所有权和所有权记录不可接受且从而无法执行的可能性。诸如此类的保险产品也称为赔偿保险。在许多情况下，法律要求财产拥有产权保险，特别是在处理多年来多次易手的财产时。抵押贷款公司在支持房地产交易时也可能坚持同样的要求。事实上，这种产品自 19 世纪 50 年代就已存在，并且仅在美国每年至少有 1.5 万亿美元的商业价值这一事实证明了一开始的说法。在这种情况下，这些记录的维护方式必须进行改革，区块链提供了一个可持续解决方案。根据[美国土地产权协会][4]，平均每个案例的欺诈平均约为 10 万美元，并且涉及交易的所有产权中有 25％ 的文件存在问题。区块链允许设置一个不可变的永久数据库，该数据库将跟踪属性本身，记录已经进入的每个交易或投资。这样的分类帐本系统将使包括一次性购房者在内的房地产行业的每个人的生活更加轻松，并使诸如产权保险等金融产品基本上无关紧要。将诸如房地产之类的实物资产转换为这样的数字资产是非常规的，并且目前仅在理论上存在。然而，这种变化迫在眉睫，而不是迟到[^5]。 + +区块链在房地产中影响最大的领域如上所述，在维护透明和安全的产权管理系统方面。基于区块链的财产记录可以包含有关财产、其所在地、所有权历史以及相同公共记录的[信息][6]。这将允许快速完成房地产交易，并且无需第三方监控和监督。房地产评估和税收计算等任务成为有形的客观参数的问题，而不是主观测量和猜测，因为可靠的历史数据是可公开验证的。[UBITQUITY][7] 就是这样一个平台，为企业客户提供定制的基于区块链的解决方案。该平台允许客户跟踪所有房产细节、付款记录、抵押记录，甚至允许运行智能合约，自动处理税收和租赁。 + +这为我们带来了房地产区块链的第二大机遇和用例。由于该行业受到众多第三方的高度监管，除了参与交易的交易对手外，尽职调查和财务评估可能非常耗时。这些流程主要使用离线渠道进行，文书工作需要在最终评估报告出来之前进行数天。对于公司房地产交易尤其如此，这构成了顾问收取的总计费时间的大部分。如果交易由抵押支持，则这些过程的重复是不可避免的。一旦与所涉及的人员和机构的数字身份相结合，就可以完全避免当前的低效率，并且可以在几秒钟内完成交易。租户、投资者、相关机构、顾问等可以单独验证数据并达成一致的共识，从而验证永久性的财产记录[^8]。这提高了验证流形的准确性。房地产巨头 RE/MAX 最近宣布与服务提供商 XYO Network Partners 合作，[建立墨西哥房地产上市国家数据库][9]。他们希望有朝一日能够创建世界上最大的（截至目前）去中心化房地产登记处之一。 + +然而，区块链可以带来的另一个重要且可以说是非常民主的变化是投资房地产。与其他投资资产类别不同，即使是小型家庭投资者也可能参与其中，房地产通常需要大量的手工付款才能参与。诸如 ATLANT 和 BitOfProperty 之类的公司将房产的账面价值代币化并将其转换为加密货币的等价物。这些代币随后在交易所出售，类似于股票和股票的交易方式。[房地产后续产生的任何现金流都会根据其在财产中的“份额”记入贷方或借记给代币所有者][4]。 + +然而，尽管如此，区块链技术仍处于房地产领域的早期采用阶段，目前的法规还没有明确定义它。诸如分布式应用程序、分布式匿名组织（DAO）、智能合约等概念在许多国家的法律领域是闻所未闻的。一旦所有利益相关者充分接受了区块链复杂性的良好教育，就会彻底改革现有的法规和指导方针，这是最务实的前进方式。 同样，这将是一个缓慢而渐进的变化，但不过是一个急需的变化。本系列的下一篇文章将介绍 “智能合约”，例如由 UBITQUITY 和 XYO 等公司实施的那些是如何在区块链中创建和执行的。 + +[^1]: HSBC, “Global Real Estate,” no. April, 2008 +[^3]: D. B. Burke, Law of title insurance. Aspen Law & Business, 2000. +[^5]: M. Swan, O’Reilly – Blockchain. Blueprint for a New Economy – 2015. +[^8]: Deloite, “Blockchain in commercial real estate The future is here ! Table of contents.” + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/ + +作者：[EDITOR][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10689-1.html +[2]: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanlulich/2018/06/21/what-is-title-insurance-and-why-its-important/#1472022b12bb +[4]: https://www.cbinsights.com/research/blockchain-real-estate-disruption/#financing +[6]: https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/financial-services/articles/blockchain-in-commercial-real-estate.html +[7]: https://www.ubitquity.io/ +[9]: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181012005068/en/XYO-Network-Partners-REMAX-M%C3%A9xico-Bring-Blockchain From 0365015f620360eb1f18c1c77de3fc8302c6d688 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LuMing <784315443@qq.com> Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 00:13:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0070/1265] translated by LuuMing --- ...ing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 438 ------------------ ...ing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 431 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 431 insertions(+), 438 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/sources/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md deleted file mode 100644 index a7f8289b63..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,438 +0,0 @@ -Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch -============================================================ - - -I work on monitoring. In particular on [Prometheus][2], a monitoring system that includes a custom time series database, and its integration with [Kubernetes][3]. - -In many ways Kubernetes represents all the things Prometheus was designed for. It makes continuous deployments, auto scaling, and other features of highly dynamic environments easily accessible. The query language and operational model, among many other conceptual decisions make Prometheus particularly well-suited for such environments. Yet, if monitored workloads become significantly more dynamic, this also puts new strains on monitoring system itself. With this in mind, rather than doubling back on problems Prometheus already solves well, we specifically aim to increase its performance in environments with highly dynamic, or transient services. - -Prometheus's storage layer has historically shown outstanding performance, where a single server is able to ingest up to one million samples per second as several million time series, all while occupying a surprisingly small amount of disk space. While the current storage has served us well, I propose a newly designed storage subsystem that corrects for shortcomings of the existing solution and is equipped to handle the next order of scale. - -> Note: I've no background in databases. What I say might be wrong and mislead. You can channel your criticism towards me (fabxc) in #prometheus on Freenode. - -### Problems, Problems, Problem Space - -First, a quick outline of what we are trying to accomplish and what key problems it raises. For each, we take a look at Prometheus' current approach, what it does well, and which problems we aim to address with the new design. - -### Time series data - -We have a system that collects data points over time. - -``` -identifier -> (t0, v0), (t1, v1), (t2, v2), (t3, v3), .... -``` - -Each data point is a tuple of a timestamp and a value. For the purpose of monitoring, the timestamp is an integer and the value any number. A 64 bit float turns out to be a good representation for counter as well as gauge values, so we go with that. A sequence of data points with strictly monotonically increasing timestamps is a series, which is addressed by an identifier. Our identifier is a metric name with a dictionary of  _label dimensions_ . Label dimensions partition the measurement space of a single metric. Each metric name plus a unique set of labels is its own  _time series_  that has a value stream associated with it. - -This is a typical set of series identifiers that are part of metric counting requests: - -``` -requests_total{path="/status", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.1:80”} -requests_total{path="/status", method="POST", instance=”10.0.0.3:80”} -requests_total{path="/", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.2:80”} -``` - -Let's simplify this representation right away: A metric name can be treated as just another label dimension — `__name__` in our case. At the query level, it might be be treated specially but that doesn't concern our way of storing it, as we will see later. - -``` -{__name__="requests_total", path="/status", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.1:80”} -{__name__="requests_total", path="/status", method="POST", instance=”10.0.0.3:80”} -{__name__="requests_total", path="/", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.2:80”} -``` - -When querying time series data, we want to do so by selecting series by their labels. In the simplest case `{__name__="requests_total"}` selects all series belonging to the `requests_total` metric. For all selected series, we retrieve data points within a specified time window. -In more complex queries, we may wish to select series satisfying several label selectors at once and also represent more complex conditions than equality. For example, negative (`method!="GET"`) or regular expression matching (`method=~"PUT|POST"`). - -This largely defines the stored data and how it is recalled. - -### Vertical and Horizontal - -In a simplified view, all data points can be laid out on a two-dimensional plane. The  _horizontal_  dimension represents the time and the series identifier space spreads across the  _vertical_  dimension. - -``` -series - ^ - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="request_total", method="GET"} - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="request_total", method="POST"} - │ . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="errors_total", method="POST"} - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="errors_total", method="GET"} - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - v - <-------------------- time ---------------------> -``` - -Prometheus retrieves data points by periodically scraping the current values for a set of time series. The entity from which we retrieve such a batch is called a  _target_ . Thereby, the write pattern is completely vertical and highly concurrent as samples from each target are ingested independently. -To provide some measurement of scale: A single Prometheus instance collects data points from tens of thousands of  _targets_ , which expose hundreds to thousands of different time series each. - -At the scale of collecting millions of data points per second, batching writes is a non-negotiable performance requirement. Writing single data points scattered across our disk would be painfully slow. Thus, we want to write larger chunks of data in sequence. -This is an unsurprising fact for spinning disks, as their head would have to physically move to different sections all the time. While SSDs are known for fast random writes, they actually can't modify individual bytes but only write in  _pages_  of 4KiB or more. This means writing a 16 byte sample is equivalent to writing a full 4KiB page. This behavior is part of what is known as [ _write amplification_ ][4], which as a bonus causes your SSD to wear out – so it wouldn't just be slow, but literally destroy your hardware within a few days or weeks. -For more in-depth information on the problem, the blog series ["Coding for SSDs" series][5] is a an excellent resource. Let's just consider the main take away: sequential and batched writes are the ideal write pattern for spinning disks and SSDs alike. A simple rule to stick to. - -The querying pattern is significantly more differentiated than the write the pattern. We can query a single datapoint for a single series, a single datapoint for 10000 series, weeks of data points for a single series, weeks of data points for 10000 series, etc. So on our two-dimensional plane, queries are neither fully vertical or horizontal, but a rectangular combination of the two. -[Recording rules][6] mitigate the problem for known queries but are not a general solution for ad-hoc queries, which still have to perform reasonably well. - -We know that we want to write in batches, but the only batches we get are vertical sets of data points across series. When querying data points for a series over a time window, not only would it be hard to figure out where the individual points can be found, we'd also have to read from a lot of random places on disk. With possibly millions of touched samples per query, this is slow even on the fastest SSDs. Reads will also retrieve more data from our disk than the requested 16 byte sample. SSDs will load a full page, HDDs will at least read an entire sector. Either way, we are wasting precious read throughput. -So ideally, samples for the same series would be stored sequentially so we can just scan through them with as few reads as possible. On top, we only need to know where this sequence starts to access all data points. - -There's obviously a strong tension between the ideal pattern for writing collected data to disk and the layout that would be significantly more efficient for serving queries. It is  _the_  fundamental problem our TSDB has to solve. - -#### Current solution - -Time to take a look at how Prometheus's current storage, let's call it "V2", addresses this problem. -We create one file per time series that contains all of its samples in sequential order. As appending single samples to all those files every few seconds is expensive, we batch up 1KiB chunks of samples for a series in memory and append those chunks to the individual files, once they are full. This approach solves a large part of the problem. Writes are now batched, samples are stored sequentially. It also enables incredibly efficient compression formats, based on the property that a given sample changes only very little with respect to the previous sample in the same series. Facebook's paper on their Gorilla TSDB describes a similar chunk-based approach and [introduces a compression format][7] that reduces 16 byte samples to an average of 1.37 bytes. The V2 storage uses various compression formats including a variation of Gorilla’s. - -``` - ┌──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ series A - └──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ - ┌──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ series B - └──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ - . . . - ┌──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ series XYZ - └──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ - chunk 1 chunk 2 chunk 3 ... -``` - -While the chunk-based approach is great, keeping a separate file for each series is troubling the V2 storage for various reasons: - -* We actually need a lot more files than the number of time series we are currently collecting data for. More on that in the section on "Series Churn". With several million files, sooner or later way may run out of [inodes][1] on our filesystem. This is a condition we can only recover from by reformatting our disks, which is as invasive and disruptive as it could be. We generally want to avoid formatting disks specifically to fit a single application. -* Even when chunked, several thousands of chunks per second are completed and ready to be persisted. This still requires thousands of individual disk writes every second. While it is alleviated by also batching up several completed chunks for a series, this in return increases the total memory footprint of data which is waiting to be persisted. -* It's infeasible to keep all files open for reads and writes. In particular because ~99% of data is never queried again after 24 hours. If it is queried though though, we have to open up to thousands of files, find and read relevant data points into memory, and close them again. As this would result in high query latencies, data chunks are cached rather aggressively leading to problems outlined further in the section on "Resource Consumption". -* Eventually, old data has to be deleted and data needs to be removed from the front of millions of files. This means that deletions are actually write intensive operations. Additionally, cycling through millions of files and analyzing them makes this a process that often takes hours. By the time it completes, it might have to start over again. Oh yea, and deleting the old files will cause further write amplification for your SSD! -* Chunks that are currently accumulating are only held in memory. If the application crashes, data will be lost. To avoid this, the memory state is periodically checkpointed to disk, which may take significantly longer than the window of data loss we are willing to accept. Restoring the checkpoint may also take several minutes, causing painfully long restart cycles. - -The key take away from the existing design is the concept of chunks, which we most certainly want to keep. The most recent chunks always being held in memory is also generally good. After all, the most recent data is queried the most by a large margin. -Having one file per time series is a concept we would like to find an alternative to. - -### Series Churn - -In the Prometheus context, we use the term  _series churn_  to describe that a set of time series becomes inactive, i.e. receives no more data points, and a new set of active series appears instead. -For example, all series exposed by a given microservice instance have a respective “instance” label attached that identifies its origin. If we perform a rolling update of our microservice and swap out every instance with a newer version, series churn occurs. In more dynamic environments those events may happen on an hourly basis. Cluster orchestration systems like Kubernetes allow continuous auto-scaling and frequent rolling updates of applications, potentially creating tens of thousands of new application instances, and with them completely new sets of time series, every day. - -``` -series - ^ - │ . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . - │ . . . . . - │ . . . . . - │ . . . . . - v - <-------------------- time ---------------------> -``` - -So even if the entire infrastructure roughly remains constant in size, over time there's a linear growth of time series in our database. While a Prometheus server will happily collect data for 10 million time series, query performance is significantly impacted if data has to be found among a billion series. - -#### Current solution - -The current V2 storage of Prometheus has an index based on LevelDB for all series that are currently stored. It allows querying series containing a given label pair, but lacks a scalable way to combine results from different label selections. -For example, selecting all series with label `__name__="requests_total"` works efficiently, but selecting all series with `instance="A" AND __name__="requests_total"` has scalability problems. We will later revisit what causes this and which tweaks are necessary to improve lookup latencies. - -This problem is in fact what spawned the initial hunt for a better storage system. Prometheus needed an improved indexing approach for quickly searching hundreds of millions of time series. - -### Resource consumption - -Resource consumption is one of the consistent topics when trying to scale Prometheus (or anything, really). But it's not actually the absolute resource hunger that is troubling users. In fact, Prometheus manages an incredible throughput given its requirements. The problem is rather its relative unpredictability and instability in face of changes. By its architecture the V2 storage slowly builds up chunks of sample data, which causes the memory consumption to ramp up over time. As chunks get completed, they are written to disk and can be evicted from memory. Eventually, Prometheus's memory usage reaches a steady state. That is until the monitored environment changes —  _series churn_  increases the usage of memory, CPU, and disk IO every time we scale an application or do a rolling update. -If the change is ongoing, it will yet again reach a steady state eventually but it will be significantly higher than in a more static environment. Transition periods are often multiple hours long and it is hard to determine what the maximum resource usage will be. - -The approach of having a single file per time series also makes it way too easy for a single query to knock out the Prometheus process. When querying data that is not cached in memory, the files for queried series are opened and the chunks containing relevant data points are read into memory. If the amount of data exceeds the memory available, Prometheus quits rather ungracefully by getting OOM-killed. -After the query is completed the loaded data can be released again but it is generally cached much longer to serve subsequent queries on the same data faster. The latter is a good thing obviously. - -Lastly, we looked at write amplification in the context of SSDs and how Prometheus addresses it by batching up writes to mitigate it. Nonetheless, in several places it still causes write amplification by having too small batches and not aligning data precisely on page boundaries. For larger Prometheus servers, a reduced hardware lifetime was observed in the real world. Chances are that this is still rather normal for database applications with high write throughput, but we should keep an eye on whether we can mitigate it. - -### Starting Over - -By now we have a good idea of our problem domain, how the V2 storage solves it, and where its design has issues. We also saw some great concepts that we want to adapt more or less seamlessly. A fair amount of V2's problems can be addressed with improvements and partial redesigns, but to keep things fun (and after carefully evaluating my options, of course), I decided to take a stab at writing an entire time series database — from scratch, i.e. writing bytes to the file system. - -The critical concerns of performance and resource usage are a direct consequence of the chosen storage format. We have to find the right set of algorithms and disk layout for our data to implement a well-performing storage layer. - -This is where I take the shortcut and drive straight to the solution — skip the headache, failed ideas, endless sketching, tears, and despair. - -### V3 — Macro Design - -What's the macro layout of our storage? In short, everything that is revealed when running `tree` on our data directory. Just looking at that gives us a surprisingly good picture of what is going on. - -``` -$ tree ./data -./data -├── b-000001 -│ ├── chunks -│ │ ├── 000001 -│ │ ├── 000002 -│ │ └── 000003 -│ ├── index -│ └── meta.json -├── b-000004 -│ ├── chunks -│ │ └── 000001 -│ ├── index -│ └── meta.json -├── b-000005 -│ ├── chunks -│ │ └── 000001 -│ ├── index -│ └── meta.json -└── b-000006 - ├── meta.json - └── wal - ├── 000001 - ├── 000002 - └── 000003 -``` - -At the top level, we have a sequence of numbered blocks, prefixed with `b-`. Each block obviously holds a file containing an index and a "chunk" directory holding more numbered files. The “chunks” directory contains nothing but raw chunks of data points for various series. Just as for V2, this makes reading series data over a time windows very cheap and allows us to apply the same efficient compression algorithms. The concept has proven to work well and we stick with it. Obviously, there is no longer a single file per series but instead a handful of files holds chunks for many of them. -The existence of an “index” file should not be surprising. Let's just assume it contains a lot of black magic allowing us to find labels, their possible values, entire time series and the chunks holding their data points. - -But why are there several directories containing the layout of index and chunk files? And why does the last one contain a "wal" directory instead? Understanding those two questions, solves about 90% of our problems. - -#### Many Little Databases - -We partition our  _horizontal_  dimension, i.e. the time space, into non-overlapping blocks. Each block acts as a fully independent database containing all time series data for its time window. Hence, it has its own index and set of chunk files. - -``` - -t0 t1 t2 t3 now - ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌────────────┐ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ mutable │ <─── write ──── ┤ Prometheus │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └────────────┘ - └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ ^ - └──────────────┴───────┬──────┴──────────────┘ │ - │ query - │ │ - merge ─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ -``` - -Every block of data is immutable. Of course, we must be able to add new series and samples to the most recent block as we collect new data. For this block, all new data is written to an in-memory database that provides the same lookup properties as our persistent blocks. The in-memory data structures can be updated efficiently. To prevent data loss, all incoming data is also written to a temporary  _write ahead log_ , which is the set of files in our “wal” directory, from which we can re-populate the in-memory database on restart. -All these files come with their own serialization format, which comes with all the things one would expect: lots of flags, offsets, varints, and CRC32 checksums. Good fun to come up with, rather boring to read about. - -This layout allows us to fan out queries to all blocks relevant to the queried time range. The partial results from each block are merged back together to form the overall result. - -This horizontal partitioning adds a few great capabilities: - -* When querying a time range, we can easily ignore all data blocks outside of this range. It trivially addresses the problem of  _series churn_  by reducing the set of inspected data to begin with. -* When completing a block, we can persist the data from our in-memory database by sequentially writing just a handful of larger files. We avoid any write-amplification and serve SSDs and HDDs equally well. -* We keep the good property of V2 that recent chunks, which are queried most, are always hot in memory. -* Nicely enough, we are also no longer bound to the fixed 1KiB chunk size to better align data on disk. We can pick any size that makes the most sense for the individual data points and chosen compression format. -* Deleting old data becomes extremely cheap and instantaneous. We merely have to delete a single directory. Remember, in the old storage we had to analyze and re-write up to hundreds of millions of files, which could take hours to converge. - -Each block also contains a `meta.json` file. It simply holds human-readable information about the block to easily understand the state of our storage and the data it contains. - -##### mmap - -Moving from millions of small files to a handful of larger allows us to keep all files open with little overhead. This unblocks the usage of [`mmap(2)`][8], a system call that allows us to transparently back a virtual memory region by file contents. For simplicity, you might want to think of it like swap space, just that all our data is on disk already and no writes occur when swapping data out of memory. - -This means we can treat all contents of our database as if they were in memory without occupying any physical RAM. Only if we access certain byte ranges in our database files, the operating system lazily loads pages from disk. This puts the operating system in charge of all memory management related to our persisted data. Generally, it is more qualified to make such decisions, as it has the full view on the entire machine and all its processes. Queried data can be rather aggressively cached in memory, yet under memory pressure the pages will be evicted. If the machine has unused memory, Prometheus will now happily cache the entire database, yet will immediately return it once another application needs it. -Therefore, queries can longer easily OOM our process by querying more persisted data than fits into RAM. The memory cache size becomes fully adaptive and data is only loaded once the query actually needs it. - -From my understanding, this is how a lot of databases work today and an ideal way to do it if the disk format allows — unless one is confident to outsmart the OS from within the process. We certainly get a lot of capabilities with little work from our side. - -#### Compaction - -The storage has to periodically "cut" a new block and write the previous one, which is now completed, onto disk. Only after the block was successfully persisted, the write ahead log files, which are used to restore in-memory blocks, are deleted. -We are interested in keeping each block reasonably short (about two hours for a typical setup) to avoid accumulating too much data in memory. When querying multiple blocks, we have to merge their results into an overall result. This merge procedure obviously comes with a cost and a week-long query should not have to merge 80+ partial results. - -To achieve both, we introduce  _compaction_ . Compaction describes the process of taking one or more blocks of data and writing them into a, potentially larger, block. It can also modify existing data along the way, e.g. dropping deleted data, or restructuring our sample chunks for improved query performance. - -``` - -t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 now - ┌────────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ - │ 1 │ │ 2 │ │ 3 │ │ 4 │ │ 5 mutable │ before - └────────────┘ └──────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ - ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ - │ 1 compacted │ │ 4 │ │ 5 mutable │ after (option A) - └─────────────────────────────────────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ - ┌──────────────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────────┐ ┌───────────┐ - │ 1 compacted │ │ 3 compacted │ │ 5 mutable │ after (option B) - └──────────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────────┘ └───────────┘ -``` - -In this example we have the sequential blocks `[1, 2, 3, 4]`. Blocks 1, 2, and 3 can be compacted together and the new layout is `[1, 4]`. Alternatively, compact them in pairs of two into `[1, 3]`. All time series data still exist but now in fewer blocks overall. This significantly reduces the merging cost at query time as fewer partial query results have to be merged. - -#### Retention - -We saw that deleting old data was a slow process in the V2 storage and put a toll on CPU, memory, and disk alike. How can we drop old data in our block based design? Quite simply, by just deleting the directory of a block that has no data within our configured retention window. In the example below, block 1 can safely be deleted, whereas 2 has to stick around until it falls fully behind the boundary. - -``` - | - ┌────────────┐ ┌────┼─────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ - │ 1 │ │ 2 | │ │ 3 │ │ 4 │ │ 5 │ . . . - └────────────┘ └────┼─────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ - | - | - retention boundary -``` - -The older data gets, the larger the blocks may become as we keep compacting previously compacted blocks. An upper limit has to be applied so blocks don’t grow to span the entire database and thus diminish the original benefits of our design. -Conveniently, this also limits the total disk overhead of blocks that are partially inside and partially outside of the retention window, i.e. block 2 in the example above. When setting the maximum block size at 10% of the total retention window, our total overhead of keeping block 2 around is also bound by 10%. - -Summed up, retention deletion goes from very expensive, to practically free. - -> _If you've come this far and have some background in databases, you might be asking one thing by now: Is any of this new? — Not really; and probably for the better._ -> -> _The pattern of batching data up in memory, tracked in a write ahead log, and periodically flushed to disk is ubiquitous today._ -> _The benefits we have seen apply almost universally regardless of the data's domain specifics. Prominent open source examples following this approach are LevelDB, Cassandra, InfluxDB, or HBase. The key takeaway is to avoid reinventing an inferior wheel, researching proven methods, and applying them with the right twist._ -> _Running out of places to add your own magic dust later is an unlikely scenario._ - -### The Index - -The initial motivation to investigate storage improvements were the problems brought by  _series churn_ . The block-based layout reduces the total number of series that have to be considered for serving a query. So assuming our index lookup was of complexity  _O(n^2)_ , we managed to reduce the  _n_  a fair amount and now have an improved complexity of  _O(n^2)_  — uhm, wait... damnit. -A quick flashback to "Algorithms 101" reminds us that this, in theory, did not buy us anything. If things were bad before, they are just as bad now. Theory can be depressing. - -In practice, most of our queries will already be answered significantly faster. Yet, queries spanning the full time range remain slow even if they just need to find a handful of series. My original idea, dating back way before all this work was started, was a solution to exactly this problem: we need a more capable [ _inverted index_ ][9]. -An inverted index provides a fast lookup of data items based on a subset of their contents. Simply put, I can look up all series that have a label `app=”nginx"` without having to walk through every single series and check whether it contains that label. - -For that, each series is assigned a unique ID by which it can be retrieved in constant time, i.e. O(1). In this case the ID is our  _forward index_ . - -> Example: If the series with IDs 10, 29, and 9 contain the label `app="nginx"`, the inverted index for the label "nginx" is the simple list `[10, 29, 9]`, which can be used to quickly retrieve all series containing the label. Even if there were 20 billion further series, it would not affect the speed of this lookup. - -In short, if  _n_  is our total number of series, and  _m_  is the result size for a given query, the complexity of our query using the index is now  _O(m)_ . Queries scaling along the amount of data they retrieve ( _m_ ) instead of the data body being searched ( _n_ ) is a great property as  _m_  is generally significantly smaller. -For brevity, let’s assume we can retrieve the inverted index list itself in constant time. - -Actually, this is almost exactly the kind of inverted index V2 has and a minimum requirement to serve performant queries across millions of series. The keen observer will have noticed, that in the worst case, a label exists in all series and thus  _m_  is, again, in  _O(n)_ . This is expected and perfectly fine. If you query all data, it naturally takes longer. Things become problematic once we get involved with more complex queries. - -#### Combining Labels - -Labels associated with millions of series are common. Suppose a horizontally scaling “foo” microservice with hundreds of instances with thousands of series each. Every single series will have the label `app="foo"`. Of course, one generally won't query all series but restrict the query by further labels, e.g. I want to know how many requests my service instances received and query `__name__="requests_total" AND app="foo"`. - -To find all series satisfying both label selectors, we take the inverted index list for each and intersect them. The resulting set will typically be orders of magnitude smaller than each input list individually. As each input list has the worst case size O(n), the brute force solution of nested iteration over both lists, has a runtime of O(n^2). The same cost applies for other set operations, such as the union (`app="foo" OR app="bar"`). When adding further label selectors to the query, the exponent increases for each to O(n^3), O(n^4), O(n^5), ... O(n^k). A lot of tricks can be played to minimize the effective runtime by changing the execution order. The more sophisticated, the more knowledge about the shape of the data and the relationships between labels is needed. This introduces a lot of complexity, yet does not decrease our algorithmic worst case runtime. - -This is essentially the approach in the V2 storage and luckily a seemingly slight modification is enough gain significant improvements. What happens if we assume that the IDs in our inverted indices are sorted? - -Suppose this example of lists for our initial query: - -``` -__name__="requests_total" -> [ 9999, 1000, 1001, 2000000, 2000001, 2000002, 2000003 ] - app="foo" -> [ 1, 3, 10, 11, 12, 100, 311, 320, 1000, 1001, 10002 ] - - intersection => [ 1000, 1001 ] -``` - -The intersection is fairly small. We can find it by setting a cursor at the beginning of each list and always advancing the one at the smaller number. When both numbers are equal, we add the number to our result and advance both cursors. Overall, we scan both lists in this zig-zag pattern and thus have a total cost of  _O(2n) = O(n)_  as we only ever move forward in either list. - -The procedure for more than two lists of different set operations works similarly. So the number of  _k_  set operations merely modifies the factor ( _O(k*n)_ ) instead of the exponent ( _O(n^k)_ ) of our worst-case lookup runtime. A great improvement. -What I described here is a simplified version of the canonical search index used by practically any [full text search engine][10] out there. Every series descriptor is treated as a short "document", and every label (name + fixed value) as a "word" inside of it. We can ignore a lot of additional data typically encountered in search engine indices, such as word position and frequency data. -Seemingly endless research exists on approaches improving the practical runtime, often making some assumptions about the input data. Unsurprisingly, there are also plenty of techniques to compress inverted indices that come with their own benefits and drawbacks. As our "documents" are tiny and the “words” are hugely repetitive across all series, compression becomes almost irrelevant. For example, a real-world dataset of ~4.4 million series with about 12 labels each has less than 5,000 unique labels. For our initial storage version, we stick to the basic approach without compression, and just a few simple tweaks added to skip over large ranges of non-intersecting IDs. - -While keeping the IDs sorted may sound simple, it is not always a trivial invariant to keep up. For instance, the V2 storage assigns hashes as IDs to new series and we cannot efficiently build up sorted inverted indices. -Another daunting task is modifying the indices on disk as data gets deleted or updated. Typically, the easiest approach is to simply recompute and rewrite them but doing so while keeping the database queryable and consistent. The V3 storage does exactly this by having a separate immutable index per block that is only modified via rewrite on compaction. Only the indices for the mutable blocks, which are held entirely in memory, need to be updated. - -### Benchmarking - -I started initial development of the storage with a benchmark based on ~4.4 million series descriptors extracted from a real world data set and generated synthetic data points to feed into those series. This iteration just tested the stand-alone storage and was crucial to quickly identify performance bottlenecks and trigger deadlocks only experienced under highly concurrent load. - -After the conceptual implementation was done, the benchmark could sustain a write throughput of 20 million data points per second on my Macbook Pro — all while a dozen Chrome tabs and Slack were running. So while this sounded all great it also indicated that there's no further point in pushing this benchmark (or running it in a less random environment for that matter). After all, it is synthetic and thus not worth much beyond a good first impression. Starting out about 20x above the initial design target, it was time to embed this into an actual Prometheus server, adding all the practical overhead and flakes only experienced in more realistic environments. - -We actually had no reproducible benchmarking setup for Prometheus, in particular none that allowed A/B testing of different versions. Concerning in hindsight, but [now we have one][11]! - -Our tool allows us to declaratively define a benchmarking scenario, which is then deployed to a Kubernetes cluster on AWS. While this is not the best environment for all-out benchmarking, it certainly reflects our user base better than dedicated bare metal servers with 64 cores and 128GB of memory. -We deploy two Prometheus 1.5.2 servers (V2 storage) and two Prometheus servers from the 2.0 development branch (V3 storage). Each Prometheus server runs on a dedicated machine with an SSD. A horizontally scaled application exposing typical microservice metrics is deployed to worker nodes. Additionally, the Kubernetes cluster itself and the nodes are being monitored. The whole setup is supervised by yet another Meta-Prometheus, monitoring each Prometheus server for health and performance. -To simulate series churn, the microservice is periodically scaled up and down to remove old pods and spawn new pods, exposing new series. Query load is simulated by a selection of "typical" queries, run against one server of each Prometheus version. - -Overall the scaling and querying load as well as the sampling frequency significantly exceed today's production deployments of Prometheus. For instance, we swap out 60% of our microservice instances every 15 minutes to produce series churn. This would likely only happen 1-5 times a day in a modern infrastructure. This ensures that our V3 design is capable of handling the workloads of the years ahead. As a result, the performance differences between Prometheus 1.5.2 and 2.0 are larger than in a more moderate environment. -In total, we are collecting about 110,000 samples per second from 850 targets exposing half a million series at a time. - -After leaving this setup running for a while, we can take a look at the numbers. We evaluate several metrics over the first 12 hours within both versiones reached a steady state. - -> Be aware of the slightly truncated Y axis in screen shots from the Prometheus graph UI. - - ![Heap usage GB](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/heap_usage.png) -> _Heap memory usage in GB_ - -Memory usage is the most troubling resource for users today as it is relatively unpredictable and it may cause the process to crash. -Obviously, the queried servers are consuming more memory, which can largely be attributed to overhead of the query engine, which will be subject to future optimizations. Overall, Prometheus 2.0's memory consumption is reduced by 3-4x. After about six hours, there is a clear spike in Prometheus 1.5, which aligns with the our retention boundary at six hours. As deletions are quite costly, resource consumption ramps up. This will become visible throughout various other graphs below. - - ![CPU usage cores](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/cpu_usage.png) -> _CPU usage in cores/second_ - -A similar pattern shows for CPU usage, but the delta between queried and non-queried servers is more significant. Averaging at about 0.5 cores/sec while ingesting about 110,000 samples/second, our new storage becomes almost negligible compared to the cycles spent on query evaluation. In total the new storage needs 3-10 times fewer CPU resources. - - ![Disk writes](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/disk_writes.png) ->_Disk writes in MB/second_ - -The by far most dramatic and unexpected improvement shows in write utilization of our disk. It clearly shows why Prometheus 1.5 is prone to wear out SSDs. We see an initial ramp-up as soon as the first chunks are persisted into the series files and a second ramp-up once deletion starts rewriting them. Surprisingly, the queried and non-queried server show a very different utilization. -Prometheus 2.0 on the other hand, merely writes about a single Megabyte per second to its write ahead log. Writes periodically spike when blocks are compacted to disk. Overall savings: staggering 97-99%. - - ![Disk usage](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/disk_usage.png) -> _Disk size in GB_ - -Closely related to disk writes is the total amount of occupied disk space. As we are using almost the same compression algorithm for samples, which is the bulk of our data, they should be about the same. In a more stable setup that would largely be true, but as we are dealing with high  _series churn_ , there's also the per-series overhead to consider. -As we can see, Prometheus 1.5 ramps up storage space a lot faster before both versions reach a steady state as the retention kicks in. Prometheus 2.0 seems to have a significantly lower overhead per individual series. We can nicely see how space is linearly filled up by the write ahead log and instantaneously drops as its gets compacted. The fact that the lines for both Prometheus 2.0 servers do not exactly match is a fact that needs further investigation. - -This all looks quite promising. The important piece left is query latency. The new index should have improved our lookup complexity. What has not substantially changed is processing of this data, e.g. in `rate()` functions or aggregations. Those aspects are part of the query engine. - - ![Query latency](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/query_latency.png) ->_99th percentile query latency in seconds_ - -Expectations are completely met by the data. In Prometheus 1.5 the query latency increases over time as more series are stored. It only levels off once retention starts and old series are deleted. In contrast, Prometheus 2.0 stays in place right from the beginning. -Some caution must be taken on how this data was collected. The queries fired against the servers were chosen by estimating a good mix of range and instant queries, doing heavier and more lightweight computations, and touching few or many series. It does not necessarily represent a real-world distribution of queries. It is also not representative for queries hitting cold data and we can assume that all sample data is practically always hot in memory in either storage. -Nonetheless, we can say with good confidence, that the overall query performance became very resilient to series churn and improved by up to 4x in our straining benchmarking scenario. In a more static environment, we can assume query time to be mostly spent in the query engine itself and the improvement to be notably lower. - - ![Ingestion rate](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/ingestion_rate.png) ->_Ingested samples/second_ - -Lastly, a quick look into our ingestion rates of the different Prometheus servers. We can see that both servers with the V3 storage have the same ingestion rate. After a few hours it becomes unstable, which is caused by various nodes of the benchmarking cluster becoming unresponsive due to high load rather than the Prometheus instances. (The fact that both 2.0 lines exactly match is hopefully convincing enough.) -Both Prometheus 1.5.2 servers start suffering from significant drops in ingestion rate even though more CPU and memory resources are available. The high stress of series churn causes a larger amount of data to not be collected. - -But what's the  _absolute maximum_  number of samples per second you could ingest now? - -I don't know — and deliberately don't care. - -There are a lot of factors that shape the data flowing into Prometheus and there is no single number capable of capturing quality. Maximum ingestion rate has historically been a metric leading to skewed benchmarks and neglect of more important aspects such as query performance and resilience to series churn. The rough assumption that resource usage increases linearly was confirmed by some basic testing. It is easy to extrapolate what could be possible. - -Our benchmarking setup simulates a highly dynamic environment stressing Prometheus more than most real-world setups today. The results show we went way above our initial design goal, while running on non-optimal cloud servers. Ultimately, success will be determined by user feedback rather than benchmarking numbers. - -> Note:  _At time of writing this, Prometheus 1.6 is in development, which will allow configuring the maximum memory usage more reliably and may notably reduce overall consumption in favor of slightly increased CPU utilization. I did not repeat the tests against this as the overall results still hold, especially when facing high series churn._ - -### Conclusion - -Prometheus sets out to handle high cardinality of series and throughput of individual samples. It remains a challenging task, but the new storage seems to position us well for the hyper-scale, hyper-convergent, GIFEE infrastructure of the futu... well, it seems to work pretty well. - -A [first alpha release of Prometheus 2.0][12] with the new V3 storage is available for testing. Expect crashes, deadlocks, and other bugs at this early stage. - -The code for the storage itself can be found [in a separate project][13]. It's surprisingly agnostic to Prometheus itself and could be widely useful for a wider range of applications looking for an efficient local storage time series database. - -> _There's a long list of people to thank for their contributions to this work. Here they go in no particular order:_ -> -> _The groundlaying work by Bjoern Rabenstein and Julius Volz on the V2 storage engine and their feedback on V3 was fundamental to everything seen in this new generation._ -> -> _Wilhelm Bierbaum's ongoing advice and insight contributed significantly to the new design. Brian Brazil's continous feedback ensured that we ended up with a semantically sound approach. Insightful discussions with Peter Bourgon validated the design and shaped this write-up._ -> -> _Not to forget my entire team at CoreOS and the company itself for supporting and sponsoring this work. Thanks to everyone who listened to my ramblings about SSDs, floats, and serialization formats again and again._ - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/ - -作者：[Fabian Reinartz ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://twitter.com/fabxc -[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode -[2]:https://prometheus.io/ -[3]:https://kubernetes.io/ -[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_amplification -[5]:http://codecapsule.com/2014/02/12/coding-for-ssds-part-1-introduction-and-table-of-contents/ -[6]:https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/rules/ -[7]:http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol8/p1816-teller.pdf -[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmap -[9]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_index -[10]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_indexing#Inverted_indices -[11]:https://github.com/prometheus/prombench -[12]:https://prometheus.io/blog/2017/04/10/promehteus-20-sneak-peak/ -[13]:https://github.com/prometheus/tsdb diff --git a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3ebf00a14f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md @@ -0,0 +1,431 @@ +从零写一个时间序列数据库 +============================================================ + + +我从事监控工作。特别是在 [Prometheus][2] 上，监控系统包含一个自定义的时间序列数据库，并且集成在 [Kubernetes][3] 上。 + +在许多方面上 Kubernetes 展现出了所有 Prometheus 的设计用途。它使得持续部署continuous deployments，弹性伸缩auto scaling和其他高动态环境highly dynamic environments下的功能可以轻易地访问。在众多概念上的决策中，查询语句和操作模型使得 Prometheus 特别适合这种环境。但是，如果监控的工作负载动态程度显著地增加，这就会给监控系统本身带来新的压力。记住了这一点，而不是回过头来看 Prometheus 已经解决的很好的问题，我们就可以明确目标去提升它高动态或瞬态服务transient services环境下的表现。 + +Prometheus 的存储层在很长一段时间里都展现出卓越的性能，单一服务器就能够以每秒数百多万个时间序列的速度摄入多达一百万个样本，同时只占用了很少的磁盘空间。尽管当前的存储做的很好，但我依旧提出一个新设计的存储子系统，它更正了现存解决方案的缺点，并具备处理更大规模数据的能力。 + +注释：我没有数据库方面的背景。我说的东西可能是错的并让你误入歧途。你可以在 Freenode 的 #prometheus 频道上提出你的批评（fabxc） + +### 问题，难题，问题域 + +首先，快速地概览一下我们要完成的东西和它的关键难题。我们可以先看一下 Prometheus 当前的做法 ，它为什么做的这么好，以及我们打算用新设计解决哪些问题。 + +### 时间序列数据 + +我们有一个收集一段时间数据的系统。 + +``` +identifier -> (t0, v0), (t1, v1), (t2, v2), (t3, v3), .... +``` + +每个数据点是一个时间戳和值的元组。在监控中，时间戳是一个整数，值可以是任意数字。64 位浮点数对于计数器和测量值来说是一个好的表示方法，因此我们将会使用它。一系列严格单调递增的时间戳数据点是一个序列，它由标识符所引用。我们的标识符是一个带有标签维度label dimensions字典的度量名称。标签维度分开了单一指标的测量空间。每一个指标名称加上一个独一无二的标签集就成了它自己的时间序列，它有一个与之关联的数据流value stream。 + +这是一个典型的序列标识符series identifiers 集，它是统计请求指标的一部分： + +``` +requests_total{path="/status", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.1:80”} +requests_total{path="/status", method="POST", instance=”10.0.0.3:80”} +requests_total{path="/", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.2:80”} +``` + +让我们简化一下表示方法：度量名称可以当作另一个维度标签，在我们的例子中是 `__name__`。对于查询语句，可以对它进行特殊处理，但与我们存储的方式无关，我们后面也会见到。 + +``` +{__name__="requests_total", path="/status", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.1:80”} +{__name__="requests_total", path="/status", method="POST", instance=”10.0.0.3:80”} +{__name__="requests_total", path="/", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.2:80”} +``` + +我们想通过标签来查询时间序列数据。在最简单的情况下，使用 `{__name__="requests_total"}` 选择所有属于 `requests_total` 指标的数据。对于所有选择的序列，我们在给定的时间窗口内获取数据点。 +在更复杂的语句中，我们或许想一次性选择满足多个标签的序列，并且表示比相等条件更复杂的情况。例如，非语句（`method!="GET"`）或正则表达式匹配（`method=~"PUT|POST"`）。 + +这些在很大程度上定义了存储的数据和它的获取方式。 + +### 纵与横 + +在简化的视图中，所有的数据点可以分布在二维平面上。水平维度代表着时间，序列标识符域经纵轴展开。 + +``` +series + ^ + │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="request_total", method="GET"} + │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="request_total", method="POST"} + │ . . . . . . . + │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... + │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="errors_total", method="POST"} + │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="errors_total", method="GET"} + │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... + │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + v + <-------------------- time ---------------------> +``` + +Prometheus 通过定期地抓取一组时间序列的当前值来获取数据点。我们获取到的实体称为目标。因此，写入模式完全地垂直且高度并发，因为来自每个目标的样本是独立摄入的。这里提供一些测量的规模：单一 Prometheus 实例从成千上万的目标中收集数据点，每个数据点都暴露在成百上千个不同的时间序列中。 + +在每秒采集数百万数据点这种规模下，批量写入是一个不能妥协的性能要求。在磁盘上分散地写入单个数据点会相当地缓慢。因此，我们想要按顺序写入更大的数据块。 +对于旋转式磁盘，它的磁头始终得物理上地向不同的扇区上移动，这是一个不足为奇的事实。而我们都知道 SSD 具有快速随机写入的特点，但事实上它不能修改单独的字节，只能写入一页 4KiB 或更多的数据量。这就意味着写入 16 字节的样本相当于写入满满一个 4Kib 的页。这一行为部分上属于[写入放大][4]，这种特性会损耗你的 SSD。因此它不仅影响速度，而且还毫不夸张地在几天或几个周内破坏掉你的硬件。 +关于此问题更深层次的资料，[“Coding for SSDs”系列][5]博客是极好的资源。让我们想想有什么收获：顺序写入和批量写入对于旋转式磁盘和 SSD 来说都是理想的写入模式。大道至简。 + +查询模式比起写入模式千差万别。我们可以查询单一序列的一个数据点，也可以为 10000 个序列查询一个数据点，还可以查询一个序列几个周的数据点，甚至是 10000 个序列几个周的数据点。因此在我们的二维平面上，查询范围不是完全水平或垂直的，而是二者形成矩形似的组合。 +[记录规则][6]减轻了已知查询的问题，但对于点对点ad-hoc查询来说并不是一个通用的解决方法。 + +我们知道自己想要批量地写入，但我们得到的仅仅是一系列垂直数据点的集合。当查询一段时间窗口内的数据点时，我们不仅很难弄清楚在哪才能找到这些单独的点，而且不得不从磁盘上大量随机的地方读取。也许一条查询语句会有数百万的样本，即使在最快的 SSD 上也会很慢。读入也会从磁盘上获取更多的数据而不仅仅是 16 字节的样本。SSD 会加载一整页，HDD 至少会读取整个扇区。不论哪一种，我们都在浪费宝贵的读吞吐量。 +因此在理想上，相同序列的样本将按顺序存储，这样我们就能通过尽可能少的读取来扫描它们。在上层，我们仅需要知道序列的起始位置就能访问所有的数据点。 + +显然，将收集到的数据写入磁盘的理想模式与能够显著提高查询效率的布局之间存在着很强的张力。这是我们 TSDB 需要解决的一个基本问题。 + +#### 当前的解法 + +是时候看一下当前 Prometheus 是如何存储数据来解决这一问题的，让我们称它为“V2”。 +我们创建一个时间序列的文件，它包含所有样本并按顺序存储。因为每几秒附加一个样本数据到所有文件中非常昂贵，我们打包 1Kib 样本序列的数据块在内存中，一旦打包完成就附加这些数据块到单独的文件中。这一方法解决了大部分问题。写入目前是批量的，样本也是按顺序存储的。它还支持非常高效的压缩格式，基于给定的同一序列的样本相对之前的数据仅发生非常小的改变这一特性。Facebook 在他们 Gorilla TSDB 上的论文中描述了一个相似的基于数据块的方法，并且[引入了一种压缩格式][7]，它能够减少 16 字节的样本到平均 1.37 字节。V2 存储使用了包含 Gorilla 等的各种压缩格式。 + +``` + ┌──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ series A + └──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ + ┌──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ series B + └──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ + . . . + ┌──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ series XYZ + └──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ + chunk 1 chunk 2 chunk 3 ... +``` + +尽管基于块存储的方法非常棒，但为每个序列保存一个独立的文件会给 V2 存储带来麻烦，因为： + +* 我们实际上需要比当前收集的时间序列数目使用更多的文件。多出的部分在序列分流Series Churn上。拥有几百万个文件，迟早会使用光文件系统中的 [inodes][1]。这种情况我们只可以通过重新格式化来恢复磁盘，这种方式是最具有破坏性的。我们通常想要避免为了适应一个应用程序而格式化磁盘。 +* 即使是分块写入，每秒也会产生几千万块的数据块并且准备持久化。这依然需要每秒数千个次的磁盘写入量。尽管通过为每个序列打包好多个块来缓解，但反过来还是增加了等待持久化数据的总内存占用。 +* 要保持所有文件的打开状态进行读写是不可行的。特别是因为 99% 的数据在 24 小时之后不再会被查询到。如果它还是被查询到，我们就得打开数千个文件，找到并读取相关的数据点到内存中，然后再关掉。这样做就会引起很高的查询延迟，数据块缓存加剧会导致新的问题，这一点在“资源消耗”一节另作讲述。 +* 最终，旧的数据需要被删除并且数据需要从数百万文件的头部删除。这就意味着删除实际上是高强度的写入操作。此外，循环遍历数百万文件并且进行分析通常会导致这一过程花费数小时。当它完成时，可能又得重新来过。喔天，继续删除旧文件又会进一步导致 SSD 产生写入放大。 +* 目前所积累的数据块仅维持在内存中。如果应用崩溃，数据就会丢失。为了避免这种情况，内存状态会定期的保存在磁盘上，这比我们能接受数据丢失的时间要长的多。恢复检查点也会花费数分钟，导致很长的重启周期。 + +我们能够从现有的设计中学到的关键部分是数据块的概念，这一点会依旧延续。最近一段时间的数据块会保持在内存中也大体上不错。毕竟，最近时间段的数据会大量的查询到。一个时间序列对应一个文件，这种概念是我们想要替换掉的。 + +### 序列分流 + +在 Prometheus 的上下文context中，我们使用术语序列分流series churn来描述不活越的时间序列集合，即不再接收数据点，取而代之的是出现一组新的活跃序列。 +例如，由给定微服务实例产生的所有序列都有一个相对的“instance”标签来标识它的起源。如果我们为微服务执行了滚动更新rolling update，并且为每个实例替换一个新的版本，序列分流便会发生。在更加动态的环境中，这些事情基本上每小时都会发生。像 Kubernetes 这样的集群编排Cluster orchestration系统允许应用连续性的自动伸缩和频繁的滚动更新，这样也许会创建成千上万个新的应用程序实例，并且伴随着全新的时间序列集合，每天都是如此。 + +``` +series + ^ + │ . . . . . . + │ . . . . . . + │ . . . . . . + │ . . . . . . . + │ . . . . . . . + │ . . . . . . . + │ . . . . . . + │ . . . . . . + │ . . . . . + │ . . . . . + │ . . . . . + v + <-------------------- time ---------------------> +``` + +所以即便整个基础设施的规模基本保持不变，过一段时间后数据库内的时间序列还是会成线性增长。尽管 Prometheus 很愿意采集 1000 万个时间序列数据，但要想在 10 亿的序列中找到数据，查询效果还是会受到严重的影响。 + +#### 当前解法 + +当前 Prometheus 的 V2 存储系统对所有保存的序列拥有基于 LevelDB 的索引。它允许查询语句含有给定的标签对label pair，但是缺乏可伸缩的方法来从不同的标签选集中组合查询结果。 +例如，从所有的序列中选择标签 `__name__="requests_total"` 非常高效，但是选择  `instance="A" AND __name__="requests_total"` 就有了可伸缩性的问题。我们稍后会重新考虑导致这一点的原因和能够提升查找延迟的调整方法。 + +事实上正是这个问题才催生出了对更好的存储系统的最初探索。Prometheus 需要为查找亿万的时间序列改进索引方法。 + +### 资源消耗 + +当试图量化 Prometheus （或其他任何事情，真的）时，资源消耗是永恒不变的话题之一。但真正困扰用户的并不是对资源的绝对渴求。事实上，由于给定的需求，Prometheus 管理着令人难以置信的吞吐量。问题更在于面对变化时的相对未知性与不稳定性。由于自身的架构设计，V2 存储系统构建样本数据块相当缓慢，这一点导致内存占用随时间递增。当数据块完成之后，它们可以写到磁盘上并从内存中清除。最终，Prometheus 的内存使用到达平衡状态。直到监测环境发生了改变——每次我们扩展应用或者进行滚动更新，序列分流都会增加内存、CPU、磁盘 IO 的使用。如果变更正在进行，那么它最终还是会到达一个稳定的状态，但比起更加静态的环境，它的资源消耗会显著地提高。过渡时间通常为数个小时，而且难以确定最大资源使用量。 + +为每个时间序列保存一个文件这种方法也使得单一查询很容易崩溃 Prometheus 进程。当查询的数据没有缓存在内存中，查询的序列文件就会被打开，然后将含有相关数据点的数据块读入内存。如果数据量超出内存可用量，Prometheus 就会因 OOM 被杀死而退出。 +在查询语句完成之后，加载的数据便可以被再次释放掉，但通常会缓存更长的时间，以便更快地查询相同的数据。后者看起来是件不错的事情。 + +最后，我们看看之前提到的 SSD 的写入放大，以及 Prometheus 是如何通过批量写入来解决这个问题的。尽管如此，在许多地方还是存在因为拥有太多小批量数据以及在页的边界上未精确对齐的数据而导致的写入放大。对于更大规模的 Prometheus 服务器，现实当中发现会缩减硬件寿命的问题。这一点对于数据库应用的高写入吞吐量来说仍然相当普遍，但我们应该放眼看看是否可以解决它。 + +### 重新开始 + +到目前为止我们对于问题域，V2 存储系统是如何解决它的，以及设计上的问题有了一个清晰的认识。我们也看到了许多很棒的想法，这些或多或少都可以拿来直接使用。V2 存储系统相当数量的问题都可以通过改进和部分的重新设计来解决，但为了好玩（当然，在我仔细的验证想法之后），我决定试着写一个完整的时间序列数据库——从头开始，即向文件系统写入字节。 + +性能与资源使用这种最关键的部分直接导致了存储格式的选取。我们需要为数据找到正确的算法和磁盘布局来实现一个高性能的存储层。 + +这就是我解决问题的捷径——跳过令人头疼，失败的想法，数不尽的草图，泪水与绝望。 + +### V3—宏观设计 + +我们存储系统的宏观布局是什么？简而言之，是当我们在数据文件夹里运行 `tree` 命令时显示的一切。看看它能给我们带来怎样一副惊喜的画面。 + +``` +$ tree ./data +./data +├── b-000001 +│ ├── chunks +│ │ ├── 000001 +│ │ ├── 000002 +│ │ └── 000003 +│ ├── index +│ └── meta.json +├── b-000004 +│ ├── chunks +│ │ └── 000001 +│ ├── index +│ └── meta.json +├── b-000005 +│ ├── chunks +│ │ └── 000001 +│ ├── index +│ └── meta.json +└── b-000006 + ├── meta.json + └── wal + ├── 000001 + ├── 000002 + └── 000003 +``` + +在最顶层，我们有一系列以 `b-` 为前缀编号的块block。每个块中显然保存了索引文件和含有更多编号文件的 `chunk` 文件夹。`chunks` 目录只包含不同序列数据点的原始块raw chunks of data points。与 V2存储系统一样，这使得通过时间窗口读取序列数据非常高效并且允许我们使用相同的有效压缩算法。这一点被证实行之有效，我们也打算沿用。显然，这里并不存在含有单个序列的文件，而是一堆保存着许多序列的数据块。 +`index`文件的存在应不足为奇。让我们假设它拥有黑魔法，可以让我们找到标签、可能的值、整个时间序列和存放数据点的数据块。 + +但为什么这里有好几个文件夹都是索引和块文件的布局？并且为什么存在最后一个包含“wal”文件夹？理解这两个疑问便能解决九成的问题 。 + +#### 许多小型数据库 + +我们分割横轴，即将时间域分割为不重叠的块。每一块扮演者完全独立的数据库，它包含该时间窗口所有的时间序列数据。因此，它拥有自己的索引和一系列块文件。 + +``` + +t0 t1 t2 t3 now + ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ + │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌────────────┐ + │ │ │ │ │ │ │ mutable │ <─── write ──── ┤ Prometheus │ + │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └────────────┘ + └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ ^ + └──────────────┴───────┬──────┴──────────────┘ │ + │ query + │ │ + merge ─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ +``` + +每一块的数据都是不可变的immutable。当然，当我们采集新数据时，我们必须能向最近的块中添加新的序列和样本。对于该数据块，所有新的数据都将写入内存中的数据库中，它与我们的持久化的数据块一样提供了查找属性。内存中的数据结构可以高效地更新。为了防止数据丢失，所有预传入的数据同样被写入临时的预写日志write ahead log中，这就是 `wal` 文件夹中的一些列文件，我们可以在重新启动时通过它们加载内存数据库。 +所有这些文件都带有序列化格式，有我们所期望的所有东西：许多标志，偏移量，变体和 CRC32 校验。纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。 + +这种布局允许我们扩展查询范围到所有相关的块上。每个块上的部分结果最终合并成完整的结果。 + +这种横向分割增加了一些很棒的功能： + +* 当查询一个时间范围，我们可以简单地忽略所有范围之外的数据块。通过减少需要检查的一系列数据，它可以初步解决序列分流的问题。 +* 当完成一个块，我们可以通过顺序的写入大文件从内存数据库中保存数据。这样可以避免任何的写入放大，并且 SSD 与 HDD 均适用。 +* 我们延续了 V2 存储系统的一个好的特性，最近使用而被多次查询的数据块，总是保留在内存中。 +* 足够好了，我们也不再限定 1KiB 的数据块尺寸来使数据在磁盘上更好地对齐。我们可以挑选对单个数据点和压缩格式最合理的尺寸。 +* 删除旧数据变得极为简单快捷。我们仅仅只需删除一个文件夹。记住，在旧的存储系统中我们不得不花数个小时分析并重写数亿个文件。 + +每个块还包含了 `meta.json` 文件。它简单地保存了关于块的存储状态和包含的数据以供人们简单的阅读。 + +##### mmap + +将数百万个小文件合并为一个大文件使得我们用很小的开销就能保持所有的文件都打开。这就引出了 [`mmap(2)`][8] 的使用，一个允许我们通过文件透明地回传虚拟内存的系统调用。为了简便，你也许想到了交换空间swap space，只是我们所有的数据已经保存在了磁盘上，并且当数据换出内存后不再会发生写入。 + +这意味着我们可以当作所有数据库的内容都保留在内存中却不占用任何物理内存。仅当我们访问数据库文件确定的字节范围时，操作系统从磁盘上惰性加载lazy loads页数据。这使得我们将所有数据持久化相关的内存管理都交给了操作系统。大体上，操作系统已足够资格作出决定，因为它拥有整个机器和进程的视图。查询的数据可以相当积极的缓存进内存，但内存压力会使得页被逐出。如果机器拥有未使用的内存，Prometheus 目前将会高兴地缓存整个数据库，但是一旦其他进程需要，它就会立刻返回。 +因此，查询不再轻易地使我们的进程 OOM，因为查询的是更多的持久化的数据而不是装入内存中的数据。内存缓存大小变得完全自适应，并且仅当查询真正需要时数据才会被加载。 + +就个人理解，如果磁盘格式允许，这就是当今大多数数据库的理想工作方式——除非有人自信的在进程中智胜操作系统。我们做了很少的工作但确实从外面获得了很多功能。 + +#### 压缩 + +存储系统需要定期的“切”出新块并写入之前完成的块到磁盘中。仅在块成功的持久化之后，写之前用来恢复内存块的日志文件（wal）才会被删除。 +我们很乐意将每个块的保存时间设置的相对短一些（通常配置为 2 小时）以避免内存中积累太多的数据。当查询多个块，我们必须合并它们的结果为一个完成的结果。合并过程显然会消耗资源，一个周的查询不应该由 80 多个部分结果所合并。 + +为了实现两者，我们引入压缩compaction。压缩描述了一个过程：取一个或更多个数据块并将其写入一个可能更大的块中。它也可以在此过程中修改现有的数据。例如，清除已经删除的数据，或为提升查询性能重建样本块。 + +``` + +t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 now + ┌────────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ + │ 1 │ │ 2 │ │ 3 │ │ 4 │ │ 5 mutable │ before + └────────────┘ └──────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ + ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ + │ 1 compacted │ │ 4 │ │ 5 mutable │ after (option A) + └─────────────────────────────────────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ + ┌──────────────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────────┐ ┌───────────┐ + │ 1 compacted │ │ 3 compacted │ │ 5 mutable │ after (option B) + └──────────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────────┘ └───────────┘ +``` + +在这个例子中我们有一系列块`[1,2,3,4]`。块 1，2 ，3 可以压缩在一起，新的布局将会是 `[1,4]`。或者，将它们成对压缩为 `[1,3]`。所有的时间序列数据仍然存在，但现在整体上保存在更少的块中。这极大程度地缩减了查询时间的消耗，因为需要合并的部分查询结果变得更少了。 + +#### 保留 + +我们看到了删除旧的数据在 V2 存储系统中是一个缓慢的过程，并且消耗 CPU、内存和磁盘。如何才能在我们基于块的设计上清除旧的数据？相当简单，只要根据块文件夹下的配置的保留窗口里有无数据而删除该文件夹。在下面的例子中，块 1 可以被安全地删除，而块 2 则必须一直保持到界限后面。 + +``` + | + ┌────────────┐ ┌────┼─────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ + │ 1 │ │ 2 | │ │ 3 │ │ 4 │ │ 5 │ . . . + └────────────┘ └────┼─────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ + | + | + retention boundary +``` + +得到越旧的数据，保存的块也就越大，因为我们会压缩之前的压缩块。因此必须为其设置一个上限，以防数据块扩展到整个数据库而损失我们设计的最初优势。 +方便的是，这一点也限制了部分存在于保留窗口内部分存在于保留窗口外的总磁盘块的消耗。例如上面例子中的块 2。当设置了最大块尺寸为总保留窗口的 10% 后，我们保留块 2 的总开销也有了 10% 的上限。 + +总结一下，保留与删除从非常昂贵到了几乎没有成本。 + +> 如果你读到这里并有一些数据库的背景知识，现在你也许会问：这些都是最新的技术吗？——并不是。而且可能还会做的更好。 + +> 在内存中打包数据，定期的写入日志并刷新磁盘的模式在现在相当普遍。 +> 我们看到的好处无论在什么领域的数据里都是适用的。遵循这一方法最著名的开源案例是 LevelDB，Cassandra，InfluxDB 和 HBase。关键是避免重复发明劣质的轮子，采用经得起验证的方法，并正确地运用它们。 +> 这里仍有地方来添加你自己的黑魔法。 + +### 索引 + +研究存储改进的最初想法是解决序列分流的问题。基于块的布局减少了查询所要考虑的序列总数。因此假设我们索引查找的复杂度是 `O(n^2)`，我们就要设法减少 n 个相当数量的复杂度，之后就有了改进后 `O(n^2)` 的复杂度。——恩，等等...糟糕。 +快速地想想“算法 101”课上提醒我们的，在理论上它并未带来任何好处。如果之前就很糟糕，那么现在也一样。理论是如此的残酷。 + +实际上，我们大多数的查询已经可以相当快地被相应。但是，跨越整个时间范围的查询仍然很慢，尽管只需要找到少部分数据。追溯到所有这些工作之前，最初我用来解决这个问题的想法是：我们需要一个更大容量的[倒排索引][9]。倒排索引基于数据项内容的子集提供了一种快速的查找方式。简单地说，我可以通过标签 `app=”nginx"` 查找所有的序列而无需遍历每个文件来看它是否包含该标签。 + +为此，每个序列被赋上一个唯一的 ID 来在常数时间内获取，例如 O(1)。在这个例子中 ID 就是 我们的正向索引。 + +> 示例：如果 ID 为 10，29 ，9 的序列包含标签 `app="nginx"`，那么 “nginx”的倒排索引就是简单的列表 `[10, 29, 9]`，它就能用来快速地获取所有包含标签的序列。即使有 200 多亿个数据也不会影响查找速度。 + +简而言之，如果 n 是我们序列总数，m 是给定查询结果的大小，使用索引的查询复杂度现在就是 O(m)。查询语句跟随它获取数据的数量 m 而不是被搜索的数据体 n 所扩展是一个很好的特性，因为 m 一般相当小。 +为了简单起见，我们假设可以在常数时间内查找到倒排索引对应的列表。 + +实际上，这几乎就是 V2 存储系统已有的倒排索引，也是提供在数百万序列中查询性能的最低需求。敏锐的人会注意到，在最坏情况下，所有的序列都含有标签，因此 m 又成了 O(n)。这一点在预料之中也相当合理。如果你查询所有的数据，它自然就会花费更多时间。一旦我们牵扯上了更复杂的查询语句就会有问题出现。 + +#### 标签组合 + +数百万个带有标签的数据很常见。假设横向扩展着数百个实例的“foo”微服务，并且每个实例拥有数千个序列。每个序列都会带有标签`app="foo"`。当然，用户通常不会查询所有的序列而是会通过进一步的标签来限制查询。例如，我想知道服务实例接收到了多少请求，那么查询语句便是 `__name__="requests_total" AND app="foo"`。 + +为了找到适应所有标签选择子的序列，我们得到每一个标签的倒排索引列表并取其交集。结果集通常会比任何一个输入列表小一个数量级。因为每个输入列表最坏情况下的尺寸为 O(n)，所以在嵌套地为每个列表进行暴力求解brute force solution下，运行时间为 O(n^2)。与其他的集合操作耗费相同，例如取并集 (`app="foo" OR app="bar"`)。当添加更多标签选择子在查询语句上，耗费就会指数增长到 O(n^3), O(n^4), O(n^5), ... O(n^k)。有很多手段都能通过改变执行顺序优化运行效率。越复杂，越是需要关于数据特征和标签之间相关性的知识。这引入了大量的复杂度，但是并没有减少算法的最坏运行时间。 + +这便是 V2 存储系统使用的基本方法，幸运的是，似乎稍微的改动就能获得很大的提升。如果我们假设倒排索引中的 ID 都是排序好的会怎么样？ + +假设这个例子的列表用于我们最初的查询： + +``` +__name__="requests_total" -> [ 9999, 1000, 1001, 2000000, 2000001, 2000002, 2000003 ] + app="foo" -> [ 1, 3, 10, 11, 12, 100, 311, 320, 1000, 1001, 10002 ] + + intersection => [ 1000, 1001 ] +``` + +它的交集相当小。我们可以为每个列表的起始位置设置游标，每次从最小的游标处移动来找到交集。当二者的数字相等，我们就添加它到结果中并移动二者的游标。总体上，我们以锯齿形扫描两个列表，因此总耗费是 O(2n)=O(n)，因为我们总是在一个列表上移动。 + +两个以上列表的不同集合操作也类似。因此 k 个集合操作仅仅改变了因子 O(k*n) 而不是最坏查找运行时间下的指数 O(n^k)。 +我在这里所描述的是任意一个[全文搜索引擎][10]使用的标准搜索索引的简化版本。每个序列描述符都视作一个简短的“文档”，每个标签（名称 + 固定值）作为其中的“单词”。我们可以忽略搜索引擎索引中很多附加的数据，例如单词位置和和频率。 +似乎存在着无止境的研究来提升实际的运行时间，通常都是对输入数据做一些假设。不出意料的是，仍有大量技术来压缩倒排索引，其中各有利弊。因为我们的“文档”比较小，而且“单词”在所有的序列里大量重复，压缩变得几乎无关紧要。例如，一个真实的数据集约有 440 万个序列与大约 12 个标签，每个标签拥有少于 5000 个单独的标签。对于最初的存储版本，我们坚持基本的方法不使用压缩，仅做微小的调整来跳过大范围非交叉的 ID。 + +尽管维持排序好的 ID 听起来很简单，但实践过程中不是总能完成的。例如，V2 存储系统为新的序列赋上一个哈希值来当作 ID，我们就不能轻易地排序倒排索引。另一个艰巨的任务是当磁盘上的数据被更新或删除掉后修改其索引。通常，最简单的方法是重新计算并写入，但是要保证数据库在此期间可查询且具有一致性。V3 存储系统通过每块上独立的不可变索引来解决这一问题，仅通过压缩时的重写来进行修改。只有可变块上的索引需要被更新，它完全保存在内存中。 + +### 基准测试 + +我发起了一个最初版本的基准测试，它基于现实世界数据集中提取的大约 440 万个序列描述符，并生成合成数据点对应到这些序列中。这个方法仅仅测试单独的存储系统，快速的找到高并发负载场景下的运行瓶颈和触发死锁至关重要。 + +在概念性的运用完成之后，基准测试能够在我的 Macbook Pro 上维持每秒 2000 万的吞吐量—并且所有 Chrome 的页面和 Slack 都保持着运行。因此，尽管这听起来都很棒，它这也表明推动这项测试没有的进一步价值。（或者是没有在高随机环境下运行）。毕竟，它是合成的数据，因此在除了好的第一印象外没有多大价值。比起最初的设计目标高出 20 倍，是时候将它部署到真正的 Prometheus 服务器上了，为它添加更多现实环境中的开销和场景。 + +我们实际上没有可重复的 Prometheus 基准测试配置，特别是对于不同版本的 A/B 测试。亡羊补牢为时不晚，[现在就有一个了][11]！ + +工具可以让我们声明性地定义基准测试场景，然后部署到 AWS 的 Kubernetes 集群上。尽管对于全面的基准测试来说不是最好环境，但它肯定比 64 核 128GB 内存的专用裸机服务器bare metal servers更能反映出用户基础。我们部署两个 Prometheus 1.5.2 服务器（V2 存储系统）和两个从 2.0 分支继续开发的 Prometheus （V3 存储系统） 。每个 Prometheus 运行在配备 SSD 的专用服务器上。我们将横向扩展的应用部署在了工作节点上，并且让其暴露典型的微服务量。此外，Kubernetes 集群本身和节点也被监控着。整个配置由另一个 Meta-Prometheus 所监督，它监控每个 Prometheus 的健康状况和性能。为了模拟序列分流，微服务定期的扩展和收缩来移除旧的 pods 并衍生新的 pods，生成新的序列。查询负载通过典型的查询选择来模拟，对每个 Prometheus 版本都执行一次。 + +总体上，伸缩与查询的负载和采样频率一样极大的超出了 Prometheus 的生产部署。例如，我们每隔 15 分钟换出 60% 的微服务实例去产生序列分流。在现代的基础设施上，一天仅大约会发生 1-5 次。这就保证了我们的 V3 设计足以处理未来几年的工作量。就结果而言，Prometheus 1.5.2 和 2.0 之间的性能差异在不温和的环境下会变得更大。 +总而言之，我们每秒从 850 个暴露 50 万数据的目标里收集了大约 11 万份样本。 + +在此配置运行一段时间之后，我们可以看一下数字。我们评估了两个版本在 12 个小时之后到达稳定时的几个指标。 + +> 请注意从 Prometheus 图形界面的截图中轻微截断的 Y 轴 + + ![Heap usage GB](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/heap_usage.png) +> 堆内存使用（GB） + +内存资源使用对用户来说是最为困扰的问题，因为它相对的不可预测且能够导致进程崩溃。 +显然，被查询的服务器正在消耗内存，这极大程度上归咎于查询引擎的开销，这一点可以当作以后优化的主题。总的来说，Prometheus 2.0 的内存消耗减少了 3-4 倍。大约 6 小时之后，在 Prometheus 1.5 上有一个明显的峰值，与我们设置 6 小时的保留边界相对应。因为删除操作成本非常高，所以资源消耗急剧提升。这一点在下面几张图中均有体现。 + + ![CPU usage cores](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/cpu_usage.png) +> CPU 使用（核心/秒） + +类似的模式展示 CPU 使用，但是查询的服务器与非查询的服务器之间的差异尤为明显。每秒获取大约 11 万个数据需要 0.5 核心/秒的 CPU 资源，比起评估查询所花费的时间，我们新的存储系统 CPU 消耗可忽略不计。 + + ![Disk writes](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/disk_writes.png) +> 磁盘写入（MB/秒） + +图片展示出的磁盘利用率取得了令人意想不到的提升。这就清楚的展示了为什么 Prometheus 1.5 很容易造成 SSD 损耗。我们看到最初的上升发生在第一个块被持久化到序列文件中的时期，然后一旦删除操作引发了重写就会带来第二个上升。令人惊讶的是，查询的服务器与非查询的服务器显示出了非常不同的利用率。 +Prometheus 2.0 on the other hand, merely writes about a single Megabyte per second to its write ahead log. Writes periodically spike when blocks are compacted to disk. Overall savings: staggering 97-99%.Prometheus 2.0 在另一方面，每秒仅仅写入大约一兆字节的日志文件。当块压缩到磁盘之时，写入定期地出现峰值。这在总体上节省了：惊人的 97-99%。 + + ![Disk usage](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/disk_usage.png) +> 磁盘大小（GB） + +与磁盘写入密切相关的是总磁盘空间占用量。由于我们对样本几乎使用了相同的压缩算法，因此磁盘占用量应当相同。在更为稳定的配置中，这样做很大程度上是正确地，但是因为我们需要处理高序列分流，所以还要考虑每个序列的开销。 +如我们所见，Prometheus 1.5 在两个版本达到稳定状态之前，使用的存储空间因保留操作而急速上升。Prometheus 2.0 似乎在每个序列上具有更少的消耗。我们可以清楚的看到写入日志线性地充满整个存储空间，然后当压缩完成后立刻掉下来。事实上对于两个 Prometheus 2.0 服务器，它们的曲线并不是完全匹配的，这一点需要进一步的调查。 + +前景大好。剩下最重要的部分是查询延迟。新的索引应当优化了查找的复杂度。没有实质上发生改变的是处理数据的过程，例如 `rate()` 函数或聚合。这些就是查询引擎要做的东西了。 + + ![Query latency](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/query_latency.png) +> 第 99 个百分位查询延迟（秒） + +数据完全符合预期。在 Prometheus 1.5 上，查询延迟随着存储的数据而增加。只有在保留操作开始且旧的序列被删除后才会趋于稳定。作为对比，Prometheus 从一开始就保持在合适的位置。 +我们需要花一些心思在数据是如何被采集上，对服务器发出的查询请求通过估计以下方面被选中：查询范围和即时查询的组合，进行或轻或重的计算，访问或多或少的文件。它并不需要代表真实世界里查询的分布。也不能代表冷数据的查询性能，我们可以假设所有的样本数据都是保存在内存中的热数据。 +尽管如此，我们可以相当自信地说，整体查询效果对序列分流变得非常有弹性，并且提升了高压基准测试场景下 4 倍的性能。在更为静态的环境下，我们可以假设查询时间大多数花费在了查询引擎上，改善程度明显较低。 + + ![Ingestion rate](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/ingestion_rate.png) +> 摄入的样本/秒 + +最后，快速地看一下不同 Prometheus 服务器的摄入率。我们可以看到搭载 V3 存储系统的两个服务器具有相同的摄入速率。在几个小时之后变得不稳定，这是因为不同的基准测试集群节点由于高负载变得无响应，与 Prometheus 实例无关。（两点之前的曲线完全匹配这一事实希望足够具有说服力） +尽管还有更多 CPU 和内存资源，两个 Prometheus 1.5.2 服务器的摄入率大大降低。序列分流高压导致了无法采集更多的数据。 + +那么现在每秒可以摄入的绝对最大absolute maximum样本数是多少？ + +我不知道——而且故意忽略。 + +存在的很多因素都会影响 Prometheus 数据流量，而且没有一个单独的数字能够描述捕获质量。最大摄入率在历史上是一个导致基准出现偏差的度量量，并且忽视了更多重要的层面，例如查询性能和对序列分流的弹性。关于资源使用线性增长的大致猜想通过一些基本的测试被证实。很容易推断出其中的原因。 + +我们的基准测试模拟了高动态环境下 Prometheus 的压力，它比起真实世界中的更大。结果表明，虽然运行在没有优化的云服务器上，但是已经超出了预期的效果。 + +> 注意：在撰写本文的同时，Prometheus 1.6 正在开发当中，它允许更可靠地配置最大内存使用量，并且可能会显著地减少整体的消耗，提高 CPU 使用率。我没有重复进行测试，因为整体结果变化不大，尤其是面对高序列分流的情况。 + +### 总结 + +Prometheus 开始应对高基数序列与单独样本的吞吐量。这仍然是一项富有挑战性的任务，但是新的存储系统似乎向我们展示了未来的一些好东西：超大规模hyper-scale，高收敛度hyper-convergent，GIFEE 基础设施。好吧，它似乎运行的不错。 + +第一个配备 V3 存储系统的 [alpha 版本 Prometheus 2.0][12] 已经可以用来测试了。在早期阶段预计还会出现崩溃，死锁和其他 bug。 + +存储系统的代码可以在[这个单独的项目中找到][13]。Prometheus 对于寻找高效本地存储时间序列数据库的应用来说可能非常有用，之一点令人非常惊讶。 + +> 这里需要感谢很多人作出的贡献，以下排名不分先后： + +> Bjoern Rabenstein 和 Julius Volz 在 V2 存储引擎上的打磨工作以及 V3 存储系统的反馈，这为新一代的设计奠定了基础。 + +> Wilhelm Bierbaum 对新设计不断的建议与见解作出了很大的贡献。Brian Brazil 不断的反馈确保了我们最终得到的是语义上合理的方法。与 Peter Bourgon 深刻的讨论验证了设计并形成了这篇文章。 + +> 别忘了我们整个 CoreOS 团队与公司对于这项工作的赞助与支持。感谢所有那些听我一遍遍唠叨 SSD，浮点数，序列化格式的同学。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/ + +作者：[Fabian Reinartz ][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/LuuMing) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://twitter.com/fabxc +[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode +[2]:https://prometheus.io/ +[3]:https://kubernetes.io/ +[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_amplification +[5]:http://codecapsule.com/2014/02/12/coding-for-ssds-part-1-introduction-and-table-of-contents/ +[6]:https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/rules/ +[7]:http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol8/p1816-teller.pdf +[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmap +[9]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_index +[10]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_indexing#Inverted_indices +[11]:https://github.com/prometheus/prombench +[12]:https://prometheus.io/blog/2017/04/10/promehteus-20-sneak-peak/ +[13]:https://github.com/prometheus/tsdb From 30030434911830af8a46052d13c7a2158ea895df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 07:10:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0071/1265] PRF:20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md @scoutydren --- ... source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md | 41 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md b/translated/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md index 1ac86027b9..4cebea72fa 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md @@ -1,52 +1,55 @@ -# Adobe Lightroom 的三个开源替代 +Adobe Lightroom 的三个开源替代品 +======= + +> 摄影师们：在没有 Lightroom 套件的情况下，可以看看这些 RAW 图像处理器。 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/camera-photography-film.jpg?itok=oe2ixyu6) -如今智能手机的摄像功能已经完备到多数人认为可以代替传统摄影了。虽然这在傻瓜相机的市场中是个事实，但是对于许多摄影爱好者和专业摄影师看来，一个高端单反相机所能带来的照片景深，清晰度以及真实质感是无法和口袋中的智能手机相比的。 +如今智能手机的摄像功能已经完备到多数人认为可以代替传统摄影了。虽然这在傻瓜相机的市场中是个事实，但是对于许多摄影爱好者和专业摄影师看来，一个高端单反相机所能带来的照片景深、清晰度以及真实质感是口袋中的智能手机无法与之相比的。 -所有的这些功能在便利性上仅有很小的代价；就像传统的胶片相机中的反色负片，单反照相得到的RAW格式文件必须预先处理才能印刷或编辑；因此对于单反相机，照片的后期处理是无可替代的，因此Adobe Lightroom便无可替代。但是Adobe Lightroom的昂贵价格，月付的订阅费用以及专有许可证都使更多人开始关注其开源替代的软件。 +所有的这些功能在便利性上要付出一些很小的代价；就像传统的胶片相机中的反色负片，单反照相得到的 RAW 格式文件必须预先处理才能印刷或编辑；因此对于单反相机，照片的后期处理是无可替代的，并且 首选应用就是 Adobe Lightroom。但是由于 Adobe Lightroom 的昂贵价格、基于订阅的定价模式以及专有许可证都使更多人开始关注其开源替代品。 -Lightroom 有两大主要功能：处理 RAW 格式的图片文件，以及数字资产管理系统（DAM：Digital Asset Management） —— 通过标签，评星以及其他的元数据信息来简单清晰地整理照片。 +Lightroom 有两大主要功能：处理 RAW 格式的图片文件，以及数字资产管理系统（DAM） —— 通过标签、评星以及其他元数据信息来简单清晰地整理照片。 -在这篇文章中，我们将介绍三个开源的图片处理软件：Darktable，LightZone 以及 RawTherapee。所有的软件都有 DAM 系统，但没有任何一个有 Lightroom 基于机器学习的图像分类和标签功能。如果你想要知道更多关于 开源的 DAM 系统的软件，可以看 Terry Hacock 的文章："[开源项目的 DAM 管理][2]“，他分享了他在自己的 [_Lunatics!_][3] 电影项目研究过的开源多媒体软件。 +在这篇文章中，我们将介绍三个开源的图片处理软件：Darktable、LightZone 以及 RawTherapee。所有的软件都有 DAM 系统，但没有任何一个具有 Lightroom 基于机器学习的图像分类和标签功能。如果你想要知道更多关于开源的 DAM 系统的软件，可以看 Terry Hacock 的文章：“[开源项目的 DAM 管理][2]”，他分享了他在自己的 [Lunatics!][3] 电影项目研究过的开源多媒体软件。 ### Darktable ![Darktable][4] -类似其他两个软件，darktable 可以处理RAW 格式的图像并将他们转换成可用的文件格式—— JPEG，PNG，TIFF, PPM， PFM 和 EXR，它同时支持Google 和 Facebook 的在线相册，上传至Flikr，通过邮件附件发送以及创建在线相册。 +类似其他两个软件，Darktable 可以处理 RAW 格式的图像并将它们转换成可用的文件格式 —— JPEG、PNG、TIFF、PPM、PFM 和 EXR，它同时支持 Google 和 Facebook 的在线相册，上传至 Flikr，通过邮件附件发送以及创建在线相册。 -它有 61 个图像处理模块，可以调整图像的对比度、色调、明暗、色彩、噪点；添加水印；切割以及旋转；等等。如同另外两个软件一样，不论你做出多少次修改，这些修改都是”无损的“ —— 你的初始 RAW 图像文件始终会被保存。 +它有 61 个图像处理模块，可以调整图像的对比度、色调、明暗、色彩、噪点；添加水印；切割以及旋转；等等。如同另外两个软件一样，不论你做出多少次修改，这些修改都是“无损的” —— 你的初始 RAW 图像文件始终会被保存。 -Darktable 可以从 400 多种相机型号中直接导入照片，以及有 JPEG，CR2，DNG ，OpenEXR和PFM等格式的支持。图像在一个数据库中显示，因此你可以轻易地filter并查询这些元数据，包括了文字标签，评星以及颜色标签。软件同时支持21种语言，支持 Linux，MacOS，BSD，Solaris 11/GNOME 以及 Windows （Windows 版本是最新发布的，Darktable 声明它比起其他版本可能还有一些不完备之处，有一些未实现的功能） +Darktable 可以从 400 多种相机型号中直接导入照片，以及有 JPEG、CR2、DNG、OpenEXR 和 PFM 等格式的支持。图像在一个数据库中显示，因此你可以轻易地过滤并查询这些元数据，包括了文字标签、评星以及颜色标签。软件同时支持 21 种语言，支持 Linux、MacOS、BSD、Solaris 11/GNOME 以及 Windows（Windows 版本是最新发布的，Darktable 声明它比起其他版本可能还有一些不完备之处，有一些未实现的功能）。 -Darktable 在开源证书 [GPLv3][7] 下被公开，你可以了解更多它的 [特性][8]，查阅它的 [用户手册][9]，或者直接去 Github 上看[源代码][10] 。 +Darktable 在开源许可证 [GPLv3][7] 下发布，你可以了解更多它的 [特性][8]，查阅它的 [用户手册][9]，或者直接去 Github 上看[源代码][10] 。 ### LightZone ![LightZone's tool stack][11] - [LightZone][12] 和其他两个软件类似同样是无损的 RAW 格式图像处理工具：它跨平台，有 Windows，MacOS 和 Linux 版本，除 RAW 格式之外，它还支持 JPG 和 TIFF 格式的图像处理。接下来说LightZone 其他的特性。 +[LightZone][12] 和其他两个软件类似同样是无损的 RAW 格式图像处理工具：它是跨平台的，有 Windows、MacOS 和 Linux 版本，除 RAW 格式之外，它还支持 JPG 和 TIFF 格式的图像处理。接下来说说 LightZone 其他独特特性。 -这个软件最初是一个在专有许可证下的图像处理软件，后来在 BSD 证书下开源。以及，在你下载这个软件之前，你必须注册一个免费账号。因此 LightZone的 开发团队可以跟踪软件的下载数量以及建立相关社区。（许可很快，而且是自动的，因此这不是一个很大的使用障碍。） +这个软件最初在 2005 年时，是以专有许可证发布的图像处理软件，后来在 BSD 证书下开源。此外，在你下载这个软件之前，你必须注册一个免费账号，以便 LightZone的 开发团队可以跟踪软件的下载数量以及建立相关社区。（许可很快，而且是自动的，因此这不是一个很大的使用障碍。） -除此之外的一个特性是这个软件的图像处理通常是通过很多可组合的工具实现的，而不是叠加滤镜（就像大多数图像处理软件），这些工具组可以被重新编排以及移除，以及被保存并且复制到另一些图像。如果想要编辑图片的一部分，你还可以通过矢量工具或者根据色彩和亮度来选择像素。 +除此之外的一个特性是这个软件的图像处理通常是通过很多可组合的工具实现的，而不是叠加滤镜（就像大多数图像处理软件），这些工具组可以被重新编排以及移除，以及被保存并且复制用到另一些图像上。如果想要编辑图片的部分区域，你还可以通过矢量工具或者根据色彩和亮度来选择像素。 -想要了解更多，见 LightZone 的[论坛][13] 或者查看Github上的 [源代码][14]。 +想要了解更多，见 LightZone 的[论坛][13] 或者查看 Github上的 [源代码][14]。 ### RawTherapee ![RawTherapee][15] -[RawTherapee][16] 是另一个开源（[GPL][17]）的RAW图像处理器。就像 Darktable 和 LightZone，它是跨平台的（支持 Windows，MacOS 和 Linux），一切修改都在无损条件下进行，因此不论你叠加多少滤镜做出多少改变，你都可以回到你最初的 RAW 文件。 +[RawTherapee][16] 是另一个值得关注的开源（[GPL][17]）的 RAW 图像处理器。就像 Darktable 和 LightZone，它是跨平台的（支持 Windows、MacOS 和 Linux），一切修改都在无损条件下进行，因此不论你叠加多少滤镜做出多少改变，你都可以回到你最初的 RAW 文件。 -RawTherapee 采用的是一个面板式的界面，包括一个历史记录面板来跟踪你做出的修改方便随时回到先前的图像；一个快照面板可以让你同时处理一张照片的不同版本；一个可滚动的工具面板方便准确选择工具。这些工具包括了一系列的调整曝光、色彩、细节、图像变换以及去马赛克功能。 +RawTherapee 采用的是一个面板式的界面，包括一个历史记录面板来跟踪你做出的修改，以方便随时回到先前的图像；一个快照面板可以让你同时处理一张照片的不同版本；一个可滚动的工具面板可以方便准确地选择工具。这些工具包括了一系列的调整曝光、色彩、细节、图像变换以及去马赛克功能。 -这个软件可以从多数相机直接导入 RAW 文件，并且支持超过25种语言得以广泛使用。批量处理以及 [SSE][18] 优化这类功能也进一步提高了图像处理的速度以及 CPU 性能。 +这个软件可以从多数相机直接导入 RAW 文件，并且支持超过 25 种语言，得到了广泛使用。批量处理以及 [SSE][18] 优化这类功能也进一步提高了图像处理的速度以及对 CPU 性能的利用。 RawTherapee 还提供了很多其他 [功能][19]；可以查看它的 [官方文档][20] 以及 [源代码][21] 了解更多细节。 -你是否在摄影中使用另一个开源的 RAW图像处理工具？有任何建议和推荐都可以在评论中分享。 +你是否在摄影中使用另外的开源 RAW 图像处理工具？有任何建议和推荐都可以在评论中分享。 ------ @@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/alternatives/adobe-lightroom 作者：[Opensource.com][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[scoutydren](https://github.com/scoutydren) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -70,7 +73,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/alternatives/adobe-lightroom [8]: https://www.darktable.org/about/features/ [9]: https://www.darktable.org/resources/ [10]: https://github.com/darktable-org/darktable -[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/panopoly_image_original/public/uploads/raw-image-processors_lightzone1tookstack.jpg?itok=1e3s85CZ "LightZone's tool stack" +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/panopoly_image_original/public/uploads/raw-image-processors_lightzone1tookstack.jpg?itok=1e3s85CZ [12]: http://www.lightzoneproject.org/ [13]: http://www.lightzoneproject.org/Forum [14]: https://github.com/ktgw0316/LightZone From a78217f82f0ed7301fc697501e83bedfd9715843 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 07:11:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0072/1265] PUB:20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md @scoutydren https://linux.cn/article-10912-1.html --- .../20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md b/published/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md rename to published/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md From 2108ba4b63ca25640842e02677b7982244e72133 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 11:05:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0073/1265] translated --- ... Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md | 162 ------------------ ... Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md | 162 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 162 insertions(+), 162 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md deleted file mode 100644 index 55de1756c6..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,162 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Dockly – Manage Docker Containers From Terminal) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/dockly-manage-docker-containers-from-terminal/) -[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) - -Dockly – Manage Docker Containers From Terminal -====== - -![][1] - -A few days ago, we published a guide which covered almost all details you ever need to know to [**getting started with Docker**][2]. In that guide, we have shown you how to create and manage Docker containers in detail. There are also some non-official tools available for managing Docker containers. If you’ve looked at our old archives, you might have stumbled upon two web-based tools namely [**“Portainer”**][3] and [**“PiCluster”**][4]. Both of them makes the Docker management task much easier and simpler from a web browser. Today, I came across yet another Docker management tool named **“Dockly”**. - -Unlike the aforementioned tools, Dockly is a TUI (text user interface) utility to manage Docker containers and services from the Terminal in Unix-like systems. It is free, open source tool built with **NodeJS**. In this brief guide, we will see how to install Dockly and how to manage Docker containers from command line. - -### Installing Dockly - -Make sure you have installed NodeJS on your Linux box. If you haven’t installed it yet, refer the following guide. - - * [**How To Install NodeJS On Linux**][5] - - - -Once NodeJS is installed, run the following command to install Dockly: - -``` -# npm install -g dockly -``` - -### Manage Docker Containers With Dockly From Terminal - -Managing Docker containers with Dockly is easy! All you have to do is to open the terminal and run the following command: - -``` -# dockly -``` - -Dockly will will automatically connect to your localhost docker daemon through the unix socket and display the list of running containers in the Terminal as shown below. - -![][6] - -Manage Docker Containers Using Dockly - -As you can see in the above screenshot, Dockly displays the following information of running containers on the top: - - * Container ID, - * Name of the container(s), - * Docker image, - * Command, - * State of the running container(s), - * Status. - - - -On the top right side, you will see the CPU an Memory utilization of containers. Use UP/DOWN arrow keys to move between Containers. - -At the bottom, there are few keyboard shortcut keys to do various docker management tasks. Here are the list of currently available keyboard shortcuts: - - * **=** – Refresh the Dockly interface, - * **/** – Search the containers list view, - * **i** – Display the information about the currently selected container or service, - * **< RETURN>** – Show logs of the current container or service, - * **v** – Toggle between Containers and Services view, - * **l** – Launch a /bin/bash session on the selected Container, - * **r** – Restart the selected Container, - * **s** – Stop the selected Container, - * **h** – Show HELP window, - * **q** – Quit Dockly. - - - -##### **Viewing information of a container** - -Choose a Container using UP/DOWN arrow and press **“i”** to display the information of the selected Container. - -![][7] - -View container’s information - -##### Restart Containers - -If you want to restart your Containers at any time, just choose it and press **“r”** to restart. - -![][8] - -Restart Docker containers - -##### Stop/Remove Containers and Images - -We can stop and/or remove one or all containers at once if they are no longer required. To do so, press **“m”** to open **Menu**. - -![][9] - -Stop, remove Docker containers and images - -From here, you can do the following operations. - - * Stop all Docker containers, - * Remove selected container, - * Remove all containers, - * Remove all Docker images etc. - - - -##### Display Dockly help section - -If you have any questions, just press **“h”** to open the help section. - -![][10] - -Dockly Help - -For more details, refer the official GitHub page given at the end. - -And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. If you spend a lot of time working with Docker containers, give Dockly a try and see if it helps. - -* * * - -**Suggested read:** - - * **[How To Automatically Update Running Docker Containers][11]** - * [**ctop – A Commandline Monitoring Tool For Linux Containers**][12] - - - -* * * - -**Resource:** - - * [**Dockly GitHub Repository**][13] - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/dockly-manage-docker-containers-from-terminal/ - -作者：[sk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Dockly-720x340.png -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/ -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/portainer-an-easiest-way-to-manage-docker/ -[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/picluster-simple-web-based-docker-management-application/ -[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-node-js-linux/ -[6]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Manage-Docker-Containers-Using-Dockly.png -[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/View-containers-information.png -[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Restart-containers.png -[9]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/stop-remove-containers-and-images.png -[10]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Dockly-Help.png -[11]: https://www.ostechnix.com/automatically-update-running-docker-containers/ -[12]: https://www.ostechnix.com/ctop-commandline-monitoring-tool-linux-containers/ -[13]: https://github.com/lirantal/dockly diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d5ac3339f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Dockly – Manage Docker Containers From Terminal) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/dockly-manage-docker-containers-from-terminal/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Dockly - 从终端管理 Docker 容器 +====== + +![][1] + +几天前，我们发布了一篇指南，其中涵盖了[**开始使用 Docker**][2] 时需要了解的几乎所有细节。在该指南中，我们向你展示了如何详细创建和管理 Docker 容器。还有一些非官方工具可用于管理 Docker 容器。如果你看过我们以前的文字，你可能会看到两个基于网络的工具，[**“Portainer”**][3] 和 [**“PiCluster”**][4]。它们都使得 Docker 管理任务在 Web 浏览器中变得更加容易和简单。今天，我遇到了另一个名为 **“Dockly”** 的 Docker 管理工具。 + +与上面的工具不同，Dockly 是一个 TUI（文本界面）程序，用于在类 Unix 系统中从终端管理 Docker 容器和服务。它是使用 **NodeJS** 编写的免费开源工具。在本简要指南中，我们将了解如何安装 Dockly 以及如何从命令行管理 Docker 容器。 + +### 安装 Dockly + +确保已在 Linux 上安装了 NodeJS。如果尚未安装，请参阅以下指南。 + + * [**如何在 Linux 上安装 NodeJS**][5] + + + +安装 NodeJS 后，运行以下命令安装 Dockly： + +``` +# npm install -g dockly +``` + +### 使用 Dockly 在终端管理 Docker 容器 + +使用 Dockly 管理 Docker 容器非常简单！你所要做的就是打开终端并运行以下命令： + +``` +# dockly +``` + +Dockly 将通过 unix 套接字自动连接到你的本机 docker 守护进程，并在终端中显示正在运行的容器列表，如下所示。 + +![][6] + +使用 Dockly 管理 Docker 容器 + +正如你在上面的截图中看到的，Dockly 在顶部显示了运行容器的以下信息： + + * 容器 ID， +  * 容器名称， +  * Docker 镜像， +  * 命令， +  * 运行中容器的状态， +  * 状态。 + + + +在右上角，你将看到容器的 CPU 和内存利用率。使用向上/向下箭头键在容器之间移动。 + +在底部，有少量的键盘快捷键来执行各种 Docker 管理任务。以下是目前可用的键盘快捷键列表： + + * **=** - 刷新 Dockly 界面， +  * **/** - 搜索容器列表视图， +  * **i** - 显示有关当前所选容器或服务的信息， +  * **回车** - 显示当前容器或服务的日志， +  * **v** - 在容器和服务视图之间切换， +  * **l** - 在选定的容器上启动 /bin/bash 会话， +  * **r** - 重启选定的容器， +  * **s** - 停止选定的容器， +  * **h** - 显示帮助窗口， +  * **q** - 退出 Dockly。 + + + +##### **查看容器的信息** + +使用向上/向下箭头选择一个容器，然后按 **“i”** 以显示所选容器的信息。 + +![][7] + +查看容器的信息 + +##### 重启容器 + +如果你想随时重启容器，只需选择它并按 **“r”** 即可重新启动。 + +![][8] + +重启 Docker 容器 + +##### 停止/删除容器和镜像 + +如果不再需要容器，我们可以立即停止和/或删除一个或所有容器。为此，请按 **“m”** 打开**菜单**。 + +![][9] + +停止，删除 Docker 容器和镜像 + +在这里，你可以执行以下操作。 + + * 停止所有 Docker 容器， +  * 删除选定的容器， +  * 删除所有容器， +  * 删除所有 Docker 镜像等。 + + + +##### 显示 Dockly 帮助部分 + +如果你有任何疑问，只需按 **“h”** 即可打开帮助部分。 + +![][10] + +Dockly 帮助 + +有关更多详细信息，请参考最后给出的官方 GitHub 页面。 + +就是这些了。希望这篇文章有用。如果你一直在使用 Docker 容器，请试试 Dockly，看它是否有帮助。 + +* * * + +**建议阅读：** + + * **[如何自动更新正在运行的 Docker 容器][11]** + * **[ctop -一个 Linux 容器的命令行监控工具][12]** + + + +* * * + +**资源：** + + * [**Dockly 的 GitHub 仓库**][13] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/dockly-manage-docker-containers-from-terminal/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Dockly-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/portainer-an-easiest-way-to-manage-docker/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/picluster-simple-web-based-docker-management-application/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-node-js-linux/ +[6]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Manage-Docker-Containers-Using-Dockly.png +[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/View-containers-information.png +[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Restart-containers.png +[9]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/stop-remove-containers-and-images.png +[10]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Dockly-Help.png +[11]: https://www.ostechnix.com/automatically-update-running-docker-containers/ +[12]: https://www.ostechnix.com/ctop-commandline-monitoring-tool-linux-containers/ +[13]: https://github.com/lirantal/dockly From 377b4f8694064301852235fc15820b0067c600a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 21:56:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0074/1265] PRF:20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md @wxy --- ... 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md b/translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md index bb560c72d4..a598b38c04 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md +++ b/translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0: Blockchain In Real Estate [Part 4]) @@ -14,21 +14,21 @@ ### 区块链 2.0：“更”智能的房地产 -在本系列的[上一篇文章][1]中探讨了区块链的特征，这些区块链将使机构能够将**传统银行**和**融资系统**转换和交织在一起。这部分将探讨**房地产区块链**。房地产业正在走向革命。它是人类已知的最活跃、交易最重要的资产类别之一。然而，由于充满了监管障碍和欺诈、欺骗的无数可能性，它也是最难参与交易的之一。利用适当的共识算法的区块链的分布式分类账本功能被吹捧为这个行业的前进方向，而这个行业传统上被认为其面对变革是保守的。 +在本系列的[上一篇文章][1]中我们探讨了区块链的特征，这些区块链将使机构能够将**传统银行**和**融资系统**转换和交织在一起。这部分将探讨**房地产区块链**。房地产业正在走向革命。它是人类已知的交易最活跃、最重要的资产类别之一。然而，由于充满了监管障碍和欺诈、欺骗的无数可能性，它也是最难参与交易的之一。利用适当的共识算法的区块链的分布式分类账本功能被吹捧为这个行业的前进方向，而这个行业传统上被认为其面对变革是保守的。 就其无数的业务而言，房地产一直是一个非常保守的行业。这似乎也是理所当然的。2008 年金融危机或 20 世纪上半叶的大萧条等重大经济危机成功摧毁了该行业及其参与者。然而，与大多数具有经济价值的产品一样，房地产行业具有弹性，而这种弹性则源于其保守性。 -全球房地产市场包括价值 228 万亿 [^1] 美元的资产类别。给予或接受。其他投资资产，如股票、债券和股票合计价值仅为 170 万亿美元。显然，在这样一个行业中实施的任何和所有交易在很大程度上都是自然精心策划和精心执行的。在大多数情况下，房地产也因许多欺诈事件而臭名昭着，并且随之而来的是毁灭性的损失。由于其运营非常保守，该行业也难以驾驭。它受到严格法律的严格监管，创造了一个交织在一起的细微差别网络，这对于普通人来说太难以完全理解。使得大多数人无法进入和参与。如果你曾参与过这样的交易，那么你就会知道纸质文件的重要性和长期性。 +全球房地产市场由价值 228 万亿 [^1] 美元的资产类别组成，出入不大。其他投资资产，如股票、债券和股票合计价值仅为 170 万亿美元。显然，在这样一个行业中实施的交易在很大程度上都是精心策划和执行的。很多时候，房地产也因许多欺诈事件而臭名昭著，并且随之而来的是毁灭性的损失。由于其运营非常保守，该行业也难以驾驭。它受到了法律的严格监管，创造了一个交织在一起的细微差别网络，这对于普通人来说太难以完全理解，使得大多数人无法进入和参与。如果你曾参与过这样的交易，那么你就会知道纸质文件的重要性和长期性。 -从一个微不足道的开始，虽然是一个重要的例子，以显示当前的记录管理实践在房地产行业有多糟糕，考虑一下[产权保险业务][2][^3]。产权保险用于对冲土地所有权和所有权记录不可接受且从而无法执行的可能性。诸如此类的保险产品也称为赔偿保险。在许多情况下，法律要求财产拥有产权保险，特别是在处理多年来多次易手的财产时。抵押贷款公司在支持房地产交易时也可能坚持同样的要求。事实上，这种产品自 19 世纪 50 年代就已存在，并且仅在美国每年至少有 1.5 万亿美元的商业价值这一事实证明了一开始的说法。在这种情况下，这些记录的维护方式必须进行改革，区块链提供了一个可持续解决方案。根据[美国土地产权协会][4]，平均每个案例的欺诈平均约为 10 万美元，并且涉及交易的所有产权中有 25％ 的文件存在问题。区块链允许设置一个不可变的永久数据库，该数据库将跟踪属性本身，记录已经进入的每个交易或投资。这样的分类帐本系统将使包括一次性购房者在内的房地产行业的每个人的生活更加轻松，并使诸如产权保险等金融产品基本上无关紧要。将诸如房地产之类的实物资产转换为这样的数字资产是非常规的，并且目前仅在理论上存在。然而，这种变化迫在眉睫，而不是迟到[^5]。 +从一个微不足道的开始，虽然是一个重要的例子，以显示当前的记录管理实践在房地产行业有多糟糕，考虑一下[产权保险业务][2] [^3]。产权保险用于对冲土地所有权和所有权记录不可接受且从而无法执行的可能性。诸如此类的保险产品也称为赔偿保险。在许多情况下，法律要求财产拥有产权保险，特别是在处理多年来多次易手的财产时。抵押贷款公司在支持房地产交易时也可能坚持同样的要求。事实上，这种产品自 19 世纪 50 年代就已存在，并且仅在美国每年至少有 1.5 万亿美元的商业价值这一事实证明了一开始的说法。在这种情况下，这些记录的维护方式必须进行改革，区块链提供了一个可持续解决方案。根据[美国土地产权协会][4]，平均每个案例的欺诈平均约为 10 万美元，并且涉及交易的所有产权中有 25％ 的文件存在问题。区块链允许设置一个不可变的永久数据库，该数据库将跟踪资产本身，记录已经进入的每个交易或投资。这样的分类帐本系统将使包括一次性购房者在内的房地产行业的每个人的生活更加轻松，并使诸如产权保险等金融产品基本上无关紧要。将诸如房地产之类的实物资产转换为这样的数字资产是非常规的，并且目前仅在理论上存在。然而，这种变化迫在眉睫，而不是迟到 [^5]。 -区块链在房地产中影响最大的领域如上所述，在维护透明和安全的产权管理系统方面。基于区块链的财产记录可以包含有关财产、其所在地、所有权历史以及相同公共记录的[信息][6]。这将允许快速完成房地产交易，并且无需第三方监控和监督。房地产评估和税收计算等任务成为有形的客观参数的问题，而不是主观测量和猜测，因为可靠的历史数据是可公开验证的。[UBITQUITY][7] 就是这样一个平台，为企业客户提供定制的基于区块链的解决方案。该平台允许客户跟踪所有房产细节、付款记录、抵押记录，甚至允许运行智能合约，自动处理税收和租赁。 +区块链在房地产中影响最大的领域如上所述，在维护透明和安全的产权管理系统方面。基于区块链的财产记录可以包含有关财产、其所在地、所有权历史以及相关的公共记录的[信息][6]。这将允许房地产交易快速完成，并且无需第三方监控和监督。房地产评估和税收计算等任务成为有形的、客观的参数问题，而不是主观测量和猜测，因为可靠的历史数据是可公开验证的。[UBITQUITY][7] 就是这样一个平台，为企业客户提供定制的基于区块链的解决方案。该平台允许客户跟踪所有房产细节、付款记录、抵押记录，甚至允许运行智能合约，自动处理税收和租赁。 -这为我们带来了房地产区块链的第二大机遇和用例。由于该行业受到众多第三方的高度监管，除了参与交易的交易对手外，尽职调查和财务评估可能非常耗时。这些流程主要使用离线渠道进行，文书工作需要在最终评估报告出来之前进行数天。对于公司房地产交易尤其如此，这构成了顾问收取的总计费时间的大部分。如果交易由抵押支持，则这些过程的重复是不可避免的。一旦与所涉及的人员和机构的数字身份相结合，就可以完全避免当前的低效率，并且可以在几秒钟内完成交易。租户、投资者、相关机构、顾问等可以单独验证数据并达成一致的共识，从而验证永久性的财产记录[^8]。这提高了验证流形的准确性。房地产巨头 RE/MAX 最近宣布与服务提供商 XYO Network Partners 合作，[建立墨西哥房地产上市国家数据库][9]。他们希望有朝一日能够创建世界上最大的（截至目前）去中心化房地产登记处之一。 +这为我们带来了房地产区块链的第二大机遇和用例。由于该行业受到众多第三方的高度监管，除了参与交易的交易对手外，尽职调查和财务评估可能非常耗时。这些流程主要通过离线渠道进行，文书工作需要在最终评估报告出来之前进行数天。对于公司房地产交易尤其如此，这构成了顾问所收取的总计费时间的大部分。如果交易由抵押背书，则这些过程的重复是不可避免的。一旦与所涉及的人员和机构的数字身份相结合，就可以完全避免当前的低效率，并且可以在几秒钟内完成交易。租户、投资者、相关机构、顾问等可以单独验证数据并达成一致的共识，从而验证永久性的财产记录 [^8]。这提高了验证流程的准确性。房地产巨头 RE/MAX 最近宣布与服务提供商 XYO Network Partners 合作，[建立墨西哥房上市地产国家数据库][9]。他们希望有朝一日能够创建世界上最大的（截至目前）去中心化房地产登记中心之一。 -然而，区块链可以带来的另一个重要且可以说是非常民主的变化是投资房地产。与其他投资资产类别不同，即使是小型家庭投资者也可能参与其中，房地产通常需要大量的手工付款才能参与。诸如 ATLANT 和 BitOfProperty 之类的公司将房产的账面价值代币化并将其转换为加密货币的等价物。这些代币随后在交易所出售，类似于股票和股票的交易方式。[房地产后续产生的任何现金流都会根据其在财产中的“份额”记入贷方或借记给代币所有者][4]。 +然而，区块链可以带来的另一个重要且可以说是非常民主的变化是投资房地产。与其他投资资产类别不同，即使是小型家庭投资者也可能参与其中，房地产通常需要大量的手工付款才能参与。诸如 ATLANT 和 BitOfProperty 之类的公司将房产的账面价值代币化，并将其转换为加密货币的等价物。这些代币随后在交易所出售，类似于股票和股票的交易方式。[房地产后续产生的任何现金流都会根据其在财产中的“份额”记入贷方或借记给代币所有者][4]。 -然而，尽管如此，区块链技术仍处于房地产领域的早期采用阶段，目前的法规还没有明确定义它。诸如分布式应用程序、分布式匿名组织（DAO）、智能合约等概念在许多国家的法律领域是闻所未闻的。一旦所有利益相关者充分接受了区块链复杂性的良好教育，就会彻底改革现有的法规和指导方针，这是最务实的前进方式。 同样，这将是一个缓慢而渐进的变化，但不过是一个急需的变化。本系列的下一篇文章将介绍 “智能合约”，例如由 UBITQUITY 和 XYO 等公司实施的那些是如何在区块链中创建和执行的。 +然而，尽管如此，区块链技术仍处于房地产领域的早期采用阶段，目前的法规还没有明确定义它。诸如分布式应用程序、分布式匿名组织（DAO）、智能合约等概念在许多国家的法律领域是闻所未闻的。一旦所有利益相关者充分接受了区块链复杂性的良好教育，就会彻底改革现有的法规和指导方针，这是最务实的前进方式。 同样，这将是一个缓慢而渐进的变化，但是它是一个急需的变化。本系列的下一篇文章将介绍 “智能合约”，例如由 UBITQUITY 和 XYO 等公司实施的那些是如何在区块链中创建和执行的。 [^1]: HSBC, “Global Real Estate,” no. April, 2008 [^3]: D. B. Burke, Law of title insurance. Aspen Law & Business, 2000. @@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/ -作者：[EDITOR][a] +作者：[ostechnix][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e81f9c008f3e3d080958841a92173aafa2fe3134 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 21:56:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0075/1265] PUB:20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10914-1.html --- ...90319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md b/published/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md rename to published/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md index a598b38c04..0ea20b929a 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md +++ b/published/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10914-1.html) [#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0: Blockchain In Real Estate [Part 4]) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/) [#]: author: (ostechnix https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) From 38064ecd5015eee3ee379baaacd3798a05cde31a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 22:43:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0076/1265] PRF:20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md @MjSeven --- ... To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md | 113 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md index f14f1ebaae..3d8083d440 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ -ddgr - 一个从终端搜索 DuckDuckGo 的命令行工具 +ddgr：一个从终端搜索 DuckDuckGo 的命令行工具 ====== + 在 Linux 中，Bash 技巧非常棒，它使 Linux 中的一切成为可能。 对于开发人员或系统管理员来说，它真的很管用，因为他们大部分时间都在使用终端。你知道他们为什么喜欢这种技巧吗？ @@ -8,184 +9,184 @@ ddgr - 一个从终端搜索 DuckDuckGo 的命令行工具 ### 什么是 ddgr -[ddgr][1] 是一个命令行实用程序，用于从终端搜索 DuckDuckGo。如果设置了 BROWSER 环境变量，ddgr 可以在几个基于文本的浏览器中开箱即用。 +[ddgr][1] 是一个命令行实用程序，用于从终端搜索 DuckDuckGo。如果设置了 `BROWSER` 环境变量，ddgr 可以在几个基于文本的浏览器中开箱即用。 -确保你的系统安装了任何基于文本的浏览器。你可能知道 [googler][2]，它允许用户从 Linux 命令行进行 Google 搜索。 +确保你的系统安装了任何一个基于文本的浏览器。你可能知道 [googler][2]，它允许用户从 Linux 命令行进行 Google 搜索。 -它在命令行用户中非常受欢迎，他们期望对隐私敏感的 DuckDuckGo 也有类似的实用程序，这就是 ddgr 出现的原因。 +它在命令行用户中非常受欢迎，他们期望对隐私敏感的 DuckDuckGo 也有类似的实用程序，这就是 `ddgr` 出现的原因。 与 Web 界面不同，你可以指定每页要查看的搜索结果数。 **建议阅读：** -**(#)** [Googler – 从 Linux 命令行搜索 Google][2] -**(#)** [Buku – Linux 中一个强大的命令行书签管理器][3] -**(#)** [SoCLI – 从终端搜索和浏览堆栈溢出的简单方法][4] -**(#)** [RTV（Reddit 终端查看器）- 一个简单的 Reddit 终端查看器][5] + +- [Googler – 从 Linux 命令行搜索 Google][2] +- [Buku – Linux 中一个强大的命令行书签管理器][3] +- [SoCLI – 从终端搜索和浏览 StackOverflow 的简单方法][4] +- [RTV（Reddit 终端查看器）- 一个简单的 Reddit 终端查看器][5] ### 什么是 DuckDuckGo -DDG 即 DuckDuckGo。DuckDuckGo（DDG）是一个真正保护用户搜索和隐私的互联网搜索引擎。 - -它们没有过滤用户的个性化搜索结果，对于给定的搜索词，它会向所有用户显示相同的搜索结果。 +DDG 即 DuckDuckGo。DuckDuckGo（DDG）是一个真正保护用户搜索和隐私的互联网搜索引擎。它没有过滤用户的个性化搜索结果，对于给定的搜索词，它会向所有用户显示相同的搜索结果。 大多数用户更喜欢谷歌搜索引擎，但是如果你真的担心隐私，那么你可以放心地使用 DuckDuckGo。 ### ddgr 特性 - * 快速且干净（没有广告，多余的 URL 或杂物），自定义颜色 + * 快速且干净（没有广告、多余的 URL 或杂物参数），自定义颜色 * 旨在以最小的空间提供最高的可读性 * 指定每页显示的搜索结果数 - * 从浏览器中打开的 omniprompt URL 导航结果页面 - * Bash、Zsh 和 Fish 的搜索和配置脚本 - * DuckDuckGo Bang 支持（自动完成） - * 直接在浏览器中打开第一个结果（就像我感觉 Ducky） + * 可以在 omniprompt 中导航结果，在浏览器中打开 URL + * 用于 Bash、Zsh 和 Fish 的搜索和选项补完脚本 + * 支持 DuckDuckGo Bang（带有自动补完） + * 直接在浏览器中打开第一个结果（如同 “I’m Feeling Ducky”） * 不间断搜索：无需退出即可在 omniprompt 中触发新搜索 * 关键字支持（例如：filetype:mime、site:somesite.com） - * 按时间、指定区域、禁用安全搜索 - * HTTPS 代理支持，无跟踪，可选择禁用用户代理 + * 按时间、指定区域搜索，禁用安全搜索 + * 支持 HTTPS 代理，支持 Do Not Track，可选择禁用用户代理字符串 * 支持自定义 URL 处理程序脚本或命令行实用程序 * 全面的文档，man 页面有方便的使用示例 * 最小的依赖关系 - ### 需要条件 -ddgr 需要 Python 3.4 或更高版本。因此，确保你的系统应具有 Python 3.4 或更高版本。 +`ddgr` 需要 Python 3.4 或更高版本。因此，确保你的系统应具有 Python 3.4 或更高版本。 + ``` $ python3 --version Python 3.6.3 - ``` ### 如何在 Linux 中安装 ddgr -我们可以根据发行版使用以下命令轻松安装 ddgr。 +我们可以根据发行版使用以下命令轻松安装 `ddgr`。 + +对于 Fedora ，使用 [DNF 命令][6]来安装 `ddgr`。 -对于 **`Fedora`** ，使用 [DNF 命令][6]来安装 ddgr。 ``` # dnf install ddgr - ``` -或者我们可以使用 [SNAP 命令][7]来安装 ddgr。 +或者我们可以使用 [SNAP 命令][7]来安装 `ddgr`。 + ``` # snap install ddgr - ``` -对于 **`LinuxMint/Ubuntu`**，使用 [APT-GET 命令][8] 或 [APT 命令][9]来安装 ddgr。 +对于 LinuxMint/Ubuntu，使用 [APT-GET 命令][8] 或 [APT 命令][9]来安装 `ddgr`。 + ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:twodopeshaggy/jarun $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install ddgr - ``` -对于基于 **`Arch Linux`** 的系统，使用 [Yaourt 命令][10]或 [Packer 命令][11]从 AUR 仓库安装 ddgr。 +对于基于 Arch Linux 的系统，使用 [Yaourt 命令][10]或 [Packer 命令][11]从 AUR 仓库安装 `ddgr`。 + ``` $ yaourt -S ddgr -or +或 $ packer -S ddgr - ``` -对于 **`Debian`**，使用 [DPKG 命令][12] 安装 ddgr。 +对于 Debian，使用 [DPKG 命令][12] 安装 `ddgr`。 + ``` # wget https://github.com/jarun/ddgr/releases/download/v1.2/ddgr_1.2-1_debian9.amd64.deb # dpkg -i ddgr_1.2-1_debian9.amd64.deb - ``` -对于 **`CentOS 7`**，使用 [YUM 命令][13]来安装 ddgr。 +对于 CentOS 7，使用 [YUM 命令][13]来安装 `ddgr`。 + ``` # yum install https://github.com/jarun/ddgr/releases/download/v1.2/ddgr-1.2-1.el7.3.centos.x86_64.rpm - ``` -对于 **`opensuse`**，使用 [zypper 命令][14]来安装 ddgr。 +对于 opensuse，使用 [zypper 命令][14]来安装 `ddgr`。 + ``` # zypper install https://github.com/jarun/ddgr/releases/download/v1.2/ddgr-1.2-1.opensuse42.3.x86_64.rpm - ``` ### 如何启动 ddgr 在终端上输入 `ddgr` 命令，不带任何选项来进行 DuckDuckGo 搜索。你将获得类似于下面的输出。 + ``` $ ddgr - ``` ![][16] ### 如何使用 ddgr 进行搜索 -我们可以通过两种方式启动搜索。从omniprompt 或者直接从终端开始。你可以搜索任何你想要的短语。 +我们可以通过两种方式启动搜索。从 omniprompt 或者直接从终端开始。你可以搜索任何你想要的短语。 直接从终端： + ``` $ ddgr 2daygeek - ``` ![][17] -从 `omniprompt`： +从 omniprompt： + ![][18] ### Omniprompt 快捷方式 -输入 `?` 以获得 `omniprompt`，它将显示关键字列表和进一步使用 ddgr 的快捷方式。 +输入 `?` 以获得 omniprompt，它将显示关键字列表和进一步使用 `ddgr` 的快捷方式。 + ![][19] ### 如何移动下一页、上一页和第一页 它允许用户移动下一页、上一页或第一页。 - * `n:` 移动到下一组搜索结果 - * `p:` 移动到上一组搜索结果 - * `f:` 跳转到第一页 + * `n`： 移动到下一组搜索结果 + * `p`： 移动到上一组搜索结果 + * `f`： 跳转到第一页 ![][20] ### 如何启动新搜索 -“**d**” 选项允许用户从 omniprompt 发起新的搜索。例如，我搜索了 `2daygeek 网站`，现在我将搜索 **Magesh Maruthamuthu** 这个新短语。 +`d` 选项允许用户从 omniprompt 发起新的搜索。例如，我搜索了 “2daygeek website”，现在我将搜索 “Magesh Maruthamuthu” 这个新短语。 + +从 omniprompt： -从 `omniprompt`. ``` ddgr (? for help) d magesh maruthmuthu - ``` ![][21] ### 在搜索结果中显示完整的 URL -默认情况下，它仅显示文章标题，在搜索中添加 **x** 选项以在搜索结果中显示完整的文章网址。 +默认情况下，它仅显示文章标题，在搜索中添加 `x` 选项以在搜索结果中显示完整的文章网址。 + ``` $ ddgr -n 5 -x 2daygeek - ``` ![][22] ### 限制搜索结果 -默认情况下，搜索结果每页显示 10 个结果。如果你想为方便起见限制页面结果，可以使用 ddgr 带有 `--num` 或 ` -n` 参数。 +默认情况下，搜索结果每页显示 10 个结果。如果你想为方便起见限制页面结果，可以使用 `ddgr` 带有 `--num` 或 ` -n` 参数。 + ``` $ ddgr -n 5 2daygeek - ``` ![][23] ### 网站特定搜索 -要搜索特定网站的特定页面，使用以下格式。这将从网站获取给定关键字的结果。例如，我们在 2daygeek 网站搜索 **Package Manager**，查看结果。 +要搜索特定网站的特定页面，使用以下格式。这将从网站获取给定关键字的结果。例如，我们在 2daygeek 网站下搜索 “Package Manager”，查看结果。 + ``` $ ddgr -n 5 --site 2daygeek "package manager" - ``` ![][24] @@ -195,8 +196,8 @@ $ ddgr -n 5 --site 2daygeek "package manager" via: https://www.2daygeek.com/ddgr-duckduckgo-search-from-the-command-line-in-linux/ 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4fa0e0cb003d0c85f009ad635b26ade6157cc3ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 22:49:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0077/1265] PUB:20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md @MjSeven https://linux.cn/article-10915-1.html --- ... A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md b/published/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md rename to published/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md From 7fc28b10aa39e9c58ebcfa1bffde19de184c62f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 23:41:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0078/1265] PRF:20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @robsean 这篇比较好 --- ...29 How to manage your Linux environment.md | 50 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md b/translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md index a8af83c687..36b64fd80f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to manage your Linux environment) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html#tk.rss_all) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) -如何管理你的 Linux 环境 +如何管理你的 Linux 环境变量 ====== -### Linux 用户环境变量帮助你找到你需要的命令，获取很多完成的细节，而不需要知道系统如何配置的。 设置来自哪里和如何被修改它们是另一个课题。 +> Linux 用户环境变量可以帮助你找到你需要的命令，无须了解系统如何配置的细节而完成大量工作。而这些设置来自哪里和如何被修改它们是另一个话题。 ![IIP Photo Archive \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] -在 Linux 系统上的用户配置可以用多种方法简化你的使用。你可以运行命令，而不需要知道它们的位置。你可以重新使用先前运行的命令，而不用发愁系统是如何保持它们的踪迹。你可以查看你的电子邮件，查看手册页，并容易地回到你的 home 目录，而不管你在文件系统可能已经迷失方向。并且，当需要的时候，你可以调整你的账户设置，以便它向着你喜欢的方式来工作。 +在 Linux 系统上的用户账户配置以多种方法简化了系统的使用。你可以运行命令，而不需要知道它们的位置。你可以重新使用先前运行的命令，而不用发愁系统是如何追踪到它们的。你可以查看你的电子邮件，查看手册页，并容易地回到你的家目录，而不用管你在文件系统中身在何方。并且，当需要的时候，你可以调整你的账户设置，以便其更符合你喜欢的方式。 -Linux 环境设置来自一系列的文件 — 一些是系统范围（意味着它们影响所有用户账户），一些是配置处于你的 home 目录中文件中。系统范围设置在你登陆时生效，本地设置在以后生效，所以，你在你账户中作出的更改将覆盖系统范围设置。对于 bash 用户，这些文件包含这些系统文件： +Linux 环境设置来自一系列的文件：一些是系统范围（意味着它们影响所有用户账户），一些是处于你的家目录中的配置文件里。系统范围的设置在你登录时生效，而本地设置在其后生效，所以，你在你账户中作出的更改将覆盖系统范围设置。对于 bash 用户，这些文件包含这些系统文件： ``` /etc/environment @@ -24,22 +24,20 @@ Linux 环境设置来自一系列的文件 — 一些是系统范围（意味着 /etc/profile ``` -和其中一些本地文件： +以及一些本地文件： ``` ~/.bashrc -~/.profile -- not read if ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login +~/.profile # 如果有 ~/.bash_profile 或 ~/.bash_login 就不会读此文件 ~/.bash_profile ~/.bash_login ``` -你可以修改本地存在的四个文件的任何一个，因为它们处于你的 home 目录，并且它们是属于你的。 - -**[ 两分钟 Linux 提示：[学习如何在2分钟视频教程中掌握很多 Linux 命令][2] ]** +你可以修改本地存在的四个文件的任何一个，因为它们处于你的家目录，并且它们是属于你的。 ### 查看你的 Linux 环境设置 -为查看你的环境设置，使用 **env** 命令。你的输出将可能与这相似： +为查看你的环境设置，使用 `env` 命令。你的输出将可能与这相似： ``` $ env @@ -84,9 +82,9 @@ LESSOPEN=| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s _=/usr/bin/env ``` -虽然你可能会得到大量的输出，第一个大部分用颜色显示上面的细节，颜色被用于命令行上来识别各种各样文件类型。当你看到一些东西，像 ***.tar=01;31:** ，这告诉你 tar 文件将以红色显示在文件列表中，然而 ***.jpg=01;35:** 告诉你 jpg 文件将以紫色显现出来。这些颜色本意是使它易于从一个文件列表中分辨出某些文件。你可以在[在 Linux 命令行中自定义你的颜色][3]处学习更多关于这些颜色的定义，和如何自定义它们， +虽然你可能会看到大量的输出，上面显示的第一大部分用于在命令行上使用颜色标识各种文件类型。当你看到类似 `*.tar=01;31:` 这样的东西，这告诉你 `tar` 文件将以红色显示在文件列表中，然而 `*.jpg=01;35:` 告诉你 jpg 文件将以紫色显现出来。这些颜色旨在使它易于从一个文件列表中分辨出某些文件。你可以在《[在 Linux 命令行中自定义你的颜色][3]》处学习更多关于这些颜色的定义，和如何自定义它们。 -当你更喜欢一种不加装饰的显示时，一种简单关闭颜色方法是使用一个命令，例如这一个： +当你更喜欢一种不加装饰的显示时，一种关闭颜色显示的简单方法是使用如下命令： ``` $ ls -l --color=never @@ -98,14 +96,14 @@ $ ls -l --color=never $ alias ll2='ls -l --color=never' ``` -你也可以使用 **echo** 命令来单独地显现设置。在这个命令中，我们显示在历史缓存区中将被记忆命令的数量： +你也可以使用 `echo` 命令来单独地显现某个设置。在这个命令中，我们显示在历史缓存区中将被记忆命令的数量： ``` $ echo $HISTSIZE 1000 ``` -如果你已经移动，你在文件系统中的最后位置将被记忆。 +如果你已经移动到某个位置，你在文件系统中的最后位置会被记在这里： ``` PWD=/home/shs @@ -114,31 +112,31 @@ OLDPWD=/tmp ### 作出更改 -你可以使用一个像这样的命令更改环境设置的，但是，如果你希望保持这个设置，在你的 ~/.bashrc 文件中添加一行代码，例如 "HISTSIZE=1234" 。 +你可以使用一个像这样的命令更改环境设置，但是，如果你希望保持这个设置，在你的 `~/.bashrc` 文件中添加一行代码，例如 `HISTSIZE=1234`。 ``` $ export HISTSIZE=1234 ``` -### "export" 一个变量的本意是什么 +### “export” 一个变量的本意是什么 -导出一个变量使设置可用于你的 shell 和可能的子shell。默认情况下，用户定义的变量是本地的，并不被导出到新的进程，例如，子 shell 和脚本。export 命令使变量可用于子进程的函数。 +导出一个环境变量可使设置用于你的 shell 和可能的子 shell。默认情况下，用户定义的变量是本地的，并不被导出到新的进程，例如，子 shell 和脚本。`export` 命令使得环境变量可用在子进程中发挥功用。 ### 添加和移除变量 -你可以创建新的变量，并使它们在命令行和子 shell 上非常容易地可用。然而，这些变量将不存活于你的登出和再次回来，除非你也添加它们到 ~/.bashrc 或一个类似的文件。 +你可以很容易地在命令行和子 shell 上创建新的变量，并使它们可用。然而，当你登出并再次回来时这些变量将消失，除非你也将它们添加到 `~/.bashrc` 或一个类似的文件中。 ``` $ export MSG="Hello, World!" ``` -如果你需要，你可以使用 **unset** 命令来消除一个变量： +如果你需要，你可以使用 `unset` 命令来消除一个变量： ``` $ unset MSG ``` -如果变量被局部定义，你可以通过获得你的启动文件来简单地设置它回来。例如： +如果变量是局部定义的，你可以通过加载你的启动文件来简单地将其设置回来。例如： ``` $ echo $MSG @@ -153,18 +151,16 @@ Hello, World! ### 小结 -用户账户是为创建一个有用的用户环境，而使用一组恰当的启动文件建立，但是，独立的用户和系统管理员都可以通过编辑他们的个人设置文件（对于用户）或很多来自设置起源的文件（对于系统管理员）来更改默认设置。 - -Join the Network World communities on 在 [Facebook][4] 和 [LinkedIn][5] 上加入网络世界社区来评论重要话题。 +用户账户是用一组恰当的启动文件设立的，创建了一个有用的用户环境，而个人用户和系统管理员都可以通过编辑他们的个人设置文件（对于用户）或很多来自设置起源的文件（对于系统管理员）来更改默认设置。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html#tk.rss_all +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a5421f9bcbbcffa02f3f4cc51e51b54981ce704e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 29 May 2019 23:42:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0079/1265] PUB:20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md @robsean https://linux.cn/article-10916-1.html --- .../20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md b/published/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md rename to published/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md index 36b64fd80f..0a226f79f7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md +++ b/published/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10916-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to manage your Linux environment) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From 62c587d2b2fdd1c2b5bc8eb8fe75d94fbfd42ab9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HALO Feng <289716347@qq.com> Date: Thu, 30 May 2019 08:44:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0080/1265] translating by arrowfeng --- sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md index 4420b034e6..d25298583c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (arrowfeng) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 2fd722a37058b3791961b58aa86732d3a5bed80b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 30 May 2019 08:46:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0081/1265] APL:20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md --- sources/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md | 9 ++++++--- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md b/sources/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md index 783c59dc41..c556206fd4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -7,11 +7,14 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/aliases-protect-and-serve) [#]: author: (Paul Brown https://www.linux.com/users/bro66) -Aliases: To Protect and Serve +命令别名：保护和服务 ====== +> Linux shell 允许你将命令链接在一起以一次触发执行复杂的操作，并创建别名以充当快捷方式。 ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/prairie-path_1920.jpg?itok=wRARsM7p) +让我们将继续我们的别名系列。到目前为止，你可能已经阅读了我们的[关于别名的第一篇文章][1]，并且应该非常清楚它们是如何为自己省去很多麻烦的最简单方法。 例如，你已经看到他们帮助了肌肉记忆，但让我们看看其他几个别名派上用场的案例。 + Happy 2019! Here in the new year, we’re continuing our series on aliases. By now, you’ve probably read our [first article on aliases][1], and it should be quite clear how they are the easiest way to save yourself a lot of trouble. You already saw, for example, that they helped with muscle-memory, but let's see several other cases in which aliases come in handy. ### Aliases as Shortcuts @@ -170,7 +173,7 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/aliases-protect-and-serve [a]: https://www.linux.com/users/bro66 [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/aliases-protect-and-serve +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10377-1.html [2]: https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig01png-0 [3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/fig01_0.png?itok=crqTm_va (aliases) [4]: https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission From f21b04dc13b5829da5efb69db6b2495ac3419285 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 30 May 2019 08:49:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0082/1265] translated --- ...90411 Be your own certificate authority.md | 135 ------------------ ...90411 Be your own certificate authority.md | 133 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 135 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md b/sources/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9ecdd54315..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,135 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Be your own certificate authority) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/certificate-authority) -[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/elenajon123) - -Be your own certificate authority -====== -Create a simple, internal CA for your microservice architecture or -integration testing. -![][1] - -The Transport Layer Security ([TLS][2]) model, which is sometimes referred to by the older name SSL, is based on the concept of [certificate authorities][3] (CAs). These authorities are trusted by browsers and operating systems and, in turn, _sign_ servers' certificates to validate their ownership. - -However, for an intranet, a microservice architecture, or integration testing, it is sometimes useful to have a _local CA_ : one that is trusted only internally and, in turn, signs local servers' certificates. - -This especially makes sense for integration tests. Getting certificates can be a burden because the servers will be up for minutes. But having an "ignore certificate" option in the code could allow it to be activated in production, leading to a security catastrophe. - -A CA certificate is not much different from a regular server certificate; what matters is that it is trusted by local code. For example, in the **requests** library, this can be done by setting the **REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE** variable to a directory containing this certificate. - -In the example of creating a certificate for integration tests, there is no need for a _long-lived_ certificate: if your integration tests take more than a day, you have already failed. - -So, calculate **yesterday** and **tomorrow** as the validity interval: - - -``` ->>> import datetime ->>> one_day = datetime.timedelta(days=1) ->>> today = datetime.date.today() ->>> yesterday = today - one_day ->>> tomorrow = today - one_day -``` - -Now you are ready to create a simple CA certificate. You need to generate a private key, create a public key, set up the "parameters" of the CA, and then self-sign the certificate: a CA certificate is _always_ self-signed. Finally, write out both the certificate file as well as the private key file. - - -``` -from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa -from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes, serialization -from cryptography import x509 -from cryptography.x509.oid import NameOID - -private_key = rsa.generate_private_key( -public_exponent=65537, -key_size=2048, -backend=default_backend() -) -public_key = private_key.public_key() -builder = x509.CertificateBuilder() -builder = builder.subject_name(x509.Name([ -x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'Simple Test CA'), -])) -builder = builder.issuer_name(x509.Name([ -x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'Simple Test CA'), -])) -builder = builder.not_valid_before(yesterday) -builder = builder.not_valid_after(tomorrow) -builder = builder.serial_number(x509.random_serial_number()) -builder = builder.public_key(public_key) -builder = builder.add_extension( -x509.BasicConstraints(ca=True, path_length=None), -critical=True) -certificate = builder.sign( -private_key=private_key, algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), -backend=default_backend() -) -private_bytes = private_key.private_bytes( -encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM, -format=serialization.PrivateFormat.TraditionalOpenSSL, -encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncrption()) -public_bytes = certificate.public_bytes( -encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM) -with open("ca.pem", "wb") as fout: -fout.write(private_bytes + public_bytes) -with open("ca.crt", "wb") as fout: -fout.write(public_bytes) -``` - -In general, a real CA will expect a [certificate signing request][4] (CSR) to sign a certificate. However, when you are your own CA, you can make your own rules! Just go ahead and sign what you want. - -Continuing with the integration test example, you can create the private keys and sign the corresponding public keys right then. Notice **COMMON_NAME** needs to be the "server name" in the **https** URL. If you've configured name lookup, the needed server will respond on **service.test.local**. - - -``` -service_private_key = rsa.generate_private_key( -public_exponent=65537, -key_size=2048, -backend=default_backend() -) -service_public_key = service_private_key.public_key() -builder = x509.CertificateBuilder() -builder = builder.subject_name(x509.Name([ -x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'service.test.local') -])) -builder = builder.not_valid_before(yesterday) -builder = builder.not_valid_after(tomorrow) -builder = builder.public_key(public_key) -certificate = builder.sign( -private_key=private_key, algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), -backend=default_backend() -) -private_bytes = service_private_key.private_bytes( -encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM, -format=serialization.PrivateFormat.TraditionalOpenSSL, -encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncrption()) -public_bytes = certificate.public_bytes( -encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM) -with open("service.pem", "wb") as fout: -fout.write(private_bytes + public_bytes) -``` - -Now the **service.pem** file has a private key and a certificate that is "valid": it has been signed by your local CA. The file is in a format that can be given to, say, Nginx, HAProxy, or most other HTTPS servers. - -By applying this logic to testing scripts, it's easy to create servers that look like authentic HTTPS servers, as long as the client is configured to trust the right CA. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/certificate-authority - -作者：[Moshe Zadka (Community Moderator)][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/elenajon123 -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_commun_4604_02_mech_connections_rhcz0.5x.png?itok=YPPU4dMj -[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security -[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request diff --git a/translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md b/translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..21c698982c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Be your own certificate authority) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/certificate-authority) +[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/elenajon123) + + +自己成为证书颁发机构 +====== +为你的微服务架构或者集成测试创建一个简单的内部 CA +![][1] + +传输层安全（[TLS][2]）模型，有时也称它的旧名称 SSL，是基于[证书颁发机构][3] （CA） 的概念。这些机构受到浏览器和操作系统的信任，然后_签名_服务器的的证书则用于验证其所有权。 + +但是，对于内部网络，微服务架构或集成测试，有时候_本地 CA_ 更有用：一个只在内部受信任的CA，然后签名本地服务器的证书。 + +这对集成测试特别有意义。获取证书可能会带来负担，因为这会占用服务器几分钟。但是在代码中使用“忽略证书”可能会引入生产环境，从而导致安全灾难。 + +CA 证书与常规服务器证书没有太大区别。重要的是它被本地代码信任。例如，在 **requests** 库中，可以通过将 **REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE** 变量设置为包含此证书的目录来完成。 + +在为集成测试创建证书的例子中，不需要_长期的_证书：如果你的集成测试需要超过一天，那么你会失败。 + +因此，计算**昨天**和**明天**作为有效期间隔： + +``` +>>> import datetime +>>> one_day = datetime.timedelta(days=1) +>>> today = datetime.date.today() +>>> yesterday = today - one_day +>>> tomorrow = today - one_day +``` + +现在你已准备好创建一个简单的 CA 证书。你需要生成私钥，创建公钥，设置 CA 的“参数”，然后自签名证书：CA 证书_总是_自签名的。最后，导出证书文件以及私钥文件。 + +``` +from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa +from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes, serialization +from cryptography import x509 +from cryptography.x509.oid import NameOID + + +private_key = rsa.generate_private_key( + public_exponent=65537, + key_size=2048, + backend=default_backend() +) +public_key = private_key.public_key() +builder = x509.CertificateBuilder() +builder = builder.subject_name(x509.Name([ + x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'Simple Test CA'), +])) +builder = builder.issuer_name(x509.Name([ + x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'Simple Test CA'), +])) +builder = builder.not_valid_before(yesterday) +builder = builder.not_valid_after(tomorrow) +builder = builder.serial_number(x509.random_serial_number()) +builder = builder.public_key(public_key) +builder = builder.add_extension( + x509.BasicConstraints(ca=True, path_length=None), + critical=True) +certificate = builder.sign( + private_key=private_key, algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), + backend=default_backend() +) +private_bytes = private_key.private_bytes( + encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM, + format=serialization.PrivateFormat.TraditionalOpenSSL, + encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncrption()) +public_bytes = certificate.public_bytes( + encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM) +with open("ca.pem", "wb") as fout: + fout.write(private_bytes + public_bytes) +with open("ca.crt", "wb") as fout: + fout.write(public_bytes) +``` + +通常，真正的 CA 会有[证书签名请求][4] （CSR） 来签名证书。但是，当你是自己的 CA 时，你可以制定自己的规则！请继续并签名你想要的内容。 + +继续集成测试的例子，你可以创建私钥并立即签名相应的公钥。注意 **COMMON_NAME** 需要是 **https** URL 中的“服务器名称”。如果你已配置名称查询，则相应的服务器会响应 **service.test.local**。 + +``` +service_private_key = rsa.generate_private_key( + public_exponent=65537, + key_size=2048, + backend=default_backend() +) +service_public_key = service_private_key.public_key() +builder = x509.CertificateBuilder() +builder = builder.subject_name(x509.Name([ + x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, 'service.test.local') +])) +builder = builder.not_valid_before(yesterday) +builder = builder.not_valid_after(tomorrow) +builder = builder.public_key(public_key) +certificate = builder.sign( + private_key=private_key, algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), + backend=default_backend() +) +private_bytes = service_private_key.private_bytes( + encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM, + format=serialization.PrivateFormat.TraditionalOpenSSL, + encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncrption()) +public_bytes = certificate.public_bytes( + encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM) +with open("service.pem", "wb") as fout: + fout.write(private_bytes + public_bytes) +``` + +现在 **service.pem** 文件有一个私钥和一个“有效”的证书：它已由本地的 CA 签名。该文件的格式可以给 Nginx、HAProxy 或大多数其他 HTTPS 服务器使用。 + +通过将此逻辑用在测试脚本中，只要客户端配置信任该 CA，那么就可以轻松创建看起来真实的 HTTPS 服务器。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/certificate-authority + +作者：[Moshe Zadka (Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/elenajon123 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_commun_4604_02_mech_connections_rhcz0.5x.png?itok=YPPU4dMj +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request \ No newline at end of file From 9e368c8e230a297a9e694b29ae601e52178a99ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 30 May 2019 08:54:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0083/1265] translating --- ...0520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md b/sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md index 92d6278ed4..54949e4f29 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From d487f6bb696bb1e9df654d79406aa2523f5d33d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: HALO Feng <289716347@qq.com> Date: Thu, 30 May 2019 09:04:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0084/1265] translating by arrowfeng --- .../tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md b/sources/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md index 4746d2ffaa..e9dafbd673 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (arrowfeng) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 8ec93b8da535d825ad1c71347da9e34e8899a62b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cycoe Date: Thu, 30 May 2019 09:20:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0085/1265] translated by cycoe --- ...oring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md | 166 ------------------ ...oring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md | 164 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 164 insertions(+), 166 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index dcc3cec871..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,166 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (cycoe) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/monitor-cpu-gpu-temp-linux/) -[#]: author: (It's FOSS Community https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/) - -Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux -====== - -_**Brief: This articles discusses two simple ways of monitoring CPU and GPU temperatures in Linux command line.**_ - -Because of **[Steam][1]** (including _[Steam Play][2]_ , aka _Proton_ ) and other developments, **GNU/Linux** is becoming the gaming platform of choice for more and more computer users everyday. A good number of users are also going for **GNU/Linux** when it comes to other resource-consuming computing tasks such as [video editing][3] or graphic design ( _Kdenlive_ and _[Blender][4]_ are good examples of programs for these). - -Whether you are one of those users or otherwise, you are bound to have wondered how hot your computer’s CPU and GPU can get (even more so if you do overclocking). If that is the case, keep reading. We will be looking at a couple of very simple commands to monitor CPU and GPU temps. - -My setup includes a [Slimbook Kymera][5] and two displays (a TV set and a PC monitor) which allows me to use one for playing games and the other to keep an eye on the temperatures. Also, since I use [Zorin OS][6] I will be focusing on **Ubuntu** and **Ubuntu** derivatives. - -To monitor the behaviour of both CPU and GPU we will be making use of the useful `watch` command to have dynamic readings every certain number of seconds. - -![][7] - -### Monitoring CPU Temperature in Linux - -For CPU temps, we will combine `watch` with the `sensors` command. An interesting article about a [gui version of this tool has already been covered on It’s FOSS][8]. However, we will use the terminal version here: - -``` -watch -n 2 sensors -``` - -`watch` guarantees that the readings will be updated every 2 seconds (and this value can — of course — be changed to what best fit your needs): - -``` -Every 2,0s: sensors - -iwlwifi-virtual-0 -Adapter: Virtual device -temp1: +39.0°C - -acpitz-virtual-0 -Adapter: Virtual device -temp1: +27.8°C (crit = +119.0°C) -temp2: +29.8°C (crit = +119.0°C) - -coretemp-isa-0000 -Adapter: ISA adapter -Package id 0: +37.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) -Core 0: +35.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) -Core 1: +35.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) -Core 2: +33.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) -Core 3: +36.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) -Core 4: +37.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) -Core 5: +35.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) -``` - -Amongst other things, we get the following information: - - * We have 5 cores in use at the moment (with the current highest temperature being 37.0ºC). - * Values higher than 82.0ºC are considered high. - * A value over 100.0ºC is deemed critical. - - - -[][9] - -Suggested read Top 10 Command Line Games For Linux - -The values above lead us to the conclusion that the computer’s workload is very light at the moment. - -### Monitoring GPU Temperature in Linux - -Let us turn to the graphics card now. I have never used an **AMD** dedicated graphics card, so I will be focusing on **Nvidia** ones. The first thing to do is download the appropriate, current driver through [additional drivers in Ubuntu][10]. - -On **Ubuntu** (and its forks such as **Zorin** or **Linux Mint** ), going to _Software & Updates_ > _Additional Drivers_ and selecting the most recent one normally suffices. Additionally, you can add/enable the official _ppa_ for graphics cards (either through the command line or via _Software & Updates_ > _Other Software_ ). After installing the driver you will have at your disposal the _Nvidia X Server_ gui application along with the command line utility _nvidia-smi_ (Nvidia System Management Interface). So we will use `watch` and `nvidia-smi`: - -``` -watch -n 2 nvidia-smi -``` - -And — the same as for the CPU — we will get updated readings every two seconds: - -``` -Every 2,0s: nvidia-smi - -Fri Apr 19 20:45:30 2019 -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| Nvidia-SMI 418.56 Driver Version: 418.56 CUDA Version: 10.1 | -|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ -| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC | -| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. | -|===============================+======================+======================| -| 0 GeForce GTX 106... Off | 00000000:01:00.0 On | N/A | -| 0% 54C P8 10W / 120W | 433MiB / 6077MiB | 4% Default | -+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ - -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| Processes: GPU Memory | -| GPU PID Type Process name Usage | -|=============================================================================| -| 0 1557 G /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg 190MiB | -| 0 1820 G /usr/bin/gnome-shell 174MiB | -| 0 7820 G ...equest-channel-token=303407235874180773 65MiB | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ -``` - -The chart gives the following information about the graphics card: - - * it is using the open source driver version 418.56. - * the current temperature of the card is 54.0ºC — with the fan at 0% of its capacity. - * the power consumption is very low: only 10W. - * out of 6 GB of vram (video random access memory), it is only using 433 MB. - * the used vram is being taken by three processes whose IDs are — respectively — 1557, 1820 and 7820. - - - -[][11] - -Suggested read Googler: Now You Can Google From Linux Terminal! - -Most of these facts/values show that — clearly — we are not playing any resource-consuming games or dealing with heavy workloads. Should we started playing a game, processing a video — or the like —, the values would start to go up. - -#### Conclusion - -Althoug there are gui tools, I find these two commands very handy to check on your hardware in real time. - -What do you make of them? You can learn more about the utilities involved by reading their man pages. - -Do you have other preferences? Share them with us in the comments, ;). - -Halof!!! (Have a lot of fun!!!). - -![avatar][12] - -### Alejandro Egea-Abellán - -It’s FOSS Community Contributor - -I developed a liking for electronics, linguistics, herpetology and computers (particularly GNU/Linux and FOSS). I am LPIC-2 certified and currently work as a technical consultant and Moodle administrator in the Department for Lifelong Learning at the Ministry of Education in Murcia, Spain. I am a firm believer in lifelong learning, the sharing of knowledge and computer-user freedom. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/monitor-cpu-gpu-temp-linux/ - -作者：[It's FOSS Community][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/install-steam-ubuntu-linux/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/steam-play-proton/ -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/best-video-editing-software-linux/ -[4]: https://www.blender.org/ -[5]: https://slimbook.es/ -[6]: https://zorinos.com/ -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/monitor-cpu-gpu-temperature-linux-800x450.png -[8]: https://itsfoss.com/check-laptop-cpu-temperature-ubuntu/ -[9]: https://itsfoss.com/best-command-line-games-linux/ -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-additional-drivers-ubuntu/ -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/review-googler-linux/ -[12]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EGEA-ABELLAN-Alejandro.jpg diff --git a/translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..50706c1fe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (cycoe) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/monitor-cpu-gpu-temp-linux/) +[#]: author: (It's FOSS Community https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/) + +在 Linux 上监控 CPU 和 GPU 温度 +====== + +_**摘要：本篇文章讨论了在 Linux 命令行中监控 CPU 和 GPU 温度的两种简单方式。**_ + +由于 **[Steam][1]**（包括 _[Steam Play][2]_，也就是我们所熟知的 _Proton_）和一些其他的发展，**GNU/Linux** 正在成为越来越多计算机用户的日常游戏平台的选择。也有相当一部分用户在遇到像[视频编辑][3]或图形设计等（_Kdenlive_ 和 _[Blender][4]_ 是这类应用程序中很好的例子）资源消耗型计算任务时，也会使用 **GNU/Linux**。 + +不管你是否是这些用户中的一员或其他用户，你也一定想知道你的电脑 CPU 和 GPU 能有多热（如果你想要超频的话更会如此）。如果情况是这样，那么继续读下去。我们会介绍两个非常简单的命令来监控 CPU 和 GPU 温度。 + +我的装置包括一台 [Slimbook Kymera][5] 和两台显示器（一台 TV 和一台 PC 监视器），使得我可以用一台来玩游戏，另一台来留意监控温度。另外，因为我使用 [Zorin OS][6]，我会将关注点放在 **Ubuntu** 和 **Ubuntu** 的衍生发行版上。 + +为了监控 CPU 和 GPU 的行为，我们将利用实用的 `watch` 命令在每几秒钟之后动态地得到示数。 + +![][7] + +### 在 Linux 中监控 CPU 温度 + +对于 CPU 温度，我们将结合使用 `watch` 与 `sensors` 命令。一篇关于[此工具的图形用户界面版本][8]的有趣文章已经在 It's FOSS 中介绍过了。然而，我们将在此处使用命令行版本： + +``` +watch -n 2 sensors +``` + +`watch` 保证了示数会在每 2 秒钟更新一次（-当然- 这个周期值能够根据你的需要去更改）： + +``` +Every 2,0s: sensors + +iwlwifi-virtual-0 +Adapter: Virtual device +temp1: +39.0°C + +acpitz-virtual-0 +Adapter: Virtual device +temp1: +27.8°C (crit = +119.0°C) +temp2: +29.8°C (crit = +119.0°C) + +coretemp-isa-0000 +Adapter: ISA adapter +Package id 0: +37.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) +Core 0: +35.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) +Core 1: +35.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) +Core 2: +33.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) +Core 3: +36.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) +Core 4: +37.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) +Core 5: +35.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) +``` + +除此之外，我们还能得到如下信息： + + * 我们有 5 个核心正在被使用（并且当前的最高温度为 37.0ºC）。 + * 温度超过 82.0ºC 会被认为是过热。 + * 超过 100.0ºC 的温度会被认为是超过临界值。 + + + +[推荐阅读：Linux 上排行前 10 的命令行游戏][9] + + +根据以上的温度值我们可以得出结论，我的电脑目前的工作负载非常小。 + +### 在 Linux 中监控 GPU 温度 + +现在让我们来看看显示卡。我从来没使用过 **AMD** 的显示卡，因此我会将重点放在 **Nvidia** 的显示卡上。我们需要做的第一件事是从 [Ubuntu 的附加驱动][10] 中下载合适的最新驱动。 + +在 **Ubuntu**（**Zorin** 或 **Linux Mint** 也是相同的）中，进入_软件和更新_ > _附加驱动_选项，选择最新的可用驱动。另外，你可以添加或启用显示卡的官方 _ppa_（通过命令行或通过_软件和更新_ > _其他软件_来实现）。安装驱动程序后，你将可以使用 _Nvidia X Server_ 的 GUI 程序以及命令行工具 _nvidia-smi_（Nvidia 系统管理界面）。因此我们将使用 `watch` 和 `nvidia-smi`： + +``` +watch -n 2 nvidia-smi +``` + +与 CPU 的情况一样，我们会在每两秒得到一次更新的示数： + +``` +Every 2,0s: nvidia-smi + +Fri Apr 19 20:45:30 2019 ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Nvidia-SMI 418.56 Driver Version: 418.56 CUDA Version: 10.1 | +|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ +| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC | +| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. | +|===============================+======================+======================| +| 0 GeForce GTX 106... Off | 00000000:01:00.0 On | N/A | +| 0% 54C P8 10W / 120W | 433MiB / 6077MiB | 4% Default | ++-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ + ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Processes: GPU Memory | +| GPU PID Type Process name Usage | +|=============================================================================| +| 0 1557 G /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg 190MiB | +| 0 1820 G /usr/bin/gnome-shell 174MiB | +| 0 7820 G ...equest-channel-token=303407235874180773 65MiB | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +``` + +从这个表格中我们得到了关于显示卡的如下信息： + + * 它正在使用版本号为 418.56 的开源驱动。 + * 显示卡的当前温度为 54.0ºC，并且风扇的使用量为 0%。 + * 电量的消耗非常低：仅仅 10W。 + * 总量为 6GB 的 vram（视频随机存取存储器），只使用了 433MB。 + * vram 正在被 3 个进程使用，他们的 ID 分别为 1557、1820 和 7820。 + + + +[推荐阅读：现在你可以在 Linux 终端中使用谷歌了！][11] + + +大部分这些事实或数值都清晰地表明，我们没有在玩任何消耗系统资源的游戏或处理大负载的任务。当我们开始玩游戏、处理视频或其他类似任务时，这些值就会开始上升。 + +#### 结论 + +即便我们有 GUI 工具，但我还是发现这两个命令对于实时监控硬件非常的顺手。 + +你将如何去使用它们呢？你可以通过阅读他们的 man 手册来学习更多关于这些工具的使用技巧。 + +你有其他偏爱的工具吗？在评论里分享给我们吧 ;)。 + +玩得开心！ + +![化身][12] + +### Alejandro Egea-Abellán + +It's FOSS 社区贡献者 + +我对电子、语言学、爬虫学、计算机（尤其是 GNU/Linux 和 FOSS）有着浓厚兴趣。我通过了 LPIC-2 认证，目前在西班牙穆尔西亚教育部终身学习部们担任技术顾问和 Moodle（译注：Moodle 是一个开源课程管理系统）管理员。我是终身学习、知识共享和计算机用户自由的坚定信奉者。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/monitor-cpu-gpu-temp-linux/ + +作者：[It's FOSS Community][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[cycoe](https://github.com/cycoe) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/install-steam-ubuntu-linux/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/steam-play-proton/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/best-video-editing-software-linux/ +[4]: https://www.blender.org/ +[5]: https://slimbook.es/ +[6]: https://zorinos.com/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/monitor-cpu-gpu-temperature-linux-800x450.png +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/check-laptop-cpu-temperature-ubuntu/ +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/best-command-line-games-linux/ +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-additional-drivers-ubuntu/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/review-googler-linux/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EGEA-ABELLAN-Alejandro.jpg From 3c45bb694b99c028793400b7e57ea61385c01374 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 30 May 2019 21:19:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0086/1265] TSL:20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md --- .../20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md | 179 ------------------ .../20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md | 171 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 179 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md b/sources/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md deleted file mode 100644 index c556206fd4..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,179 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Aliases: To Protect and Serve) -[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/aliases-protect-and-serve) -[#]: author: (Paul Brown https://www.linux.com/users/bro66) - -命令别名：保护和服务 -====== -> Linux shell 允许你将命令链接在一起以一次触发执行复杂的操作，并创建别名以充当快捷方式。 - -![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/prairie-path_1920.jpg?itok=wRARsM7p) - -让我们将继续我们的别名系列。到目前为止，你可能已经阅读了我们的[关于别名的第一篇文章][1]，并且应该非常清楚它们是如何为自己省去很多麻烦的最简单方法。 例如，你已经看到他们帮助了肌肉记忆，但让我们看看其他几个别名派上用场的案例。 - -Happy 2019! Here in the new year, we’re continuing our series on aliases. By now, you’ve probably read our [first article on aliases][1], and it should be quite clear how they are the easiest way to save yourself a lot of trouble. You already saw, for example, that they helped with muscle-memory, but let's see several other cases in which aliases come in handy. - -### Aliases as Shortcuts - -One of the most beautiful things about Linux's shells is how you can use zillions of options and chain commands together to carry out really sophisticated operations in one fell swoop. All right, maybe beauty is in the eye of the beholder, but let's agree that this feature published practical. - -The downside is that you often come up with recipes that are often hard to remember or cumbersome to type. Say space on your hard disk is at a premium and you want to do some New Year's cleaning. Your first step may be to look for stuff to get rid off in you home directory. One criteria you could apply is to look for stuff you don't use anymore. `ls` can help with that: - -``` -ls -lct -``` - -The instruction above shows the details of each file and directory (`-l`) and also shows when each item was last accessed (`-c`). It then orders the list from most recently accessed to least recently accessed (`-t`). - -Is this hard to remember? You probably don’t use the `-c` and `-t` options every day, so perhaps. In any case, defining an alias like - -``` -alias lt='ls -lct' -``` - -will make it easier. - -Then again, you may want to have the list show the oldest files first: - -``` -alias lo='lt -F | tac' -``` - -![aliases][3] - -Figure 1: The lt and lo aliases in action. - -[Used with permission][4] - -There are a few interesting things going here. First, we are using an alias (`lt`) to create another alias -- which is perfectly okay. Second, we are passing a new parameter to `lt` (which, in turn gets passed to `ls` through the definition of the `lt` alias). - -The `-F` option appends special symbols to the names of items to better differentiate regular files (that get no symbol) from executable files (that get an `*`), files from directories (end in `/`), and all of the above from links, symbolic and otherwise (that end in an `@` symbol). The `-F` option is throwback to the days when terminals where monochrome and there was no other way to easily see the difference between items. You use it here because, when you pipe the output from `lt` through to `tac` you lose the colors from `ls`. - -The third thing to pay attention to is the use of piping. Piping happens when you pass the output from an instruction to another instruction. The second instruction can then use that output as its own input. In many shells (including Bash), you pipe something using the pipe symbol (`|`). - -In this case, you are piping the output from `lt -F` into `tac`. `tac`'s name is a bit of a joke. You may have heard of `cat`, the instruction that was nominally created to con _cat_ enate files together, but that in practice is used to print out the contents of a file to the terminal. `tac` does the same, but prints out the contents it receives in reverse order. Get it? `cat` and `tac`. Developers, you so funny! - -The thing is both `cat` and `tac` can also print out stuff piped over from another instruction, in this case, a list of files ordered chronologically. - -So... after that digression, what comes out of the other end is the list of files and directories of the current directory in inverse order of freshness. - -The final thing you have to bear in mind is that, while `lt` will work the current directory and any other directory... - -``` -# This will work: -lt -# And so will this: -lt /some/other/directory -``` - -... `lo` will only work with the current directory: - -``` -# This will work: -lo -# But this won't: -lo /some/other/directory -``` - -This is because Bash expands aliases into their components. When you type this: - -``` -lt /some/other/directory -``` - -Bash REALLY runs this: - -``` -ls -lct /some/other/directory -``` - -which is a valid Bash command. - -However, if you type this: - -``` -lo /some/other/directory -``` - -Bash tries to run this: - -``` -ls -lct -F | tac /some/other/directory -``` - -which is not a valid instruction, because `tac` mainly because _/some/other/directory_ is a directory, and `cat` and `tac` don't do directories. - -### More Alias Shortcuts - - * `alias lll='ls -R'` prints out the contents of a directory and then drills down and prints out the contents of its subdirectories and the subdirectories of the subdirectories, and so on and so forth. It is a way of seeing everything you have under a directory. - - * `mkdir='mkdir -pv'` let's you make directories within directories all in one go. With the base form of `mkdir`, to make a new directory containing a subdirectory you have to do this: - -``` - mkdir newdir -mkdir newdir/subdir -``` - -Or this: - -``` -mkdir -p newdir/subdir -``` - -while with the alias you would only have to do this: - -``` -mkdir newdir/subdir -``` - -Your new `mkdir` will also tell you what it is doing while is creating new directories. - - - - -### Aliases as Safeguards - -The other thing aliases are good for is as safeguards against erasing or overwriting your files accidentally. At this stage you have probably heard the legendary story about the new Linux user who ran: - -``` -rm -rf / -``` - -as root, and nuked the whole system. Then there's the user who decided that: - -``` -rm -rf /some/directory/ * -``` - -was a good idea and erased the complete contents of their home directory. Notice how easy it is to overlook that space separating the directory path and the `*`. - -Both things can be avoided with the `alias rm='rm -i'` alias. The `-i` option makes `rm` ask the user whether that is what they really want to do and gives you a second chance before wreaking havoc in your file system. - -The same goes for `cp`, which can overwrite a file without telling you anything. Create an alias like `alias cp='cp -i'` and stay safe! - -### Next Time - -We are moving more and more into scripting territory. Next time, we'll take the next logical step and see how combining instructions on the command line gives you really interesting and sophisticated solutions to everyday admin problems. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/aliases-protect-and-serve - -作者：[Paul Brown][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/bro66 -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10377-1.html -[2]: https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig01png-0 -[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/fig01_0.png?itok=crqTm_va (aliases) -[4]: https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission diff --git a/translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md b/translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..63475900bc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Aliases: To Protect and Serve) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/aliases-protect-and-serve) +[#]: author: (Paul Brown https://www.linux.com/users/bro66) + +命令别名：保护和服务 +====== +> Linux shell 允许你将命令链接在一起以一次触发执行复杂的操作，并创建别名以充当快捷方式。 + +![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/prairie-path_1920.jpg?itok=wRARsM7p) + +让我们将继续我们的别名系列。到目前为止，你可能已经阅读了我们的[关于别名的第一篇文章][1]，并且应该非常清楚它们是如何为你省去很多麻烦的最简单方法。例如，你已经看到它们帮助我们减少了输入，让我们看看别名派上用场的其他几个案例。 + +### 别名即快捷方式 + +Linux shell 最美妙的事情之一是使用数以万计的选项和把命令连接在一起执行真正复杂的操作。好吧，也许这种美丽是在旁观者的眼中，但是我们觉得这个功能很实用。 + +不利的一面是，你经常需记得通常难以记忆或难以打字出来的命令组合。比如说硬盘上的空间非常宝贵，而你想要做一些清洁工作。你的第一步可能是寻找隐藏在你的主目录里的东西。你可以用来判断的一个标准是查找不再使用的内容。`ls` 可以帮助你： + +``` +ls -lct +``` + +上面的命令显示了每个文件和目录的详细信息（`-l`），并显示了每一项上次访问的时间（`-c`），然后它按从最近访问到最少访问的顺序排序这个列表（`-t`）。 + +这难以记住吗？你可能不会每天都使用 `-c` 和 `-t` 选项，所以也许是吧。无论如何，定义一个别名，如： + +``` +alias lt='ls -lct' +``` + +会更容易一些。 + +然后，你也可能希望列表首先显示最旧的文件： + +``` +alias lo='lt -F | tac' +``` + +![aliases][3] + +*图 1：使用 lt 和 lo 别名。* + +这里有一些有趣的事情。首先，我们使用别名（`lt`）来创建另一个别名 —— 这是完全可以的。其次，我们将一个新参数传递给 `lt`（后者又通过 `lt` 别名的定义传递给了 `ls`）。 + +`-F` 选项会将特殊符号附加到项目的名称后，以便更好地区分常规文件（没有符号）和可执行文件（附加了 `*`）、目录文件（以 `/` 结尾），以及所有链接文件、符号链接文件（以 `@` 符号结尾）等等。`-F` 选项是当你回归到单色终端的日子里，没有其他方法可以轻松看到列表项之间的差异时用的。在这里使用它是因为当你将输出从 `lt` 传递到 `tac` 时，你会丢失 `ls` 的颜色。 + +第三件我们需要注意的事情是我们使用了管道。管道用于你将一个命令的输出传递给另外一个命令时。第二个命令可以使用这些输出作为它的输入。在包括 Bash 在内的许多 shell 里，你可以使用管道符（`|`） 来传递。 + +在这里，你将来自 `lt -F` 的输出导给 `tac`。`tac` 这个命令有点玩笑的意思，你或许听说过 `cat` 命令，它原本用于将文件彼此连接（con`cat`），而在实践中，它被用于将一个文件的内容打印到终端。`tac` 做的事情一样，但是它是以逆序将接收到的内容输出出来。明白了吗？`cat` 和 `tac`，技术人有时候也挺有趣的。 + +`cat` 和 `tac` 都能输出通过管道传递过来的内容，在这里，也就是一个按时间顺序排序的文件列表。 + +那么，在有些离题之后，最终我们得到的就是这个列表将当前目录中的文件和目录以新鲜度的逆序列出（即老的在前）。 + +最后你需要注意的是，当在当前目录或任何目录运行 `lt` 时： + +``` +# 这可以工作： +lt +# 这也可以： +lt /some/other/directory +``` + +……而 `lo` 只能在当前目录奏效： + +``` +# 这可工作： +lo +# 而这不行： +lo /some/other/directory +``` + +这是因为 Bash 会展开别名的组件。当你键入： + +``` +lt /some/other/directory +``` + +Bash 实际上运行的是： + +``` +ls -lct /some/other/directory +``` + +这是一个有效的 Bash 命令。 + +而当你键入： + +``` +lo /some/other/directory +``` + +Bash 试图运行： + +``` +ls -lct -F | tac /some/other/directory +``` + +这不是一个有效的命令，主要是因为 `/some/other/directory` 是个目录，而 `cat` 和 `tac` 不能用于目录。 + +### 更多的别名快捷方式 + + * `alias lll='ls -R'` 会打印出目录的内容，并深入到子目录里面打印子目录的内容，以及子目录的子目录，等等。这是一个查看一个目录下所有内容的方式。 + * `mkdir='mkdir -pv'` 可以让你一次性创建目录下的目录。按照 `mkdir` 的基本形式，要创建一个包含子目录的目录，你必须这样： + +``` +mkdir newdir +mkdir newdir/subdir +``` + +或这样： + +``` +mkdir -p newdir/subdir +``` + +而用这个别名你将只需要这样就行： + +``` +mkdir newdir/subdir +``` + +你的新 `mkdir` 也会告诉你创建子目录时都做了什么。 + +### 别名也是一种防护 + +别名的另一方面是它可以很好地防止你意外地删除或覆写已有的文件。你可能这个 Linux 新用户的传言，当他们以 root 身份运行： + +``` +rm -rf / +``` + +整个系统就爆了。而决定输入如下命令的用户： + +``` +rm -rf /some/directory/ * +``` + +就很好地干掉了他们的家目录的全部内容。这里不小心键入的目录和 `*` 之间的那个空格有时候很容易就会被忽视掉。 + +这两种情况我们都可以通过 `alias rm='rm -i'` 别名来避免。`-i` 选项会使 `rm` 询问用户是否真的要做这个操作，在你对你的文件系统做出不可弥补的损失之前给你第二次机会。 + +对于 `cp` 也是一样，它能够覆盖一个文件而不会给你任何提示。创建一个类似 `alias cp='cp -i'` 来保持安全吧。 + +### 下一次 + +我们越来越深入到了脚本领域，下一次，我们将沿着这个方向，看看如何在命令行组合命令以给你真正的乐趣，并可靠地解决系统管理员每天面临的问题。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/aliases-protect-and-serve + +作者：[Paul Brown][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/bro66 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10377-1.html +[2]: https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig01png-0 +[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/fig01_0.png?itok=crqTm_va (aliases) +[4]: https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission From a6dd92e68f2f2851820f5765b42169e673023151 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 30 May 2019 21:45:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0087/1265] PRF:20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md @wxy --- .../20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md | 21 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md b/translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md index 63475900bc..1e2008861f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Aliases: To Protect and Serve) @@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ 命令别名：保护和服务 ====== -> Linux shell 允许你将命令链接在一起以一次触发执行复杂的操作，并创建别名以充当快捷方式。 + +> Linux shell 允许你将命令彼此链接在一起，一次触发执行复杂的操作，并且可以对此创建别名作为快捷方式。 ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/prairie-path_1920.jpg?itok=wRARsM7p) @@ -17,9 +18,9 @@ ### 别名即快捷方式 -Linux shell 最美妙的事情之一是使用数以万计的选项和把命令连接在一起执行真正复杂的操作。好吧，也许这种美丽是在旁观者的眼中，但是我们觉得这个功能很实用。 +Linux shell 最美妙的事情之一是可以使用数以万计的选项和把命令连接在一起执行真正复杂的操作。好吧，也许这种美丽是在旁观者的眼中的，但是我们觉得这个功能很实用。 -不利的一面是，你经常需记得通常难以记忆或难以打字出来的命令组合。比如说硬盘上的空间非常宝贵，而你想要做一些清洁工作。你的第一步可能是寻找隐藏在你的主目录里的东西。你可以用来判断的一个标准是查找不再使用的内容。`ls` 可以帮助你： +不利的一面是，你经常需要记得难以记忆或难以打字出来的命令组合。比如说硬盘上的空间非常宝贵，而你想要做一些清洁工作。你的第一步可能是寻找隐藏在你的家目录里的东西。你可以用来判断的一个标准是查找不再使用的内容。`ls` 可以帮助你： ``` ls -lct @@ -49,9 +50,9 @@ alias lo='lt -F | tac' `-F` 选项会将特殊符号附加到项目的名称后，以便更好地区分常规文件（没有符号）和可执行文件（附加了 `*`）、目录文件（以 `/` 结尾），以及所有链接文件、符号链接文件（以 `@` 符号结尾）等等。`-F` 选项是当你回归到单色终端的日子里，没有其他方法可以轻松看到列表项之间的差异时用的。在这里使用它是因为当你将输出从 `lt` 传递到 `tac` 时，你会丢失 `ls` 的颜色。 -第三件我们需要注意的事情是我们使用了管道。管道用于你将一个命令的输出传递给另外一个命令时。第二个命令可以使用这些输出作为它的输入。在包括 Bash 在内的许多 shell 里，你可以使用管道符（`|`） 来传递。 +第三件我们需要注意的事情是我们使用了管道。管道用于你将一个命令的输出传递给另外一个命令时。第二个命令可以使用这些输出作为它的输入。在包括 Bash 在内的许多 shell 里，你可以使用管道符（`|`） 来做传递。 -在这里，你将来自 `lt -F` 的输出导给 `tac`。`tac` 这个命令有点玩笑的意思，你或许听说过 `cat` 命令，它原本用于将文件彼此连接（con`cat`），而在实践中，它被用于将一个文件的内容打印到终端。`tac` 做的事情一样，但是它是以逆序将接收到的内容输出出来。明白了吗？`cat` 和 `tac`，技术人有时候也挺有趣的。 +在这里，你将来自 `lt -F` 的输出导给 `tac`。`tac` 这个命令有点玩笑的意思，你或许听说过 `cat` 命令，它名义上用于将文件彼此连接（con`cat`），而在实践中，它被用于将一个文件的内容打印到终端。`tac` 做的事情一样，但是它是以逆序将接收到的内容输出出来。明白了吗？`cat` 和 `tac`，技术人有时候也挺有趣的。 `cat` 和 `tac` 都能输出通过管道传递过来的内容，在这里，也就是一个按时间顺序排序的文件列表。 @@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ lo lo /some/other/directory ``` -这是因为 Bash 会展开别名的组件。当你键入： +这是因为 Bash 会展开别名的组分。当你键入： ``` lt /some/other/directory @@ -127,9 +128,9 @@ mkdir newdir/subdir 你的新 `mkdir` 也会告诉你创建子目录时都做了什么。 -### 别名也是一种防护 +### 别名也是一种保护 -别名的另一方面是它可以很好地防止你意外地删除或覆写已有的文件。你可能这个 Linux 新用户的传言，当他们以 root 身份运行： +别名的另一个好处是它可以作为防止你意外地删除或覆写已有的文件的保护措施。你可能听说过这个 Linux 新用户的传言，当他们以 root 身份运行： ``` rm -rf / @@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/aliases-protect-and-serve 作者：[Paul Brown][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ef2339ad2cdfa3caffbf76f03e40b458f4b247c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 30 May 2019 21:46:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0088/1265] PUB:20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10918-1.html --- .../20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md b/published/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md rename to published/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md index 1e2008861f..60299f61c5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md +++ b/published/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10918-1.html) [#]: subject: (Aliases: To Protect and Serve) [#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/aliases-protect-and-serve) [#]: author: (Paul Brown https://www.linux.com/users/bro66) From adadb6c7fd39846d9e63e061bc19735990a85ffb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9D=8E=E5=8D=9A?= <1594914459@qq.com> Date: Thu, 30 May 2019 23:17:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0089/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md b/sources/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md index 69aeaf32ac..d4a3d3c1b4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md +++ b/sources/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (warmfrog) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From dd8786aee20b77356d1e023c1357abc3782dca09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 08:50:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0090/1265] PRF:20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md @geekpi --- ...g Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md | 38 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md b/translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md index 7e5d6fbbda..2aade50b1a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md @@ -1,34 +1,34 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu [Quick Guide]) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-budgie-ubuntu/) [#]: author: (Atharva Lele https://itsfoss.com/author/atharva/) -在 Ubuntu 上安装 Budgie 桌面 [快速指南] +在 Ubuntu 上安装 Budgie 桌面 ====== -_ **简介：在这一步步的教程中学习如何在 Ubuntu 上安装 Budgie 桌面。** _ +> 在这个逐步的教程中学习如何在 Ubuntu 上安装 Budgie 桌面。 -在所有[各种 Ubuntu 版本][1]中，[Ubuntu Budgie][2] 是最被低估的版本。它看起来很优雅，而且需要的资源也不多。 +在所有[各种 Ubuntu 版本][1]中，[Ubuntu Budgie][2] 是最被低估的版本。它外观优雅，而且需要的资源也不多。 -阅读这篇 [Ubuntu Budgie 的评论][3]或观看此视频，了解 Ubuntu Budgie 18.04 的外观。 +阅读这篇 《[Ubuntu Budgie 点评][3]》或观看下面的视频，了解 Ubuntu Budgie 18.04 的外观如何。 -[Subscribe to our YouTube channel for more Linux Videos][4] +- [Ubuntu 18.04 Budgie Desktop Tour [It's Elegant]](https://youtu.be/KXgreWOK33k) -如果你喜欢 [Budgie 桌面][5]但你正在使用其他版本的 Ubuntu，例如默认的 GNOME 桌面的 Ubuntu，我有个好消息。你可以在当前的 Ubuntu 系统上安装 Budgie 并切换桌面环境。 +如果你喜欢 [Budgie 桌面][5]但你正在使用其他版本的 Ubuntu，例如默认 Ubuntu 带有 GNOME 桌面，我有个好消息。你可以在当前的 Ubuntu 系统上安装 Budgie 并切换桌面环境。 在这篇文章中，我将告诉你到底该怎么做。但首先，对那些不了解 Budgie 的人进行一点介绍。 -Budgie 桌面环境主要由 [Solus Linux 团队开发][6]。它的设计注重优雅和现代使用。Budgie 适用于所有主流 Linux 发行版，供用户尝试体验这种新的桌面环境。Budgie 现在非常成熟，并提供了出色的桌面体验。 +Budgie 桌面环境主要由 [Solus Linux 团队开发][6]。它的设计注重优雅和现代使用。Budgie 适用于所有主流 Linux 发行版，可以让用户在其上尝试体验这种新的桌面环境。Budgie 现在非常成熟，并提供了出色的桌面体验。 -警告 - -在同一系统上安装多个桌面可能会导致冲突，你可能会遇到一些问题，如面板中缺少图标或同一程序的多个图标。 - -你也许不会遇到任何问题。是否要尝试不同桌面由你决定。 +> 警告 +> +> 在同一系统上安装多个桌面可能会导致冲突，你可能会遇到一些问题，如面板中缺少图标或同一程序的多个图标。 +> +> 你也许不会遇到任何问题。是否要尝试不同桌面由你决定。 ### 在 Ubuntu 上安装 Budgie @@ -55,23 +55,19 @@ sudo apt install ubuntu-budgie-desktop ![Budgie login screen][9] -你可以单击登录名旁边的 Budgie 图标获取登录选项。在那里，你可以在已安装的桌面环境 （DE） 之间进行选择。就我而言，我看到了 Budgie 和默认的 Ubuntu（GNOME）桌面。 +你可以单击登录名旁边的 Budgie 图标获取登录选项。在那里，你可以在已安装的桌面环境（DE）之间进行选择。就我而言，我看到了 Budgie 和默认的 Ubuntu（GNOME）桌面。 ![Select your DE][10] 因此，无论何时你想登录 GNOME，都可以使用此菜单执行此操作。 -[][11] - -建议阅读：在 Ubuntu中 摆脱 “snapd returned status code 400: Bad Request” 错误。 - ### 如何删除 Budgie 如果你不喜欢 Budgie 或只是想回到常规的以前的 Ubuntu，你可以如上节所述切换回常规桌面。 但是，如果你真的想要删除 Budgie 及其组件，你可以按照以下命令回到之前的状态。 -_ **在使用这些命令之前先切换到其他桌面环境：** _ +**在使用这些命令之前先切换到其他桌面环境：** ``` sudo apt remove ubuntu-budgie-desktop ubuntu-budgie* lightdm @@ -83,7 +79,7 @@ sudo apt install --reinstall gdm3 现在，你将回到 GNOME 或其他你有的桌面。 -**你对Budgie有什么看法？** +### 你对 Budgie 有什么看法？ Budgie 是[最佳 Linux 桌面环境][12]之一。希望这个简短的指南帮助你在 Ubuntu 上安装了很棒的 Budgie 桌面。 @@ -96,7 +92,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/install-budgie-ubuntu/ 作者：[Atharva Lele][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8f20a358cfc01b8daeff5cf70f2b25e70ff73daa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 08:51:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0091/1265] PUB:20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10919-1.html --- ...190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md b/published/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md rename to published/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md index 2aade50b1a..457caaa69a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md +++ b/published/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10919-1.html) [#]: subject: (Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu [Quick Guide]) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-budgie-ubuntu/) [#]: author: (Atharva Lele https://itsfoss.com/author/atharva/) From a6eead09359fb323075457ace83f952412c162ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 08:55:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0092/1265] translated --- ...down Editor for Writers and Researchers.md | 120 ------------------ ...down Editor for Writers and Researchers.md | 110 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md b/sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 54949e4f29..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,120 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Zettlr – Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/) -[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) - -Zettlr – Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers -====== - -There are quite a few [Markdown editors available for Linux][1], with more popping up all of the time. The problem is that like [Boostnote][2], most are designed for coders and may not be as welcoming to non-techie people. Let’s take a look at a Markdown editor that wants to replace Word and expensive word processors for the non-techies. Let’s take a look at Zettlr. - -### Zettlr Markdown Editor - -![Zettlr Light Mode][3] - -I may have mentioned it a time or two on this site, but I prefer to write all of my documents in [Markdown][4]. It is simple to learn and does not leave you tied to a proprietary document format. I have also mentioned Markdown editor among my [list of open source tools for writers][5]. - -I have used a number of Markdown editors and am always interested to try out someone’s new take on the idea. Recently, I came across Zettlr, an open source markdown editor. - -[Zettlr][6] is the creation of a German sociologist/political theorist named [Hendrik Erz][7]. Hendrik created Zettlr because he was frustrated by the current line up of word processors. He wanted something that would allow him to “focus on writing and reading only”. - -After discovering Markdown, he tried several Markdown editors on different operating systems. But none of them had what he was looking for. [According to Hendrik][8], “But I had to realize that there are simply none written for the needs of organizing a huge amount of text efficiently. Most editors have been written by coders, therefore tailored to the needs of engineers and mathematicians. No luck for a student of social sciences, history or political science like me.” - -So he decided to create his own. In November of 2017, he started to work on Zettlr. - -![Zettlr About][9] - -#### Zettlr Features - -Zettlr has a number of neat features, including: - - * Import sources from your [Zotero database][10] and cite them in your document - * Focus on your writing with the distraction free mode with optional line muting - * Support for code highlighting - * Use tags to sort information - * Ability to set writing goals for the session - * View writing stats over time - * Pomodoro Timer - * Light/Dark theme - * Create presentation using [reveal.js][11] - * Quick preview of a document - * Search all Markdown documents in a project folder with heatmap showing the density of word searched - * Export files to HTML, PDF, ODT, DOC, reStructuredText, LaTex, TXT, Emacs ORG, [TextBundle][12], and Textpack - * Add custom CSS to your document - - - -[][13] - -Suggested read Manage Your PDF Files In Style With Great Little Book Shelf - -As I am writing this article, a dialog box popped up telling me about the recently released [1.3.0 beta][14]. This beta will include several new themes, as well as, a boatload of fixes, new features and under the hood improvements. - -![Zettlr Night Mode][15] - -#### Installing Zettlr - -Currently, the only Linux repository that has Zettlr for you to install is the [AUR][16]. If your Linux distro is not Arch-based, you can [download an installer][17] from the website for macOS, Windows, Debian, and Fedora. - -#### Final Thoughts on Zettlr - -Note: In order to test Zettlr, I used it to write this article. - -Zettlr has a number of neat features that I wish my Markdown editor of choice (ghostwriter) had, such as the ability to set a word count goal for the document. I also like the option to preview a document without having to open it. - -![Zettlr Settings][18] - -I did run into a couple issues, but they had more to do with the fact that Zettlr works a little bit different than ghostwriter. For example, when I tried to copy a quote or name from a web site, it pasted the in-line styling into Zettlr. Fortunately, there is an option to “Paste without Style”. A couple times I ran into a slight delay when I was trying to type. But that could because it is an Electron app. - -Overall, I think that Zettlr is a good option for a first time Markdown user. It has features that many Markdown editors already have and adds a few more for those who only ever used word processors - -As Hendrik says on the [Zettlr site][8], “Free yourselves from the fetters of word processors and see how your writing process can be improved by using technology that’s right at hand!” - -If you do find Zettlr useful, please consider supporting [Hendrik][19]. As he says on the site, “And this free of any charge, because I do not believe in the fast-living, early-dying startup culture. I simply want to help.” - -[][20] - -Suggested read Calligra Office App Brings ODT Support To Android - -Have you ever used Zettlr? What is your favorite Markdown editor? Please let us know in the comments below. - -If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News or [Reddit][21]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/ - -作者：[John Paul][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-markdown-editors-linux/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/boostnote-linux-review/ -[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Zettlr-light-mode.png?fit=800%2C462&ssl=1 -[4]: https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ -[5]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-tools-writers/ -[6]: https://www.zettlr.com/ -[7]: https://github.com/nathanlesage -[8]: https://www.zettlr.com/about -[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/zettlr-about.png?fit=800%2C528&ssl=1 -[10]: https://www.zotero.org/ -[11]: https://revealjs.com/#/ -[12]: http://textbundle.org/ -[13]: https://itsfoss.com/great-little-book-shelf-review/ -[14]: https://github.com/Zettlr/Zettlr/releases/tag/v1.3.0-beta -[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Zettlr-night-mode.png?fit=800%2C469&ssl=1 -[16]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/zettlr-bin/ -[17]: https://www.zettlr.com/download -[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/zettlr-settings.png?fit=800%2C353&ssl=1 -[19]: https://www.zettlr.com/supporters -[20]: https://itsfoss.com/calligra-android-app-coffice/ -[21]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup diff --git a/translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md b/translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3ca9b20403 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Zettlr – Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/) +[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) + +Zettlr - 适合作者和研究人员的 Markdown 编辑器 +====== + +有很多[适用于 Linux 的 Markdown 编辑器][1]，并且还在继续增加。问题是，像 [Boostnote][2] 一样，大多数是为编码人员设计的，可能不会受到非技术人员的欢迎。让我们看一个想要替代 Word 和昂贵的文字处理器，适用于非技术人员的 Markdown 编辑器。我们来看看 Zettlr 吧。 + +### Zettlr Markdown 编辑器 + +![Zettlr Light Mode][3] + +我可能在网站上提到过一两次，但我更喜欢用 [Markdown][4] 写下我的所有文档。它易于学习，不会让你与专有文档格式相关联。我还在我的[适合作者的开源工具列表][5]中提到了 Markdown 编辑器。 + +我用过许多 Markdown 编辑器，但是我一直有兴趣尝试新的。最近，我遇到了 Zettlr，一个开源 markdown 编辑器。 + +[Zettlr][6] 是一位名叫 [Hendrik Erz][7] 的德国社会学家/政治理论家创建的。Hendrik 创建了 Zettlr，因为他对目前的文字处理器感到沮丧。他想要可以让他“专注于写作和阅读”的编辑器。 + +在发现 Markdown 之后，他在不同的操作系统上尝试了几个 Markdown 编辑器。但他们都没有他想要的东西。[根据 Hendrik 的说法][8]，“但我不得不意识到没有为高效组织大量文本而写的编辑器。大多数编辑都是由编码人员编写的，因此可以满足工程师和数学家的需求。没有为我这样的社会科学，历史或政治学的学生的编辑器。“ + +So he decided to create his own. In November of 2017, he started to work on Zettlr. +所以他决定创造自己的。2017 年 11 月，他开始编写 Zettlr。 + +![Zettlr About][9] + +#### Zettlr 功能 + +Zettlr有许多简洁的功能，包括： + + * 从 [Zotero 数据库][10]导入源并在文档中引用它们 +  * 使用可选的行屏蔽，让你无打扰地专注于写作 +  * 支持代码高亮 +  * 使用标签对信息进行排序 +  * 能够为会话设定写作目标 +  * 查看一段时间的写作统计 +  * 番茄钟计时器 +  * 浅色/深色主题 +  * 使用 [reveal.js][11] 创建演示文稿 +  * 快速预览文档 +  * 在一个项目文档中搜索 Markdown 文档，并用热图展示文字搜索密度。 +  * 将文件导出为 HTML、PDF、ODT、DOC、reStructuredText、LaTex、TXT、Emacs ORG、[TextBundle][12] 和 Textpack +  * 将自定义 CSS 添加到你的文档 + +当我写这篇文章时，一个对话框弹出来告诉我最近发布了 [1.3.0 beta][14]。此测试版将包括几个新的主题，以及一大堆修复，新功能和改进。 + +![Zettlr Night Mode][15] + +#### 安装 Zettlr + +目前，唯一可安装 Zettlr 的 Linux 存储库是 [AUR][16]。如果你的 Linux 发行版不是基于 Arch 的，你可以从网站上下载 macOS、Windows、Debian 和 Fedora 的[安装程序][17]。 + +#### 对 Zettlr 的最后一点想法 + +注意：为了测试 Zettlr，我用它来写这篇文章。 + +Zettlr 有许多我希望我之前选择的编辑器 （ghostwriter） 有的简洁的功能，例如为文档设置字数目标。我也喜欢在不打开文档的情况下预览文档的功能。 + +![Zettlr Settings][18] + +我也遇到了几个问题，但这些更多的是因为 Zettlr 与 ghostwriter 的工作方式略有不同。例如，当我尝试从网站复制引用或名称时，它会将内嵌样式粘贴到 Zettlr 中。幸运的是，它有一个“不带样式粘贴”的选项。有几次我在打字时有轻微的延迟。但那可能是因为它是一个 Electron 程序。 + +总的来说，我认为 Zettlr 是第一次使用 Markdown 用户的好选择。它有许多 Markdown 编辑器已有的功能，并为那些只使用过文字处理器的用户增加了一些功能。 + +正如 Hendrik 在 [Zettlr 网站][8]中所说的那样，“让自己摆脱文字处理器的束缚，看看你的写作过程如何通过身边的技术得到改善！” + +如果你觉得 Zettlr 有用，请考虑支持 [Hendrik][19]。正如他在网站上所说，“它是免费的，因为我不相信激烈竞争，早逝的创业文化。我只是想帮忙。“ + +你有没有用过 Zettlr？你最喜欢的 Markdown 编辑器是什么？请在下面的评论中告诉我们。 + +如果你觉得这篇文章有趣，请在社交媒体，Hacker News 或 [Reddit][21] 上分享它。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/ + +作者：[John Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-markdown-editors-linux/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/boostnote-linux-review/ +[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Zettlr-light-mode.png?fit=800%2C462&ssl=1 +[4]: https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-tools-writers/ +[6]: https://www.zettlr.com/ +[7]: https://github.com/nathanlesage +[8]: https://www.zettlr.com/about +[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/zettlr-about.png?fit=800%2C528&ssl=1 +[10]: https://www.zotero.org/ +[11]: https://revealjs.com/#/ +[12]: http://textbundle.org/ +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/great-little-book-shelf-review/ +[14]: https://github.com/Zettlr/Zettlr/releases/tag/v1.3.0-beta +[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Zettlr-night-mode.png?fit=800%2C469&ssl=1 +[16]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/zettlr-bin/ +[17]: https://www.zettlr.com/download +[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/zettlr-settings.png?fit=800%2C353&ssl=1 +[19]: https://www.zettlr.com/supporters +[21]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup From 7c2438f6a78fdb0fcf79f1c950b4e99565ee9928 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 09:02:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0093/1265] translating --- .../tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md b/sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md index 2de100ce08..3d93b35034 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From a8abc8f32d574f0737847aba710fa10ec48ab18c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 09:10:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0094/1265] PRF:20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md @geekpi --- ...90411 Be your own certificate authority.md | 36 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md b/translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md index 21c698982c..63e085e027 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md @@ -1,27 +1,29 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Be your own certificate authority) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/certificate-authority) -[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/elenajon123) +[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/elenajon123) -自己成为证书颁发机构 +自己成为一个证书颁发机构（CA） ====== -为你的微服务架构或者集成测试创建一个简单的内部 CA -![][1] -传输层安全（[TLS][2]）模型，有时也称它的旧名称 SSL，是基于[证书颁发机构][3] （CA） 的概念。这些机构受到浏览器和操作系统的信任，然后_签名_服务器的的证书则用于验证其所有权。 +> 为你的微服务架构或者集成测试创建一个简单的内部 CA。 -但是，对于内部网络，微服务架构或集成测试，有时候_本地 CA_ 更有用：一个只在内部受信任的CA，然后签名本地服务器的证书。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201905/31/091023sg9s0ss11rsoseqg.jpg) -这对集成测试特别有意义。获取证书可能会带来负担，因为这会占用服务器几分钟。但是在代码中使用“忽略证书”可能会引入生产环境，从而导致安全灾难。 +传输层安全（[TLS][2]）模型（有时也称它的旧名称 SSL）基于[证书颁发机构][3]certificate authoritie（CA）的概念。这些机构受到浏览器和操作系统的信任，从而*签名*服务器的的证书以用于验证其所有权。 -CA 证书与常规服务器证书没有太大区别。重要的是它被本地代码信任。例如，在 **requests** 库中，可以通过将 **REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE** 变量设置为包含此证书的目录来完成。 +但是，对于内部网络，微服务架构或集成测试，有时候*本地 CA*更有用：一个只在内部受信任的 CA，然后签名本地服务器的证书。 -在为集成测试创建证书的例子中，不需要_长期的_证书：如果你的集成测试需要超过一天，那么你会失败。 +这对集成测试特别有意义。获取证书可能会带来负担，因为这会占用服务器几分钟。但是在代码中使用“忽略证书”可能会被引入到生产环境，从而导致安全灾难。 + +CA 证书与常规服务器证书没有太大区别。重要的是它被本地代码信任。例如，在 Python `requests` 库中，可以通过将 `REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE` 变量设置为包含此证书的目录来完成。 + +在为集成测试创建证书的例子中，不需要*长期的*证书：如果你的集成测试需要超过一天，那么你应该已经测试失败了。 因此，计算**昨天**和**明天**作为有效期间隔： @@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ CA 证书与常规服务器证书没有太大区别。重要的是它被本地 >>> tomorrow = today - one_day ``` -现在你已准备好创建一个简单的 CA 证书。你需要生成私钥，创建公钥，设置 CA 的“参数”，然后自签名证书：CA 证书_总是_自签名的。最后，导出证书文件以及私钥文件。 +现在你已准备好创建一个简单的 CA 证书。你需要生成私钥，创建公钥，设置 CA 的“参数”，然后自签名证书：CA 证书*总是*自签名的。最后，导出证书文件以及私钥文件。 ``` from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa @@ -78,9 +80,9 @@ with open("ca.crt", "wb") as fout: fout.write(public_bytes) ``` -通常，真正的 CA 会有[证书签名请求][4] （CSR） 来签名证书。但是，当你是自己的 CA 时，你可以制定自己的规则！请继续并签名你想要的内容。 +通常，真正的 CA 会需要[证书签名请求][4]（CSR）来签名证书。但是，当你是自己的 CA 时，你可以制定自己的规则！可以径直签名你想要的内容。 -继续集成测试的例子，你可以创建私钥并立即签名相应的公钥。注意 **COMMON_NAME** 需要是 **https** URL 中的“服务器名称”。如果你已配置名称查询，则相应的服务器会响应 **service.test.local**。 +继续集成测试的例子，你可以创建私钥并立即签名相应的公钥。注意 `COMMON_NAME` 需要是 `https` URL 中的“服务器名称”。如果你已配置名称查询，你需要服务器能响应对 `service.test.local` 的请求。 ``` service_private_key = rsa.generate_private_key( @@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ with open("service.pem", "wb") as fout: fout.write(private_bytes + public_bytes) ``` -现在 **service.pem** 文件有一个私钥和一个“有效”的证书：它已由本地的 CA 签名。该文件的格式可以给 Nginx、HAProxy 或大多数其他 HTTPS 服务器使用。 +现在 `service.pem` 文件有一个私钥和一个“有效”的证书：它已由本地的 CA 签名。该文件的格式可以给 Nginx、HAProxy 或大多数其他 HTTPS 服务器使用。 通过将此逻辑用在测试脚本中，只要客户端配置信任该 CA，那么就可以轻松创建看起来真实的 HTTPS 服务器。 @@ -118,10 +120,10 @@ with open("service.pem", "wb") as fout: via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/certificate-authority -作者：[Moshe Zadka (Community Moderator)][a] +作者：[Moshe Zadka][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -130,4 +132,4 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/certificate-authority [1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_commun_4604_02_mech_connections_rhcz0.5x.png?itok=YPPU4dMj [2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security [3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request \ No newline at end of file +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request From bb38017bae9fd82b3027b08df0eb8068a6c04254 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 09:11:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0095/1265] PUB:20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10921-1.html --- .../20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md b/published/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md rename to published/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md index 63e085e027..e5f09b6935 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md +++ b/published/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10921-1.html) [#]: subject: (Be your own certificate authority) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/certificate-authority) [#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez/users/elenajon123) From d2b0453d0d8daf96f9250a4e36b1bdb1e2e84e7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9D=8E=E5=8D=9A?= <1594914459@qq.com> Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 10:36:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0096/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md | 146 ----------------- ...414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md | 149 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 146 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md b/sources/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md deleted file mode 100644 index d4a3d3c1b4..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,146 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (warmfrog) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/17/4/5-projects-raspberry-pi-home) -[#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) - -5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home -====== - -![5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home][1] - -The [Raspberry Pi][2] computer can be used in all kinds of settings and for a variety of purposes. It obviously has a place in education for helping students with learning programming and maker skills in the classroom and the hackspace, and it has plenty of industrial applications in the workplace and in factories. I'm going to introduce five projects you might want to build in your own home. - -### Media center - -One of the most common uses for Raspberry Pi in people's homes is behind the TV running media center software serving multimedia files. It's easy to set this up, and the Raspberry Pi provides plenty of GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) power to render HD TV shows and movies to your big screen TV. [Kodi][3] (formerly XBMC) on a Raspberry Pi is a great way to playback any media you have on a hard drive or network-attached storage. You can also install a plugin to play YouTube videos. - -There are a few different options available, most prominently [OSMC][4] (Open Source Media Center) and [LibreELEC][5], both based on Kodi. They both perform well at playing media content, but OSMC has a more visually appearing user interface, while LibreElec is much more lightweight. All you have to do is choose a distribution, download the image and install on an SD card (or just use [NOOBS][6]), boot it up, and you're ready to go. - -![LibreElec ][7] - -LibreElec; Raspberry Pi Foundation, CC BY-SA - -![OSMC][8] - -OSMC.tv, Copyright, Used with permission - -Before proceeding you'll need to decide [w][9][hich Raspberry Pi model to use][9]. These distributions will work on any Pi (1, 2, 3, or Zero), and video playback will essentially be matched on each of these. Apart from the Pi 3 (and Zero W) having built-in Wi-Fi, the only noticeable difference is the reaction speed of the user interface, which will be much faster on a Pi 3. A Pi 2 will not be much slower, so that's fine if you don't need Wi-Fi, but the Pi 3 will noticeably outperform the Pi 1 and Zero when it comes to flicking through the menus. - -### SSH gateway - -If you want to be able to access computers and devices on your home network from outside over the internet, you have to open up ports on those devices to allow outside traffic. Opening ports to the internet is a security risk, meaning you're always at risk of attack, misuse, or any kind of unauthorized access. However, if you install a Raspberry Pi on your network and set up port forwarding to allow only SSH access to that Pi, you can use that as a secure gateway to hop onto other Pis and PCs on the network. - -Most routers allow you to configure port-forwarding rules. You'll need to give your Pi a fixed internal IP address and set up port 22 on your router to map to port 22 on your Raspberry Pi. If your ISP provides you with a static IP address, you'll be able to SSH into it with this as the host address (for example, **ssh pi@123.45.56.78** ). If you have a domain name, you can configure a subdomain to point to this IP address, so you don't have to remember it (for example, **ssh[pi@home.mydomain.com][10]** ). - -![][11] - -However, if you're going to expose a Raspberry Pi to the internet, you should be very careful not to put your network at risk. There are a few simple procedures you can follow to make it sufficiently secure: - -1\. Most people suggest you change your login password (which makes sense, seeing as the default password “raspberry” is well known), but this does not protect against brute-force attacks. You could change your password and add a two-factor authentication (so you need your password _and_ a time-dependent passcode generated by your phone), which is more secure. However, I believe the best way to secure your Raspberry Pi from intruders is to [disable][12] [“password authentication”][12] in your SSH configuration, so you allow only SSH key access. This means that anyone trying to SSH in by guessing your password will never succeed. Only with your private SSH key can anyone gain access. Similarly, most people suggest changing the SSH port from the default 22 to something unexpected, but a simple [Nmap][13] of your IP address will reveal your true SSH port. - -2\. Ideally, you would not run much in the way of other software on this Pi, so you don't end up accidentally exposing anything else. If you want to run other software, you might be better running it on another Pi on the network that is not exposed to the internet. Ensure that you keep your packages up to date by upgrading regularly, particularly the **openssh-server** package, so that any security vulnerabilities are patched. - -3\. Install [sshblack][14] or [fail2ban][15] to blacklist any users who seem to be acting maliciously, such as attempting to brute force your SSH password. - -Once you've secured your Raspberry Pi and put it online, you'll be able to log in to your network from anywhere in the world. Once you're on your Raspberry Pi, you can SSH into other devices on the network using their local IP address (for example, 192.168.1.31). If you have passwords on these devices, just use the password. If they're also SSH-key-only, you'll need to ensure your key is forwarded over SSH by using the **-A** flag: **ssh -A pi@123.45.67.89**. - -### CCTV / pet camera - -Another great home project is to set up a camera module to take photos or stream video, capture and save files, or streamed internally or to the internet. There are many reasons you might want to do this, but two common use cases are for a homemade security camera or to monitor a pet. - -The [Raspberry Pi camera module][16] is a brilliant accessory. It provides full HD photo and video, lots of advanced configuration, and is [easy to][17] [program][17]. The [infrared camera][18] is ideal for this kind of use, and with an infrared LED (which the Pi can control) you can see in the dark! - -If you want to take still images on a regular basis to keep an eye on things, you can just write a short [Python][19] script or use the command line tool [raspistill][20], and schedule it to recur in [Cron][21]. You might want to have it save them to [Dropbox][22] or another web service, upload them to a web server, or you can even create a [web app][23] to display them. - -If you want to stream video, internally or externally, that's really easy, too. A simple MJPEG (Motion JPEG) example is provided in the [picamera documentation][24] (under “web streaming”). Just download or copy that code into a file, run it and visit the Pi's IP address at port 8000, and you'll see your camera's output live. - -A more advanced streaming project, [pistreaming][25], is available, which uses [JSMpeg][26] (a JavaScript video player) with the web server and a websocket for the camera stream running separately. This method is more performant and is just as easy to get running as the previous example, but there is more code involved and if set up to stream on the internet, requires you to open two ports. - -Once you have web streaming set up, you can position the camera where you want it. I have one set up to keep an eye on my pet tortoise: - -![Tortoise ][27] - -Ben Nuttall, CC BY-SA - -If you want to be able to control where the camera actually points, you can do so using servos. A neat solution is to use Pimoroni's [Pan-Tilt HAT][28], which allows you to move the camera easily in two dimensions. To integrate this with pistreaming, see the project's [pantilthat branch][29]. - -![Pan-tilt][30] - -Pimoroni.com, Copyright, Used with permission - -If you want to position your Pi outside, you'll need a waterproof enclosure and some way of getting power to the Pi. PoE (Power-over-Ethernet) cables can be a good way of achieving this. - -### Home automation and IoT - -It's 2017 and there are internet-connected devices everywhere, especially in the home. Our lightbulbs have Wi-Fi, our toasters are smarter than they used to be, and our tea kettles are at risk of attack from Russia. As long as you keep your devices secure, or don't connect them to the internet if they don't need to be, then you can make great use of IoT devices to automate tasks around the home. - -There are plenty of services you can buy or subscribe to, like Nest Thermostat or Philips Hue lightbulbs, which allow you to control your heating or your lighting from your phone, respectively—whether you're inside or away from home. You can use a Raspberry Pi to boost the power of these kinds of devices by automating interactions with them according to a set of rules involving timing or even sensors. One thing you can't do with Philips Hue is have the lights come on when you enter the room, but with a Raspberry Pi and a motion sensor, you can use a Python API to turn on the lights. Similarly, you can configure your Nest to turn on the heating when you're at home, but what if you only want it to turn on if there's at least two people home? Write some Python code to check which phones are on the network and if there are at least two, tell the Nest to turn on the heat. - -You can do a great deal more without integrating with existing IoT devices and with only using simple components. A homemade burglar alarm, an automated chicken coop door opener, a night light, a music box, a timed heat lamp, an automated backup server, a print server, or whatever you can imagine. - -### Tor proxy and blocking ads - -Adafruit's [Onion Pi][31] is a [Tor][32] proxy that makes your web traffic anonymous, allowing you to use the internet free of snoopers and any kind of surveillance. Follow Adafruit's tutorial on setting up Onion Pi and you're on your way to a peaceful anonymous browsing experience. - -![Onion-Pi][33] - -Onion-pi from Adafruit, Copyright, Used with permission - -![Pi-hole][34]You can install a Raspberry Pi on your network that intercepts all web traffic and filters out any advertising. Simply download the [Pi-hole][35] software onto the Pi, and all devices on your network will be ad-free (it even blocks in-app ads on your mobile devices). - -There are plenty more uses for the Raspberry Pi at home. What do you use Raspberry Pi for at home? What do you want to use it for? - -Let us know in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/17/4/5-projects-raspberry-pi-home - -作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry_pi_home_automation.png?itok=2TnmJpD8 (5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home) -[2]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/ -[3]: https://kodi.tv/ -[4]: https://osmc.tv/ -[5]: https://libreelec.tv/ -[6]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/noobs/ -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/libreelec_0.png (LibreElec ) -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/osmc.png (OSMC) -[9]: https://opensource.com/life/16/10/which-raspberry-pi-should-you-choose-your-project -[10]: mailto:pi@home.mydomain.com -[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/screenshot_from_2017-04-07_15-13-01-700x380.png -[12]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20898384/ssh-disable-password-authentication -[13]: https://nmap.org/ -[14]: http://www.pettingers.org/code/sshblack.html -[15]: https://www.fail2ban.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page -[16]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/camera-module-v2/ -[17]: https://opensource.com/life/15/6/raspberry-pi-camera-projects -[18]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/pi-noir-camera-v2/ -[19]: http://picamera.readthedocs.io/ -[20]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/usage/camera/raspicam/raspistill.md -[21]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/linux/usage/cron.md -[22]: https://github.com/RZRZR/plant-cam -[23]: https://github.com/bennuttall/bett-bot -[24]: http://picamera.readthedocs.io/en/release-1.13/recipes2.html#web-streaming -[25]: https://github.com/waveform80/pistreaming -[26]: http://jsmpeg.com/ -[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/tortoise.jpg (Tortoise) -[28]: https://shop.pimoroni.com/products/pan-tilt-hat -[29]: https://github.com/waveform80/pistreaming/tree/pantilthat -[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pan-tilt.gif (Pan-tilt) -[31]: https://learn.adafruit.com/onion-pi/overview -[32]: https://www.torproject.org/ -[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/onion-pi.jpg (Onion-Pi) -[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/pi-hole-250x250.png (Pi-hole) -[35]: https://pi-hole.net/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md b/translated/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fabc841426 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (warmfrog) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/17/4/5-projects-raspberry-pi-home) +[#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) + +5 个可在家中使用的与 Raspberry Pi 相关的项目 +====================================== + +![5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home][1] + +[Raspberry Pi][2] 电脑可被用来进行多种设置用于不同的目的。明显它在教育市场帮助学生在教室中学习编程与创客技巧和创客空间方面占有一席之地，它在工作场所和工厂中有大量应用。我打算介绍五个你可能想要在你的家中构建的项目。 + +### 媒体中心 + +在人们家中人们常用 Raspberry Pi 作为媒体中心来服务多媒体文件。它很容易建立，Raspberry Pi 提供了大量的 GPU（图形处理单元）运算能力来渲染你的大屏电视上的高清电视节目和电影。将 [Kodi][3]（从前的 XBMC）运行在 Raspberry Pi 上是一个很棒的方式来播放你的硬盘或网络存储上的任何媒体。你同样可以安装一个包来播放 YouTube 视频。 + +也有一些少量不同的选项，显然是 [OSMC][4]（开源媒体中心）和 [LibreELEC][5]，都是基于 Kodi 的。它们在放映媒体内容方面表现的都非常好，但是 OSMC 有一个更酷炫的用户界面，而 LibreElec 更轻量级。你要做的只是选择一个发行版，下载镜像并安装到一个 SD 卡中（或者仅仅使用 [NOOBS][6]），启动，然后你就准备好了。 + +![LibreElec ][7] + +LibreElec; Raspberry Pi 基金会, CC BY-SA + +![OSMC][8] + +OSMC.tv, Copyright, 凭权限使用 + +在往下走之前，你需要决定[使用哪种 Raspberry Pi 开发板][9]。这些发行版在任何 Pi（1, 2, 3, or Zero）上都能运行，视频播放在这些开发板中的任何一个上都能胜任。除了 Pi 3（和 Zero W）有内置 Wi-Fi，可察觉的不同是用户界面的反应速度，在 Pi 3 上更快。一个 Pi 2 不会慢太多，所以如果你不需要 Wi-Fi 是可以的，但是当切换菜单时，你会注意到 Pi 3 比 Pi 1 和 Zero 表现的更好。 + +### SSH 网关 + +如果你想从广域网访问你的家庭局域网的电脑和设备，你必须打开这些设备的端口来允许外部访问。在互联网中开放这些端口有安全风险，意味着你总是你总是处于被攻击、滥用或者其他各种未授权访问的风险中。然而，如果你在你的网络中安装一个 Raspberry Pi，并且设置端口映射到仅通过 SSH 访问 Pi 的端口，你可以这么用来作为一个安全的网关来跳到网络中的其他 Pi 和 PC。 + +大多数路由允许你配置端口映射规则。你需要给你的 Pi 一个固定的内网 IP 地址来设置你的路由器端口 22 映射到你的 Raspberry Pi 端口 22。如果你的网络服务提供商给你提供了一个静态 IP 地址，你能够通过 SSH 和主机的 IP 地址访问（例如，**ssh pi@123.45.56.78** ）。如果你有一个域名，你可以配置一个子域名指向这个 IP 地址，所以你没必要记住它（例如，**ssh[pi@home.mydomain.com][10]**）。 + +![][11] + +然而，如果你不想将 Raspberry Pi 暴露在互联网上，你应该非常小心，不要让你的网络处于危险之中。如果你遵循一些简单的步骤来使它更安全： + +1\. 大多数人建议你更换你的登录密码（有道理，默认密码 “raspberry” 是众所周知的），但是这不能阻挡暴力攻击。你可以改变你的密码并添加一个双重验证（所以你需要你的密码_和_一个手机生成的与时间无关的密码），这么做更安全。但是，我相信最好的方法阻止入侵者访问你的 Raspberry Pi 是在你的 SSH 配置中[禁止][12][密码认证][12]，这样只能通过 SSH 密匙进入。这意味着任何试图猜测你的密码尝试登录的人都不会成功。只有你的私有密匙可以访问。简单来说，很多人建议将 SSH 端口从默认的 22 换成其他的，但是通过简单的 [Nmap][13] 扫描你的 IP 地址，你信任的 SSH 端口就会暴露。 + +2\. 最好，不要在这个 Pi 上运行其他的软件，这样你不会意外暴露其他东西。如果你想要运行其他软件，你最好在网络中的其他 Pi 上运行，它们没有暴露在互联网上。确保你经常升级来保证你的包是最新的，尤其是 **openssh-server** 包，这样你的安全缺陷就被打补丁了。 + +3\. 安装 [sshblack][14] 或 [fail2ban][15] 来将任何表露出恶意的用户加入黑名单，例如试图暴力破解你的 SSH 密码。 + +一旦你是 Raspberry Pi 安全后，让它在线，你将在世界的任何地方登录你的网络。一旦你登录到你的树莓派，你可以用 SSH 访问本地网络上的局域网地址（例如，192.168.1.31）访问其他设备。如果你在这些设备上有密码，用密码就好了。如果它们同样只允许 SSH 密匙，你需要确保你的密匙通过 SSH 传播，使用 **-A** 参数：**ssh -A pi@123.45.67.89**。 + +### CCTV / 宠物相机 + +另一个很棒的家庭项目是建立一个相机模块来拍照和录视频，录制并保存文件，在内网或者外网中进行流式传输。你想这么做有很多原因，但两个常见的情况是一个家庭安防相机或监控你的宠物。 + +[Raspberry Pi 相机模块][16] 是一个优秀的配件。它提供全高清的相片和视频，包括很多高级配置，很[容易][17][编程][17]。[红外线相机][18]用于这种目的是非常理想的，通过一个红外线 LED（Pi 可以控制的），你就能够在黑暗中看见东西。 + +如果你想通过一定频率拍摄静态图片来留意某件事，你可以仅仅写一个短的 [Python][19] 脚本或者使用命令行工具 [raspistill][20], 在 [Cron][21] 中规划它多次运行。你可能想将它们保存到 [Dropbox][22] 或另一个网络服务，上传到一个网络服务器，你甚至可以创建一个[网络应用][23]来显示他们。 + +如果你想要在内网或外网中流式传输视频，那也相当简单。在 [picamera 文档][24]中（在 “web streaming” 章节）有一个简单的 MJPEG（运动的 JPEG）例子。简单下载或者拷贝代码到文件中，运行并访问 Pi 的 IP 地址的 8000 端口，你会看见你的相机的直播输出。 + +有一个更高级的流式传输项目 [pistreaming][25] 可获得，它通过在网络服务器中用 [JSMpeg][26] （一个 JavaScript 视频播放器）和一个用于相机流的单独运行的 websocket。这种方法性能更好，并且和之前的例子一样简单，但是如果要在互联网中流式传输，则需要包含更多代码，并且需要你开放两个端口。 + +一旦你的网络流建立起来，你可以将你的相机放在你想要的地方。我用一个来观察我的宠物龟： + +![Tortoise ][27] + +Ben Nuttall, CC BY-SA + +如果你想控制相机位置，你可以用一个舵机。一个优雅的方案是用 Pimoroni 的 [Pan-Tilt HAT][28]，它可以让你简单的在二维方向上移动相机。为了与 pistreaming 集成，看项目的 [pantilthat 分支][29]. + +![Pan-tilt][30] + +Pimoroni.com, Copyright, Used with permission + +如果你想将你的 Pi 放到户外，你将需要一个防水的外围附件，并且需要一种给 Pi 供电的方式。POE（通过以太网提供电力）电缆是一个不错的实现方式。 + +### 家庭自动化或物联网 + +现在是 2017 年，到处都有很多物联网设备，尤其是家中。我们的电灯有 Wi-Fi，我们的面包烤箱比过去更智能，我们的茶壶处于俄国攻击的风险中，除非你确保你的设备安全，不然别将没有必要的设备连接到互联网，之后你可以在家中充分的利用物联网设备来完成自动化任务。 + +市场上有大量你可以购买或订阅的服务，像 Nest Thermostat 或 Philips Hue 电灯泡,允许你通过你的手机控制你的温度或者你的亮度，无论你是否在家。你可以用一个树莓派来催动这些设备的电源，通过一系列规则包括时间甚至是传感器来完成自动交互。用 Philips Hue ，有一件事你不能做的是当你进房间是打开灯光，但是有一个树莓派和一个运动传感器，你可以用 Python API 来打开灯光。类似，当你在家的时候你可以通过配置你的 Nest 打开加热系统，但是如果你想在房间里至少有两个人时才打开呢？写一些 Python 代码来检查网络中有哪些手机，如果至少有两个，告诉 Nest 来打开加热器。 + +不选择集成已存在的物联网设备，你可以用简单的组件来做的更多。一个自制的窃贼警报器，一个自动化的鸡笼门开关，一个夜灯，一个音乐盒，一个定时的加热灯，一个自动化的备份服务器，一个打印服务器，或者任何你能想到的。 + +### Tor 协议和屏蔽广告 + +Adafruit 的 [Onion Pi][31] 是一个 [Tor][32] 协议来使你的网络交通匿名，允许你使用互联网，而不用担心窥探者和各种形式的监视。跟随 Adafruit 的指南来设置 Onion Pi，你会找到一个舒服的匿名的浏览体验。 + +![Onion-Pi][33] + +Onion-pi from Adafruit, Copyright, Used with permission + +![Pi-hole][34] 你可以在你的网络中安装一个树莓派来拦截所有的网络交通并过滤所有广告。简单下载 [Pi-hole][35] 软件到 Pi 中，你的网络中的所有设备都将没有广告（甚至屏蔽你的移动设备应用内的广告）。 + +Raspberry Pi 在家中有很多用法。你在家里用树莓派来干什么？你想用它干什么？ + +在下方评论让我们知道。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/17/4/5-projects-raspberry-pi-home + +作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry_pi_home_automation.png?itok=2TnmJpD8 (5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home) +[2]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/ +[3]: https://kodi.tv/ +[4]: https://osmc.tv/ +[5]: https://libreelec.tv/ +[6]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/noobs/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/libreelec_0.png (LibreElec ) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/osmc.png (OSMC) +[9]: https://opensource.com/life/16/10/which-raspberry-pi-should-you-choose-your-project +[10]: mailto:pi@home.mydomain.com +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/screenshot_from_2017-04-07_15-13-01-700x380.png +[12]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20898384/ssh-disable-password-authentication +[13]: https://nmap.org/ +[14]: http://www.pettingers.org/code/sshblack.html +[15]: https://www.fail2ban.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page +[16]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/camera-module-v2/ +[17]: https://opensource.com/life/15/6/raspberry-pi-camera-projects +[18]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/pi-noir-camera-v2/ +[19]: http://picamera.readthedocs.io/ +[20]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/usage/camera/raspicam/raspistill.md +[21]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/linux/usage/cron.md +[22]: https://github.com/RZRZR/plant-cam +[23]: https://github.com/bennuttall/bett-bot +[24]: http://picamera.readthedocs.io/en/release-1.13/recipes2.html#web-streaming +[25]: https://github.com/waveform80/pistreaming +[26]: http://jsmpeg.com/ +[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/tortoise.jpg (Tortoise) +[28]: https://shop.pimoroni.com/products/pan-tilt-hat +[29]: https://github.com/waveform80/pistreaming/tree/pantilthat +[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pan-tilt.gif (Pan-tilt) +[31]: https://learn.adafruit.com/onion-pi/overview +[32]: https://www.torproject.org/ +[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/onion-pi.jpg (Onion-Pi) +[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/pi-hole-250x250.png (Pi-hole) +[35]: https://pi-hole.net/ + + + From 833ecc8a944bfdf9ed9fa75f2b1fd336d3a5810e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9D=8E=E5=8D=9A?= <1594914459@qq.com> Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 10:58:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0097/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md index 581d22b527..4c50ffa756 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +warmfrog translating + 100 Best Ubuntu Apps ====== From 2618c2c08d6446f3291bf62618fdf05296d4af29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jdh8383 <4565726+jdh8383@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 18:37:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0098/1265] Update 20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md --- ...able Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md index 531612777a..91008ca5e3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: ( jdh8383 ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 741ba60936ab19564d7e6dcd2c6c104b6e54c1b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jdh8383 <4565726+jdh8383@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 22:25:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0099/1265] Update 20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md (#13883) --- ...able Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md index 531612777a..91008ca5e3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: ( jdh8383 ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 9324e4766bcaf45da1c9addc67d6b18fafd1b2e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Fri, 31 May 2019 22:27:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0100/1265] Translated (#13884) --- ...90527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md | 497 ------------------ ...90527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md | 496 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 496 insertions(+), 497 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md b/sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5a09ad4a01..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,497 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (20+ FFmpeg Commands For Beginners) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/20-ffmpeg-commands-beginners/) -[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) - -20+ FFmpeg Commands For Beginners -====== - -![FFmpeg Commands][1] - -In this guide, I will be explaining how to use FFmpeg multimedia framework to do various audio, video transcoding and conversion operations with examples. I have compiled most commonly and frequently used 20+ FFmpeg commands for beginners. I will keep updating this guide by adding more examples from time to time. Please bookmark this guide and come back in a while to check for the updates. Let us get started, shall we? If you haven’t installed FFmpeg in your Linux system yet, refer the following guide. - - * [**Install FFmpeg in Linux**][2] - - - -### 20+ FFmpeg Commands For Beginners - -The typical syntax of the FFmpeg command is: - -``` -ffmpeg [global_options] {[input_file_options] -i input_url} ... - {[output_file_options] output_url} ... -``` - -We are now going to see some important and useful FFmpeg commands. - -##### **1\. Getting audio/video file information** - -To display your media file details, run: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -``` - -**Sample output:** - -``` -ffmpeg version n4.1.3 Copyright (c) 2000-2019 the FFmpeg developers -built with gcc 8.2.1 (GCC) 20181127 -configuration: --prefix=/usr --disable-debug --disable-static --disable-stripping --enable-fontconfig --enable-gmp --enable-gnutls --enable-gpl --enable-ladspa --enable-libaom --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libdrm --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgsm --enable-libiec61883 --enable-libjack --enable-libmodplug --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore_amrnb --enable-libopencore_amrwb --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libv4l2 --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxcb --enable-libxml2 --enable-libxvid --enable-nvdec --enable-nvenc --enable-omx --enable-shared --enable-version3 -libavutil 56. 22.100 / 56. 22.100 -libavcodec 58. 35.100 / 58. 35.100 -libavformat 58. 20.100 / 58. 20.100 -libavdevice 58. 5.100 / 58. 5.100 -libavfilter 7. 40.101 / 7. 40.101 -libswscale 5. 3.100 / 5. 3.100 -libswresample 3. 3.100 / 3. 3.100 -libpostproc 55. 3.100 / 55. 3.100 -Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'video.mp4': -Metadata: -major_brand : isom -minor_version : 512 -compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 -encoder : Lavf58.20.100 -Duration: 00:00:28.79, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 454 kb/s -Stream #0:0(und): Video: h264 (High) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p(tv, smpte170m/bt470bg/smpte170m), 1920x1080 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 318 kb/s, 30 fps, 30 tbr, 15360 tbn, 60 tbc (default) -Metadata: -handler_name : ISO Media file produced by Google Inc. Created on: 04/08/2019. -Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 44100 Hz, stereo, fltp, 128 kb/s (default) -Metadata: -handler_name : ISO Media file produced by Google Inc. Created on: 04/08/2019. -At least one output file must be specified -``` - -As you see in the above output, FFmpeg displays the media file information along with FFmpeg details such as version, configuration details, copyright notice, build and library options etc. - -If you don’t want to see the FFmpeg banner and other details, but only the media file information, use **-hide_banner** flag like below. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -hide_banner -``` - -**Sample output:** - -![][3] - -View audio, video file information using FFMpeg - -See? Now, it displays only the media file details. - -** **Recommended Download** – [**Free Guide: “Spotify Music Streaming: The Unofficial Guide”**][4] - -##### **2\. Converting video files to different formats** - -FFmpeg is powerful audio and video converter, so It’s possible to convert media files between different formats. Say for example, to convert **mp4 file to avi file** , run: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 video.avi -``` - -Similarly, you can convert media files to any format of your choice. - -For example, to convert youtube **flv** format videos to **mpeg** format, run: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i video.flv video.mpeg -``` - -If you want to preserve the quality of your source video file, use ‘-qscale 0’ parameter: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.webm -qscale 0 output.mp4 -``` - -To check list of supported formats by FFmpeg, run: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -formats -``` - -##### **3\. Converting video files to audio files** - -To convert a video file to audio file, just specify the output format as .mp3, or .ogg, or any other audio formats. - -The above command will convert **input.mp4** video file to **output.mp3** audio file. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn output.mp3 -``` - -Also, you can use various audio transcoding options to the output file as shown below. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -ar 44100 -ac 2 -ab 320 -f mp3 output.mp3 -``` - -Here, - - * **-vn** – Indicates that we have disabled video recording in the output file. - * **-ar** – Set the audio frequency of the output file. The common values used are 22050, 44100, 48000 Hz. - * **-ac** – Set the number of audio channels. - * **-ab** – Indicates the audio bitrate. - * **-f** – Output file format. In our case, it’s mp3 format. - - - -##### **4\. Change resolution of video files** - -If you want to set a particular resolution to a video file, you can use following command: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v scale=1280:720 -c:a copy output.mp4 -``` - -Or, - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -s 1280x720 -c:a copy output.mp4 -``` - -The above command will set the resolution of the given video file to 1280×720. - -Similarly, to convert the above file to 640×480 size, run: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v scale=640:480 -c:a copy output.mp4 -``` - -Or, - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -s 640x480 -c:a copy output.mp4 -``` - -This trick will help you to scale your video files to smaller display devices such as tablets and mobiles. - -##### **5\. Compressing video files** - -It is always an good idea to reduce the media files size to lower size to save the harddrive’s space. - -The following command will compress and reduce the output file’s size. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf scale=1280:-1 -c:v libx264 -preset veryslow -crf 24 output.mp4 -``` - -Please note that you will lose the quality if you try to reduce the video file size. You can lower that **crf** value to **23** or lower if **24** is too aggressive. - -You could also transcode the audio down a bit and make it stereo to reduce the size by including the following options. - -``` --ac 2 -c:a aac -strict -2 -b:a 128k -``` - -** **Recommended Download** – [**Free Guide: “PLEX, a Manual: Your Media, With Style”**][5] - -##### **6\. Compressing Audio files** - -Just like compressing video files, you can also compress audio files using **-ab** flag in order to save some disk space. - -Let us say you have an audio file of 320 kbps bitrate. You want to compress it by changing the bitrate to any lower value like below. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp3 -ab 128 output.mp3 -``` - -The list of various available audio bitrates are: - - 1. 96kbps - 2. 112kbps - 3. 128kbps - 4. 160kbps - 5. 192kbps - 6. 256kbps - 7. 320kbps - - - -##### **7. Removing audio stream from a video file - -** - -If you don’t want to a audio from a video file, use **-an** flag. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -an output.mp4 -``` - -Here, ‘an’ indicates no audio recording. - -The above command will undo all audio related flags, because we don’t audio from the input.mp4. - -##### **8\. Removing video stream from a media file** - -Similarly, if you don’t want video stream, you could easily remove it from the media file using ‘vn’ flag. vn stands for no video recording. In other words, this command converts the given media file into audio file. - -The following command will remove the video from the given media file. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn output.mp3 -``` - -You can also mention the output file’s bitrate using ‘-ab’ flag as shown in the following example. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -ab 320 output.mp3 -``` - -##### **9. Extracting images from the video ** - -Another useful feature of FFmpeg is we can easily extract images from a video file. This could be very useful, if you want to create a photo album from a video file. - -To extract images from a video file, use the following command: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -r 1 -f image2 image-%2d.png -``` - -Here, - - * **-r** – Set the frame rate. I.e the number of frames to be extracted into images per second. The default value is **25**. - * **-f** – Indicates the output format i.e image format in our case. - * **image-%2d.png** – Indicates how we want to name the extracted images. In this case, the names should start like image-01.png, image-02.png, image-03.png and so on. If you use %3d, then the name of images will start like image-001.png, image-002.png and so on. - - - -##### **10\. Cropping videos** - -FFMpeg allows to crop a given media file in any dimension of our choice. - -The syntax to crop a vide ofile is given below: - -``` -ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "crop=w:h:x:y" output.mp4 -``` - -Here, - - * **input.mp4** – source video file. - * **-filter:v** – Indicates the video filter. - * **crop** – Indicates crop filter. - * **w** – **Width** of the rectangle that we want to crop from the source video. - * **h** – Height of the rectangle. - * **x** – **x coordinate** of the rectangle that we want to crop from the source video. - * **y** – y coordinate of the rectangle. - - - -Let us say you want to a video with a **width of 640 pixels** and a **height of 480 pixels** , from the **position (200,150)** , the command would be: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "crop=640:480:200:150" output.mp4 -``` - -Please note that cropping videos will affect the quality. Do not do this unless it is necessary. - -##### **11\. Convert a specific portion of a video** - -Sometimes, you might want to convert only a specific portion of the video file to different format. Say for example, the following command will convert the **first 50 seconds** of given video.mp4 file to video.avi format. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -t 10 output.avi -``` - -Here, we specify the the time in seconds. Also, it is possible to specify the time in **hh.mm.ss** format. - -##### **12\. Set the aspect ratio to video** - -You can set the aspect ration to a video file using **-aspect** flag like below. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -aspect 16:9 output.mp4 -``` - -The commonly used aspect ratios are: - - * 16:9 - * 4:3 - * 16:10 - * 5:4 - * 2:21:1 - * 2:35:1 - * 2:39:1 - - - -##### **13\. Adding poster image to audio files** - -You can add the poster images to your files, so that the images will be displayed while playing the audio files. This could be useful to host audio files in Video hosting or sharing websites. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -loop 1 -i inputimage.jpg -i inputaudio.mp3 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -strict experimental -b:a 192k -shortest output.mp4 -``` - -##### **14. Trim a media file using start and stop times - -** - -To trim down a video to smaller clip using start and stop times, we can use the following command. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -ss 00:00:50 -codec copy -t 50 output.mp4 -``` - -Here, - - * –s – Indicates the starting time of the video clip. In our example, starting time is the 50th second. - * -t – Indicates the total time duration. - - - -This is very helpful when you want to cut a part from an audio or video file using starting and ending time. - -Similarly, we can trim down the audio file like below. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i audio.mp3 -ss 00:01:54 -to 00:06:53 -c copy output.mp3 -``` - -##### **15\. Split video files into multiple parts** - -Some websites will allow you to upload only a specific size of video. In such cases, you can split the large video files into multiple smaller parts like below. - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -t 00:00:30 -c copy part1.mp4 -ss 00:00:30 -codec copy part2.mp4 -``` - -Here, **-t 00:00:30** indicates a part that is created from the start of the video to the 30th second of video. **-ss 00:00:30** shows the starting time stamp for the next part of video. It means that the 2nd part will start from the 30th second and will continue up to the end of the original video file. - -** **Recommended Download** – [**Free Guide: “How to Start Your Own Successful Podcast”**][6] - -##### **16\. Joining or merging multiple video parts into one** - -FFmpeg will also join the multiple video parts and create a single video file. - -Create **join.txt** file that contains the exact paths of the files that you want to join. All files should be same format (same codec). The path name of all files should be mentioned one by one like below. - -``` -file /home/sk/myvideos/part1.mp4 -file /home/sk/myvideos/part2.mp4 -file /home/sk/myvideos/part3.mp4 -file /home/sk/myvideos/part4.mp4 -``` - -Now, join all files using command: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -f concat -i join.txt -c copy output.mp4 -``` - -If you get an error something like below; - -``` -[concat @ 0x555fed174cc0] Unsafe file name '/path/to/mp4' -join.txt: Operation not permitted -``` - -Add **“-safe 0”** : - -``` -$ ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i join.txt -c copy output.mp4 -``` - -The above command will join part1.mp4, part2.mp4, part3.mp4, and part4.mp4 files into a single file called “output.mp4”. - -##### **17\. Add subtitles to a video file** - -We can also add subtitles to a video file using FFmpeg. Download the correct subtitle for your video and add it your video as shown below. - -``` -$ fmpeg -i input.mp4 -i subtitle.srt -map 0 -map 1 -c copy -c:v libx264 -crf 23 -preset veryfast output.mp4 -``` - -##### **18\. Preview or test video or audio files** - -You might want to preview to verify or test whether the output file has been properly transcoded or not. To do so, you can play it from your Terminal with command: - -``` -$ ffplay video.mp4 -``` - -[![][1]][7] - -Similarly, you can test the audio files as shown below. - -``` -$ ffplay audio.mp3 -``` - -[![][1]][8] - -##### **19\. Increase/decrease video playback speed** - -FFmpeg allows you to adjust the video playback speed. - -To increase the video playback speed, run: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=0.5*PTS" output.mp4 -``` - -The command will double the speed of the video. - -To slow down your video, you need to use a multiplier **greater than 1**. To decrease playback speed, run: - -``` -$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=4.0*PTS" output.mp4 -``` - -##### **20. Create Animated GIF - -** - -We use GIF images on almost all social and professional networks for various purposes. Using FFmpeg, we can easily and quickly create animated video files. The following guide explains how to create an animated GIF file using FFmpeg and ImageMagick in Unix-like systems. - - * [**How To Create Animated GIF In Linux**][9] - - - -##### **21.** Create videos from PDF files - -I collected many PDF files, mostly Linux tutorials, over the years and saved in my Tablet PC. Sometimes I feel too lazy to read them from the tablet. So, I decided to create a video from PDF files and watch it in a big screen devices like a TV or a Computer. If you ever wondered how to make a movie file from a collection of PDF files, the following guide will help. - - * [**How To Create A Video From PDF Files In Linux**][10] - - - -##### **22\. Getting help** - -In this guide, I have covered the most commonly used FFmpeg commands. It has a lot more different options to do various advanced functions. To learn more about it, refer the man page. - -``` -$ man ffmpeg -``` - -And, that’s all. I hope this guide will help you to getting started with FFmpeg. If you find this guide useful, please share it on your social, and professional networks. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/20-ffmpeg-commands-beginners/ - -作者：[sk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/FFmpeg-Commands-720x340.png -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-ffmpeg-linux/ -[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/sk@sk_001.png -[4]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_make141/prgm.cgi -[5]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_make75/prgm.cgi -[6]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_make235/prgm.cgi -[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Menu_004.png -[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Menu_005-3.png -[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/create-animated-gif-ubuntu-16-04/ -[10]: https://www.ostechnix.com/create-video-pdf-files-linux/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md b/translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..33d0d26052 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md @@ -0,0 +1,496 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (robsean) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (20+ FFmpeg Commands For Beginners) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/20-ffmpeg-commands-beginners/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +针对初学者的20多个 FFmpeg 命令 +====== + +![FFmpeg Commands][1] + +在这个指南中，我将阐明如何使用 FFmpeg 多多媒体框架来做各种各样的音频，视频转换编码和转换操作示例。我已经为初学者编写最通常频繁使用的20多个 FFmpeg 命令，我将通过不是地添加更多的示例来保持更新这个指南。请给这个指南加书签，以后回来检查更新。让我们开始吧？如果你还没有在你的 Linux 系统中安装 FFmpeg ，参考下面的指南。 + + * [**在 Linux 中安装 FFmpeg**][2] + + + +### 针对初学者的20多个 FFmpeg 命令 + +FFmpeg 命令的典型语法是： + +``` +ffmpeg [全局选项] {[输入文件选项] -i 输入url地址} ... + {[输出文件选项] 输出url地址} ... +``` + +现在我们将查看一些重要的和有用的 FFmpeg 命令。 + +##### **1\. 获取音频/视频文件信息** + +为显示你的多媒体文件细节，运行： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 +``` + +**样本输出：** + +``` +ffmpeg version n4.1.3 Copyright (c) 2000-2019 the FFmpeg developers +built with gcc 8.2.1 (GCC) 20181127 +configuration: --prefix=/usr --disable-debug --disable-static --disable-stripping --enable-fontconfig --enable-gmp --enable-gnutls --enable-gpl --enable-ladspa --enable-libaom --enable-libass --enable-libbluray --enable-libdrm --enable-libfreetype --enable-libfribidi --enable-libgsm --enable-libiec61883 --enable-libjack --enable-libmodplug --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore_amrnb --enable-libopencore_amrwb --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-libopus --enable-libpulse --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libssh --enable-libtheora --enable-libv4l2 --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxcb --enable-libxml2 --enable-libxvid --enable-nvdec --enable-nvenc --enable-omx --enable-shared --enable-version3 +libavutil 56. 22.100 / 56. 22.100 +libavcodec 58. 35.100 / 58. 35.100 +libavformat 58. 20.100 / 58. 20.100 +libavdevice 58. 5.100 / 58. 5.100 +libavfilter 7. 40.101 / 7. 40.101 +libswscale 5. 3.100 / 5. 3.100 +libswresample 3. 3.100 / 3. 3.100 +libpostproc 55. 3.100 / 55. 3.100 +Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'video.mp4': +Metadata: +major_brand : isom +minor_version : 512 +compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41 +encoder : Lavf58.20.100 +Duration: 00:00:28.79, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 454 kb/s +Stream #0:0(und): Video: h264 (High) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p(tv, smpte170m/bt470bg/smpte170m), 1920x1080 [SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9], 318 kb/s, 30 fps, 30 tbr, 15360 tbn, 60 tbc (default) +Metadata: +handler_name : ISO Media file produced by Google Inc. Created on: 04/08/2019. +Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 44100 Hz, stereo, fltp, 128 kb/s (default) +Metadata: +handler_name : ISO Media file produced by Google Inc. Created on: 04/08/2019. +At least one output file must be specified +``` + +如你在上面的输出中看到的，FFmpeg 显示多媒体文件信息，以及 FFmpeg 细节，例如版本，配置细节，版权标记，构建和库选项等等。 + +如果你不想看 FFmpeg 标语和其它细节，而仅仅想看多媒体文件信息，使用 **-hide_banner** 标示，像下面。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -hide_banner +``` + +**样本输出：** + +![][3] + +使用 FFMpeg 查看音频，视频文件信息。 + +看见了吗？现在，它仅显示多媒体文件细节。 + +** **推荐下载** – [**免费指南：“Spotify 音乐流：非官方指南”**][4] + +##### **2\. 转换视频文件到不同的格式** + +FFmpeg 是强有力的音频和视频转换器，因此，在不同格式之间转换多媒体文件是可能的。以示例说明，转换 **mp4 文件到 avi 文件**，运行： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 video.avi +``` + +类似地，你可以转换多媒体文件到你选择的任何格式。 + +例如，为转换 youtube **flv** 格式视频为 **mpeg** 格式，运行： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i video.flv video.mpeg +``` + +如果你想维持你的源视频文件的质量，使用 “-qscale 0” 参数： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.webm -qscale 0 output.mp4 +``` + +为检查 FFmpeg 的支持列表，运行： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -formats +``` + +##### **3\. 转换视频文件到音频文件** + +我转换一个视频文件到音频文件，只需具体指明输出格式，像 .mp3，或 .ogg，或其它任意音频格式。 + +上面的命令将转换 **input.mp4** 视频文件到 **output.mp3** 音频文件。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn output.mp3 +``` + +此外，你也可以使用各种各样的音频转换编码选项到输出文件，像下面演示。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -ar 44100 -ac 2 -ab 320 -f mp3 output.mp3 +``` + +在这里， + + * **-vn** – 表明我们已经在输出文件中禁用视频录制。 + * **-ar** – 设置输出文件的音频频率。通常使用的值是22050，44100，48000 Hz。 + * **-ac** – 设置音频通道的数目。 + * **-ab** – 表明音频比特率。 + * **-f** – 输出文件格式。在我们的实例中，它是 mp3 格式。 + + + +##### **4\. 更改视频文件的分辨率** + +如果你想设置一个具体的分辨率到一个视频文件中，你可以使用下面的命令： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v scale=1280:720 -c:a copy output.mp4 +``` + +或， + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -s 1280x720 -c:a copy output.mp4 +``` + +上面的命令将设置所给定视频文件的分辨率到1280×720。 + +类似地，为转换上面的文件到640×480大小，运行： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v scale=640:480 -c:a copy output.mp4 +``` + +或者， + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -s 640x480 -c:a copy output.mp4 +``` + +这个技巧将帮助你缩放你的视频文件到较小的显示设备，例如平板电脑和手机。 + +##### **5\. 压缩视频文件** + +减小多媒体文件的大小到较低大小来节省硬件的空间总是一个好主意. + +下面的命令将压缩和减少输出文件的大小。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf scale=1280:-1 -c:v libx264 -preset veryslow -crf 24 output.mp4 +``` + +请注意，如果你尝试减小视频文件的大小，你将丢失视频质量。如果 **24** 太有侵略性，你可以降低 **crf** 值到或更低值。 + +你也可以转换编码音频向下一点结果是使其有立体声感，通过包含下面的选项来减小大小。 + +``` +-ac 2 -c:a aac -strict -2 -b:a 128k +``` + +** **推荐下载** – [**免费指南： “PLEX, 一本手册：你的多媒体，具有样式”**][5] + +##### **6\. 压缩音频文件** + +正像压缩视频文件一样，为节省一些磁盘空间，你也可以使用 **-ab** 标示压缩音频文件。 + +例如，你有一个320 kbps 比特率的音频文件。你想通过更改比特率到任意较低的值来压缩它，像下面。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp3 -ab 128 output.mp3 +``` + +各种各样可用的音频比特率列表是： + + 1. 96kbps + 2. 112kbps + 3. 128kbps + 4. 160kbps + 5. 192kbps + 6. 256kbps + 7. 320kbps + + + +##### **7. 从一个视频文件移除音频流** + +如果你不想从一个视频文件中要一个音频，使用 **-an** 标示。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -an output.mp4 +``` + +在这里，‘an’ 表示没有音频录制。 + +上面的命令会撤销所有音频相关的标示，因为我们没有从 input.mp4 中音频操作。 + +##### **8\. 从一个多媒体文件移除视频流** + +类似地，如果你不想要视频流，你可以使用 ‘vn’ 标示从多媒体文件中简单地移除它。vn 代表没有视频录制。换句话说，这个里面转换所给定多媒体文件到音频文件中。 + +下面的命令将从所给定多媒体文件中移除视频。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn output.mp3 +``` + +你也可以使用 ‘-ab’ 标示来提出输出文件的比特率，如下面的示例所示。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -ab 320 output.mp3 +``` + +##### **9. 从视频中提取图像 ** + +FFmpeg 的另一个有用的特色是我们可以从一个视频文件中简单地提取图像。这可能是非常有用的，如果你想从一个视频文件中创建一个相册。 + +为从一个视频文件中提取图像，使用下面的命令： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -r 1 -f image2 image-%2d.png +``` + +在这里， + + * **-r** – 设置帧速度。即，每秒提取帧到图像的数字。默认值是 **25**。 + * **-f** – 表示输出格式，即，在我们的实例中是图像。 + * **image-%2d.png** – 表明我们如何想命名提取的图像。在这个实例中，命名应该开端，像这样image-01.png，image-02.png，image-03.png 等等。如果你使用 %3d ，那么图像的命名将开始，像 image-001.png，image-002.png 等等。 + + + +##### **10\. 裁剪视频** + +FFMpeg 允许裁剪一个给定的多媒体文件到我们选择的任何范围。 + +裁剪一个视频文件的语法如下给定： + +``` +ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "crop=w:h:x:y" output.mp4 +``` + +在这里， + + * **input.mp4** – 源视频文件。 + * **-filter:v** – 表示视频过滤器。 + * **crop** – 表示裁剪过滤器。 + * **w** – 我们想自源视频中来裁剪的矩形的 **宽度** 。 + * **h** – 矩形的高度。 + * **x** – 我们想自源视频中来裁剪的矩形的 **x 坐标** 。 + * **y** – 矩形的 y 坐标。 + + +让我们表达，你想要一个来自视频的**位置(200,150)**，且具有**640像素的宽度**和**480像素的高度**视频, 命令应该是： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "crop=640:480:200:150" output.mp4 +``` + +请注意，剪切视频将影响质量。除非必要，请勿剪切。 + +##### **11\. 转换一个视频的具体的部分** + +有时，你可能想仅转换视频文件的一个具体的部分到不同的格式。以示例说明，下面的命令将转换所给定视频input.mp4 文件的**第一个50秒**到视频 .avi 格式。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -t 10 output.avi +``` + +在这里，我们以秒具体说明时间。此外，以**hh.mm.ss** 格式具体说明时间也是可接受的。 + +##### **12\. 设置视频的屏幕高宽比** + +你可以使用 **-aspect** 标示设置一个视频文件的屏幕高宽比，像下面。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -aspect 16:9 output.mp4 +``` + +通常使用的 aspect 比例是： + + * 16:9 + * 4:3 + * 16:10 + * 5:4 + * 2:21:1 + * 2:35:1 + * 2:39:1 + + + +##### **13\. 添加海报图像到音频文件** + +你可以添加海报图像到你的文件，以便图像将在播放音频文件时显示。这对托管在视频托管主机或共享网站中的音频文件是有用的。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -loop 1 -i inputimage.jpg -i inputaudio.mp3 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -strict experimental -b:a 192k -shortest output.mp4 +``` + +##### **14. 使用开始和停止时间剪下一段多媒体文件 + +** + +为剪下一段视频到小块的剪辑,使用开始和停止时间,我们可以使用下面的命令。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -ss 00:00:50 -codec copy -t 50 output.mp4 +``` + +在这里， + + * –s – 表示视频剪辑的开始时间。在我们的示例中，开始时间是第50秒。 + * -t – 表示总的持续时间。 + + + +当你想从一个音频或视频文件剪切一部分，使用开始和结束时间是非常有帮助的 + +类似地，我们可以像下面剪下音频。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i audio.mp3 -ss 00:01:54 -to 00:06:53 -c copy output.mp3 +``` + +##### **15\. 分裂视频文件到多个部分** + +一些网站将仅允许你上传一个具体指定大小的视频。在这样的情况下，你可以分裂大的视频文件到多个较小的部分，像下面。 + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -t 00:00:30 -c copy part1.mp4 -ss 00:00:30 -codec copy part2.mp4 +``` + +在这里， +**-t 00:00:30** 表示从视频的开始到视频的第30秒创建一部分视频。 +**-ss 00:00:30** 为视频的下一部分显示开始时间戳。它意味着第2部分将从第30秒开始，并将持续到原始视频文件的结尾。 + +** **推荐下载** – [**免费指南：“如何开始你自己的成功的博客”**][6] + +##### **16\. 接合或合并多个视频部分到一个** + +FFmpeg 也将接合多个视频部分，并创建一个单个视频文件。 + +创建包含你想接合文件的准确的路径的 **join.txt** 。所有的玩家应该是相同的格式（相同格式）。所有文件的路径应该依次地提到，像下面。 + +``` +file /home/sk/myvideos/part1.mp4 +file /home/sk/myvideos/part2.mp4 +file /home/sk/myvideos/part3.mp4 +file /home/sk/myvideos/part4.mp4 +``` + +现在，接合所有文件，使用命令： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -f concat -i join.txt -c copy output.mp4 +``` + +如果你得到一些像下面的错误； + +``` +[concat @ 0x555fed174cc0] Unsafe file name '/path/to/mp4' +join.txt: Operation not permitted +``` + +添加 **“-safe 0”** : + +``` +$ ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i join.txt -c copy output.mp4 +``` + +上面的命令将接合 part1.mp4，part2.mp4，part3.mp4，和 part4.mp4 文件到一个称为“output.mp4”的单个文件中。 + +##### **17\. 添加字幕到一个视频文件** + +我们可以使用 FFmpeg 来添加字幕到一个视频文件。为你的视频下载正确的字母，并如下所示添加它到你的视频。 + +``` +$ fmpeg -i input.mp4 -i subtitle.srt -map 0 -map 1 -c copy -c:v libx264 -crf 23 -preset veryfast output.mp4 +``` + +##### **18\. 预览或测试视频或音频文件** + +你可能希望通过预览来验证或测试输出的文件是否已经被恰当地转码编码。为完成预览，你可以从你的终端播放它，用命令： + +``` +$ ffplay video.mp4 +``` + +[![][1]][7] + +类似地，你可以测试音频文件，像下面所示。 + +``` +$ ffplay audio.mp3 +``` + +[![][1]][8] + +##### **19\. 增加/减少视频播放速度** + +FFmpeg 允许你调整视频播放速度。 + +为增加视频播放速度，运行： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=0.5*PTS" output.mp4 +``` + +该命令将双倍视频的速度。 + +为降低你的视频速度，你需要使用一个倍数 **大于 1** 。为减少播放速度，运行： + +``` +$ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=4.0*PTS" output.mp4 +``` + +##### **20. 创建动画的 GIF + +** + +我们在几乎所有的社交和专业网络上为各种各样的目的使用 GIF 图像。使用 FFmpeg，我们可以简单地和快速地创建动画的视频文件。下面的指南阐释，如何在类 Unix 系统中使用 FFmpeg 和 ImageMagick T创建一个动画的 GIF 文件。 + + * [**在 Linux 中如何创建动画的 GIF**][9] + + + +##### **21.** 从 PDF 文件中创建视频 + +我长年累月的收集很多 PDF 文件，大多数是 Linux 教程，保存在我的平板电脑中。有时我懒得从平板电脑中月度它们。因此，我决定从 PDF 文件中创建一个视频，在一个大屏幕设备（像一台电视机或一台电脑）中观看它们。如果你曾经想知道如何从一批 PDF 文件中制作一个电影，下面的指南将帮助你。. + + * [**在 Linux 中如何从 PDF 文件中创建一个视频**][10] + + + +##### **22\. 获取帮助** + +在这个指南中，我已经覆盖大多数常常使用的 FFmpeg 命令。 它有很多不同的选项来做各种各样的高级功能。为学习更多，参考手册页。 + +``` +$ man ffmpeg +``` + +然后，这就是全部。我希望这个指南将帮助你 FFmpeg 入门。如果你发现这个指南有用，请在你的社交和专业网络上分享它。更多好东西将要来。敬请期待！ + +谢谢！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/20-ffmpeg-commands-beginners/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/FFmpeg-Commands-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-ffmpeg-linux/ +[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/sk@sk_001.png +[4]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_make141/prgm.cgi +[5]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_make75/prgm.cgi +[6]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_make235/prgm.cgi +[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Menu_004.png +[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Menu_005-3.png +[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/create-animated-gif-ubuntu-16-04/ +[10]: https://www.ostechnix.com/create-video-pdf-files-linux/ From 34ea26e18af0a323db0144bdf280be2ff422e10f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Sat, 1 Jun 2019 08:09:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0101/1265] Translating MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 我已经翻译这篇文章很久了，已经翻译了大约1/5的样子，看到还没有其他人申请翻译。我就申请翻译了。可能需要翻译的时间很长。英语原文语句很长也很难理解 --- sources/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md b/sources/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md index 5790ef6e88..83ef0ff982 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by robsean Learning BASIC Like It's 1983 ====== I was not yet alive in 1983. This is something that I occasionally regret. I am especially sorry that I did not experience the 8-bit computer era as it was happening, because I think the people that first encountered computers when they were relatively simple and constrained have a huge advantage over the rest of us. From 7510343c726bc20192f79bf5326f7d1eb1bfb0e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 1 Jun 2019 12:36:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0102/1265] PRF:20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md @geekpi --- ...down Editor for Writers and Researchers.md | 23 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md b/translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md index 3ca9b20403..251d5c4f3c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Zettlr – Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/) [#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) -Zettlr - 适合作者和研究人员的 Markdown 编辑器 +Zettlr：适合写作者和研究人员的 Markdown 编辑器 ====== 有很多[适用于 Linux 的 Markdown 编辑器][1]，并且还在继续增加。问题是，像 [Boostnote][2] 一样，大多数是为编码人员设计的，可能不会受到非技术人员的欢迎。让我们看一个想要替代 Word 和昂贵的文字处理器，适用于非技术人员的 Markdown 编辑器。我们来看看 Zettlr 吧。 @@ -16,34 +16,33 @@ Zettlr - 适合作者和研究人员的 Markdown 编辑器 ![Zettlr Light Mode][3] -我可能在网站上提到过一两次，但我更喜欢用 [Markdown][4] 写下我的所有文档。它易于学习，不会让你与专有文档格式相关联。我还在我的[适合作者的开源工具列表][5]中提到了 Markdown 编辑器。 +我可能在网站上提到过一两次，我更喜欢用 [Markdown][4] 写下我的所有文档。它易于学习，不会让你受困于专有文档格式。我还在我的[适合作者的开源工具列表][5]中提到了 Markdown 编辑器。 -我用过许多 Markdown 编辑器，但是我一直有兴趣尝试新的。最近，我遇到了 Zettlr，一个开源 markdown 编辑器。 +我用过许多 Markdown 编辑器，但是我一直有兴趣尝试新的。最近，我遇到了 Zettlr，一个开源 Markdown 编辑器。 -[Zettlr][6] 是一位名叫 [Hendrik Erz][7] 的德国社会学家/政治理论家创建的。Hendrik 创建了 Zettlr，因为他对目前的文字处理器感到沮丧。他想要可以让他“专注于写作和阅读”的编辑器。 +[Zettlr][6] 是一位名叫 [Hendrik Erz][7] 的德国社会学家/政治理论家创建的。Hendrik 创建了 Zettlr，因为他对目前的文字处理器感到不满意。他想要可以让他“专注于写作和阅读”的编辑器。 -在发现 Markdown 之后，他在不同的操作系统上尝试了几个 Markdown 编辑器。但他们都没有他想要的东西。[根据 Hendrik 的说法][8]，“但我不得不意识到没有为高效组织大量文本而写的编辑器。大多数编辑都是由编码人员编写的，因此可以满足工程师和数学家的需求。没有为我这样的社会科学，历史或政治学的学生的编辑器。“ +在发现 Markdown 之后，他在不同的操作系统上尝试了几个 Markdown 编辑器。但它们都没有他想要的东西。[根据 Hendrik 的说法][8]，“但我不得不意识到没有为高效组织大量文本而写的编辑器。大多数编辑都是由编码人员编写的，因此可以满足工程师和数学家的需求。没有为我这样的社会科学、历史或政治学的学生的编辑器。“ -So he decided to create his own. In November of 2017, he started to work on Zettlr. 所以他决定创造自己的。2017 年 11 月，他开始编写 Zettlr。 ![Zettlr About][9] #### Zettlr 功能 -Zettlr有许多简洁的功能，包括： +Zettlr 有许多简洁的功能，包括： * 从 [Zotero 数据库][10]导入源并在文档中引用它们   * 使用可选的行屏蔽，让你无打扰地专注于写作   * 支持代码高亮   * 使用标签对信息进行排序 -  * 能够为会话设定写作目标 +  * 能够为该任务设定写作目标   * 查看一段时间的写作统计   * 番茄钟计时器   * 浅色/深色主题   * 使用 [reveal.js][11] 创建演示文稿   * 快速预览文档 -  * 在一个项目文档中搜索 Markdown 文档，并用热图展示文字搜索密度。 +  * 可以在一个项目文件夹中搜索 Markdown 文档，并用热图展示文字搜索密度。   * 将文件导出为 HTML、PDF、ODT、DOC、reStructuredText、LaTex、TXT、Emacs ORG、[TextBundle][12] 和 Textpack   * 将自定义 CSS 添加到你的文档 @@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ Zettlr 有许多我希望我之前选择的编辑器 （ghostwriter） 有的简 正如 Hendrik 在 [Zettlr 网站][8]中所说的那样，“让自己摆脱文字处理器的束缚，看看你的写作过程如何通过身边的技术得到改善！” -如果你觉得 Zettlr 有用，请考虑支持 [Hendrik][19]。正如他在网站上所说，“它是免费的，因为我不相信激烈竞争，早逝的创业文化。我只是想帮忙。“ +如果你觉得 Zettlr 有用，请考虑支持 [Hendrik][19]。正如他在网站上所说，“它是免费的，因为我不相信激烈竞争、早逝的创业文化。我只是想帮忙。” 你有没有用过 Zettlr？你最喜欢的 Markdown 编辑器是什么？请在下面的评论中告诉我们。 @@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/ 作者：[John Paul][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 38063eade3e71253b1316f32bf5df13c8bd9eefa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 1 Jun 2019 12:36:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0103/1265] PUB:20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10922-1.html --- ...20 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md b/published/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md rename to published/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md index 251d5c4f3c..487c0f0fe3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md +++ b/published/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10922-1.html) [#]: subject: (Zettlr – Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/) [#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) From 81df60efd7076aeee4a18154f393822bc3c21d51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 1 Jun 2019 12:56:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0104/1265] PRF:20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md @way-ww --- ...ll Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md | 80 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md index b825435dcb..a72fc883e9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (way-ww) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How To Install/Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux?) @@ -10,25 +10,17 @@ 如何在 Linux 上安装/卸载一个文件中列出的软件包？ ====== -在某些情况下，你可能想要将一个服务器上的软件包列表安装到另一个服务器上。 +在某些情况下，你可能想要将一个服务器上的软件包列表安装到另一个服务器上。例如，你已经在服务器 A 上安装了 15 个软件包并且这些软件包也需要被安装到服务器 B、服务器 C 上等等。 -例如，你已经在服务器A 上安装了 15 个软件包并且这些软件包也需要被安装到服务器B，服务器C 上等等。 +我们可以手动去安装这些软件但是这将花费大量的时间。你可以手动安装一俩个服务器，但是试想如果你有大概十个服务器呢。在这种情况下你无法手动完成工作，那么怎样才能解决问题呢？ -我们可以手动去安装这些软件但是这将花费大量的时间。 - -你可以手动安装一俩个服务器，但是试想如果你有大概十个服务器呢。 - -在这种情况下你无法手动完成工作，那么怎样才能解决问题呢？ - -不要担心我们可以帮你摆脱这样的情况和场景。 - -我们在这篇文章中增加了四种方法来克服困难。 +不要担心我们可以帮你摆脱这样的情况和场景。我们在这篇文章中增加了四种方法来克服困难。 我希望这可以帮你解决问题。我已经在 Centos7 和 Ubuntu 18.04 上测试了这些命令。 我也希望这可以在其他发行版上工作。这仅仅需要使用该发行版的官方包管理器命令替代本文中的包管理器命令就行了。 -如果想要 **[检查 Linux 系统上已安装的软件包列表][1]** 请点击链接。 +如果想要 [检查 Linux 系统上已安装的软件包列表][1]，请点击链接。 例如，如果你想要在基于 RHEL 系统上创建软件包列表请使用以下步骤。其他发行版也一样。 @@ -53,11 +45,9 @@ apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 apr-1.4.8-3.el7_4.1.x86_64 ``` -### 方法一 : 如何在 Linux 上使用 cat 命令安装文件中列出的包？ +### 方法一：如何在 Linux 上使用 cat 命令安装文件中列出的包？ -为实现这个目标，我将使用简单明了的第一种方法。 - -为此，创建一个文件并添加上你想要安装的包列表。 +为实现这个目标，我将使用简单明了的第一种方法。为此，创建一个文件并添加上你想要安装的包列表。 出于测试的目的，我们将只添加以下的三个软件包名到文件中。 @@ -69,7 +59,7 @@ mariadb-server nano ``` -只要简单的运行 **[apt 命令][2]** 就能在 Ubuntu/Debian 系统上一次性安装所有的软件包。 +只要简单的运行 [apt 命令][2] 就能在 Ubuntu/Debian 系统上一次性安装所有的软件包。 ``` # apt -y install $(cat /tmp/pack1.txt) @@ -138,20 +128,19 @@ Processing triggers for install-info (6.5.0.dfsg.1-2) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ... ``` -使用 **[yum 命令][3]** 在基于 RHEL (如 Centos，RHEL (Redhat) 和 OEL (Oracle Enterprise Linux)) 的系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 - +使用 [yum 命令][3] 在基于 RHEL (如 Centos、RHEL (Redhat) 和 OEL (Oracle Enterprise Linux)) 的系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # yum -y install $(cat /tmp/pack1.txt) ``` -使用以命令在基于 RHEL (如 Centos，RHEL (Redhat) 和 OEL (Oracle Enterprise Linux)) 的系统上卸载文件中列出的软件包。 +使用以命令在基于 RHEL (如 Centos、RHEL (Redhat) 和 OEL (Oracle Enterprise Linux)) 的系统上卸载文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # yum -y remove $(cat /tmp/pack1.txt) ``` -使用以下 **[dnf 命令][4]** 在 Fedora 系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 +使用以下 [dnf 命令][4] 在 Fedora 系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # dnf -y install $(cat /tmp/pack1.txt) @@ -163,7 +152,7 @@ Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ... # dnf -y remove $(cat /tmp/pack1.txt) ``` -使用以下 **[zypper 命令][5]** 在 openSUSE 系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 +使用以下 [zypper 命令][5] 在 openSUSE 系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # zypper -y install $(cat /tmp/pack1.txt) @@ -175,7 +164,7 @@ Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ... # zypper -y remove $(cat /tmp/pack1.txt) ``` -使用以下 **[pacman 命令][6]** 在基于 Arch Linux (如 Manjaro 和 Antergos) 的系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 +使用以下 [pacman 命令][6] 在基于 Arch Linux (如 Manjaro 和 Antergos) 的系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # pacman -S $(cat /tmp/pack1.txt) @@ -188,36 +177,35 @@ Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ... # pacman -Rs $(cat /tmp/pack1.txt) ``` -### 方法二 : 如何使用 cat 和 xargs 命令在 Linux 中安装文件中列出的软件包。 +### 方法二：如何使用 cat 和 xargs 命令在 Linux 中安装文件中列出的软件包。 甚至，我更喜欢使用这种方法，因为这是一种非常简单直接的方法。 -使用以下 apt 命令在基于 Debian 的系统 (如 Debian，Ubuntu和Linux Mint) 上安装文件中列出的软件包。 - +使用以下 `apt` 命令在基于 Debian 的系统 (如 Debian、Ubuntu 和 Linux Mint) 上安装文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # cat /tmp/pack1.txt | xargs apt -y install ``` -使用以下 apt 命令 从基于 Debian 的系统 (如 Debian，Ubuntu和Linux Mint) 上卸载文件中列出的软件包。 +使用以下 `apt` 命令 从基于 Debian 的系统 (如 Debian、Ubuntu 和 Linux Mint) 上卸载文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # cat /tmp/pack1.txt | xargs apt -y remove ``` -使用以下 yum 命令在基于 RHEL (如 Centos，RHEL (Redhat) 和 OEL (Oracle Enterprise Linux)) 的系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 +使用以下 `yum` 命令在基于 RHEL (如 Centos，RHEL (Redhat) 和 OEL (Oracle Enterprise Linux)) 的系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # cat /tmp/pack1.txt | xargs yum -y install ``` -使用以命令从基于 RHEL (如 Centos，RHEL (Redhat) 和 OEL (Oracle Enterprise Linux)) 的系统上卸载文件中列出的软件包。 +使用以命令从基于 RHEL (如 Centos、RHEL (Redhat) 和 OEL (Oracle Enterprise Linux)) 的系统上卸载文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # cat /tmp/pack1.txt | xargs yum -y remove ``` -使用以下 dnf 命令在 Fedora 系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 +使用以下 `dnf` 命令在 Fedora 系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # cat /tmp/pack1.txt | xargs dnf -y install @@ -229,7 +217,7 @@ Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ... # cat /tmp/pack1.txt | xargs dnf -y remove ``` -使用以下 zypper 命令在 openSUSE 系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 +使用以下 `zypper` 命令在 openSUSE 系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 ``` @@ -242,7 +230,7 @@ Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ... # cat /tmp/pack1.txt | xargs zypper -y remove ``` -使用以下 pacman 命令在基于 Arch Linux (如 Manjaro 和 Antergos) 的系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 +使用以下 `pacman` 命令在基于 Arch Linux (如 Manjaro 和 Antergos) 的系统上安装文件中列出的软件包。 ``` # cat /tmp/pack1.txt | xargs pacman -S @@ -254,17 +242,17 @@ Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ... # cat /tmp/pack1.txt | xargs pacman -Rs ``` -### 方法三 : 如何使用 For Loop 在 Linux 上安装文件中列出的软件包？ -我们也可以使用 For 循环命令来实现此目的。 +### 方法三 : 如何使用 For 循环在 Linux 上安装文件中列出的软件包 -安装批量包可以使用以下一条 For 循环的命令。 +我们也可以使用 `for` 循环命令来实现此目的。 + +安装批量包可以使用以下一条 `for` 循环的命令。 ``` # for pack in `cat /tmp/pack1.txt` ; do apt -y install $i; done ``` -要使用 shell 脚本安装批量包，请使用以下 For 循环。 - +要使用 shell 脚本安装批量包，请使用以下 `for` 循环。 ``` # vi /opt/scripts/bulk-package-install.sh @@ -275,7 +263,7 @@ do apt -y remove $pack done ``` -为 bulk-package-install.sh 设置可执行权限。 +为 `bulk-package-install.sh` 设置可执行权限。 ``` # chmod + bulk-package-install.sh @@ -287,17 +275,17 @@ done # sh bulk-package-install.sh ``` -### 方法四 : 如何使用 While 循环在 Linux 上安装文件中列出的软件包。 +### 方法四：如何使用 While 循环在 Linux 上安装文件中列出的软件包 -我们也可以使用 While 循环命令来实现目的。 +我们也可以使用 `while` 循环命令来实现目的。 -安装批量包可以使用以下一条 While 循环的命令。 +安装批量包可以使用以下一条 `while` 循环的命令。 ``` # file="/tmp/pack1.txt"; while read -r pack; do apt -y install $pack; done < "$file" ``` -要使用 shell 脚本安装批量包，请使用以下 While 循环。 +要使用 shell 脚本安装批量包，请使用以下 `while` 循环。 ``` # vi /opt/scripts/bulk-package-install.sh @@ -309,7 +297,7 @@ do apt -y remove $pack done < "$file" ``` -为 bulk-package-install.sh 设置可执行权限。 +为 `bulk-package-install.sh` 设置可执行权限。 ``` # chmod + bulk-package-install.sh @@ -328,13 +316,13 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-install-uninstall-listed-packages-from-a-fi 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[way-ww](https://github.com/way-ww) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-installed-packages-in-rhel-centos-fedora-debian-ubuntu-opensuse-arch-linux/ +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10116-1.html [2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ [3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/ [4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/ From 20a380fc7e7811477d9fdee0f7638513ac7d78a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 1 Jun 2019 12:58:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0105/1265] PUB:20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md @way-ww https://linux.cn/article-10923-1.html --- ... Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md b/published/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md rename to published/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md index a72fc883e9..4960672f5a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md +++ b/published/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (way-ww) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10923-1.html) [#]: subject: (How To Install/Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux?) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-install-uninstall-listed-packages-from-a-file-in-linux/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From ffc4681426cf54124acecd99d7a40a29612c4ad9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 1 Jun 2019 14:41:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0106/1265] PRF:20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md @geekpi --- ... Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md | 104 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md index d5ac3339f4..45d1fbb4d9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md @@ -1,28 +1,26 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Dockly – Manage Docker Containers From Terminal) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/dockly-manage-docker-containers-from-terminal/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) -Dockly - 从终端管理 Docker 容器 +Dockly：从终端管理 Docker 容器 ====== ![][1] -几天前，我们发布了一篇指南，其中涵盖了[**开始使用 Docker**][2] 时需要了解的几乎所有细节。在该指南中，我们向你展示了如何详细创建和管理 Docker 容器。还有一些非官方工具可用于管理 Docker 容器。如果你看过我们以前的文字，你可能会看到两个基于网络的工具，[**“Portainer”**][3] 和 [**“PiCluster”**][4]。它们都使得 Docker 管理任务在 Web 浏览器中变得更加容易和简单。今天，我遇到了另一个名为 **“Dockly”** 的 Docker 管理工具。 +几天前，我们发布了一篇指南，其中涵盖了[开始使用 Docker][2] 时需要了解的几乎所有细节。在该指南中，我们向你展示了如何详细创建和管理 Docker 容器。还有一些可用于管理 Docker 容器的非官方工具。如果你看过我们以前的文章，你可能会看到两个基于 Web 的工具，[Portainer][3] 和 [PiCluster][4]。它们都使得 Docker 管理任务在 Web 浏览器中变得更加容易和简单。今天，我遇到了另一个名为 Dockly 的 Docker 管理工具。 -与上面的工具不同，Dockly 是一个 TUI（文本界面）程序，用于在类 Unix 系统中从终端管理 Docker 容器和服务。它是使用 **NodeJS** 编写的免费开源工具。在本简要指南中，我们将了解如何安装 Dockly 以及如何从命令行管理 Docker 容器。 +与上面的工具不同，Dockly 是一个 TUI（文本界面）程序，用于在类 Unix 系统中从终端管理 Docker 容器和服务。它是使用 NodeJS 编写的自由开源工具。在本简要指南中，我们将了解如何安装 Dockly 以及如何从命令行管理 Docker 容器。 ### 安装 Dockly 确保已在 Linux 上安装了 NodeJS。如果尚未安装，请参阅以下指南。 - * [**如何在 Linux 上安装 NodeJS**][5] - - +* [如何在 Linux 上安装 NodeJS][5] 安装 NodeJS 后，运行以下命令安装 Dockly： @@ -42,97 +40,83 @@ Dockly 将通过 unix 套接字自动连接到你的本机 docker 守护进程 ![][6] -使用 Dockly 管理 Docker 容器 +*使用 Dockly 管理 Docker 容器* 正如你在上面的截图中看到的，Dockly 在顶部显示了运行容器的以下信息： - * 容器 ID， -  * 容器名称， -  * Docker 镜像， -  * 命令， -  * 运行中容器的状态， -  * 状态。 - - +* 容器 ID， +* 容器名称， +* Docker 镜像， +* 命令， +* 运行中容器的状态， +* 状态。 在右上角，你将看到容器的 CPU 和内存利用率。使用向上/向下箭头键在容器之间移动。 在底部，有少量的键盘快捷键来执行各种 Docker 管理任务。以下是目前可用的键盘快捷键列表： - * **=** - 刷新 Dockly 界面， -  * **/** - 搜索容器列表视图， -  * **i** - 显示有关当前所选容器或服务的信息， -  * **回车** - 显示当前容器或服务的日志， -  * **v** - 在容器和服务视图之间切换， -  * **l** - 在选定的容器上启动 /bin/bash 会话， -  * **r** - 重启选定的容器， -  * **s** - 停止选定的容器， -  * **h** - 显示帮助窗口， -  * **q** - 退出 Dockly。 +* `=` - 刷新 Dockly 界面， +* `/` - 搜索容器列表视图， +* `i` - 显示有关当前所选容器或服务的信息， +* `回车` - 显示当前容器或服务的日志， +* `v` - 在容器和服务视图之间切换， +* `l` - 在选定的容器上启动 `/bin/bash` 会话， +* `r` - 重启选定的容器， +* `s` - 停止选定的容器， +* `h` - 显示帮助窗口， +* `q` - 退出 Dockly。 +#### 查看容器的信息 - -##### **查看容器的信息** - -使用向上/向下箭头选择一个容器，然后按 **“i”** 以显示所选容器的信息。 +使用向上/向下箭头选择一个容器，然后按 `i` 以显示所选容器的信息。 ![][7] -查看容器的信息 +*查看容器的信息* -##### 重启容器 +#### 重启容器 -如果你想随时重启容器，只需选择它并按 **“r”** 即可重新启动。 +如果你想随时重启容器，只需选择它并按 `r` 即可重新启动。 ![][8] -重启 Docker 容器 +*重启 Docker 容器* -##### 停止/删除容器和镜像 +#### 停止/删除容器和镜像 -如果不再需要容器，我们可以立即停止和/或删除一个或所有容器。为此，请按 **“m”** 打开**菜单**。 +如果不再需要容器，我们可以立即停止和/或删除一个或所有容器。为此，请按 `m` 打开菜单。 ![][9] -停止，删除 Docker 容器和镜像 +*停止，删除 Docker 容器和镜像* 在这里，你可以执行以下操作。 - * 停止所有 Docker 容器， -  * 删除选定的容器， -  * 删除所有容器， -  * 删除所有 Docker 镜像等。 +* 停止所有 Docker 容器， +* 删除选定的容器， +* 删除所有容器， +* 删除所有 Docker 镜像等。 +#### 显示 Dockly 帮助部分 - -##### 显示 Dockly 帮助部分 - -如果你有任何疑问，只需按 **“h”** 即可打开帮助部分。 +如果你有任何疑问，只需按 `h` 即可打开帮助部分。 ![][10] -Dockly 帮助 +*Dockly 帮助* 有关更多详细信息，请参考最后给出的官方 GitHub 页面。 就是这些了。希望这篇文章有用。如果你一直在使用 Docker 容器，请试试 Dockly，看它是否有帮助。 -* * * +建议阅读： -**建议阅读：** - - * **[如何自动更新正在运行的 Docker 容器][11]** - * **[ctop -一个 Linux 容器的命令行监控工具][12]** - - - -* * * - -**资源：** - - * [**Dockly 的 GitHub 仓库**][13] + * [如何自动更新正在运行的 Docker 容器][11] + * [ctop：一个 Linux 容器的命令行监控工具][12] +资源： + * [Dockly 的 GitHub 仓库][13] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -141,7 +125,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/dockly-manage-docker-containers-from-terminal/ 作者：[sk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f340f26ebf1db32f3f08fb4613aaf8177a5c76d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 1 Jun 2019 14:44:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0107/1265] PUB:20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10925-1.html --- ...90527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md b/published/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md rename to published/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md index 45d1fbb4d9..44e9dc2c21 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md +++ b/published/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10925-1.html) [#]: subject: (Dockly – Manage Docker Containers From Terminal) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/dockly-manage-docker-containers-from-terminal/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Dockly：从终端管理 Docker 容器 ====== -![][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/01/144422bfwx1e7fqx1ee11x.jpg) 几天前，我们发布了一篇指南，其中涵盖了[开始使用 Docker][2] 时需要了解的几乎所有细节。在该指南中，我们向你展示了如何详细创建和管理 Docker 容器。还有一些可用于管理 Docker 容器的非官方工具。如果你看过我们以前的文章，你可能会看到两个基于 Web 的工具，[Portainer][3] 和 [PiCluster][4]。它们都使得 Docker 管理任务在 Web 浏览器中变得更加容易和简单。今天，我遇到了另一个名为 Dockly 的 Docker 管理工具。 From ba75f23d3d0494d7ab44fe765de8e2e815f70282 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9D=8E=E5=8D=9A?= <1594914459@qq.com> Date: Sat, 1 Jun 2019 14:59:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0108/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 1186 ---------------- .../tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 1195 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 1195 insertions(+), 1186 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4c50ffa756..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1186 +0,0 @@ -warmfrog translating - -100 Best Ubuntu Apps -====== - -Earlier this year we have published the list of [20 Best Ubuntu Applications for 2018][1] which can be very useful to many users. Now we are almost in the second half of 2018, so today we are going to have a look at 100 best applications for Ubuntu which you will find very useful. - -![100 Best Ubuntu Apps][2] - -Many users who have recently switched to Ubuntu from Microsoft Windows or any other operating system face the dilemma of finding best alternative to application software they have been using for years on their previous OS. Ubuntu has thousands of free to use and open-source application software’s that perform way better than many paid software’s on Windows and other OS. - -Following list features many application software in various categories, so that you can find best application which best matched to your requirements. - -### **1\. Google Chrome Browser** - -Almost all the Linux distributions feature Mozilla Firefox web browser by default and it is a tough competitor to Google Chrome. But Chrome has its own advantages over Firefox like Chrome gives you direct access to your Google account from where you can sync bookmarks, browser history, extensions, etc. from Chrome browser on other operating systems and mobile phones. - -![Chrome][3] - -Google Chrome features up-to-date Flash player for Linux which is not the case with other web browsers on Linux including Mozilla Firefox and Opera web browser. If you continuously use Chrome on Windows then it is best choice to use it on Linux too. - -### 2\. **Steam** - -Gaming on Linux is a real deal now, which was a distant dream few years ago. In 2013, Valve announced Steam gaming client for Linux and everything has changed since then. Earlier users were hesitant to switch to Linux from Windows just because they would not be able to play their favourite games on Ubuntu but that is not the case now. - -![Steam][4] - -Some users might find installing Steam on Linux tricky but it worth all your efforts as thousands of Steam games are available for Linux. Some popular high-end games like Counter Strike: Global Offensive, Hitman, Dota 2 are available for Linux, you just need to make sure you have minimum hardware required to play these games. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository multiverse - -$ sudo apt-get update - -$ sudo apt-get install steam -``` - -### **3\. WordPress Desktop Client** - -Yes you read it correct, WordPress has its dedicated desktop client for Ubuntu from where you can manage your WordPress sites. You can also write and design separately on desktop client without need for switching browser tabs. - -![][5] - -If you have websites backed by WordPress then this desktop client is must have application for you as you can also keep track of all the WordPress notifications in one single window. You can also check stats for performance of posts on website. Desktop client is available in Ubuntu Software Centre from where you can download and install it. - -### **4\. VLC Media Player** - -VLC is a very popular cross-platform and open-source media player which is also available for Ubuntu. What makes VLC a best media player is that it can play videos in all the Audio and Video formats available on planet without any issue. - -![][6] - -VLC has a slick user interface which is very easy to use and apart from that it offers lot of features such as online video streaming, audio and video customization, etc. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:videolan/master-daily -$ sudo apt update -$ sudo apt-get install vlc qtwayland5 -``` - -### **5\. Atom Text Editor** - -Having developed by Github, Atom is a free and open-source text editor which can also be used as Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for coding and editing in major programming languages. Atom developers claim it to be a completely hackable text editor for 21st Century. - -![][7] - -Atom Text Editor has one of the best user interfaces and it is a feature rich text editor with offerings like auto-completion, syntax highlighting and support of extensions and plug-ins. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/atom -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install atom -``` - -### **6\. GIMP Photo Editor** - -GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Programme) is free and open-source photo editor for Ubuntu. It is arguably a best alternative to Adobe Photoshop on Windows. If you have been continuously using Adobe Photoshop and finding it difficult to get used to GIMP, then you can customize GIMP to look very similar to Photoshop. - -![][8] - -GIMP is a feature rich Photo editor and you can always use additional features by installing extensions and plug-ins anytime. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install gimp -``` - -### **7\. Google Play Music Desktop Player** - -Google Play Music Desktop Player is an open-source music player which is replica of Google Play Music or you can say it’s better than that. Google always lacked a desktop music client but this third-party app fills the void perfectly. - -![][9] - -Like you can see in above screenshot, its interface is second to none in terms of look and feel. You just need to sign in into Google account and then it will import all your music and favorites into this desktop client. You can download installation files from its official [website][10] and install it using Software Center. - -### **8\. Franz** - -Franz is an instant messaging client that combines chat and messaging services into one application. It is one of the modern instant messaging platforms and it supports Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram, HipChat, WeChat, Google Hangouts, Skype integration under one single application. - -![][11] - -Franz is complete messaging platform which you can use for business as well to manage mass customer service. To install Franz you need to download installation package from its [website][12] and open it using Software Center. - -### **9\. Synaptic Package Manager** - -Synaptic Package Manager is one of the must have tools on Ubuntu because it works for graphical interface for ‘apt-get’ command which we usually use to install apps on Ubuntu using Terminal. It gives tough competition to default app stores on various Linux distros. - -![][13] - -Synaptic comes with very simple user interface which is very fast and easy to use as compared to other app stores. On left-hand side you can browse various apps in different categories from where you can easily install and uninstall apps. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install synaptic -``` - -### **10\. Skype** - -Skype is a very popular cross-platform video calling application which is now also available for Linux as a Snap app. Skype is an instant messaging application which offers features like voice and video calls, desktop screen sharing, etc. - -![][14] - -Skype has an excellent user interface which very similar to desktop client on Windows and it is very easy to use. It could be very useful app for many switchers from Windows. - -``` -$ sudo snap install skype -``` - -### **13\. VirtualBox** - -VirtualBox is a cross-platform virtualization software application developed by Oracle Corporation. If you love trying out new operating systems then VirtualBox is the must have Ubuntu application for you. You can tryout Linux, Mac inside Windows Operating System or Windows and Mac inside Linux. - -![][15] - -What VB actually does is it lets you run guest operating system on host operating system virtually. It creates virtual hard drive and installs guest OS on it. You can download and install VB directly from Ubuntu Software Center. - -### **12\. Unity Tweak Tool** - -Unity Tweak Tool (Gnome Tweak Tool) is must have tool for every Linux user because it gives user ability to customize desktop according to your need. You can try new GTK themes, set up desktop hot corners, customize icon set, tweak unity launcher, etc. - -![][16] - -Unity Tweak Tool can be very useful to user as it has everything covered right from the basic to advanced configurations. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool -``` - -### **13\. Ubuntu Cleaner** - -Ubuntu Cleaner is a system maintenance tool especially designed to remove packages that are no longer useful, remove unnecessary apps and clean-up browser caches. Ubuntu Cleaner has very simple user interface which is very easy to use. - -![][17] - -Ubuntu Cleaner is one of the best alternatives to BleachBit which is also a decent cleaning tool available for Linux distros. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gerardpuig/ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-cleaner -``` - -### 14\. Visual Studio Code - -Visual Studio Code is code editor which you will find very similar to Atom Text Editor and Sublime Text if you have already used them. Visual Studio Code proves to be very good educational tool as it explains everything from HTML tags to syntax in programming. - -![][18] - -Visual Studio comes with Git integration out of the box and it has excellent user interface which you will find very similar to likes of Atom Text Editor and Sublime Text. You can download and install it from Ubuntu Software Center. - -### **15\. Corebird** - -If you are looking for desktop client where you can use your Twitter then Corebird Twitter Client is the app you are looking for. It is arguably best Twitter client available for Linux distros and it offers features very similar to Twitter app on your mobile phone. - -![][19] - -Corebird Twitter Client also gives notifications whenever someone likes and retweets your tweet or messages you. You can also add multiple Twitter accounts on this client. - -``` -$ sudo snap install corebird -``` - -### **16\. Pixbuf** - -Pixbuf is a desktop client from Pixbuf photo community hub which lets you upload, share and sale your photos. It supports photo sharing to social media networks like Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, Twitter, etc. and photography services including Flickr, 500px and Youpic. - -![][20] - -Pixbuf offers features like analytics which gives you stats about clicks, retweets, repins on your photo, scheduled posts, dedicated iOS extension. It also has mobile app, so that you can always be connected with your Pixbuf account from anywhere. Pixbuf is available for download in Ubuntu Software Center as a snap package. - -### **17\. Clementine Music Player** - -Clementine is a cross-platform music player and a good competitor to Rhythmbox which is default music player on Ubuntu. It is fast and easy to use music player thanks to its user friendly interface. It supports audio playback in all the major audio file formats. - -![][21] - -Apart from playing music from local library you can also listen to online radio from Spotify, SKY.fm, Soundcloud, etc. It also offers other features like smart and dynamic playlists, syncing music from cloud storages like Dropbox, Google Drive, etc. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:me-davidsansome/clementine -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install clementine -``` - -### **18\. Blender** - -Blender is free and open-source 3D creation application software which you can use to create 3D printed models, animated films, video games, etc. It comes with integrated game engine out of the box which you can use to develop and test video games. - -![blender][22] - -Blender has catchy user interface which is easy to use and it includes features like built-in render engine, digital sculpturing, simulation tool, animation tools and many more. It is one of the best applications you will ever find for Ubuntu considering it’s free and features it offers. - -### **19\. Audacity** - -Audacity is an open-source audio editing application which you can use to record, edit audio files. You can record audio from various inputs like microphone, electric guitar, etc. It also gives ability to edit and trim audio clips according to your need. - -![][23] - -Recently Audacity released with new features for Ubuntu which includes theme improvements, zoom toggle command, etc. Apart from these it offers features like various audio effects including noise reduction and many more. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/audacity -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install audacity -``` - -### **20\. Vim** - -Vim is an Integrated Development Environment which you can use as standalone application or command line interface for programming in various major programming languages like Python. - -![][24] - -Most of the programmers prefer coding in Vim because it is fast and highly customizable IDE. Initially you might find it difficult to use but you will quickly get used to it. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install vim -``` - -### **21\. Inkscape** - -Inkscape is an open-source and cross-platform vector graphics editor which you will find very much similar to Corel Draw and Adobe Illustrator. Using it you can create and edit vector graphics such as charts, logos, diagrams, illustrations, etc. - -![][25] - -Inkscape uses Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and an open XML-based W3C standard as a primary format. It supports various formats including JPEG, PNG, GIF, PDF, AI (Adobe Illustrator Format), VSD, etc. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:inkscape.dev/stable -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install inkscape -``` - -### **22\. Shotcut** - -Shotcut is a free, open-source and cross-platform video editing application developed by Meltytech, LLC on the MLT Multimedia Framework. It is one of the most powerful video editors you will ever find for Linux distros as it supports all the major audio, video and image formats. - -![][26] - -It gives ability to edit multiple tracks with various file formats using non-linear video editing. It also comes with support for 4K video resolutions and features like various audio and video filters, tone generator, audio mixing and many others. - -``` -snap install shotcut -- classic -``` - -### **23\. SimpleScreenRecorder** - -SimpleScreenRecorder is a free and lightweight screen video recorder for Ubuntu. This screen recorder can be very useful tool for you if you are a YouTube creator or application developer. - -![][27] - -It can capture a video/audio record of desktop screen or record video games directly. You can set video resolution, frame rate, etc. before starting the screen recording. It has simple user interface which you will find very easy to use. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:marten-baert/simplescreenrecorder -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install simplescreenrecorder -``` - -### **24\. Telegram** - -Telegram is a cloud-based instant messaging and VoIP platform which has got lot of popularity in recent years. It is an open-source and cross-platform messenger where user can send messages, share videos, photos, audio and other files. - -![][28] - -Some of the notable features in Telegram are secrete chats, voice messages, bots, telescope for video messages, live locations and social login. Privacy and security is at highest priority in Telegram, so all messages you send and receive are end-to-end encrypted. - -``` -``` -$ sudo snap install telegram-desktop - -### **25\. ClamTk** - -As we know viruses meant to harm Windows PC cannot do any harm to Ubuntu but it is always prone to get infected by some mails from Windows PC containing harmful files. So it is safe to have some antivirus applications on Linux too. - -![][29] - -ClamTk is a lightweight malware scanner which scans files and folders on your system and cleans if any harmful files are found. ClamTk is available as a Snap package and can be downloaded from Ubuntu Software Center. - -### **26\. MailSpring** - -MailSpring earlier known as Nylas Mail or Nylas N1 is an open-source email client. It saves all the mails locally on computer so that you can access them anytime you need. It features advanced search which uses AND and OR operations so that you can search for mails based on different parameters. - -![][30] - -MailSpring comes with excellent user interface which you will find only on handful of other mail clients. Privacy and security, scheduler, contact manager, calendar are some of the features MailSpring offers. - -### **27\. PyCharm** - -PyCharm is one of my favorite Python IDEs after Vim because it has slick user interface with lot of extensions and plug-in support. Basically it comes in two editions, one is community edition which is free and open-source and other is professional edition which is paid one. - -![][31] - -PyCharm is highly customizable IDE and sports features such as error highlighting, code analysis, integrated unit testing and Python debugger, etc. PyCharm is the preferred IDE by most of the Python programmers and developers. - -### **28\. Caffeine** - -Imagine you are watching something on YouTube or reading a news article and suddenly Ubuntu locks your screen, I know that is very annoying. It happens with many of us, so Caffeine is the tool that will help you block the Ubuntu lock screen or screensaver. - -![][32] - -Caffeine Inhibitor is lightweight tool, it adds icon on notification bar from where you can activate or deactivate it easily. No additional setting needs to be done in order to use this tool. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:eugenesan/ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install caffeine -y -``` - -### **29\. Etcher USB Image Writer** - -Etcher is an open-source USB Image Writer developed by resin.io. It is a cross-platform application which helps you burn image files like ZIP, ISO, IMG to USB storage. If you always try out new OS then Etcher is the must have tool for you as it is easy to use and reliable. - -![][33] - -Etcher has clean user interface that guides you through process of burning image file to USB drive or SD card in three easy steps. Steps involve selecting Image file, selecting USB drive and finally flash (writes files to USB drive). You can download and install Etcher from its [website][34]. - -### **30\. Neofetch** - -Neofetch is a cool system information tool that gives you all the information about your system by running “neofetch” command in Terminal. It is cool tool to have because it gives you information about desktop environment, kernel version, bash version and GTK theme you are running. - -![][35] - -As compared to other system information tools Nefetch is highly customizable tool. You can perform various customizations using command line. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dawidd0811/neofetch -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get update install neofetch -``` - -### 31\. Liferea - -Liferea (Linux Feed Reader) is a free and open-source news aggregator for online news feeds. It is a fast and easy to use new aggregator that supports various formats such as RSS/RDF, Atom, etc. - -![][36] -Liferea comes with sync support with TinyTinyRSS out of the box and it gives you an ability to read feeds in offline mode. It is one of the best feed readers you will find for Linux in terms of reliability and flexibility. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/apps -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install liferea -``` - -### 32\. Shutter - -It is easy to take screenshots in Ubuntu but when it comes to edit screenshots Shutter is the must have application for you. It helps you capture, edit and share screenshots easily. Using Shutter’s selector tool you can select particular part of your screen to take screenshot. - -![][37] - -Shutter is a feature-rich screenshot tool which offers features like adding effects to screenshot, draw lines, etc. It also gives you option to upload your screenshot to various image hosting sites. You can directly download and install Shutter from Software Center. - -### 33\. Weather - -Weather is a small application which gives you real-time weather information for your city or any other location in the world. It is simple and lightweight tool which gives you detailed forecast of up to 7 days and hourly details for current and next day. - -![][38] - -It integrates with GNOME shell to give you information about current weather conditions at recently searched locations. It has minimalist user interface which works smoothly on minimum hardware requirement. - -### 34\. Ramme - -Ramme is cool unofficial Instagram desktop client which gives you feel of Instagram mobile phone app. It is an Electron-based client so it replicates Instagram app and offers features like theme customization, etc. - -![][39] - -But due to Instagram’s API restrictions you can’t upload image using Ramme client but you can always go through Instagram feed, like and comment on posts, message friends. You can download Ramme installation files from[Github.][40] - -### **35\. Thunderbird** - -Thunderbird is an open-source email client which is also a default email client in most of the Linux distributions. Despite parting ways with Mozilla in 2017, Thunderbird is still very popular and best email client on Linux platform. It comes with features like spam filtering, IMAP and POP email syncing, calendar support, address book integration and many other features out of the box. - -![][41] - -It is a cross-platform email client with full community support across all supported platforms. You can always change its look and feel thanks to its highly customizable nature. - -### **36\. Pidgin** - -Pidgin is an instant messaging client where you can login into different instant messaging networks under single window. You can login to instant messaging networks like Google Talk, XMPP, AIM, Bonjour, etc. - -![][42] - -Pidgin has all the features you can expect in an instant messenger and you can always enhance its performance by installing additional plug-ins. - -``` -``` -$ sudo apt-get install pidgin - -### **37\. Krita** - -Krita is a free and open-source digital painting, editing and animation application developed by KDE. It has excellent user interface with everything placed perfectly so that you can easily find the tool you need. - -![][43] - -It uses OpenGL canvas which boosts Krita’s performance and it offers many features like different painting tools, animation tools, vector tools, layers and masks and many more. Krita is available in Ubuntu Software Center, you can easily download it from there. - -### **38\. Dropbox** - -Dropbox is stand-out player in cloud storage and its Linux clients works really well on Ubuntu once installed properly. While Google Drive comes out of the box on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS and later, Dropbox is still a preferred cloud storage tool on Linux in terms of features it offers. - -![][44] -It always works in background and back up new files from your system to cloud storage, syncs files continuously between your computer and its cloud storage. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install nautilus-dropbox -``` - -### 39\. Kodi - -Kodi formerly known as Xbox Media Center (XBMC) is an open-source media player. You can play music, videos, podcasts and video games both in online and offline mode. This software was first developed for first generation of Xbox gaming console and then slowly ported to personal computers. - -![][45] - -Kodi has very impressive video interface which is fast and powerful. It is highly customizable media player and by installing additional plug-ins you can access online streaming services like Pandora, Spotify, Amazon Prime Video, Netflix and YouTube. - -### **40\. Spotify** - -Spotify is one of the best online media streaming sites. It provides music, podcast and video streaming services both on free and paid subscription basis. Earlier Spotify was not supported on Linux but now it has its own fully functional desktop client for Ubuntu. - -![][46] - -Alongside Google Play Music Desktop Player, Spotify is must have media player for you. You just need to login to your Spotify account to access your favorite online content from anywhere. - -### 41\. Brackets - -Brackets is an open-source text editor developed by Adobe. It can be used for web development and design in web technologies such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It sports live preview mode which is great feature to have as it can get real-time view of whatever the changes you make in script. - -![][47] - -It is one of the modern text editors on Ubuntu and has slick user interface which takes web development task to new level. It also offers features like inline editor and supports for popular extensions like Emmet, Beautify, Git, File Icons, etc. - -### 42\. Bitwarden - -Account safety is serious concern now as we can see rise in security breaches in which users passwords are stolen and important data being compromised. So Bitwarden is recommended tool for you which stores all your account logins and passwords safe and secure at one place. - -![][48] - -Bitwarden uses AES-256 bit encryption technique to store all the login details and only user has access to his data. It also helps you to create strong passwords which are less likely to be hacked. - -### 43\. Terminator - -Terminator is an open-source terminal emulator programmed and developed in Java. It is a cross-platform emulator which lets you have privilege of multiple terminals in one single window which is not the case in Linux default terminal emulator. - -![][49] - -Other stand-out feature in Terminator includes automatic logging, drag and drop, intelligent vertical and horizontal scrolling, etc. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install terminator -``` - -### 44\. Yak Yak - -Yak Yak is an open-source unofficial desktop client for Google Hangouts messenger. It could be good alternative to Microsoft’s Skype as it comes with bunch of some amazing features out of the box. You can enable desktop notifications, language preferences, and works on minimal memory and power requirements. - -![][50] - -Yak Yak comes with all the features you would expect in any instant messaging app such as typing indicator, drag and drop media files, and audio/video calling. - -### 45\. **Thonny** - -Thonny is a simple and lightweight IDE especially designed for beginners in programming. If you are new to programming then this is the must have IDE for you because it lets you learn while programming in Python. - -![][51] - -Thonny is also great tool for debugging as it supports live variables during debugging, apart from this it offers features like separate windows for executing function call, simple user interface, etc. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install thonny -``` - -### **46\. Font Manager** - -Font Manager is a lightweight tool for managing, adding or removing fonts on your Ubuntu system. It is specially built for Gnome desktop environment, users don’t having idea about managing fonts using command line will find this tool very useful. - -![][52] - -Gtk+ Font Manager is not meant to be for professional users, it has simple user interface which you will find very easy to navigate. You just need to download font files from internet and add them using Font Manager. - -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:font-manager/staging -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install font-manager - -### **47\. Atril Document Viewer** - -Atril is a simple document viewer which supports file formats like Portable Document Format (PDF), PostScript (PS), Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), DJVU and DVI. Atril comes bundled with MATE desktop environment and it is identical to Evince which is default document on the most of the Linux distros. - -![][53] - -Atril has simple and lightweight user interface which is highly customizable and offers features like search, bookmarks and UI includes thumbnails on the left-hand side. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install atril -``` - -### **48\. Notepadqq** - -If you have ever used Notepad++ on Windows and looking for similar program on Linux then don’t worry developers have ported it to Linux as Notepadqq. It is a simple yet powerful text editor which you can use for daily tasks or programming in various languages. - -![][54] - -Despite being a simple text editor it has some amazing features like you can set theme between dark and light color scheme, multiple selection, regular expression search and real-time highlighting. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:notpadqq-team/notepadqq -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install notepadqq -``` - -### **49\. Amarok** - -Amarok is an open-source music player developed under KDE projetct. It has an intuitive interface which makes you feel home so you can discover your favorite music easily. Besides Clementine, Amarok is very good choice to have when you are looking for perfect music player for Ubuntu. - -![][55] - -Some of the top features in Amarok include intelligent playlist support, integration support for online services like MP3tunes, Last.fm, Magnatune, etc. - -### **50\. Cheese** - -Cheese is a Linux default webcam application which can be useful to you in some video chat or instant messaging applications. Apart from that you can also use this app to take photos and videos with fancy effects. - -![][56] - -It also sports burst mode which lets you take multiple snaps in quick succession and option to share your photos with friends and family. Cheese come pre-installed with most of the Linux distros but you can also download and install it from Software Center. - -### **51\. MyPaint** - -MyPaint is a free and open-source raster graphics editor which focuses on digital painting rather than image manipulation and post processing. It is cross-platform application and more or less similar to Corel Painter. - -![][57] - -MyPaint could be good alternative to those who use Microsoft Paint application on Windows. It has simple user interface which is fast and powerful. MyPaint is available is Software Center for download. - -### **52\. PlayOnLinux** - -PlayOnLinux is a front-end for WINE emulator which allows you to run Windows applications on Linux. You just need to install Windows applications and game on WINE then you can easily launch applications and games using PlayOnLinux. - -![][58] - -### **53\. Akregator** - -Akregator is a default RSS reader for KDE Plasma Environment developed under KDE project. It has simple user interface and comes with KDE’s Konqueror browser so that you don’t need to switch between apps while reading news feeds. - -![][59] - -Akregator also offers features like desktop notifications, automatic feeds, etc. It is one of the best feed readers you will find for across most of the Linux distros. - -### **54\. Brave** - -Brave is an open-source web browser which blocks ads and trackers so that you can browse your content fast and safely. What it actually does is that it pays to websites and YouTubers on behalf of you. If you prefer contributing to websites and YouTubers rather than seeing advertisements then this browser is for you. - -![][60] - -This is a new concept and could be good browser for those who prefer safe browsing without compromising important data on internet. - -### **55\. Bitcoin Core** - -Bitcoin Core is an official Bitcoin client which is highly secure and reliable. It keeps track of all your transactions and makes sure all transactions are valid. It restricts Bitcoin miners and banks from taking full control of your Bitcoin wallet. - -![][61] - -Bitcoin Core also offers other important features like, private keys backup, cold storage, security notifications. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt -``` - -### **56\. Speedy Duplicate Finder** - -Speedy Duplicate Finder is a cross-platform file finder which helps you find duplicate files on your system and free-up disk space. It is a smart tool which searches for duplicate files on entire hard disk and also features smart filter which helps you find file by file type, extension or size. - -![][62] - -It has a simple and clean user interface which is very easy to handle. As soon as you download it from Software Center you are good to go with disk space clean-up. - -### **57\. Zulip** - -Zulip is a free and open-source group chat application which was acquired by Dropbox. It is written in Python and uses PostgreSQL database. It was designed and developed to be a good alternative to other chat applications like Slack and HipChat. - -![][63] - -Zulip is a feature-rich application with features such as drag and drop files, group chats, private messaging, image previews and many more. It also supports integration with likes of Github, JIRA, Sentry, and hundreds of other services. - -### **58\. Okular** - -Okular is a cross-platform document viewer developed by KDE for KDE desktop environment. It is a simple document viewer and supports file formats like Portable Document Format (PDF), PostScript, DjVu, Microsoft Compiled HTML help, and many other major file formats. - -![][64] - -Okular is one of the best document viewers you should try on Ubuntu as it offers features like commenting on PDF documents, drawing lines, highlighting and much more. You can also extract text from PDF document to text file. - -### **59\. FocusWriter** - -FocusWriter is a distraction-free word processor which hides your desktop screen so that you can only focus on writing. Like you can see in the screenshot below whole Ubuntu screen is hidden, it’s just you and your word processor. But you can always access Ubuntu screen whenever you need it by just moving your mouse cursor to the edges of the screen. - -![][65] - -It is a lightweight word processor with support for file formats like TXT, RTF and ODT files. It also offers fully customizable user interface and features like timers and alarms, daily goals, sound effects and support for translation into 20 languages. - -### **60\. Guake** - -Guake is a cool drop-down terminal for GNOME Desktop Environment. Guake comes in a flash whenever you need it and disappears as soon as your task is completed. You just need to click F12 button to launch or exit it so launching Guake is way faster than launching new Terminal window. - -![][66] - -Guake is a feature-rich terminal with features like support for multiple tabs, ability to save your terminal content to file in few clicks, and fully customizable user interface. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install guake -``` - -### **61\. KDE Connect** - -KDE Connect is an awesome application on Ubuntu and I would have loved to list this application much higher in this marathon article but competition is intense. Anyways KDE Connect helps you get your Android smartphone notifications directly on Ubuntu desktop. - -![][67] - -With KDE Connect you can do whole lot of other things like check your phones battery level, exchange files between computer and Android phone, clipboard sync, send SMS, and you can also use your phone as wireless mouse or keyboard. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/indicator-kedeconnect -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install kdeconnect indicator-kdeconnect -``` - -### **62\. CopyQ** - -CopyQ is a simple but very useful clipboard manager which stores content of the system clipboard whenever any changes you make so that you can search and restore it back whenever you need. It is a great tool to have as it supports text, images, HTML and other formats. - -![][68] - -CopyQ comes pre-loaded with features like drag and drop, copy/paste, edit, remove, sort, create, etc. It also supports integration with text editors like Vim, so it could be very useful tool if you are a programmer. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:hluk/copyq -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install copyq -``` - -### **63\. Tilix** - -Tilix is feature-rich advanced GTK3 tiling terminal emulator. If you uses GNOME desktop environment then you’re going to love Tilix as it follows GNOME Human Interface Guidelines. What Tilix emulator offers different than default terminal emulators on most of the Linux distros is it gives you ability to split terminal window into multiple terminal panes. - -![][69] - -Tilix offers features like custom links, image support, multiple panes, drag and drop, persistent layout and many more. It also has support for keyboard shortcuts and you can customize shortcuts from the Preferences settings according to your need. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/terminix -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install tilix -``` - -### **64\. Anbox** - -Anbox is an Android emulator which lets you install and run Android apps on your Linux system. It is free and open-source Android emulator that executes Android runtime environment by using Linux Containers. It uses latest Linux technologies and Android releases so that you can run any Android app like any other native application. - -![][70] - -Anbox is one of the modern and feature-rich emulators and offers features like no limit for application use, powerful user interface, and seamless integration with host operating system. - -First you need to install kernel modules. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:morphis/anbox-support -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt install anbox-modules-dkms Now install Anbox using snap -$ snap install --devmode -- beta anbox -``` - -### **65\. OpenShot** - -OpenShot is the best open-source video editor you will find for Linux distros. It is a cross-platform video editor which is very easy to use without any compromise with its performance. It supports all the major audio, video and image formats. - -![][71] - -OpenShot has clean user interface and offers features like drag and drop, clip resizing, scaling, trimming, snapping, real-time previews, audio mixing and editing and many other features. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:openshot.developers/ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install openshot -qt -``` - -### **66\. Plank** - -If you are looking for cool and simple dock for your Ubuntu desktop then Plank should be #1 choice for you. It is perfect dock and you don’t need to make any tweaks after installation but if you want to, then it has built-in preferences panel where you can customize themes, dock size and position. - -![][72] - -Despite being a simple dock, Plank offers features like item rearrangement by simple drag and drop, pinned and running apps icon, transparent theme support. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/docky -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install plank -``` - -### **67\. Filezilla** - -Filezilla is a free and cross-platform FTP application which sports FileZilla client and server. It lets you transfer files using FTP and encrypted FTP like FTPS and SFTP and supports IPv6 internet protocol. - -![][73] - -It is simple file transfer application with features like drag and drop, support for various languages used worldwide, powerful user interface for multitasking, control and configures transfer speed and many other features. - -### **68\. Stacer** - -Stacer is an open-source system diagnostic tool and optimizer developed using Electron development framework. It has an excellent user interface and you can clean cache memory, start-up applications, uninstall apps that are no longer needed, monitor background system processes. - -![][74] - -It also lets you check disk, memory and CPU usage and also gives real-time stats of downloads and uploads. It looks like a tough competitor to Ubuntu cleaner but both have unique features that separate them apart. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:oguzhaninan/stacer -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install stacer -``` - -### **69\. 4K Video Downloader** - -4K Video Downloader is simple video downloading tool which you can use to download videos, playlists, channels from Vimeo, Facebook, YouTube and other online video streaming sites. It supports downloading YouTube playlists and channels in MP4, MKV, M4A, 3GP and many other video/audio file formats. - -![][75] - -4K Video Downloader is not as simple as you would think, apart from normal video downloads it supports 3D and 360 degree video downloading. It also offers features like in-app proxy setup and direct transfer to iTunes. You can download it from [here][76]. - -### 70\. **Qalculate** - -Qalculate is multi-purpose, cross-platform desktop calculator which is simple but very powerful calculator. It can be used for solving complicated maths problems and equations, currency conversions, and many other daily calculations. - -![][77] - -It has an excellent user interface and offers features such as customizable functions, unit calculations, symbolic calculations, arithmetic, plotting and many other functions you will find in any scientific calculator. - -### **71\. Hiri** - -Hiri is a cross-platform email client developed in Python programming language. It has slick user interface and it can be a good alternative to Microsoft Outlook in terms of features and services offered. This is great email client that can be used for sending and receiving emails, managing contacts, calendars and tasks. - -![][78] - -It is a feature-rich email client that offers features like integrated task manager, email synchronization, email rating, email filtering and many more. - -``` -$ sudo snap install hiri -``` - -### **72\. Sublime Text** - -Sublime Text is a cross-platform source code editor programmed in C++ and Python. It has Python Application Programming Interface (API) and supports all the major programming and markup languages. It is simple and lightweight text editor which can be used as IDE with features like auto-completion, syntax highlighting, split editing, etc. - -![][79] - -Some additional features in this text editor include Goto anything, Goto definition, multiple selections, command palette and fully customizable user interface. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install sublime-text -``` - -### **73\. TeXstudio** - -TeXstudio is an integrated writing environment for creating and editing LaTex documents. It is an open-source editor which offers features like syntax highlighting, integrated viewer, interactive spelling checker, code folding, drag and drop, etc. - -![][80] - -It is a cross-platform editor and has very simple, lightweight user interface which is easy to use. It ships in with integration for BibTex and BibLatex bibliographies managers and also integrated PDF viewer. You can download TeXstudio installation package from its [website][81] or Ubuntu Software Center. - -### **74\. QtQR** - -QtQR is a Qt based application that lets you create and read QR codes in Ubuntu. It is developed in Python and Qt and has simple and lightweight user interface. You can encode website URL, email, text, SMS, etc. and you can also decode barcode using webcam camera. - -![][82] - -QtQR could prove to be useful tool to have if you generally deal with product sales and services because I don’t think we have any other similar tool to QtQR which requires minimal hardware to function smoothly. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa: qr-tools-developers/qr-tools-stable -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install qtqr -``` - -### **75\. Kontact** - -Kontact is an integrated personal information manager (PIM) developed by KDE for KDE desktop environment. It is all-in-one software suite that integrates KMail, KOrganizer and KAddressBook into a single user interface from where you can manage all your mails, contacts, schedules, etc. - -![][83] - -It could be very good alternative to Microsoft Outlook as it is fast and highly configurable information manager. It has very good user interface which you will find very easy to use. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install kontact -``` - -### **76\. NitroShare** - -NitroShare is a cross-platform, open-source network file sharing application. It lets you easily share files between multiple operating systems local network. It is a simple yet powerful application and it automatically detects other devices running NitroShare on local network. - -![][84] - -File transfer speed is what makes NitroShare a stand-out file sharing application as it achieves gigabit speed on capable hardware. There is no need for additional configuration required, you can start file transfer as soon as you install it. - -``` -$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:george-edison55/nitroshare -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install nitroshare -``` - -### **77\. Konversation** - -Konversation is an open-source Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client developed for KDE desktop environment. It gives speedy access to Freenode network’s channels where you can find support for most distributions. - -![][85] - -It is simple chat client with features like support for IPv6 connection, SSL server support, bookmarks, on-screen notifications, UTF-8 detection, and additional themes. It has easy to use GUI which is highly configurable. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install konversation -``` - -### **78\. Discord** - -If you’re hardcore gamer and play online games frequently then I have a great application for you. Discord which is free Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) application especially designed for online gamers around the world. It is a cross-platform application and can be used for text and audio chats. - -![][86] - -Discord is very popular VoIP application gaming community and as it is completely free application, it is very good competitor to likes of Skype, Ventrilo and Teamspeak. It also offers features like crystal clear voice quality, modern text chat where you can share images, videos and links. - -### **79\. QuiteRSS** - -QuiteRSS is an open-source news aggregator for RSS and Atom news feeds. It is cross-platform feed reader written in Qt and C++. It has simple user interface which you can tweak in either classic or newspaper mode. It comes integrated with webkit browser out of the box so that you can perform all the tasks under single window. - -![][87] - -QuiteRSS comes with features such as content blocking, automatic scheduled feeds, import/export OPML, system tray integration and many other features you could expect in any feed reader. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install quiterss -``` - -### **80\. MPV Media Player** - -MPV is a free and open-source media player based on MPlayer and MPlayer 2. It has simple user interface where user just needs to drag and drop audio/video files to play them as there is no option to add media files on GUI. - -![][88] - -One of the things about MPV is that it can play 4K videos effortlessly which is not the case with other media players on Linux distros. It also gives user ability to play videos from online video streaming sites including YouTube and Dailymotion. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mc3man/mpv-tests -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install -y mpv -``` - -### **81\. Plume Creator** - -If you’re a writer then Plume Creator is must have application for you because you will not find other app for Ubuntu with privileges like Plume Creator. Writing and editing stories, chapters is tedious task and Plume Creator will ease this task for you with the help of some amazing tools it has to offer. - -![][89] - -It is an open-source application with minimal user interface which you could find confusing in the beginning but you will get used to it in some time. It offers features like edit notes, synopses, export in HTML and ODT formats support, and rich text editing. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install plume-creator -``` - -### **82\. Chromium Web Browser** - -Chromium is an open-source web browser developed and distributed by Google. Chromium is very identical to Google Chrome web browser in terms of appearance and features. It is a lightweight and fast web browser with minimalist user interface. - -![][90] - -If you use Google Chrome regularly on Windows and looking for similar browser for Linux then Chromium is the best browser for you as you can login into your Google account to access all your Google services including Gmail. - -### **83\. Simple Weather Indicator** - -Simple Weather Indicator is an open-source weather indicator app developed in Python. It automatically detects your location and shows you weather information like temperature, possibility of rain, humidity, wind speed and visibility. - -![][91] - -Weather indicator comes with configurable options such as location detection, temperature SI unit, location visibility on/off, etc. It is cool app to have which adjusts with your desktop comfortably. - -### **84\. SpeedCrunch** - -SpeedCrunch is a fast and high-precision scientific calculator. It comes preloaded with math functions, user-defined functions, complex numbers and unit conversions support. It has simple user interface which is easy to use. - -![][92] - -This scientific calculator has some amazing features like result preview, syntax highlighting and auto-completion. It is a cross-platform calculator with multi-language support. - -### **85\. Scribus** - -Scribus is a free and open-source desktop publishing application that lets you create posters, magazines and books. It is a cross-platform application based on Qt toolkit and released under GNU general public license. It is a professional application with features like CMYK and ICC color management, Python based scripting engine, and PDF creation. - -![][93] - -Scribus comes with decent user interface which is easy to use and works effortlessly on systems with low hardware. It could be downloaded and installed from Software Center on all the latest Linux distros. - -### **86.** **Cura** - -Cura is an open-source 3D printing application developed by David Braam. Ultimaker Cura is the most popular software in 3D printing world and used by millions of users worldwide. It follows 3 step 3D printing model: Design, Prepare and Print. - -![][94] - -It is a feature-rich 3D printing application with seamless integration support for CAD plug-ins and add-ons. It is very simple and easy to use tool, novice artists can start right away. It supports major file formats like STL, 3MF and OBJ file formats. - -### **87\. Nomacs** - -Nomacs is an open-source, cross-platform image viewer which is supports all the major image formats including RAW and psd images. It has ability to browse images in zip or Microsoft Office files and extract them to a directory. - -![][95] - -Nomacs has very simple user interface with image thumbnails at the top and it offers some basic image manipulation features like crop, resize, rotate, color correction, etc. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nomacs/stable -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install nomacs -``` - -### **88\. BitTicker** - -BitTicker is a live bitcoin-USDT Ticker for Ubuntu. It is a simple tool that connects to bittrex.com market and retrieves the latest price for BTC-USDT and display Ubuntu clock on system tray. - -![][96] - -It is simple but very useful too if you invest in Bitcoin regularly and have to study price fluctuations regulary. - -### **89\. Organize My Files** - -Organize My Files is cross-platform one click file organizer and it is available in Ubuntu as a snap package. It is a simple but powerful tool that will help you find unorganized files in a simple click and take them under control. - -![][97] - -It has intuitive user interface which is powerful and fast. It offers features such as auto organizing, recursive organizing, smart filters and multi folders organizing. - -### **90\. GnuCash** - -GnuCash is financial accounting software licensed under GNU general public license for free usage. It is an ideal software for personal and small business accounting. It has simple user interface which allows you to keep track of bank accounts, stocks, income and expenses. - -![][98] - -GnuCash implements double-entry bookkeeping system and based on professional accounting principle to ensure balanced books and accurate reports. - -### **91\. Calibre** - -Calibre is a cross-platform, open-source solution to all your e-book needs. It is a simple e-book organizer that offers features like displaying, creating, editing e-books, organizing existing e-books into virtual libraries, syncing and many more. - -![][99] - -Calibre also helps you convert e-books into whichever format you need and send them to your e-book reading device. Calibre is a very good tool to have if you regularly read and manage e-books. - -### **92\. MATE Dictionary** - -MATE Dictionary is a simple dictionary basically developed for MATE desktop environment. You just need to type the word and then this dictionary will display the meaning and references for it. - -![][100] - -It is simple and lightweight online dictionary with minimalist user interface. - -### **93\. Converseen** - -Converseen is a free cross-platform batch image processing application that lets you convert, edit, resize, rotate and flip large number of images with a single mouse click. It offers features like renaming bunch of images using prefix/suffix, extract image from a Windows icon file, etc. - -![][101] - -It has very good user interface which is easy to use even if you are a novice user. It can also convert entire PDF file into collection of images. - -### **94\. Tiled Map Editor** - -Tiled is a free software level map editor which you can use to edit the maps in various projections such as orthogonal, isometric and hexagonal. This tool can be very useful for game developers during game engine development cycle. - -![][102] - -Tiled is a versatile map editor which lets you create power boost positions, map layouts, collision areas, and enemy positions. It saves all the data in tmx format. - -### **95.** **Qmmp** - -Qmmp is a free and open-source audio player developed in Qt and C++. It is a cross-platform audio player with user interface very similar to Winamp. It has simple and intuitive user interface, Winamp skins can be used instead of default UI. - -![][103] - -It offers features such as automatic album cover fetching, multiple artists support, additional plug-ins and add-ons support and other features similar to Winamp. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:forkotov02/ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install qmmp qmmp-q4 qmmp-plugin-pack-qt4 -``` - -### **96\. Arora** - -Arora is free and open-source web browser which offers features like dedicated download manager, bookmarks, privacy mode and tabbed browsing. - -![][104] - -Arora web browser is developed by Benjamin C. Meyer and it is popular among Linux users for its lightweight nature and flexibility. - -### **97\. XnSketch** - -XnSketch is a cool application for Ubuntu that will help you transform your photos into cartoon or sketch images in few clicks. It sports 18 different effects such as black strokes, white strokes, pencil sketch and others. - -![][105] - -It has an excellent user interface which you will find easy to use. Some additional features in XnSketch include opacity and edge strength adjustment, contrast, brightness and saturation adjustment. - -### **98\. Geany** - -Geany is a simple and lightweight text editor which works like an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). It is a cross-platform text editor and supports all the major programming languages including Python, C++, LaTex, Pascal, C#, etc. - -![][106] - -Geany has simple user interface which resembles to programming editors like Notepad++. It offers IDE like features such as code navigation, auto-completion, syntax highlighting, and extensions support. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install geany -``` - -### **99\. Mumble** - -Mumble is another Voice over Internet Protocol application very similar to Discord. Mumble is also basically designed for online gamers and uses client-server architecture for end-to-end chat. Voice quality is very good on Mumble and it offers end-to-end encryption to ensure privacy. - -![][107] - -Mumble is an open-source application and features very simple user interface which is easy to use. Mumble is available for download in Ubuntu Software Center. - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install mumble-server -``` - -### **100\. Deluge** - -Deluge is a cross-platform and lightweight BitTorrent client that can be used for downloading files on Ubuntu. BitTorrent client come bundled with many Linux distros but Deluge is the best BitTorrent client which has simple user interface which is easy to use. - -![][108] - -Deluge comes with all the features you will find in BitTorrent clients but one feature that stands out is it gives user ability to access the client from other devices as well so that you can download files to your computer even if you are not at home. - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deluge-team/ppa -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install deluge -``` - -So these are my picks for best 100 applications for Ubuntu in 2018 which you should try. All the applications listed here are tested on Ubuntu 18.04 and will definitely work on older versions too. Feel free to share your view about the article at [@LinuxHint][109] and [@SwapTirthakar][110]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://linuxhint.com/100_best_ubuntu_apps/ - -作者：[Swapnil Tirthakar][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://linuxhint.com/author/swapnil/ -[1]:https://linuxhint.com/applications-2018-ubuntu/ -[2]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/100-Best-Ubuntu-Apps.png -[3]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Chrome.png -[4]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Steam.png -[5]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Wordpress.png -[6]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/VLC.png -[7]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Atom-Text-Editor.png 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a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c82f5cc099 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md @@ -0,0 +1,1195 @@ +warmfrog translating + +100 Best Ubuntu Apps +====== + +今年早些时候我们发布了一个 [2018 年最好的 20 个 Ubuntu 应用][1]列表，可能对很多用户来说都很有用。现在我们几乎到 2018 年下半年了，所以今天我们打算看一下 Ubuntu 上最好的 100 个应用，你可能会觉得有帮助。 + +![100 Best Ubuntu Apps][2] + +很多用户最近从 Microsoft Windows 转换到了 Ubuntu，可能面临着这样一个困境：寻找它们之前使用了数年的操作系统上的应用软件的最好替代应用。Ubuntu 拥有上千个免费使用和开源应用软件比 Windows 和其它 OS 上的付费软件运行的更好。 + +下列列表归纳了各种分类下很多应用软件的功能特点，因此，你可以找到匹配你的需求的最好的应用。 + +### **1\. Google Chrome 浏览器** + +几乎所有 Linux 发行版默认安装了 Mozilla Firefox 网络浏览器，并且它是 Google Chrome 的强力竞争对手。但是 Chrome 相对 Firefox 有它自己的优点，给了你 Google 账户的入口，你可以通过它来同步你的书签，浏览历史，扩展。例如从其它操作系统和手机的 Chrome 浏览器同步。 + +![Chrome][3] + +Google Chrome 为 Linux 集成了最新的 Flash 播放器，其它 Linux 上的浏览器像 Mozilla Firefox 和 Opera 网络浏览器则不是这样。如果你在 Windows 上经常使用 Chrome，那么在 Linux 上也用它是最好的选择。 + +### 2\. **Steam** + +现在在 Linux 上玩游戏已经不是问题了，这在很多年前还是一个遥不可及的梦。在 2013 年，Valve 发布了 Linux 上的 Steam 游戏客户端，此后一切都变了。早期用户犹豫着从 Windows 转到 Linux，只是因为它们不能在 Ubuntu 上玩它们最喜欢的游戏，但是现在已经不是这样了。 + +![Steam][4] + +一些用户可能发现在 Linux 上安装 Steam 有点棘手，但如果能在 Linux 上玩上千的 Steam 游戏时这么做就是值得的。一些流行的像 Counter Strike 这样的高端游戏：Global Offensive, Hitman, Dota 2 在 Linux 上都能获取，你只需要确保你满足玩这些游戏的最小硬件需求。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository multiverse + +$ sudo apt-get update + +$ sudo apt-get install steam +``` + +### **3\. WordPress 桌面客户端** + +是的，没错，WordPress 有它专有的 Ubuntu 平台的客户端，你可以用来管理你的 WordPress 站点。你同样可以在桌面客户端上单独写和设计桌面客户端而不用转到浏览器。 + +![][5] + +如果你有 WordPress 支持的站点，那么这个桌面客户端能够让你在单个窗口内追踪所有的 WordPress 通知。你同样可以检查站点的博客性能状态。桌面客户端可以在 Ubuntu 软件中心中获取，你可以在那里下载和安装。 + +### **4\. VLC 媒体播放器** + +VLC 是一个非常流行的跨平台的开源媒体播放器，同样在 Ubuntu 中可以获取。使得 VLC 成为一个最好的媒体播放器的原因是它能够播放地球上能够获得的任何音频视频格式，而且不会出现任何问题。 + +![][6] + +VLC 有一个平滑的用户界面，易于使用，除此之外，它提供了很多特点包括在线视频流，音频和视频自定义，等。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:videolan/master-daily +$ sudo apt update +$ sudo apt-get install vlc qtwayland5 +``` + +### **5\. Atom 文本编辑器** + +由 Github 开发，Atom 是一个免费和开源的文本编辑器，它同样能够被用做集成开发环境（IDE）来进行主流编程语言的编码和编辑。Atom 开发者声称它是 21 世纪的完全可控制的文本编辑器。 + +![][7] + +Atom 文本编辑器属于最好的用户界面之一，它是一个富文本编辑器提供了自动补全，语法高亮、扩展与插件支持。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/atom +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install atom +``` + +### **6\. GIMP 图像编辑器** + +GIMP （GNU 图形操作程序）是 Ubuntu 上免费和开源的图像编辑器。有争议说它是 Windows 上 Adobe Photoshop 的最好替代品。如果你过去经常用 Adobe Photoshop，会觉得很难习惯 GIMP，但是你可以自定义 GIMP 使它看起来与 Photoshop 非常相似。 + +![][8] + +GIMP 是一个功能丰富的图片编辑器，你可以随时通过安装扩展和插件来使用附加的功能。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install gimp +``` + +### **7\. Google Play 音乐桌面播放器** + +Google Play 音乐桌面播放器是一个开源的音乐播放器，它是 Google Play Music 的一个替代品，或者说更好。Google 总是缺少桌面的音乐客户端，但第三方的应用完美的填充了空白。 + +![][9] + +就像你在截屏里看到的，它的界面在外观和感觉上都是首屈一指的。你仅仅需要登录 Google 账户，之后会导入所有你的音乐和你的最爱到桌面客户端里。你可以从它的官方 [站点][10]下载安装文件并使用软件中心安装它。 + +### **8\. Franz** + +Franz 是一个即时消息客户端，结合了聊天和信息服务到一个应用中。它是现代化的即时消息平台之一，在单个应用中支持 Facebook Messenger， WhatsApp， Telegram， 微信，Google Hangouts， Skype。 + +![][11] + +Franz 是一个完整的消息平台，你同样可以在商业中用它来管理大量的客户服务。为了安装 Franz，你需要从它的[网站][12]下载安装包，在软件中心中打开。 + +### **9\. Synaptic 包管理器** + + Synaptic 包管理器是 Ubuntu 上必有工具之一，因为它为我们通常在命令行界面安装软件的 ‘apt-get’ 命令提供了用户图形界面。它是各种 Linux 发行版中默认的应用的强力对手。 + +![][13] + +Synaptic 拥有非常简单的用户图形界面，相比其它的应用商店非常快并易于使用。左手边你可以浏览不同分类的各种应用，也可以轻松安装和卸载。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install synaptic +``` + +### **10\. Skype** + +Skype 是一个非常流行的跨平台视频电话应用，如今在 Linux 系统的 Snap 应用中可以获取了。Skype 是一个即时通信应用，它提供了视频和音频通话，桌面共享等特点。 + +![][14] + +Skype 有一个优秀的用户图形界面，与 Windows 上的桌面客户端非常相似，易于使用。它对于从 Windows 上转换来的用户来说非常有用。 + +``` +$ sudo snap install skype +``` + +### **13\. VirtualBox** + +VirtualBox 是由 Oracle 公司开发的跨平台的虚拟化软件应用。如果你喜欢尝试新的操作系统，那么 VirtualBox 是为你准备的必备的 Ubuntu 应用。你可以尝试 Windows 内的 Linux，Mac 或者 Linux 系统中的 Windows 和 Mac。 + +![][15] + +VB 实际做的是让你在宿机操作系统里可视化的运行顾客操作系统。它创建虚拟硬盘并在上面安装顾客操作系统。你可以在 Ubuntu 软件中心直接下载和安装。 + +### **12\. Unity Tweak 工具** + +Unity Tweak 工具（Gnome Tweak 工具）对于每个 Linux 用户都是必须有的，因为它给了用户根据需要自定义桌面的能力。你可以尝试新的 GTK 主题，设置桌面角落，自定义图标集，改变 unity 启动器，等。 + +![][16] + +Unity Tweak 工具对于用户来说可能非常有用，因为它包含了从基础到高级配置的所有内容。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool +``` + +### **13\. Ubuntu Cleaner** + +Ubuntu Cleaner是一个系统管理工具，尤其被设计为移除不再使用的包，移除不必要的应用和清理浏览器缓存的。Ubuntu Cleaner 有易于使用的简易用户界面。 + +![][17] + +Ubuntu Cleaner是 BleachBit 最好的替代品之一，BleachBit 是 Linux 发行版上的相当好的清理工具。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gerardpuig/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-cleaner +``` + +### 14\. Visual Studio Code + +Visual Studio Code 是一个代码编辑器，你会发现它与 Atom 文本编辑器和 Sublime Text 非常相似，如果你曾用过的话。Visual Studio Code 证明是非常好的教育工具，因为它解释了所有东西，从 HTML 标签到编程中的语法。 + +![][18] + +Visual Studio 自身集成了 Git，它有优秀的用户界面，你会发现它与 Atom Text Editor 和 Sublime Text 非常相似。你可以从 Ubuntu 软件中心下载和安装它。 + +### **15\. Corebird** + +如果你在找你可以用 Twitter 的桌面客户端，那 Corebird Twitter 客户端就是你在找的。它被争议是 Linux 发行版下可获得的最好的 Twitter 客户端，它提供了与你手机上的 Twitter 应用非常相似的功能。 + +![][19] + + 当有人喜欢或者转发你的 tweet 或者给你发消息时，Corebird Twitter 客户端同样会给你通知。你同样可以在这个客户端上添加多个 Twitter 账户。 + +``` +$ sudo snap install corebird +``` + +### **16\. Pixbuf** + +Pixbuf 是来自 Pixbuf 图片社区中心的一个桌面客户端，让你上传，分享和出售你的相片。它支持图片共享到社交媒体像 Facebook，Pinterest，Instagram，Twitter，等等，也包括照相服务像 Flickr，500px and Youpic。 + +![][20] + +Pixbuf提供了分析等功能，可以让你统计点击量、转发量、照片的回复、预定的帖子、专用的iOS 扩展。它同样有移动应用，因此你可以在任何地方连接到你的 Pixbuf 账户。 Pixbuf 在 Ubuntu 软件中心以 Snap 包的形式获得。 + +### **17\. Clementine 音乐播放器** + +Clementine 是一个跨平台的音乐播放器，并且是 Ubuntu 上默认音乐播放器 Rhythmbox 的良好竞争者。多亏它的友好的界面，它很快速并易于使用。它支持所有音频文件格式的声音回放。 + +![][21] + +除了播放本地库中的音乐，你也可以在线听 Spotify, SKY.fm, Soundcloud 等的广播。它也支持其它的功能像智能动态播放列表，从像 Dropbox，Google Drive 这样的云存储中同步音乐。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:me-davidsansome/clementine +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install clementine +``` + +### **18\. Blender** + +Blender 是一个免费和开源的 3D 创建应用软件，你可以用来创建 3D 打印模型，动画电影，视频游戏，等。它自身集成了游戏引擎，你可以用来开发和测试视频游戏。 + +![blender][22] + +Blender 拥有赏心悦目的用户界面，易于使用，它包括了内置的渲染引擎，数字雕刻，仿真工具，动画工具，还有很多。考虑到它免费和它的特点，你甚至会认为它可能是 Ubuntu 上最好的应用之一。 + +### **19\. Audacity** + +Audacity 是一个开源的音频编辑应用，你可以用来记录、编辑音频文件。你可以从各种输入中录入音频，包括麦克风，电子吉它，等等。根据你的需要，它提供了编辑和裁剪音频的能力。 + +![][23] + +最近 Audacity 发布了 Ubuntu 上的新版本，新特点包括主题提升、放缩命令等。除了这些，它还提供了降噪等更多特点。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/audacity +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install audacity +``` + +### **20\. Vim** + +Vim 是一个集成开发环境，你可以用作一个独立的应用或各种像 Python 等主流编程语言的命令行接口。 + +![][24] + +大多数程序员喜欢在 Vim 中编代码，因为它快速并且是一个可高度定制的集成开发环境。最初你可能觉得有点难用，但你会很快习惯它。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install vim +``` + +### **21\. Inkscape** + +Inkscape 是一个开源和跨平台的矢量图形编辑器，你会觉得它和 Corel Draw 和 Adobe Illustrator 很相似。用它可以创建和编辑矢量图形例如柱形图、logo、图表、插图等。 + +![][25] + +Inkscape 使用规模矢量图形（SVG），一个基于 XML 的 W3C 标准格式。它只是各种格式包括 JPEG、PNG、GIF、PDF、AI（Adobe Illustrator 格式）、VSD 等等。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:inkscape.dev/stable +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install inkscape +``` + +### **22\. Shotcut** + +Shotcut 是一个免费、开源的跨平台的 Meltytech，LLC 在 MLT 多媒体框架下开发的视频编辑应用。你会发现它是 Linux 发行版上最强大的视频编辑器之一，因为它支持所有主要的音频，视频，图片格式。 + +![][26] + +它给了非线性编辑的各种文件格式多轨道视频的能力。它支持 4K 视频分辨率和各种音频，视频过滤，语气生成、音频混合和很多其它的。 + +``` +snap install shotcut -- classic +``` + +### **23\. SimpleScreenRecorder** + +SimpleScreenRecorder 是 Ubuntu 上的一个免费和轻量级的屏幕录制工具。屏幕录制非常有用，如果你是 YouTube 创作者或应用开发者。 + +![][27] + +它可以捕获桌面屏幕的视频/音频记录或直接录制视频游戏。在屏幕录制前你可以设置视频分辨率、帧率等。它有简单的用户界面，你会发现非常易用。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:marten-baert/simplescreenrecorder +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install simplescreenrecorder +``` + +### **24\. Telegram** + +Telegram 是一个基于云的即时通信和网络电话平台，近年来非常流行。它是开源和跨平台的，用户可以用来发送消息，共享视频，图片，音频和其它文件。 + +![][28] + +Telegram 中容易发现的特点是加密聊天，语音信息，远程视频通话，在线位置和社交登录。在 Telegram 中隐私和安全拥有最高优先级，因此，所有你发送和接收的是端对端加密的。 + +``` +$ sudo snap install telegram-desktop +``` + +我们所知道的危害 Windows PC 的病毒不能危害 Ubuntu，因为在 Windows PC 中接收到的邮件的破坏性文件会破坏 Windows PC。因此，在 Linux 上有一些抗病毒应用是安全的。 + +![][29] + +ClamTk 是一个轻量级的病毒扫描器，可以扫描系统中的文件和文件夹并清理发现的有害文件。ClamTk 可以 Snap 包的形式获得，可以从 Ubuntu 软件中心下载。 + +### **26\. MailSpring** + +早期的 MailSpring 以 Nylas Mail 或 Nylas N1 而著名，是开源的邮件客户端。它保存所有的邮件在电脑本地，因此你可以在任何需要的时候访问它。它提供了高级搜索的功能，使用与或操作，因此你可以基于不同的参数搜索邮件。 + +![][30] + +MailSpring 有着和其它易于上手的邮件客户端同样优秀的用户界面。MailSpring 同样提供了私密性、安全性、规划期、通讯录管理、日历等功能特点。 + +### **27\. PyCharm** + +PyCharm 是我最喜欢的继 Vim 之后的 Python IDE 之一，因为它有优雅的用户界面，有很多扩展和插件支持。基本上，它有两个版本，一个是免费和开源的社区版，另一个是付费的专业版。 + +![][31] + +PyCharm 是高度自定义的 IDE 并且有很多功能像错误高亮、代码分析、集成单元测试和 Python 调试器等。PyCharm 对于大多数 Python 程序员和开发者来说是首选的。 + +### **28\. Caffeine** + +想象一下你在 Youtube 上看视频或阅读一篇新文章，突然你的 Ubuntu 锁屏了，我知道它很烦人。我们很多人都会遇到这种情况，所以 Caffeine 是一个阻止 Ubuntu 锁屏或屏幕保护程序的工具。 + +![][32] + +Caffeine Inhibitor 是一个轻量级的工具，它在通知栏添加图标，你可以在那里轻松的激活或禁止它。不需要额外的设置。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:eugenesan/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install caffeine -y +``` + +### **29\. Etcher USB 镜像写入器** + +Etcher 是一个有 resin.io 开发的 USB 镜像写入器。它是一个跨平台的应用，帮助你将 ZIP、ISO、IMG 格式的镜像文件写入到 USB 存储中。如果你总是尝试新的操作系统，那么 Ethcher 是你必有的简单可靠的系统。 + +![][33] + +Etcher 有干净的用户界面指导你在三步内烧录镜像到 USB 驱动或 SD 卡的过程。步骤包括选择镜像文件，选择 USB 驱动 和最终的 flash（写文件到 USB 驱动）。你可以从它的[官网][34]下载和安装 Etcher。 + +### **30\. Neofetch** + +Neofetch 是一个酷炫的系统信息工具，通过在终端中运行 “neofetch” 命令，它会给你关于你的系统的所有信息。它酷是因为它给你关于桌面环境，内核版本，bash 版本和你正在运行的 GTK 主题信息。 + +![][35] + +与其它系统信息工具比较，Nefetch 是高度自定义的工具。你可以使用命令行进行各种自定义。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dawidd0811/neofetch +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get update install neofetch +``` + +### 31\. Liferea + +Liferea（Linux 热点阅读器）是一个免费和开源的新闻聚集工具，用于在线新闻订阅。使用新的聚集工具非常快捷和简单，支持各种格式例如 RSS/RDF，Atom 等。 + +![][36] +Liferea 自带与 TinyTinyRSS 的同步支持，它给了你离线阅读的能力。你会发现，就可靠性和灵活性而言，它是 Linux 上最好的订阅工具之一。 + + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/apps +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install liferea +``` + +### 32\. Shutter + +在 Ubuntu 中很容易截屏，但当编辑截屏时 Shutter 是你必不可少的应用。它帮助你捕获，编辑和轻松的共享截屏。使用 Shutter 的选择工具，你可以选择屏幕的特定区域来截屏。 + +![][37] + +Shutter 是一个功能强大的截图工具，提供了添加截图效果，画线等功能。它同样给你上传截屏到各种图像保存站点的选项。你可以直接在 Ubuntu 软件中心中下载和安装。 + +### 33\. Weather + +Weather 是一个小的应用，给你关于你的城市或世界上其它位置的实时天气信息。它简单而且轻量级，给你超过 7 天的详细天气预报和今明两天的每个小时的细节信息。 + +![][38] + +它集成在 GNOME shell 中，给你关于最近搜索位置的当前天气状态。它有最小的用户界面，在最小硬件需求下运行很顺畅。 + +### 34\. Ramme + +Ramme 是一个很酷的非官方的 Instagram 桌面客户端，给你带来 Instagram 移动端的感觉。它是基于 Electron 的客户端，所以它替代了 Instagram 应用提供了主题自定义的功能。 + +![][39] + +但是由于 Instagram 的 API 限制，你不能使用 Ramme 客户端上传图像，但你总是可以通过订阅 Instagram，喜欢和评论，给好友发消息。你可以从 [Github]][40] 下载 Ramme 安装文件。 + +### **35\. Thunderbird** + +Thunderbird 是一个开源的邮件客户端，是很多 Linux 发行版的默认邮件客户端。尽管在 2017 年与 Mozilla 分离，Thunderbird 仍然是 Linux 平台非常流行的最好的邮件客户端。它自带特点像垃圾短信过滤，IMAP 和 POP 邮件同步，日历支持，通讯录集成和很多其它特定。 + +![][41] + +它是一个跨平台的邮件客户端，在所有支持的平台上完全由社区提供支持。多亏它的高度自定义特点，你总是可以改变它的外观和观感。 + +### **36\. Pidgin** + +Pidgin 是一个即时信息客户端，你能够在单个窗口下登录不同的即时网络。你可以登录到像 Google Talk，XMPP，AIM，Bonjour 等。 + +![][42] + +Pidgin 拥有所有你期待的即时通信的特点，你总是可以通过安装额外的插件来提升它的性能。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install pidgin +``` + +### **37\. Krita** + +Krita 是由 KDE 开发的免费和开源的数字打印，编辑和动画应用。它有优秀的用户界面，每个组件都放的很完美，因此你可以找到你需要的。 + +![][43] + +它使用 OpenGL 画布，这提升了 Krita 的性能，并且提供了很多特点相不同的绘画工具、动画工具、矢量工具、层、罩等很多。可在 Ubuntu 软件中心获取 Krita 并下载。 + +### **38\. Dropbox** + +Dropbox 是一个出色的云存储播放器，一旦安装，它在 Ubuntu 中运行得非常好。即使 Google Drive 在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 和以后的版本中运行得不错，就 Dropbox 提供的特点而言，Dropbox 仍然是 Linux 上的首选云存储工具。 + +![][44] +它总是在后台运行，备份你系统上的新文件到云存储，持续在你的电脑和云存储间同步。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install nautilus-dropbox +``` + +### 39\. Kodi + +Kodi 的前身是人们熟知的 Xbox 媒体中心（XBMC），是一个开源的媒体播放器。你可以在线或离线播放音乐、视频、播客、视频游戏等。这个软件最初是为第一代的 Xbox 游戏控制台开发的，之后慢慢地面向了个人电脑。 + +![][45] + +Kodi 有令人印象深刻的视频接口，快速而强大。它是可高度定制的媒体播放器，你可以通过安装插件，来获取在线流服务像 Pandora、 Spotify、Amazon Prime Video、Netflix and YouTube。 + +### **40\. Spotify** + +Spotify 是最好的在线媒体流站点之一。它提供免费和付费音乐、播客、视频流服务。早期的 Spotify 不支持 Linux，但现在它有全功能的 Ubuntu 客户端。 + +![][46] + + 与 Google Play 音乐播放器一样，Spotify 是必不可少的媒体播放器。你只需要登录你的 Spotify 账户，就能在任何地方获取你最爱的在线内容。 + +### 41\. Brackets + +Brackets 是一个有 Adobe 开发的开源的文本编辑器。它可被用来进行 web 开发和设计，例如 HTML，CSS 和 JavaScript。它随改变实时预览是一个很棒的特点，当你在脚本中修改时，你可以获得实时预览效果。 + +![][47] + +它是 Ubuntu 上的现代文本编辑器之一，拥有平滑的用户界面，这将 web 开发任务带到新的水平。它同样提供行内编辑器的特点，支持流行的扩展像 Emmet、Beautify、Git、File Icons 等等。 + +### 42\. Bitwarden + +现今，安全问题事件增加，用户密码被盗后，重要的数据受到连累，因此，账户安全性必须严肃对待。推荐你使用 Bitwarden，将你的所有账户和登录密码安全的存在一个地方。 + +![][48] + +Bitwarden 使用 AES-256 加密技术来存储所有的登录细节，只有用户可以访问这些数据。它同样帮你创建健壮的密码，因为弱密码容易被黑。 + +### 43\. Terminator + +Terminator 是一个开源终端模拟器，用 Java 语言开发的。它是一个跨平台的模拟器，允许你在单个窗口有多个终端，在 Linux 默认的终端模拟器中不是这样。 + +![][49] + +Terminator 其它杰出的特点包括自动日志、拖、丢、智能垂直和水平滚动等。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install terminator +``` + +### 44\. Yak Yak + +Yak Yak 是一个开源的非官方的 Google Hangouts 消息的桌面客户端。它可能是一个不错的 Microsort 的 Skype 的替代品，自身拥有很多让人吃惊的特点。你可以允许桌面通知，语言偏好，工作在最小内存或电源需求等。 + +![][50] + +Yak Yak 拥有你期待的所有任何即时消息应用的所有特点，例如类型指示、拖、拽媒体文件，音/视频电话。 + +### 45\. **Thonny** + +Thonny 是一个简单和轻量级的 IDE，尤其是为编程的初学者设计的。如果你是编程初学者，这是你必备的 IDE，因为当用 Python 编程的时候它会帮你学习。 + +![][51] + +Thonny 同样是一个很棒的调试工具，它支持调试过程中的活变量，除此之外，它还提供了执行函数调用是分离窗口、简易用户界面的特点。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install thonny +``` + +### **46\. Font Manager** + +Font Manager 是一个轻量级的工具，用于管理、添加、移除你的 Ubuntu 系统上的字体。尤其是为 Gnome 桌面环境构建的，当用户不知道如何在命令行管理字体的会发现这个工具非常有用。 + +![][52] + +Gtk+ Font Manager 不是为专业用户准备的，它有简单的用户界面，你会发现很容易导航。你只需要从网上下载字体文件，并使用 Font Manager 添加它们。 + +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:font-manager/staging +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install font-manager + +### **47\. Atril Document Viewer** + +Atril 是一个简单的文件查看器，支持便携文件格式（PDF）、PostScript（PS）、Encapsulated PostScript（EPS）、DJVU 和 DVI。Atril 绑定在 MATE 桌面环境中，它比大多数 Linux 发行版中默认的文件查看器 Evince 更理想。 + +![][53] + +Atril 用简单和轻量级的用户界面，可高度自定义，提供了搜索、书签、UI 左侧的缩略图等特点。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install atril +``` + +### **48\. Notepadqq** + +如果你曾在 Windows 上用过 Notepad++，并且在 Linux 上寻找相似的程序，别担心，开发者们已经将它移植到 Linux，叫 Notepadqq。它是一个简单且强大的文本编辑器，你可以在日常生活中用它完成各种语言的任务。 + +![][54] + +尽管作为一个简单的文本编辑器，它有一些令人惊奇的特点，例如，你可以设置主题为暗黑或明亮模式、多选、正则搜索和实时高亮。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:notpadqq-team/notepadqq +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install notepadqq +``` + +### **49\. Amarok** + +Amarok 是在 KDE 项目下开发的一个开源音乐播放器。它有直观的界面，让你感觉在家一样，因此你可以轻易的发现你最喜爱的音乐。除了 Clementine，当你在寻找 Ubuntu 上的完美的音乐播放器时，Amarok 是一个很棒的选择。 + +![][55] + +Amarok 上的一些顶尖的特点包括智能播放列表支持，集成在线服务像 MP3tunes、Last.fm、 Magnatune 等。 + +### **50\. Cheese** + +Cheese 是 Linux 默认的网络摄像头应用，在视频聊天或即时消息应用中非常有用。除了这些，你还可以用这个应用来照相或拍视频，附带一些迷人的特效。 + +![][56] + +它同样提供闪拍模式，让你快速拍摄多张相片，并提供你共享给你的朋友和家人的选项。Cheese 预装在大多数的 Linux 发行版中，但是你同样可以在软件中心下载它。 + +### **51\. MyPaint** + +MyPaint 是一个免费和开源的光栅图形编辑器，关注于数字绘画而不是图像操作和相片处理。它是跨平台的应用，与 Corel Painter 很相似。 + +![][57] + +MyPaint 可能是 Windows 上的 Microsoft Paint 应用的很好的替代。它有简单的用户界面，快速而强大。MyPaint 可以软件中心下载。 + +### **52\. PlayOnLinux** + +PlayOnLinux 是 WINE 模拟器的前端，允许你在 Linux 上运行 Windows 应用。你只需要在 WINE 中安装 Windows 应用，之后你就可以轻松的使用 PlayOnLinux 启动应用和游戏了。 + +![][58] + +### **53\. Akregator** + +Akregator 是在 KDE 项目下为 KDE Plasma 环境开发的默认的 RSS 阅读器。它有简单的用户界面，自带了 KDE 的 Konqueror 浏览器，所以你不需要在阅读新闻提要时切换应用。 + +Akregator 同样提供了桌面通知、自动提要等功能。你会发现在大多数 Linux 发行版中它是最好的提要阅读器。 + +### **54\. Brave** + +Brave 是一个开源的 web 浏览器，阻挡了广告和追踪，所以你可以快速和安全的浏览你的内容。它实际做的是代表你像网站和油管主播支付了费用。如果你喜欢像网站和和油管主播共享而不是看广告，这个浏览器更适合你。 + +![][60] + +对于那些想要安全浏览但有不想错过互联网上重要数据的人来说，这是一个新概念，一个不错的浏览器。 + +### **55\. Bitcoin Core** + +Bitcoin Core 是一个官方的客户端，非常安全和可靠。它持续追踪你的所有交易以保证你的所有交易都是有效的。它限制比特币矿工和银行完全掌控你的比特币钱包。 + +![][61] + +Bitcoin Core 同样提供了其它重要的特点像私钥备份、冷存储、安全通知等。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt +``` + +### **56\. Speedy Duplicate Finder** + +Speedy Duplicate Finder 是一个跨平台的文件查找工具，用来帮助你查找你的系统上的重复文件，清理磁盘空间。它是一个智能工具，在整个硬盘上搜索重复文件，同样提供智能过滤功能，根据文件类型、扩展或大小帮你找到文件。 + +![][62] + +它有一个简单和整洁的用户界面，易于上手。从软件中心下载完后你就可以开始磁盘空间清理了。 + +### **57\. Zulip** + +Zulip 是一个免费和开源的群聊应用，被 Dropbox 获得了。它是用 Python 写的，用 PostgreSQL 数据库。它被设计和开发为其它聊天应用像 Slack 和 HipChat 的好的替代品。 + +![][63] + +Zulip 功能丰富，例如拖拽文件、群聊、私密聊天、图像预览等。它供养集成了 Github、JIRA、Sentry 和上百种其它服务。 + +### **58\. Okular** + +Okular 是 KDE 为 KDE 桌面环境开发的跨平台的文件查看器。它是一个简单的文件查看器，支持 Portable Document Format (PDF), PostScript, DjVu, Microsoft Compiled HTML help 和很多其它文件格式。 + +![][64] + +Okular 是在 Ubuntu 上你应该尝试的最好的文件查看器之一，它提供了 PDF 文件评论、画线、高亮等很多功能。你同样可以从 PDF 文件中提取文本文件。 + +### **59\. FocusWriter** + +FocusWriter 是一个集中注意力的字处理工具，隐藏了你的桌面屏幕，因此你能够专注写作。正如你看到的屏幕截图，整个 Ubuntu 屏被隐藏了，只有你和你的字处理工具。但你总是可以进入 Ubuntu 屏幕，当你需要的时候，只需要将光标移动到屏幕的边缘。 + +![][65] + +它是一个轻量级的字处理其，支持 TXT、RTF、ODT 文件格式。它同样提供可完全定制的用户界面，还有定时器、警报、每日目标、声音效果等特点，支持翻译为 20 种语言。 + +### **60\. Guake** + +Guake 是为 GNOME 桌面环境准备的酷炫的下拉式终端。当你任务完成后，你需要它消失时， Guake 会闪一下。你只需要按 F12 按钮来启动或退出，这样启动 Guake 币启动一个新的终端窗口更快。 + +![][66] + +Guake 是一个特点丰富的终端，支持多栏，只需要点击几下就能将你的终端内容保存到文件，并且有完全可定制的用户界面。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install guake +``` +### **61\. KDE Connect** + +KDE Connect 在 Ubuntu 上是一个很棒的应用，我很想在这篇马拉松文章中将它提早列出来，但是竞争激烈。总之 KDE Connect 可以将你的 Android 智能手机的通知直接转到 Ubuntu 桌面来。 + +![][67] + +有了 KDE Connect，你可以做很多事，例如检查手机电池水平，在电脑和 Android 手机间交换文件，剪贴板同步，发送短信，你还可以将你的手机当作无线鼠标或键盘。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/indicator-kedeconnect +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install kdeconnect indicator-kdeconnect +``` + +### **62\. CopyQ** + +CopyQ 是一个简单但是非常有用的剪切板管理器，它保存你的系统剪切板内容，无论你做了什么改变，你都可以在你需要的时候恢复它。它是一个很棒的工具，支持文本、图像、HTML、和其它格式。 + +![][68] + +CopyQ 自身有很多功能像拖拽、复制/拷贝、编辑、移除、排序、创建等。它同样支持集成文本编辑器，像 Vim，所以如果你是程序员，这非常有用。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:hluk/copyq +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install copyq +``` + +### **63\. Tilix** + +Tilix 是一个功能丰富的高级 GTX3 瓷砖终端模拟器。如果你使用 GNOME 桌面环境，那你会爱上 Tilix，因为它遵循了 GNOME 人类界面指导。Tilix 模拟器与大多数 Linux 发行版上默认终端模拟器相比，它给了你分离终端窗口为多个终端面板。 + +![][69] + +Tilix 提供了自定义链接、图片支持、多面板、拖拽、持续布局等功能。它同样支持键盘快捷方式，你可以根据你的需要在偏好设置中自定义快捷方式。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/terminix +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install tilix +``` + +### **64\. Anbox** + +Anbox 是一个 Android 模拟器，让你在 Linux 系统中安装和运行 Android 应用。它是免费和开源的 Android 模拟器，通过使用 Linux 容器来执行 Android 运行时环境。它使用最新的 Linux 技术 和 Android 发布版，所以你可以运行任何原生的 Android 应用。 + +![][70] + +Anbox 是现代和功能丰富的模拟器之一，提供的功能包括无限制的应用使用，强大的用户界面，与宿主系统无缝集成。 + +首先你需要安装内核模块。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:morphis/anbox-support +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt install anbox-modules-dkms Now install Anbox using snap +$ snap install --devmode -- beta anbox +``` + +### **65\. OpenShot** + +你会发现 OpenShot 是 Linux 发行版中最好的开源视频编辑器。它是跨平台的视频编辑器，易于使用，不在性能方面妥协。它支持所有主流的音频、视频、图像格式。 + +![][71] + +OpenShot 有干净的用户界面，功能有拖拽、裁剪大小调整、大小调整、裁剪、快照、实时预览、音频混合和编辑等多种功能。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:openshot.developers/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install openshot -qt +``` + +### **66\. Plank** + +如果你在为你的 Ubuntu 桌面寻找一个 Dock 导航栏，那 Plank 应该是一个选择。它是完美的，安装后你不需要任何的修改，除非你想这么做，它有内置的偏好面板，你可以自定义主题，Dock 大小和位置。 + +![][72] + +尽管是一个简单的导航栏，Plank 提供了通过拖拽来重新安排的功能，固定和运行应用图标，转换主题支持。 + + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/docky +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install plank +``` + +### **67\. Filezilla** + +Filezilla 是一个免费和跨平台的 FTP 应用，包括 Filezilla 客户端和服务器。它让你使用 FTP 和加密的 FTP 像 FTPS 和 SFTP 传输文件，支持 IPv6 网络协议。 + +![][73] + +它是一个简单的文件传输应用，支持拖拽，支持世界范围的各种语言，多任务的强大用户界面，控制和配置传输速度。 + +### **68\. Stacer** + +Stacer 是一个开源的系统诊断和优化工具，使用 Electron 开发框架开发的。它有一个优秀的用户界面，你可以清理缓存内存，启动应用，卸载不需要的应用，掌控后台系统进程。 + +![][74] + +它同样让你检查磁盘，内存和 CPU 使用情况，给你下载和上传的实时状态。它看起来像 Ubuntu clener 的强力竞争者，但是两者都有独特的特点。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:oguzhaninan/stacer +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install stacer +``` + +### **69\. 4K Video Downloader** + +4K Video Downloader 是一个简单的视频下载工具，你可以用来从 Vimeo、Facebook、YouTube 和其它在线视频流站点下载视频，播放列表，频道。它支持下载 YouTuBe 播放列表和频道，以 MP4, MKV, M4A, 3GP 和很多其它 音/视频格式。 + +![][75] + +4K Video Downloader 不是你想的那么简单，除了正常的视频下载，它支持 3D 和 360 度 视频下载。它同样提供内置应用协议链接，直连 iTunes。你可以从[这里][76]下载。 + +### 70\. **Qalculate** + +Qalculate 是一个多目的、跨平台的桌面计算器，简单但是强大。它可以用来解决复杂的数学问题和等式，货币汇率转换和很多其它日常计算。 + +![][77] + +它有优秀的用户界面，提供了自定义功能，单元计算，符号计算，算数，画图，和很多你可以在科学计算器上发现的功能。 + +### **71\. Hiri** + +Hiri 是一个跨平台的邮件客户端，使用 Python 语言开发的。它有平滑的用户界面，就它的功能和服务而言，是 Micorsoft Outlook 的很好的替代品。这是很棒的邮件客户端，可以用来发送和接收邮件，管理通讯录，日历和任务。 + +![][78] + +它是一个丰富特点的邮件客户端，提供的功能有集成的任务管理器，邮件同步，邮件评分，邮件过滤等多种功能。 + + +``` +$ sudo snap install hiri +``` + +### **72\. Sublime Text** + +Sublime Text 是一个跨平台的源代码编辑器，用 C++ 和 Python 写的。它有 Python 语言编程接口（API），支持所有主流的编程语言和标记语言。它是简单轻量级的文本编辑器，可被用作 IDE，包含自动补全，语法高亮，分窗口编辑等功能。 + +![][79] + +这个文本编辑器包括一些额外特点：去任何地方、去定义、多选、命令模板和完全定制的用户界面。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install sublime-text +``` + +### **73\. TeXstudio** + +Texstudio 是一个创建和编辑 LaTex 文件的集成写作环境。它是开源的编辑器，提供了语法高亮、集成查看、交互式拼写检查、代码折叠、拖拽等特点。 + +![][80] + +它是跨平台的编辑器，有简单轻量级的用户界面，易于使用。它集成了 BibTex和 BibLatex 目录管理器，同样有集成的 PDF 查看器。你可以从[官网][81]和 Ubuntu 软件中心下载 Texstudio。 + +### **74\. QtQR** + +QtQR 是一个基于 Qt 的应用，让你在 Ubuntu 中创建和读取二维码。它是用 Python 和 Qt 开发的，有简单和轻量级的用户界面，你可以编码网站地址、邮件、文本、短消息等。你也可以用网络相机解码二维码。 + +![][82] + +如果你经常处理产品销售和服务，QtQR 会证明是有用的工具，但是我不认为在最小硬件要求下有和 QtQR 这样相似并顺畅运行的应用了。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa: qr-tools-developers/qr-tools-stable +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install qtqr +``` + +### **75\. Kontact** + +Kontact 是一个由 KDE 为 KDE 桌面环境开发的集成的个人信息管理器（PIM）。它集成了多个软件到一个集合中，集成了 KMail、KOrganizer和 KAddressBook 到一个用户界面，你可以管理所有的邮件、通讯录、日程表等。 + +![][83] + +它可能是 Microsoft Outlook 的非常好的替代，因为它快速且高度高配置的消息管理工具。它有很好的用户界面，你会发现很容易上手。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install kontact +``` + +### **76\. NitroShare** + +NitroShare 是一个跨平台、开源的网络文件共享应用。它让你轻松的在局域网的多个操作系统中共享文件。它简单而强大，当在局域网中运行 NitroShare 时，它会自动侦查其它设备。 + +![][84] + +文件传输速度让 NitroShare 称为一个杰出的文件共享应用，它在能够胜任的硬件中能够达到 GB 级的传输速度。没有必要额外配置，安装完成后你就可以开始文件传输。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:george-edison55/nitroshare +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install nitroshare +``` + +### **77\. Konversation** + +Konversation 是一个为 KDE 桌面环境开发的开源的网络中继聊天（IRC）客户端。它给了到 Freenode 网络平岛的快速入口，你可以为大多数发行版找到支持。 + +![][85] + +它是一个简单的聊天客户端，支持 IPv6 链接， SSL 服务器支持，书签，屏幕通知，UTF-8 检测和另外的主题。它易于使用的 GUI 是高度可配置的。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install konversation +``` + +### **78\. Discord** + +如果你是硬核游戏玩家，经常玩在线游戏，我有一个很棒的应用推荐给你。Discord 是一个免费的网络电话应用，尤其是为在线游戏者们设计的。它是一个跨平台的应用，可用来文字或语音聊天。 + +![][86] + +Discord 是一个非常流行的语音通话应用游戏社区，因为它是完全免费的，它是 Skype，Ventrilo，Teamspeak 的很好的竞争者。它同样提供清晰的语音质量，现代的文本聊天，你可以共享图片，视频和链接。 + +### **79\. QuiteRSS** + +QuiteRSS是一个开源的 RSS 的新闻聚合和 Atom 新闻要点应用。它是跨平台的要点阅读器，用 Qt 和 C++ 写的。它有简单的用户界面，你可以改变为经典或者报纸模式。它集成了 webkit 浏览器，因此，你可以在单个窗口执行所有任务。 + +![][87] + +QuiteRSS 自带了很多功能，像内容过滤，自动规划摘要，导入/到处 OPML，系统托盘集成和很多其它你期待任何要点阅读器有的特点。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install quiterss +``` + +### **80\. MPV Media Player** + +MPV 是一个免费和开源的媒体播放器，基于 MPlayer 和 MPlayer 2。它有简单的用户界面，用户之需要拖拽音/视频文件来播放，因为在 GUI 上没有添加媒体文件的选项。 + +![][88] + +关于 MPV 的一件事是它可以轻松播放 4K 视频，Linux 发行版中的其它媒体播放器可能不是这样。它同样给了用户播放在线视频流站点像 YouTube 和 Dailymotion 的能力。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mc3man/mpv-tests +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install -y mpv +``` + +### **81\. Plume Creator** + +如果你是一个作家，那么 Plume Creator 是你必不可少的应用，因为你在 Ubuntu 上找不到其它应用像 Plume Creater 这样。写作和编辑故事、章节是繁重的任务，在 Plume Creator 这个令人惊奇的工具的帮助下，将大大帮你简化这个任务。 + +![][89] + +它是一个开源的应用，拥有最小的用户界面，开始你可能觉得困惑，但不久你就会习惯的。它提供的功能有：编辑笔记，摘要，导出 HTML 和 ODT 格式支持，富文本编辑。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install plume-creator +``` + +### **82\. Chromium Web Browser** + +Chromium 是一个由 Google 开发和发布的开源 web 浏览器。Chromium 就其外观和特点而言，很容易被误认为是 Chrome。它是轻量级和快速的网络浏览器，拥有最小用户界面。 + +### **83\. Simple Weather Indicator** + +Simple Weather Indicator 是用 Python 开发的开源天气提示应用。它自动侦查你的位置，并显示你天气信息像温度，下雨的可能性，湿度，风速和可见度。 + +![][91] + +Weather indicator 自带一些可配置项，例如位置检测，温度 SI 单元，位置可见度开关等等。它是一个酷应用，可以根据你的桌面来调整舒服。 + +### **84\. SpeedCrunch** + +SpeedCrunch 是一个快速和高精度的科学计算器。它预置了数学函数，用户定义函数，复数和单位转换支持。它有简单的用户界面并易于使用。 + +![][92] + +这个科学计算器有令人吃惊的特点像结果预览，语法高亮和自动补全。它是跨平台的，并有多语言支持。 + + +### **85\. Scribus** + +Scribus 是一个免费和开源的桌面出版应用，允许你创建宣传海报，杂志和图书。它是基于 Qt 工具器的跨平台英语，在 GNU 通用公共证书下发布。它是一个专业的应用，拥有 CMYK 和 ICC 颜色管理的功能，基于 Python 的脚本引擎，和 PDF 创建。 + +![][93] + +Scribus 有相当好的用户界面，易于使用，轻松在低配置下使用。在所有的最新的 Linux 发行版的软件中心可以下载它。 + +### **86.** **Cura** + +Cura 是一个由 David Braam 开发的开源的 3D 打印应用。Ultimaker Cura 是 3D 打印世界最流行的软件，并世界范围的百万用户使用。它遵守 3D 打印模型的 3 步：设计，准备，打印。 + +![][94] + +它是功能丰富的 3D 打印应用，为 CAD 插件和扩展提供了无缝支持。它是一款简单易于使用的工具，新手艺术家可以马上开始了。它支持主流的文件格式像 STL，3MF，和 OBJ。 + +### **87\. Nomacs** + +Nomacs 是一款开源、跨平台的图像浏览器，支持所有主流的图片格式包括 RAW 和 psd 图像。它可以浏览 zip 文件中的图像或者 Microsoft Office 文件并提取到目录。 + +![][95] + +Nomacs 拥有非常简单的用户界面，图像缩略图在顶部，它提供了一些基本的图像操作特点像修改，调整大小，旋转，颜色纠正等。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nomacs/stable +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install nomacs +``` + +### **88\. BitTicker** + +BitTicker 是一个 Ubuntu 上的在线比特币-USDT 收报。它是一个简单的工具，能够连接到 bittrex.com　市场，提取最新的　BTC-USDT 并在系统托盘显示 Ubuntu 时钟。 + +![][96] + +它是简单但有用的工具，如果你经常有规律的投资比特币并且必须了解价格波动的话。 + +### **89\. Organize My Files** + +Organize My Files 是一个跨平台的一键点击文件组织工具，它在 Ubuntu 中以 Snap 包的形式获得。它简单但是强大，帮助你找到未组织的文件，通过简单点击来掌控它们。 + +![][97] + +它有易于理解的用户界面，强大且快速。它提供了很多功能：自动组织，递归组织，智能过滤和多层文件夹组织等。 + +### **90\. GnuCash** + +GnuCash 是一个金融账户软件，在 GNU 公共证书下免费使用。它是个人和商业账户的理想软件。它有简单的用户界面允许你追踪银行账户，股票，收入和花费。 + +![][98] + +GnuCash 实现了双入口记账系统，基于专业的账户原则来确保帐薄的平衡和报告的精确。 + +v### **91\. Calibre** + +Calibre 是一个跨平台开源的面向你所有电子书需要的解决方案。它是一个简单的电子书管理器，提供显示、创建、编辑电子书、组织已存在的电子书到虚拟书库、同步和其它更多。 + +![][99] + +Calibre 同样帮你转换电子书到你需要的格式并发送到你的电子书阅读设备。Calibre 是一个很棒的工具，如果你经常阅读和管理电子书的话。 + +### **92\. MATE Dictionary** + +MATE Dictionary 是一个简单的词典，基本上是为 MATE 桌面环境开发的。你可以仅仅输入字然后这个字典会显示意思和引用。 + +![][100] + +它简单和轻量级的在线词典，有最小的用户接口。 + +### **93\. Converseen** + +Converseen 是免费的跨平台的批量图片处理应用，允许你转换、编辑、调整、旋转、裁剪大量图像，仅仅一次鼠标调集。它提供了图像批量重命名的功能，使用前缀或后缀，从一个 Windows 图标文件提取图像等。 + +![][101] + +它有很好的用户界面，易于使用，即时你是一个新手。它也能够转换整个 PDF 文件为图像集合。 + +### **94\. Tiled Map Editor** + +Tiled 是一个免费的水平映射图编辑器，允许你编辑各种形式的投影映射图，例如正交、等轴、和六角的。这个工具对于游戏开发者在游戏引擎开发周期内可能非常有用。 + +![][102] + +Tiled 是一个通用的映射图编辑器，让你创建强大的促进位置，图布局，碰撞区域和敌人位置。它保存所有的数据为 tmx 格式。 + +### **95.** **Qmmp** + +Qmmp 是一个免费和开源的音频播放器，用 C++ 和 Qt 开发的。它是跨平台的音频播放器，界面与 Winamp 很相似。 它有简单的直观的用户界面，Winamp 皮肤可替代默认的 UI。 + +![][103] + +它提供了自动唱片集封面获取，多艺术家支持，另外的插件和扩展支持和其它与 Winamp 相似的特点。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:forkotov02/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install qmmp qmmp-q4 qmmp-plugin-pack-qt4 +``` + +### **96\. Arora** + +Arora 是一个免费开源的 web 浏览器，提供了专有的下载管理器，书签，私密模式，选项卡式浏览。 + +![][104] + +Arora web 浏览器由 Benjamin C. Meyer 开发，它由于它的轻量自然灵活的特点在 Linux 用户间很受欢迎。 + +### **97\. XnSketch** + +XnSketch 是一个 Ubuntu 上的酷应用，只需要几次点击，就能帮你转换你的图片为卡通或素描图。它展现了 18 个不同的效果例如：锐化、白描、铅笔画和其它的。 + +![][105] + +它有优秀的用户界面，易于使用。一些额外的特点包括容量和边缘强度调整，对比，亮度，饱和度调整。 + +### **98\. Geany** + +Geany 是一个简单轻量级的文本编辑器，像一个集成开发环境。它是跨平台的文本编辑器，支持所有主流编程语言包括Python、C++、LaTex、Pascal、 C#、 etc。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install geany +``` + +### **99\. Mumble** + +Mumble 是另一个 IP 上的语音应用相似与 Discord。Mumble 同样最初是为在线游戏者使用的，在端到端的聊天上用了客户端-服务器架构。声音质量在 Mumble 上非常好，它提供了端到端的加密来确保私密性。 + +![][107] + +Mumble 是一个开源应用，有简单的用户界面，易于使用。Mumble 在 Ubuntu 软件中心可以下载。 + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install mumble-server +``` + +### **100\. Deluge** + +Deluge 是一个跨平台的轻量级的 BitTorrent 客户端，能够用来在 Ubuntu 上下载文件。BitTorrent 客户端与很多 Linux 发行版一起发行，但 Deluge 是最好的 BitTorrent 客户端，界面简单，易于使用。 + +![][108] + +Deluge 拥有你发现的其它 BitTorrent 客户端有的所有功能，但是一个功能特别突出，它给了用户从其它设备进入客户端的能力，这样你可以远程下载文件了。 + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deluge-team/ppa +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install deluge +``` + +所以这些就是 2018 年我为大家选择的 Ubuntu 上最好的 100 个应用了。所有列出的应用都在 Ubuntu 18.04 上测试了，肯定在老版本上也能运行。请在 [@LinuxHint][109] 和 [@SwapTirthakar][110] 自由分享你的观点。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://linuxhint.com/100_best_ubuntu_apps/ + +作者：[Swapnil Tirthakar][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://linuxhint.com/author/swapnil/ +[1]:https://linuxhint.com/applications-2018-ubuntu/ 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+[103]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Qmmp.png +[104]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Arora.png +[105]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/XnSketch.png +[106]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Geany.png +[107]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Mumble.png +[108]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Deluge.png +[109]:https://twitter.com/linuxhint +[110]:https://twitter.com/SwapTirthakar + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + From 9cddcdbb916a7fc752f109b1aa41b91354225181 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 1 Jun 2019 19:33:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0109/1265] PRF:20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md @geekpi --- ... open source apps for plant-based diets.md | 24 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md b/translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md index 96107a526a..3db4da2092 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md @@ -1,51 +1,53 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (4 open source apps for plant-based diets) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/apps-plant-based-diets) [#]: author: (Joshua Allen Holm https://opensource.com/users/holmja) -4 款基于植物饮食的开源应用 +4 款“吃草”的开源应用 ====== -这些应用使素食者、纯素食主义者和那些想吃得更健康的杂食者找到可以吃的食物。 -![][1] -减少对肉类、乳制品和加工食品的消费对地球来说更好，也对你的健康更有益。改变你的饮食习惯可能很困难，但是一些开源的 Android 应用可以帮助你切换成基于植物的饮食。无论你是参加[无肉星期一][2]，参加 Mark Bittman 的 [6:00 前的素食][3]指南，还是完全切换到[全植物性饮食][4]，这些应用能帮助你找出要吃什么，发现素食和素食友好的餐馆，并轻松地将你的饮食偏好传达给他人，来助你更好地走这条路。所有这些应用都是开源的，可从 [F-Droid 仓库][5]下载。 +> 这些应用使素食者、纯素食主义者和那些想吃得更健康的杂食者找到可以吃的食物。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/01/193302nompumppxnmnxirz.jpg) + +减少对肉类、乳制品和加工食品的消费对地球来说更好，也对你的健康更有益。改变你的饮食习惯可能很困难，但是一些开源的 Android 应用可以让你吃的更清淡。无论你是参加[无肉星期一][2]、践行 Mark Bittman 的 [6:00 前的素食][3]指南，还是完全切换到[植物全食饮食][4]whole-food, plant-based diet（WFPB），这些应用能帮助你找出要吃什么、发现素食和素食友好的餐馆，并轻松地将你的饮食偏好传达给他人，来助你更好地走这条路。所有这些应用都是开源的，可从 [F-Droid 仓库][5]下载。 ### Daily Dozen ![Daily Dozen app][6] -[Daily Dozen][7] 提供了医学博士、美国法律医学院院士 Michael Greger 推荐的项目清单，作为健康饮食和生活方式的一部分。Greger 博士建议食用全食，由多种食物组成的基于植物的饮食，并坚持日常锻炼。该应用可以让你跟踪你吃的每种食物的份数，你喝了多少份水（或其他获准的饮料，如茶），以及你是否每天锻炼。每类食物都提供食物分量和属于该类别的食物清单。例如，十字花科蔬菜类包括白菜、花椰菜、芽甘蓝等许多其他建议。 +[Daily Dozen][7] 提供了医学博士、美国法医学会院士（FACLM） Michael Greger 推荐的项目清单作为健康饮食和生活方式的一部分。Greger 博士建议食用由多种食物组成的基于植物的全食饮食，并坚持日常锻炼。该应用可以让你跟踪你吃的每种食物的份数，你喝了多少份水（或其他获准的饮料，如茶），以及你是否每天锻炼。每类食物都提供食物分量和属于该类别的食物清单。例如，十字花科蔬菜类包括白菜、花椰菜、抱子甘蓝等许多其他建议。 ### Food Restrictions ![Food Restrictions app][8] -[Food Restrictions][9] 是一个简单的应用，它可以帮助你将饮食限制传达给他人，即使这些人不会说你的语言。用户可以输入七种不同类别的食物限制：鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉、鱼、奶酪、牛奶和辣椒。每种类别都有“我不吃”和“我过敏”选项。“不吃”选项会显示带有红色 X 的图标。“过敏” 选项显示 X 和小骷髅图标。可以使用文本而不是图标显示相同的信息，但文本仅提供英语和葡萄牙语。还有一个选项可以显示一条文字信息，说明用户是素食主义者或纯素食主义者，它比选择更简洁、更准确地总结了这些饮食限制。纯素食主义者的文本清楚地提到不吃鸡蛋和蜂蜜，这在挑选中是没有的。但是，就像挑选方式的文字版本一样，这些句子仅提供英语和葡萄牙语。 +[Food Restrictions][9] 是一个简单的应用，它可以帮助你将你的饮食限制传达给他人，即使这些人不会说你的语言。用户可以输入七种不同类别的食物限制：鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉、鱼、奶酪、牛奶和辣椒。每种类别都有“我不吃”和“我过敏”选项。“不吃”选项会显示带有红色 X 的图标。“过敏” 选项显示 “X” 和小骷髅图标。可以使用文本而不是图标显示相同的信息，但文本仅提供英语和葡萄牙语。还有一个选项可以显示一条文字信息，说明用户是素食主义者或纯素食主义者，它比选择选项更简洁、更准确地总结了这些饮食限制。纯素食主义者的文本清楚地提到不吃鸡蛋和蜂蜜，这在选择选项中是没有的。但是，就像选择选项方式的文字版本一样，这些句子仅提供英语和葡萄牙语。 ### OpenFoodFacts ![Open Food Facts app][10] -购买杂货时避免不必要的成分可能令人沮丧，但 [OpenFoodFacts][11] 可以帮助简化流程。该应用可让你扫描产品上的条形码，以获得有关产品成分和是否健康的报告。即使产品符合纯素产品的标准，产品仍然可能非常不健康。拥有成分列表和营养成分可让你在购物时做出明智的选择。此应用的唯一缺点是数据是用户贡献的，因此并非每个产品都可有数据，但如果你想回馈项目，你可以贡献新数据。 +购买杂货时避免买入不必要的成分可能令人沮丧，但 [OpenFoodFacts][11] 可以帮助简化流程。该应用可让你扫描产品上的条形码，以获得有关产品成分和是否健康的报告。即使产品符合纯素产品的标准，产品仍然可能非常不健康。拥有成分列表和营养成分可让你在购物时做出明智的选择。此应用的唯一缺点是数据是用户贡献的，因此并非每个产品都可有数据，但如果你想回馈项目，你可以贡献新数据。 ### OpenVegeMap ![OpenVegeMap app][12] -使用 [OpenVegeMap][13] 查找你附近的纯素食或素食主义餐厅。此应用可以通过手机的当前位置或者输入地址来搜索。餐厅分类为仅限纯素食者、纯素友好，仅限素食主义者，素食友好者，非素食和未知。该应用使用来自 [OpenStreetMap][14] 的数据和用户提供的有关餐馆的信息，因此请务必仔细检查以确保所提供的信息是最新且准确的。 +使用 [OpenVegeMap][13] 查找你附近的纯素食或素食主义餐厅。此应用可以通过手机的当前位置或者输入地址来搜索。餐厅分类为仅限纯素食者、适合纯素食者，仅限素食主义者，适合素食者，非素食和未知。该应用使用来自 [OpenStreetMap][14] 的数据和用户提供的有关餐馆的信息，因此请务必仔细检查以确保所提供的信息是最新且准确的。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/apps-plant-based-diets -作者：[Joshua Allen Holm ][a] +作者：[Joshua Allen Holm][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0f5bab89db7d19a7b98546946d5c57eb85e67bb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 1 Jun 2019 19:36:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0110/1265] PUB:20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10926-1.html --- .../20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md b/published/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md rename to published/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md index 3db4da2092..7399627ee1 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md +++ b/published/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10926-1.html) [#]: subject: (4 open source apps for plant-based diets) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/apps-plant-based-diets) [#]: author: (Joshua Allen Holm https://opensource.com/users/holmja) From 0f75c8b2b558250f5c26b14b51b8291968364489 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 2 Jun 2019 10:40:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0111/1265] PRF:20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md @cycoe --- ...oring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md | 50 ++++++------------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md index 50706c1fe4..0d6eea9f0d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (cycoe) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux) @@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ 在 Linux 上监控 CPU 和 GPU 温度 ====== -_**摘要：本篇文章讨论了在 Linux 命令行中监控 CPU 和 GPU 温度的两种简单方式。**_ +> 本篇文章讨论了在 Linux 命令行中监控 CPU 和 GPU 温度的两种简单方式。 -由于 **[Steam][1]**（包括 _[Steam Play][2]_，也就是我们所熟知的 _Proton_）和一些其他的发展，**GNU/Linux** 正在成为越来越多计算机用户的日常游戏平台的选择。也有相当一部分用户在遇到像[视频编辑][3]或图形设计等（_Kdenlive_ 和 _[Blender][4]_ 是这类应用程序中很好的例子）资源消耗型计算任务时，也会使用 **GNU/Linux**。 +由于 [Steam][1]（包括 [Steam Play][2]，即 Proton）和一些其他的发展，GNU/Linux 正在成为越来越多计算机用户的日常游戏平台的选择。也有相当一部分用户在遇到像[视频编辑][3]或图形设计等（Kdenlive 和 [Blender][4] 是这类应用程序中很好的例子）资源消耗型计算任务时，也会使用 GNU/Linux。 -不管你是否是这些用户中的一员或其他用户，你也一定想知道你的电脑 CPU 和 GPU 能有多热（如果你想要超频的话更会如此）。如果情况是这样，那么继续读下去。我们会介绍两个非常简单的命令来监控 CPU 和 GPU 温度。 +不管你是否是这些用户中的一员或其他用户，你也一定想知道你的电脑 CPU 和 GPU 能有多热（如果你想要超频的话更会如此）。如果是这样，那么继续读下去。我们会介绍两个非常简单的命令来监控 CPU 和 GPU 温度。 -我的装置包括一台 [Slimbook Kymera][5] 和两台显示器（一台 TV 和一台 PC 监视器），使得我可以用一台来玩游戏，另一台来留意监控温度。另外，因为我使用 [Zorin OS][6]，我会将关注点放在 **Ubuntu** 和 **Ubuntu** 的衍生发行版上。 +我的装置包括一台 [Slimbook Kymera][5] 和两台显示器（一台 TV 和一台 PC 监视器），使得我可以用一台来玩游戏，另一台来留意监控温度。另外，因为我使用 [Zorin OS][6]，我会将关注点放在 Ubuntu 和 Ubuntu 的衍生发行版上。 -为了监控 CPU 和 GPU 的行为，我们将利用实用的 `watch` 命令在每几秒钟之后动态地得到示数。 +为了监控 CPU 和 GPU 的行为，我们将利用实用的 `watch` 命令在每几秒钟之后动态地得到读数。 ![][7] @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ _**摘要：本篇文章讨论了在 Linux 命令行中监控 CPU 和 GPU 温度 watch -n 2 sensors ``` -`watch` 保证了示数会在每 2 秒钟更新一次（-当然- 这个周期值能够根据你的需要去更改）： +`watch` 保证了读数会在每 2 秒钟更新一次（当然，这个周期值能够根据你的需要去更改）： ``` Every 2,0s: sensors @@ -57,28 +57,23 @@ Core 5: +35.0°C (high = +82.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) 除此之外，我们还能得到如下信息： - * 我们有 5 个核心正在被使用（并且当前的最高温度为 37.0ºC）。 - * 温度超过 82.0ºC 会被认为是过热。 - * 超过 100.0ºC 的温度会被认为是超过临界值。 - - - -[推荐阅读：Linux 上排行前 10 的命令行游戏][9] - + * 我们有 5 个核心正在被使用（并且当前的最高温度为 37.0℃）。 + * 温度超过 82.0℃ 会被认为是过热。 + * 超过 100.0℃ 的温度会被认为是超过临界值。 根据以上的温度值我们可以得出结论，我的电脑目前的工作负载非常小。 ### 在 Linux 中监控 GPU 温度 -现在让我们来看看显示卡。我从来没使用过 **AMD** 的显示卡，因此我会将重点放在 **Nvidia** 的显示卡上。我们需要做的第一件事是从 [Ubuntu 的附加驱动][10] 中下载合适的最新驱动。 +现在让我们来看看显卡。我从来没使用过 AMD 的显卡，因此我会将重点放在 Nvidia 的显卡上。我们需要做的第一件事是从 [Ubuntu 的附加驱动][10] 中下载合适的最新驱动。 -在 **Ubuntu**（**Zorin** 或 **Linux Mint** 也是相同的）中，进入_软件和更新_ > _附加驱动_选项，选择最新的可用驱动。另外，你可以添加或启用显示卡的官方 _ppa_（通过命令行或通过_软件和更新_ > _其他软件_来实现）。安装驱动程序后，你将可以使用 _Nvidia X Server_ 的 GUI 程序以及命令行工具 _nvidia-smi_（Nvidia 系统管理界面）。因此我们将使用 `watch` 和 `nvidia-smi`： +在 Ubuntu（Zorin 或 Linux Mint 也是相同的）中，进入“软件和更新 > 附加驱动”选项，选择最新的可用驱动。另外，你可以添加或启用显示卡的官方 ppa（通过命令行或通过“软件和更新 > 其他软件”来实现）。安装驱动程序后，你将可以使用 “Nvidia X Server” 的 GUI 程序以及命令行工具 `nvidia-smi`（Nvidia 系统管理界面）。因此我们将使用 `watch` 和 `nvidia-smi`： ``` watch -n 2 nvidia-smi ``` -与 CPU 的情况一样，我们会在每两秒得到一次更新的示数： +与 CPU 的情况一样，我们会在每两秒得到一次更新的读数： ``` Every 2,0s: nvidia-smi @@ -107,16 +102,11 @@ Fri Apr 19 20:45:30 2019 从这个表格中我们得到了关于显示卡的如下信息： * 它正在使用版本号为 418.56 的开源驱动。 - * 显示卡的当前温度为 54.0ºC，并且风扇的使用量为 0%。 + * 显示卡的当前温度为 54.0℃，并且风扇的使用量为 0%。 * 电量的消耗非常低：仅仅 10W。 * 总量为 6GB 的 vram（视频随机存取存储器），只使用了 433MB。 * vram 正在被 3 个进程使用，他们的 ID 分别为 1557、1820 和 7820。 - - -[推荐阅读：现在你可以在 Linux 终端中使用谷歌了！][11] - - 大部分这些事实或数值都清晰地表明，我们没有在玩任何消耗系统资源的游戏或处理大负载的任务。当我们开始玩游戏、处理视频或其他类似任务时，这些值就会开始上升。 #### 结论 @@ -129,22 +119,14 @@ Fri Apr 19 20:45:30 2019 玩得开心！ -![化身][12] - -### Alejandro Egea-Abellán - -It's FOSS 社区贡献者 - -我对电子、语言学、爬虫学、计算机（尤其是 GNU/Linux 和 FOSS）有着浓厚兴趣。我通过了 LPIC-2 认证，目前在西班牙穆尔西亚教育部终身学习部们担任技术顾问和 Moodle（译注：Moodle 是一个开源课程管理系统）管理员。我是终身学习、知识共享和计算机用户自由的坚定信奉者。 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://itsfoss.com/monitor-cpu-gpu-temp-linux/ -作者：[It's FOSS Community][a] +作者：[Alejandro Egea-Abellán][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[cycoe](https://github.com/cycoe) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d17a309ac2578492c8932df639b7cf102f86dfee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 2 Jun 2019 10:40:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0112/1265] PUB:20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md @cycoe https://linux.cn/article-10929-1.html --- .../20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md b/published/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md rename to published/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md index 0d6eea9f0d..1ba2cb1a9b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md +++ b/published/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (cycoe) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10929-1.html) [#]: subject: (Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/monitor-cpu-gpu-temp-linux/) [#]: author: (It's FOSS Community https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/) From d4e1ce239134c33c78c1cb270214918366ee879e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BB=98=E5=B3=A5?= Date: Sun, 2 Jun 2019 19:22:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0113/1265] mv files --- .../20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md | 131 ------------------ .../20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md | 130 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 131 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md b/sources/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md deleted file mode 100644 index 679c1a92fc..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,131 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (fuzheng1998 ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 open source mobile apps) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/mobile-apps) -[#]: author: (Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen) - -5 open source mobile apps -====== -You can count on these apps to meet your needs for productivity, -communication, and entertainment. -![][1] - -Like most people in the world, I'm rarely further than an arm's reach from my smartphone. My Android device provides a seemingly limitless number of communication, productivity, and entertainment services thanks to the open source mobile apps I've installed from Google Play and F-Droid. - -​​​​​​Of the many open source apps on my phone, the following five are the ones I consistently turn to whether I want to listen to music; connect with friends, family, and colleagues; or get work done on the go. - -### MPDroid - -_An Android controller for the Music Player Daemon (MPD)_ - -![MPDroid][2] - -MPD is a great way to get music from little music server computers out to the big black stereo boxes. It talks straight to ALSA and therefore to the Digital-to-Analog Converter ([DAC][3]) via the ALSA hardware interface, and it can be controlled over my network—but by what? Well, it turns out that MPDroid is a great MPD controller. It manages my music database, displays album art, handles playlists, and supports internet radio. And it's open source, so if something doesn't work… - -MPDroid is available on [Google Play][4] and [F-Droid][5]. - -### RadioDroid - -_An Android internet radio tuner that I use standalone and with Chromecast_ - -** - -** - -** - -_![RadioDroid][6]_ - -RadioDroid is to internet radio as MPDroid is to managing my music database; essentially, RadioDroid is a frontend to [Internet-Radio.com][7]. Moreover, RadioDroid can be enjoyed by plugging headphones into the Android device, by connecting the Android device directly to the stereo via the headphone jack or USB, or by using its Chromecast capability with a compatible device. It's a fine way to check the weather in Finland, listen to the Spanish top 40, or hear the latest news from down under. - -RadioDroid is available on [Google Play][8] and [F-Droid][9]. - -### Signal - -_A secure messaging client for Android, iOS, and desktop_ - -** - -** - -** - -_![Signal][10]_ - -If you like WhatsApp but are bothered by its [getting-closer-every-day][11] relationship to Facebook, Signal should be your next thing. The only problem with Signal is convincing your contacts they're better off replacing WhatsApp with Signal. But other than that, it has a similar interface; great voice and video calling; great encryption; decent anonymity; and it's supported by a foundation that doesn't plan to monetize your use of the software. What's not to like? - -Signal is available for [Android][12], [iOS][13], and [desktop][14]. - -### ConnectBot - -_Android SSH client_ - -** - -** - -** - -_![ConnectBot][15]_ - -Sometimes I'm far away from my computer, but I need to log into the server to do something. [ConnectBot][16] is a great solution for moving SSH sessions onto my phone. - -ConnectBot is available on [Google Play][17]. - -### Termux - -_Android terminal emulator with many familiar utilities_ - -** - -** - -** - -_![Termux][18]_ - -Have you ever needed to run an **awk** script on your phone? [Termux][19] is your solution. If you need to do terminal-type stuff, and you don't want to maintain an SSH connection to a remote computer the whole time, bring the files over to your phone with ConnectBot, quit the session, do your stuff in Termux, and send the results back with ConnectBot. - -Termux is available on [Google Play][20] and [F-Droid][21]. - -* * * - -What are your favorite open source mobile apps for work or fun? Please share them in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/mobile-apps - -作者：[Chris Hermansen (Community Moderator)][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003588_01_rd3os.combacktoschoolserieshe_rh_041x_0.png?itok=tfg6_I78 -[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mpdroid.jpg (MPDroid) -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/17/4/fun-new-gadget -[4]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.namelessdev.mpdroid&hl=en_US -[5]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.namelessdev.mpdroid/ -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/radiodroid.png (RadioDroid) -[7]: https://www.internet-radio.com/ -[8]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.programmierecke.radiodroid2 -[9]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/net.programmierecke.radiodroid2/ -[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/signal.png (Signal) -[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/open-messenger-client -[12]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.thoughtcrime.securesms -[13]: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/signal-private-messenger/id874139669?mt=8 -[14]: https://signal.org/download/ -[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/connectbot.png (ConnectBot) -[16]: https://connectbot.org/ -[17]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.connectbot -[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/termux.jpg (Termux) -[19]: https://termux.com/ -[20]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.termux -[21]: https://f-droid.org/packages/com.termux/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md b/translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..987affbcd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "fuzheng1998 " +[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " +[#]: subject: "5 open source mobile apps" +[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/19/4/mobile-apps" +[#]: author: "Chris Hermansen (Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen" + +5 个开源的移动应用 +====== +您可以依靠这些应用来满足您的生产力，沟通和娱乐需求。 +![][1] + +像世界上大多数人一样，我拿手机连胳膊都懒得伸。 多亏了我从 Google Play 和 F-Droid 安装的开源移动应用程序，让我的 Android 设备好像提供了无限通信，生产力和娱乐服务一样。 + +在我的手机上的许多开源应用程序中，当想听音乐; 与朋友，家人和同事联系; 或者在旅途中完成工作时，以下五个是我一直使用的。 + +### MPDroid + +_一个 Music Player Daemon (MPD)的 Android 控制器_ + +![MPDroid][2] + +MPD 是将音乐从小型音乐服务器电脑传输到大型黑色立体声音箱的好方法。 它直接与 ALSA 对话，因此通过 ALSA 硬件接口与数模转换器（ DAC ）对话，它可以通过我的网络进行控制——但是用什么东西控制呢？ 好吧，事实证明 MPDroid 是一个很棒的 MPD 控制器。 它管理我的音乐数据库，显示专辑封面，处理播放列表，并支持互联网广播。 而且它是开源的，所以如果某些东西不好用的话...... + +MPDroid 可在 [Google Play][4] 和 [F-Droid][5] 上找到。 + +### RadioDroid + +_一台只和 Chromecast 搭配使用的Android 网络收音机_ + +** + +** + +** + +_![RadioDroid][6]_ + +好比 MPDroid 是管理我音乐的数据库，RadioDroid 是一个互联网广播; 从本质上讲，RadioDroid 是 [Internet-Radio.com][7] 的前端产品。 此外，通过将耳机插入 Android 设备，通过耳机插孔或 USB 将Android 设备直接连接到立体声系统，或通过兼容设备使用其 Chromecast 功能，可以享受 RadioDroid。这是一个查看芬兰天气情况，听取排名前 40 的西班牙语音乐，或收到到最新新闻消息的好方法。 + +RadioDroid 可在 [Google Play][8] 和 [F-Droid][9] 上找到。 + +### Signal + +_一个支持 Android，iOS，还有桌面系统的安全即时消息客户端。_ + +** + +** + +** + +_![Signal][10]_ + +如果你喜欢 WhatsApp，但是因为它与 Facebook 日益密切的关系而感到困扰，那么 Signal 应该是你的下一个产品。Signal 的唯一问题是说服你的联系人他们最好用 Signal 取代 WhatsApp。但除此之外，它有一个与 WhatsApp 类似的界面; 很棒的语音和视频通话; 很好的加密; 恰到好处的匿名; 并且它受到了一个不打算通过使用软件来获利的基金会的支持。 为什么不喜欢它呢？ + +Signal 可用于[Android][12]，[iOS][13] 和 [桌面][14]。 + +### ConnectBot + +_Android SSH 客户端_ + +** + +** + +** + +_![ConnectBot][15]_ + +有时我离电脑很远，但我需要登录服务器才能办事。 [ConnectBot][16]是将 SSH 会话搬到手机上的绝佳解决方案。 + +ConnectBot 可在[Google Play][17]上找到。 + +### Termux + +_有多种实用工具的安卓终端模拟器_ + +** + +** + +** + +_![Termux][18]_ + +你是否需要在手机上运行 **awk** 脚本？ [Termux][19]是个解决方案。如果您需要做终端类型的东西，而且您不想一直保持与远程计算机的 SSH 连接，请使用 ConnectBot 将文件带到手机上，然后退出会话，在 Termux 中执行您的操作，用 ConnectBot 发回结果。 + +Termux 可在 [Google Play][20] 和 [F-Droid][21] 上找到。 + +* * * + +你最喜欢用于工作或娱乐的开源移动应用是什么呢？请在评论中分享它们。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/mobile-apps + +作者：[Chris Hermansen (Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[fuzheng1998](https://github.com/fuzheng1998) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003588_01_rd3os.combacktoschoolserieshe_rh_041x_0.png?itok=tfg6_I78 +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mpdroid.jpg "MPDroid" +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/17/4/fun-new-gadget +[4]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.namelessdev.mpdroid&hl=en_US +[5]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.namelessdev.mpdroid/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/radiodroid.png "RadioDroid" +[7]: https://www.internet-radio.com/ +[8]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.programmierecke.radiodroid2 +[9]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/net.programmierecke.radiodroid2/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/signal.png "Signal" +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/open-messenger-client +[12]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.thoughtcrime.securesms +[13]: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/signal-private-messenger/id874139669?mt=8 +[14]: https://signal.org/download/ +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/connectbot.png "ConnectBot" +[16]: https://connectbot.org/ +[17]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.connectbot +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/termux.jpg "Termux" +[19]: https://termux.com/ +[20]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.termux +[21]: https://f-droid.org/packages/com.termux/ From 9e13487013ea1856120f26772b9ef6f9f84ca282 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 2 Jun 2019 23:44:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0114/1265] PRF:20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @FSSlc 辛苦了！ --- ...unication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md | 78 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md b/translated/tech/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md index 4e7a06c983..8f2b373d39 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "FSSlc" -[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: reviewer: "wxy" [#]: publisher: " " [#]: url: " " [#]: subject: "Inter-process communication in Linux: Sockets and signals" @@ -10,21 +10,21 @@ Linux 下的进程间通信：套接字和信号 ====== -学习在 Linux 中进程是如何与其他进程进行同步的。 +> 学习在 Linux 中进程是如何与其他进程进行同步的。 -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/mesh_networking_dots_connected.png?itok=ovINTRR3) +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/02/234437y6gig4tg4yy94356.jpg) -本篇是 Linux 下[进程间通信][1]（IPC）系列的第三篇同时也是最后一篇文章。[第一篇文章][2]聚焦在通过共享存储（文件和共享内存段）来进行 IPC，[第二篇文章][3]则通过管道（无名的或者有名的）及消息队列来达到相同的目的。这篇文章将目光从高处（套接字）然后到低处（信号）来关注 IPC。代码示例将用力地充实下面的解释细节。 +本篇是 Linux 下[进程间通信][1]（IPC）系列的第三篇同时也是最后一篇文章。[第一篇文章][2]聚焦在通过共享存储（文件和共享内存段）来进行 IPC，[第二篇文章][3]则通过管道（无名的或者命名的）及消息队列来达到相同的目的。这篇文章将目光从高处（套接字）然后到低处（信号）来关注 IPC。代码示例将用力地充实下面的解释细节。 ### 套接字 -正如管道有两种类型（有名和无名）一样，套接字也有两种类型。IPC 套接字（即 Unix domain socket）给予进程在相同设备（主机）上基于通道的通信能力；而网络套接字给予进程运行在不同主机的能力，因此也带来了网络通信的能力。网络套接字需要底层协议的支持，例如 TCP（传输控制协议）或 UDP（用户数据报协议）。 +正如管道有两种类型（命名和无名）一样，套接字也有两种类型。IPC 套接字（即 Unix 套接字）给予进程在相同设备（主机）上基于通道的通信能力；而网络套接字给予进程运行在不同主机的能力，因此也带来了网络通信的能力。网络套接字需要底层协议的支持，例如 TCP（传输控制协议）或 UDP（用户数据报协议）。 -与之相反，IPC 套接字依赖于本地系统内核的支持来进行通信；特别的，IPC 通信使用一个本地的文件作为套接字地址。尽管这两种套接字的实现有所不同，但在本质上，IPC 套接字和网络套接字的 API 是一致的。接下来的例子将包含网络套接字的内容，但示例服务器和客户端程序可以在相同的机器上运行，因为服务器使用了 localhost（127.0.0.1）这个网络地址，该地址表示的是本地机器上的本地机器的地址。 +与之相反，IPC 套接字依赖于本地系统内核的支持来进行通信；特别的，IPC 通信使用一个本地的文件作为套接字地址。尽管这两种套接字的实现有所不同，但在本质上，IPC 套接字和网络套接字的 API 是一致的。接下来的例子将包含网络套接字的内容，但示例服务器和客户端程序可以在相同的机器上运行，因为服务器使用了 `localhost`（127.0.0.1）这个网络地址，该地址表示的是本地机器上的本地机器地址。 套接字以流的形式（下面将会讨论到）被配置为双向的，并且其控制遵循 C/S（客户端/服务器端）模式：客户端通过尝试连接一个服务器来初始化对话，而服务器端将尝试接受该连接。假如万事顺利，来自客户端的请求和来自服务器端的响应将通过管道进行传输，直到其中任意一方关闭该通道，从而断开这个连接。 -一个`迭代服务器`（只适用于开发）将一直和连接它的客户端打交道：从最开始服务第一个客户端，然后到这个连接关闭，然后服务第二个客户端，循环往复。这种方式的一个缺点是处理一个特定的客户端可能会一直持续下去，使得其他的客户端一直在后面等待。生产级别的服务器将是并发的，通常使用了多进程或者多线程的混合。例如，我台式机上的 Nginx 网络服务器有一个 4 个 worker 的进程池，它们可以并发地处理客户端的请求。在下面的代码示例中，我们将使用迭代服务器，使得我们将要处理的问题达到一个很小的规模，只关注基本的 API，而不去关心并发的问题。 +一个迭代服务器（只适用于开发）将一直和连接它的客户端打交道：从最开始服务第一个客户端，然后到这个连接关闭，然后服务第二个客户端，循环往复。这种方式的一个缺点是处理一个特定的客户端可能会挂起，使得其他的客户端一直在后面等待。生产级别的服务器将是并发的，通常使用了多进程或者多线程的混合。例如，我台式机上的 Nginx 网络服务器有一个 4 个工人worker的进程池，它们可以并发地处理客户端的请求。在下面的代码示例中，我们将使用迭代服务器，使得我们将要处理的问题保持在一个很小的规模，只关注基本的 API，而不去关心并发的问题。 最后，随着各种 POSIX 改进的出现，套接字 API 随着时间的推移而发生了显著的变化。当前针对服务器端和客户端的示例代码特意写的比较简单，但是它着重强调了基于流的套接字中连接的双方。下面是关于流控制的一个总结，其中服务器端在一个终端中开启，而客户端在另一个不同的终端中开启： @@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ int main() { 上面的服务器端程序执行典型的 4 个步骤来准备回应客户端的请求，然后接受其他的独立请求。这里每一个步骤都以服务器端程序调用的系统函数来命名。 - 1. `socket(…)` : 为套接字连接获取一个文件描述符 - 2. `bind(…)` : 将套接字和服务器主机上的一个地址进行绑定 - 3. `listen(…)` : 监听客户端请求 - 4. `accept(…)` ：接受一个特定的客户端请求 + 1. `socket(…)`：为套接字连接获取一个文件描述符 + 2. `bind(…)`：将套接字和服务器主机上的一个地址进行绑定 + 3. `listen(…)`：监听客户端请求 + 4. `accept(…)`：接受一个特定的客户端请求 上面的 `socket` 调用的完整形式为： @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ int sockfd = socket(AF_INET,      /* versus AF_LOCAL */                     0);           /* system picks protocol (TCP) */ ``` -第一个参数特别指定了使用的是一个网络套接字，而不是 IPC 套接字。对于第二个参数有多种选项，但 `SOCK_STREAM` 和 `SOCK_DGRAM`（数据报）是最为常用的。基于流的套接字支持可信通道，在这种通道中如果发生了信息的丢失或者更改，都将会被报告。这种通道是双向的，并且从一端到另外一端的有效载荷在大小上可以是任意的。相反的，基于数据报的套接字大多是不可信的，没有方向性，并且需要固定大小的载荷。`socket` 的第三个参数特别指定了协议。对于这里展示的基于流的套接字，只有一种协议选择：TCP，在这里表示的 `0`;。因为对 `socket` 的一次成功调用将返回相似的文件描述符，一个套接字将会被读写，对应的语法和读写一个本地文件是类似的。 +第一个参数特别指定了使用的是一个网络套接字，而不是 IPC 套接字。对于第二个参数有多种选项，但 `SOCK_STREAM` 和 `SOCK_DGRAM`（数据报）是最为常用的。基于流的套接字支持可信通道，在这种通道中如果发生了信息的丢失或者更改，都将会被报告。这种通道是双向的，并且从一端到另外一端的有效载荷在大小上可以是任意的。相反的，基于数据报的套接字大多是不可信的，没有方向性，并且需要固定大小的载荷。`socket` 的第三个参数特别指定了协议。对于这里展示的基于流的套接字，只有一种协议选择：TCP，在这里表示的 `0`。因为对 `socket` 的一次成功调用将返回相似的文件描述符，套接字可以被读写，对应的语法和读写一个本地文件是类似的。 对 `bind` 的调用是最为复杂的，因为它反映出了在套接字 API 方面上的各种改进。我们感兴趣的点是这个调用将一个套接字和服务器端所在机器中的一个内存地址进行绑定。但对 `listen` 的调用就非常直接了： @@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ if (listen(fd, MaxConnects) < 0) 第一个参数是套接字的文件描述符，第二个参数则指定了在服务器端处理一个拒绝连接错误之前，有多少个客户端连接被允许连接。（在头文件 `sock.h` 中 `MaxConnects` 的值被设置为 `8`。） -`accept` 调用默认将是一个拥塞等待：服务器端将不做任何事情直到一个客户端尝试连接它，然后进行处理。`accept` 函数返回的值如果是 `-1` 则暗示有错误发生。假如这个调用是成功的，则它将返回另一个文件描述符，这个文件描述符被用来指代另一个可读可写的套接字，它与 `accept` 调用中的第一个参数对应的接收套接字有所不同。服务器端使用这个可读可写的套接字来从客户端读取请求然后写回它的回应。接收套接字只被用于接受客户端的连接。 +`accept` 调用默认将是一个阻塞等待：服务器端将不做任何事情直到一个客户端尝试连接它，然后进行处理。`accept` 函数返回的值如果是 `-1` 则暗示有错误发生。假如这个调用是成功的，则它将返回另一个文件描述符，这个文件描述符被用来指代另一个可读可写的套接字，它与 `accept` 调用中的第一个参数对应的接收套接字有所不同。服务器端使用这个可读可写的套接字来从客户端读取请求然后写回它的回应。接收套接字只被用于接受客户端的连接。 -在设计上，一个服务器端可以一直运行下去。当然服务器端可以通过在命令行中使用 `Ctrl+C` 来终止它。 +在设计上，服务器端可以一直运行下去。当然服务器端可以通过在命令行中使用 `Ctrl+C` 来终止它。 #### 示例 2. 使用套接字的客户端 @@ -207,25 +207,25 @@ int main() { if (connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr*) &saddr, sizeof(saddr)) < 0) ``` -对 `connect` 的调用可能因为多种原因而导致失败，例如客户端拥有错误的服务器端地址或者已经有太多的客户端连接上了服务器端。假如 `connect` 操作成功，客户端将在一个 `for` 循环中，写入它的响应然后读取返回的响应。在经过会话后，服务器端和客户端都将调用 `close` 去关闭可读可写套接字，尽管其中一个关闭操作已经足以关闭他们之间的连接，但此时客户端可能就此关闭，但正如前面提到的那样，服务器端将一直保持开放以处理其他事务。 +对 `connect` 的调用可能因为多种原因而导致失败，例如客户端拥有错误的服务器端地址或者已经有太多的客户端连接上了服务器端。假如 `connect` 操作成功，客户端将在一个 `for` 循环中，写入它的请求然后读取返回的响应。在会话后，服务器端和客户端都将调用 `close` 去关闭这个可读可写套接字，尽管任何一边的关闭操作就足以关闭它们之间的连接。此后客户端可以退出了，但正如前面提到的那样，服务器端可以一直保持开放以处理其他事务。 -从上面的套接示例中，我们看到了请求信息被返回给客户端，这使得客户端和服务器端之间拥有进行丰富对话的可能性。也许这就是套接字的主要魅力。在现代系统中，客户端应用（例如一个数据库客户端）和服务器端通过套接字进行通信非常常见。正如先前提及的那样，本地 IPC 套接字和网络套接字只在某些实现细节上面有所不同，一般来说，IPC 套接字有着更低的消耗和更好的性能。它们的通信 API 基本是一样的。 +从上面的套接字示例中，我们看到了请求信息被回显给客户端，这使得客户端和服务器端之间拥有进行丰富对话的可能性。也许这就是套接字的主要魅力。在现代系统中，客户端应用（例如一个数据库客户端）和服务器端通过套接字进行通信非常常见。正如先前提及的那样，本地 IPC 套接字和网络套接字只在某些实现细节上面有所不同，一般来说，IPC 套接字有着更低的消耗和更好的性能。它们的通信 API 基本是一样的。 ### 信号 -一个信号中断了一个正在执行的程序，在这种意义下，就是用信号与这个程序进行通信。大多数的信号要么可以被忽略（阻塞）或者被处理（通过特别设计的代码）。`SIGSTOP` （暂停）和 `SIGKILL`（立即停止）是最应该提及的两种信号。符号常数拥有整数类型的值，例如 `SIGKILL` 对应的值为 `9`。 +信号会中断一个正在执行的程序，在这种意义下，就是用信号与这个程序进行通信。大多数的信号要么可以被忽略（阻塞）或者被处理（通过特别设计的代码）。`SIGSTOP` （暂停）和 `SIGKILL`（立即停止）是最应该提及的两种信号。这种符号常量有整数类型的值，例如 `SIGKILL` 对应的值为 `9`。 -信号可以在与用户交互的情况下发生。例如，一个用户从命令行中敲了 `Ctrl+C` 来从命令行中终止一个程序；`Ctrl+C` 将产生一个 `SIGTERM` 信号。针对终止，`SIGTERM` 信号可以被阻塞或者被处理，而不像 `SIGKILL` 信号那样。一个进程也可以通过信号和另一个进程通信，这样使得信号也可以作为一种 IPC 机制。 +信号可以在与用户交互的情况下发生。例如，一个用户从命令行中敲了 `Ctrl+C` 来终止一个从命令行中启动的程序；`Ctrl+C` 将产生一个 `SIGTERM` 信号。`SIGTERM` 意即终止，它可以被阻塞或者被处理，而不像 `SIGKILL` 信号那样。一个进程也可以通过信号和另一个进程通信，这样使得信号也可以作为一种 IPC 机制。 考虑一下一个多进程应用，例如 Nginx 网络服务器是如何被另一个进程优雅地关闭的。`kill` 函数： ``` int kill(pid_t pid, int signum); /* declaration */ ``` -bei -可以被一个进程用来终止另一个进程或者一组进程。假如 `kill` 函数的第一个参数是大于 `0` 的，那么这个参数将会被认为是目标进程的 pid（进程 ID），假如这个参数是 `0`，则这个参数将会被识别为信号发送者所属的那组进程。 -`kill` 的第二个参数要么是一个标准的信号数字（例如 `SIGTERM` 或 `SIGKILL`），要么是 `0` ，这将会对信号做一次询问，确认第一个参数中的 pid 是否是有效的。这样将一个多进程应用的优雅地关闭就可以通过向组成该应用的一组进程发送一个终止信号来完成，具体来说就是调用一个 `kill` 函数，使得这个调用的第二个参数是 `SIGTERM` 。（Nginx 主进程可以通过调用 `kill` 函数来终止其他 worker 进程，然后再停止自己。）就像许多库函数一样，`kill` 函数通过一个简单的可变语法拥有更多的能力和灵活性。 +可以被一个进程用来终止另一个进程或者一组进程。假如 `kill` 函数的第一个参数是大于 `0` 的，那么这个参数将会被认为是目标进程的 `pid`（进程 ID），假如这个参数是 `0`，则这个参数将会被视作信号发送者所属的那组进程。 + +`kill` 的第二个参数要么是一个标准的信号数字（例如 `SIGTERM` 或 `SIGKILL`），要么是 `0` ，这将会对信号做一次询问，确认第一个参数中的 `pid` 是否是有效的。这样优雅地关闭一个多进程应用就可以通过向组成该应用的一组进程发送一个终止信号来完成，具体来说就是调用一个 `kill` 函数，使得这个调用的第二个参数是 `SIGTERM` 。（Nginx 主进程可以通过调用 `kill` 函数来终止其他工人进程，然后再停止自己。）就像许多库函数一样，`kill` 函数通过一个简单的可变语法拥有更多的能力和灵活性。 #### 示例 3. 一个多进程系统的优雅停止 @@ -290,9 +290,9 @@ int main() { 上面的停止程序模拟了一个多进程系统的优雅退出，在这个例子中，这个系统由一个父进程和一个子进程组成。这次模拟的工作流程如下： - * 父进程尝试去 fork 一个子进程。假如这个 fork 操作成功了，每个进程就执行它自己的代码：子进程就执行函数 `child_code`，而父进程就执行函数 `parent_code`。 - * 子进程将会进入一个潜在的无限循环，在这个循环中子进程将睡眠一秒，然后打印一个信息，接着再次进入睡眠状态，以此循环往复。来自父进程的一个 `SIGTERM` 信号将引起子进程去执行一个信号处理回调函数 `graceful`。这样这个信号就使得子进程可以跳出循环，然后进行子进程和父进程之间的优雅终止。在终止之前子，进程将打印一个信息。 - * 在 fork 一个子进程后，父进程将睡眠 5 秒，使得子进程可以执行一会儿；当然在这个模拟中，子进程大多数时间都在睡眠。然后父进程调用 `SIGTERM` 作为第二个参数的 `kill` 函数，等待子进程的终止，然后自己再终止。 + * 父进程尝试去 `fork` 一个子进程。假如这个 `fork` 操作成功了，每个进程就执行它自己的代码：子进程就执行函数 `child_code`，而父进程就执行函数 `parent_code`。 + * 子进程将会进入一个潜在的无限循环，在这个循环中子进程将睡眠一秒，然后打印一个信息，接着再次进入睡眠状态，以此循环往复。来自父进程的一个 `SIGTERM` 信号将引起子进程去执行一个信号处理回调函数 `graceful`。这样这个信号就使得子进程可以跳出循环，然后进行子进程和父进程之间的优雅终止。在终止之前，进程将打印一个信息。 + * 在 `fork` 一个子进程后，父进程将睡眠 5 秒，使得子进程可以执行一会儿；当然在这个模拟中，子进程大多数时间都在睡眠。然后父进程调用 `SIGTERM` 作为第二个参数的 `kill` 函数，等待子进程的终止，然后自己再终止。 下面是一次运行的输出： @@ -309,22 +309,23 @@ Parent sleeping for a time... My child terminated, about to exit myself... ``` -对于信号的处理，上面的示例使用了 `sigaction` 库函数（POSIX 推荐的用法）而不是传统的 `signal` 函数，`signal` 函数有轻便性问题。下面是我们主要关心的代码片段： +对于信号的处理，上面的示例使用了 `sigaction` 库函数（POSIX 推荐的用法）而不是传统的 `signal` 函数，`signal` 函数有移植性问题。下面是我们主要关心的代码片段： - * 假如对 `fork` 的调用成功了，父进程将执行 `parent_code` 函数，而子进程将执行 `child_code` 函数。在给子进程发送信号之前，父进程将会等待 5 秒： +* 假如对 `fork` 的调用成功了，父进程将执行 `parent_code` 函数，而子进程将执行 `child_code` 函数。在给子进程发送信号之前，父进程将会等待 5 秒： -``` - puts("Parent sleeping for a time..."); + ``` +puts("Parent sleeping for a time..."); sleep(5); if (-1 == kill(cpid, SIGTERM)) { ...sleepkillcpidSIGTERM... ``` -假如 `kill` 调用成功了，父进程将在子进程终止时做等待，使得子进程不会变成一个僵尸进程。在等待完成后，父进程再退出。 - * `child_code` 函数首先调用 `set_handler` 然后进入它的可能永久睡眠的循环。下面是我们将要查看的 `set_handler` 函数： + 假如 `kill` 调用成功了，父进程将在子进程终止时做等待，使得子进程不会变成一个僵尸进程。在等待完成后，父进程再退出。 -``` - void set_handler() { +* `child_code` 函数首先调用 `set_handler` 然后进入它的可能永久睡眠的循环。下面是我们将要查看的 `set_handler` 函数： + + ``` +void set_handler() {   struct sigaction current;            /* current setup */   sigemptyset(¤t.sa_mask);       /* clear the signal set */   current.sa_flags = 0;                /* for setting sa_handler, not sa_action */ @@ -333,21 +334,22 @@ if (-1 == kill(cpid, SIGTERM)) { } ``` -上面代码的前三行在做相关的准备。第四个语句将为 `graceful` 设定 handler ，它将在调用 `_exit` 来停止之前打印一些信息。第 5 行和最后一行的语句将通过调用 `sigaction` 来向系统注册上面的 handler。`sigaction` 的第一个参数是 `SIGTERM` ，用作终止；第二个参数是当前的 `sigaction` 设定，而最后的参数（在这个例子中是 `NULL` ）可被用来保存前面的 `sigaction` 设定，以备后面的可能使用。 + 上面代码的前三行在做相关的准备。第四个语句将为 `graceful` 设定为句柄，它将在调用 `_exit` 来停止之前打印一些信息。第 5 行和最后一行的语句将通过调用 `sigaction` 来向系统注册上面的句柄。`sigaction` 的第一个参数是 `SIGTERM` ，用作终止；第二个参数是当前的 `sigaction` 设定，而最后的参数（在这个例子中是 `NULL` ）可被用来保存前面的 `sigaction` 设定，以备后面的可能使用。 使用信号来作为 IPC 的确是一个很轻量的方法，但确实值得尝试。通过信号来做 IPC 显然可以被归入 IPC 工具箱中。 ### 这个系列的总结 在这个系列中，我们通过三篇有关 IPC 的文章，用示例代码介绍了如下机制： + * 共享文件 * 共享内存（通过信号量） - * 管道（有名和无名） + * 管道（命名和无名） * 消息队列 * 套接字 * 信号 -甚至在今天，在以线程为中心的语言，例如 Java、C# 和 Go 等变得越来越流行的情况下，IPC 仍然很受欢迎，因为相比于使用多线程，通过多进程来实现并发有着一个明显的优势：默认情况下，每个进程都有它自己的地址空间，除非使用了基于共享内存的 IPC 机制（为了达到安全的并发，竞争条件在多线程和多进程的时候必须被加上锁。），在多进程中可以排除掉基于内存的竞争条件。对于任何一个写过甚至是通过共享变量来通信的基本多线程程序的人来说，TA 都会知道想要写一个清晰、高效、线程安全的代码是多么具有挑战性。使用单线程的多进程的确是很有吸引力的，这是一个切实可行的方式，使用它可以利用好今天多处理器的机器，而不需要面临基于内存的竞争条件的风险。 +甚至在今天，在以线程为中心的语言，例如 Java、C# 和 Go 等变得越来越流行的情况下，IPC 仍然很受欢迎，因为相比于使用多线程，通过多进程来实现并发有着一个明显的优势：默认情况下，每个进程都有它自己的地址空间，除非使用了基于共享内存的 IPC 机制（为了达到安全的并发，竞争条件在多线程和多进程的时候必须被加上锁），在多进程中可以排除掉基于内存的竞争条件。对于任何一个写过即使是基本的通过共享变量来通信的多线程程序的人来说，他都会知道想要写一个清晰、高效、线程安全的代码是多么具有挑战性。使用单线程的多进程的确是很有吸引力的，这是一个切实可行的方式，使用它可以利用好今天多处理器的机器，而不需要面临基于内存的竞争条件的风险。 当然，没有一个简单的答案能够回答上述 IPC 机制中的哪一个更好。在编程中每一种 IPC 机制都会涉及到一个取舍问题：是追求简洁，还是追求功能强大。以信号来举例，它是一个相对简单的 IPC 机制，但并不支持多个进程之间的丰富对话。假如确实需要这样的对话，另外的选择可能会更合适一些。带有锁的共享文件则相对直接，但是当要处理大量共享的数据流时，共享文件并不能很高效地工作。管道，甚至是套接字，有着更复杂的 API，可能是更好的选择。让具体的问题去指导我们的选择吧。 @@ -360,13 +362,13 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/interprocess-communication-linux-networ 作者：[Marty Kalin][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/interprocess-communication-ipc-linux-part-1 -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/interprocess-communication-ipc-linux-part-2 +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10826-1.html +[3]: https://linux.cn/article-10845-1.html [4]: http://condor.depaul.edu/mkalin From e95fad0853813a375104924a8e52d13566fe4471 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 2 Jun 2019 23:45:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0115/1265] PUB:20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md @FSSlc https://linux.cn/article-10930-1.html --- ...ter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md b/published/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md rename to published/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md index 8f2b373d39..7a4c304246 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md +++ b/published/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "FSSlc" [#]: reviewer: "wxy" -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " +[#]: publisher: "wxy" +[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-10930-1.html" [#]: subject: "Inter-process communication in Linux: Sockets and signals" [#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/19/4/interprocess-communication-linux-networking" [#]: author: "Marty Kalin https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu" From 63867b894eb966d21d85a119443c6d8fe9f85da8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Sun, 2 Jun 2019 23:54:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0116/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...2 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md b/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md index def37a0025..15c40d8065 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 09a98d00e8825034064db5c5c6eb1ac8d940fc20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Liwen Jiang Date: Sun, 2 Jun 2019 09:02:46 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 0117/1265] Submit Translated Passage for Review Submit Translated Passage for Review --- ...ulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md | 126 ----------------- ...ulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md | 128 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 128 insertions(+), 126 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md b/sources/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8efc47ae76..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,126 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (tomjlw) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor) -[#]: author: (Stephan Tetzel https://opensource.com/users/stephan) - -How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi -====== - -Monitor your air quality with a Raspberry Pi, a cheap sensor, and an inexpensive display. - -![Team communication, chat][1] - -About a year ago, I wrote about [measuring air quality][2] using a Raspberry Pi and a cheap sensor. We've been using this project in our school and privately for a few years now. However, it has one disadvantage: It is not portable because it depends on a WLAN network or a wired network connection to work. You can't even access the sensor's measurements if the Raspberry Pi and the smartphone or computer are not on the same network. - -To overcome this limitation, we added a small screen to the Raspberry Pi so we can read the values directly from the device. Here's how we set up and configured a screen for our mobile fine particulate matter sensor. - -### Setting up the screen for the Raspberry Pi - -There is a wide range of Raspberry Pi displays available from [Amazon][3], AliExpress, and other sources. They range from ePaper screens to LCDs with touch function. We chose an inexpensive [3.5″ LCD][4] with touch and a resolution of 320×480 pixels that can be plugged directly into the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins. It's also nice that a 3.5″ display is about the same size as a Raspberry Pi. - -The first time you turn on the screen and start the Raspberry Pi, the screen will remain white because the driver is missing. You have to install [the appropriate drivers][5] for the display first. Log in with SSH and execute the following commands: - -``` -$ rm -rf LCD-show -$ git clone -$ chmod -R 755 LCD-show -$ cd LCD-show/ -``` - -Execute the appropriate command for your screen to install the drivers. For example, this is the command for our model MPI3501 screen: - -``` -$ sudo ./LCD35-show -``` - -This command installs the appropriate drivers and restarts the Raspberry Pi. - -### Installing PIXEL desktop and setting up autostart - -Here is what we want our project to do: If the Raspberry Pi boots up, we want to display a small website with our air quality measurements. - -First, install the Raspberry Pi's [PIXEL desktop environment][6]: - -``` -$ sudo apt install raspberrypi-ui-mods -``` - -Then install the Chromium browser to display the website: - -``` -$ sudo apt install chromium-browser -``` - -Autologin is required for the measured values to be displayed directly after startup; otherwise, you will just see the login screen. However, autologin is not configured for the "pi" user by default. You can configure autologin with the **raspi-config** tool: - -``` -$ sudo raspi-config -``` - -In the menu, select: **3 Boot Options → B1 Desktop / CLI → B4 Desktop Autologin**. - -There is a step missing to start Chromium with our website right after boot. Create the folder **/home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/** : - -``` -$ mkdir -p /home/pi/config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/ -``` - -Then create the **autostart** file in this folder: - -``` -$ nano /home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/autostart -``` - -and paste the following code: - -``` -#@unclutter -@xset s off -@xset -dpms -@xset s noblank - -# Open Chromium in Full Screen Mode -@chromium-browser --incognito --kiosk -``` - -If you want to hide the mouse pointer, you have to install the package **unclutter** and remove the comment character at the beginning of the **autostart** file: - -``` -$ sudo apt install unclutter -``` - -![Mobile particulate matter sensor][7] - -I've made a few small changes to the code in the last year. So, if you set up the air quality project before, make sure to re-download the script and files for the AQI website using the instructions in the [original article][2]. - -By adding the touch screen, you now have a mobile particulate matter sensor! We use it at our school to check the quality of the air in the classrooms or to do comparative measurements. With this setup, you are no longer dependent on a network connection or WLAN. You can use the small measuring station everywhere—you can even use it with a power bank to be independent of the power grid. - -* * * - -_This article originally appeared on[Open School Solutions][8] and is republished with permission._ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor - -作者：[Stephan Tetzel][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/stephan -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/talk_chat_team_mobile_desktop.png?itok=d7sRtKfQ (Team communication, chat) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/how-measure-particulate-matter-raspberry-pi -[3]: https://www.amazon.com/gp/search/ref=as_li_qf_sp_sr_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=openschoolsol-20&keywords=lcd%20raspberry&index=aps&camp=1789&creative=9325&linkCode=ur2&linkId=51d6d7676e10d6c7db203c4a8b3b529a -[4]: https://amzn.to/2CcvgpC -[5]: https://github.com/goodtft/LCD-show -[6]: https://opensource.com/article/17/1/try-raspberry-pis-pixel-os-your-pc -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mobile-aqi-sensor.jpg (Mobile particulate matter sensor) -[8]: https://openschoolsolutions.org/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md b/translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4d3f128133 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (tomjlw) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor) +[#]: author: (Stephan Tetzel https://opensource.com/users/stephan) + +如何用树莓派搭建一个颗粒物传感器 +====== + +用树莓派，一个廉价的传感器和一个便宜的屏幕监测空气质量 + +![小组交流，讨论][1] + +大约一年前，我写了一篇关于如何使用树莓派和廉价传感器测量[空气质量][2]的文章。我们这几年已在学校里和私下使用了这个项目。然而它有一个缺点：由于它基于无线/有线网，因此它不是便携的。如果你的树莓派，你的智能手机和电脑不在同一个网络的话，你甚至都不能访问传感器测量的数据。 + +为了弥补这一缺陷，我们给树莓派添加了一块小屏幕，这样我们就可以直接从该设备上读取数据。以下是我们如何为我们的移动细颗粒物传感器搭建并配置好屏幕。 + +### 为树莓派搭建好屏幕 + +在[亚马逊][3]，阿里巴巴以及其它来源有许多可以获取的树莓派屏幕，从 ePaper 屏幕到可触控 LCD。我们选择了一个便宜的带触控功能且分辨率为320*480像素的[3.5英寸 LCD][3]，可以直接插进树莓派的 GPIO 引脚。一个3.5英寸屏幕和树莓派几乎一样大，这一点不错。 + +当你第一次启动屏幕打开树莓派的时候，因为缺少驱动屏幕会保持白屏。你得首先为屏幕安装[合适的驱动][5]。通过 SSH 登入并执行以下命令： + +``` +$ rm -rf LCD-show +$ git clone +$ chmod -R 755 LCD-show +$ cd LCD-show/ +``` + +为你的屏幕执行合适的命令以安装驱动。例如这是给我们 MPI3501 型屏幕的命令： + +``` +$ sudo ./LCD35-show +``` + +这行命令会安装合适的驱动并重启树莓派。 + +### 安装 PIXEL 桌面并设置自动启动 + +以下是我们想要我们项目能够做到的事情：如果树莓派启动，我们想要展现一个有我们空气质量测量数据的网站。 + +首先，安装树莓派的[PIXEL 桌面环境][6]： + +``` +$ sudo apt install raspberrypi-ui-mods +``` + +然后安装 Chromium 浏览器以显示网站： + +``` +$ sudo apt install chromium-browser +``` + +需要自动登录以使测量数据在启动后直接显示；否则你将只会看到登录界面。然而自动登录并没有为树莓派用户默认设置好。你可以用 **raspi-config** 工具设置自动登录： + +``` +$ sudo raspi-config +``` + +在菜单中，选择：**3 Boot Options → B1 Desktop / CLI → B4 Desktop Autologin**。 + +在启动后用 Chromium 打开我们的网站这块少了一步。创建文件夹 +**/home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/**： + +``` +$ mkdir -p /home/pi/config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/ +``` + +然后在该文件夹里创建 **autostart** 文件: + +``` +$ nano /home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/autostart +``` + +并粘贴以下代码： + +``` +#@unclutter +@xset s off +@xset -dpms +@xset s noblank + +# Open Chromium in Full Screen Mode +@chromium-browser --incognito --kiosk +``` + +如果你想要隐藏鼠标指针，你得安装 **unclutter** 包并移除 **autostart** 文件开头的注释。 + +``` +$ sudo apt install unclutter +``` + +![移动颗粒物传感器][7] + +我对去年的代码做了些小修改。因此如果你之前搭建过空气质量项目，确保用[原文章][2]中的指导为 AQI 网站重新下载脚本和文件。 + +通过添加触摸屏，你现在拥有了一个移动颗粒物传感器！我们在学校用它来检查教室里的空气质量或者进行比较测量。使用这种配置，你无需再依赖网络连接或 WLAN。你可以在任何地方使用小型测量站——你甚至可以使用移动电源以摆脱电网。 + +* * * + +_这篇文章原来在[开源学校解决方案（Open Scool Solutions）][8]上发表，获得许可重新发布。_ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor + +作者：[Stephan Tetzel][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/stephan +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/talk_chat_team_mobile_desktop.png?itok=d7sRtKfQ (Team communication, chat) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/how-measure-particulate-matter-raspberry-pi +[3]: https://www.amazon.com/gp/search/ref=as_li_qf_sp_sr_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=openschoolsol-20&keywords=lcd%20raspberry&index=aps&camp=1789&creative=9325&linkCode=ur2&linkId=51d6d7676e10d6c7db203c4a8b3b529a +[4]: https://amzn.to/2CcvgpC +[5]: https://github.com/goodtft/LCD-show +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/17/1/try-raspberry-pis-pixel-os-your-pc +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mobile-aqi-sensor.jpg (Mobile particulate matter sensor) +[8]: https://openschoolsolutions.org/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor/ + From a3b964dbc917a21f6aa93a504a5740534d780f26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 00:20:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0118/1265] PRF:20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md @fuzheng1998 --- .../20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md | 78 +++++++------------ 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md b/translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md index 987affbcd5..9fad6cceff 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md @@ -1,92 +1,70 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" -[#]: translator: "fuzheng1998 " -[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: translator: "fuzheng1998" +[#]: reviewer: "wxy" [#]: publisher: " " [#]: url: " " [#]: subject: "5 open source mobile apps" [#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/19/4/mobile-apps" -[#]: author: "Chris Hermansen (Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen" +[#]: author: "Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen" -5 个开源的移动应用 +5 个可以满足你的生产力、沟通和娱乐需求的开源手机应用 ====== -您可以依靠这些应用来满足您的生产力，沟通和娱乐需求。 -![][1] -像世界上大多数人一样，我拿手机连胳膊都懒得伸。 多亏了我从 Google Play 和 F-Droid 安装的开源移动应用程序，让我的 Android 设备好像提供了无限通信，生产力和娱乐服务一样。 +> 你可以依靠这些应用来满足你的生产力、沟通和娱乐需求。 -在我的手机上的许多开源应用程序中，当想听音乐; 与朋友，家人和同事联系; 或者在旅途中完成工作时，以下五个是我一直使用的。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/03/001949brnq19j5qeqn3onv.jpg) + +像世界上大多数人一样，我的手似乎就没有离开过手机。多亏了我从 Google Play 和 F-Droid 安装的开源移动应用程序，让我的 Android 设备好像提供了无限的沟通、生产力和娱乐服务一样。 + +在我的手机上的许多开源应用程序中，当想听音乐、与朋友/家人和同事联系、或者在旅途中完成工作时，以下五个是我一直使用的。 ### MPDroid -_一个 Music Player Daemon (MPD)的 Android 控制器_ +一个音乐播放器进程 (MPD)的 Android 控制器。 ![MPDroid][2] -MPD 是将音乐从小型音乐服务器电脑传输到大型黑色立体声音箱的好方法。 它直接与 ALSA 对话，因此通过 ALSA 硬件接口与数模转换器（ DAC ）对话，它可以通过我的网络进行控制——但是用什么东西控制呢？ 好吧，事实证明 MPDroid 是一个很棒的 MPD 控制器。 它管理我的音乐数据库，显示专辑封面，处理播放列表，并支持互联网广播。 而且它是开源的，所以如果某些东西不好用的话...... +MPD 是将音乐从小型音乐服务器电脑传输到大型的黑色立体声音箱的好方法。它直连 ALSA，因此可以通过 ALSA 硬件接口与数模转换器（DAC）对话，它可以通过我的网络进行控制——但是用什么东西控制呢？好吧，事实证明 MPDroid 是一个很棒的 MPD 控制器。它可以管理我的音乐数据库，显示专辑封面，处理播放列表，并支持互联网广播。而且它是开源的，所以如果某些东西不好用的话…… MPDroid 可在 [Google Play][4] 和 [F-Droid][5] 上找到。 ### RadioDroid -_一台只和 Chromecast 搭配使用的Android 网络收音机_ +一台能单独使用及与 Chromecast 搭配使用的 Android 网络收音机。 -** +![RadioDroid][6] -** - -** - -_![RadioDroid][6]_ - -好比 MPDroid 是管理我音乐的数据库，RadioDroid 是一个互联网广播; 从本质上讲，RadioDroid 是 [Internet-Radio.com][7] 的前端产品。 此外，通过将耳机插入 Android 设备，通过耳机插孔或 USB 将Android 设备直接连接到立体声系统，或通过兼容设备使用其 Chromecast 功能，可以享受 RadioDroid。这是一个查看芬兰天气情况，听取排名前 40 的西班牙语音乐，或收到到最新新闻消息的好方法。 +RadioDroid 是一个网络收音机，而 MPDroid 则管理我音乐的数据库；从本质上讲，RadioDroid 是 [Internet-Radio.com][7] 的一个前端。此外，通过将耳机插入 Android 设备，通过耳机插孔或 USB 将 Android 设备直接连接到立体声系统，或通过兼容设备使用其 Chromecast 功能，可以享受 RadioDroid。这是一个查看芬兰天气情况，听取排名前 40 的西班牙语音乐，或收到到最新新闻消息的好方法。 RadioDroid 可在 [Google Play][8] 和 [F-Droid][9] 上找到。 ### Signal -_一个支持 Android，iOS，还有桌面系统的安全即时消息客户端。_ +一个支持 Android、iOS，还有桌面系统的安全即时消息客户端。 -** +![Signal][10] -** +如果你喜欢 WhatsApp，但是因为它与 Facebook [日益密切][11]的关系而感到困扰，那么 Signal 应该是你的下一个产品。Signal 的唯一问题是说服你的朋友们最好用 Signal 取代 WhatsApp。但除此之外，它有一个与 WhatsApp 类似的界面；很棒的语音和视频通话；很好的加密；恰到好处的匿名；并且它受到了一个不打算通过使用软件来获利的基金会的支持。为什么不喜欢它呢？ -** - -_![Signal][10]_ - -如果你喜欢 WhatsApp，但是因为它与 Facebook 日益密切的关系而感到困扰，那么 Signal 应该是你的下一个产品。Signal 的唯一问题是说服你的联系人他们最好用 Signal 取代 WhatsApp。但除此之外，它有一个与 WhatsApp 类似的界面; 很棒的语音和视频通话; 很好的加密; 恰到好处的匿名; 并且它受到了一个不打算通过使用软件来获利的基金会的支持。 为什么不喜欢它呢？ - -Signal 可用于[Android][12]，[iOS][13] 和 [桌面][14]。 +Signal 可用于 [Android][12]、[iOS][13] 和 [桌面][14]。 ### ConnectBot -_Android SSH 客户端_ +Android SSH 客户端。 -** +![ConnectBot][15] -** +有时我离电脑很远，但我需要登录服务器才能办事。[ConnectBot][16] 是将 SSH 会话搬到手机上的绝佳解决方案。 -** - -_![ConnectBot][15]_ - -有时我离电脑很远，但我需要登录服务器才能办事。 [ConnectBot][16]是将 SSH 会话搬到手机上的绝佳解决方案。 - -ConnectBot 可在[Google Play][17]上找到。 +ConnectBot 可在 [Google Play][17] 上找到。 ### Termux -_有多种实用工具的安卓终端模拟器_ +有多种熟悉的功能的安卓终端模拟器。 -** +![Termux][18] -** - -** - -_![Termux][18]_ - -你是否需要在手机上运行 **awk** 脚本？ [Termux][19]是个解决方案。如果您需要做终端类型的东西，而且您不想一直保持与远程计算机的 SSH 连接，请使用 ConnectBot 将文件带到手机上，然后退出会话，在 Termux 中执行您的操作，用 ConnectBot 发回结果。 +你是否需要在手机上运行 `awk` 脚本？[Termux][19] 是个解决方案。如果你需要做终端类的工作，而且你不想一直保持与远程计算机的 SSH 连接，请使用 ConnectBot 将文件放到手机上，然后退出会话，在 Termux 中执行你的操作，用 ConnectBot 发回结果。 Termux 可在 [Google Play][20] 和 [F-Droid][21] 上找到。 @@ -98,10 +76,10 @@ Termux 可在 [Google Play][20] 和 [F-Droid][21] 上找到。 via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/mobile-apps -作者：[Chris Hermansen (Community Moderator)][a] +作者：[Chris Hermansen][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[fuzheng1998](https://github.com/fuzheng1998) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7548326bccfe0ea888783f3cec7cc46ea8c975f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 00:20:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0119/1265] PUB:20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md @fuzheng1998 https://linux.cn/article-10931-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md b/published/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md rename to published/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md index 9fad6cceff..e51f6dbc93 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md +++ b/published/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "fuzheng1998" [#]: reviewer: "wxy" -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " +[#]: publisher: "wxy" +[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-10931-1.html" [#]: subject: "5 open source mobile apps" [#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/19/4/mobile-apps" [#]: author: "Chris Hermansen https://opensource.com/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen/users/bcotton/users/clhermansen" From ae1e0b5adc3c41a67a809668ead48adc7caa9d96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 00:28:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0120/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=92=E6=A1=A3=20201905?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- published/{ => 201905}/20161106 Myths about 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0 .../20190505 Kindd - A Graphical Frontend To dd Command.md | 0 ...nux Shell Script To Monitor Disk Space Usage And Send Email.md | 0 ...ng Multiple Servers And Show The Output In Top-like Text UI.md | 0 ...Installed Packages And Restore Those On Fresh Ubuntu System.md | 0 ...20190506 How to Add Application Shortcuts on Ubuntu Desktop.md | 0 .../20190508 How to use advanced rsync for large Linux backups.md | 0 ...1 Best Kali Linux Tools for Hacking and Penetration Testing.md | 0 ...190510 How to Use 7Zip in Ubuntu and Other Linux -Quick Tip.md | 0 published/{ => 201905}/20190510 PHP in 2019.md | 0 .../20190513 How to SSH into a Raspberry Pi -Beginner-s Tip.md | 0 .../{ => 201905}/20190516 Building Smaller Container Images.md | 0 ...ing 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md | 0 ...hange Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md | 0 .../20190520 PiShrink - Make Raspberry Pi Images Smaller.md | 0 .../20190520 xsos - A Tool To Read SOSReport In Linux.md | 0 70 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename published/{ => 201905}/20161106 Myths about -dev-urandom.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20171214 Build a game framework with Python using the module Pygame.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20171215 How to add a player to your Python game.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20180130 An introduction to the DomTerm terminal emulator for Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20180518 What-s a hero without a villain- How to add one to your Python game.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20180605 How to use autofs to mount NFS shares.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20181212 TLP - An Advanced Power Management Tool That Improve Battery Life On Linux Laptop.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20181218 Using Pygame to move your game character around.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190307 How to Restart a Network in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tip.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190308 Virtual filesystems in Linux- Why we need them and how they work.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190327 Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190401 What is 5G- How is it better than 4G.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190405 Command line quick tips- Cutting content out of files.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190408 Getting started with Python-s cryptography library.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190408 How to quickly deploy, run Linux applications as unikernels.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190409 Anbox - Easy Way To Run Android Apps On Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190409 How To Install And Configure Chrony As NTP Client.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190409 How To Install And Configure NTP Server And NTP Client In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190411 Installing Ubuntu MATE on a Raspberry Pi.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190415 12 Single Board Computers- Alternative to Raspberry Pi.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190415 How To Enable (UP) And Disable (DOWN) A Network Interface Port (NIC) In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190415 Inter-process communication in Linux- Shared storage.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190416 Building a DNS-as-a-service with OpenStack Designate.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190416 Detecting malaria with deep learning.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190416 Inter-process communication in Linux- Using pipes and message queues.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190419 Building scalable social media sentiment analysis services in Python.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190419 Getting started with social media sentiment analysis in Python.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190419 This is how System76 does open hardware.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190422 2 new apps for music tweakers on Fedora Workstation.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190422 8 environment-friendly open software projects you should know.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190422 Tracking the weather with Python and Prometheus.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190423 Four Methods To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190423 How To Monitor Disk I-O Activity Using iotop And iostat Commands In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190425 Automate backups with restic and systemd.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190430 Upgrading Fedora 29 to Fedora 30.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190501 Cisco issues critical security warning for Nexus data-center switches.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190501 Write faster C extensions for Python with Cython.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190502 Format Python however you like with Black.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190502 Get started with Libki to manage public user computer access.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190503 API evolution the right way.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190503 Check your spelling at the command line with Ispell.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190503 Say goodbye to boilerplate in Python with attrs.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190504 Add methods retroactively in Python with singledispatch.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190504 Using the force at the Linux command line.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190505 Duc - A Collection Of Tools To Inspect And Visualize Disk Usage.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190505 How To Create SSH Alias In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190505 Kindd - A Graphical Frontend To dd Command.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190505 Linux Shell Script To Monitor Disk Space Usage And Send Email.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190505 Ping Multiple Servers And Show The Output In Top-like Text UI.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190505 apt-clone - Backup Installed Packages And Restore Those On Fresh Ubuntu System.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190506 How to Add Application Shortcuts on Ubuntu Desktop.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190508 How to use advanced rsync for large Linux backups.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190509 21 Best Kali Linux Tools for Hacking and Penetration Testing.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190510 How to Use 7Zip in Ubuntu and Other Linux -Quick Tip.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190510 PHP in 2019.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190513 How to SSH into a Raspberry Pi -Beginner-s Tip.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190516 Building Smaller Container Images.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190520 PiShrink - Make Raspberry Pi Images Smaller.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201905}/20190520 xsos - A Tool To Read SOSReport In Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/published/20161106 Myths about -dev-urandom.md b/published/201905/20161106 Myths about -dev-urandom.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20161106 Myths about -dev-urandom.md rename to published/201905/20161106 Myths about -dev-urandom.md diff --git a/published/20171214 Build a game framework with Python using the module Pygame.md b/published/201905/20171214 Build a game framework with Python using the module Pygame.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20171214 Build a game framework with Python using the module Pygame.md rename to published/201905/20171214 Build a game framework with Python using the module Pygame.md diff --git a/published/20171215 How to add a player to your Python game.md b/published/201905/20171215 How to add a player to your Python game.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20171215 How to add a player to your Python game.md rename to published/201905/20171215 How to add a player to your Python game.md diff --git a/published/20180130 An introduction to the DomTerm terminal emulator for Linux.md b/published/201905/20180130 An introduction to the DomTerm terminal emulator for Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180130 An introduction to the DomTerm terminal emulator for Linux.md rename to published/201905/20180130 An introduction to the DomTerm terminal emulator for Linux.md diff --git a/published/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md b/published/201905/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md rename to published/201905/20180312 ddgr - A Command Line Tool To Search DuckDuckGo From The Terminal.md diff --git a/published/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md b/published/201905/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md rename to published/201905/20180429 The Easiest PDO Tutorial (Basics).md diff --git a/published/20180518 What-s a hero without a villain- How to add one to your Python game.md b/published/201905/20180518 What-s a hero without a villain- How to add one to your Python game.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180518 What-s a hero without a villain- How to add one to your Python game.md rename to published/201905/20180518 What-s a hero without a villain- How to add one to your Python game.md diff --git a/published/20180605 How to use autofs to mount NFS shares.md b/published/201905/20180605 How to use autofs to mount NFS shares.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180605 How to use autofs to mount NFS shares.md rename to published/201905/20180605 How to use autofs to mount NFS shares.md diff --git a/published/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md b/published/201905/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md rename to published/201905/20180611 3 open source alternatives to Adobe Lightroom.md diff --git a/published/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md b/published/201905/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md rename to published/201905/20180725 Put platforms in a Python game with Pygame.md diff --git a/published/20181212 TLP - An Advanced Power Management Tool That Improve Battery Life On Linux Laptop.md b/published/201905/20181212 TLP - An Advanced Power Management Tool That Improve Battery Life On Linux Laptop.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20181212 TLP - An Advanced Power Management Tool That Improve Battery Life On Linux Laptop.md rename to published/201905/20181212 TLP - An Advanced Power Management Tool That Improve Battery Life On Linux Laptop.md diff --git a/published/20181218 Using Pygame to move your game character around.md b/published/201905/20181218 Using Pygame to move your game character around.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20181218 Using Pygame to move your game character around.md rename to published/201905/20181218 Using Pygame to move your game character around.md diff --git a/published/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md b/published/201905/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md rename to published/201905/20190107 Aliases- To Protect and Serve.md diff --git a/published/20190307 How to Restart a Network in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tip.md b/published/201905/20190307 How to Restart a Network in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tip.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190307 How to Restart a Network in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tip.md rename to published/201905/20190307 How to Restart a Network in Ubuntu -Beginner-s Tip.md diff --git a/published/20190308 Virtual filesystems in Linux- Why we need them and how they work.md b/published/201905/20190308 Virtual filesystems in Linux- Why we need them and how they work.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190308 Virtual filesystems in Linux- Why we need them and how they work.md rename to published/201905/20190308 Virtual filesystems in Linux- Why we need them and how they work.md diff --git a/published/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md b/published/201905/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md rename to published/201905/20190319 Blockchain 2.0- Blockchain In Real Estate -Part 4.md diff --git a/published/20190327 Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today.md b/published/201905/20190327 Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190327 Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today.md rename to published/201905/20190327 Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today.md diff --git a/published/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md b/published/201905/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md rename to published/201905/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md diff --git a/published/20190401 What is 5G- How is it better than 4G.md b/published/201905/20190401 What is 5G- How is it better than 4G.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190401 What is 5G- How is it better than 4G.md rename to published/201905/20190401 What is 5G- How is it better than 4G.md diff --git a/published/20190405 Command line quick tips- Cutting content out of files.md b/published/201905/20190405 Command line quick tips- Cutting content out of files.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190405 Command line quick tips- Cutting content out of files.md rename to published/201905/20190405 Command line quick tips- Cutting content out of files.md diff --git a/published/20190408 Getting started with Python-s cryptography library.md b/published/201905/20190408 Getting started with Python-s cryptography library.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190408 Getting started with Python-s cryptography library.md rename to published/201905/20190408 Getting started with Python-s cryptography library.md diff --git a/published/20190408 How to quickly deploy, run Linux applications as unikernels.md b/published/201905/20190408 How to quickly deploy, run Linux applications as unikernels.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190408 How to quickly deploy, run Linux applications as unikernels.md rename to published/201905/20190408 How to quickly deploy, run Linux applications as unikernels.md diff --git a/published/20190409 Anbox - Easy Way To Run Android Apps On Linux.md b/published/201905/20190409 Anbox - Easy Way To Run Android Apps On Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190409 Anbox - Easy Way To Run Android Apps On Linux.md rename to published/201905/20190409 Anbox - Easy Way To Run Android Apps On Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190409 How To Install And Configure Chrony As NTP Client.md b/published/201905/20190409 How To Install And Configure Chrony As NTP Client.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190409 How To Install And Configure Chrony As NTP Client.md rename to published/201905/20190409 How To Install And Configure Chrony As NTP Client.md diff --git a/published/20190409 How To Install And Configure NTP Server And NTP Client In Linux.md b/published/201905/20190409 How To Install And Configure NTP Server And NTP Client In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190409 How To Install And Configure NTP Server And NTP Client In Linux.md rename to published/201905/20190409 How To Install And Configure NTP Server And NTP Client In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190411 Installing Ubuntu MATE on a Raspberry Pi.md b/published/201905/20190411 Installing Ubuntu MATE on a Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190411 Installing Ubuntu MATE on a Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/201905/20190411 Installing Ubuntu MATE on a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/published/20190415 12 Single Board Computers- Alternative to Raspberry Pi.md b/published/201905/20190415 12 Single Board Computers- Alternative to Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190415 12 Single Board Computers- Alternative to Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/201905/20190415 12 Single Board Computers- Alternative to Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/published/20190415 How To Enable (UP) And Disable (DOWN) A Network Interface Port (NIC) In Linux.md b/published/201905/20190415 How To Enable (UP) And Disable (DOWN) A Network Interface Port (NIC) In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190415 How To Enable (UP) And Disable (DOWN) A Network Interface Port (NIC) In Linux.md rename to published/201905/20190415 How To Enable (UP) And Disable (DOWN) A Network Interface Port (NIC) In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190415 Inter-process communication in Linux- Shared storage.md b/published/201905/20190415 Inter-process communication in Linux- Shared storage.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190415 Inter-process communication in Linux- Shared storage.md rename to published/201905/20190415 Inter-process communication in Linux- Shared storage.md diff --git a/published/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md b/published/201905/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md rename to published/201905/20190415 Kubernetes on Fedora IoT with k3s.md diff --git a/published/20190416 Building a DNS-as-a-service with OpenStack Designate.md b/published/201905/20190416 Building a DNS-as-a-service with OpenStack Designate.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190416 Building a DNS-as-a-service with OpenStack Designate.md rename to published/201905/20190416 Building a DNS-as-a-service with OpenStack Designate.md diff --git a/published/20190416 Detecting malaria with deep learning.md b/published/201905/20190416 Detecting malaria with deep learning.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190416 Detecting malaria with deep learning.md rename to published/201905/20190416 Detecting malaria with deep learning.md diff --git a/published/20190416 Inter-process communication in Linux- Using pipes and message queues.md b/published/201905/20190416 Inter-process communication in Linux- Using pipes and message queues.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190416 Inter-process communication in Linux- Using pipes and message queues.md rename to published/201905/20190416 Inter-process communication in Linux- Using pipes and message queues.md diff --git a/published/20190419 Building scalable social media sentiment analysis services in Python.md b/published/201905/20190419 Building scalable social media sentiment analysis services in Python.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190419 Building scalable social media sentiment analysis services in Python.md rename to published/201905/20190419 Building scalable social media sentiment analysis services in Python.md diff --git a/published/20190419 Getting started with social media sentiment analysis in Python.md b/published/201905/20190419 Getting started with social media sentiment analysis in Python.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190419 Getting started with social media sentiment analysis in Python.md rename to published/201905/20190419 Getting started with social media sentiment analysis in Python.md diff --git a/published/20190419 This is how System76 does open hardware.md b/published/201905/20190419 This is how System76 does open hardware.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190419 This is how System76 does open hardware.md rename to published/201905/20190419 This is how System76 does open hardware.md diff --git a/published/20190422 2 new apps for music tweakers on Fedora Workstation.md b/published/201905/20190422 2 new apps for music tweakers on Fedora Workstation.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190422 2 new apps for music tweakers on Fedora Workstation.md rename to published/201905/20190422 2 new apps for music tweakers on Fedora Workstation.md diff --git a/published/20190422 8 environment-friendly open software projects you should know.md b/published/201905/20190422 8 environment-friendly open software projects you should know.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190422 8 environment-friendly open software projects you should know.md rename to published/201905/20190422 8 environment-friendly open software projects you should know.md diff --git a/published/20190422 Tracking the weather with Python and Prometheus.md b/published/201905/20190422 Tracking the weather with Python and Prometheus.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190422 Tracking the weather with Python and Prometheus.md rename to published/201905/20190422 Tracking the weather with Python and Prometheus.md diff --git a/published/20190423 Four Methods To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux.md b/published/201905/20190423 Four Methods To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190423 Four Methods To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux.md rename to published/201905/20190423 Four Methods To Check The Default Gateway Or Router IP Address In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190423 How To Monitor Disk I-O Activity Using iotop And iostat Commands In Linux.md b/published/201905/20190423 How To Monitor Disk I-O Activity Using iotop And iostat Commands In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190423 How To Monitor Disk I-O Activity Using iotop And iostat Commands In Linux.md rename to published/201905/20190423 How To Monitor Disk I-O Activity Using iotop And iostat Commands In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190425 Automate backups with restic and systemd.md b/published/201905/20190425 Automate backups with restic and systemd.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190425 Automate backups with restic and systemd.md rename to published/201905/20190425 Automate backups with restic and systemd.md diff --git a/published/20190430 Upgrading Fedora 29 to Fedora 30.md b/published/201905/20190430 Upgrading Fedora 29 to Fedora 30.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190430 Upgrading Fedora 29 to Fedora 30.md rename to published/201905/20190430 Upgrading Fedora 29 to Fedora 30.md diff --git a/published/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md b/published/201905/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md rename to published/201905/20190501 3 apps to manage personal finances in Fedora.md diff --git a/published/20190501 Cisco issues critical security warning for Nexus data-center switches.md b/published/201905/20190501 Cisco issues critical security warning for Nexus data-center switches.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190501 Cisco issues critical security warning for Nexus data-center switches.md rename to published/201905/20190501 Cisco issues critical security warning for Nexus data-center switches.md diff --git a/published/20190501 Write faster C extensions for Python with Cython.md b/published/201905/20190501 Write faster C extensions for Python with Cython.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190501 Write faster C extensions for Python with Cython.md rename to published/201905/20190501 Write faster C extensions for Python with Cython.md diff --git a/published/20190502 Format Python however you like with Black.md b/published/201905/20190502 Format Python however you like with Black.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190502 Format Python however you like with Black.md rename to published/201905/20190502 Format Python however you like with Black.md diff --git a/published/20190502 Get started with Libki to manage public user computer access.md b/published/201905/20190502 Get started with Libki to manage public user computer access.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190502 Get started with Libki to manage public user computer access.md rename to published/201905/20190502 Get started with Libki to manage public user computer access.md diff --git a/published/20190503 API evolution the right way.md b/published/201905/20190503 API evolution the right way.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190503 API evolution the right way.md rename to published/201905/20190503 API evolution the right way.md diff --git a/published/20190503 Check your spelling at the command line with Ispell.md b/published/201905/20190503 Check your spelling at the command line with Ispell.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190503 Check your spelling at the command line with Ispell.md rename to published/201905/20190503 Check your spelling at the command line with Ispell.md diff --git a/published/20190503 Say goodbye to boilerplate in Python with attrs.md b/published/201905/20190503 Say goodbye to boilerplate in Python with attrs.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190503 Say goodbye to boilerplate in Python with attrs.md rename to published/201905/20190503 Say goodbye to boilerplate in Python with attrs.md diff --git a/published/20190504 Add methods retroactively in Python with singledispatch.md b/published/201905/20190504 Add methods retroactively in Python with singledispatch.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190504 Add methods retroactively in Python with singledispatch.md rename to published/201905/20190504 Add methods retroactively in Python with singledispatch.md diff --git a/published/20190504 Using the force at the Linux command line.md b/published/201905/20190504 Using the force at the Linux command line.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190504 Using the force at the Linux command line.md rename to published/201905/20190504 Using the force at the Linux command line.md diff --git a/published/20190505 Duc - A Collection Of Tools To Inspect And Visualize Disk Usage.md b/published/201905/20190505 Duc - A Collection Of Tools To Inspect And Visualize Disk Usage.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190505 Duc - A Collection Of Tools To Inspect And Visualize Disk Usage.md rename to published/201905/20190505 Duc - A Collection Of Tools To Inspect And Visualize Disk Usage.md diff --git a/published/20190505 How To Create SSH Alias In Linux.md b/published/201905/20190505 How To Create SSH Alias In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190505 How To Create SSH Alias In Linux.md rename to published/201905/20190505 How To Create SSH Alias In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190505 Kindd - A Graphical Frontend To dd Command.md b/published/201905/20190505 Kindd - A Graphical Frontend To dd Command.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190505 Kindd - A Graphical Frontend To dd Command.md rename to published/201905/20190505 Kindd - A Graphical Frontend To dd Command.md diff --git a/published/20190505 Linux Shell Script To Monitor Disk Space Usage And Send Email.md b/published/201905/20190505 Linux Shell Script To Monitor Disk Space Usage And Send Email.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190505 Linux Shell Script To Monitor Disk Space Usage And Send Email.md rename to published/201905/20190505 Linux Shell Script To Monitor Disk Space Usage And Send Email.md diff --git a/published/20190505 Ping Multiple Servers And Show The Output In Top-like Text UI.md b/published/201905/20190505 Ping Multiple Servers And Show The Output In Top-like Text UI.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190505 Ping Multiple Servers And Show The Output In Top-like Text UI.md rename to published/201905/20190505 Ping Multiple Servers And Show The Output In Top-like Text UI.md diff --git a/published/20190505 apt-clone - Backup Installed Packages And Restore Those On Fresh Ubuntu System.md b/published/201905/20190505 apt-clone - Backup Installed Packages And Restore Those On Fresh Ubuntu System.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190505 apt-clone - Backup Installed Packages And Restore Those On Fresh Ubuntu System.md rename to published/201905/20190505 apt-clone - Backup Installed Packages And Restore Those On Fresh Ubuntu System.md diff --git a/published/20190506 How to Add Application Shortcuts on Ubuntu Desktop.md b/published/201905/20190506 How to Add Application Shortcuts on Ubuntu Desktop.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190506 How to Add Application Shortcuts on Ubuntu Desktop.md rename to published/201905/20190506 How to Add Application Shortcuts on Ubuntu Desktop.md diff --git a/published/20190508 How to use advanced rsync for large Linux backups.md b/published/201905/20190508 How to use advanced rsync for large Linux backups.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190508 How to use advanced rsync for large Linux backups.md rename to published/201905/20190508 How to use advanced rsync for large Linux backups.md diff --git a/published/20190509 21 Best Kali Linux Tools for Hacking and Penetration Testing.md b/published/201905/20190509 21 Best Kali Linux Tools for Hacking and Penetration Testing.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190509 21 Best Kali Linux Tools for Hacking and Penetration Testing.md rename to published/201905/20190509 21 Best Kali Linux Tools for Hacking and Penetration Testing.md diff --git a/published/20190510 How to Use 7Zip in Ubuntu and Other Linux -Quick Tip.md b/published/201905/20190510 How to Use 7Zip in Ubuntu and Other Linux -Quick Tip.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190510 How to Use 7Zip in Ubuntu and Other Linux -Quick Tip.md rename to published/201905/20190510 How to Use 7Zip in Ubuntu and Other Linux -Quick Tip.md diff --git a/published/20190510 PHP in 2019.md b/published/201905/20190510 PHP in 2019.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190510 PHP in 2019.md rename to published/201905/20190510 PHP in 2019.md diff --git a/published/20190513 How to SSH into a Raspberry Pi -Beginner-s Tip.md b/published/201905/20190513 How to SSH into a Raspberry Pi -Beginner-s Tip.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190513 How to SSH into a Raspberry Pi -Beginner-s Tip.md rename to published/201905/20190513 How to SSH into a Raspberry Pi -Beginner-s Tip.md diff --git a/published/20190516 Building Smaller Container Images.md b/published/201905/20190516 Building Smaller Container Images.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190516 Building Smaller Container Images.md rename to published/201905/20190516 Building Smaller Container Images.md diff --git a/published/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md b/published/201905/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md rename to published/201905/20190516 Querying 10 years of GitHub data with GHTorrent and Libraries.io.md diff --git a/published/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md b/published/201905/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md rename to published/201905/20190518 Change Power Modes in Ubuntu with Slimbook Battery Optimizer.md diff --git a/published/20190520 PiShrink - Make Raspberry Pi Images Smaller.md b/published/201905/20190520 PiShrink - Make Raspberry Pi Images Smaller.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190520 PiShrink - Make Raspberry Pi Images Smaller.md rename to published/201905/20190520 PiShrink - Make Raspberry Pi Images Smaller.md diff --git a/published/20190520 xsos - A Tool To Read SOSReport In Linux.md b/published/201905/20190520 xsos - A Tool To Read SOSReport In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190520 xsos - A Tool To Read SOSReport In Linux.md rename to published/201905/20190520 xsos - A Tool To Read SOSReport In Linux.md From 901cb18136ebbfd49e22a0804a1866b5a820b1f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 01:20:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0121/1265] PRF:20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @robsean 再次提出批评，不够认真。 --- ...90527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md | 233 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md b/translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md index 33d0d26052..bd134eb025 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md @@ -1,43 +1,41 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (20+ FFmpeg Commands For Beginners) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/20-ffmpeg-commands-beginners/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) -针对初学者的20多个 FFmpeg 命令 +给初学者的 20 多个 FFmpeg 命令示例 ====== -![FFmpeg Commands][1] +![FFmpeg Commands](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/03/011553xu323dzu40pb03bx.jpg) -在这个指南中，我将阐明如何使用 FFmpeg 多多媒体框架来做各种各样的音频，视频转换编码和转换操作示例。我已经为初学者编写最通常频繁使用的20多个 FFmpeg 命令，我将通过不是地添加更多的示例来保持更新这个指南。请给这个指南加书签，以后回来检查更新。让我们开始吧？如果你还没有在你的 Linux 系统中安装 FFmpeg ，参考下面的指南。 +在这个指南中，我将用示例来阐明如何使用 FFmpeg 媒体框架来做各种各样的音频、视频转码和转换的操作。我已经为初学者汇集了最常用的 20 多个 FFmpeg 命令，我将不时地添加更多的示例来保持更新这个指南。请给这个指南加书签，以后回来检查更新。让我们开始吧，如果你还没有在你的 Linux 系统中安装 FFmpeg，参考下面的指南。 - * [**在 Linux 中安装 FFmpeg**][2] +* [在 Linux 中安装 FFmpeg][2] - - -### 针对初学者的20多个 FFmpeg 命令 +### 针对初学者的 20 多个 FFmpeg 命令 FFmpeg 命令的典型语法是： ``` -ffmpeg [全局选项] {[输入文件选项] -i 输入url地址} ... - {[输出文件选项] 输出url地址} ... +ffmpeg [全局选项] {[输入文件选项] -i 输入_url_地址} ... + {[输出文件选项] 输出_url_地址} ... ``` 现在我们将查看一些重要的和有用的 FFmpeg 命令。 -##### **1\. 获取音频/视频文件信息** +#### 1、获取音频/视频文件信息 -为显示你的多媒体文件细节，运行： +为显示你的媒体文件细节，运行： ``` $ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 ``` -**样本输出：** +样本输出： ``` ffmpeg version n4.1.3 Copyright (c) 2000-2019 the FFmpeg developers @@ -67,63 +65,62 @@ handler_name : ISO Media file produced by Google Inc. Created on: 04/08/2019. At least one output file must be specified ``` -如你在上面的输出中看到的，FFmpeg 显示多媒体文件信息，以及 FFmpeg 细节，例如版本，配置细节，版权标记，构建和库选项等等。 +如你在上面的输出中看到的，FFmpeg 显示该媒体文件信息，以及 FFmpeg 细节，例如版本、配置细节、版权标记、构建参数和库选项等等。 -如果你不想看 FFmpeg 标语和其它细节，而仅仅想看多媒体文件信息，使用 **-hide_banner** 标示，像下面。 +如果你不想看 FFmpeg 标语和其它细节，而仅仅想看媒体文件信息，使用 `-hide_banner` 标志，像下面。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -hide_banner ``` -**样本输出：** +样本输出： ![][3] -使用 FFMpeg 查看音频，视频文件信息。 +*使用 FFMpeg 查看音频、视频文件信息。* -看见了吗？现在，它仅显示多媒体文件细节。 +看见了吗？现在，它仅显示媒体文件细节。 -** **推荐下载** – [**免费指南：“Spotify 音乐流：非官方指南”**][4] -##### **2\. 转换视频文件到不同的格式** +#### 2、转换视频文件到不同的格式 -FFmpeg 是强有力的音频和视频转换器，因此，在不同格式之间转换多媒体文件是可能的。以示例说明，转换 **mp4 文件到 avi 文件**，运行： +FFmpeg 是强有力的音频和视频转换器，因此，它能在不同格式之间转换媒体文件。举个例子，要转换 mp4 文件到 avi 文件，运行： ``` $ ffmpeg -i video.mp4 video.avi ``` -类似地，你可以转换多媒体文件到你选择的任何格式。 +类似地，你可以转换媒体文件到你选择的任何格式。 -例如，为转换 youtube **flv** 格式视频为 **mpeg** 格式，运行： +例如，为转换 YouTube flv 格式视频为 mpeg 格式，运行： ``` $ ffmpeg -i video.flv video.mpeg ``` -如果你想维持你的源视频文件的质量，使用 “-qscale 0” 参数： +如果你想维持你的源视频文件的质量，使用 `-qscale 0` 参数： ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.webm -qscale 0 output.mp4 ``` -为检查 FFmpeg 的支持列表，运行： +为检查 FFmpeg 的支持格式的列表，运行： ``` $ ffmpeg -formats ``` -##### **3\. 转换视频文件到音频文件** +#### 3、转换视频文件到音频文件 我转换一个视频文件到音频文件，只需具体指明输出格式，像 .mp3，或 .ogg，或其它任意音频格式。 -上面的命令将转换 **input.mp4** 视频文件到 **output.mp3** 音频文件。 +上面的命令将转换 input.mp4 视频文件到 output.mp3 音频文件。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn output.mp3 ``` -此外，你也可以使用各种各样的音频转换编码选项到输出文件，像下面演示。 +此外，你也可以对输出文件使用各种各样的音频转换编码选项，像下面演示。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -ar 44100 -ac 2 -ab 320 -f mp3 output.mp3 @@ -131,17 +128,15 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -ar 44100 -ac 2 -ab 320 -f mp3 output.mp3 在这里， - * **-vn** – 表明我们已经在输出文件中禁用视频录制。 - * **-ar** – 设置输出文件的音频频率。通常使用的值是22050，44100，48000 Hz。 - * **-ac** – 设置音频通道的数目。 - * **-ab** – 表明音频比特率。 - * **-f** – 输出文件格式。在我们的实例中，它是 mp3 格式。 + * `-vn` – 表明我们已经在输出文件中禁用视频录制。 + * `-ar` – 设置输出文件的音频频率。通常使用的值是22050 Hz、44100 Hz、48000 Hz。 + * `-ac` – 设置音频通道的数目。 + * `-ab` – 表明音频比特率。 + * `-f` – 输出文件格式。在我们的实例中，它是 mp3 格式。 +#### 4、更改视频文件的分辨率 - -##### **4\. 更改视频文件的分辨率** - -如果你想设置一个具体的分辨率到一个视频文件中，你可以使用下面的命令： +如果你想设置一个视频文件为指定的分辨率，你可以使用下面的命令： ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v scale=1280:720 -c:a copy output.mp4 @@ -153,9 +148,9 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v scale=1280:720 -c:a copy output.mp4 $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -s 1280x720 -c:a copy output.mp4 ``` -上面的命令将设置所给定视频文件的分辨率到1280×720。 +上面的命令将设置所给定视频文件的分辨率到 1280×720。 -类似地，为转换上面的文件到640×480大小，运行： +类似地，为转换上面的文件到 640×480 大小，运行： ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v scale=640:480 -c:a copy output.mp4 @@ -167,33 +162,31 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v scale=640:480 -c:a copy output.mp4 $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -s 640x480 -c:a copy output.mp4 ``` -这个技巧将帮助你缩放你的视频文件到较小的显示设备，例如平板电脑和手机。 +这个技巧将帮助你缩放你的视频文件到较小的显示设备上，例如平板电脑和手机。 -##### **5\. 压缩视频文件** +#### 5、压缩视频文件 -减小多媒体文件的大小到较低大小来节省硬件的空间总是一个好主意. +减小媒体文件的大小到较小来节省硬件的空间总是一个好主意. -下面的命令将压缩和减少输出文件的大小。 +下面的命令将压缩并减少输出文件的大小。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf scale=1280:-1 -c:v libx264 -preset veryslow -crf 24 output.mp4 ``` -请注意，如果你尝试减小视频文件的大小，你将丢失视频质量。如果 **24** 太有侵略性，你可以降低 **crf** 值到或更低值。 +请注意，如果你尝试减小视频文件的大小，你将损失视频质量。如果 24 太有侵略性，你可以降低 `-crf` 值到或更低值。 -你也可以转换编码音频向下一点结果是使其有立体声感，通过包含下面的选项来减小大小。 +你也可以通过下面的选项来转换编码音频降低比特率，使其有立体声感，从而减小大小。 ``` -ac 2 -c:a aac -strict -2 -b:a 128k ``` -** **推荐下载** – [**免费指南： “PLEX, 一本手册：你的多媒体，具有样式”**][5] +#### 6、压缩音频文件 -##### **6\. 压缩音频文件** +正像压缩视频文件一样，为节省一些磁盘空间，你也可以使用 `-ab` 标志压缩音频文件。 -正像压缩视频文件一样，为节省一些磁盘空间，你也可以使用 **-ab** 标示压缩音频文件。 - -例如，你有一个320 kbps 比特率的音频文件。你想通过更改比特率到任意较低的值来压缩它，像下面。 +例如，你有一个 320 kbps 比特率的音频文件。你想通过更改比特率到任意较低的值来压缩它，像下面。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp3 -ab 128 output.mp3 @@ -209,39 +202,37 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp3 -ab 128 output.mp3 6. 256kbps 7. 320kbps +#### 7、从一个视频文件移除音频流 - -##### **7. 从一个视频文件移除音频流** - -如果你不想从一个视频文件中要一个音频，使用 **-an** 标示。 +如果你不想要一个视频文件中的音频，使用 `-an` 标志。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -an output.mp4 ``` -在这里，‘an’ 表示没有音频录制。 +在这里，`-an` 表示没有音频录制。 -上面的命令会撤销所有音频相关的标示，因为我们没有从 input.mp4 中音频操作。 +上面的命令会撤销所有音频相关的标志，因为我们不要来自 input.mp4 的音频。 -##### **8\. 从一个多媒体文件移除视频流** +#### 8、从一个媒体文件移除视频流 -类似地，如果你不想要视频流，你可以使用 ‘vn’ 标示从多媒体文件中简单地移除它。vn 代表没有视频录制。换句话说，这个里面转换所给定多媒体文件到音频文件中。 +类似地，如果你不想要视频流，你可以使用 `-vn` 标志从媒体文件中简单地移除它。`-vn` 代表没有视频录制。换句话说，这个命令转换所给定媒体文件为音频文件。 -下面的命令将从所给定多媒体文件中移除视频。 +下面的命令将从所给定媒体文件中移除视频。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn output.mp3 ``` -你也可以使用 ‘-ab’ 标示来提出输出文件的比特率，如下面的示例所示。 +你也可以使用 `-ab` 标志来指出输出文件的比特率，如下面的示例所示。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -ab 320 output.mp3 ``` -##### **9. 从视频中提取图像 ** +#### 9、从视频中提取图像 -FFmpeg 的另一个有用的特色是我们可以从一个视频文件中简单地提取图像。这可能是非常有用的，如果你想从一个视频文件中创建一个相册。 +FFmpeg 的另一个有用的特色是我们可以从一个视频文件中轻松地提取图像。如果你想从一个视频文件中创建一个相册，这可能是非常有用的。 为从一个视频文件中提取图像，使用下面的命令： @@ -251,15 +242,13 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -r 1 -f image2 image-%2d.png 在这里， - * **-r** – 设置帧速度。即，每秒提取帧到图像的数字。默认值是 **25**。 - * **-f** – 表示输出格式，即，在我们的实例中是图像。 - * **image-%2d.png** – 表明我们如何想命名提取的图像。在这个实例中，命名应该开端，像这样image-01.png，image-02.png，image-03.png 等等。如果你使用 %3d ，那么图像的命名将开始，像 image-001.png，image-002.png 等等。 + * `-r` – 设置帧速度。即，每秒提取帧到图像的数字。默认值是 25。 + * `-f` – 表示输出格式，即，在我们的实例中是图像。 + * `image-%2d.png` – 表明我们如何想命名提取的图像。在这个实例中，命名应该像这样image-01.png、image-02.png、image-03.png 等等开始。如果你使用 `%3d`，那么图像的命名像 image-001.png、image-002.png 等等开始。 +#### 10、裁剪视频 - -##### **10\. 裁剪视频** - -FFMpeg 允许裁剪一个给定的多媒体文件到我们选择的任何范围。 +FFMpeg 允许以我们选择的任何范围裁剪一个给定的媒体文件。 裁剪一个视频文件的语法如下给定： @@ -269,16 +258,15 @@ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "crop=w:h:x:y" output.mp4 在这里， - * **input.mp4** – 源视频文件。 - * **-filter:v** – 表示视频过滤器。 - * **crop** – 表示裁剪过滤器。 - * **w** – 我们想自源视频中来裁剪的矩形的 **宽度** 。 - * **h** – 矩形的高度。 - * **x** – 我们想自源视频中来裁剪的矩形的 **x 坐标** 。 - * **y** – 矩形的 y 坐标。 + * `input.mp4` – 源视频文件。 + * `-filter:v` – 表示视频过滤器。 + * `crop` – 表示裁剪过滤器。 + * `w` – 我们想自源视频中裁剪的矩形的宽度。 + * `h` – 矩形的高度。 + * `x` – 我们想自源视频中裁剪的矩形的 x 坐标 。 + * `y` – 矩形的 y 坐标。 - -让我们表达，你想要一个来自视频的**位置(200,150)**，且具有**640像素的宽度**和**480像素的高度**视频, 命令应该是： +比如说你想要一个来自视频的位置 (200,150)，且具有 640 像素宽度和 480 像素高度的视频，命令应该是： ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "crop=640:480:200:150" output.mp4 @@ -286,25 +274,25 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "crop=640:480:200:150" output.mp4 请注意，剪切视频将影响质量。除非必要，请勿剪切。 -##### **11\. 转换一个视频的具体的部分** +#### 11、转换一个视频的具体的部分 -有时，你可能想仅转换视频文件的一个具体的部分到不同的格式。以示例说明，下面的命令将转换所给定视频input.mp4 文件的**第一个50秒**到视频 .avi 格式。 +有时，你可能想仅转换视频文件的一个具体的部分到不同的格式。以示例说明，下面的命令将转换所给定视频input.mp4 文件的开始 10 秒到视频 .avi 格式。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -t 10 output.avi ``` -在这里，我们以秒具体说明时间。此外，以**hh.mm.ss** 格式具体说明时间也是可接受的。 +在这里，我们以秒具体说明时间。此外，以 `hh.mm.ss` 格式具体说明时间也是可以的。 -##### **12\. 设置视频的屏幕高宽比** +#### 12、设置视频的屏幕高宽比 -你可以使用 **-aspect** 标示设置一个视频文件的屏幕高宽比，像下面。 +你可以使用 `-aspect` 标志设置一个视频文件的屏幕高宽比，像下面。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -aspect 16:9 output.mp4 ``` -通常使用的 aspect 比例是： +通常使用的高宽比是： * 16:9 * 4:3 @@ -314,9 +302,7 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -aspect 16:9 output.mp4 * 2:35:1 * 2:39:1 - - -##### **13\. 添加海报图像到音频文件** +#### 13、添加海报图像到音频文件 你可以添加海报图像到你的文件，以便图像将在播放音频文件时显示。这对托管在视频托管主机或共享网站中的音频文件是有用的。 @@ -324,11 +310,9 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -aspect 16:9 output.mp4 $ ffmpeg -loop 1 -i inputimage.jpg -i inputaudio.mp3 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -strict experimental -b:a 192k -shortest output.mp4 ``` -##### **14. 使用开始和停止时间剪下一段多媒体文件 +#### 14、使用开始和停止时间剪下一段媒体文件 -** - -为剪下一段视频到小块的剪辑,使用开始和停止时间,我们可以使用下面的命令。 +可以使用开始和停止时间来剪下一段视频为小段剪辑，我们可以使用下面的命令。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -ss 00:00:50 -codec copy -t 50 output.mp4 @@ -336,12 +320,10 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -ss 00:00:50 -codec copy -t 50 output.mp4 在这里， - * –s – 表示视频剪辑的开始时间。在我们的示例中，开始时间是第50秒。 - * -t – 表示总的持续时间。 + * `–s` – 表示视频剪辑的开始时间。在我们的示例中，开始时间是第 50 秒。 + * `-t` – 表示总的持续时间。 - - -当你想从一个音频或视频文件剪切一部分，使用开始和结束时间是非常有帮助的 +当你想使用开始和结束时间从一个音频或视频文件剪切一部分时，它是非常有用的。 类似地，我们可以像下面剪下音频。 @@ -349,25 +331,24 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -ss 00:00:50 -codec copy -t 50 output.mp4 $ ffmpeg -i audio.mp3 -ss 00:01:54 -to 00:06:53 -c copy output.mp3 ``` -##### **15\. 分裂视频文件到多个部分** +#### 15、切分视频文件为多个部分 -一些网站将仅允许你上传一个具体指定大小的视频。在这样的情况下，你可以分裂大的视频文件到多个较小的部分，像下面。 +一些网站将仅允许你上传具体指定大小的视频。在这样的情况下，你可以切分大的视频文件到多个较小的部分，像下面。 ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -t 00:00:30 -c copy part1.mp4 -ss 00:00:30 -codec copy part2.mp4 ``` 在这里， -**-t 00:00:30** 表示从视频的开始到视频的第30秒创建一部分视频。 -**-ss 00:00:30** 为视频的下一部分显示开始时间戳。它意味着第2部分将从第30秒开始，并将持续到原始视频文件的结尾。 -** **推荐下载** – [**免费指南：“如何开始你自己的成功的博客”**][6] + * `-t 00:00:30` 表示从视频的开始到视频的第 30 秒创建一部分视频。 + * `-ss 00:00:30` 为视频的下一部分显示开始时间戳。它意味着第 2 部分将从第 30 秒开始，并将持续到原始视频文件的结尾。 -##### **16\. 接合或合并多个视频部分到一个** +#### 16、接合或合并多个视频部分到一个 -FFmpeg 也将接合多个视频部分，并创建一个单个视频文件。 +FFmpeg 也可以接合多个视频部分，并创建一个单个视频文件。 -创建包含你想接合文件的准确的路径的 **join.txt** 。所有的玩家应该是相同的格式（相同格式）。所有文件的路径应该依次地提到，像下面。 +创建包含你想接合文件的准确的路径的 `join.txt`。所有的文件都应该是相同的格式（相同的编码格式）。所有文件的路径应该逐个列出，像下面。 ``` file /home/sk/myvideos/part1.mp4 @@ -389,23 +370,23 @@ $ ffmpeg -f concat -i join.txt -c copy output.mp4 join.txt: Operation not permitted ``` -添加 **“-safe 0”** : +添加 `-safe 0` : ``` $ ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i join.txt -c copy output.mp4 ``` -上面的命令将接合 part1.mp4，part2.mp4，part3.mp4，和 part4.mp4 文件到一个称为“output.mp4”的单个文件中。 +上面的命令将接合 part1.mp4、part2.mp4、part3.mp4 和 part4.mp4 文件到一个称为 output.mp4 的单个文件中。 -##### **17\. 添加字幕到一个视频文件** +#### 17、添加字幕到一个视频文件 -我们可以使用 FFmpeg 来添加字幕到一个视频文件。为你的视频下载正确的字母，并如下所示添加它到你的视频。 +我们可以使用 FFmpeg 来添加字幕到视频文件。为你的视频下载正确的字幕，并如下所示添加它到你的视频。 ``` $ fmpeg -i input.mp4 -i subtitle.srt -map 0 -map 1 -c copy -c:v libx264 -crf 23 -preset veryfast output.mp4 ``` -##### **18\. 预览或测试视频或音频文件** +#### 18、预览或测试视频或音频文件 你可能希望通过预览来验证或测试输出的文件是否已经被恰当地转码编码。为完成预览，你可以从你的终端播放它，用命令： @@ -413,7 +394,7 @@ $ fmpeg -i input.mp4 -i subtitle.srt -map 0 -map 1 -c copy -c:v libx264 -crf 23 $ ffplay video.mp4 ``` -[![][1]][7] +![][7] 类似地，你可以测试音频文件，像下面所示。 @@ -421,9 +402,9 @@ $ ffplay video.mp4 $ ffplay audio.mp3 ``` -[![][1]][8] +![][8] -##### **19\. 增加/减少视频播放速度** +#### 19、增加/减少视频播放速度 FFmpeg 允许你调整视频播放速度。 @@ -435,39 +416,33 @@ $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=0.5*PTS" output.mp4 该命令将双倍视频的速度。 -为降低你的视频速度，你需要使用一个倍数 **大于 1** 。为减少播放速度，运行： +为降低你的视频速度，你需要使用一个大于 1 的倍数。为减少播放速度，运行： ``` $ ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "setpts=4.0*PTS" output.mp4 ``` -##### **20. 创建动画的 GIF +#### 20、创建动画的 GIF -** +出于各种目的，我们在几乎所有的社交和专业网络上使用 GIF 图像。使用 FFmpeg，我们可以简单地和快速地创建动画的视频文件。下面的指南阐释了如何在类 Unix 系统中使用 FFmpeg 和 ImageMagick 创建一个动画的 GIF 文件。 -我们在几乎所有的社交和专业网络上为各种各样的目的使用 GIF 图像。使用 FFmpeg，我们可以简单地和快速地创建动画的视频文件。下面的指南阐释，如何在类 Unix 系统中使用 FFmpeg 和 ImageMagick T创建一个动画的 GIF 文件。 + * [在 Linux 中如何创建动画的 GIF][9] - * [**在 Linux 中如何创建动画的 GIF**][9] +#### 21、从 PDF 文件中创建视频 +我长年累月的收集了很多 PDF 文件，大多数是 Linux 教程，保存在我的平板电脑中。有时我懒得从平板电脑中阅读它们。因此，我决定从 PDF 文件中创建一个视频，在一个大屏幕设备（像一台电视机或一台电脑）中观看它们。如果你想知道如何从一批 PDF 文件中制作一个电影，下面的指南将帮助你。 + * [在 Linux 中如何从 PDF 文件中创建一个视频][10] -##### **21.** 从 PDF 文件中创建视频 +#### 22、获取帮助 -我长年累月的收集很多 PDF 文件，大多数是 Linux 教程，保存在我的平板电脑中。有时我懒得从平板电脑中月度它们。因此，我决定从 PDF 文件中创建一个视频，在一个大屏幕设备（像一台电视机或一台电脑）中观看它们。如果你曾经想知道如何从一批 PDF 文件中制作一个电影，下面的指南将帮助你。. - - * [**在 Linux 中如何从 PDF 文件中创建一个视频**][10] - - - -##### **22\. 获取帮助** - -在这个指南中，我已经覆盖大多数常常使用的 FFmpeg 命令。 它有很多不同的选项来做各种各样的高级功能。为学习更多，参考手册页。 +在这个指南中，我已经覆盖大多数常常使用的 FFmpeg 命令。它有很多不同的选项来做各种各样的高级功能。要学习更多用法，请参考手册页。 ``` $ man ffmpeg ``` -然后，这就是全部。我希望这个指南将帮助你 FFmpeg 入门。如果你发现这个指南有用，请在你的社交和专业网络上分享它。更多好东西将要来。敬请期待！ +这就是全部了。我希望这个指南将帮助你入门 FFmpeg。如果你发现这个指南有用，请在你的社交和专业网络上分享它。更多好东西将要来。敬请期待！ 谢谢！ @@ -478,7 +453,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/20-ffmpeg-commands-beginners/ 作者：[sk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From cdbd691cc14f39354e4b8ab53ec6d7fe5a0c278c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 01:21:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0122/1265] PUB:20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md @robsean https://linux.cn/article-10932-1.html --- .../20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md b/published/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md rename to published/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md index bd134eb025..2a646c6d89 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md +++ b/published/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10932-1.html) [#]: subject: (20+ FFmpeg Commands For Beginners) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/20-ffmpeg-commands-beginners/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) From 586662ea1cda842a9fca8c96308f6c93d964ffe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 08:59:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0123/1265] translated --- ...4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md | 129 ------------------ ...4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md | 120 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 120 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md b/sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3d93b35034..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,129 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/run-linux-commands-in-windows/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) - -4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows -====== - -_**Brief: Want to use Linux commands but don’t want to leave Windows? Here are several ways to run Linux bash commands in Windows.**_ - -If you are learning Shell scripting probably as a part of your course curriculum, you need to use Linux commands to practice the commands and scripting. - -Your school lab might have Linux installed but personally you don’t have a [Linux laptop][1] but the regular Windows computer like everyone else. Your homework needs to run Linux commands and you wonder how to run Bash commands and scripts on Windows. - -You can [install Linux alongside Windows in dual boot mode][2]. This method allows you to choose either Linux or Windows when you start your computer. But taking all the trouble to mess with partitions for the sole purpose of running Linux command may not be for everyone. - -You can also [use Linux terminals online][3] but your work won’t be saved here. - -The good news is that there are several ways you can run Linux commands inside Windows, like any regular application. Isn’t it cool? - -### Using Linux commands inside Windows - -![][4] - -As an ardent Linux user and promoter, I would like to see more and more people using ‘real’ Linux but I understand that at times, that’s not the priority. If you are just looking to practice Linux to pass your exams, you can use one of these methods for running Bash commands on Windows. - -#### 1\. Use Linux Bash Shell on Windows 10 - -Did you know that you can run a Linux distribution inside Windows 10? The [Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)][5] allows you to run Linux inside Windows. The upcoming version of WSL will be using the real Linux kernel inside Windows. - -This WSL, also called Bash on Windows, gives you a Linux distribution in command line mode running as a regular Windows application. Don’t be scared with the command line mode because your purpose is to run Linux commands. That’s all you need. - -![Ubuntu Linux inside Windows][6] - -You can find some popular Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Kali Linux, openSUSE etc in Windows Store. You just have to download and install it like any other Windows application. Once installed, you can run all the Linux commands you want. - -[][7] - -Suggested read 6 Non-Ubuntu Linux Distributions For Beginners - -![Linux distributions in Windows 10 Store][8] - -Please refer to this tutorial about [installing Linux bash shell on Windows][9]. - -#### 2\. Use Git Bash to run Bash commands on Windows - -You probably know what [Git][10] is. It’s a version control system developed by [Linux creator Linus Torvalds][11]. - -[Git for Windows][12] is a set of tools that allows you to use Git in both command line and graphical interfaces. One of the tools included in Git for Windows is Git Bash. - -Git Bash application provides and emulation layer for Git command line. Apart from Git commands, Git Bash also supports many Bash utilities such as ssh, scp, cat, find etc. - -![Git Bash][13] - -In other words, you can run many common Linux/Bash commands using the Git Bash application. - -You can install Git Bash in Windows by downloading and installing the Git for Windows tool for free from its website. - -[Download Git for Windows][12] - -#### 3\. Using Linux commands in Windows with Cygwin - -If you want to run Linux commands in Windows, Cygwin is a recommended tool. Cygwin was created in 1995 to provide a POSIX-compatible environment that runs natively on Windows. Cygwin is a free and open source software maintained by Red Hat employees and many other volunteers. - -For two decades, Windows users use Cygwin for running and practicing Linux/Bash commands. Even I used Cygwin to learn Linux commands more than a decade ago. - -![Cygwin | Image Credit][14] - -You can download Cygwin from its official website below. I also advise you to refer to this [Cygwin cheat sheet][15] to get started with it. - -[Download Cygwin][16] - -#### 4\. Use Linux in virtual machine - -Another way is to use a virtualization software and install Linux in it. This way, you install a Linux distribution (with graphical interface) inside Windows and run it like a regular Windows application. - -This method requires that your system has a good amount of RAM, at least 4 GB but better if you have over 8 GB of RAM. The good thing here is that you get the real feel of using a desktop Linux. If you like the interface, you may later decide to [switch to Linux][17] completely. - -![Ubuntu Running in Virtual Machine Inside Windows][18] - -There are two popular tools for creating virtual machines on Windows, Oracle VirtualBox and VMware Workstation Player. You can use either of the two. Personally, I prefer VirtualBox. - -[][19] - -Suggested read 9 Simple Ways To Free Up Space On Ubuntu and Linux Mint - -You can follow [this tutorial to learn how to install Linux in VirtualBox][20]. - -**Conclusion** - -The best way to run Linux commands is to use Linux. When installing Linux is not an option, these tools allow you to run Linux commands on Windows. Give them a try and see which method is best suited for you. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/run-linux-commands-in-windows/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/get-linux-laptops/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/guide-install-linux-mint-16-dual-boot-windows/ -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/online-linux-terminals/ -[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/run-linux-commands-in-windows.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[5]: https://itsfoss.com/bash-on-windows/ -[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/install-ubuntu-windows-10-linux-subsystem-10.jpeg?resize=800%2C268&ssl=1 -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/non-ubuntu-beginner-linux/ -[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/install-ubuntu-windows-10-linux-subsystem-4.jpeg?resize=800%2C632&ssl=1 -[9]: https://itsfoss.com/install-bash-on-windows/ -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/basic-git-commands-cheat-sheet/ -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-facts/ -[12]: https://gitforwindows.org/ -[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/git-bash.png?ssl=1 -[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/cygwin-shell.jpg?ssl=1 -[15]: http://www.voxforge.org/home/docs/cygwin-cheat-sheet -[16]: https://www.cygwin.com/ -[17]: https://itsfoss.com/reasons-switch-linux-windows-xp/ -[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ubuntu-running-in-virtual-machine-inside-windows.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[19]: https://itsfoss.com/free-up-space-ubuntu-linux/ -[20]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-in-virtualbox/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md b/translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fa96f1794e --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/run-linux-commands-in-windows/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +在 Windows 中运行 Linux 命令的 4 种方法 +====== + +_ **简介：想要使用 Linux 命令，但又不想离开 Windows ？以下是在 Windows 中运行 Linux bash 命令的几种方法。** _ + +如果你在课程中正在学习 shell 脚本，那么需要使用 Linux 命令来练习命令和脚本。 + +你的学校实验室可能安装了 Linux，但是你个人没有 [Linux 的笔记本][1]，而是像其他人一样的 Windows 计算机。你的作业需要运行 Linux 命令，你也想想知道如何在 Windows 上运行 Bash 命令和脚本。 + +你可以[在双启动模式下同时安装 Windows 和 Linux][2]。此方法能让你在启动计算机时选择 Linux 或 Windows。但是，为了运行 Linux 命令而单独使用分区的麻烦可能不适合所有人。 + +你也可以[使用在线 Linux 终端][3]，但你的作业无法保存。 + +好消息是，有几种方法可以在 Windows 中运行 Linux 命令，就像其他常规应用一样。不是很酷吗？ + +### 在 Windows 中使用 Linux 命令 + +![][4] + +作为一个热心的 Linux 用户和推广者，我希望看到越来越多的人使用“真正的” Linux，但我知道有时候，这不是优先考虑的问题。如果你只是想练习 Linux 来通过考试，可以使用这些方法之一在 Windows 上运行 Bash 命令。 + +#### 1\. 在 Windows 10 上使用 Linux Bash Shell + +你是否知道可以在 Windows 10 中运行 Linux 发行版？ [Windows 的 Linux 子系统 （WSL）][5] 能让你在 Windows 中运行 Linux。即将推出的 WSL 版本将使用 Windows 内部的真正 Linux 内核。 + +此 WSL 在 Windows 上也称为 Bash，它作为一个常规的 Windows 应用运行，并提供了一个命令行模式的 Linux 发行版。不要害怕命令行模式，因为你的目的是运行 Linux 命令。这就是你所需要的。 + +![Ubuntu Linux inside Windows][6] + +你可以在 Windows 应用商店中找到一些流行的 Linux 发行版，如 Ubuntu、Kali Linux、openSUSE 等。你只需像任何其他 Windows 应用一样下载和安装它。安装后，你可以运行所需的所有 Linux 命令。 + + +![Linux distributions in Windows 10 Store][8] + +请参考教程：[在 Windows 上安装 Linux bash shell][9]。 + +#### 2\. 使用 Git Bash 在 Windows 上运行 Bash 命令 + +、你可能知道 [Git][10] 是什么。它是由 [Linux 创建者 Linus Torvalds][11] 开发的版本控制系统。 + +[Git for Windows][12] 是一组工具，能让你在命令行和图形界面中使用 Git。Git for Windows 中包含的工具之一是 Git Bash。 + +Git Bash 为 Git 命令行提供了仿真层。除了 Git 命令，Git Bash 还支持许多 Bash 程序，如 ssh、scp、cat、find 等。 + +![Git Bash][13] + +换句话说，你可以使用 Git Bash 运行许多常见的 Linux/Bash 命令。 + +你可以从其网站免费下载和安装 Git for Windows 工具来在 Windows 中安装 Git Bash。 + +[下载 Git for Windows][12] + +#### 3\. 使用 Cygwin 在 Windows 中使用 Linux 命令 + +如果要在 Windows 中运行 Linux 命令，那么 Cygwin 是一个推荐的工具。Cygwin 创建于 1995 年，旨在提供一个原生运行于 Windows 中的 POSIX 兼容环境。Cygwin 是由 Red Hat 员工和许多其他志愿者维护的免费开源软件。 + +二十年来，Windows 用户使用 Cygwin 来运行和练习 Linux/Bash 命令。十多年前，我甚至用 Cygwin 来学习 Linux 命令。 + +![Cygwin | Image Credit][14] + +你可以从下面的官方网站下载 Cygwin。我还建议你参考这个 [Cygwin 备忘录][15]来开始使用。 + +[下载 Cygwin][16] + +#### 4\. 在虚拟机中使用 Linux + +另一种方法是使用虚拟化软件并在其中安装 Linux。这样，你可以在 Windows 中安装 Linux 发行版（带有图形界面）并像常规 Windows 应用一样运行它。 + +这种方法要求你的系统有大的内存，至少 4GB ，但如果你有超过 8GB 的内存那么更好。这里的好处是你可以真实地使用桌面 Linux。如果你喜欢这个界面，那么你可能会在以后决定[切换到 Linux][17]。 + +![Ubuntu Running in Virtual Machine Inside Windows][18] + +有两种流行的工具可在 Windows 上创建虚拟机，它们是 Oracle VirtualBox 和 VMware Workstation Player。你可以使用两者中的任何一个。就个人而言，我更喜欢 VirtualBox。 + +你可以按照[本教程学习如何在 VirtualBox 中安装 Linux][20]。 + +**总结** + +运行 Linux 命令的最佳方法是使用 Linux。当选择不安装 Linux 时，这些工具能让你在 Windows 上运行 Linux 命令。都试试看，看哪种适合你。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/run-linux-commands-in-windows/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/get-linux-laptops/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/guide-install-linux-mint-16-dual-boot-windows/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/online-linux-terminals/ +[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/run-linux-commands-in-windows.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/bash-on-windows/ +[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/install-ubuntu-windows-10-linux-subsystem-10.jpeg?resize=800%2C268&ssl=1 +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/install-ubuntu-windows-10-linux-subsystem-4.jpeg?resize=800%2C632&ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/install-bash-on-windows/ +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/basic-git-commands-cheat-sheet/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-facts/ +[12]: https://gitforwindows.org/ +[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/git-bash.png?ssl=1 +[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/cygwin-shell.jpg?ssl=1 +[15]: http://www.voxforge.org/home/docs/cygwin-cheat-sheet +[16]: https://www.cygwin.com/ +[17]: https://itsfoss.com/reasons-switch-linux-windows-xp/ +[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ubuntu-running-in-virtual-machine-inside-windows.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[20]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-in-virtualbox/ From 3bda748e887cd90681f285fa097dcb2bf8965051 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 09:08:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0124/1265] translating --- .../tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md b/sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md index d69b6237cd..526d72109e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e8d561762d61fb339e86303f3ef10ead05ec9e87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 11:39:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0125/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Atos enters the edge-computing business.md | 42 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md b/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md index 15c40d8065..8de4d2ca6c 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md @@ -7,42 +7,36 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397139/atos-is-the-latest-to-enter-the-edge-computing-business.html) [#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) -French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business +法国 IT 巨头 Atos 进军边缘计算 ====== -Atos takes a different approach to edge computing with a device called BullSequana Edge that's the size of a suitcase. +Atos 另辟蹊径，通过一种只有行李箱大小的设备 BullSequana Edge 进军边缘计算。 ![iStock][1] -French IT giant Atos is the latest to jump into the edge computing business with a small device called BullSequana Edge. Unlike devices from its competitors that are the size of a shipping container, including those from Vapor IO and Schneider Electronics, Atos' edge device can sit in a closet. +法国 IT 巨头 Atos 是最晚一个开展边缘计算业务的，他们的产品是一个叫做 BullSequana Edge 的小型设备。和竞争对手们的集装箱大小的设备不同（比如说 Vapor IO 和 Schneider Electronics的产品），Atos 的边缘设备完全可以被放进衣柜里。 -Atos says the device uses artificial intelligence (AI) applications to offer fast response times that are needed in areas such as manufacturing 4.0, autonomous vehicles, healthcare and retail/airport security – where data needs to be processed and analyzed at the edge in real time. +Atos 表示，他们的这个设备使用人工智能应用提供快速响应，适合需要快速响应的领域比如生产 4.0、自动驾驶汽车、健康管理，以及零售业和机场的安保系统。在这些领域，数据需要在边缘进行实时处理和分析。 -**[ Also see:[What is edge computing?][2] and [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][3].]** +**[ 延伸阅读：[什么是边缘计算？][2] 以及 [边缘网络和物联网如何重新定义数据中心][3].]** -The BullSequana Edge can be purchased as standalone infrastructure or bundled with Atos’ software edge software, and that software is pretty impressive. Atos says the BullSequana Edge supports three main categories of use cases: +BullSequana Edge 可以作为独立的基础设施单独采购，也可以和Atos的边缘软件捆绑采购，并且这个软件还是非常出色的。Atos 表示 BullSequana Edge 主要支持三种使用场景： - * AI: Atos Edge Computer Vision software for surveillance cameras provide advanced extraction and analysis of features such as people, faces, emotions, and behaviors so that automatic actions can be carried out based on that analysis. - * Big data: Atos Edge Data Analytics enables organizations to improve their business models with predictive and prescriptive solutions. It utilizes data lake capabilities to make data trustworthy and useable. - * Containers: Atos Edge Data Container (EDC) is an all-in-one container solution that is ready to run at the edge and serves as a decentralized IT system that can run autonomously in non-data center environments with no need for local on-site operation. + * AI（人工智能）：Atos 的边缘计算机视觉软件为监控摄像头提供先进的特征抽取和分析技术，包括人像，人脸，行为等特征。这些分析可以支持系统做出自动化响应。 + * 大数据：Atos 边缘数据分析系统通过预测性和规范性的解决方案，帮助机构优化商业模型。它使用数据湖的功能，确保数据的可信度和可用性。 + * 容器：Atos 边缘数据容器（EDC）是一种一体化容器解决方案。它可以作为一个去中心化的 IT 系统在边缘运行，并且可以在没有数据中心的环境下自动运行，而不需要现场操作。 +由于体积小，BullSequana Edge 并不具备很强的处理能力。它装载一个 16 核的 Intel Xeon 中央处理器，可以装备最多两枚英伟达 Tesla T4 图形处理器或者是FPGA（现场可编程门阵列）。Atos 表示，这就足够让复杂的 AI 模型在边缘进行低延迟的运行了。 +考虑到数据的敏感性，BullSequana Edge 同时装备了一个入侵感应器，用来在遭遇物理入侵的时候禁用机器。 -Because of its small size, the BullSequana Edge doesn’t pack a lot of processing power. It comes with a 16-core Intel Xeon CPU and can hold up to two Nvidia Tesla T4 GPUs or optional FPGAs. Atos says that is enough to handle the inference of complex AI models with low latency at the edge. +虽然大多数边缘设备都被安放在信号塔附近，但是考虑到边缘系统可能被安放在任何地方，BullSequana Edge 还支持通过无线电、全球移动通信系统（GSM），或者 Wi-Fi 来进行通信。 -Because it handles sensitive data, BullSequana Edge also comes with an intrusion sensor that will disable the machine in case of physical attacks. +Atos 在美国也许不是一个家喻户晓的名字，但是在欧洲它可以和 IBM 相提并论，并且在过去的十年里已经收购了诸如 Bull SA, Xerox IT Outsourcing, 以及 Siemens IT 的 IT 巨头们。 -Most edge devices are placed near cell towers, but since the edge system can be placed anywhere, it can communicate via radio, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), or Wi-Fi. +**关于边缘网络的延伸阅读：** -Atos may not be a household name in the U.S., but it’s on par with IBM in Europe, having acquired IT giants Bull SA, Xerox IT Outsourcing, and Siemens IT all in this past decade. - -**More about edge networking:** - - * [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][3] - * [Edge computing best practices][4] - * [How edge computing can help secure the IoT][5] - - - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][6] and [LinkedIn][7] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + * [边缘网络和物联网如何重新定义数据中心][3] + * [边缘计算的最佳实践][4] + * [边缘计算如何提升物联网安全][5] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -50,7 +44,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397139/atos-is-the-latest-to-enter-th 作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9c68a6427cf029da2c52bcb3bcfafd15013a21f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 11:46:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0126/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91-?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md b/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md index 8de4d2ca6c..0b04f999ff 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Atos 另辟蹊径，通过一种只有行李箱大小的设备 BullSequana Edge 进军边缘计算。 ![iStock][1] -法国 IT 巨头 Atos 是最晚一个开展边缘计算业务的，他们的产品是一个叫做 BullSequana Edge 的小型设备。和竞争对手们的集装箱大小的设备不同（比如说 Vapor IO 和 Schneider Electronics的产品），Atos 的边缘设备完全可以被放进衣柜里。 +法国 IT 巨头 Atos 是最晚开展边缘计算业务的，他们的产品是一个叫做 BullSequana Edge 的小型设备。和竞争对手们的集装箱大小的设备不同（比如说 Vapor IO 和 Schneider Electronics的产品），Atos 的边缘设备完全可以被放进衣柜里。 Atos 表示，他们的这个设备使用人工智能应用提供快速响应，适合需要快速响应的领域比如生产 4.0、自动驾驶汽车、健康管理，以及零售业和机场的安保系统。在这些领域，数据需要在边缘进行实时处理和分析。 @@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ Atos 在美国也许不是一个家喻户晓的名字，但是在欧洲它可以 * [边缘网络和物联网如何重新定义数据中心][3] * [边缘计算的最佳实践][4] * [边缘计算如何提升物联网安全][5] + + 加入 Network World 的[Facebook 社区][6] 和 [LinkedIn 社区][7]，参与最前沿话题的讨论。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 8fce43cb54540c2076c68d3e6e55be86cc5bc57f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 11:48:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0127/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91-?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md b/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md index 0b04f999ff..d07751ff71 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ BullSequana Edge 可以作为独立的基础设施单独采购，也可以和Ato * 大数据：Atos 边缘数据分析系统通过预测性和规范性的解决方案，帮助机构优化商业模型。它使用数据湖的功能，确保数据的可信度和可用性。 * 容器：Atos 边缘数据容器（EDC）是一种一体化容器解决方案。它可以作为一个去中心化的 IT 系统在边缘运行，并且可以在没有数据中心的环境下自动运行，而不需要现场操作。 -由于体积小，BullSequana Edge 并不具备很强的处理能力。它装载一个 16 核的 Intel Xeon 中央处理器，可以装备最多两枚英伟达 Tesla T4 图形处理器或者是FPGA（现场可编程门阵列）。Atos 表示，这就足够让复杂的 AI 模型在边缘进行低延迟的运行了。 +由于体积小，BullSequana Edge 并不具备很强的处理能力。它装载一个 16 核的 Intel Xeon 中央处理器，可以装备最多两枚英伟达 Tesla T4 图形处理器或者是 FPGA（现场可编程门阵列）。Atos 表示，这就足够让复杂的 AI 模型在边缘进行低延迟的运行了。 考虑到数据的敏感性，BullSequana Edge 同时装备了一个入侵感应器，用来在遭遇物理入侵的时候禁用机器。 @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Atos 在美国也许不是一个家喻户晓的名字，但是在欧洲它可以 * [边缘计算的最佳实践][4] * [边缘计算如何提升物联网安全][5] - 加入 Network World 的[Facebook 社区][6] 和 [LinkedIn 社区][7]，参与最前沿话题的讨论。 + 加入 Network World 的 [Facebook 社区][6] 和 [LinkedIn 社区][7]，参与最前沿话题的讨论。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From c0b281572aaac6b64bc2c94b5b89c79604643342 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 11:50:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0128/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91-?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E6=96=87=E4=BB=B6=E5=88=B0translated?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B8=8B?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md b/translated/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md rename to translated/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md From f4390d4ba212e93f813ed263030da8682f32857f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tao Zhang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 15:34:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0129/1265] translate complete --- .../20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md | 485 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 485 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md b/translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f745962bdd --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md @@ -0,0 +1,485 @@ +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "zhang5788" +[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " +[#]: subject: "Getting Started With Docker" +[#]: via: "https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/" +[#]: author: "sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/" + +Docker 入门指南 +====== + +![Getting Started With Docker][1] + +在我们的上一个教程中，我们已经了解[**如何在ubuntu上安装Docker**][1]，和如何在[**CentOS上安装Docker**][2]。今天，我们将会了解Docker的一些基础用法。该教程包含了如何创建一个新的docker容器，如何运行该容器，如何从现有的docker容器中创建自己的Docker镜像等Docker 的一些基础知识，操作。所有步骤均在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server 版本下测试通过。 + +### 入门指南 + +在开始指南之前，不要混淆Docker镜像和Docker容器这两个概念。在之前的教程中，我就解释过，Docker镜像是决定Docker容器行为的一个文件，Docker容器则是Docker镜像的运行态或停止态。(译者注：在`macOS`下使用docker终端时，不需要加`sudo`) + +##### 1. 搜索Docker镜像 + +我们可以从Docker的仓库中获取镜像，例如[**Docker hub**][3], 或者自己创建镜像。这里解释一下，`Docker hub`是一个云服务器，用来提供给Docker的用户们，创建，测试，和保存他们的镜像。 + +`Docker hub`拥有成千上万个Docker 的镜像文件。你可以在这里搜索任何你想要的镜像，通过`docker search`命令。 + +例如，搜索一个基于ubuntu的镜像文件，只需要运行： + +```shell +$ sudo docker search ubuntu +``` + +**Sample output:** + +![][5] + +搜索基于CentOS的镜像，运行： + +```shell +$ sudo docker search ubuntu +``` + +搜索AWS的镜像，运行： + +```shell +$ sudo docker search aws +``` + +搜索`wordpress`的镜像： + +```shell +$ sudo docker search wordpress +``` + +`Docker hub`拥有几乎所有种类的镜像，包含操作系统，程序和其他任意的类型，这些你都能在`docker hub`上找到已经构建完的镜像。如果你在搜索时，无法找到你想要的镜像文件，你也可以自己构建一个，将其发布出去，或者仅供你自己使用。 + +##### 2. 下载Docker 镜像 + +下载`ubuntu`的镜像，你需要在终端运行以下命令： + +```shell +$ sudo docker pull ubuntu +``` + +这条命令将会从**Docker hub**下载最近一个版本的ubuntu镜像文件。 + +**Sample output:** + +> ```shell +> Using default tag: latest +> latest: Pulling from library/ubuntu +> 6abc03819f3e: Pull complete +> 05731e63f211: Pull complete +> 0bd67c50d6be: Pull complete +> Digest: sha256:f08638ec7ddc90065187e7eabdfac3c96e5ff0f6b2f1762cf31a4f49b53000a5 +> Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:latest +> ``` + +![下载docker 镜像][6] + +你也可以下载指定版本的ubuntu镜像。运行以下命令： + +```shell +$ docker pull ubuntu:18.04 +``` + +Dokcer允许在任意的宿主机操作系统下，下载任意的镜像文件，并运行。 + +例如，下载CentOS镜像： + +```shell +$ sudo docker pull centos +``` + +所有下载的镜像文件，都被保存在`/var/lib/docker`文件夹下。（译者注：不同操作系统存放的文件夹并不是一致的，具体存放位置请在官方查询） + +查看已经下载的镜像列表，可以使用以下命令： + +```shell +$ sudo docker images +``` + +**输出为：** + +```shell +REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE +ubuntu latest 7698f282e524 14 hours ago 69.9MB +centos latest 9f38484d220f 2 months ago 202MB +hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 4 months ago 1.84kB +``` + +正如你看到的那样，我已经下载了三个镜像文件：**ubuntu**, **CentOS**和**Hello-world**. + +现在，让我们继续，来看一下如何运行我们刚刚下载的镜像。 + +##### 3. 运行Docker镜像 + +运行一个容器有两种方法。我们可以使用`TAG`或者是`镜像ID`。`TAG`指的是特定的镜像快照。`镜像ID`是指镜像的唯一标识。 + +正如上面结果中显示，`latest`是所有镜像的一个标签。**7698f282e524**是Ubuntu docker 镜像的`镜像ID`,**9f38484d220f**是CentOS镜像的`镜像ID`，**fce289e99eb9**是hello_world镜像的`镜像ID`。 + +下载完Docker镜像之后，你可以通过下面的命令来使用`TAG`的方式启动： + +```shell +$ sudo docker run -t -i ubuntu:latest /bin/bash +``` + +在这条语句中： + +* **-t**: 在该容器中启动一个新的终端 +* **-i**: 通过容器中的标准输入流建立交互式连接 +* **ubuntu:latest**：带有标签`latest`的ubuntu容器 +* **/bin/bash** : 在新的容器中启动`BASH Shell` + +或者，你可以通过`镜像ID`来启动新的容器： + +```shell +$ sudo docker run -t -i 7698f282e524 /bin/bash +``` + +在这条语句里： + +* **7698f282e524** —`镜像ID` + +在启动容器之后，将会自动进入容器的`shell`中（注意看命令行的提示符）。 + +![][7] + +Docker 容器的`Shell` + +如果想要退回到宿主机的终端（在这个例子中，对我来说，就是退回到18.04 LTS），并且不中断该容器的执行，你可以按下`CTRL+P `，再按下`CTRL+Q`。现在，你就安全的返回到了你的宿主机系统中。需要注意的是，docker 容器仍然在后台运行，我们并没有中断它。 + +可以通过下面的命令来查看正在运行的容器： + +```shell +$ sudo docker ps +``` + +**Sample output:** + +```shell +CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES +32fc32ad0d54 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 7 minutes ago Up 7 minutes modest_jones +``` + +![][8] + +列出正在运行的容器 + +可以看到: + +* **32fc32ad0d54** – `容器 ID` +* **ubuntu:latest** – Docker 镜像 + +需要注意的是，**`容器ID`和Docker `镜像ID`是不同的** + +可以通过以下命令查看所有正在运行和停止运行的容器： + +```shell +$ sudo docker ps -a +``` + +在宿主机中断容器的执行： + +```shell +$ sudo docker stop +``` + +例如： + +```shell +$ sudo docker stop 32fc32ad0d54 +``` + +如果想要进入正在运行的容器中，你只需要运行 + +```shell +$ sudo docker attach 32fc32ad0d54 +``` + +正如你看到的，**32fc32ad0d54**是一个容器的ID。当你在容器中想要退出时，只需要在容器内的终端中输入命令： + +```shell +# exit +``` + +你可以使用这个命令查看后台正在运行的容器： + +```shell +$ sudo docker ps +``` + +##### 4. 构建自己的Docker镜像 + +Docker不仅仅可以下载运行在线的容器，你也可以创建你的自己的容器。 + +想要创建自己的Docker镜像，你需要先运行一个你已经下载完的容器： + +```shell +$ sudo docker run -t -i ubuntu:latest /bin/bash +``` + +现在，你运行了一个容器，并且进入了该容器。 + +然后，在该容器安装任意一个软件或做任何你想做的事情。 + +例如，我们在容器中安装一个**Apache web 服务器**。 + +当你完成所有的操作，安装完所有的软件之后，你可以执行以下的命令来构建你自己的Docker镜像： + +```shell +# apt update +# apt install apache2 +``` + +同样的，安装和测试所有的你想要安装的软件在容器中。 + +当你安装完毕之后，返回的宿主机的终端。记住，不要关闭容器。想要返回到宿主机的host而不中断容器。请按下CTRL+P ,再按下CTRL+Q。 + +从你的宿主机的终端中，运行以下命令如寻找容器的ID： + +```shell +$ sudo docker ps +``` + +最后，从一个正在运行的容器中创建Docker镜像： + +```shell +$ sudo docker commit 3d24b3de0bfc ostechnix/ubuntu_apache +``` + +**输出为：** + +```shell +sha256:ce5aa74a48f1e01ea312165887d30691a59caa0d99a2a4aa5116ae124f02f962 +``` + +在这里： + +* **3d24b3de0bfc** — 指ubuntu容器的ID。 +* **ostechnix** — 我们创建的的名称 +* **ubuntu_apache** — 我们创建的镜像 + +让我们检查一下我们新创建的docker镜像 + +```shell +$ sudo docker images +``` + +**输出为：** + +```shell +REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE +ostechnix/ubuntu_apache latest ce5aa74a48f1 About a minute ago 191MB +ubuntu latest 7698f282e524 15 hours ago 69.9MB +centos latest 9f38484d220f 2 months ago 202MB +hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 4 months ago 1.84kB +``` + +![][9] + +列出所有的docker镜像 + +正如你看到的，这个新的镜像就是我们刚刚在本地系统上从运行的容器上创建的。 + +现在，你可以从这个镜像创建一个新的容器。 + +```shell +$ sudo docker run -t -i ostechnix/ubuntu_apache /bin/bash +``` + +##### 5. 移除容器 + +如果你在docker上的工作已经全部完成，你就可以删除哪些你不需要的容器。 + +想要删除一个容器，首先，你需要停止该容器。 + +我们先来看一下正在运行的容器有哪些 + +```shell +$ sudo docker ps +``` + +**输出为：** + +```shell +CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES +3d24b3de0bfc ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 28 minutes ago Up 28 minutes goofy_easley +``` + +使用`容器ID`来停止该容器： + +```shell +$ sudo docker stop 3d24b3de0bfc +``` + +现在，就可以删除该容器了。 + +```shell +$ sudo docker rm 3d24b3de0bfc +``` + +你就可以按照这样的方法来删除那些你不需要的容器了。 + +当需要删除的容器数量很多时，一个一个删除也是很麻烦的，我们可以直接删除所有的已经停止的容器。只需要运行： + +```shell +$ sudo docker container prune +``` + +按下"**Y**",来确认你的操作 + +```sehll +WARNING! This will remove all stopped containers. +Are you sure you want to continue? [y/N] y +Deleted Containers: +32fc32ad0d5445f2dfd0d46121251c7b5a2aea06bb22588fb2594ddbe46e6564 +5ec614e0302061469ece212f0dba303c8fe99889389749e6220fe891997f38d0 + +Total reclaimed space: 5B +``` + +这个命令仅支持最新的docker。(译者注：仅支持1.25及以上版本的Docker) + +##### 6. 删除Docker镜像 + +当你移除完不要的Docker容器后，你也可以删除你不需要的Docker镜像。 + +列出已经下载的镜像： + +```shell +$ sudo docker images +``` + +**输出为：** + +```shell +REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE +ostechnix/ubuntu_apache latest ce5aa74a48f1 5 minutes ago 191MB +ubuntu latest 7698f282e524 15 hours ago 69.9MB +centos latest 9f38484d220f 2 months ago 202MB +hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 4 months ago 1.84kB +``` + +由上面的命令可以知道，在本地的系统中存在三个镜像。 + +使用`镜像ID`来删除镜像。 + +```shell +$ sudo docekr rmi ce5aa74a48f1 +``` + +**输出为：** + +```shell +Untagged: ostechnix/ubuntu_apache:latest +Deleted: sha256:ce5aa74a48f1e01ea312165887d30691a59caa0d99a2a4aa5116ae124f02f962 +Deleted: sha256:d21c926f11a64b811dc75391bbe0191b50b8fe142419f7616b3cee70229f14cd +``` + +**解决问题** + +Docker禁止我们删除一个还在被容器使用的镜像。 + +例如，当我试图删除Docker镜像**b72889fa879c**时，我只能获得一个错误提示： + +```shell +Error response from daemon: conflict: unable to delete b72889fa879c (must be forced) - image is being used by stopped container dde4dd285377 +``` + +这是因为这个Docker镜像正在被一个容器使用。 + +所以，我们来检查一个正在运行的容器： + +```shell +$ sudo docker ps +``` + +**输出为：** + +![][10] + +注意，现在并没有正在运行的容器！！！ + +查看一下所有的容器(包含所有的正在运行和已经停止的容器)： + +```shell +$ sudo docker pa -a +``` + +**输出为：** + +![][11] + +可以看到，仍然有一些已经停止的容器在使用这些镜像。 + +让我们把这些容器删除： + +```shell +$ sudo docker rm 12e892156219 +``` + +我们仍然使用容器ID来删除这些容器。 + +当我们删除了所有使用该镜像的容器之后，我们就可以删除Docker的镜像了。 + +例如： + +```shell +$ sudo docekr rmi b72889fa879c +``` + +我们再来检查一下本机存在的镜像： + +```shell +$ sudo docker images +``` + +想要知道更多的细节，请参阅本指南末尾给出的官方资源的链接或者在评论区进行留言。 + +或者，下载以下的关于Docker的电子书来了解更多。 + +* **Download** – [**Free eBook: “Docker Containerization Cookbook”**][12] + +* **Download** – [**Free Guide: “Understanding Docker”**][13] + +* **Download** – [**Free Guide: “What is Docker and Why is it So Popular?”**][14] + +* **Download** – [**Free Guide: “Introduction to Docker”**][15] + +* **Download** – [**Free Guide: “Docker in Production”**][16] + +这就是全部的教程了，希望你可以了解Docker的一些基础用法。 + +更多的教程马上就会到来，敬请关注。 + +--- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[zhang5788](https://github.com/zhang5788) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/docker-basics-720x340.png +[2]: http://www.ostechnix.com/install-docker-ubuntu/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-docker-centos/ +[4]: https://hub.docker.com/ +[5]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Search-Docker-images.png +[6]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Download-docker-images.png +[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Docker-containers-shell.png +[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/List-running-containers.png +[9]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/List-docker-images.png +[10]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/sk@sk-_005-1-1.jpg +[11]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/sk@sk-_006-1.jpg +[12]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_java39/prgm.cgi?a=1 +[13]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb32/prgm.cgi?a=1 +[14]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb31/prgm.cgi?a=1 +[15]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb29/prgm.cgi?a=1 +[16]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb28/prgm.cgi?a=1 \ No newline at end of file From f563d5a48e0631a7192604861da5f79637f7e45b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jdh8383 <4565726+jdh8383@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 17:04:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0130/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...tes On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 74 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md (77%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/translated/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md similarity index 77% rename from sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md rename to translated/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md index 91008ca5e3..bddf3eebaf 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -7,38 +7,38 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-list-view-find-available-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System? +如何在 CentOS 或 RHEL 系统上检查可用的安全更新？ ====== -As per your organization policy you may need to push only security updates due to varies reasons. +当你更新系统时，根据你所在公司的安全策略，有时候可能只需要打上与安全相关的补丁。 -In most cases, it could be an application compatibility issues. +大多数情况下，这应该是出于程序兼容性方面的考量。 -How to do that? Is it possible to limit yum to perform only security updates? +那该怎样实践呢？有没有办法让 yum 只安装安全补丁呢？ -Yes, it’s possible and can be done easily through yum package manager. +答案是肯定的，可以用 yum 包管理器轻松实现。 -In this article, we are not giving only the required information. +在这篇文章中，我们不但会提供所需的信息。 -Instead, we have added lot more commands that help you to gather many information about a given security package. +而且，我们会介绍一些额外的命令，可以帮你获取指定安全更新的详实信息。 -This may give you an idea or opportunity to understand and fix the list of vulnerabilities, which you have it. +希望这样可以启发你去了解并修复你列表上的那些漏洞。 -If security vulnerabilities are discovered, the affected software must be updated in order to limit any potential security risks on system. +一旦有安全漏洞被公布，就必须更新受影响的软件，这样可以降低系统中的安全风险。 -For RHEL/CentOS 6 systems, run the following **[Yum Command][1]** to install yum security plugin. +对于 RHEL 或 CentOS 6 系统，运行下面的 **[Yum 命令][1]** 来安装 yum 安全插件。 ``` # yum -y install yum-plugin-security ``` -The plugin is already a part of yum itself so, no need to install this on RHEL 7&8/CentOS 7&8. +在 RHEL 7&8 或是 CentOS 7&8 上面，这个插件已经是 yum 的一部分了，不用单独安装。 -To list all available erratas (it includes Security, Bug Fix and Product Enhancement) without installing them. +只列出全部可用的补丁（包括安全，Bug 修复以及产品改进），但不安装它们。 ``` # yum updateinfo list available -Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, +已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 RHSA-2015:0416 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-13.el7.x86_64 @@ -54,20 +54,20 @@ RHBA-2016:1048 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-30.el7_2.x86_64 RHBA-2016:1298 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-32.el7_2.x86_64 ``` -To count the number of erratas, run the following command. +要统计补丁的大约数量，运行下面的命令。 ``` # yum updateinfo list available | wc -l 11269 ``` -To list all available security updates without installing them. +想列出全部可用的安全补丁但不安装。 -It used to display information about both installed and available advisories on your system. +以下命令用来展示你系统里已安装和待安装的推荐补丁。 ``` # yum updateinfo list security all -Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, +已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 RHSA-2015:0416 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-13.el7.x86_64 @@ -81,13 +81,13 @@ Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, RHSA-2018:1380 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-21.el7_5.x86_64 RHSA-2018:2757 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-28.el7_5.x86_64 RHSA-2018:3127 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.8.4-15.el7.x86_64 - RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-libs-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 + i RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-libs-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 ``` -To print all available advisories security packages (It prints all kind of packages like installed and not-installed). +要显示所有待安装的安全补丁。 ``` -# yum updateinfo list security all | grep -v "i" +# yum updateinfo list security all | egrep -v "^i" RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 RHSA-2015:0416 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-13.el7.x86_64 @@ -102,23 +102,23 @@ To print all available advisories security packages (It prints all kind of packa RHSA-2018:2757 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-28.el7_5.x86_64 ``` -To count the number of available security package, run the following command. +要统计全部安全补丁的大致数量，运行下面的命令。 ``` # yum updateinfo list security all | wc -l 3522 ``` -It’s used to list all of the relevant errata notice information, from the updateinfo.xml data in yum. This includes bugzillas, CVEs, security updates and new. +下面根据已装软件列出可更新的安全补丁。这包括 bugzillas（bug修复），CVEs（知名漏洞数据库），安全更新等。 ``` # yum updateinfo list security -or +或者 # yum updateinfo list sec -Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, +已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 @@ -134,11 +134,11 @@ RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-wifi-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-wwan-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 ``` -To display all updates that are security relevant, and get a return code on whether there are security updates. +显示所有与安全相关的更新，并且返回一个结果来告诉你是否有可用的补丁。 ``` # yum --security check-update -Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 --> policycoreutils-devel-2.2.5-20.el7.x86_64 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) --> smc-raghumalayalam-fonts-6.0-7.el7.noarch from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7 NetworkManager-ppp.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms ``` -To list all available security updates with verbose descriptions of the issues. +列出所有可用的安全补丁，并且显示其详细信息。 ``` # yum info-sec @@ -196,12 +196,12 @@ Description : The tzdata packages contain data files with rules for various Severity : None ``` -If you would like to know more information about the given advisory, run the following command. +如果你想要知道某个更新的具体内容，可以运行下面这个命令。 ``` # yum updateinfo RHSA-2019:0163 -Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 =============================================================================== Important: kernel security, bug fix, and enhancement update @@ -243,12 +243,12 @@ Description : The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any updateinfo info done ``` -Similarly, you can view CVEs which affect the system using the following command. +跟之前类似，你可以只查询那些通过 CVE 释出的系统漏洞。 ``` # yum updateinfo list cves -Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, +已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 @@ -260,12 +260,12 @@ CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-ppp-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-team-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 ``` -Similarly, you can view the packages which is belongs to bugfixs by running the following command. +你也可以查看那些跟 bug 修复相关的更新，运行下面的命令。 ``` # yum updateinfo list bugfix | less -Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, +已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock RHBA-2018:3349 bugfix NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-7.el7_6.x86_64 RHBA-2019:0519 bugfix NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-10.el7_6.x86_64 @@ -277,11 +277,11 @@ RHBA-2018:3349 bugfix NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.12.0-7.el7_6.noarch RHBA-2019:0519 bugfix NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.12.0-10.el7_6.noarch ``` -To get a summary of advisories, which needs to be installed on your system. +要想得到待安装更新的摘要信息，运行这个。 ``` # yum updateinfo summary -Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 Updates Information Summary: updates 13 Security notice(s) @@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ Updates Information Summary: updates updateinfo summary done ``` -To print only specific pattern of security advisories, run the following command. Similarly, you can check Important or Moderate security advisories info alone. +如果只想打印出低级别的安全更新，运行下面这个命令。类似的，你也可以只查询重要级别和中等级别的安全更新。 ``` # yum updateinfo list sec | grep -i "Low" @@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-list-view-find-available-security-updates-on 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[jdh8383](https://github.com/jdh8383) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 51c1759317bdaa65a002ad05fa98327b3ba4366d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tao Zhang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 17:28:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0131/1265] delete source md file --- .../20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md | 499 ------------------ 1 file changed, 499 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md b/sources/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md deleted file mode 100644 index 596fb27801..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,499 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (zhang5788) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Getting Started With Docker) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/) -[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) - -Getting Started With Docker -====== - -![Getting Started With Docker][1] - -In our previous tutorial, we have explained **[how to install Docker in Ubuntu][2]** , and how to [**install Docker in CentOS**][3]. Today, we will see the basic usage of Docker. This guide covers the Docker basics, such as how to create a new container, how to run the container, remove a container, how to build your own Docker image from the Container and so on. Let us get started! All steps given below are tested in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server edition. - -### Getting Started With Docker - -Before exploring the Docker basics, don’t confuse with Docker images and Docker Containers. As I already explained in the previous tutorial, Docker Image is the file that decides how a Container should behave, and Docker Container is the running or stopped stage of a Docker image. - -##### 1\. Search Docker images - -We can get the images from either from the registry, for example [**Docker hub**][4], or create our own, For those wondering, Docker hub is cloud hosted place where all Docker users build, test, and save their Docker images. - -Docker hub has tens of thousands of Docker images. You can search for the any Docker images with **“docker search”** command. - -For instance, to search for docker images based on Ubuntu, run: - -``` -$ sudo docker search ubuntu -``` - -**Sample output:** - -![][5] - -To search images based on CentOS, run: - -``` -$ sudo docker search ubuntu -``` - -To search images for AWS, run: - -``` -$ sudo docker search aws -``` - -For wordpress: - -``` -$ sudo docker search wordpress -``` - -Docker hub has almost all kind of images. Be it an operating system, application, or anything, you will find pre-built Docker images in Docker hub. If something you’re looking for is not available, you can build it and make it available for public or keep it private for your own use. - -##### 2\. Download Docker image - -To download Docker image for Ubuntu OS, run the following command from the Terminal: - -``` -$ sudo docker pull ubuntu -``` - -The above command will download the latest Ubuntu image from the **Docker hub**. - -**Sample output:** - -``` -Using default tag: latest -latest: Pulling from library/ubuntu -6abc03819f3e: Pull complete -05731e63f211: Pull complete -0bd67c50d6be: Pull complete -Digest: sha256:f08638ec7ddc90065187e7eabdfac3c96e5ff0f6b2f1762cf31a4f49b53000a5 -Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:latest -``` - -![][6] - -Download docker images - -You can also download a specific version of Ubuntu image using command: - -``` -$ docker pull ubuntu:18.04 -``` - -Docker allows us to download any images and start the container regardless of the host OS. - -For example, to download CentOS image, run: - -``` -$ sudo docker pull centos -``` - -All downloaded Docker images will be saved in **/var/lib/docker/** directory. - -To view the list of downloaded Docker images, run: - -``` -$ sudo docker images -``` - -**Sample output:** - -``` -REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE -ubuntu latest 7698f282e524 14 hours ago 69.9MB -centos latest 9f38484d220f 2 months ago 202MB -hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 4 months ago 1.84kB -``` - -As you see above, I have downloaded three Docker images – **Ubuntu** , **CentOS** and **hello-world**. - -Now, let us go ahead and see how to start or run the containers based on the downloaded images. - -##### 3\. Run Docker Containers - -We can start the containers in two methods. We can start a container either using its **TAG** or **IMAGE ID**. **TAG** refers to a particular snapshot of the image and the **IMAGE ID** is the corresponding unique identifier for that image. - -As you in the above results **“latest”** is the TAG for all containers, and **7698f282e524** is the IMAGE ID of **Ubuntu** Docker image, **9f38484d220f** is the image id of CentOS Docker image and **fce289e99eb9** is the image id of **hello_world** Docker image. - -Once you downloaded the Docker images of your choice, run the following command to start a Docker container by using its TAG. - -``` -$ sudo docker run -t -i ubuntu:latest /bin/bash -``` - -Here, - - * **-t** : Assigns a new Terminal inside the Ubuntu container. - * **-i** : Allows us to make an interactive connection by grabbing the standard in (STDIN) of the container. - * **ubuntu:latest** : Ubuntu container with TAG “latest”. - * **/bin/bash** : BASH shell for the new container. - - - -Or, you can start the container using IMAGE ID as shown below: - -``` -sudo docker run -t -i 7698f282e524 /bin/bash -``` - -Here, - - * **7698f282e524** – Image id - - - -After starting the container, you’ll be landed automatically into the Container’s shell (Command prompt): - -![][7] - -Docker container’s shell - -To return back to the host system’s Terminal (In my case, it is Ubuntu 18.04 LTS) without terminating the Container (guest os), press **CTRL+P** followed by **CTRL+Q**. Now, you’ll be safely return back to your original host computer’s terminal window. Please note that the container is still running in the background and we didn’t terminate it yet. - -To view the list running of containers, run the following command: - -``` -$ sudo docker ps -``` - -**Sample output:** - -``` -CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES -32fc32ad0d54 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 7 minutes ago Up 7 minutes modest_jones -``` - -![][8] - -List running containers - -Here, - - * **32fc32ad0d54** – Container ID - * **ubuntu:latest** – Docker image - - - -Please note that **Container ID and Docker image ID are different**. - -To list all available ( either running or stopped) containers: - -``` -$ sudo docker ps -a -``` - -To stop (power off the container) from the host’s shell, run the following command: - -``` -$ sudo docker stop -``` - -**Example:** - -``` -$ sudo docker stop 32fc32ad0d54 -``` - -To login back to or attach to the running container, just run: - -``` -$ sudo docker attach 32fc32ad0d54 -``` - -As you already know, **32fc32ad0d54** is the container’s ID. - -To power off a Container from inside it’s shell by typing the following command: - -``` -# exit -``` - -You can verify the list of running containers with command: - -``` -$ sudo docker ps -``` - -##### 4\. Build your custom Docker images - -Docker is not just for downloading and using the existing containers. You can create your own custom docker image as well. - -To do so, start any one the downloaded container: - -``` -$ sudo docker run -t -i ubuntu:latest /bin/bash -``` - -Now, you will be in the container’s shell. - -Then, install any software or do what ever you want to do in the container. - -For example, let us install **Apache web server** in the container. - -Once you did all tweaks, installed all necessary software, run the following command to build your custom Docker image: - -``` -# apt update -# apt install apache2 -``` - -Similarly, install and test any software of your choice in the Container. - -Once you all set, return back to the host system’s shell. Do not stop or poweroff the Container. To switch to the host system’s shell without stopping Container, press CTRL+P followed by CTRL+Q. - -From your host computer’s shell, run the following command to find the container ID: - -``` -$ sudo docker ps -``` - -Finally, create a Docker image of the running Container using command: - -``` -$ sudo docker commit 3d24b3de0bfc ostechnix/ubuntu_apache -``` - -**Sample Output:** - -``` -sha256:ce5aa74a48f1e01ea312165887d30691a59caa0d99a2a4aa5116ae124f02f962 -``` - -Here, - - * **3d24b3de0bfc** – Ubuntu container ID. As you already, we can - * **ostechnix** – Name of the user who created the container. - * **ubuntu_apache** – Name of the docker image created by user ostechnix. - - - -Let us check whether the new Docker image is created or not with command: - -``` -$ sudo docker images -``` - -**Sample output:** - -``` -REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE -ostechnix/ubuntu_apache latest ce5aa74a48f1 About a minute ago 191MB -ubuntu latest 7698f282e524 15 hours ago 69.9MB -centos latest 9f38484d220f 2 months ago 202MB -hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 4 months ago 1.84kB -``` - -![][9] - -List docker images - -As you see in the above output, the new Docker image has been created in our localhost system from the running Container. - -Now, you can create a new Container from the newly created Docker image as usual suing command: - -``` -$ sudo docker run -t -i ostechnix/ubuntu_apache /bin/bash -``` - -##### 5\. Removing Containers - -Once you’re done all R&D with Docker containers, you can delete if you don’t want them anymore. - -To do so, First we have to stop (power off) the running Containers. - -Let us find out the running containers with command: - -``` -$ sudo docker ps -``` - -**Sample output:** - -``` -CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES -3d24b3de0bfc ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 28 minutes ago Up 28 minutes goofy_easley -``` - -Stop the running container by using it’s ID: - -``` -$ sudo docker stop 3d24b3de0bfc -``` - -Now, delete the container using command: - -``` -$ sudo docker rm 3d24b3de0bfc -``` - -Similarly, stop all containers and delete them if they are no longer required. - -Deleting multiple containers one by one can be a tedious task. So, we can delete all stopped containers in one go, just run: - -``` -$ sudo docker container prune -``` - -Type **“Y”** and hit ENTER key to delete the containers. - -``` -WARNING! This will remove all stopped containers. -Are you sure you want to continue? [y/N] y -Deleted Containers: -32fc32ad0d5445f2dfd0d46121251c7b5a2aea06bb22588fb2594ddbe46e6564 -5ec614e0302061469ece212f0dba303c8fe99889389749e6220fe891997f38d0 - -Total reclaimed space: 5B -``` - -This command will work only with latest Docker versions. - -##### 6\. Removing Docker images - -Once you removed containers, you can delete the Docker images that you no longer need. - -To find the list of the Downloaded Docker images: - -``` -$ sudo docker images -``` - -**Sample output:** - -``` -REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE -ostechnix/ubuntu_apache latest ce5aa74a48f1 5 minutes ago 191MB -ubuntu latest 7698f282e524 15 hours ago 69.9MB -centos latest 9f38484d220f 2 months ago 202MB -hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 4 months ago 1.84kB -``` - -As you see above, we have three Docker images in our host system. - -Let us delete them by using their IMAGE id: - -``` -$ sudo docker rmi ce5aa74a48f1 -``` - -**Sample output:** - -``` -Untagged: ostechnix/ubuntu_apache:latest -Deleted: sha256:ce5aa74a48f1e01ea312165887d30691a59caa0d99a2a4aa5116ae124f02f962 -Deleted: sha256:d21c926f11a64b811dc75391bbe0191b50b8fe142419f7616b3cee70229f14cd -``` - -##### Troubleshooting - -Docker won’t let you to delete the Docker images if they are used by any running or stopped containers. - -For example, when I try to delete a Docker Image with ID **b72889fa879c** , from one of my old Ubuntu server. I got the following error: - -``` -Error response from daemon: conflict: unable to delete b72889fa879c (must be forced) - image is being used by stopped container dde4dd285377 -``` - -This is because the Docker image that you want to delete is currently being used by another Container. - -So, let us check the running Container using command: - -``` -$ sudo docker ps -``` - -**Sample output:** - -![][10] - -Oops! There is no running container. - -Let us again check for all containers (Running and stopped) with command: - -``` -$ sudo docker ps -a -``` - -**Sample output:** - -![][11] - -As you see there are still some stopped containers are using one of the Docker images. So, let us delete all of the containers. - -**Example:** - -``` -$ sudo docker rm 12e892156219 -``` - -Similarly, remove all containers as shown above using their respective container’s ID. - -Once you deleted all Containers, finally remove the Docker images. - -**Example:** - -``` -$ sudo docker rmi b72889fa879c -``` - -That’s it. Let us verify is there any other Docker images in the host with command: - -``` -$ sudo docker images -``` - -For more details, refer the official resource links given at the end of this guide or drop a comment in the comment section below. - -Also, download and use the following Docker Ebooks to get to know more about it. - -** **Download** – [**Free eBook: “Docker Containerization Cookbook”**][12] - -** **Download** – [**Free Guide: “Understanding Docker”**][13] - -** **Download** – [**Free Guide: “What is Docker and Why is it So Popular?”**][14] - -** **Download** – [**Free Guide: “Introduction to Docker”**][15] - -** **Download** – [**Free Guide: “Docker in Production”**][16] - -And, that’s all for now. Hope you a got the basic idea about Docker usage. - -More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned! - -Cheers!! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/ - -作者：[sk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/docker-basics-720x340.png -[2]: http://www.ostechnix.com/install-docker-ubuntu/ -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-docker-centos/ -[4]: https://hub.docker.com/ -[5]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Search-Docker-images.png -[6]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Download-docker-images.png -[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Docker-containers-shell.png -[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/List-running-containers.png -[9]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/List-docker-images.png -[10]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/sk@sk-_005-1-1.jpg -[11]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/sk@sk-_006-1.jpg -[12]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_java39/prgm.cgi?a=1 -[13]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb32/prgm.cgi?a=1 -[14]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb31/prgm.cgi?a=1 -[15]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb29/prgm.cgi?a=1 -[16]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb28/prgm.cgi?a=1 From 26c040bd87c77fadeb7b082f48f39c306375d7d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 17:38:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0132/1265] PRF:20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @chen-ni 恭喜你完成了第一篇翻译！ --- ...Atos enters the edge-computing business.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md b/translated/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md index d07751ff71..721dcafa30 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md +++ b/translated/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business) @@ -9,18 +9,20 @@ 法国 IT 巨头 Atos 进军边缘计算 ====== -Atos 另辟蹊径，通过一种只有行李箱大小的设备 BullSequana Edge 进军边缘计算。 + +> Atos 另辟蹊径，通过一种只有行李箱大小的设备 BullSequana Edge 进军边缘计算。 + ![iStock][1] -法国 IT 巨头 Atos 是最晚开展边缘计算业务的，他们的产品是一个叫做 BullSequana Edge 的小型设备。和竞争对手们的集装箱大小的设备不同（比如说 Vapor IO 和 Schneider Electronics的产品），Atos 的边缘设备完全可以被放进衣柜里。 +法国 IT 巨头 Atos 是最近才开展边缘计算业务的，他们的产品是一个叫做 BullSequana Edge 的小型设备。和竞争对手们的集装箱大小的设备不同（比如说 Vapor IO 和 Schneider Electronics 的产品），Atos 的边缘设备完全可以被放进衣柜里。 Atos 表示，他们的这个设备使用人工智能应用提供快速响应，适合需要快速响应的领域比如生产 4.0、自动驾驶汽车、健康管理，以及零售业和机场的安保系统。在这些领域，数据需要在边缘进行实时处理和分析。 -**[ 延伸阅读：[什么是边缘计算？][2] 以及 [边缘网络和物联网如何重新定义数据中心][3].]** +[延伸阅读：[什么是边缘计算？][2] 以及 [边缘网络和物联网如何重新定义数据中心][3]] -BullSequana Edge 可以作为独立的基础设施单独采购，也可以和Atos的边缘软件捆绑采购，并且这个软件还是非常出色的。Atos 表示 BullSequana Edge 主要支持三种使用场景： +BullSequana Edge 可以作为独立的基础设施单独采购，也可以和 Atos 的边缘软件捆绑采购，并且这个软件还是非常出色的。Atos 表示 BullSequana Edge 主要支持三种使用场景： - * AI（人工智能）：Atos 的边缘计算机视觉软件为监控摄像头提供先进的特征抽取和分析技术，包括人像，人脸，行为等特征。这些分析可以支持系统做出自动化响应。 + * AI（人工智能）：Atos 的边缘计算机视觉软件为监控摄像头提供先进的特征抽取和分析技术，包括人像、人脸、行为等特征。这些分析可以支持系统做出自动化响应。 * 大数据：Atos 边缘数据分析系统通过预测性和规范性的解决方案，帮助机构优化商业模型。它使用数据湖的功能，确保数据的可信度和可用性。 * 容器：Atos 边缘数据容器（EDC）是一种一体化容器解决方案。它可以作为一个去中心化的 IT 系统在边缘运行，并且可以在没有数据中心的环境下自动运行，而不需要现场操作。 @@ -30,15 +32,13 @@ BullSequana Edge 可以作为独立的基础设施单独采购，也可以和Ato 虽然大多数边缘设备都被安放在信号塔附近，但是考虑到边缘系统可能被安放在任何地方，BullSequana Edge 还支持通过无线电、全球移动通信系统（GSM），或者 Wi-Fi 来进行通信。 -Atos 在美国也许不是一个家喻户晓的名字，但是在欧洲它可以和 IBM 相提并论，并且在过去的十年里已经收购了诸如 Bull SA, Xerox IT Outsourcing, 以及 Siemens IT 的 IT 巨头们。 +Atos 在美国也许不是一个家喻户晓的名字，但是在欧洲它可以和 IBM 相提并论，并且在过去的十年里已经收购了诸如 Bull SA、施乐 IT 外包以及西门子 IT 等 IT 巨头们。 -**关于边缘网络的延伸阅读：** +关于边缘网络的延伸阅读： * [边缘网络和物联网如何重新定义数据中心][3] * [边缘计算的最佳实践][4] * [边缘计算如何提升物联网安全][5] - - 加入 Network World 的 [Facebook 社区][6] 和 [LinkedIn 社区][7]，参与最前沿话题的讨论。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397139/atos-is-the-latest-to-enter-th 作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8f93bd6eaa1f391f6e529a43c9ed6c257000b8b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 17:39:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0133/1265] PUB:20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @chen-ni 本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-10934-1.html 你的 LCTT 专页： https://linux.cn/lctt/chen-ni 请注册领取 LCCN： https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- ...French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md b/published/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md rename to published/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md index 721dcafa30..1be6353555 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md +++ b/published/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10934-1.html) [#]: subject: (French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397139/atos-is-the-latest-to-enter-the-edge-computing-business.html) [#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) From 7e8e9833d539b07066c5bab648a50378bf991497 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 18:15:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0134/1265] APL:20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5 --- ...in 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md b/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md index 072cbd63ee..253ad103b5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 5319e5eb833870f48d2ef345549ba5d97f0f9679 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 23:17:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0135/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md b/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md index 0aeaa32a36..8b4d57d9a8 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 36a5447b1ac21dc499909f0e97f6701b1c2fd19f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 23:49:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0136/1265] TSL:20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md part --- ...g Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md | 80 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md b/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md index 253ad103b5..9e232b3b9b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md @@ -7,61 +7,59 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/) [#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) -Blockchain 2.0 – Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types [Part 5] +区块链 2.0：智能合约及其类型（五） ====== ![Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types][1] -This is the 5th article in **Blockchain 2.0** series. The previous article of this series explored how can we implement [**Blockchain in real estate**][2]. This post briefly explores the topic of **Smart Contracts** within the domain of Blockchains and related technology. Smart Contracts, which are basic protocols to verify and create new “blocks” of data on the blockchain, are touted to be a focal point for future developments and applications of the system. However, like all “cure-all” medications, it is not the answer to everything. We explore the concept from the basics to understand what “smart contracts” are and what they’re not. +这是 区块链 2.0 系列的第 5 篇文章。本系列的前一篇文章探讨了我们如何[在房地产行业实现区块链][2]。本文简要探讨了区块链及相关技术领域内的智能合约Smart Contract主题。智能合约是在区块链上验证和创建新“数据块”的基本协议，它被吹捧为该系统未来发展和应用的焦点。 然而，像所有“万灵药”一样，它不是一切的答案。我们将从基础知识中探索这个概念，以了解“智能合约”是什么以及它们不是什么。 -### Evolving Contracts +### 不断发展的合同 -The world is built on contracts. No individual or firm on earth can function in current society without the use and reuse of contracts. The task of creating, maintaining, and enforcing contracts have become so complicated that entire judicial and legal systems have had to be setup in the name of **“contract law”** to support it. Most of all contracts are in fact overseen by a “trusted” third party to make sure the stakeholders at the ends are taken care of as per the conditions arrived. There are contracts that even talk about a third-party beneficiary. Such contracts are intended to have an effect on a third party who is not an active (or participating) party to the contract. Settling and arguing over contractual obligations takes up the bulk of most legal battles that civil lawsuits are involved in. Surely enough a better way to take care of contracts would be a godsend for individuals and enterprises alike. Not to mention the enormous paperwork it would save the government in the name of verifications and attestations[1][2]. +这个世界建立在合同（合约）之上。没有合约的使用和再利用，地球上任何个人或公司都不能在当前社会中发挥作用。创建、维护和执行合同的任务变得如此复杂，以至于必须以“合同法”的名义建立整个司法和法律系统以支持它。事实上，大多数合同都是由“受信任的”第三方监督，以确保最终的利益相关者按照达成的条件得到妥善处理。有些合同甚至涉及到了第三方受益人。此类合同旨在对不是合同的活跃（或参与）方的第三方产生影响。解决和争论合同义务占据了民事诉讼所涉及的大部分法律纠纷。当然，更好的处理合同的方式来对于个人和企业来说都是天赐之物。更不用说它将以验证和证明的名义拯救政府的巨大[文书工作][7] [^1]。 -Most posts in this series have looked at how existing blockchain tech is being leveraged today. In contrast, this post will be more about what to expect in the coming years. A natural discussion about “smart contracts” evolve from the property discussions presented in the previous post. The current post aims to provide an overview of the capabilities of blockchain to automate and carry out “smart” executable programs. Dealing with this issue pragmatically means we’ll first have to define and explore what these “smart contracts” are and how they fit into the existing system of contracts. We look at major present-day applications and projects going on in the field in the next post titled, **“Blockchain 2.0: Ongoing Projects”**. +本系列中的大多数文章都研究了如何利用现有的区块链技术。相比之下，这篇文章将更多地讲述对未来几年的预期。关于“智能合约”的讨论是从前一篇文章中提出的财产讨论自然而然的演变而来的。当前这篇文章旨在概述区块链自动执行“智能”可执行程序的能力。务实地处理这个问题意味着我们首先必须定义和探索这些“智能合约”是什么，以及它们如何适应现有的合同系统。我们将在下一篇题为“区块链 2.0：正在进行的项目”的文章中查看当前正在进行的主要应用程序和项目。 -### Defining Smart Contracts +### 定义智能合约 -The [**first article of this series**][3] looked at blockchain from a fundamental point of view as a **“distributed ledger”** consisting of blocks of data that were: +[本系列的第一篇文章][3]从基本的角度把区块链看作由以下数据块组成的“分布式分类账本”： - * Tamper-proof - * Non-repudiable (Meaning every block of data is explicitly created by someone and that someone cannot deny any accountability of the same) - * Secure and is resilient to traditional methods of cyber attack - * Almost permanent (of course this depends on the blockchain protocol overlay) - * Highly redundant, by existing on multiple network nodes or participant systems, the failure of one of these nodes will not affect the capabilities of the system in any way, and, - * Offers faster processing depending on application. +* 防篡改 +* 不可否认（意味着每个数据块都是由某人明确创建的，并且该人不能否认相同的责任） +* 安全，且对传统的网络攻击方法具有抗性 +* 几乎是永久性的（当然这取决于区块链协议层） +* 高度冗余，通过存在于多个网络节点或参与者系统上，其中一个节点的故障不会以任何方式影响系统的功能，并且， +* 根据应用可以提供更快的处理速度。 +由于每个数据实例都是通过适当的凭证安全存储和访问的，因此区块链网络可以为精确验证事实和信息提供简便的基础，而无需第三方监督。区块链 2.0 开发也允许“分布式应用程序（DApp）”（我们将在即将发布的文章中详细介绍这个术语）。这些分布式应用程序根据要求存在并在网络上运行。当用户需要它们并通过使用已经过审查并存储在区块链中的信息来执行它们时，它们被调用。 +上面的最后一段为定义智能合约提供了基础。数字商务商会The Chamber for Digital Commerce提供了一个许多专家都同意的智能合约定义。 -Because every instance of data is securely stored and accessible by suitable credentials, a blockchain network can provide easy basis for precise verification of facts and information without the need for third party oversight. blockchain 2.0 developments also allow for **“distributed applications”** (a term which we’ll be looking at in detail in coming posts). Such distributed applications exist and run on the network as per requirements. They’re called when a user needs them and executed by making use of information that has already been vetted and stored on the blockchain. +> “（智能合约是一种）计算机代码，在发生特定条件或条件时，能够根据预先指定的功能自动运行。该代码可以在分布式分类帐上存储和处理，并将任何结果更改写入分布式分类帐” [^2]。 -The last paragraph provides a foundation for defining smart contracts. _**The Chamber for Digital Commerce**_ , provides a definition for smart contracts which many experts agree on. +智能合约如上所述是一种简单的计算机程序，就像 “if-then” 或 “if-else if” 语句一样工作。关于其“智能”的方面来自这样一个事实，即该程序的预定义输入来自区块链分类账本，如上所述，它是一个安全可靠的记录信息源。如果需要，程序可以调用外部服务或来源以获取信息从而验证操作条款，并且只有在满足所有预定义条件后才执行。 -_**“Computer code that, upon the occurrence of a specified condition or conditions, is capable of running automatically according to prespecified functions. The code can be stored and processed on a distributed ledger and would write any resulting change into the distributed ledger”[1].**_ +必须记住，与其名称所暗示的不同，智能合约通常不是自治实体，严格来说也不是合同。1996 年，Nick Szabo 于 很早就提到了智能合约，他将其与接受付款并交付用户选择产品的自动售货机进行了比较。可以在[这里][4]查看全文。此外，人们正在制定允许智能合约进入主流合同使用的法律框架，因此目前该技术的使用仅限于法律监督不那么明确和严格的领域 [^4]。 -Smart contracts are as mentioned above simple computer programs working like “if-then” or “if-else if” statements. The “smart” aspect about the same comes from the fact that the predefined inputs for the program comes from the blockchain ledger, which as proven above, is a secure and reliable source of recorded information. The program can call upon external services or sources to get information as well, if need be, to verify the terms of operation and will only execute once all the predefined conditions are met. +### 智能合约的主要类型 -It has to be kept in mind that unlike what the name implies, smart contracts are not usually autonomous entities nor are they strictly speaking contracts. A very early mention of smart contracts was made by **Nick Szabo** in 1996, where he compared the same with a vending machine accepting payment and delivering the product chosen by the user[3]. The full text can be accessed **[here][4]**. Furthermore, Legal frameworks allowing the entry of smart contracts into mainstream contract use are still being developed and as such the use of the technology currently is limited to areas where legal oversight is less explicit and stringent[4]. +假设读者对合同和计算机编程有基本的了解，并且基于我们对智能合约的定义，我们可以将智能合约和协议粗略地分类为以下主要类别。 -### Major types of smart contracts +##### 1、智能分类账本合约 -Assuming the reader has a basic understanding of contracts and computer programming, and building on from our definition of smart contracts, we can roughly classify smart contracts and protocols into the following major categories. +这些可能是最明显的类型。大多数（如果不是全部）合同都具有法律效力。在不涉及太多技术细节的情况下，智能的合法合约是涉及严格的法律追索权的合同，以防参与合同的当事人不履行其交易的目的。如前所述，不同国家和地区的现行法律框架缺乏对区块链智能和自动化合约的足够支持，其法律地位也不明确。但是，一旦制定了法律，就可以订立智能合约，以简化目前涉及严格监管的流程，如金融和房地产市场交易、政府补贴、国际贸易等。 -##### 1\. Smart legal contracts +##### 2、DAO -These are presumably the most obvious kind. Most, if not, all contracts are legally enforceable. Without going into much technicalities, a smart legal contact is one that involves strict legal recourses in case parties involved in the same were to not fulfill their end of the bargain. As previously mentioned, the current legal framework in different countries and contexts lack sufficient support for smart and automated contracts on the blockchain and their legal status is unclear. However, once the laws are made, smart contracts can be made to simplify processes which currently involve strict regulatory oversight such as transactions in the financial and real estate market, government subsidies, international trade etc. +去中心化的自治组织Decentralized Autonomous Organization，即DAO，可以松散地定义为区块链上存在的社区。社区可以通过一组规则来定义，这些规则通过智能合约来体现并放入代码中。然后，每个参与者的每一个行动都将受到这些规则的约束，其任务是在程序中断的情况下执行并获得追索权。许多智能合约构成了这些规则，它们协同监管和观察参与者。 -##### 2\. DAOs +名为 Genesis DAO 的 DAO 由以太坊参与者于 2016 年 5 月创建。该社区旨在成为众筹和风险投资平台。在极短的时间内，他们设法筹集了惊人的 1.5 亿美元。然而，黑客在系统中发现了漏洞，并设法从众筹投资者手中窃取价值约 5000 万美元的以太币。这次黑客破坏的后果导致以太坊区块链[分裂为两个][8]，以太坊和以太坊经典。 -**Decentralized Autonomous Organizations** , shortly DAO, can be loosely defined as communities that exist on the blockchain. The community may be defined by a set of rules arrived at and put into code via smart contracts. Every action by every participant would then be subject to these sets of rules with the task of enforcing and reaching at recourse in case of a break being left to the program. Multitudes of smart contracts make up these rules and they work in tandem policing and watching over participants. +##### 3、应用程序逻辑合约（ALC） -A DAO called the **Genesis DAO** was created by **Ethereum** participants in may of 2016. The community was meant to be a crowdfunding and venture capital platform. In a surprisingly short period of time they managed to raise an astounding **$150 million**. However, hacker(s) found loopholes in the system and managed to steal about **$50 million** dollars’ worth of Ethers from the crowdfund investors. The hack and its fallout resulted in a fork of the Ethereum blockchain into two, **Ethereum** and **Ethereum Classic** [5]. +如果你已经听说过与区块链相关的物联网，那么很可能这个问题谈到了应用程序逻辑合约Application logic contract，即 ALC。此类智能合约包含特定于应用程序的代码，这些代码可以与区块链上的其他智能合约和程序一起使用。它们有助于与设备之间的通信并进行通信验证（在物联网领域）。ALC 是每个多功能智能合约的关键部分，并且大多数都是在管理程序下工作。它们在这里引用的大多数例子中找到[应用][9] [^6]。 -##### 3\. Application logic contracts (ALCs) - -If you’ve heard about the internet of things in conjunction with the blockchain, chances are that the matter talked about **Application logic contacts** , shortly ALC. Such smart contracts contain application specific code that work in conjunction with other smart contracts and programs on the blockchain. They aid in communicating with and validating communication between devices (while in the domain of IoT). ALCs are a pivotal piece of every multi-function smart contract and mostly always work under a managing program. They find applications everywhere in most examples cited here[6][7]. - -_Since development is ongoing in the area, any definition or standard so to speak of will be fluidic and vague at best currently._ +*由于该领域还在开发中，因此目前所说的任何定义或标准最多只能说是流畅而模糊的。* ### How smart contracts work** @@ -135,17 +133,11 @@ All of this is keeping aside the significant initial investment that might be ne Current legal frameworks don’t really support a full-on smart contract enabled society and won’t in the near future due to obvious reasons. A solution is to opt for **“hybrid” contracts** that combine traditional legal texts and documents with smart contract code running on blockchains designed for the purpose[4]. However, even hybrid contracts remain largely unexplored as innovative legislature is required to bring them into fruition. The applications briefly mentioned here and many more are explored in detail in the [**next post of the series**][6]. -**References:** - - * **[1] S. C. A. Chamber of Digital Commerce, “Smart contracts – Is the law ready,” no. September, 2018.** - * **[2] [Legal Definition of ius quaesitum tertio][7]. -** - * **[3][N. Szabo, “Nick Szabo — Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets,” 1996.][4]** - * **[4] Cardozo Blockchain Project, “‘Smart Contracts’ & Legal Enforceability,” vol. 2, p. 28, 2018.** - * **[5][The DAO Heist Undone: 97% of ETH Holders Vote for the Hard Fork.][8]** - * **[6] F. Idelberger, G. Governatori, R. Riveret, and G. Sartor, “Evaluation of Logic-Based Smart Contracts for Blockchain Systems,” 2016, pp. 167–183.** - * **[7][Types of Smart Contracts Based on Applications | Market InsightsTM – Everest Group.][9]** - * **[8] B. Cant et al., “Smart Contracts in Financial Services : Getting from Hype to Reality,” Capgemini Consult., pp. 1–24, 2016.** +[^1]: S. C. A. Chamber of Digital Commerce, “Smart contracts – Is the law ready,” no. September, 2018. +[^2]: S. C. A. Chamber of Digital Commerce, “Smart contracts – Is the law ready,” no. September, 2018. +[^4]: Cardozo Blockchain Project, “‘Smart Contracts’ & Legal Enforceability,” vol. 2, p. 28, 2018. +[^6]: F. Idelberger, G. Governatori, R. Riveret, and G. Sartor, “Evaluation of Logic-Based Smart Contracts for Blockchain Systems,” 2016, pp. 167–183. +[^8]: B. Cant et al., “Smart Contracts in Financial Services : Getting from Hype to Reality,” Capgemini Consult., pp. 1–24, 2016. @@ -155,7 +147,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its 作者：[editor][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -163,8 +155,8 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its [a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/smart-contracts-720x340.png -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/ -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10914-1.html +[3]: https://linux.cn/article-10650-1.html [4]: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html [5]: https://etherparty.com/ [6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/ From 191253c815756f842a783dd6f24d4dc082c225eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: QiaoN Date: Mon, 3 Jun 2019 21:46:42 +0300 Subject: [PATCH 0137/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E8=AE=A4=E9=A2=86?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md b/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md index 1e3634a327..4763e5e215 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (QiaoN) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/run-your-blog-github-pages-python 作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[QiaoN](https://github.com/QiaoN) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 78a5eaba6c64b010af47fd48c8badbd44a77dbeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 08:49:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0138/1265] translated --- ...ecuring telnet connections with stunnel.md | 53 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md (51%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md b/translated/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md similarity index 51% rename from sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md rename to translated/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md index 526d72109e..cc637cc495 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md @@ -7,38 +7,38 @@ [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/securing-telnet-connections-with-stunnel/) [#]: author: (Curt Warfield https://fedoramagazine.org/author/rcurtiswarfield/) -Securing telnet connections with stunnel +使用 stunnel 保护 telnet 连接 ====== ![][1] -Telnet is a client-server protocol that connects to a remote server through TCP over port 23. Telnet does not encrypt data and is considered insecure and passwords can be easily sniffed because data is sent in the clear. However there are still legacy systems that need to use it. This is where **stunnel** comes to the rescue. +Telnet 是一种客户端-服务端协议，通过 TCP 的 23 端口连接到远程服务器。Telnet 并不加密数据，被认为是不安全的，因为数据是以明文形式发送的，所以密码很容易被嗅探。但是，仍有老旧系统需要使用它。这就是用到 **stunnel** 的地方。 -Stunnel is designed to add SSL encryption to programs that have insecure connection protocols. This article shows you how to use it, with telnet as an example. +stunnel 旨在为使用不安全连接协议的程序增加 SSL 加密。本文将以 telnet 为例介绍如何使用它。 -### Server Installation +### 服务端安装 -Install stunnel along with the telnet server and client [using sudo][2]: +[使用 sudo][2] 安装 stunnel 以及 telnet 的服务端和客户端： ``` sudo dnf -y install stunnel telnet-server telnet ``` -Add a firewall rule, entering your password when prompted: +添加防火墙规则，在提示时输入你的密码： ``` firewall-cmd --add-service=telnet --perm firewall-cmd --reload ``` -Next, generate an RSA private key and an SSL certificate: +接下来，生成 RSA 私钥和 SSL 证书： ``` openssl genrsa 2048 > stunnel.key openssl req -new -key stunnel.key -x509 -days 90 -out stunnel.crt ``` -You will be prompted for the following information one line at a time. When asked for _Common Name_ you must enter the correct host name or IP address, but everything else you can skip through by hitting the **Enter** key. +系统将一次提示你输入以下信息。当询问 _Common Name_ 时，你必须输入正确的主机名或 IP 地址，但是你可以按**回车**键跳过其他所有内容。 ``` You are about to be asked to enter information that will be @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []: Email Address [] ``` -Merge the RSA key and SSL certificate into a single _.pem_ file, and copy that to the SSL certificate directory: +将 RSA 密钥和 SSL 证书合并到单个 _.pem_ 文件中，并将其复制到 SSL 证书目录： ``` cat stunnel.crt stunnel.key > stunnel.pem sudo cp stunnel.pem /etc/pki/tls/certs/ ``` -Now it’s time to define the service and the ports to use for encrypting your connection. Choose a port that is not already in use. This example uses port 450 for tunneling telnet. Edit or create the _/etc/stunnel/telnet.conf_ file: +现在可以定义服务和用于加密连接的端口了。选择尚未使用的端口。此例使用 450 端口进行隧道传输 telnet。编辑或创建 _/etc/stunnel/telnet.conf_ ： ``` cert = /etc/pki/tls/certs/stunnel.pem @@ -80,15 +80,15 @@ accept = 450 connect = 23 ``` -The **accept** option is the port the server will listen to for incoming telnet requests. The **connect** option is the internal port the telnet server listens to. +**accept** 选项是服务器将监听传入 **accept** 请求的接口。**connect** 选项是 telnet 服务器的内部监听接口。 -Next, make a copy of the systemd unit file that allows you to override the packaged version: +接下来，创建一个 systemd 单元文件的副本来覆盖原来的版本： ``` sudo cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/stunnel.service /etc/systemd/system ``` -Edit the _/etc/systemd/system/stunnel.service_ file to add two lines. These lines create a chroot jail for the service when it starts. +编辑 _/etc/systemd/system/stunnel.service_ 来添加两行。这些行在启动时为服务创建 chroot 监狱。 ``` [Unit] @@ -106,49 +106,49 @@ ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/chown -R nobody:nobody /var/run/stunnel WantedBy=multi-user.target ``` -Next, configure SELinux to listen to telnet on the new port you just specified: +接下来，配置 SELinux 以在你刚刚指定的新端口上监听 telnet： ``` sudo semanage port -a -t telnetd_port_t -p tcp 450 ``` -Finally, add a new firewall rule: +最后，添加新的防火墙规则： ``` firewall-cmd --add-port=450/tcp --perm firewall-cmd --reload ``` -Now you can enable and start telnet and stunnel. +现在你可以启用并启动 telnet 和 stunnel。 ``` systemctl enable telnet.socket stunnel@telnet.service --now ``` -A note on the _systemctl_ command is in order. Systemd and the stunnel package provide an additional [template unit file][3] by default. The template lets you drop multiple configuration files for stunnel into _/etc/stunnel_ , and use the filename to start the service. For instance, if you had a _foobar.conf_ file, you could start that instance of stunnel with _systemctl start[stunnel@foobar.service][4]_ , without having to write any unit files yourself. +要注意 _systemctl_ 命令是有序的。systemd 和 stunnel 包默认提供额外的[模板单元文件][3]。该模板允许你将 stunnel 的多个配置文件放到 _/etc/stunnel_ 中，并使用文件名启动该服务。例如，如果你有一个 _foobar.conf_ 文件，那么可以使用 _systemctl start stunnel@foobar.service_ 启动该 stunnel 实例，而无需自己编写任何单元文件。 -If you want, you can set this stunnel template service to start on boot: +如果需要，可以将此 stunnel 模板服务设置为在启动时启动： ``` systemctl enable stunnel@telnet.service ``` -### Client Installation +### 客户端安装 -This part of the article assumes you are logged in as a normal user ([with sudo privileges][2]) on the client system. Install stunnel and the telnet client: +本文的这部分假设你在客户端系统上以普通用户（[拥有 sudo 权限][2]）身份登录。安装 stunnel 和 telnet 客户端： ``` dnf -y install stunnel telnet ``` -Copy the _stunnel.pem_ file from the remote server to your client _/etc/pki/tls/certs_ directory. In this example, the IP address of the remote telnet server is 192.168.1.143. +将 _stunnel.pem_ 从远程服务器复制到客户端的 _/etc/pki/tls/certs_ 目录。在此例中，远程 telnet 服务器的 IP 地址为 192.168.1.143。 ``` sudo scp myuser@192.168.1.143:/etc/pki/tls/certs/stunnel.pem /etc/pki/tls/certs/ ``` -Create the _/etc/stunnel/telnet.conf_ file: +创建 _/etc/stunnel/telnet.conf_： ``` cert = /etc/pki/tls/certs/stunnel.pem @@ -158,15 +158,15 @@ accept=450 connect=192.168.1.143:450 ``` -The **accept** option is the port that will be used for telnet sessions. The **connect** option is the IP address of your remote server and the port it’s listening on. +**accept** 选项是用于 telnet 会话的端口。**connect** 选项是你远程服务器的 IP 地址以及监听的端口。 -Next, enable and start stunnel: +接下来，启用并启动 stunnel： ``` systemctl enable stunnel@telnet.service --now ``` -Test your connection. Since you have a connection established, you will telnet to _localhost_ instead of the hostname or IP address of the remote telnet server: +测试你的连接。由于有一条已建立的连接，你会 telnet 到 _localhost_ 而不是远程 telnet 服务器的主机名或者 IP 地址。 ``` [user@client ~]$ telnet localhost 450 @@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/securing-telnet-connections-with-stunnel/ 作者：[Curt Warfield][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -199,4 +199,3 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/securing-telnet-connections-with-stunnel/ [1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/stunnel-816x345.jpg [2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ [3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/systemd-template-unit-files/ -[4]: mailto:stunnel@foobar.service From 9b3227a5898380c1cbe4328576e4b9921ccdd43e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 08:58:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0139/1265] translated --- ...90517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md b/sources/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md index c14652a7f4..e845b15e59 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 52192c2a996f8ed34440c90464166657a969b1e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 09:38:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0140/1265] PRF:20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md @geekpi --- ...4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md | 41 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md b/translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md index fa96f1794e..6ee901aab9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows) @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ 在 Windows 中运行 Linux 命令的 4 种方法 ====== -_ **简介：想要使用 Linux 命令，但又不想离开 Windows ？以下是在 Windows 中运行 Linux bash 命令的几种方法。** _ +> 想要使用 Linux 命令，但又不想离开 Windows ？以下是在 Windows 中运行 Linux bash 命令的几种方法。 -如果你在课程中正在学习 shell 脚本，那么需要使用 Linux 命令来练习命令和脚本。 +如果你正在课程中正在学习 shell 脚本，那么需要使用 Linux 命令来练习命令和脚本。 -你的学校实验室可能安装了 Linux，但是你个人没有 [Linux 的笔记本][1]，而是像其他人一样的 Windows 计算机。你的作业需要运行 Linux 命令，你也想想知道如何在 Windows 上运行 Bash 命令和脚本。 +你的学校实验室可能安装了 Linux，但是你自己没有安装了 [Linux 的笔记本电脑][1]，而是像其他人一样的 Windows 计算机。你的作业需要运行 Linux 命令，你或许想知道如何在 Windows 上运行 Bash 命令和脚本。 -你可以[在双启动模式下同时安装 Windows 和 Linux][2]。此方法能让你在启动计算机时选择 Linux 或 Windows。但是，为了运行 Linux 命令而单独使用分区的麻烦可能不适合所有人。 +你可以[在双启动模式下同时安装 Windows 和 Linux][2]。此方法能让你在启动计算机时选择 Linux 或 Windows。但是，为了运行 Linux 命令而使用单独分区的麻烦可能不适合所有人。 你也可以[使用在线 Linux 终端][3]，但你的作业无法保存。 @@ -24,32 +24,31 @@ _ **简介：想要使用 Linux 命令，但又不想离开 Windows ？以下是 ### 在 Windows 中使用 Linux 命令 -![][4] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/04/093809hlz2tblfzt7mbwwl.jpg) 作为一个热心的 Linux 用户和推广者，我希望看到越来越多的人使用“真正的” Linux，但我知道有时候，这不是优先考虑的问题。如果你只是想练习 Linux 来通过考试，可以使用这些方法之一在 Windows 上运行 Bash 命令。 -#### 1\. 在 Windows 10 上使用 Linux Bash Shell +#### 1、在 Windows 10 上使用 Linux Bash Shell -你是否知道可以在 Windows 10 中运行 Linux 发行版？ [Windows 的 Linux 子系统 （WSL）][5] 能让你在 Windows 中运行 Linux。即将推出的 WSL 版本将使用 Windows 内部的真正 Linux 内核。 +你是否知道可以在 Windows 10 中运行 Linux 发行版？ [Windows 的 Linux 子系统 （WSL）][5] 能让你在 Windows 中运行 Linux。即将推出的 WSL 版本将在 Windows 内部使用真正 Linux 内核。 -此 WSL 在 Windows 上也称为 Bash，它作为一个常规的 Windows 应用运行，并提供了一个命令行模式的 Linux 发行版。不要害怕命令行模式，因为你的目的是运行 Linux 命令。这就是你所需要的。 +此 WSL 也称为 Bash on Windows，它作为一个常规的 Windows 应用运行，并提供了一个命令行模式的 Linux 发行版。不要害怕命令行模式，因为你的目的是运行 Linux 命令。这就是你所需要的。 ![Ubuntu Linux inside Windows][6] 你可以在 Windows 应用商店中找到一些流行的 Linux 发行版，如 Ubuntu、Kali Linux、openSUSE 等。你只需像任何其他 Windows 应用一样下载和安装它。安装后，你可以运行所需的所有 Linux 命令。 - ![Linux distributions in Windows 10 Store][8] 请参考教程：[在 Windows 上安装 Linux bash shell][9]。 -#### 2\. 使用 Git Bash 在 Windows 上运行 Bash 命令 +#### 2、使用 Git Bash 在 Windows 上运行 Bash 命令 -、你可能知道 [Git][10] 是什么。它是由 [Linux 创建者 Linus Torvalds][11] 开发的版本控制系统。 +你可能知道 [Git][10] 是什么。它是由 [Linux 创建者 Linus Torvalds][11] 开发的版本控制系统。 [Git for Windows][12] 是一组工具，能让你在命令行和图形界面中使用 Git。Git for Windows 中包含的工具之一是 Git Bash。 -Git Bash 为 Git 命令行提供了仿真层。除了 Git 命令，Git Bash 还支持许多 Bash 程序，如 ssh、scp、cat、find 等。 +Git Bash 为 Git 命令行提供了仿真层。除了 Git 命令，Git Bash 还支持许多 Bash 程序，如 `ssh`、`scp`、`cat`、`find` 等。 ![Git Bash][13] @@ -57,21 +56,21 @@ Git Bash 为 Git 命令行提供了仿真层。除了 Git 命令，Git Bash 还 你可以从其网站免费下载和安装 Git for Windows 工具来在 Windows 中安装 Git Bash。 -[下载 Git for Windows][12] +- [下载 Git for Windows][12] -#### 3\. 使用 Cygwin 在 Windows 中使用 Linux 命令 +#### 3、使用 Cygwin 在 Windows 中使用 Linux 命令 -如果要在 Windows 中运行 Linux 命令，那么 Cygwin 是一个推荐的工具。Cygwin 创建于 1995 年，旨在提供一个原生运行于 Windows 中的 POSIX 兼容环境。Cygwin 是由 Red Hat 员工和许多其他志愿者维护的免费开源软件。 +如果要在 Windows 中运行 Linux 命令，那么 Cygwin 是一个推荐的工具。Cygwin 创建于 1995 年，旨在提供一个原生运行于 Windows 中的 POSIX 兼容环境。Cygwin 是由 Red Hat 员工和许多其他志愿者维护的自由开源软件。 二十年来，Windows 用户使用 Cygwin 来运行和练习 Linux/Bash 命令。十多年前，我甚至用 Cygwin 来学习 Linux 命令。 -![Cygwin | Image Credit][14] +![Cygwin][14] 你可以从下面的官方网站下载 Cygwin。我还建议你参考这个 [Cygwin 备忘录][15]来开始使用。 -[下载 Cygwin][16] +- [下载 Cygwin][16] -#### 4\. 在虚拟机中使用 Linux +#### 4、在虚拟机中使用 Linux 另一种方法是使用虚拟化软件并在其中安装 Linux。这样，你可以在 Windows 中安装 Linux 发行版（带有图形界面）并像常规 Windows 应用一样运行它。 @@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ Git Bash 为 Git 命令行提供了仿真层。除了 Git 命令，Git Bash 还 你可以按照[本教程学习如何在 VirtualBox 中安装 Linux][20]。 -**总结** +### 总结 运行 Linux 命令的最佳方法是使用 Linux。当选择不安装 Linux 时，这些工具能让你在 Windows 上运行 Linux 命令。都试试看，看哪种适合你。 @@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/run-linux-commands-in-windows/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 07942ad7abc5f97efcf7867393d367e9492237dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 09:39:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0141/1265] PUB:20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10935-1.html --- .../20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md b/published/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md rename to published/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md index 6ee901aab9..88944d79af 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md +++ b/published/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10935-1.html) [#]: subject: (4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/run-linux-commands-in-windows/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) From d1379be308b614e610b073d9449746ea7cea8afe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 13:41:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0142/1265] PRF&PUB:20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home (#13912) * PRF:20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md @warmfrog * PUB:20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md @warmfrog https://linux.cn/article-10936-1.html --- ...414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md | 149 ++++++++++++++++++ ...414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md | 149 ------------------ 2 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 149 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md diff --git a/published/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md b/published/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3d6f5b2382 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (warmfrog) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10936-1.html) +[#]: subject: (5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/17/4/5-projects-raspberry-pi-home) +[#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) + +5 个可在家中使用的树莓派项目 +====================================== + +![5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home][1] + +[树莓派][2] 电脑可被用来进行多种设置用于不同的目的。显然它在教育市场帮助学生在教室和创客空间中学习编程与创客技巧方面占有一席之地，它在工作场所和工厂中有大量行业应用。我打算介绍五个你可能想要在你的家中构建的项目。 + +### 媒体中心 + +在家中人们常用树莓派作为媒体中心来服务多媒体文件。它很容易搭建，树莓派提供了大量的 GPU（图形处理单元）运算能力来在大屏电视上渲染你的高清电视节目和电影。将 [Kodi][3]（从前的 XBMC）运行在树莓派上是一个很棒的方式，它可以播放你的硬盘或网络存储上的任何媒体。你同样可以安装一个插件来播放 YouTube 视频。 + +还有几个略微不同的选择，最常见的是 [OSMC][4]（开源媒体中心）和 [LibreELEC][5]，都是基于 Kodi 的。它们在放映媒体内容方面表现的都非常好，但是 OSMC 有一个更酷炫的用户界面，而 LibreElec 更轻量级。你要做的只是选择一个发行版，下载镜像并安装到一个 SD 卡中（或者仅仅使用 [NOOBS][6]），启动，然后就准备好了。 + +![LibreElec ][7] + +*LibreElec;树莓派基金会, CC BY-SA* + +![OSMC][8] + +*OSMC.tv, 版权所有, 授权使用* + +在往下走之前，你需要决定[使用哪种树莓派][9]。这些发行版在任何树莓派（1、2、3 或 Zero）上都能运行，视频播放在这些树莓派中的任何一个上都能胜任。除了 Pi 3（和 Zero W）有内置 Wi-Fi，唯一可察觉的不同是用户界面的反应速度，在 Pi 3 上更快。Pi 2 也不会慢太多，所以如果你不需要 Wi-Fi 它也是可以的，但是当切换菜单时，你会注意到 Pi 3 比 Pi 1 和 Zero 表现的更好。 + +### SSH 网关 + +如果你想从外部网络访问你的家庭局域网的电脑和设备，你必须打开这些设备的端口来允许外部访问。在互联网中开放这些端口有安全风险，意味着你总是你总是处于被攻击、滥用或者其他各种未授权访问的风险中。然而，如果你在你的网络中安装一个树莓派，并且设置端口映射来仅允许通过 SSH 访问树莓派，你可以这么用来作为一个安全的网关来跳到网络中的其他树莓派和 PC。 + +大多数路由允许你配置端口映射规则。你需要给你的树莓派一个固定的内网 IP 地址来设置你的路由器端口 22 映射到你的树莓派端口 22。如果你的网络服务提供商给你提供了一个静态 IP 地址，你能够通过 SSH 和主机的 IP 地址访问（例如，`ssh pi@123.45.56.78`）。如果你有一个域名，你可以配置一个子域名指向这个 IP 地址，所以你没必要记住它（例如，`ssh pi@home.mydomain.com`）。 + +![][11] + +然而，如果你不想将树莓派暴露在互联网上，你应该非常小心，不要让你的网络处于危险之中。如果你遵循一些简单的步骤来使它更安全： + +1. 大多数人建议你更换你的登录密码（有道理，默认密码 “raspberry” 是众所周知的），但是这不能阻挡暴力攻击。你可以改变你的密码并添加一个双重验证（所以你需要你的密码*和*一个手机生成的与时间相关的密码），这么做更安全。但是，我相信最好的方法阻止入侵者访问你的树莓派是在你的 SSH 配置中[禁止密码认证][12]，这样只能通过 SSH 密匙进入。这意味着任何试图猜测你的密码尝试登录的人都不会成功。只有你的私有密匙可以访问。简单来说，很多人建议将 SSH 端口从默认的 22 换成其他的，但是通过简单的 [Nmap][13] 扫描你的 IP 地址，你信任的 SSH 端口就会暴露。 +2. 最好，不要在这个树莓派上运行其他的软件，这样你不会意外暴露其他东西。如果你想要运行其他软件，你最好在网络中的其他树莓派上运行，它们没有暴露在互联网上。确保你经常升级来保证你的包是最新的，尤其是 `openssh-server` 包，这样你的安全缺陷就被打补丁了。 +3. 安装 [sshblack][14] 或 [fail2ban][15] 来将任何表露出恶意的用户加入黑名单，例如试图暴力破解你的 SSH 密码。 + +使树莓派安全后，让它在线，你将可以在世界的任何地方登录你的网络。一旦你登录到你的树莓派，你可以用 SSH 访问本地网络上的局域网地址（例如，192.168.1.31）访问其他设备。如果你在这些设备上有密码，用密码就好了。如果它们同样只允许 SSH 密匙，你需要确保你的密匙通过 SSH 转发，使用 `-A` 参数：`ssh -A pi@123.45.67.89`。 + +### CCTV / 宠物相机 + +另一个很棒的家庭项目是安装一个相机模块来拍照和录视频，录制并保存文件，在内网或者外网中进行流式传输。你想这么做有很多原因，但两个常见的情况是一个家庭安防相机或监控你的宠物。 + +[树莓派相机模块][16] 是一个优秀的配件。它提供全高清的相片和视频，包括很多高级配置，很[容易编程][17]。[红外线相机][18]用于这种目的是非常理想的，通过一个红外线 LED（树莓派可以控制的），你就能够在黑暗中看见东西。 + +如果你想通过一定频率拍摄静态图片来留意某件事，你可以仅仅写一个简短的 [Python][19] 脚本或者使用命令行工具 [raspistill][20], 在 [Cron][21] 中规划它多次运行。你可能想将它们保存到 [Dropbox][22] 或另一个网络服务，上传到一个网络服务器，你甚至可以创建一个[web 应用][23]来显示他们。 + +如果你想要在内网或外网中流式传输视频，那也相当简单。在 [picamera 文档][24]中（在 “web streaming” 章节）有一个简单的 MJPEG（Motion JPEG）例子。简单下载或者拷贝代码到文件中，运行并访问树莓派的 IP 地址的 8000 端口，你会看见你的相机的直播输出。 + +有一个更高级的流式传输项目 [pistreaming][25] 也可以，它通过在网络服务器中用 [JSMpeg][26] （一个 JavaScript 视频播放器）和一个用于相机流的单独运行的 websocket。这种方法性能更好，并且和之前的例子一样简单，但是如果要在互联网中流式传输，则需要包含更多代码，并且需要你开放两个端口。 + +一旦你的网络流建立起来，你可以将你的相机放在你想要的地方。我用一个来观察我的宠物龟： + +![Tortoise ][27] + +*Ben Nuttall, CC BY-SA* + +如果你想控制相机位置，你可以用一个舵机。一个优雅的方案是用 Pimoroni 的 [Pan-Tilt HAT][28]，它可以让你简单的在二维方向上移动相机。为了与 pistreaming 集成，可以看看该项目的 [pantilthat 分支][29]. + +![Pan-tilt][30] + +*Pimoroni.com, Copyright, 授权使用* + +如果你想将你的树莓派放到户外，你将需要一个防水的外围附件，并且需要一种给树莓派供电的方式。POE（通过以太网提供电力）电缆是一个不错的实现方式。 + +### 家庭自动化或物联网 + +现在是 2017 年（LCTT 译注：此文发表时间），到处都有很多物联网设备，尤其是家中。我们的电灯有 Wi-Fi，我们的面包烤箱比过去更智能，我们的茶壶处于俄国攻击的风险中，除非你确保你的设备安全，不然别将没有必要的设备连接到互联网，之后你可以在家中充分的利用物联网设备来完成自动化任务。 + +市场上有大量你可以购买或订阅的服务，像 Nest Thermostat 或 Philips Hue 电灯泡，允许你通过你的手机控制你的温度或者你的亮度，无论你是否在家。你可以用一个树莓派来催动这些设备的电源，通过一系列规则包括时间甚至是传感器来完成自动交互。用 Philips Hue，你做不到的当你进房间时打开灯光，但是有一个树莓派和一个运动传感器，你可以用 Python API 来打开灯光。类似地，当你在家的时候你可以通过配置你的 Nest 打开加热系统，但是如果你想在房间里至少有两个人时才打开呢？写一些 Python 代码来检查网络中有哪些手机，如果至少有两个，告诉 Nest 来打开加热器。 + +不用选择集成已存在的物联网设备，你可以用简单的组件来做的更多。一个自制的窃贼警报器，一个自动化的鸡笼门开关，一个夜灯，一个音乐盒，一个定时的加热灯，一个自动化的备份服务器，一个打印服务器，或者任何你能想到的。 + +### Tor 协议和屏蔽广告 + +Adafruit 的 [Onion Pi][31] 是一个 [Tor][32] 协议来使你的网络通讯匿名，允许你使用互联网而不用担心窥探者和各种形式的监视。跟随 Adafruit 的指南来设置 Onion Pi，你会找到一个舒服的匿名的浏览体验。 + +![Onion-Pi][33] + +*Onion-pi from Adafruit, Copyright, 授权使用* + +![Pi-hole][34] + +可以在你的网络中安装一个树莓派来拦截所有的网络交通并过滤所有广告。简单下载 [Pi-hole][35] 软件到 Pi 中，你的网络中的所有设备都将没有广告（甚至屏蔽你的移动设备应用内的广告）。 + +树莓派在家中有很多用法。你在家里用树莓派来干什么？你想用它干什么？ + +在下方评论让我们知道。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/17/4/5-projects-raspberry-pi-home + +作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry_pi_home_automation.png?itok=2TnmJpD8 (5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home) +[2]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/ +[3]: https://kodi.tv/ +[4]: https://osmc.tv/ +[5]: https://libreelec.tv/ +[6]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/noobs/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/libreelec_0.png (LibreElec ) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/osmc.png (OSMC) +[9]: https://opensource.com/life/16/10/which-raspberry-pi-should-you-choose-your-project +[10]: mailto:pi@home.mydomain.com +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/screenshot_from_2017-04-07_15-13-01-700x380.png +[12]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20898384/ssh-disable-password-authentication +[13]: https://nmap.org/ +[14]: http://www.pettingers.org/code/sshblack.html +[15]: https://www.fail2ban.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page +[16]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/camera-module-v2/ +[17]: https://opensource.com/life/15/6/raspberry-pi-camera-projects +[18]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/pi-noir-camera-v2/ +[19]: http://picamera.readthedocs.io/ +[20]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/usage/camera/raspicam/raspistill.md +[21]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/linux/usage/cron.md +[22]: https://github.com/RZRZR/plant-cam +[23]: https://github.com/bennuttall/bett-bot +[24]: http://picamera.readthedocs.io/en/release-1.13/recipes2.html#web-streaming +[25]: https://github.com/waveform80/pistreaming +[26]: http://jsmpeg.com/ +[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/tortoise.jpg (Tortoise) +[28]: https://shop.pimoroni.com/products/pan-tilt-hat +[29]: https://github.com/waveform80/pistreaming/tree/pantilthat +[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pan-tilt.gif (Pan-tilt) +[31]: https://learn.adafruit.com/onion-pi/overview +[32]: https://www.torproject.org/ +[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/onion-pi.jpg (Onion-Pi) +[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/pi-hole-250x250.png (Pi-hole) +[35]: https://pi-hole.net/ + + + diff --git a/translated/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md b/translated/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md deleted file mode 100644 index fabc841426..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,149 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (warmfrog) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/17/4/5-projects-raspberry-pi-home) -[#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) - -5 个可在家中使用的与 Raspberry Pi 相关的项目 -====================================== - -![5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home][1] - -[Raspberry Pi][2] 电脑可被用来进行多种设置用于不同的目的。明显它在教育市场帮助学生在教室中学习编程与创客技巧和创客空间方面占有一席之地，它在工作场所和工厂中有大量应用。我打算介绍五个你可能想要在你的家中构建的项目。 - -### 媒体中心 - -在人们家中人们常用 Raspberry Pi 作为媒体中心来服务多媒体文件。它很容易建立，Raspberry Pi 提供了大量的 GPU（图形处理单元）运算能力来渲染你的大屏电视上的高清电视节目和电影。将 [Kodi][3]（从前的 XBMC）运行在 Raspberry Pi 上是一个很棒的方式来播放你的硬盘或网络存储上的任何媒体。你同样可以安装一个包来播放 YouTube 视频。 - -也有一些少量不同的选项，显然是 [OSMC][4]（开源媒体中心）和 [LibreELEC][5]，都是基于 Kodi 的。它们在放映媒体内容方面表现的都非常好，但是 OSMC 有一个更酷炫的用户界面，而 LibreElec 更轻量级。你要做的只是选择一个发行版，下载镜像并安装到一个 SD 卡中（或者仅仅使用 [NOOBS][6]），启动，然后你就准备好了。 - -![LibreElec ][7] - -LibreElec; Raspberry Pi 基金会, CC BY-SA - -![OSMC][8] - -OSMC.tv, Copyright, 凭权限使用 - -在往下走之前，你需要决定[使用哪种 Raspberry Pi 开发板][9]。这些发行版在任何 Pi（1, 2, 3, or Zero）上都能运行，视频播放在这些开发板中的任何一个上都能胜任。除了 Pi 3（和 Zero W）有内置 Wi-Fi，可察觉的不同是用户界面的反应速度，在 Pi 3 上更快。一个 Pi 2 不会慢太多，所以如果你不需要 Wi-Fi 是可以的，但是当切换菜单时，你会注意到 Pi 3 比 Pi 1 和 Zero 表现的更好。 - -### SSH 网关 - -如果你想从广域网访问你的家庭局域网的电脑和设备，你必须打开这些设备的端口来允许外部访问。在互联网中开放这些端口有安全风险，意味着你总是你总是处于被攻击、滥用或者其他各种未授权访问的风险中。然而，如果你在你的网络中安装一个 Raspberry Pi，并且设置端口映射到仅通过 SSH 访问 Pi 的端口，你可以这么用来作为一个安全的网关来跳到网络中的其他 Pi 和 PC。 - -大多数路由允许你配置端口映射规则。你需要给你的 Pi 一个固定的内网 IP 地址来设置你的路由器端口 22 映射到你的 Raspberry Pi 端口 22。如果你的网络服务提供商给你提供了一个静态 IP 地址，你能够通过 SSH 和主机的 IP 地址访问（例如，**ssh pi@123.45.56.78** ）。如果你有一个域名，你可以配置一个子域名指向这个 IP 地址，所以你没必要记住它（例如，**ssh[pi@home.mydomain.com][10]**）。 - -![][11] - -然而，如果你不想将 Raspberry Pi 暴露在互联网上，你应该非常小心，不要让你的网络处于危险之中。如果你遵循一些简单的步骤来使它更安全： - -1\. 大多数人建议你更换你的登录密码（有道理，默认密码 “raspberry” 是众所周知的），但是这不能阻挡暴力攻击。你可以改变你的密码并添加一个双重验证（所以你需要你的密码_和_一个手机生成的与时间无关的密码），这么做更安全。但是，我相信最好的方法阻止入侵者访问你的 Raspberry Pi 是在你的 SSH 配置中[禁止][12][密码认证][12]，这样只能通过 SSH 密匙进入。这意味着任何试图猜测你的密码尝试登录的人都不会成功。只有你的私有密匙可以访问。简单来说，很多人建议将 SSH 端口从默认的 22 换成其他的，但是通过简单的 [Nmap][13] 扫描你的 IP 地址，你信任的 SSH 端口就会暴露。 - -2\. 最好，不要在这个 Pi 上运行其他的软件，这样你不会意外暴露其他东西。如果你想要运行其他软件，你最好在网络中的其他 Pi 上运行，它们没有暴露在互联网上。确保你经常升级来保证你的包是最新的，尤其是 **openssh-server** 包，这样你的安全缺陷就被打补丁了。 - -3\. 安装 [sshblack][14] 或 [fail2ban][15] 来将任何表露出恶意的用户加入黑名单，例如试图暴力破解你的 SSH 密码。 - -一旦你是 Raspberry Pi 安全后，让它在线，你将在世界的任何地方登录你的网络。一旦你登录到你的树莓派，你可以用 SSH 访问本地网络上的局域网地址（例如，192.168.1.31）访问其他设备。如果你在这些设备上有密码，用密码就好了。如果它们同样只允许 SSH 密匙，你需要确保你的密匙通过 SSH 传播，使用 **-A** 参数：**ssh -A pi@123.45.67.89**。 - -### CCTV / 宠物相机 - -另一个很棒的家庭项目是建立一个相机模块来拍照和录视频，录制并保存文件，在内网或者外网中进行流式传输。你想这么做有很多原因，但两个常见的情况是一个家庭安防相机或监控你的宠物。 - -[Raspberry Pi 相机模块][16] 是一个优秀的配件。它提供全高清的相片和视频，包括很多高级配置，很[容易][17][编程][17]。[红外线相机][18]用于这种目的是非常理想的，通过一个红外线 LED（Pi 可以控制的），你就能够在黑暗中看见东西。 - -如果你想通过一定频率拍摄静态图片来留意某件事，你可以仅仅写一个短的 [Python][19] 脚本或者使用命令行工具 [raspistill][20], 在 [Cron][21] 中规划它多次运行。你可能想将它们保存到 [Dropbox][22] 或另一个网络服务，上传到一个网络服务器，你甚至可以创建一个[网络应用][23]来显示他们。 - -如果你想要在内网或外网中流式传输视频，那也相当简单。在 [picamera 文档][24]中（在 “web streaming” 章节）有一个简单的 MJPEG（运动的 JPEG）例子。简单下载或者拷贝代码到文件中，运行并访问 Pi 的 IP 地址的 8000 端口，你会看见你的相机的直播输出。 - -有一个更高级的流式传输项目 [pistreaming][25] 可获得，它通过在网络服务器中用 [JSMpeg][26] （一个 JavaScript 视频播放器）和一个用于相机流的单独运行的 websocket。这种方法性能更好，并且和之前的例子一样简单，但是如果要在互联网中流式传输，则需要包含更多代码，并且需要你开放两个端口。 - -一旦你的网络流建立起来，你可以将你的相机放在你想要的地方。我用一个来观察我的宠物龟： - -![Tortoise ][27] - -Ben Nuttall, CC BY-SA - -如果你想控制相机位置，你可以用一个舵机。一个优雅的方案是用 Pimoroni 的 [Pan-Tilt HAT][28]，它可以让你简单的在二维方向上移动相机。为了与 pistreaming 集成，看项目的 [pantilthat 分支][29]. - -![Pan-tilt][30] - -Pimoroni.com, Copyright, Used with permission - -如果你想将你的 Pi 放到户外，你将需要一个防水的外围附件，并且需要一种给 Pi 供电的方式。POE（通过以太网提供电力）电缆是一个不错的实现方式。 - -### 家庭自动化或物联网 - -现在是 2017 年，到处都有很多物联网设备，尤其是家中。我们的电灯有 Wi-Fi，我们的面包烤箱比过去更智能，我们的茶壶处于俄国攻击的风险中，除非你确保你的设备安全，不然别将没有必要的设备连接到互联网，之后你可以在家中充分的利用物联网设备来完成自动化任务。 - -市场上有大量你可以购买或订阅的服务，像 Nest Thermostat 或 Philips Hue 电灯泡,允许你通过你的手机控制你的温度或者你的亮度，无论你是否在家。你可以用一个树莓派来催动这些设备的电源，通过一系列规则包括时间甚至是传感器来完成自动交互。用 Philips Hue ，有一件事你不能做的是当你进房间是打开灯光，但是有一个树莓派和一个运动传感器，你可以用 Python API 来打开灯光。类似，当你在家的时候你可以通过配置你的 Nest 打开加热系统，但是如果你想在房间里至少有两个人时才打开呢？写一些 Python 代码来检查网络中有哪些手机，如果至少有两个，告诉 Nest 来打开加热器。 - -不选择集成已存在的物联网设备，你可以用简单的组件来做的更多。一个自制的窃贼警报器，一个自动化的鸡笼门开关，一个夜灯，一个音乐盒，一个定时的加热灯，一个自动化的备份服务器，一个打印服务器，或者任何你能想到的。 - -### Tor 协议和屏蔽广告 - -Adafruit 的 [Onion Pi][31] 是一个 [Tor][32] 协议来使你的网络交通匿名，允许你使用互联网，而不用担心窥探者和各种形式的监视。跟随 Adafruit 的指南来设置 Onion Pi，你会找到一个舒服的匿名的浏览体验。 - -![Onion-Pi][33] - -Onion-pi from Adafruit, Copyright, Used with permission - -![Pi-hole][34] 你可以在你的网络中安装一个树莓派来拦截所有的网络交通并过滤所有广告。简单下载 [Pi-hole][35] 软件到 Pi 中，你的网络中的所有设备都将没有广告（甚至屏蔽你的移动设备应用内的广告）。 - -Raspberry Pi 在家中有很多用法。你在家里用树莓派来干什么？你想用它干什么？ - -在下方评论让我们知道。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/17/4/5-projects-raspberry-pi-home - -作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry_pi_home_automation.png?itok=2TnmJpD8 (5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home) -[2]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/ -[3]: https://kodi.tv/ -[4]: https://osmc.tv/ -[5]: https://libreelec.tv/ -[6]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/noobs/ -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/libreelec_0.png (LibreElec ) -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/osmc.png (OSMC) -[9]: https://opensource.com/life/16/10/which-raspberry-pi-should-you-choose-your-project -[10]: mailto:pi@home.mydomain.com -[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/screenshot_from_2017-04-07_15-13-01-700x380.png -[12]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20898384/ssh-disable-password-authentication -[13]: https://nmap.org/ -[14]: http://www.pettingers.org/code/sshblack.html -[15]: https://www.fail2ban.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page -[16]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/camera-module-v2/ -[17]: https://opensource.com/life/15/6/raspberry-pi-camera-projects -[18]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/pi-noir-camera-v2/ -[19]: http://picamera.readthedocs.io/ -[20]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/usage/camera/raspicam/raspistill.md -[21]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/linux/usage/cron.md -[22]: https://github.com/RZRZR/plant-cam -[23]: https://github.com/bennuttall/bett-bot -[24]: http://picamera.readthedocs.io/en/release-1.13/recipes2.html#web-streaming -[25]: https://github.com/waveform80/pistreaming -[26]: http://jsmpeg.com/ -[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/tortoise.jpg (Tortoise) -[28]: https://shop.pimoroni.com/products/pan-tilt-hat -[29]: https://github.com/waveform80/pistreaming/tree/pantilthat -[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pan-tilt.gif (Pan-tilt) -[31]: https://learn.adafruit.com/onion-pi/overview -[32]: https://www.torproject.org/ -[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/onion-pi.jpg (Onion-Pi) -[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/resize/pi-hole-250x250.png (Pi-hole) -[35]: https://pi-hole.net/ - - - From a2fca4fb687f15e4bd54824672ebff2ab8b37110 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 14:24:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0143/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20To=20Verify=20NTP=20Setup=20(Sync)=20is=20Working=20or=20Not?= =?UTF-8?q?=20In=20Linux=3F=20sources/tech/20190604=20How=20To=20Verify=20?= =?UTF-8?q?NTP=20Setup=20(Sync)=20is=20Working=20or=20Not=20In=20Linux.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md | 169 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 169 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..750a6e3ac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux?) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-verify-ntp-sync-is-working-or-not-in-linux-using-ntpq-ntpstat-timedatectl/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux? +====== + +NTP stand for Network Time Protocol, which synchronize the clock between computer systems over the network. + +NTP server keep all the servers in your organization in-sync with an accurate time to perform time based jobs. + +NTP client will synchronize its clock to the network time server. + +We had already wrote an article about NTP Server and Client installation and configuration. + +If you would like to check these article, navigate to the following links. + + * **[How To Install And Configure NTP Server And NTP Client In Linux?][1]** + * **[How To Install And Configure Chrony As NTP Client?][2]** + + + +I assume that we have already setup NTP server and NTP client using the above links. + +Now, how to verify whether the NTP setup is working correctly or not? + +There are three commands available in Linux to validate the NTP sync. The details are below. In this article, we will tell you, how to verify NTP sync using all these commands. + + * **`ntpq:`** ntpq is standard NTP query program. + * **`ntpstat:`** It shows network time synchronization status. + * **`timedatectl:`** It controls the system time and date in systemd system. + + + +### Method-1: How To Check NTP Status Using ntpq Command? + +The ntpq utility program is used to monitor NTP daemon ntpd operations and determine performance. + +The program can be run either in interactive mode or controlled using command line arguments. + +It prints a list of peers that connected by sending multiple queries to the server. + +If NTP is working properly, you will be getting the output similar to below. + +``` +# ntpq -p + + remote refid st t when poll reach delay offset jitter +============================================================================== +*CentOS7.2daygee 133.243.238.163 2 u 14 64 37 0.686 0.151 16.432 +``` + +**Details:** + + * **-p:** Print a list of the peers known to the server as well as a summary of their state. + + + +### Method-2: How To Check NTP Status Using ntpstat Command? + +ntpstat will report the synchronisation state of the NTP daemon (ntpd) running on the local machine. + +If the local system is found to be synchronised to a reference time source, ntpstat will report the approximate time accuracy. + +The ntpstat command returns three kind of status code based on the NTP sync. The details are below. + + * **`0:`**` ` It returns 0 if clock is synchronised. + * **`1:`**` ` It returns 1 if clock is not synchronised. + * **`2:`**` ` It returns 2 if clock state is indeterminant, for example if ntpd is not contactable. + + + +``` +# ntpstat + +synchronised to NTP server (192.168.1.8) at stratum 3 + time correct to within 508 ms + polling server every 64 s +``` + +### Method-3: How To Check NTP Status Using timedatectl Command? + +**[timedatectl Command][3]** is used to query and change the system clock and its settings in systmed system. + +``` +# timedatectl +or +# timedatectl status + + Local time: Thu 2019-05-30 05:01:05 CDT + Universal time: Thu 2019-05-30 10:01:05 UTC + RTC time: Thu 2019-05-30 10:01:05 + Time zone: America/Chicago (CDT, -0500) + NTP enabled: yes +NTP synchronized: yes + RTC in local TZ: no + DST active: yes + Last DST change: DST began at + Sun 2019-03-10 01:59:59 CST + Sun 2019-03-10 03:00:00 CDT + Next DST change: DST ends (the clock jumps one hour backwards) at + Sun 2019-11-03 01:59:59 CDT + Sun 2019-11-03 01:00:00 CST +``` + +### Bonus Tips: + +Chrony is replacement of NTP client. + +It can synchronize the system clock faster with better time accuracy and it can be particularly useful for the systems which are not online all the time. + +chronyd is smaller, it uses less memory and it wakes up the CPU only when necessary, which is better for power saving. + +It can perform well even when the network is congested for longer periods of time. + +You can use any of the below commands to check Chrony status. + +To check chrony tracking status. + +``` +# chronyc tracking + +Reference ID : C0A80105 (CentOS7.2daygeek.com) +Stratum : 3 +Ref time (UTC) : Thu Mar 28 05:57:27 2019 +System time : 0.000002545 seconds slow of NTP time +Last offset : +0.001194361 seconds +RMS offset : 0.001194361 seconds +Frequency : 1.650 ppm fast +Residual freq : +184.101 ppm +Skew : 2.962 ppm +Root delay : 0.107966967 seconds +Root dispersion : 1.060455322 seconds +Update interval : 2.0 seconds +Leap status : Normal +``` + +Run the sources command to displays information about the current time sources. + +``` +# chronyc sources + +210 Number of sources = 1 +MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample +=============================================================================== +^* CentOS7.2daygeek.com 2 6 17 62 +36us[+1230us] +/- 1111ms +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-verify-ntp-sync-is-working-or-not-in-linux-using-ntpq-ntpstat-timedatectl/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-configure-ntp-server-ntp-client-in-linux/ +[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/configure-ntp-client-using-chrony-in-linux/ +[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/change-set-time-date-and-timezone-on-linux/ From a81073c757bc582caa3d8224de8f6d99ae76243f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 14:25:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0144/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20Linu?= =?UTF-8?q?x=20Shell=20Script=20To=20Monitor=20CPU=20Utilization=20And=20S?= =?UTF-8?q?end=20Email=20sources/tech/20190604=20Linux=20Shell=20Script=20?= =?UTF-8?q?To=20Monitor=20CPU=20Utilization=20And=20Send=20Email.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Monitor CPU Utilization And Send Email.md | 178 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 178 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190604 Linux Shell Script To Monitor CPU Utilization And Send Email.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 Linux Shell Script To Monitor CPU Utilization And Send Email.md b/sources/tech/20190604 Linux Shell Script To Monitor CPU Utilization And Send Email.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f1cb86573b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 Linux Shell Script To Monitor CPU Utilization And Send Email.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Linux Shell Script To Monitor CPU Utilization And Send Email) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-shell-script-to-monitor-cpu-utilization-usage-and-send-email/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +Linux Shell Script To Monitor CPU Utilization And Send Email +====== + +There are many opensource monitoring tools are available to monitor Linux systems performance. + +It will send an email alert when the system reaches the given threshold limit. + +It monitors everything such as CPU utilization, Memory utilization, swap utilization, disk space utilization and much more. + +If you only have few systems and want to monitor them then writing a small shell script can achieve this. + +In this tutorial we have added two shell script to monitor CPU utilization on Linux system. + +When the system reaches the given threshold then it will trigger a mail to corresponding email id. + +### Method-1 : Linux Shell Script To Monitor CPU Utilization And Send an Email + +If you want to only get CPU utilization percentage through mail when the system reaches the given threshold, use the following script. + +This is very simple and straightforward and one line script. + +It will trigger an email when your system reaches `80%` CPU utilization. + +``` +*/5 * * * * /usr/bin/cat /proc/loadavg | awk '{print $1}' | awk '{ if($1 > 80) printf("Current CPU Utilization is: %.2f%\n"), $0;}' | mail -s "High CPU Alert" [email protected] +``` + +**Note:** You need to change the email id instead of ours. Also, you can change the CPU utilization threshold value as per your requirement. + +**Output:** You will be getting an email alert similar to below. + +``` +Current CPU Utilization is: 80.40% +``` + +We had added many useful shell scripts in the past. If you want to check those, navigate to the below link. + + * **[How to automate day to day activities using shell scripts?][1]** + + + +### Method-2 : Linux Shell Script To Monitor CPU Utilization And Send an Email + +If you want to get more information about the CPU utilization in the mail alert. + +Then use the following script, which includes top CPU utilization process details based on the top Command and ps Command. + +This will inconstantly gives you an idea what is going on your system. + +It will trigger an email when your system reaches `80%` CPU utilization. + +**Note:** You need to change the email id instead of ours. Also, you can change the CPU utilization threshold value as per your requirement. + +``` +# vi /opt/scripts/cpu-alert.sh + +#!/bin/bash +cpuuse=$(cat /proc/loadavg | awk '{print $1}') + +if [ "$cpuuse" > 80 ]; then + +SUBJECT="ATTENTION: CPU Load Is High on $(hostname) at $(date)" + +MESSAGE="/tmp/Mail.out" + +TO="[email protected]" + + echo "CPU Current Usage is: $cpuuse%" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "+------------------------------------------------------------------+" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "Top CPU Process Using top command" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "+------------------------------------------------------------------+" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "$(top -bn1 | head -20)" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "+------------------------------------------------------------------+" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "Top CPU Process Using ps command" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "+------------------------------------------------------------------+" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "$(ps -eo pcpu,pid,user,args | sort -k 1 -r | head -10)" >> $MESSAGE + + mail -s "$SUBJECT" "$TO" < $MESSAGE + + rm /tmp/Mail.out + + fi +``` + +Finally add a **[cronjob][2]** to automate this. It will run every 5 minutes. + +``` +# crontab -e +*/10 * * * * /bin/bash /opt/scripts/cpu-alert.sh +``` + +**Note:** You will be getting an email alert 5 mins later since the script has scheduled to run every 5 minutes (But it's not exactly 5 mins and it depends the timing). + +Say for example. If your system reaches the limit at 8.25 then you will get an email alert in another 5 mins. Hope it's clear now. + +**Output:** You will be getting an email alert similar to below. + +``` +CPU Current Usage is: 80.51% + ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +Top CPU Process Using top command ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +top - 13:23:01 up 1:43, 1 user, load average: 2.58, 2.58, 1.51 +Tasks: 306 total, 3 running, 303 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie +%Cpu0 : 6.2 us, 6.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 87.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu1 : 18.8 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 81.2 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu2 : 50.0 us, 37.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 12.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu3 : 5.9 us, 5.9 sy, 0.0 ni, 88.2 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu4 : 0.0 us, 5.9 sy, 0.0 ni, 94.1 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu5 : 29.4 us, 23.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 47.1 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu6 : 0.0 us, 5.9 sy, 0.0 ni, 94.1 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu7 : 5.9 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 94.1 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +KiB Mem : 16248588 total, 223436 free, 5816924 used, 10208228 buff/cache +KiB Swap: 17873388 total, 17871340 free, 2048 used. 7440884 avail Mem + + PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND + 8867 daygeek 20 2743884 440420 360952 R 100.0 2.7 1:07.25 /usr/lib/virtualbox/VirtualBoxVM --comment CentOS7 --startvm 002f47b8-2af2-48f5-be1d-67b67e03514c --no-startvm-errormsgbox + 9119 daygeek 20 36136 784 R 46.7 0.0 0:00.07 /usr/bin/CROND -n + 1057 daygeek 20 889808 487692 461692 S 13.3 3.0 4:21.12 /usr/lib/Xorg vt2 -displayfd 3 -auth /run/user/1000/gdm/Xauthority -nolisten tcp -background none -noreset -keeptty -verbose 3 + 3098 daygeek 20 1929012 351412 120532 S 13.3 2.2 16:42.51 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 6 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9236 -prefMapSize 184485 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /us+ + 1 root 20 188820 10144 7708 S 6.7 0.1 0:06.92 /sbin/init + 818 gdm 20 199836 25120 15876 S 6.7 0.2 0:01.85 /usr/lib/Xorg vt1 -displayfd 3 -auth /run/user/120/gdm/Xauthority -nolisten tcp -background none -noreset -keeptty -verbose 3 + 1170 daygeek 9 -11 2676516 16516 12520 S 6.7 0.1 1:28.30 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --daemonize=no + 8271 root 20 I 6.7 0:00.21 [kworker/u16:4-i915] + 9117 daygeek 20 13528 4036 3144 R 6.7 0.0 0:00.01 top -bn1 + ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +Top CPU Process Using ps command ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +%CPU PID USER COMMAND + 8.8 8522 daygeek /usr/lib/virtualbox/VirtualBox +86.2 8867 daygeek /usr/lib/virtualbox/VirtualBoxVM --comment CentOS7 --startvm 002f47b8-2af2-48f5-be1d-67b67e03514c --no-startvm-errormsgbox +76.1 8921 daygeek /usr/lib/virtualbox/VirtualBoxVM --comment Ubuntu-18.04 --startvm e8c32dbb-8b01-41b0-977a-bf28b9db1117 --no-startvm-errormsgbox + 5.5 8080 daygeek /usr/bin/nautilus --gapplication-service + 4.7 4575 daygeek /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 12 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9375 -prefMapSize 184485 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 1525 true tab + 4.4 3511 daygeek /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 8 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9308 -prefMapSize 184485 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 1525 true tab + 4.4 3190 daygeek /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 7 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9237 -prefMapSize 184485 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 1525 true tab + 4.4 1612 daygeek /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 1 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 1 -prefMapSize 184485 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 1525 true tab + 4.2 3565 daygeek /usr/bin/../lib/notepadqq/notepadqq-bin +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-shell-script-to-monitor-cpu-utilization-usage-and-send-email/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/shell-script/ +[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/crontab-cronjob-to-schedule-jobs-in-linux/ From d7383c2b4629847b5cd3729280cbc88e7a196cad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 14:25:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0145/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20Exam?= =?UTF-8?q?Snap=20Guide:=206=20Excellent=20Resources=20for=20Microsoft=209?= =?UTF-8?q?8-366:=20Networking=20Fundamentals=20Exam=20sources/tech/201906?= =?UTF-8?q?04=20ExamSnap=20Guide-=206=20Excellent=20Resources=20for=20Micr?= =?UTF-8?q?osoft=2098-366-=20Networking=20Fundamentals=20Exam.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ft 98-366- Networking Fundamentals Exam.md | 103 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190604 ExamSnap Guide- 6 Excellent Resources for Microsoft 98-366- Networking Fundamentals Exam.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 ExamSnap Guide- 6 Excellent Resources for Microsoft 98-366- Networking Fundamentals Exam.md b/sources/tech/20190604 ExamSnap Guide- 6 Excellent Resources for Microsoft 98-366- Networking Fundamentals Exam.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..97414f530f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 ExamSnap Guide- 6 Excellent Resources for Microsoft 98-366- Networking Fundamentals Exam.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (ExamSnap Guide: 6 Excellent Resources for Microsoft 98-366: Networking Fundamentals Exam) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/examsnap-guide-6-excellent-resources-for-microsoft-98-366-networking-fundamentals-exam/) +[#]: author: (2daygeek http://www.2daygeek.com/author/2daygeek/) + +ExamSnap Guide: 6 Excellent Resources for Microsoft 98-366: Networking Fundamentals Exam +====== + +The Microsoft 98-366 exam is almost similar to the CompTIA Network+ certification test when it comes to its content. + +It is also known as Networking Fundamentals, and its purpose is to assess your knowledge of switches, routers, OSI models, wide area and local area networks, wireless networking, and IP addressing. + +Those who pass the exam earn the MTA (Microsoft Technology Associate) certificate. This certifications an ideal entry-level credential to help you begin your IT career. + +### 6 Resources for Microsoft MTA 98-366 Exam + +Using approved training materials is the best method to prepare for your certification exam. Most candidates are fond of shortcuts and often use PDFs and brain dumps to prepare for the test. + +It is important to note that these materials need additional study methods. They will not help you gain better knowledge that is meant to make you perform better at work. + +When you take your time to master the course contents of a certification exam, you are not only getting ready for the test but also developing your skills, expertise, and knowledge in the topics covered there. + + * **[ExamSnap][1]** + + + +Another important point to note is that you shouldn’t rely only on brain dumps. Microsoft can withhold or withdraw your certification if it is discovered that you have cheated. + +This may also result in the situation when a person is not allowed to earn the credentials any more. Thus, use only verified platforms such as Examsnap. + +Most people tend to believe that there is no way they can get discovered. However, you need to know that Microsoft has been offering professional certification exams for years and they know what they are doing. + +Now when we have established the importance of using legal materials to prepare for your certification exam, we need to highlight the top resources you can use to prepare for the Microsoft 98-366 test. + +### 1\. Microsoft Video Academy + +The MVA (Microsoft Video Academy) provides you with introductory lessons on the 98-366 certification exam.This is not sufficient for your study although it is a great way to begin your preparation for the test. The materials in the video do not cover everything you need to know before taking the exam. + +In fact, it is introductory series that is meant to lay down the foundation for your study. You will have to explore other materials for you to get an in-depth knowledge of the topics. + +These videos are available without payment, so you can easily access them and use whenever you want. + + * [Microsoft Certification Overview][2] + + + +### 2\. Examsnap + +If you have been looking for material that can help you prepare for the Microsoft Networking Fundamentals exam, look no further because you will know about Examsnap now. + +It is an online platform that provides you with exam dumps and video series of various certification courses. All you need to do is to register on the website and pay a fee for you to be able to access various tools that will help you prepare for the test. + +Examsnap will enable you to pass your exams with confidence by providing you with the most accurate and comprehensive preparation materials on the Internet. The platform also has training courses to help you improve your study. + +Before making any payment on the site, you can complete the trial course to establish whether the site is suitable for your exam preparation needs. + +### 3\. Exam 98-366: MTA Networking Fundamentals + +This is a study resource that is a book. It provides you with a comprehensive approach to the various topics. It is important for you to note that this study guide is critical to your success. + +It offers you more detailed material than the introductory lectures by the MVA. It is advisable that you do not focus on the sample questions in each part when using this book. + +You should not concentrate on the sample questions because they are not so informative. You can make up for this shortcoming by checking out other practice test options. Overall, this book is a top resource that will contribute greatly to your certification exam success. + +### 4\. Measure-Up + +Measure-Up is the official Microsoft practice test provider whereby you can access different materials. You can get a lab and hands-on practice with networking software tools, which are very beneficial for your preparation. The site also has study questions that you can purchase. + +### 5\. U-Certify + +The U-Certify platform is a reputable organization that offers video courses that are considered to be more understandable than those offered by the MVA. In addition to video courses, the site presents flashcards at the end of the videos. + +You can also access a series of practice tests, which contain several hundreds of study questions on the platform. There are more contents in videos and tests that you can access the moment you subscribe. Depending on what you are looking for, you can choose to buy the tests or the videos. + +### 6\. Networking Essentials – Wiki + +There are several posts that are linked to the Networking Essentials page on Wiki, and you can be sure that these articles are greatly detailed with information that will be helpful for your exam preparation. + +It is important to note that they are not meant to be studied as the only resource materials. You should only use them as additional means for the purpose of getting more information on specific topics but not as an individual study tool. + +### Conclusion + +You may not be able to access all the top resources available. However, you can access some of them. In addition to the resources mentioned, there are also some others that are very good. Visit the Microsoft official website to get the list of reliable resource platforms you can use. Study and be well-prepared for the 98-366 certification exam! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/examsnap-guide-6-excellent-resources-for-microsoft-98-366-networking-fundamentals-exam/ + +作者：[2daygeek][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: http://www.2daygeek.com/author/2daygeek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.examsnap.com/ +[2]: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/learning/certification-overview.aspx From 36d0f814539da7f8209cde5af655b94d97fe005e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 14:26:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0146/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20Two?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Methods=20To=20Check=20Or=20List=20Installed=20Security=20Up?= =?UTF-8?q?dates=20on=20Redhat=20(RHEL)=20And=20CentOS=20System=20sources/?= =?UTF-8?q?tech/20190604=20Two=20Methods=20To=20Check=20Or=20List=20Instal?= =?UTF-8?q?led=20Security=20Updates=20on=20Redhat=20(RHEL)=20And=20CentOS?= =?UTF-8?q?=20System.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 170 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 170 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8686fe415f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-installed-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-and-centos-system/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System +====== + +We had wrote two articles in the past about this topic and each articles were published for different requirements. + +If you would like to check those articles before getting into this topic. + +Navigate to the following links. + + * **[How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System?][1]** + * **[Four Ways To Install Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS Systems?][2]** + + + +These articles are interlinked one with others so, better to read them before digging into this. + +In this article, we will show you, how to check installed security updates. + +I have add two methods to achieve this and you can choose which one is best and suitable for you. + +Also, i added a small shell script, that gives you a summary about installed security packages count. + +Run the following command to get a list of the installed security updates on your system. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list security installed + +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, + : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. ModemManager-glib-1.1.0-8.git20130913.el7.x86_64 +RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.0.6-27.el7.x86_64 +RHSA-2016:2581 Low/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.4.0-12.el7.x86_64 +RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.8.0-9.el7.x86_64 +RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.0.6-27.el7.x86_64 +RHSA-2016:2581 Low/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.4.0-12.el7.x86_64 +RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.8.0-9.el7.x86_64 +RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-bluetooth-1:1.0.6-27.el7.x86_64 +``` + +To count the number of installed security packages, run the following command. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list security installed | wc -l +1046 +``` + +To print only install packages list. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list security all | grep -w "i" + +i RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. ModemManager-glib-1.1.0-8.git20130913.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.0.6-27.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2016:2581 Low/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.4.0-12.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.8.0-9.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.0.6-27.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2016:2581 Low/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.4.0-12.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.8.0-9.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-bluetooth-1:1.0.6-27.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2016:2581 Low/Sec. NetworkManager-bluetooth-1:1.4.0-12.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-bluetooth-1:1.8.0-9.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.0.6-27.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2016:2581 Low/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.4.0-12.el7.x86_64 +i RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.8.0-9.el7.noarch +``` + +To count the number of installed security packages, run the following command. + +``` +# yum updateinfo list security all | grep -w "i" | wc -l +1043 +``` + +Alternatively, you can check the list of vulnerabilities had fixed against the given package. + +In this example, we are going to check the list of vulnerabilities had fixed in the “openssh” package. + +``` +# rpm -q --changelog openssh | grep -i CVE + +- Fix for CVE-2017-15906 (#1517226) +- CVE-2015-8325: privilege escalation via user's PAM environment and UseLogin=yes (#1329191) +- CVE-2016-1908: possible fallback from untrusted to trusted X11 forwarding (#1298741) +- CVE-2016-3115: missing sanitisation of input for X11 forwarding (#1317819) +- prevents CVE-2016-0777 and CVE-2016-0778 +- Security fixes released with openssh-6.9 (CVE-2015-5352) (#1247864) +- only query each keyboard-interactive device once (CVE-2015-5600) (#1245971) +- add new option GSSAPIEnablek5users and disable using ~/.k5users by default CVE-2014-9278 +- prevent a server from skipping SSHFP lookup - CVE-2014-2653 (#1081338) +- change default value of MaxStartups - CVE-2010-5107 (#908707) +- CVE-2010-4755 +- merged cve-2007_3102 to audit patch +- fixed audit log injection problem (CVE-2007-3102) +- CVE-2006-5794 - properly detect failed key verify in monitor (#214641) +- CVE-2006-4924 - prevent DoS on deattack detector (#207957) +- CVE-2006-5051 - don't call cleanups from signal handler (#208459) +- use fork+exec instead of system in scp - CVE-2006-0225 (#168167) +``` + +Similarly, you can check whether the given vulnerability is fixed or not in the corresponding package by running the following command. + +``` +# rpm -q --changelog openssh | grep -i CVE-2016-3115 + +- CVE-2016-3115: missing sanitisation of input for X11 forwarding (#1317819) +``` + +### How To Count Installed Security Packages Using Shell Script? + +I have added a small shell script, which helps you to count the list of installed security packages. + +``` +# vi /opt/scripts/security-check.sh + +#!/bin/bash +echo "+-------------------------+" +echo "|Security Advisories Count|" +echo "+-------------------------+" +for i in Important Moderate Low +do +sec=$(yum updateinfo list security installed | grep $i | wc -l) +echo "$i: $sec" +done | column -t +echo "+-------------------------+" +``` + +Set an executable permission to `security-check.sh` file. + +``` +$ chmod +x security-check.sh +``` + +Finally run the script to achieve this. + +``` +# sh /opt/scripts/security-check.sh + ++-------------------------+ +|Security Advisories Count| ++-------------------------+ +Important: 480 +Moderate: 410 +Low: 111 ++-------------------------+ +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-installed-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-and-centos-system/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-list-view-find-available-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/ +[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/ From c498feda107a7c0fe92ccde82bf7f4d6cfd7af3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 14:26:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0147/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20Four?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Ways=20To=20Install=20Security=20Updates=20On=20Red=20Hat=20?= =?UTF-8?q?(RHEL)=20And=20CentOS=20Systems=3F=20sources/tech/20190604=20Fo?= =?UTF-8?q?ur=20Ways=20To=20Install=20Security=20Updates=20On=20Red=20Hat?= =?UTF-8?q?=20(RHEL)=20And=20CentOS=20Systems.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...es On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS Systems.md | 174 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 174 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190604 Four Ways To Install Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS Systems.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 Four Ways To Install Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS Systems.md b/sources/tech/20190604 Four Ways To Install Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS Systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ebe841dbcb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 Four Ways To Install Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS Systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Four Ways To Install Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS Systems?) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/install-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +Four Ways To Install Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS Systems? +====== + +Patching of the Linux server is one of important and routine task of Linux admin. + +Keeping the system with latest patch level is must. It protects your system against unnecessary attack. + +There are three kind of erratas available in the RHEL/CentOS repository, these are Security, Bug Fix and Product Enhancement. + +Now, you have two options to handle this. + +Either install only security updates or all the errata packages. + +We have already written an article in the past **[to check available security updates?][1]**. + +Also, **[check the installed security updates on your system][2]** using this link. + +You can navigate to the above link, if you would like to verify available security updates before installing them. + +In this article, we will show your, how to install security updates in multiple ways on RHEL and CentOS system. + +### 1) How To Install Entire Errata Updates In Red Hat And CentOS System? + +Run the following command to download and apply all available security updates on your system. + +Make a note, this command will install the last available version of any package with at least one security errata. + +Also, install non-security erratas if they provide a more updated version of the package. + +``` +# yum update --security + +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +RHEL7-Server-DVD | 4.3 kB 00:00:00 +rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 +--> 1:grub2-tools-extra-2.02-0.76.el7.1.x86_64 from rhel-7-server-rpms removed (updateinfo) +--> nss-pem-1.0.3-5.el7_6.1.x86_64 from rhel-7-server-rpms removed (updateinfo) +. +35 package(s) needed (+0 related) for security, out of 115 available +Resolving Dependencies +--> Running transaction check +---> Package NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.12.0-6.el7 will be updated +---> Package NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 will be an update +``` + +Once you ran the above command, it will check all the available updates and its dependency satisfaction. + +``` +--> Finished Dependency Resolution +--> Running transaction check +---> Package kernel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-514.26.1.el7 will be erased +---> Package kernel-devel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-514.26.1.el7 will be erased +--> Finished Dependency Resolution + +Dependencies Resolved +===================================================================================================================================================================== +Package Arch Version Repository Size +===================================================================================================================================================================== +Installing: +kernel x86_64 3.10.0-957.10.1.el7 rhel-7-server-rpms 48 M +kernel-devel x86_64 3.10.0-957.10.1.el7 rhel-7-server-rpms 17 M +Updating: +NetworkManager x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms 1.7 M +NetworkManager-adsl x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms 157 k +. +Removing: +kernel x86_64 3.10.0-514.26.1.el7 @rhel-7-server-rpms 148 M +kernel-devel x86_64 3.10.0-514.26.1.el7 @rhel-7-server-rpms 34 M +``` + +If these dependencies were satisfied, which finally gives you a total summary about it. + +The transaction summary shows, how many packages will be getting Installed, upgraded and removed from the system. + +``` +Transaction Summary +===================================================================================================================================================================== +Install 2 Packages +Upgrade 33 Packages +Remove 2 Packages + +Total download size: 124 M +Is this ok [y/d/N]: +``` + +### How To Install Only Security Updates In Red Hat And CentOS System? + +Run the following command to install only the packages that have a security errata. + +``` +# yum update-minimal --security + +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 +Resolving Dependencies +--> Running transaction check +---> Package NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.12.0-6.el7 will be updated +---> Package NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.12.0-8.el7_6 will be an update +. +--> Finished Dependency Resolution +--> Running transaction check +---> Package kernel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-514.26.1.el7 will be erased +---> Package kernel-devel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-514.26.1.el7 will be erased +--> Finished Dependency Resolution + +Dependencies Resolved +===================================================================================================================================================================== +Package Arch Version Repository Size +===================================================================================================================================================================== +Installing: +kernel x86_64 3.10.0-957.10.1.el7 rhel-7-server-rpms 48 M +kernel-devel x86_64 3.10.0-957.10.1.el7 rhel-7-server-rpms 17 M +Updating: +NetworkManager x86_64 1:1.12.0-8.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms 1.7 M +NetworkManager-adsl x86_64 1:1.12.0-8.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms 157 k +. +Removing: +kernel x86_64 3.10.0-514.26.1.el7 @rhel-7-server-rpms 148 M +kernel-devel x86_64 3.10.0-514.26.1.el7 @rhel-7-server-rpms 34 M + +Transaction Summary +===================================================================================================================================================================== +Install 2 Packages +Upgrade 33 Packages +Remove 2 Packages + +Total download size: 124 M +Is this ok [y/d/N]: +``` + +### How To Install Security Update Using CVE reference In Red Hat And CentOS System? + +If you would like to install a security update using a CVE reference, run the following command. + +``` +# yum update --cve + +# yum update --cve CVE-2008-0947 +``` + +### How To Install Security Update Using Specific Advisory In Red Hat And CentOS System? + +Run the following command, if you want to apply only a specific advisory. + +``` +# yum update --advisory= + +# yum update --advisory=RHSA-2014:0159 +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-list-view-find-available-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/ +[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-installed-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-and-centos-system/ From fa8098461b7d8a1f171b55cb820be924ccd89f68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 15:59:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0148/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...527 How to write a good C main function.md | 490 ------------------ ...527 How to write a good C main function.md | 479 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 479 insertions(+), 490 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md b/sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6193f4a04a..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,490 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (MjSeven) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to write a good C main function) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/how-write-good-c-main-function) -[#]: author: (Erik O'Shaughnessy https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny) - -How to write a good C main function -====== -Learn how to structure a C file and write a C main function that handles -command line arguments like a champ. -![Hand drawing out the word "code"][1] - -I know, Python and JavaScript are what the kids are writing all their crazy "apps" with these days. But don't be so quick to dismiss C—it's a capable and concise language that has a lot to offer. If you need speed, writing in C could be your answer. If you are looking for job security and the opportunity to learn how to hunt down [null pointer dereferences][2], C could also be your answer! In this article, I'll explain how to structure a C file and write a C main function that handles command line arguments like a champ. - -**Me** : a crusty Unix system programmer. -**You** : someone with an editor, a C compiler, and some time to kill. - -_Let's do this._ - -### A boring but correct C program - -![Parody O'Reilly book cover, "Hating Other People's Code"][3] - -A C program starts with a **main()** function, usually kept in a file named **main.c**. - - -``` -/* main.c */ -int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { - -} -``` - -This program _compiles_ but doesn't _do_ anything. - - -``` -$ gcc main.c -$ ./a.out -o foo -vv -$ -``` - -Correct and boring. - -### Main functions are unique - -The **main()** function is the first function in your program that is executed when it begins executing, but it's not the first function executed. The _first_ function is **_start()** , which is typically provided by the C runtime library, linked in automatically when your program is compiled. The details are highly dependent on the operating system and compiler toolchain, so I'm going to pretend I didn't mention it. - -The **main()** function has two arguments that traditionally are called **argc** and **argv** and return a signed integer. Most Unix environments expect programs to return **0** (zero) on success and **-1** (negative one) on failure. - -Argument | Name | Description ----|---|--- -argc | Argument count | Length of the argument vector -argv | Argument vector | Array of character pointers - -The argument vector, **argv** , is a tokenized representation of the command line that invoked your program. In the example above, **argv** would be a list of the following strings: - - -``` -`argv = [ "/path/to/a.out", "-o", "foo", "-vv" ];` -``` - -The argument vector is guaranteed to always have at least one string in the first index, **argv[0]** , which is the full path to the program executed. - -### Anatomy of a main.c file - -When I write a **main.c** from scratch, it's usually structured like this: - - -``` -/* main.c */ -/* 0 copyright/licensing */ -/* 1 includes */ -/* 2 defines */ -/* 3 external declarations */ -/* 4 typedefs */ -/* 5 global variable declarations */ -/* 6 function prototypes */ - -int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { -/* 7 command-line parsing */ -} - -/* 8 function declarations */ -``` - -I'll talk about each of these numbered sections, except for zero, below. If you have to put copyright or licensing text in your source, put it there. - -Another thing I won't talk about adding to your program is comments. - - -``` -"Comments lie." -\- A cynical but smart and good looking programmer. -``` - -Instead of comments, use meaningful function and variable names. - -Appealing to the inherent laziness of programmers, once you add comments, you've doubled your maintenance load. If you change or refactor the code, you need to update or expand the comments. Over time, the code mutates away from anything resembling what the comments describe. - -If you have to write comments, do not write about _what_ the code is doing. Instead, write about _why_ the code is doing what it's doing. Write comments that you would want to read five years from now when you've forgotten everything about this code. And the fate of the world is depending on you. _No pressure_. - -#### 1\. Includes - -The first things I add to a **main.c** file are includes to make a multitude of standard C library functions and variables available to my program. The standard C library does lots of things; explore header files in **/usr/include** to find out what it can do for you. - -The **#include** string is a [C preprocessor][4] (cpp) directive that causes the inclusion of the referenced file, in its entirety, in the current file. Header files in C are usually named with a **.h** extension and should not contain any executable code; only macros, defines, typedefs, and external variable and function prototypes. The string **< header.h>** tells cpp to look for a file called **header.h** in the system-defined header path, usually **/usr/include**. - - -``` -/* main.c */ -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -``` - -This is the minimum set of global includes that I'll include by default for the following stuff: - -#include File | Stuff It Provides ----|--- -stdio | Supplies FILE, stdin, stdout, stderr, and the fprint() family of functions -stdlib | Supplies malloc(), calloc(), and realloc() -unistd | Supplies EXIT_FAILURE, EXIT_SUCCESS -libgen | Supplies the basename() function -errno | Defines the external errno variable and all the values it can take on -string | Supplies memcpy(), memset(), and the strlen() family of functions -getopt | Supplies external optarg, opterr, optind, and getopt() function -sys/types | Typedef shortcuts like uint32_t and uint64_t - -#### 2\. Defines - - -``` -/* main.c */ -<...> - -#define OPTSTR "vi⭕f:h" -#define USAGE_FMT "%s [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h]" -#define ERR_FOPEN_INPUT "fopen(input, r)" -#define ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT "fopen(output, w)" -#define ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL "do_the_needful blew up" -#define DEFAULT_PROGNAME "george" -``` - -This doesn't make a lot of sense right now, but the **OPTSTR** define is where I will state what command line switches the program will recommend. Consult the [**getopt(3)**][5] man page to learn how **OPTSTR** will affect **getopt()** 's behavior. - -The **USAGE_FMT** define is a **printf()** -style format string that is referenced in the **usage()** function. - -I also like to gather string constants as **#defines** in this part of the file. Collecting them makes it easier to fix spelling, reuse messages, and internationalize messages, if required. - -Finally, use all capital letters when naming a **#define** to distinguish it from variable and function names. You can run the words together if you want or separate words with an underscore; just make sure they're all upper case. - -#### 3\. External declarations - - -``` -/* main.c */ -<...> - -extern int errno; -extern char *optarg; -extern int opterr, optind; -``` - -An **extern** declaration brings that name into the namespace of the current compilation unit (aka "file") and allows the program to access that variable. Here we've brought in the definitions for three integer variables and a character pointer. The **opt** prefaced variables are used by the **getopt()** function, and **errno** is used as an out-of-band communication channel by the standard C library to communicate why a function might have failed. - -#### 4\. Typedefs - - -``` -/* main.c */ -<...> - -typedef struct { -int verbose; -uint32_t flags; -FILE *input; -FILE *output; -} options_t; -``` - -After external declarations, I like to declare **typedefs** for structures, unions, and enumerations. Naming a **typedef** is a religion all to itself; I strongly prefer a **_t** suffix to indicate that the name is a type. In this example, I've declared **options_t** as a **struct** with four members. C is a whitespace-neutral programming language, so I use whitespace to line up field names in the same column. I just like the way it looks. For the pointer declarations, I prepend the asterisk to the name to make it clear that it's a pointer. - -#### 5\. Global variable declarations - - -``` -/* main.c */ -<...> - -int dumb_global_variable = -11; -``` - -Global variables are a bad idea and you should never use them. But if you have to use a global variable, declare them here and be sure to give them a default value. Seriously, _don't use global variables_. - -#### 6\. Function prototypes - - -``` -/* main.c */ -<...> - -void usage(char *progname, int opt); -int do_the_needful(options_t *options); -``` - -As you write functions, adding them after the **main()** function and not before, include the function prototypes here. Early C compilers used a single-pass strategy, which meant that every symbol (variable or function name) you used in your program had to be declared before you used it. Modern compilers are nearly all multi-pass compilers that build a complete symbol table before generating code, so using function prototypes is not strictly required. However, you sometimes don't get to choose what compiler is used on your code, so write the function prototypes and drive on. - -As a matter of course, I always include a **usage()** function that **main()** calls when it doesn't understand something you passed in from the command line. - -#### 7\. Command line parsing - - -``` -/* main.c */ -<...> - -int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { -int opt; -options_t options = { 0, 0x0, stdin, stdout }; - -opterr = 0; - -while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, OPTSTR)) != EOF) -switch(opt) { -case 'i': -if (!(options.input = [fopen][6](optarg, "r")) ){ -[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_INPUT); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} -break; - -case 'o': -if (!(options.output = [fopen][6](optarg, "w")) ){ -[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} -break; - -case 'f': -options.flags = (uint32_t )[strtoul][9](optarg, NULL, 16); -break; - -case 'v': -options.verbose += 1; -break; - -case 'h': -default: -usage(basename(argv[0]), opt); -/* NOTREACHED */ -break; -} - -if (do_the_needful(&options) != EXIT_SUCCESS) { -[perror][7](ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} - -return EXIT_SUCCESS; -} -``` - -OK, that's a lot. The purpose of the **main()** function is to collect the arguments that the user provides, perform minimal input validation, and then pass the collected arguments to functions that will use them. This example declares an **options** variable initialized with default values and parse the command line, updating **options** as necessary. - -The guts of this **main()** function is a **while** loop that uses **getopt()** to step through **argv** looking for command line options and their arguments (if any). The **OPTSTR** **#define** earlier in the file is the template that drives **getopt()** 's behavior. The **opt** variable takes on the character value of any command line options found by **getopt()** , and the program's response to the detection of the command line option happens in the **switch** statement. - -Those of you paying attention will now be questioning why **opt** is declared as a 32-bit **int** but is expected to take on an 8-bit **char**? It turns out that **getopt()** returns an **int** that takes on a negative value when it gets to the end of **argv** , which I check against **EOF** (the _End of File_ marker). A **char** is a signed quantity, but I like matching variables to their function return values. - -When a known command line option is detected, option-specific behavior happens. Some options have an argument, specified in **OPTSTR** with a trailing colon. When an option has an argument, the next string in **argv** is available to the program via the externally defined variable **optarg**. I use **optarg** to open files for reading and writing or converting a command line argument from a string to an integer value. - -There are a couple of points for style here: - - * Initialize **opterr** to 0, which disables **getopt** from emiting a **?**. - * Use **exit(EXIT_FAILURE);** or **exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);** in the middle of **main()**. - * **/* NOTREACHED */** is a lint directive that I like. - * Use **return EXIT_SUCCESS;** at the end of functions that return **int**. - * Explicitly cast implicit type conversions. - - - -The command line signature for this program, if it were compiled, would look something like this: - - -``` -$ ./a.out -h -a.out [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h] -``` - -In fact, that's what **usage()** will emit to **stderr** once compiled. - -#### 8\. Function declarations - - -``` -/* main.c */ -<...> - -void usage(char *progname, int opt) { -[fprintf][10](stderr, USAGE_FMT, progname?progname:DEFAULT_PROGNAME); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} - -int do_the_needful(options_t *options) { - -if (!options) { -errno = EINVAL; -return EXIT_FAILURE; -} - -if (!options->input || !options->output) { -errno = ENOENT; -return EXIT_FAILURE; -} - -/* XXX do needful stuff */ - -return EXIT_SUCCESS; -} -``` - -Finally, I write functions that aren't boilerplate. In this example, function **do_the_needful()** accepts a pointer to an **options_t** structure. I validate that the **options** pointer is not **NULL** and then go on to validate the **input** and **output** structure members. **EXIT_FAILURE** returns if either test fails and, by setting the external global variable **errno** to a conventional error code, I signal to the caller a general reason. The convenience function **perror()** can be used by the caller to emit human-readable-ish error messages based on the value of **errno**. - -Functions should almost always validate their input in some way. If full validation is expensive, try to do it once and treat the validated data as immutable. The **usage()** function validates the **progname** argument using a conditional assignment in the **fprintf()** call. The **usage()** function is going to exit anyway, so I don't bother setting **errno** or making a big stink about using a correct program name. - -The big class of errors I am trying to avoid here is de-referencing a **NULL** pointer. This will cause the operating system to send a special signal to my process called **SYSSEGV** , which results in unavoidable death. The last thing users want to see is a crash due to **SYSSEGV**. It's much better to catch a **NULL** pointer in order to emit better error messages and shut down the program gracefully. - -Some people complain about having multiple **return** statements in a function body. They make arguments about "continuity of control flow" and other stuff. Honestly, if something goes wrong in the middle of a function, it's a good time to return an error condition. Writing a ton of nested **if** statements to just have one return is never a "good idea."™ - -Finally, if you write a function that takes four or more arguments, consider bundling them in a structure and passing a pointer to the structure. This makes the function signatures simpler, making them easier to remember and not screw up when they're called later. It also makes calling the function slightly faster, since fewer things need to be copied into the function's stack frame. In practice, this will only become a consideration if the function is called millions or billions of times. Don't worry about it if that doesn't make sense. - -### Wait, you said no comments!?!! - -In the **do_the_needful()** function, I wrote a specific type of comment that is designed to be a placeholder rather than documenting the code: - - -``` -`/* XXX do needful stuff */` -``` - -When you are in the zone, sometimes you don't want to stop and write some particularly gnarly bit of code. You'll come back and do it later, just not now. That's where I'll leave myself a little breadcrumb. I insert a comment with a **XXX** prefix and a short remark describing what needs to be done. Later on, when I have more time, I'll grep through source looking for **XXX**. It doesn't matter what you use, just make sure it's not likely to show up in your codebase in another context, as a function name or variable, for instance. - -### Putting it all together - -OK, this program _still_ does almost nothing when you compile and run it. But now you have a solid skeleton to build your own command line parsing C programs. - - -``` -/* main.c - the complete listing */ - -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include - -#define OPTSTR "vi⭕f:h" -#define USAGE_FMT "%s [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h]" -#define ERR_FOPEN_INPUT "fopen(input, r)" -#define ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT "fopen(output, w)" -#define ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL "do_the_needful blew up" -#define DEFAULT_PROGNAME "george" - -extern int errno; -extern char *optarg; -extern int opterr, optind; - -typedef struct { -int verbose; -uint32_t flags; -FILE *input; -FILE *output; -} options_t; - -int dumb_global_variable = -11; - -void usage(char *progname, int opt); -int do_the_needful(options_t *options); - -int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { -int opt; -options_t options = { 0, 0x0, stdin, stdout }; - -opterr = 0; - -while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, OPTSTR)) != EOF) -switch(opt) { -case 'i': -if (!(options.input = [fopen][6](optarg, "r")) ){ -[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_INPUT); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} -break; - -case 'o': -if (!(options.output = [fopen][6](optarg, "w")) ){ -[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} -break; - -case 'f': -options.flags = (uint32_t )[strtoul][9](optarg, NULL, 16); -break; - -case 'v': -options.verbose += 1; -break; - -case 'h': -default: -usage(basename(argv[0]), opt); -/* NOTREACHED */ -break; -} - -if (do_the_needful(&options) != EXIT_SUCCESS) { -[perror][7](ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} - -return EXIT_SUCCESS; -} - -void usage(char *progname, int opt) { -[fprintf][10](stderr, USAGE_FMT, progname?progname:DEFAULT_PROGNAME); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} - -int do_the_needful(options_t *options) { - -if (!options) { -errno = EINVAL; -return EXIT_FAILURE; -} - -if (!options->input || !options->output) { -errno = ENOENT; -return EXIT_FAILURE; -} - -/* XXX do needful stuff */ - -return EXIT_SUCCESS; -} -``` - -Now you're ready to write C that will be easier to maintain. If you have any questions or feedback, please share them in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/how-write-good-c-main-function - -作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/code_hand_draw.png?itok=dpAf--Db (Hand drawing out the word "code") -[2]: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Null_Dereference -[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hatingotherpeoplescode-big.png (Parody O'Reilly book cover, "Hating Other People's Code") -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_preprocessor -[5]: https://linux.die.net/man/3/getopt -[6]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fopen.html -[7]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/perror.html -[8]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/exit.html -[9]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/strtoul.html -[10]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fprintf.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md b/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8cce949bfc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (MjSeven) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to write a good C main function) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/how-write-good-c-main-function) +[#]: author: (Erik O'Shaughnessy https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny) + +如何写好 C main 函数 +====== +学习如何构造一个 C 文件并编写一个 C main 函数来处理命令行参数，像 champ 一样。 +(to 校正：champ 是一个命令行程序吗？但我并没有找到，这里按一个程序来解释了) +![Hand drawing out the word "code"][1] + +我知道，现在孩子们用 Python 和 JavaScript 编写他们疯狂的“应用程序”。但是不要这么快就否定 C 语言-- 它能够提供很多东西，并且简洁。如果你需要速度，用 C 语言编写可能就是你的答案。如果你正在寻找工作保障或者学习如何捕获[空指针解引用][2]，C 语言也可能是你的答案！在本文中，我将解释如何构造一个 C 文件并编写一个 C main 函数来处理像 champ 这样的命令行参数。 + +**我**：一个顽固的 Unix 系统程序员。 +**你**：一个有编辑器，C 编译器，并有时间打发的人。 + +_让我们开工吧。_ + +### 一个无聊但正确的 C 程序 + +![Parody O'Reilly book cover, "Hating Other People's Code"][3] + +一个 C 程序以 **main()** 函数开头，通常保存在名为 **main.c** 的文件中。 + +``` +/* main.c */ +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { + +} +``` + +这个程序会 _编译_ 但不 _执行_ 任何操作。 + +``` +$ gcc main.c +$ ./a.out -o foo -vv +$ +``` + +正确但无聊。 + +### main 函数是唯一的。 + +**main()** 函数是程序开始执行时执行的第一个函数，但不是第一个执行的函数。_第一个_ 函数是 **_start()**，它通常由 C 运行库提供，在编译程序时自动链接。此细节高度依赖于操作系统和编译器工具链，所以我假装没有提到它。 + +**main()** 函数有两个参数，通常称为 **argc** 和 **argv**，并返回一个有符号整数。大多数 Unix 环境都希望程序在成功时返回 **0**（零），失败时返回 **-1**（负一）。 + +参数 | 名称 | 描述 +---|---|--- +argc | 参数个数 | 参数向量的个数 +argv | 参数向量 | 字符指针数组 + +参数向量 **argv** 是调用程序的命令行的标记化表示形式。在上面的例子中，**argv** 将是以下字符串的列表： + + +``` +`argv = [ "/path/to/a.out", "-o", "foo", "-vv" ];` +``` + +参数向量保证在第一个索引中始终至少有一个字符串 **argv[0]**，这是执行程序的完整路径。 + +### main.c 文件的剖析 + +当我从头开始编写 **main.c** 时，它的结构通常如下： + +``` +/* main.c */ +/* 0 copyright/licensing */ +/* 1 includes */ +/* 2 defines */ +/* 3 external declarations */ +/* 4 typedefs */ +/* 5 全局变量声明 */ +/* 6 函数原型 */ + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { +/* 7 命令行解析 */ +} + +/* 8 函数声明 */ +``` + +下面我将讨论这些编号的各个部分，除了编号为 0 的那部分。如果你必须把版权或许可文本放在源代码中，那就放在那里。 + +另一件我不想谈论的事情是注释。 + +``` +"Comments lie." +\- A cynical but smart and good looking programmer. +``` + +使用有意义的函数名和变量名而不是注释。 + +为了迎合程序员固有的惰性，一旦添加了注释，维护负荷就会增加一倍。如果更改或重构代码，则需要更新或扩展注释。随着时间的推移，代码会发生变化，与注释所描述的内容完全不同。 + +如果你必须写注释，不要写关于代码正在做 _什么_，相反，写下 _为什么_ 代码需要这样写。写一些你想在五年后读到的注释，那时你已经将这段代码忘得一干二净。世界的命运取决于你。_不要有压力。_ + +#### 1\. Includes + +我添加到 **main.c** 文件的第一个东西是 include 文件，它们为程序提供大量标准 C 标准库函数和变量。C 标准库做了很多事情。浏览 **/usr/include** 中的头文件，了解它们可以为你做些什么。 + +**#include** 字符串是 [C 预处理程序][4]（cpp）指令，它会将引用的文件完整地包含在当前文件中。C 中的头文件通常以 **.h** 扩展名命名，且不应包含任何可执行代码。它只有宏、定义、typedef、外部变量和函数原型。字符串 **** 告诉 cpp 在系统定义的头文件路径中查找名为 **header.h** 的文件，通常在 **/usr/include** 目录中。 + + +``` +/* main.c */ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +``` + +以下内容是我默认会包含的最小全局 include 集合： + +#include 文件 | 提供的东西 +---|--- +stdio | 提供 FILE, stdin, stdout, stderr 和 fprint() 函数系列 +stdlib | 提供 malloc(), calloc() 和 realloc() +unistd | 提供 EXIT_FAILURE, EXIT_SUCCESS +libgen | 提供 basename() 函数 +errno | 定义外部 errno 变量及其可以接受的所有值 +string | 提供 memcpy(), memset() 和 strlen() 函数系列 +getopt | 提供 外部 optarg, opterr, optind 和 getopt() 函数 +sys/types | 类型定义快捷方式，如 uint32_t 和 uint64_t + +#### 2\. Defines + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +#define OPTSTR "vi⭕f:h" +#define USAGE_FMT "%s [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h]" +#define ERR_FOPEN_INPUT "fopen(input, r)" +#define ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT "fopen(output, w)" +#define ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL "do_the_needful blew up" +#define DEFAULT_PROGNAME "george" +``` + +这在现在没有多大意义，但 **OPTSTR** 定义是我说明程序将推荐的命令行切换。参考 [**getopt(3)**][5] man 页面，了解 **OPTSTR** 将如何影响 **getopt()** 的行为。 + +**USAGE_FMT** 定义了一个 **printf()** 风格形式的格式字符串，在 **usage()** 函数中被引用。 + +我还喜欢将字符串常量放在文件的这一部分作为 **#defines**。如果需要，收集它们可以更容易地修复拼写、重用消息和国际化消息。 + +最后，在命名 **#define** 时使用全部大写字母，以区别变量和函数名。如果需要，可以将单词放在一起或使用下划线分隔，只要确保它们都是大写的就行。 + +#### 3\. 外部声明 + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +extern int errno; +extern char *optarg; +extern int opterr, optind; +``` + +**extern** 声明将该名称带入当前编译单元的命名空间（也称为 "file"），并允许程序访问该变量。这里我们引入了三个整数变量和一个字符指针的定义。**getopt()** 函数使用 **opt** 前缀变量，C 标准库使用 **errno** 作为带外通信通道来传达函数可能的失败原因。 + +#### 4\. Typedefs + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +typedef struct { +int verbose; +uint32_t flags; +FILE *input; +FILE *output; +} options_t; +``` + +在外部声明之后，我喜欢为结构、联合和枚举声明 **typedefs**。命名 **typedef** 本身就是一种传统行为。我非常喜欢 **_t** 后缀来表示该名称是一种类型。在这个例子中，我将 **options_t** 声明为一个包含 4 个成员的 **struct**。C 是一种与空格无关的编程语言，因此我使用空格将字段名排列在同一列中。我只是喜欢它的样子。对于指针声明，我在名称前面加上星号，以明确它是一个指针。 + +#### 5\. 全局变量声明 + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +int dumb_global_variable = -11; +``` + +全局变量是一个坏主意，你永远不应该使用它们。但如果你必须使用全局变量，请在这里声明并确保给它们一个默认值。说真的，_不要使用全局变量_。 + +#### 6\. 函数原型 + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +void usage(char *progname, int opt); +int do_the_needful(options_t *options); +``` + +在编写函数时，将它们添加到 **main()** 函数之后而不是之前，这里放函数原型。早期的 C 编译器使用单遍策略，这意味着你在程序中使用的每个符号（变量或函数名称）必须在使用之前声明。现代编译器几乎都是多遍编译器，它们在生成代码之前构建一个完整的符号表，因此并不严格要求使用函数原型。但是，有时你无法选择代码中使用的编译器，所以请编写函数原型并继续。 + +当然，我总是包含一个 **usage()** 函数，当 **main()** 函数不理解你从命令行传入的内容时，它会调用这个函数。 + +#### 7\. 命令行解析 + + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { +int opt; +options_t options = { 0, 0x0, stdin, stdout }; + +opterr = 0; + +while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, OPTSTR)) != EOF) +switch(opt) { +case 'i': +if (!(options.input = [fopen][6](optarg, "r")) ){ +[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_INPUT); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} +break; + +case 'o': +if (!(options.output = [fopen][6](optarg, "w")) ){ +[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} +break; + +case 'f': +options.flags = (uint32_t )[strtoul][9](optarg, NULL, 16); +break; + +case 'v': +options.verbose += 1; +break; + +case 'h': +default: +usage(basename(argv[0]), opt); +/* NOTREACHED */ +break; +} + +if (do_the_needful(&options) != EXIT_SUCCESS) { +[perror][7](ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} + +return EXIT_SUCCESS; +} +``` + +好吧，代码有点多。**main()** 函数的目的是收集用户提供的参数，执行最小的输入验证，然后将收集的参数传递给使用它们的函数。这个示例声明使用默认值初始化的 **options** 变量，并解析命令行，根据需要更新 **options**。 + +**main()** 函数的核心是一个 **while** 循环，它使用 **getopt()** 来遍历 **argv**，寻找命令行选项及其参数（如果有的话）。文件前面的 **OPTSTR** **#define** 是驱动 **getopt()** 行为的模板。**opt** 变量接受 **getopt()** 找到的任何命令行选项的字符值，程序对检测命令行选项的响应发生在 **switch** 语句中。 + +现在你注意到了可能会问，为什么 **opt** 被声明为 32 位 **int**，但是预期是 8 位 **char**？事实上 **getopt()** 返回一个 **int**，当它到达 **argv** 末尾时取负值，我会使用 **EOF**（_文件末尾_ 标记）匹配。**char** 是有符号的，但我喜欢将变量匹配到它们的函数返回值。 + +当检测到一个已知的命令行选项时，会发生特定的行为。有些选项有一个参数，在 **OPTSTR** 中指定了一个以冒号结尾的参数。当一个选项有一个参数时，**argv** 中的下一个字符串可以通过外部定义的变量 **optarg** 提供给程序。我使用 **optarg** 打开文件进行读写，或者将命令行参数从字符串转换为整数值。 + +这里有几个关于风格的要点： + + * 将 **opterr** 初始化为 0，禁止 **getopt** 发出 **?**。 + * 在 **main()** 的中间使用 **exit(EXIT_FAILURE);** 或 **exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);**。 + * **/* NOTREACHED */** 是我喜欢的一个 lint 指令。 + * 在函数末尾使用 **return EXIT_SUCCESS;** 返回一个 int 类型。 + * 显示强制转换隐式类型。 + +这个程序的命令行签名经过编译如下所示： +``` +$ ./a.out -h +a.out [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h] +``` + +事实上，**usage()** 在编译后就会向 **stderr** 发出这样的命令。 + +#### 8\. 函数声明 + +``` +/* main.c */ +<...> + +void usage(char *progname, int opt) { +[fprintf][10](stderr, USAGE_FMT, progname?progname:DEFAULT_PROGNAME); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} + +int do_the_needful(options_t *options) { + +if (!options) { +errno = EINVAL; +return EXIT_FAILURE; +} + +if (!options->input || !options->output) { +errno = ENOENT; +return EXIT_FAILURE; +} + +/* XXX do needful stuff */ + +return EXIT_SUCCESS; +} +``` + +最后，我编写的函数不是样板函数。在本例中，函数 **do_the_needful()** 接受指向 **options_t** 结构的指针。我验证 **options** 指针不为 **NULL**，然后继续验证 **input** 和 **output** 结构成员。如果其中一个测试失败，返回 **EXIT_FAILURE**，并且通过将外部全局变量 **errno** 设置为常规错误代码，我向调用者发出一个原因的信号。调用者可以使用便捷函数 **perror()** 来根据 **errno** 的值发出人类可读的错误消息。 + +函数几乎总是以某种方式验证它们的输入。如果完全验证代价很大，那么尝试执行一次并将验证后的数据视为不可变。**usage()** 函数使用 **fprintf()** 调用中的条件赋值验证 **progname** 参数。**usage()** 函数无论如何都要退出，所以我不需要设置 **errno** 或为使用正确的程序名大吵一场。 + +在这里，我要避免的最大错误是取消引用 **NULL** 指针。这将导致操作系统向我的进程发送一个名为 **SYSSEGV** 的特殊信号，导致不可避免的死亡。用户希望看到的是由 **SYSSEGV** 引起的崩溃。为了发出更好的错误消息并优雅地关闭程序，捕获 **NULL** 指针要好得多。 + +有些人抱怨在函数体中有多个 **return** 语句，他们争论“控制流的连续性”和其他东西。老实说，如果函数中间出现错误，那么这个时候是返回错误条件的好时机。写一大堆嵌套的 **if** 语句只有一个 return 绝不是一个“好主意。”™ + +最后，如果您编写的函数接受四个或更多参数，请考虑将它们绑定到一个结构中，并传递一个指向该结构的指针。这使得函数签名更简单，更容易记住，并且在以后调用时不会出错。它还使调用函数速度稍微快一些，因为需要复制到函数堆栈中的东西更少。在实践中，只有在函数被调用数百万或数十亿次时，才会考虑这个问题。如果认为这没有意义，那么不要担心。 + +### 等等，你说没有注释 !?!! + +在 **do_the_needful()** 函数中，我写了一种特殊类型的注释，它被设计为占位符而不是记录代码： + + +``` +`/* XXX do needful stuff */` +``` + +当你在该区域时，有时你不想停下来编写一些特别复杂的代码，你会之后再写，而不是现在。那就是我留给自己一点面包屑的地方。我插入一个带有 **XXX** 前缀的注释和一个描述需要做什么的简短注释。之后，当我有更多时间的时候，我会在源代码中寻找 **XXX**。使用什么并不重要，只要确保它不太可能在另一个上下文中以函数名或变量形式显示在代码库中。 + +### 把它们放在一起 + +好吧，当你编译这个程序后，它 _仍_ 仍几乎没有任何作用。但是现在你有了一个坚实的骨架来构建你自己的命令行解析 C 程序。 + +``` +/* main.c - the complete listing */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#define OPTSTR "vi⭕f:h" +#define USAGE_FMT "%s [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h]" +#define ERR_FOPEN_INPUT "fopen(input, r)" +#define ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT "fopen(output, w)" +#define ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL "do_the_needful blew up" +#define DEFAULT_PROGNAME "george" + +extern int errno; +extern char *optarg; +extern int opterr, optind; + +typedef struct { +int verbose; +uint32_t flags; +FILE *input; +FILE *output; +} options_t; + +int dumb_global_variable = -11; + +void usage(char *progname, int opt); +int do_the_needful(options_t *options); + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { +int opt; +options_t options = { 0, 0x0, stdin, stdout }; + +opterr = 0; + +while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, OPTSTR)) != EOF) +switch(opt) { +case 'i': +if (!(options.input = [fopen][6](optarg, "r")) ){ +[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_INPUT); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} +break; + +case 'o': +if (!(options.output = [fopen][6](optarg, "w")) ){ +[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} +break; + +case 'f': +options.flags = (uint32_t )[strtoul][9](optarg, NULL, 16); +break; + +case 'v': +options.verbose += 1; +break; + +case 'h': +default: +usage(basename(argv[0]), opt); +/* NOTREACHED */ +break; +} + +if (do_the_needful(&options) != EXIT_SUCCESS) { +[perror][7](ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} + +return EXIT_SUCCESS; +} + +void usage(char *progname, int opt) { +[fprintf][10](stderr, USAGE_FMT, progname?progname:DEFAULT_PROGNAME); +[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); +/* NOTREACHED */ +} + +int do_the_needful(options_t *options) { + +if (!options) { +errno = EINVAL; +return EXIT_FAILURE; +} + +if (!options->input || !options->output) { +errno = ENOENT; +return EXIT_FAILURE; +} + +/* XXX do needful stuff */ + +return EXIT_SUCCESS; +} +``` + +现在，你已经准备好编写更易于维护的 C 语言。如果你有任何问题或反馈，请在评论中分享。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/how-write-good-c-main-function + +作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/code_hand_draw.png?itok=dpAf--Db (Hand drawing out the word "code") +[2]: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Null_Dereference +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hatingotherpeoplescode-big.png (Parody O'Reilly book cover, "Hating Other People's Code") +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_preprocessor +[5]: https://linux.die.net/man/3/getopt +[6]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fopen.html +[7]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/perror.html +[8]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/exit.html +[9]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/strtoul.html +[10]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fprintf.html From 206a5dd3e3a04be3683a7c50ac8ce0f7bc21e562 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:21:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0149/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190531=20Use?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Firefox=20Send=20with=20ffsend=20in=20Fedora=20sources/tech/?= =?UTF-8?q?20190531=20Use=20Firefox=20Send=20with=20ffsend=20in=20Fedora.m?= =?UTF-8?q?d?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md | 126 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 126 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..984fb771dc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/use-firefox-send-with-ffsend-in-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Sylvia Sánchez https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lailah/) + +Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora +====== + +![][1] + +_ffsend_ is the command line client of Firefox Send. This article will show how Firefox Send and _ffsend_ work. It’ll also detail how it can be installed and used in Fedora. + +### What are Firefox Send and ffsend ? + +Firefox Send is a file sharing tool from Mozilla that allows sending encrypted files to other users. You can install Send on your own server, or use the Mozilla-hosted link [send.firefox.com][2]. The hosted version officially supports files up to 1 GB, and links that expire after a configurable download count (default of 1) or 24 hours, and then all the files on the Send server are deleted. This tool is still _in experimental phase_ , and therefore shouldn’t be used in production or to share important or sensitive data. + +While Firefox Send is the tool itself and can be used with a web interface, _ffsend_ is a command-line utility you can use with scripts and arguments. It has a wide range of configuration options and can be left working in the background without any human intervention. + +### How does it work? + +FFSend can both upload and download files. The remote host can use either the Firefox tool or another web browser to download the file. Neither Firefox Send nor _ffsend_ require the use of Firefox. + +It’s important to highlight that _ffsend_ uses client-side encryption. This means that files are encrypted _before_ they’re uploaded. You share secrets together with the link, so be careful when sharing, because anyone with the link will be able to download the file. As an extra layer of protection, you can protect the file with a password by using the following argument: + +``` +ffsend password URL -p PASSWORD +``` + +### Other features + +There are a few other features worth mentioning. Here’s a list: + + * Configurable download limit, between 1 and 20 times, before the link expires + * Built-in extract and archiving functions + * Track history of shared files + * Inspect or delete shared files + * Folders can be shared as well, either as they are or as compressed files + * Generate a QR code, for easier download on a mobile phone + + + +### How to install in Fedora + +While Fedora Send works with Firefox without installing anything extra, you’ll need to install the CLI tool to use _ffsend_. This tool is in the official repositories, so you only need a simple _dnf_ command [with][3] _[sudo][3]_. + +``` +$ sudo dnf install ffsend +``` + +After that, you can use _ffsend_ from the terminal . + +### Upload a file + +Uploading a file is a simple as + +``` +$ ffsend upload /etc/os-release +Upload complete +Share link: https://send.firefox.com/download/05826227d70b9a4b/#RM_HSBq6kuyeBem8Z013mg +``` + +The file now can be easily share using the Share link URL. + +## Downloading a file + +Downloading a file is as simple as uploading. + +``` +$ ffsend download https://send.firefox.com/download/05826227d70b9a4b/#RM_HSBq6kuyeBem8Z013mg +Download complete +``` + +Before downloading a file it might be useful to check if the file exist and get information about it. _ffsend_ provides 2 handy commands for that. + +``` +$ ffsend exists https://send.firefox.com/download/88a6324e2a99ebb6/#YRJDh8ZDQsnZL2KZIA-PaQ +Exists: true +Password: false +$ ffsend info https://send.firefox.com/download/88a6324e2a99ebb6/#YRJDh8ZDQsnZL2KZIA-PaQ +ID: 88a6324e2a99ebb6 +Downloads: 0 of 1 +Expiry: 23h59m (86388s +``` + +## Upload history + +_ffsend_ also provides a way to check the history of the uploads made with the tools. This can be really useful if you upload a lot of files during a scripted tasks for example and you want to keep track of each files download status. + +``` +$ ffsend history +LINK EXPIRY + 1 https://send.firefox.com/download/#8TJ9QNw 23h59m + 2 https://send.firefox.com/download/KZIA-PaQ 23h54m +``` + +## Delete a file + +Another useful feature is the possibility to delete a file. + +``` +ffsend delete https://send.firefox.com/download/2d9faa7f34bb1478/#phITKvaYBjCGSRI8TJ9QNw +``` + +Firefox Send is a great service and the _ffsend_ tools makes it really convenient to use from the terminal. More examples and documentation is available on _ffsend_ ‘s [Gitlab repository][4]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-firefox-send-with-ffsend-in-fedora/ + +作者：[Sylvia Sánchez][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lailah/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/firefox-send-816x345.png +[2]: http://send.firefox.com/ +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ +[4]: https://gitlab.com/timvisee/ffsend From 039dc401e8cb2796a8d1930bf723049dea519293 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:23:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0150/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190529=20Pack?= =?UTF-8?q?it=20=E2=80=93=20packaging=20in=20Fedora=20with=20minimal=20eff?= =?UTF-8?q?ort=20sources/tech/20190529=20Packit=20-=20packaging=20in=20Fed?= =?UTF-8?q?ora=20with=20minimal=20effort.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...packaging in Fedora with minimal effort.md | 244 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 244 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190529 Packit - packaging in Fedora with minimal effort.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190529 Packit - packaging in Fedora with minimal effort.md b/sources/tech/20190529 Packit - packaging in Fedora with minimal effort.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad431547da --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190529 Packit - packaging in Fedora with minimal effort.md @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Packit – packaging in Fedora with minimal effort) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/packit-packaging-in-fedora-with-minimal-effort/) +[#]: author: (Petr Hracek https://fedoramagazine.org/author/phracek/) + +Packit – packaging in Fedora with minimal effort +====== + +![][1] + +### What is packit + +Packit ([https://packit.dev/)][2] is a CLI tool that helps you auto-maintain your upstream projects into the Fedora operating system. But what does it really mean? + +As a developer, you might want to update your package in Fedora. If you’ve done it in the past, you know it’s no easy task. If you haven’t let me reiterate: it’s no easy task. + +And this is exactly where packit can help: once you have your package in Fedora, you can maintain your SPEC file upstream and, with just one additional configuration file, packit will help you update your package in Fedora when you update your source code upstream. + +Furthermore, packit can synchronize downstream changes to a SPEC file back into the upstream repository. This could be useful if the SPEC file of your package is changed in Fedora repositories and you would like to synchronize it into your upstream project. + +Packit also provides a way to build an SRPM package based on an upstream repository checkout, which can be used for building RPM packages in COPR. + +Last but not least, packit provides a status command. This command provides information about upstream and downstream repositories, like pull requests, release and more others. + +Packit provides also another two commands: _build_ and _create-update_. + +The command _packit build_ performs a production build of your project in Fedora build system – koji. You can Fedora version you want to build against using an option _–dist-git-branch_. The command _packit create-updates_ creates a Bodhi update for the specific branch using the option — _dist-git-branch_. + +### Installation + +You can install packit on Fedora using dnf: + +``` +sudo dnf install -y packit +``` + +### Configuration + +For demonstration use case, I have selected the upstream repository of **colin** ([https://github.com/user-cont/colin)][3]. Colin is a tool to check generic rules and best-practices for containers, dockerfiles, and container images. + +First of all, clone **colin** git repository: + +``` +$ git clone https://github.com/user-cont/colin.git +$ cd colin +``` + +Packit expects to run in the root of your git repository. + +Packit ([https://github.com/packit-service/packit/)][4] needs information about your project, which has to be stored in the upstream repository in the _.packit.yaml_ file (). + +See colin’s packit configuration file: + +``` +$ cat .packit.yaml +specfile_path: colin.spec +synced_files: + -.packit.yaml + - colin.spec +upstream_project_name: colin +downstream_package_name: colin +``` + +What do the values mean? + + * _specfile_path_ – a relative path to a spec file within the upstream repository (mandatory) + * _synced_files_ – a list of relative paths to files in the upstream repo which are meant to be copied to dist-git during an update + * _upstream_project_name_ – name of the upstream repository (e.g. in PyPI); this is used in %prep section + * _downstream_package_name_ – name of the package in Fedora (mandatory) + + + +For more information see the packit configuration documentation () + +### What can packit do? + +Prerequisite for using packit is that you are in a working directory of a git checkout of your upstream project. + +Before running any packit command, you need to do several actions. These actions are mandatory for filing a PR into the upstream or downstream repositories and to have access into the Fedora dist-git repositories. + +Export GitHub token taken from : + +``` +$ export GITHUB_TOKEN= +``` + +Obtain your Kerberos ticket needed for Fedora Account System (FAS) : + +``` +$ kinit @FEDORAPROJECT.ORG +``` + +Export your Pagure API keys taken from : + +``` +$ export PAGURE_USER_TOKEN= +``` + +Packit also needs a fork token to create a pull request. The token is taken from + +Do it by running: + +``` +$ export PAGURE_FORK_TOKEN= +``` + +Or store these tokens in the **~/.config/packit.yaml** file: + +``` +$ cat ~/.config/packit.yaml + +github_token: +pagure_user_token: +pagure_fork_token: +``` + +#### Propose a new upstream release in Fedora + +The command for this first use case is called _**propose-update**_ (). The command creates a new pull request in Fedora dist-git repository using a selected or the latest upstream release. + +``` +$ packit propose-update + +INFO: Running 'anitya' versioneer +Version in upstream registries is '0.3.1'. +Version in spec file is '0.3.0'. +WARNING Version in spec file is outdated +Picking version of the latest release from the upstream registry. +Checking out upstream version 0.3.1 +Using 'master' dist-git branch +Copying /home/vagrant/colin/colin.spec to /tmp/tmptfwr123c/colin.spec. +Archive colin-0.3.0.tar.gz found in lookaside cache (skipping upload). +INFO: Downloading file from URL https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/c/colin/colin-0.3.0.tar.gz +100%[=============================>] 3.18M eta 00:00:00 +Downloaded archive: '/tmp/tmptfwr123c/colin-0.3.0.tar.gz' +About to upload to lookaside cache +won't be doing kinit, no credentials provided +PR created: https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/colin/pull-request/14 +``` + +Once the command finishes, you can see a PR in the Fedora Pagure instance which is based on the latest upstream release. Once you review it, it can be merged. + +![][5] + +#### Sync downstream changes back to the upstream repository + +Another use case is to sync downstream changes into the upstream project repository. + +The command for this purpose is called _**sync-from-downstream**_ (). Files synced into the upstream repository are mentioned in the _packit.yaml_ configuration file under the _synced_files_ value. + +``` +$ packit sync-from-downstream + +upstream active branch master +using "master" dist-git branch +Copying /tmp/tmplvxqtvbb/colin.spec to /home/vagrant/colin/colin.spec. +Creating remote fork-ssh with URL git@github.com:phracek/colin.git. +Pushing to remote fork-ssh using branch master-downstream-sync. +PR created: https://github.com/user-cont/colin/pull/229 +``` + +As soon as packit finishes, you can see the latest changes taken from the Fedora dist-git repository in the upstream repository. This can be useful, e.g. when Release Engineering performs mass-rebuilds and they update your SPEC file in the Fedora dist-git repository. + +![][6] + +#### Get the status of your upstream project + +If you are a developer, you may want to get all the information about the latest releases, tags, pull requests, etc. from the upstream and the downstream repository. Packit provides the _**status**_ command for this purpose. + +``` +$ packit status +Downstream PRs: + ID Title URL +---- -------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- + 14 Update to upstream release 0.3.1 https://src.fedoraproject.org//rpms/colin/pull-request/14 + 12 Upstream pr: 226 https://src.fedoraproject.org//rpms/colin/pull-request/12 + 11 Upstream pr: 226 https://src.fedoraproject.org//rpms/colin/pull-request/11 + 8 Upstream pr: 226 https://src.fedoraproject.org//rpms/colin/pull-request/8 + +Dist-git versions: +f27: 0.2.0 +f28: 0.2.0 +f29: 0.2.0 +f30: 0.2.0 +master: 0.2.0 + +GitHub upstream releases: +0.3.1 +0.3.0 +0.2.1 +0.2.0 +0.1.0 + +Latest builds: +f27: colin-0.2.0-1.fc27 +f28: colin-0.3.1-1.fc28 +f29: colin-0.3.1-1.fc29 +f30: colin-0.3.1-2.fc30 + +Latest bodhi updates: +Update Karma status +------------------ ------- -------- +colin-0.3.1-1.fc29 1 stable +colin-0.3.1-1.fc28 1 stable +colin-0.3.0-2.fc28 0 obsolete +``` + +#### Create an SRPM + +The last packit use case is to generate an SRPM package based on a git checkout of your upstream project. The packit command for SRPM generation is _**srpm**_. + +``` +$ packit srpm +Version in spec file is '0.3.1.37.g00bb80e'. +SRPM: /home/phracek/work/colin/colin-0.3.1.37.g00bb80e-1.fc29.src.rpm +``` + +### Packit as a service + +In the summer, the people behind packit would like to introduce packit as a service (). In this case, the packit GitHub application will be installed into the upstream repository and packit will perform all the actions automatically, based on the events it receives from GitHub or fedmsg. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/packit-packaging-in-fedora-with-minimal-effort/ + +作者：[Petr Hracek][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/phracek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/packit3-816x345.png +[2]: https://packit.dev/ +[3]: https://github.com/user-cont/colin +[4]: https://github.com/packit-service/packit/ +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/colin_pr-1024x781.png +[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/colin_upstream_pr-1-1024x677.png From 34edf760e7cb27e3dfd1c4a0ed16ab84ff6f4e09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:23:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0151/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190531=20Unit?= =?UTF-8?q?y=20Editor=20is=20Now=20Officially=20Available=20for=20Linux=20?= =?UTF-8?q?sources/tech/20190531=20Unity=20Editor=20is=20Now=20Officially?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Available=20for=20Linux.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...r is Now Officially Available for Linux.md | 98 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 98 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..513915bdef --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/unity-editor-linux/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux +====== + +If you are a designer, developer or an artist, you might have been using the experimental [Unity Editor][1] that was made available for Linux. However, the experimental version wasn’t going to cut it forever – developers need a full stable experience to work. + +So, they recently announced that you can access the full-fledged Unity Editor on Linux. + +While this is an exciting news, what Linux distro does it officially support? Let us talk about a few more details… + +Non-FOSS Alert + +Unity Editor on Linux (or any other platform for that matter) is not an open source software. We have covered it here because + +### Official Support for Ubuntu and CentOS 7 + +![][2] + +No matter whether you have a personal or a professional license, you can access the editor if you have Unity 2019.1 installed or later. + +In addition, they are prioritizing the support for Ubuntu 16.04, Ubuntu 18.04, and CentOS 7. + +In their [announcement post][3], they also mentioned the configurations supported: + + * x86-64 architecture + * Gnome desktop environment running on top of X11 windowing system + * Nvidia official proprietary graphics driver and AMD Mesa graphics driver + * Desktop form factors, running on device/hardware without emulation or compatibility layer + + + +You can always try on anything else – but it’s better to stick with the official requirements for the best experience. + +A Note on 3rd Party Tools + +If you happen to utilize any 3rd party tool on any of your projects, you will have to separately check whether they support it or not. + +### How to install Unity Editor on Linux + +Now that you know about it – how do you install it? + +To install Unity, you will have to download and install the [Unity Hub][4]. + +![Unity Hub][5] + +Let’s walk you through the steps: + + * Download Unity Hub for Linux from the [official forum page][4]. + * It will download an AppImage file. Simply, make it executable and run it. In case you are not aware of it, you should check out our guide on [how to use AppImage on Linux][6]. + * Once you launch the Unity Hub, it will ask you to sign in (or sign up) using your Unity ID to activate the licenses. For more info on how the licenses work, do refer to their [FAQ page][7]. + * After you sign in using your Unity ID, go to the “ **Installs** ” option (as shown in the image above) and add the version/components you want. + + + +[][8] + +Suggested read A Modular and Open Source Router is Being Crowdfunded + +That’s it! This is the best way to get all the latest builds and get it installed in a jiffy. + +**Wrapping Up** + +Even though it is an exciting news, the official configuration support does not seem to be an extensive list. If you use it on Linux, do share your feedback and opinion on [their Linux forum thread][9]. + +What do you think about that? Also, do you use Unity Hub to install it or did we miss a better method to get it installed? + +Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/unity-editor-linux/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://unity3d.com/unity/editor +[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Unity-Editor-on-Linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[3]: https://blogs.unity3d.com/2019/05/30/announcing-the-unity-editor-for-linux/ +[4]: https://forum.unity.com/threads/unity-hub-v-1-6-0-is-now-available.640792/ +[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/unity-hub.jpg?fit=800%2C532&ssl=1 +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/ +[7]: https://support.unity3d.com/hc/en-us/categories/201268913-Licenses +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/turris-mox-router/ +[9]: https://forum.unity.com/forums/linux-editor.93/ From 042abd6c0c27f77886244dfda267e2b7890b2f8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:23:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0152/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190528=20A=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Quick=20Look=20at=20Elvish=20Shell=20sources/tech/20190528=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Quick=20Look=20at=20Elvish=20Shell.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20190528 A Quick Look at Elvish Shell.md | 106 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 106 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190528 A Quick Look at Elvish Shell.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190528 A Quick Look at Elvish Shell.md b/sources/tech/20190528 A Quick Look at Elvish Shell.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..778965d442 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190528 A Quick Look at Elvish Shell.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (A Quick Look at Elvish Shell) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/elvish-shell/) +[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) + +A Quick Look at Elvish Shell +====== + +Everyone who comes to this site has some knowledge (no matter how slight) of the Bash shell that comes default of so many systems. There have been several attempts to create shells that solve some of the shortcomings of Bash that have appeared over the years. One such shell is Elvish, which we will look at today. + +### What is Elvish Shell? + +![Pipelines In Elvish][1] + +[Elvish][2] is more than just a shell. It is [also][3] “an expressive programming language”. It has a number of interesting features including: + + * Written in Go + * Built-in file manager, inspired by the [Ranger file manager][4] (`Ctrl + N`) + * Searchable command history (`Ctrl + R`) + * History of directories visited (`Ctrl + L`) + * Powerful pipelines that support structured data, such as lists, maps, and functions + * Includes a “standard set of control structures: conditional control with `if`, loops with `for` and `while`, and exception handling with `try`“ + * Support for [third-party modules via a package manager to extend Elvish][5] + * Licensed under the BSD 2-Clause license + + + +“Why is it named Elvish?” I hear you shout. Well, according to [their website][6], they chose their current name because: + +> In roguelikes, items made by the elves have a reputation of high quality. These are usually called elven items, but “elvish” was chosen because it ends with “sh”, a long tradition of Unix shells. It also rhymes with fish, one of the shells that influenced the philosophy of Elvish. + +### How to Install Elvish Shell + +Elvish is available in several mainstream distributions. + +Note that the software is very young. The most recent version is 0.12. According to the project’s [GitHub page][3]: “Despite its pre-1.0 status, it is already suitable for most daily interactive use.” + +![Elvish Control Structures][7] + +#### Debian and Ubuntu + +Elvish packages were introduced into Debian Buster and Ubuntu 17.10. Unfortunately, those packages are out of date and you will need to use a [PPA][8] to install the latest version. You will need to use the following commands: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:zhsj/elvish +sudo apt update +sudo apt install elvish +``` + +#### Fedora + +Elvish is not available in the main Fedora repos. You will need to add the [FZUG Repository][9] to install Evlish. To do so, you will need to use these commands: + +``` +sudo dnf config-manager --add-repo=http://repo.fdzh.org/FZUG/FZUG.repol +sudo dnf install elvish +``` + +#### Arch + +Elvish is available in the [Arch User Repository][10]. + +I believe you know [how to change shell in Linux][11] so after installing you can switch to Elvish to use it. + +### Final Thoughts on Elvish Shell + +Personally, I have no reason to install Elvish on any of my systems. I can get most of its features by installing a couple of small command line programs or using already installed programs. + +For example, the search past commands feature already exists in Bash and it works pretty well. If you want to improve your ability to search past commands, I would recommend installing [fzf][12] instead. Fzf uses fuzzy search, so you don’t need to remember the exact command you are looking for. Fzf also allows you to preview and open files. + +I do think that the fact that Elvish is also a programming language is neat, but I’ll stick with Bash shell scripting until Elvish matures a little more. + +Have you every used Elvish? Do you think it would be worthwhile to install Elvish? What is your favorite Bash replacement? Please let us know in the comments below. + +If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News or [Reddit][13]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/elvish-shell/ + +作者：[John Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/pipelines-in-elvish.png?fit=800%2C421&ssl=1 +[2]: https://elv.sh/ +[3]: https://github.com/elves/elvish +[4]: https://ranger.github.io/ +[5]: https://github.com/elves/awesome-elvish +[6]: https://elv.sh/ref/name.html +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Elvish-control-structures.png?fit=800%2C425&ssl=1 +[8]: https://launchpad.net/%7Ezhsj/+archive/ubuntu/elvish +[9]: https://github.com/FZUG/repo/wiki/Add-FZUG-Repository +[10]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/elvish/ +[11]: https://linuxhandbook.com/change-shell-linux/ +[12]: https://github.com/junegunn/fzf +[13]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup From 3cefbfa8077786acd5ad7ba89f3ae3a08819f588 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:24:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0153/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20Agin?= =?UTF-8?q?g=20in=20the=20open:=20How=20this=20community=20changed=20us=20?= =?UTF-8?q?sources/tech/20190604=20Aging=20in=20the=20open-=20How=20this?= =?UTF-8?q?=20community=20changed=20us.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...the open- How this community changed us.md | 135 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 135 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190604 Aging in the open- How this community changed us.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 Aging in the open- How this community changed us.md b/sources/tech/20190604 Aging in the open- How this community changed us.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a03d49eca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 Aging in the open- How this community changed us.md @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Aging in the open: How this community changed us) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/four-year-celebration) +[#]: author: (Bryan Behrenshausen https://opensource.com/users/bbehrens) + +Aging in the open: How this community changed us +====== +Our community dedicated to exploring open organizational culture and +design turns four years old this week. +![Browser window with birthday hats and a cake][1] + +A community will always surprise you. + +That's not an easy statement for someone like me to digest. I'm not one for surprises. I revel in predictability. I thrive on consistency. + +A passionate and dedicated community offers few of these comforts. Participating in something like [the open organization community at Opensource.com][2]—which [turns four years old this week][3]—means acquiescing to dynamism, to constant change. Every day brings novelty. Every correspondence is packed with possibility. Every interaction reveals undisclosed pathways. + +To [a certain type of person][4] (me again), it can be downright terrifying. + +But that unrelenting and genuine surprise is the [very source of a community's richness][5], its sheer abundance. If a community is the nucleus of all those reactions that catalyze innovations and breakthroughs, then unpredictability and serendipity are its fuel. I've learned to appreciate it—more accurately, perhaps, to stand in awe of it. Four years ago, when the Opensource.com team heeded [Jim Whitehurst's call][6] to build a space for others to "share your thoughts and opinions… on how you think we can all lead and work better in the future" (see the final page of _The Open Organization_ ), we had little more than a mandate, a platform, and a vision. We'd be an open organization [committed to studying, learning from, and propagating open organizations][7]. The rest was a surprise—or rather, a series of surprises: + + * [Hundreds of articles, reviews, guides, and tutorials][2] on infusing open principles into organizations of all sizes across industries + * [A book series][8] spanning five volumes (with [another currently in production][9]) + * A detailed, comprehensive, community-maintained [definition of the "open organization" concept][10] + * A [robust maturity model][11] for anyone seeking to understand how that definition might (or might not) support their own work + + + +All of that—everything you see there, [and more][12]—is the work of a community that never stopped conversing, never ceased creating, never failed to outsmart itself. No one could have predicted it. No one could have [planned for it][13]. We simply do our best to keep up with it. + +And after four years the work continues, more focused and impassioned than ever. Remaining involved with this bunch of writers, educators, consultants, coaches, leaders, and mentors—all united by their belief that openness is the surest source of hope for organizations struggling to address the challenges of our age—has made me appreciate the power of the utterly surprising. I'm even getting a little more comfortable with it. + +That's been its gift to me. But the gifts it has given each of its participants have been equally special. + +As we celebrate four years of challenges, collaboration, and camaraderie this week, let's recount those surprising gifts by hearing from some of the members: + +* * * + +Four years of the open organization community—congratulations to all! + +My first thought was to look at the five most-read articles over the past four years. Here they are: + + * [5 laws every aspiring DevOps engineer should know][14] + * [What value do you bring to your company?][15] + * [8 answers to management questions from an open point of view][16] + * [What to do when you're feeling underutilized][17] + * [What's the point of DevOps?][18] + + + +All great articles. And then I started to think: Of all the great content over the past four years, which articles have impacted me the most? + +I remembered reading several great articles about meetings and how to make them more effective. So I typed "opensource.com meetings" into my search engine, and these two wonderful articles were at the top of the results list: + + * [The secret to better one-on-one meetings][19] + * [Time to rethink your team's approach to meetings][20] + + + +Articles like that have inspired my favorite open organization management principle, which I've tried to apply and has made a huge difference: All meetings are optional. + +**—Jeff Mackanic, senior director, Marketing, Red Hat** + +* * * + +Being a member of the "open community" has reminded me of the power of getting things done via values and shared purpose without command and control—something that seems more important than ever in today's fragmented and often abusive management world, and at a time when truth and transparency themselves are under attack. + +Four years is a long journey for this kind of initiative—but there's still so much to learn and understand about what makes "open" work and what it will take to accelerate the embrace of its principles more widely through different domains of work and society. Congratulations on all you, your colleagues, partners, and other members of the community have done thus far! + +**—Brook Manville, Principal, Brook Manville LLC, author of _A Company of Citizens_ and co-author of _The Harvard Business Review Leader's Handbook_** + +* * * + +The Open Organization Ambassador program has, in the last four years, become an inspired community of experts. We have defined what it means to be a truly open organization. We've written books, guides, articles, and other resources for learning about, understanding, and implementing open principles. We've done this while bringing open principles to other communities, and we've done this together. + +For me, personally and professionally, the togetherness is the best part of this endeavor. I have learned so much from my colleagues. I'm absolutely ecstatic to be one of the idealists and activists in this community—committed to making our workplaces more equitable and open. + +**—Laura Hilliger, co-founder, We Are Open Co-Op, and[Open Organization Ambassador][21]** + +* * * + +Finding the open organization community opened me up to knowing that there are others out there who thought as I did. I wasn't alone. My ideas on leadership and the workplace were not crazy. This sense of belonging increased once I joined the Ambassador team. Our monthly meetings are never long enough. I don't like when we have to hang up because each session is full of laughter, sharpening each other, idea exchange, and joy. Humans seek community. We search for people who share values and ideals as we do but who also push back and help us expand. This is the gift of the open organization community—expansion, growth, and lifelong friendships. Thank you to all of those who contribute their time, intellect, content, and whole self to this awesome think tank that is changing the shape of how we organize to solve problems! + +**—Jen Kelchner, founder and Chief Change Architect, LDR21, and[Open Organization Ambassador][21]** + +* * * + +Happy fourth birthday, open organization community! Thank you for being an ever-present reminder in my life that being open is better than being closed, that listening is more fruitful than telling, and that together we can achieve more. + +**—Michael Doyle, professional coach and[Open Organization Ambassador][21]** + +* * * + +Wow, what a journey it's been exploring the world of open organizations. We're seeing more interest now than ever before. It's amazing to see what this community has done and I'm excited to see what the future holds for open organizations and open leadership. + +**—Jason Hibbets, senior community architect, Red Hat** + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/four-year-celebration + +作者：[Bryan Behrenshausen][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bbehrens +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/happy_birthday_anniversary_celebrate_hats_cake.jpg?itok=Zfsv6DE_ (Browser window with birthday hats and a cake) +[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization +[3]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/15/5/introducing-open-organization +[4]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/11/design-communities-personality-types +[5]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/1/why-build-community-1 +[6]: https://www.redhat.com/en/explore/the-open-organization-book +[7]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/ambassadors-program +[8]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/book-series +[9]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/5/educators-guide-project +[10]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/open-org-definition +[11]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/open-org-maturity-model +[12]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources +[13]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/2/3-misconceptions-agile +[14]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/17/5/5-devops-laws +[15]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/15/7/what-value-do-you-bring-your-company +[16]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/16/5/open-questions-and-answers-about-open-management +[17]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/17/4/feeling-underutilized +[18]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/17/5/what-is-the-point-of-DevOps +[19]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/5/open-one-on-one-meetings-guide +[20]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/3/open-approaches-meetings +[21]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/meet-ambassadors From 4041d3d757c48f02c08c1be40ca6fa16dead9a09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:25:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0154/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20Crea?= =?UTF-8?q?te=20a=20CentOS=20homelab=20in=20an=20hour=20sources/tech/20190?= =?UTF-8?q?604=20Create=20a=20CentOS=20homelab=20in=20an=20hour.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0604 Create a CentOS homelab in an hour.md | 224 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 224 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190604 Create a CentOS homelab in an hour.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 Create a CentOS homelab in an hour.md b/sources/tech/20190604 Create a CentOS homelab in an hour.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..039af752db --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 Create a CentOS homelab in an hour.md @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Create a CentOS homelab in an hour) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/create-centos-homelab-hour) +[#]: author: (Bob Murphy https://opensource.com/users/murph) + +Create a CentOS homelab in an hour +====== +Set up a self-sustained set of basic Linux servers with nothing more +than a system with virtualization software, a CentOS ISO, and about an +hour of your time. +![metrics and data shown on a computer screen][1] + +When working on new Linux skills (or, as I was, studying for a Linux certification), it is helpful to have a few virtual machines (VMs) available on your laptop so you can do some learning on the go. + +But what happens if you are working somewhere without a good internet connection and you want to work on a web server? What about using other software that you don't already have installed? If you were depending on downloading it from the distribution's repositories, you may be out of luck. With a bit of preparation, you can set up a [homelab][2] that will allow you to install anything you need wherever you are, with or without a network connection. + +The requirements are: + + * A downloaded ISO file of the Linux distribution you intend to use (for example, CentOS, Red Hat, etc.) + * A host computer with virtualization. I use [Fedora][3] with [KVM][4] and [virt-manager][5], but any Linux will work similarly. You could even use Windows or Mac with virtualization, with some difference in implementation + * About an hour of time + + + +### 1\. Create a VM for your repo host + +Use virt-manager to create a VM with modest specs; 1GB RAM, one CPU, and 16GB of disk space are plenty. + +Install [CentOS 7][6] on the VM. + +![Installing a CentOS homelab][7] + +Select your language and continue. + +Click _Installation Destination_ , select your local disk, mark the _Automatically Configure Partitioning_ checkbox, and click *Done *in the upper-left corner. + +Under _Software Selection_ , select _Infrastructure Server_ , mark the _FTP Server_ checkbox, and click _Done_. + +![Installing a CentOS homelab][8] + +Select _Network and Host Name_ , enable Ethernet in the upper-right, then click _Done_ in the upper-left corner. + +Click _Begin Installation_ to start installing the OS. + +You must create a root password, then you can create a user with a password as it installs. + +### 2\. Start the FTP service + +The next step is to start and set the FTP service to run and allow it through the firewall. + +Log in with your root password, then start the FTP server: + + +``` +`systemctl start vsftpd` +``` + +Enable it to work on every start: + + +``` +`systemctl enable vsftpd` +``` + +Set the port as allowed through the firewall: + + +``` +`firewall-cmd --add-service=ftp --perm` +``` + +Enable this change immediately: + + +``` +`firewall-cmd --reload` +``` + +Get your IP address: + + +``` +`ip a` +``` + +(it's probably **eth0** ). You'll need it in a minute. + +### 3\. Copy the files for your local repository + +Mount the CD you installed from to your VM through your virtualization software. + +Create a directory for the CD to be mounted to temporarily: + + +``` +`mkdir /root/temp` +``` + +Mount the install CD: + + +``` +`mount /dev/cdrom /root/temp` +``` + +Copy all the files to the FTP server directory: + + +``` +`rsync -avhP /root/temp/ /var/ftp/pub/` +``` + +### 4\. Point the server to the local repository + +Red Hat-based systems use files that end in **.repo** to identify where to get updates and new software. Those files can be found at + + +``` +`cd /etc/yum.repos.d` +``` + +You need to get rid of the repo files that point your server to look to the CentOS repositories on the internet. I prefer to copy them to root's home directory to get them out of the way: + + +``` +`mv * ~` +``` + +Then create a new repo file to point to your server. Use your favorite text editor to create a file named **network.repo** with the following lines (substituting the IP address you got in step 2 for _< your IP>_), then save it: + + +``` +[network] +name=network +baseurl=/pub +gpgcheck=0 +``` + +When that's done, we can test it out with the following: + + +``` +`yum clean all; yum install ftp` +``` + +If your FTP client installs as expected from the "network" repository, your local repo is set up! + +![Installing a CentOS homelab][9] + +### 5\. Install a new VM with the repository you set up + +Go back to the virtual machine manager, and create another VM—but this time, select _Network Install_ with a URL of: + + +``` +`ftp://192.168.122./pub` +``` + +If you're using a different host OS or virtualization manager, install your VM similarly as before, and skip to the next section. + +### 6\. Set the new VM to use your existing network repository + +You can copy the repo file from your existing server to use here. + +As in the first server example, enter: + + +``` +cd /etc/yum.repos.d +mv * ~ +``` + +Then: + + +``` +`scp root@192.168.122.:/etc/yum.repos.d/network.repo /etc/yum.repos.d` +``` + +Now you should be ready to work with your new VM and get all your software from your local repository. + +Test this again: + + +``` +`yum clean all; yum install screen` +``` + +This will install your software from your local repo server. + +This setup, which gives you independence from the network with the ability to install software, can create a much more dependable environment for expanding your skills on the road. + +* * * + +_Bob Murphy will present this topic as well as an introduction to[GNU Screen][10] at [Southeast Linux Fest][11], June 15-16 in Charlotte, N.C._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/create-centos-homelab-hour + +作者：[Bob Murphy][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/murph +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/metrics_data_dashboard_system_computer_analytics.png?itok=oxAeIEI- (metrics and data shown on a computer screen) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/home-lab +[3]: https://getfedora.org/ +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine +[5]: https://virt-manager.org/ +[6]: https://www.centos.org/download/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/homelab-3b_0.png (Installing a CentOS homelab) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/homelab-5b.png (Installing a CentOS homelab) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/homelab-14b.png (Installing a CentOS homelab) +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/17/3/introduction-gnu-screen +[11]: https://southeastlinuxfest.org/ From 597681824a53ee7a13223c13783544f06ca26d5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:25:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0155/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190603=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20many=20browser=20tabs=20do=20you=20usually=20have=20open=3F?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/tech/20190603=20How=20many=20browser=20tabs=20do=20y?= =?UTF-8?q?ou=20usually=20have=20open.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...y browser tabs do you usually have open.md | 44 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190603 How many browser tabs do you usually have open.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190603 How many browser tabs do you usually have open.md b/sources/tech/20190603 How many browser tabs do you usually have open.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7777477029 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190603 How many browser tabs do you usually have open.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How many browser tabs do you usually have open?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/how-many-browser-tabs) +[#]: author: (Lauren Pritchett https://opensource.com/users/lauren-pritchett/users/sarahwall/users/ksonney/users/jwhitehurst) + +How many browser tabs do you usually have open? +====== +Plus, get a few tips for browser productivity. +![Browser of things][1] + +Here's a potentially loaded question: How many browser tabs do you usually have open at one time? Do you have multiple windows, each with multiple tabs? Or are you a minimalist, and only have a couple of tabs open at once. Another option is to move a 20-tabbed browser window to a different monitor so that it is out of the way while working on a particular task. Does your approach differ between work, personal, and mobile browsers? Is your browser strategy related to your [productivity habits][2]? + +### 4 tips for browser productivity + + 1. Know your browser shortcuts to save clicks. Whether you use Firefox or Chrome, there are plenty of keyboard shortcuts to help make switching between tabs and performing certain functions a breeze. For example, Chrome makes it easy to open up a blank Google document. Use the shortcut **"Ctrl + t"** to open a new tab, then type **"doc.new"**. The same can be done for spreadsheets, slides, and forms. + 2. Organize your most frequent tasks with bookmark folders. When it's time to start a particular task, simply open all of the bookmarks in the folder **(Ctrl + click)** to check it off your list quickly. + 3. Get the right browser extensions for you. There are thousands of browser extensions out there all claiming to improve productivity. Before you install, make sure you're not just adding more distractions to your screen. + 4. Reduce screen time by using a timer. It doesn't matter if you use an old-fashioned egg timer or a fancy browser extension. To prevent eye strain, implement the 20/20/20 rule. Every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break from your screen and look at something 20 feet away. + + + +Take our poll to share how many browser tabs you like to have open at once. Be sure to tell us about your favorite browser tricks in the comments. + +There are two components of productivity—doing the right things and doing those things efficiently... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/how-many-browser-tabs + +作者：[Lauren Pritchett][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lauren-pritchett/users/sarahwall/users/ksonney/users/jwhitehurst +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_desktop_website_checklist_metrics.png?itok=OKKbl1UR (Browser of things) +[2]: https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2019/1/5-time-wasting-habits-break-new-year From 35328dcc3125d5daaf95fffd11dfabb53d91e947 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:25:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0156/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190603=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20set=20up=20virtual=20environments=20for=20Python=20on?= =?UTF-8?q?=20MacOS=20sources/tech/20190603=20How=20to=20set=20up=20virtua?= =?UTF-8?q?l=20environments=20for=20Python=20on=20MacOS.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...irtual environments for Python on MacOS.md | 214 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 214 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md b/sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c54e5a6ac --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/virtual-environments-python-macos) +[#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/moshez/users/mbbroberg/users/moshez) + +How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS +====== +Save yourself a lot of confusion by managing your virtual environments +with pyenv and virtualwrapper. +![][1] + +If you're a Python developer and a MacOS user, one of your first tasks upon getting a new computer is to set up your Python development environment. Here is the best way to do it (although we have written about [other ways to manage Python environments on MacOS][2]). + +### Preparation + +First, open a terminal and enter **xcode-select --install** at its cold, uncaring prompt. Click to confirm, and you'll be all set with a basic development environment. This step is required on MacOS to set up local development utilities, including "many commonly used tools, utilities, and compilers, including make, GCC, clang, perl, svn, git, size, strip, strings, libtool, cpp, what, and many other useful commands that are usually found in default Linux installations," according to [OS X Daily][3]. + +Next, install [Homebrew][4] by executing the following Ruby script from the internet: + + +``` +`ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"` +``` + +If you, like me, have trust issues with arbitrarily running scripts from the internet, click on the script above and take a longer look to see what it does. + +Once this is done, congratulations, you have an excellent package management tool in Homebrew. Naively, you might think that you next **brew install python** or something. No, haha. Homebrew will give you a version of Python, but the version you get will be out of your control if you let the tool manage your environment for you. You want [pyenv][5], "a tool for simple Python version management," that can be installed on [many operating systems][6]. Run: + + +``` +`$ brew install pyenv` +``` + +You want pyenv to run every time you open your prompt, so include the following in your configuration files (by default on MacOS, this is **.bash_profile** in your home directory): + + +``` +$ cd ~/ +$ echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> .bash_profile +``` + +By adding this line, every new terminal will initiate pyenv to manage the **PATH** environment variable in your terminal and insert the version of Python you want to run (as opposed to the first one that shows up in the environment. For more information, read "[How to set your $PATH variable in Linux][7].") Open a new terminal for the updated **.bash_profile** to take effect. + +Before installing your favorite version of Python, you'll want to install a couple of helpful tools: + + +``` +`$ brew install zlib sqlite` +``` + +The [zlib][8] compression algorithm and the [SQLite][9] database are dependencies for pyenv and often [cause build problems][10] when not configured correctly. Add these exports to your current terminal window to ensure the installation completes: + + +``` +$ export LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/opt/zlib/lib -L/usr/local/opt/sqlite/lib" +$ export CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/opt/zlib/include -I/usr/local/opt/sqlite/include" +``` + +Now that the preliminaries are done, it's time to install a version of Python that is fit for a modern person in the modern age: + + +``` +`$ pyenv install 3.7.3` +``` + +Go have a cup of coffee. From beans you hand-roast. After you pick them. What I'm saying here is it's going to take some time. + +### Adding virtual environments + +Once it's finished, it's time to make your virtual environments pleasant to use. Without this next step, you will effectively be sharing one Python development environment for every project you work on. Using virtual environments to isolate dependency management on a per-project basis will give us more certainty and reproducibility than Python offers out of the box. For these reasons, install **virtualenvwrapper** into the Python environment: + + +``` +$ pyenv global 3.7.3 +# Be sure to keep the $() syntax in this command so it can evaluate +$ $(pyenv which python3) -m pip install virtualenvwrapper +``` + +Open your **.bash_profile** again and add the following to be sure it works each time you open a new terminal: + + +``` +# We want to regularly go to our virtual environment directory +$ echo 'export WORKON_HOME=~/.virtualenvs' >> .bash_profile +# If in a given virtual environment, make a virtual environment directory +# If one does not already exist +$ echo 'mkdir -p $WORKON_HOME' >> .bash_profile +# Activate the new virtual environment by calling this script +# Note that $USER will substitute for your current user +$ echo '. ~/.pyenv/versions/3.7.3/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh' >> .bash_profile +``` + +Close the terminal and open a new one (or run **exec /bin/bash -l** to refresh the current terminal session), and you'll see **virtualenvwrapper** initializing the environment: + + +``` +$ exec /bin/bash -l +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/premkproject +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/postmkproject +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/initialize +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/premkvirtualenv +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/postmkvirtualenv +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/prermvirtualenv +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/postrmvirtualenv +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/predeactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/postdeactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/preactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/postactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/get_env_details +``` + +From now on, all your work should be in a virtual environment, allowing you to use temporary environments to play around with development safely. With this toolchain, you can set up multiple projects and switch between them, depending upon what you're working on at that moment: + + +``` +$ mkvirtualenv test1 +Using base prefix '/Users/moshe/.pyenv/versions/3.7.3' +New python executable in /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test1/bin/python3 +Also creating executable in /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test1/bin/python +Installing setuptools, pip, wheel... +done. +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test1/bin/predeactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test1/bin/postdeactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test1/bin/preactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test1/bin/postactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test1/bin/get_env_details +(test1)$ mkvirtualenv test2 +Using base prefix '/Users/moshe/.pyenv/versions/3.7.3' +New python executable in /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test2/bin/python3 +Also creating executable in /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test2/bin/python +Installing setuptools, pip, wheel... +done. +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test2/bin/predeactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test2/bin/postdeactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test2/bin/preactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test2/bin/postactivate +virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/test2/bin/get_env_details +(test2)$ ls $WORKON_HOME +get_env_details postmkvirtualenv premkvirtualenv +initialize postrmvirtualenv prermvirtualenv +postactivate preactivate test1 +postdeactivate predeactivate test2 +postmkproject premkproject +(test2)$ workon test1 +(test1)$ +``` + +The **deactivate** command exits you from the current environment. + +### Recommended practices + +You may already set up your long-term projects in a directory like **~/src**. When you start working on a new project, go into this directory, add a subdirectory for the project, then use the power of Bash interpretation to name the virtual environment based on your directory name. For example, for a project named "pyfun": + + +``` +$ mkdir -p ~/src/pyfun && cd ~/src/pyfun +$ mkvirtualenv $(basename $(pwd)) +# we will see the environment initialize +(pyfun)$ workon +pyfun +test1 +test2 +(pyfun)$ deactivate +$ +``` + +Whenever you want to work on this project, go back to that directory and reconnect to the virtual environment by entering: + + +``` +$ cd ~/src/pyfun +(pyfun)$ workon . +``` + +Since initializing a virtual environment means taking a point-in-time copy of your Python version and the modules that are loaded, you will occasionally want to refresh the project's virtual environment, as dependencies can change dramatically. You can do this safely by deleting the virtual environment because the source code will remain unscathed: + + +``` +$ cd ~/src/pyfun +$ rmvirtualenv $(basename $(pwd)) +$ mkvirtualenv $(basename $(pwd)) +``` + +This method of managing virtual environments with pyenv and virtualwrapper will save you from uncertainty about which version of Python you are running as you develop code locally. This is the simplest way to avoid confusion—especially when you're working with a larger team. + +If you are just beginning to configure your Python environment, read up on how to use [Python 3 on MacOS][2]. Do you have other beginner or intermediate Python questions? Leave a comment and we will consider them for the next article. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/virtual-environments-python-macos + +作者：[Matthew Broberg][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/moshez/users/mbbroberg/users/moshez +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/python_snake_file_box.jpg?itok=UuDVFLX- +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/python-3-default-macos +[3]: http://osxdaily.com/2014/02/12/install-command-line-tools-mac-os-x/ +[4]: https://brew.sh/ +[5]: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv +[6]: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/wiki +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux +[8]: https://zlib.net/ +[9]: https://www.sqlite.org/index.html +[10]: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/wiki/common-build-problems#build-failed-error-the-python-zlib-extension-was-not-compiled-missing-the-zlib From 84d97c2fcbf6e21faa0fc041e224452a90b56429 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:25:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0157/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190603=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20stream=20music=20with=20GNOME=20Internet=20Radio=20sour?= =?UTF-8?q?ces/tech/20190603=20How=20to=20stream=20music=20with=20GNOME=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Internet=20Radio.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... stream music with GNOME Internet Radio.md | 59 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 59 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190603 How to stream music with GNOME Internet Radio.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190603 How to stream music with GNOME Internet Radio.md b/sources/tech/20190603 How to stream music with GNOME Internet Radio.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fc21d82d0b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190603 How to stream music with GNOME Internet Radio.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to stream music with GNOME Internet Radio) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/gnome-internet-radio) +[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss/users/r3bl) + +How to stream music with GNOME Internet Radio +====== +If you're looking for a simple, straightforward interface that gets your +streams playing, try GNOME's Internet Radio plugin. +![video editing dashboard][1] + +Internet radio is a great way to listen to stations from all over the world. Like many developers, I like to turn on a station as I code. You can listen to internet radio with a media player for the terminal like [MPlayer][2] or [mpv][3], which is what I use to listen via the Linux command line. However, if you prefer using a graphical user interface (GUI), you may want to try [GNOME Internet Radio][4], a nifty plugin for the GNOME desktop. You can find it in the package manager. + +![GNOME Internet Radio plugin][5] + +Listening to internet radio with a graphical desktop operating system generally requires you to launch an application such as [Audacious][6] or [Rhythmbox][7]. They have nice interfaces, plenty of options, and cool audio visualizers. But if you want a simple, straightforward interface that gets your streams playing, GNOME Internet Radio is for you. + +After installing it, a small icon appears in your toolbar, which is where you do all your configuration and management. + +![GNOME Internet Radio icons][8] + +The first thing I did was go to the Settings menu. I enabled the following two options: show title notifications and show volume adjustment. + +![GNOME Internet Radio Settings][9] + +GNOME Internet Radio includes a few pre-configured stations, and it is really easy to add others. Just click the ( **+** ) sign. You'll need to enter a channel name, which can be anything you prefer (including the station name), and the station address. For example, I like to listen to Synthetic FM. I enter the name, e.g., "Synthetic FM," and the stream address, i.e., . + +Then click the star next to the stream to add it to your menu. + +However you listen to music and whatever genre you choose, it is obvious—coders need their music! The GNOME Internet Radio plugin makes it simple to get your favorite internet radio station queued up. + +In honor of the Gnome desktop's 18th birthday on August 15, we've rounded up 18 reasons to toast... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/gnome-internet-radio + +作者：[Alan Formy-Duval][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss/users/r3bl +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/video_editing_folder_music_wave_play.png?itok=-J9rs-My (video editing dashboard) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/linux-toy-mplayer +[3]: https://mpv.io/ +[4]: https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/836/internet-radio/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/packagemanager_s.png (GNOME Internet Radio plugin) +[6]: https://audacious-media-player.org/ +[7]: https://help.gnome.org/users/rhythmbox/stable/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/titlebaricons.png (GNOME Internet Radio icons) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnomeinternetradio_settings.png (GNOME Internet Radio Settings) From 374c3f3750cad328d17c132cb3b1586c4185b9ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:26:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0158/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190531=20Why?= =?UTF-8?q?=20translation=20platforms=20matter=20sources/tech/20190531=20W?= =?UTF-8?q?hy=20translation=20platforms=20matter.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...190531 Why translation platforms matter.md | 96 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 96 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e513267640 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why translation platforms matter) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/translation-platforms) +[#]: author: (Jean-Baptiste Holcroft https://opensource.com/users/jibec/users/annegentle/users/bcotton) + +Why translation platforms matter +====== +Technical considerations are not the best way to judge a good +translation platform. +![][1] + +Language translation enables open source software to be used by people all over the world, and it's a great way for non-developers to get involved in their favorite projects. There are many [translation tools][2] available that you can evaluate according to how well they handle the main functional areas involved in translations: technical interaction capabilities, teamwork support capabilities, and translation support capabilities. + +Technical interaction considerations include: + + * Supported file formats + * Synchronization with the source repository + * Automation support tools + * Interface possibilities + + + +Support for teamwork (which could also be called "community animation") includes how a platform: + + * Monitors changes (by a translator, on a project, etc.) + * Follows up on updates pushed by projects + * Displays the state of the situation + * Enables or not review and validation steps + * Assists in discussions between translators (from the same team and inter-languages) and with project maintainers + * Supports global communication on the platform (news, etc.) + + + +Translator assistance includes: + + * A clear and ergonomic interface + * A limited number of steps to find a project and start working + * A simple way to read the flow between translation and distribution + * Access to a translation memory machine + * Glossary enrichment + + + +There are no major differences, though there are some minor ones, between source code management platforms relating to the first two functional areas. ****I suspect that the last area pertains mainly to source code. However, the data handled is quite different and users are usually much less technically sophisticated than developers, as well as more numerous. + +### My recommendation + +In my opinion, the GNOME platform offers the best translation platform for the following reasons: + + * Its site contains both the team organization and the translation platform. It's easy to see who is responsible and their roles on the team. Everything is concentrated on a few screens. + * It's easy to find what to work on, and you quickly realize you'll have to download files to your computer and send them back once you modify them. It's not very sexy, but the logic is easy to understand. + * Once you send a file back, the platform can send an alert to the mailing list so the team knows the next steps and the translation can be easily discussed at the global level (rather than commenting on specific sentences). + * It has 297 languages. + * It shows clear percentages on progress, both on basic sentences and advanced menus and documentation. + + + +Coupled with a predictable GNOME release schedule, everything is available for the community to work well because the tool promotes community work. + +If we look at the Debian translation team, which has been doing a good job for years translating an unimaginable amount of content for Fedora (especially news), we see there is a highly codified translation process based exclusively on emails with a manual push in the repositories. This team also puts everything into the process, rather than the tools, and—despite the considerable energy this seems to require—it has worked for many years while being among the leading group of languages. + +My perception is that the primary issue for a successful translation platform is not based on the ability to make the unitary (technical, translation) work, but on how it structures and supports the translation team's processes. This is what gives sustainability. + +The production processes are the most important way to structure a team; by putting them together correctly, it's easy for newcomers to understand how processes work, adopt them, and explain them to the next group of newcomers. + +To build a sustainable community, the first consideration must be on a tool that supports collaborative work, then on its usability. + +This explains my frustration with the [Zanata][3] tool, which is efficient from a technical and interface standpoint, but poor when it comes to helping to structure a community. GIven that translation is a community-driven process (possibly one of the most community-driven processes in open source software development), this is a critical problem for me. + +* * * + +_This article is adapted from "[What's a good translation platform?][4]" originally published on the Jibec Journal and is reused with permission._ + +Learn about seven tools and processes, both human and software, which are used to manage patch... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/translation-platforms + +作者：[Jean-Baptiste Holcroft][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jibec/users/annegentle/users/bcotton +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/people_remote_teams_world.png?itok=_9DCHEel +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/open-source-localization-tools +[3]: http://zanata.org/ +[4]: https://jibecfed.fedorapeople.org/blog-hugo/en/2016/09/whats-a-good-translation-platform/ From 4df398e47c267094d528110e1a47b99c8ce40a54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:26:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0159/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190531=20Lear?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20Python=20with=20these=20awesome=20resources=20sources/tech/?= =?UTF-8?q?20190531=20Learn=20Python=20with=20these=20awesome=20resources.?= =?UTF-8?q?md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...arn Python with these awesome resources.md | 90 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 90 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8bcd1d2bbf --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Learn Python with these awesome resources) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python) +[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) + +Learn Python with these awesome resources +====== +Expand your Python knowledge by adding these resources to your personal +learning network. +![Book list, favorites][1] + +I've been using and teaching Python for a long time now, but I'm always interested in increasing my knowledge about this practical and useful programming language. That's why I've been trying to expand my Python [personal learning network][2] (PLN), a concept that describes informal and mutually beneficial networks for sharing information. + +Educators [Kelly Paredes][3] and [Sean Tibor][4] recently talked about how to build your Python PLN on their podcast, [Teaching Python][5], which I subscribed to after meeting them at [PyCon 2019][6] in Cleveland (and adding them to my Python PLN). This podcast inspired me to think more about the people in my Python PLN, including those I met recently at PyCon. + +I'll share some of the places I've met members of my PLN; maybe they can become part of your Python PLN, too. + +### Young Coders mentors + +[Betsy Waliszewski][7], the event coordinator for the Python Foundation, is a member of my Python PLN. When we ran into each other at PyCon2019, because I'm a teacher, she recommended I check out the [Young Coders][8] workshop for kids ages 12 and up. There, I met [Katie Cunningham][9], who was running the program, which taught participants how to set up and configure a Raspberry Pi and use Python. The young students also received two books: _[Python for Kids][10]_ by Jason Briggs and _[Learn to Program with Minecraft][11]_ by Craig Richardson. I'm always looking for new ways to improve my teaching, so I quickly picked up two copies of the Minecraft book at [NoStarch Press][12]' booth at the conference. Katie is a great teacher and a prolific author with a wonderful [YouTube][13] channel full of Python training videos. + +I added Katie to my PLN, along with two other people I met at the Young Coders workshop: [Nat Dunn][14] and [Sean Valentine][15]. Like Katie, they were volunteering their time to introduce young programmers to Python. Nat is the president of [Webucator][16], an IT training company that has been a sponsor of the Python Software Foundation for several years and sponsored the PyCon 2018 Education Summit. He decided to teach at Young Coders after teaching Python to his 13-year-old son and 14-year-old nephew. Sean is the director of strategic initiatives at the [Hidden Genius Project][17], a technology and leadership mentoring program for black male youth. Sean said many Hidden Genius participants "built projects using Python, so we saw [Young Coders] as a great opportunity to partner." Learning about the Hidden Genius Project has inspired me to think deeper about the implications of coding and its power to change lives. + +### Open Spaces meetups + +I found PyCon's [Open Spaces][18], self-organizing, impromptu hour-long meetups, just as useful as the official programmed events. One of my favorites was about the [Circuit Playground Express][19] device, which was part of our conference swag bags. I am fascinated by this device, and the Open Space provided an avenue to learn more. The organizers offered a worksheet and a [GitHub][20] repo with all the tools we needed to be successful, as well as an opportunity for hands-on learning and direction to explore this unique hardware. + +This meetup whetted my appetite to learn even more about programming the Circuit Playground Express, so after PyCon, I reached out on Twitter to [Nina Zakharenko][21], who [presented a keynote][22] at the conference about programming the device. Nina has been in my Python PLN since last fall when I heard her talk at [All Things Open][23], and I recently signed up for her [Python Fundamentals][24] class to add to my learning. Nina recommended I add [Kattni Rembor][25], whose [code examples][26] are helping me learn to program with CircuitPython, to my Python PLN. + +### Other resources from my PLN + +I also met fellow [Opensource.com][27] Community Moderator [Moshe Zadka][28] at PyCon2019 and talked with him at length. He shared several new Python resources, including _[How to Think Like a Computer Scientist][29]_. Community Moderator [Seth Kenlon][30] is another member of my PLN; he has published many great [Python articles][31], and I recommend you follow him, too. + +My Python personal learning network continues to grow each day. Besides the folks I have already mentioned, I recommend you follow [Al Sweigart][32], [Eric Matthes][33], and [Adafruit][34] because they share great content. I also recommend the book _[Make: Getting Started with Adafruit Circuit Playground Express][35]_ and [Podcast.__init__][36], a podcast all about the Python community, both of which I learned about from my PLN. + +Who is in your Python PLN? Please share your favorites in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python + +作者：[Don Watkins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/reading_book_stars_list.png?itok=Iwa1oBOl (Book list, favorites) +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_learning_network +[3]: https://www.teachingpython.fm/hosts/kellypared +[4]: https://twitter.com/smtibor +[5]: https://www.teachingpython.fm/20 +[6]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/ +[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/betsywaliszewski +[8]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/events/letslearnpython/ +[9]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kcunning/ +[10]: https://nostarch.com/pythonforkids +[11]: https://nostarch.com/programwithminecraft +[12]: https://nostarch.com/ +[13]: https://www.youtube.com/c/KatieCunningham +[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/natdunn/ +[15]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/sean-valentine-b370349b/ +[16]: https://www.webucator.com/ +[17]: http://www.hiddengeniusproject.org/ +[18]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/events/open-spaces/ +[19]: https://www.adafruit.com/product/3333 +[20]: https://github.com/adafruit/PyCon2019 +[21]: https://twitter.com/nnja +[22]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35mXD40SvXM +[23]: https://allthingsopen.org/ +[24]: https://frontendmasters.com/courses/python/ +[25]: https://twitter.com/kattni +[26]: https://github.com/kattni/ChiPy_2018 +[27]: http://Opensource.com +[28]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez +[29]: http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english3e/ +[30]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[31]: https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=gVToXPq-FYXGsAW-mZ_YAw&q=site%3Aopensource.com+%22Seth+Kenlon%22+%2B+Python&oq=site%3Aopensource.com+%22Seth+Kenlon%22+%2B+Python&gs_l=psy-ab.12...627.15303..15584...1.0..0.176.2802.4j21......0....1..gws-wiz.....0..35i39j0j0i131j0i67j0i20i263.r2SAW3dxlB4 +[32]: http://alsweigart.com/ +[33]: https://twitter.com/ehmatthes?lang=en +[34]: https://twitter.com/adafruit +[35]: https://www.adafruit.com/product/3944 +[36]: https://www.pythonpodcast.com/episodes/ From 00029fdd494741e04e80912aae0f398eead08f6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:26:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0160/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190530=20Crea?= =?UTF-8?q?ting=20a=20Source-to-Image=20build=20pipeline=20in=20OKD=20sour?= =?UTF-8?q?ces/tech/20190530=20Creating=20a=20Source-to-Image=20build=20pi?= =?UTF-8?q?peline=20in=20OKD.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...a Source-to-Image build pipeline in OKD.md | 484 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 484 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190530 Creating a Source-to-Image build pipeline in OKD.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190530 Creating a Source-to-Image build pipeline in OKD.md b/sources/tech/20190530 Creating a Source-to-Image build pipeline in OKD.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..713d117cb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190530 Creating a Source-to-Image build pipeline in OKD.md @@ -0,0 +1,484 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Creating a Source-to-Image build pipeline in OKD) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/creating-source-image-build-pipeline-okd) +[#]: author: (Chris Collins https://opensource.com/users/clcollins) + +Creating a Source-to-Image build pipeline in OKD +====== +S2I is an ideal way to build and compile Go applications in a repeatable +way, and it just gets better when paired with OKD BuildConfigs. +![][1] + +In the first three articles in this series, we explored the general [requirements][2] of a Source-to-Image (S2I) system and [prepared][3] and [tested][4] an environment specifically for a Go (Golang) application. This S2I build is perfect for local development or maintaining a builder image with a code pipeline, but if you have access to an [OKD][5] or OpenShift cluster (or [Minishift][6]), you can set up the entire workflow using OKD BuildConfigs, not only to build and maintain the builder image but also to use the builder image to create the application image and subsequent runtime image automatically. This way, the images can be rebuilt automatically when downstream images change and can trigger OKD deploymentConfigs to redeploy applications running from these images. + +### Step 1: Build the builder image in OKD + +As in local S2I usage, the first step is to create the builder image to build the GoHelloWorld test application that we can reuse to compile other Go-based applications. This first build step will be a Docker build, just like before, that pulls the Dockerfile and S2I scripts from a Git repository to build the image. Therefore, those files must be committed and available in a public Git repo (or you can use the companion [GitHub repo][7] for this article). + +_Note:_ OKD BuildConfigs do not require that source Git repos are public. To use a private repo, you must set up deploy keys and link the keys to a builder service account. This is not difficult, but for simplicity's sake, this exercise will use a public repository. + +#### Create an image stream for the builder image + +The BuildConfig will create a builder image for us to compile the GoHelloWorld app, but first, we need a place to store the image. In OKD, that place is an image stream. + +An [image stream][8] and its tags are like a manifest or list of related images and image tags. It serves as an abstraction layer that allows you to reference an image, even if the image changes. Think of it as a collection of aliases that reference specific images and, as images are updated, automatically points to the new image version. The image stream is nothing except these aliases—just metadata about real images stored in a registry. + +An image stream can be created with the **oc create imagestream ** command, or it can be created from a YAML file with **oc create -f **. Either way, a brand-new image stream is a small placeholder object that is empty until it is populated with image references, either manually (who wants to do things manually?) or with a BuildConfig. + +Our golang-builder image stream looks like this: + + +``` +# imageStream-golang-builder.yaml +\--- +apiVersion: image.openshift.io/v1 +kind: ImageStream +metadata: +generation: 1 +name: golang-builder +spec: +lookupPolicy: +local: false +``` + +Other than a name, and a (mostly) empty spec, there is nothing really there. + +_Note:_ The **lookupPolicy** has to do with allowing Kubernetes-native components to resolve image stream references since image streams are OKD-native and not a part of the Kubernetes core. This topic is out of scope for this article, but you can read more about how it works in OKD's documentation [Using Image Streams with Kubernetes Resources][9]. + +Create an image stream for the builder image and its progeny. + + +``` +$ oc create -f imageStream-golangBuilder.yaml + +# Check the ImageStream +$ oc get imagestream golang-builder +NAME DOCKER REPO TAGS UPDATED +imagestream.image.openshift.io/golang-builder docker-registry.default.svc:5000/golang-builder/golang-builder +``` + +Note that the newly created image stream has no tags and has never been updated. + +#### Create a BuildConfig for the builder image + +In OKD, a [BuildConfig][10] describes how to build container images from a specific source and triggers for when they build. Don't be thrown off by the language—just as you might say you build and re-build the same image from a Dockerfile, but in reality, you have built multiple images, a BuildConfig builds and rebuilds the same image, but in reality, it creates multiple images. (And suddenly the reason for image streams becomes much clearer!) + +Our builder image BuildConfig describes how to build and re-build our builder image(s). The BuildConfig's core is made up of four important parts: + + 1. Build source + 2. Build strategy + 3. Build output + 4. Build triggers + + + +The _build source_ (predictably) describes where the thing that runs the build comes from. The builds described by the golang-builder BuildConfig will use the Dockerfile and S2I scripts we created previously and, using the Git-type build source, clone a Git repository to get the files to do the builds. + + +``` +source: +type: Git +git: +ref: master +uri: +``` + +The _build strategy_ describes what the build will do with the source files from the build source. The golang-builder BuildConfig mimics the **docker build** we used previously to build our local builder image by using the Docker-type build strategy. + + +``` +strategy: +type: Docker +dockerStrategy: {} +``` + +The **dockerStrategy** build type tells OKD to build a Docker image from the Dockerfile contained in the source specified by the build source. + +The _build output_ tells the BuildConfig what to do with the resulting image. In this case, we specify the image stream we created above and a tag to give to the image. As with our local build, we're tagging it with **golang-builder:1.12** as a reference to the Go version inherited from the parent image. + + +``` +output: +to: +kind: ImageStreamTag +name: golang-builder:1.12 +``` + +Finally, the BuildConfig defines a set of _build triggers_ —events that will cause the image to be rebuilt automatically. For this BuildConfig, a change to the BuildConfig configuration or an update to the upstream image (golang:1.12) will trigger a new build. + + +``` +triggers: +\- type: ConfigChange +\- imageChange: +type: ImageChange +``` + +Using the [builder image BuildConfig][11] from the GitHub repo as a reference (or just using that file), create a BuildConfig YAML file and use it to create the BuildConfig. + + +``` +$ oc create -f buildConfig-golang-builder.yaml + +# Check the BuildConfig +$ oc get bc golang-builder +NAME TYPE FROM LATEST +golang-builder Docker Git@master 1 +``` + +Because the BuildConfig included the "ImageChange" trigger, it immediately kicks off a new build. You can check that the build was created with the **oc get builds** command. + + +``` +# Check the Builds +$ oc get builds +NAME TYPE FROM STATUS STARTED DURATION +golang-builder-1 Docker Git@8eff001 Complete About a minute ago 13s +``` + +While the build is running and after it has completed, you can view its logs with **oc logs -f ** and see the Docker build output as you would locally. + + +``` +$ oc logs -f golang-builder-1-build +Step 1/11 : FROM docker.io/golang:1.12 +\---> 7ced090ee82e +Step 2/11 : LABEL maintainer "Chris Collins <[collins.christopher@gmail.com][12]>" +\---> 7ad989b765e4 +Step 3/11 : ENV CGO_ENABLED 0 GOOS linux GOCACHE /tmp STI_SCRIPTS_PATH /usr/libexec/s2i SOURCE_DIR /go/src/app +\---> 2cee2ce6757d + +<...> +``` + +If you did not include any build triggers (or did not have them in the right place), your build may not start automatically. You can manually kick off a new build with the **oc start-build** command. + + +``` +$ oc start-build golang-builder + +# Or, if you want to automatically tail the build log +$ oc start-build golang-builder --follow +``` + +When the build completes, the resulting image is tagged and pushed to the integrated image registry and the image stream is updated with the new image's information. Check the image stream with the **oc get imagestream** command to see that the new tag exists. + + +``` +$ oc get imagestream golang-builder +NAME DOCKER REPO TAGS UPDATED +golang-builder docker-registry.default.svc:5000/golang-builder/golang-builder 1.12 33 seconds ago +``` + +### Step 2: Build the application image in OKD + +Now that we have a builder image for our Golang applications created and stored within OKD, we can use this builder image to compile all of our Go apps. First on the block is the example GoHelloWorld app from our [local build example][4]. GoHelloWorld is a simple Go app that just outputs **Hello World!** when it's run. + +Just as we did in the local example with the **s2i build** command, we can tell OKD to use our builder image and S2I to build the application image for GoHelloWorld, compiling the Go binary from the source code in the [GoHelloWorld GitHub repository][13]. This can be done with a BuildConfig with a **sourceStrategy** build. + +#### Create an image stream for the application image + +First things first, we need to create an image stream to manage the image created by the BuildConfig. The image stream is just like the golang-builder image stream, just with a different name. Create it with **oc create is** or using a YAML file from the [GitHub repo][7]. + + +``` +$ oc create -f imageStream-goHelloWorld-appimage.yaml +imagestream.image.openshift.io/go-hello-world-appimage created +``` + +#### Create a BuildConfig for the application image + +Just as we did with the builder image BuildConfig, this BuildConfig will use the Git source option to clone our source code from the GoHelloWorld repository. + + +``` +source: +type: Git +git: +uri: +``` + +Instead of using a DockerStrategy build to create an image from a Dockerfile, this BuildConfig will use the sourceStrategy definition to build the image using S2I. + + +``` +strategy: +type: Source +sourceStrategy: +from: +kind: ImageStreamTag +name: golang-builder:1.12 +``` + +Note the **from:** hash in sourceStrategy. This tells OKD to use the **golang-builder:1.12** image we created previously for the S2I build. + +The BuildConfig will output to the new **appimage** image stream we created, and we'll include config- and image-change triggers to kick off new builds automatically if anything updates. + + +``` +output: +to: +kind: ImageStreamTag +name: go-hello-world-appimage:1.0 +triggers: +\- type: ConfigChange +\- imageChange: +type: ImageChange +``` + +Once again, create a BuildConfig or use the one from the GitHub repo. + + +``` +`$ oc create -f buildConfig-goHelloWorld-appimage.yaml` +``` + +The new build shows up alongside the golang-builder build and, because image-change triggers are specified, the build starts immediately. + + +``` +$ oc get builds +NAME TYPE FROM STATUS STARTED DURATION +golang-builder-1 Docker Git@8eff001 Complete 8 minutes ago 13s +go-hello-world-appimage-1 Source Git@99699a6 Running 44 seconds ago +``` + +If you want to watch the build logs, use the **oc logs -f** command. Once the application image build completes, it is pushed to the image stream we specified, then the new image stream tag is created. + + +``` +$ oc get is go-hello-world-appimage +NAME DOCKER REPO TAGS UPDATED +go-hello-world-appimage docker-registry.default.svc:5000/golang-builder/go-hello-world-appimage 1.0 10 minutes ago +``` + +Success! The GoHelloWorld app was cloned from source into a new image and compiled and tested using our S2I scripts. We can use the image as-is but, as with our local S2I builds, we can do better and create an image with just the new Go binary in it. + +### Step 3: Build the runtime image in OKD + +Now that the application image has been created with a compiled Go binary for the GoHelloWorld app, we can use something called chain builds to mimic when we extracted the binary from our local application image and created a new runtime image with just the binary in it. + +#### Create an image stream for the runtime image + +Once again, the first step is to create an image stream image for the new runtime image. + + +``` +# Create the ImageStream +$ oc create -f imageStream-goHelloWorld.yaml +imagestream.image.openshift.io/go-hello-world created + +# Get the ImageStream +$ oc get imagestream go-hello-world +NAME DOCKER REPO TAGS UPDATED +go-hello-world docker-registry.default.svc:5000/golang-builder/go-hello-world +``` + +#### Chain builds + +Chain builds are when one or more BuildConfigs are used to compile software or assemble artifacts for an application, and those artifacts are saved and used by a subsequent BuildConfig to generate a runtime image without re-compiling the code. + +![Chain Build workflow][14] + +Chain build workflow + +#### Create a BuildConfig for the runtime image + +The runtime BuildConfig uses the DockerStrategy build to build the image from a Dockerfile—the same thing we did with the builder image BuildConfig. This time, however, the source is not a Git source, but a Dockerfile source. + +What is the Dockerfile source? It's an inline Dockerfile! Instead of cloning a repo with a Dockerfile in it and building that, we specify the Dockerfile in the BuildConfig. This is especially appropriate with our runtime Dockerfile because it's just three lines long. + + +``` +source: +type: Dockerfile +dockerfile: |- +FROM scratch +COPY app /app +ENTRYPOINT ["/app"] +images: +\- from: +kind: ImageStreamTag +name: go-hello-world-appimage:1.0 +paths: +\- sourcePath: /go/src/app/app +destinationDir: "." +``` + +Note that the Dockerfile in the Dockerfile source definition above is the same as the Dockerfile we used in the [third article][4] in this series when we built the slim GoHelloWorld image locally using the binary we extracted with the S2I **save-artifacts** script. + +Something else to note: **scratch** is a reserved word in Dockerfiles. Unlike other **FROM** statements, it does not define an _actual_ image, but rather that the first layer of this image will be nothing. It is defined with **kind: DockerImage** but does not have a registry or group/namespace/project string. Learn more about this behavior in this excellent [container best practices][15] reference. + +The **images** section of the Dockerfile source describes the source of the artifact(s) to be used in the build; in this case, from the appimage generated earlier. The **paths** subsection describes where to get the binary (i.e., in the **/go/src/app** directory of the app image, get the **app** binary) and where to save it (i.e., in the current working directory of the build itself: **"."** ). This allows the **COPY app /app** to grab the binary from the current working directory and add it to **/app** in the runtime image. + +_Note:_ **paths** is an array of source and the destination path _pairs_. Each entry in the list consists of a source and destination. In the example above, there is just one entry because there is just a single binary to copy. + +The Docker strategy is then used to build the inline Dockerfile. + + +``` +strategy: +type: Docker +dockerStrategy: {} +``` + +Once again, it is output to the image stream created earlier and includes build triggers to automatically kick off new builds. + + +``` +output: +to: +kind: ImageStreamTag +name: go-hello-world:1.0 +triggers: +\- type: ConfigChange +\- imageChange: +type: ImageChange +``` + +Create a BuildConfig YAML or use the runtime BuildConfig from the GitHub repo. + + +``` +$ oc create -f buildConfig-goHelloWorld.yaml +buildconfig.build.openshift.io/go-hello-world created +``` + +If you watch the logs, you'll notice the first step is **FROM scratch** , which confirms we're adding the compiled binary to a blank image. + + +``` +$ oc logs -f pod/go-hello-world-1-build +Step 1/5 : FROM scratch +\---> +Step 2/5 : COPY app /app +\---> 9e70e6c710f8 +Removing intermediate container 4d0bd9cef0a7 +Step 3/5 : ENTRYPOINT /app +\---> Running in 7a2dfeba28ca +\---> d697577910fc + +<...> +``` + +Once the build is completed, check the image stream tag to validate that the new image was pushed to the registry and image stream was updated. + + +``` +$ oc get imagestream go-hello-world +NAME DOCKER REPO TAGS UPDATED +go-hello-world docker-registry.default.svc:5000/golang-builder/go-hello-world 1.0 4 minutes ago +``` + +Make a note of the **DOCKER REPO** string for the image. It will be used in the next section to run the image. + +### Did we create a tiny, binary-only image? + +Finally, let's validate that we did, indeed, build a tiny image with just the binary. + +Check out the image details. First, get the image's name from the image stream. + + +``` +$ oc describe imagestream go-hello-world +Name: go-hello-world +Namespace: golang-builder +Created: 42 minutes ago +Labels: +Annotations: +Docker Pull Spec: docker-registry.default.svc:5000/golang-builder/go-hello-world +Image Lookup: local=false +Unique Images: 1 +Tags: 1 + +1.0 +no spec tag + +* docker-registry.default.svc:5000/golang-builder/go-hello-world@sha256:eb11e0147a2917312f5e0e9da71109f0cb80760e945fdc1e2db6424b91bc9053 +13 minutes ago +``` + +The image is listed at the bottom, described with the SHA hash (e.g., **sha256:eb11e0147a2917312f5e0e9da71109f0cb80760e945fdc1e2db6424b91bc9053** ; yours will be different). + +Get the details of the image using the hash. + + +``` +$ oc describe image sha256:eb11e0147a2917312f5e0e9da71109f0cb80760e945fdc1e2db6424b91bc9053 +Docker Image: docker-registry.default.svc:5000/golang-builder/go-hello-world@sha256:eb11e0147a2917312f5e0e9da71109f0cb80760e945fdc1e2db6424b91bc9053 +Name: sha256:eb11e0147a2917312f5e0e9da71109f0cb80760e945fdc1e2db6424b91bc9053 +Created: 15 minutes ago +Annotations: image.openshift.io/dockerLayersOrder=ascending +image.openshift.io/manifestBlobStored=true +openshift.io/image.managed=true +Image Size: 1.026MB +Image Created: 15 minutes ago +Author: +Arch: amd64 +Entrypoint: /app +Working Dir: +User: +Exposes Ports: +Docker Labels: io.openshift.build.name=go-hello-world-1 +io.openshift.build.namespace=golang-builder +Environment: PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin +OPENSHIFT_BUILD_NAME=go-hello-world-1 +OPENSHIFT_BUILD_NAMESPACE=golang-builder +``` + +Notice the image size, 1.026MB, is exactly as we want. The image is a scratch image with just the binary inside it! + +### Run a pod with the runtime image + +Using the runtime image we just created, let's create a pod on-demand and run it and validate that it still works. + +This almost never happens in Kubernetes/OKD, but we will run a pod, just a pod, by itself. + + +``` +$ oc run -it go-hello-world --image=docker-registry.default.svc:5000/golang-builder/go-hello-world:1.0 --restart=Never +Hello World! +``` + +Everything is working as expected—the image runs and outputs "Hello World!" just as it did in the previous, local S2I builds. + +By creating this workflow in OKD, we can use the golang-builder S2I image for any Go application. This builder image is in place and built for any other applications, and it will auto-update and rebuild itself anytime the upstream golang:1.12 image changes. + +New apps can be built automatically using the S2I build by creating a chain build strategy in OKD with an appimage BuildConfig to compile the source and the runtime BuildConfig to create the final image. Using the build triggers, any change to the source code in the Git repo will trigger a rebuild through the entire pipeline, rebuilding the appimage and the runtime image automatically. + +This is a great way to maintain updated images for any application. Paired with an OKD deploymentConfig with an image build trigger, long-running applications (e.g., webapps) will be automatically redeployed when new code is committed. + +Source-to-Image is an ideal way to develop builder images to build and compile Go applications in a repeatable way, and it just gets better when paired with OKD BuildConfigs. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/creating-source-image-build-pipeline-okd + +作者：[Chris Collins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clcollins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/blocks_building.png?itok=eMOT-ire +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/source-image-golang-part-1 +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/source-image-golang-part-2 +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/source-image-golang-part-3 +[5]: https://www.okd.io/ +[6]: https://github.com/minishift/minishift +[7]: https://github.com/clcollins/golang-s2i.git +[8]: https://docs.okd.io/latest/architecture/core_concepts/builds_and_image_streams.html#image-streams +[9]: https://docs.okd.io/latest/dev_guide/managing_images.html#using-is-with-k8s +[10]: https://docs.okd.io/latest/dev_guide/builds/index.html#defining-a-buildconfig +[11]: https://github.com/clcollins/golang-s2i/blob/master/okd/buildConfig-golang-builder.yaml +[12]: mailto:collins.christopher@gmail.com +[13]: https://github.com/clcollins/goHelloWorld.git +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/chainingbuilds.png (Chain Build workflow) +[15]: http://docs.projectatomic.io/container-best-practices/#_from_scratch From 3ba3401410f616af6c8b301b3b8e5ca678a89a58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:27:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0161/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190530=20A=20?= =?UTF-8?q?short=20primer=20on=20assemblers,=20compilers,=20and=20interpre?= =?UTF-8?q?ters=20sources/tech/20190530=20A=20short=20primer=20on=20assemb?= =?UTF-8?q?lers,=20compilers,=20and=20interpreters.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md | 145 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 145 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md b/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..db6a4c5365 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/primer-assemblers-compilers-interpreters) +[#]: author: (Erik O'Shaughnessy https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny/users/shawnhcorey/users/jnyjny/users/jnyjny) + +A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters +====== +A gentle introduction to the historical evolution of programming +practices. +![keyboard with connected dots][1] + +In the early days of computing, hardware was expensive and programmers were cheap. In fact, programmers were so cheap they weren't even called "programmers" and were in fact usually mathematicians or electrical engineers. Early computers were used to solve complex mathematical problems quickly, so mathematicians were a natural fit for the job of "programming." + +### What is a program? + +First, a little background. Computers can't do anything by themselves, so they require programs to drive their behavior. Programs can be thought of as very detailed recipes that take an input and produce an output. The steps in the recipe are composed of instructions that operate on data. While that sounds complicated, you probably know how this statement works: + + +``` +`1 + 2 = 3` +``` + +The plus sign is the "instruction" while the numbers 1 and 2 are the data. Mathematically, the equal sign indicates that both sides of an equation are "equivalent," however most computer languages use some variant of equals to mean "assignment." If a computer were executing that statement, it would store the results of the addition (the "3") somewhere in memory. + +Computers know how to do math with numbers and move data around the machine's memory hierarchy. I won't say too much about memory except that it generally comes in two different flavors: fast/small and slow/big. CPU registers are very fast, very small and act as scratch pads. Main memory is typically very big and not nearly as fast as register memory. CPUs shuffle the data they are working with from main memory to registers and back again while a program executes. + +### Assemblers + +Computers were very expensive and people were cheap. Programmers spent endless hours translating hand-written math into computer instructions that the computer could execute. The very first computers had terrible user interfaces, some only consisting of toggle switches on the front panel. The switches represented 1s and 0s in a single "word" of memory. The programmer would configure a word, indicate where to store it, and commit the word to memory. It was time-consuming and error-prone. + +![Programmers operate the ENIAC computer][2] + +_Programmers[Betty Jean Jennings][3] (left) and [Fran Bilas][4] (right) operate [ENIAC's][5] main control panel._ + +Eventually, an [electrical engineer][6] decided his time wasn't cheap and wrote a program with input written as a "recipe" expressed in terms people could read that output a computer-readable version. This was the first "assembler" and it was very controversial. The people that owned the expensive machines didn't want to "waste" compute time on a task that people were already doing; albeit slowly and with errors. Over time, people came to appreciate the speed and accuracy of the assembler versus a hand-assembled program, and the amount of "real work" done with the computer increased. + +While assembler programs were a big step up from toggling bit patterns into the front panel of a machine, they were still pretty specialized. The addition example above might have looked something like this: + + +``` +01 MOV R0, 1 +02 MOV R1, 2 +03 ADD R0, R1, R2 +04 MOV 64, R0 +05 STO R2, R0 +``` + +Each line is a computer instruction, beginning with a shorthand name of the instruction followed by the data the instruction works on. This little program will first "move" the value 1 into a register called R0, then 2 into register R1. Line 03 adds the contents of registers R0 and R1 and stores the resulting value into register R2. Finally, lines 04 and 05 identify where the result should be stored in main memory (address 64). Managing where data is stored in memory is one of the most time-consuming and error-prone parts of writing computer programs. + +### Compilers + +Assembly was much better than writing computer instructions by hand; however, early programmers yearned to write programs like they were accustomed to writing mathematical formulae. This drove the development of higher-level compiled languages, some of which are historical footnotes and others are still in use today. [ALGO][7] is one such footnote, while real problems continue to be solved today with languages like [Fortran][8] and [C][9]. + +![Genealogy tree of ALGO and Fortran][10] + +Genealogy tree of ALGO and Fortran programming languages + +The introduction of these "high-level" languages allowed programmers to write their programs in simpler terms. In the C language, our addition assembly program would be written: + + +``` +int x; +x = 1 + 2; +``` + +The first statement describes a piece of memory the program will use. In this case, the memory should be the size of an integer and its name is **x** The second statement is the addition, although written "backward." A C programmer would read that as "X is assigned the result of one plus two." Notice the programmer doesn't need to say where to put **x** in memory, as the compiler takes care of that. + +A new type of program called a "compiler" would turn the program written in a high-level language into an assembly language version and then run it through the assembler to produce a machine-readable version of the program. This composition of programs is often called a "toolchain," in that one program's output is sent directly to another program's input. + +The huge advantage of compiled languages over assembly language programs was porting from one computer model or brand to another. In the early days of computing, there was an explosion of different types of computing hardware from companies like IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation, Texas Instruments, UNIVAC, Hewlett Packard, and others. None of these computers shared much in common besides needing to be plugged into an electrical power supply. Memory and CPU architectures differed wildly, and it often took man-years to translate programs from one computer to another. + +With high-level languages, the compiler toolchain only had to be ported to the new platform. Once the compiler was available, high-level language programs could be recompiled for a new computer with little or no modification. Compilation of high-level languages was truly revolutionary. + +![IBM PC XT][11] + +IBM PC XT released in 1983, is an early example of the decreasing cost of hardware. + +Life became very good for programmers. It was much easier to express the problems they wanted to solve using high-level languages. The cost of computer hardware was falling dramatically due to advances in semiconductors and the invention of integrated chips. Computers were getting faster and more capable, as well as much less expensive. At some point, possibly in the late '80s, there was an inversion and programmers became more expensive than the hardware they used. + +### Interpreters + +Over time, a new programming model rose where a special program called an "interpreter" would read a program and turn it into computer instructions to be executed immediately. The interpreter takes the program as input and interprets it into an intermediate form, much like a compiler. Unlike a compiler, the interpreter then executes the intermediate form of the program. This happens every time an interpreted program runs, whereas a compiled program is compiled just one time and the computer executes the machine instructions "as written." + +As a side note, when people say "interpreted programs are slow," this is the main source of the perceived lack of performance. Modern computers are so amazingly capable that most people can't tell the difference between compiled and interpreted programs. + +Interpreted programs, sometimes called "scripts," are even easier to port to different hardware platforms. Because the script doesn't contain any machine-specific instructions, a single version of a program can run on many different computers without changes. The catch, of course, is the interpreter must be ported to the new machine to make that possible. + +One example of a very popular interpreted language is [perl][12]. A complete perl expression of our addition problem would be: + + +``` +`$x = 1 + 2` +``` + +While it looks and acts much like the C version, it lacks the variable initialization statement. There are other differences (which are beyond the scope of this article), but you can see that we can write a computer program that is very close to how a mathematician would write it by hand with pencil and paper. + +### Virtual Machines + +The latest craze in programming models is the virtual machine, often abbreviated as VM. There are two flavors of virtual machine; system virtual machines and process virtual machines. Both types of VMs provide a level of abstraction from the "real" computing hardware, though they have different scopes. A system virtual machine is software that offers a substitute for the physical hardware, while a process virtual machine is designed to execute a program in a system-independent manner. So in this case, a process virtual machine (virtual machine from here on) is similar in scope to an interpreter in that a program is first compiled into an intermediated form before the virtual machine executes it. + +The main difference between an interpreter and a virtual machine is the virtual machine implements an idealized CPU accessed through its virtual instruction set. This abstraction makes it possible to write front-end language tools that compile programs written in different languages and target the virtual machine. Probably the most popular and well known virtual machine is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM was initially only for the Java programming language back in the 1990s, but it now hosts [many][13] popular computer languages: Scala, Jython, JRuby, Clojure, and Kotlin to list just a few. There are other examples that may not be common knowledge. I only recently learned that my favorite language, [Python][14], is not an interpreted language, but a [language hosted on a virtual machine][15]! + +Virtual machines continue the historical trend of reducing the amount of platform-specific knowledge a programmer needs to express their problem in a language that supports their domain-specific needs. + +### That's a wrap + +I hope you enjoy this primer on some of the less visible parts of software. Are there other topics you want me to dive into next? Let me know in the comments. + +* * * + +_This article was originally published on[PyBites][16] and is reprinted with permission._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/primer-assemblers-compilers-interpreters + +作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny/users/shawnhcorey/users/jnyjny/users/jnyjny +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/programming_keyboard_coding.png?itok=E0Vvam7A (keyboard with connected dots) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/two_women_operating_eniac.gif (Programmers operate the ENIAC computer) +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bartik (Jean Bartik) +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Spence (Frances Spence) +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_%28computer_scientist%29 +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGO +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/algolfortran_family-by-borkowski.png (Genealogy tree of ALGO and Fortran) +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/639px-ibm_px_xt_color.jpg (IBM PC XT) +[12]: www.perl.org +[13]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages +[14]: /resources/python +[15]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/introduction-python-bytecode +[16]: https://pybit.es/python-interpreters.html From 41fb7ec81e21f35b6fcf3c1064a5397c110b56fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:27:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0162/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190603=20It?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=99s=20time=20for=20the=20IoT=20to=20'optimize=20for=20tr?= =?UTF-8?q?ust'=20sources/talk/20190603=20It-s=20time=20for=20the=20IoT=20?= =?UTF-8?q?to=20-optimize=20for=20trust.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...time for the IoT to -optimize for trust.md | 102 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 102 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190603 It-s time for the IoT to -optimize for trust.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190603 It-s time for the IoT to -optimize for trust.md b/sources/talk/20190603 It-s time for the IoT to -optimize for trust.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cc5aa9db7c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190603 It-s time for the IoT to -optimize for trust.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (It’s time for the IoT to 'optimize for trust') +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399817/its-time-for-the-iot-to-optimize-for-trust.html) +[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) + +It’s time for the IoT to 'optimize for trust' +====== +If we can't trust the internet of things (IoT) to gather accurate data and use it appropriately, IoT adoption and innovation are likely to suffer. +![Bose][1] + +One of the strengths of internet of things (IoT) technology is that it can do so many things well. From smart toothbrushes to predictive maintenance on jetliners, the IoT has more use cases than you can count. The result is that various IoT uses cases require optimization for particular characteristics, from cost to speed to long life, as well as myriad others. + +But in a recent post, "[How the internet of things will change advertising][2]" (which you should definitely read), the always-insightful Stacy Higginbotham tossed in a line that I can’t stop thinking about: “It's crucial that the IoT optimizes for trust." + +**[ Read also: Network World's[corporate guide to addressing IoT security][3] ]** + +### Trust is the IoT's most important attribute + +Higginbotham was talking about optimizing for trust as opposed to clicks, but really, trust is more important than just about any other value in the IoT. It’s more important than bandwidth usage, more important than power usage, more important than cost, more important than reliability, and even more important than security and privacy (though they are obviously related). In fact, trust is the critical factor in almost every aspect of the IoT. + +Don’t believe me? Let’s take a quick look at some recent developments in the field: + +For one thing, IoT devices often don’t take good care of the data they collect from you. Over 90% of data transactions on IoT devices are not fully encrypted, according to a new [study from security company Zscaler][4]. The [problem][5], apparently, is that many companies have large numbers of consumer-grade IoT devices on their networks. In addition, many IoT devices are attached to the companies’ general networks, and if that network is breached, the IoT devices and data may also be compromised. + +In some cases, ownership of IoT data can raise surprisingly serious trust concerns. According to [Kaiser Health News][6], smartphone sleep apps, as well as smart beds and smart mattress pads, gather amazingly personal information: “It knows when you go to sleep. It knows when you toss and turn. It may even be able to tell when you’re having sex.” And while companies such as Sleep Number say they don’t share the data they gather, their written privacy policies clearly state that they _can_. + +### **Lack of trust may lead to new laws** + +In California, meanwhile, "lawmakers are pushing for new privacy rules affecting smart speakers” such as the Amazon Echo. According to the _[LA Times][7]_ , the idea is “to ensure that the devices don’t record private conversations without permission,” requiring a specific opt-in process. Why is this an issue? Because consumers—and their elected representatives—don’t trust that Amazon, or any IoT vendor, will do the right thing with the data it collects from the IoT devices it sells—perhaps because it turns out that thousands of [Amazon employees have been listening in on what Alexa users are][8] saying to their Echo devices. + +The trust issues get even trickier when you consider that Amazon reportedly considered letting Alexa listen to users even without a wake word like “Alexa” or “computer,” and is reportedly working on [wearable devices designed to read human emotions][9] from listening to your voice. + +“The trust has been breached,” said California Assemblyman Jordan Cunningham (R-Templeton) to the _LA Times_. + +As critics of the bill ([AB 1395][10]) point out, the restrictions matter because voice assistants require this data to improve their ability to correctly understand and respond to requests. + +### **Some first steps toward increasing trust** + +Perhaps recognizing that the IoT needs to be optimized for trust so that we are comfortable letting it do its job, Amazon recently introduced a new Alexa voice command: “[Delete what I said today][11].” + +Moves like that, while welcome, will likely not be enough. + +For example, a [new United Nations report][12] suggests that “voice assistants reinforce harmful gender stereotypes” when using female-sounding voices and names like Alexa and Siri. Put simply, “Siri’s ‘female’ obsequiousness—and the servility expressed by so many other digital assistants projected as young women—provides a powerful illustration of gender biases coded into technology products, pervasive in the technology sector and apparent in digital skills education.” I'm not sure IoT vendors are eager—or equipped—to tackle issues like that. + +**More on IoT:** + + * [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][13] + * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][14] + * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][15] + * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][16] + * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][17] + * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][18] + * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][19] + * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][20] + * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][21] + * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][22] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][23] and [LinkedIn][24] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399817/its-time-for-the-iot-to-optimize-for-trust.html + +作者：[Fredric Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/09/bose-sleepbuds-2-100771579-large.jpg +[2]: https://mailchi.mp/iotpodcast/stacey-on-iot-how-iot-changes-advertising?e=6bf9beb394 +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269165/internet-of-things/a-corporate-guide-to-addressing-iot-security-concerns.html +[4]: https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/research/iot-traffic-enterprise-rising-so-are-threats +[5]: https://www.csoonline.com/article/3397044/over-90-of-data-transactions-on-iot-devices-are-unencrypted.html +[6]: https://khn.org/news/a-wake-up-call-on-data-collecting-smart-beds-and-sleep-apps/ +[7]: https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-alexa-google-home-privacy-rules-california-20190528-story.html +[8]: https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2019/04/11/amazon-employees-listening-alexa-customers/3434732002/ +[9]: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/amazon-is-working-on-a-wearable-device-that-reads-human-emotions +[10]: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1395 +[11]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/05/29/amazon-launches-alexa-delete-what-i-said-today-voice-command/ +[12]: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367416.page=1 +[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html +[16]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html +[17]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html +[18]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html +[19]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html +[20]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html +[21]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html +[22]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html +[23]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[24]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From bcc0ac783775f427567a0c77f762bf1eb7aaed52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:27:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0163/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190602=20IoT?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Roundup:=20New=20research=20on=20IoT=20security,=20Microsoft?= =?UTF-8?q?=20leans=20into=20IoT=20sources/talk/20190602=20IoT=20Roundup-?= =?UTF-8?q?=20New=20research=20on=20IoT=20security,=20Microsoft=20leans=20?= =?UTF-8?q?into=20IoT.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... IoT security, Microsoft leans into IoT.md | 71 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190602 IoT Roundup- New research on IoT security, Microsoft leans into IoT.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190602 IoT Roundup- New research on IoT security, Microsoft leans into IoT.md b/sources/talk/20190602 IoT Roundup- New research on IoT security, Microsoft leans into IoT.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6d955c6485 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190602 IoT Roundup- New research on IoT security, Microsoft leans into IoT.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (IoT Roundup: New research on IoT security, Microsoft leans into IoT) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398607/iot-roundup-new-research-on-iot-security-microsoft-leans-into-iot.html) +[#]: author: (Jon Gold https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/) + +IoT Roundup: New research on IoT security, Microsoft leans into IoT +====== +Verizon sets up widely available narrow-band IoT service, while most Americans think IoT manufacturers should ensure their products protect personal information. +As with any technology whose use is expanding at such speed, it can be tough to track exactly what’s going on in the [IoT][1] world – everything from basic usage numbers to customer attitudes to more in-depth slices of the market is constantly changing. Fortunately, the month of May brought several new pieces of research to light, which should help provide at least a partial outline of what’s really happening in IoT. + +### Internet of things polls + +Not all of the news is good. An IPSOS Mori poll performed on behalf of the Internet Society and Consumers International (respectively, an umbrella organization for open development and Internet use and a broad-based consumer advocacy group) found that, despite the skyrocketing numbers of smart devices in circulation around the world, more than half of users in large parts of the western world don’t trust those devices to safeguard their privacy. + +**More on IoT:** + + * [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][2] + * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][3] + * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][4] + * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][5] + * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][6] + * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][7] + * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][8] + * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][9] + * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][10] + * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][11] + + + +While almost 70 percent of respondents owned connected devices, 55 percent said they didn’t feel their personal information was adequately protected by manufacturers. A further 28 percent said they had avoided using connected devices – smart home, fitness tracking and similar consumer gadgetry – primarily because they were concerned over privacy issues, and a whopping 85 percent of Americans agreed with the argument that manufacturers had a responsibility to produce devices that protected personal information. + +Those concerns are understandable, according to data from the Ponemon Institute, a tech-research organization. Its survey of corporate risk and security personnel, released in early May, found that there have been few concerted efforts to limit exposure to IoT-based security threats, and that those threats are sharply on the rise when compared to past years, with the percentage of organizations that had experienced a data breach related to unsecured IoT devices rising from 15 percent in fiscal 2017 to 26 percent in fiscal 2019. + +Beyond a lack of organizational wherewithal to address those threats, part of the problem in some verticals is technical. Security vendor Forescout said earlier this month that its research showed 40 percent of all healthcare IT environments had more than 20 different operating systems, and more than 30 percent had more than 100 – hardly an ideal situation for smooth patching and updating. + +To continue reading this article register now + +[Get Free Access][12] + +[Learn More][13] Existing Users [Sign In][12] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398607/iot-roundup-new-research-on-iot-security-microsoft-leans-into-iot.html + +作者：[Jon Gold][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html +[12]: javascript:// +[13]: /learn-about-insider/ From 784cfc2e2b5158a558048e67d5805edd56085f03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:29:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0164/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190529=20Sate?= =?UTF-8?q?llite-based=20internet=20possible=20by=20year-end,=20says=20Spa?= =?UTF-8?q?ceX=20sources/talk/20190529=20Satellite-based=20internet=20poss?= =?UTF-8?q?ible=20by=20year-end,=20says=20SpaceX.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ernet possible by year-end, says SpaceX.md | 63 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190529 Satellite-based internet possible by year-end, says SpaceX.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190529 Satellite-based internet possible by year-end, says SpaceX.md b/sources/talk/20190529 Satellite-based internet possible by year-end, says SpaceX.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..383fac66ca --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190529 Satellite-based internet possible by year-end, says SpaceX.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Satellite-based internet possible by year-end, says SpaceX) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398940/space-internet-maybe-end-of-year-says-spacex.html) +[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) + +Satellite-based internet possible by year-end, says SpaceX +====== +Amazon, Tesla-associated SpaceX and OneWeb are emerging as just some of the potential suppliers of a new kind of data-friendly satellite internet service that could bring broadband IoT connectivity to most places on Earth. +![Getty Images][1] + +With SpaceX’s successful launch of an initial array of broadband-internet-carrying satellites last week, and Amazon’s surprising posting of numerous satellite engineering-related job openings on its [job board][2] this month, one might well be asking if the next-generation internet space race is finally getting going. (I first wrote about [OneWeb’s satellite internet plans][3] it was concocting with Airbus four years ago.) + +This new batch of satellite-driven internet systems, if they work and are eventually switched on, could provide broadband to most places, including previously internet-barren locations, such as rural areas. That would be good for high-bandwidth, low-latency remote-internet of things (IoT) and increasingly important edge-server connections for verticals like oil and gas and maritime. [Data could even end up getting stored in compliance-friendly outer space, too][4]. Leaky ground-based connections, also, perhaps a thing of the past. + +Of the principal new internet suppliers, SpaceX has gotten farthest along. That’s in part because it has commercial impetus. It needed to create payload for its numerous rocket projects. The Tesla electric-car-associated company (the two firms share materials science) has not only launched its first tranche of 60 satellites for its own internet constellation, called Starlink, but also successfully launched numerous batches (making up the full constellation of 75 satellites) for Iridium’s replacement, an upgraded constellation called Iridium NEXT. + +[The time of 5G is almost here][5] + +Potential competitor OneWeb launched its first six Airbus-built satellites in February. [It has plans for 900 more][6]. SpaceX has been approved for 4,365 more by the FCC, and Project Kuiper, as Amazon’s space internet project is known, wants to place 3,236 satellites in orbit, according to International Telecommunication Union filings [discovered by _GeekWire_][7] earlier this year. [Startup LeoSat, which I wrote about last year, aims to build an internet backbone constellation][8]. Facebook, too, is exploring [space-delivered internet][9]. + +### Why the move to space? + +Laser technical progress, where data is sent in open, free space, rather than via a restrictive, land-based cable or via traditional radio paths, is partly behind this space-internet rush. “Bits travel faster in free space than in glass-fiber cable,” LeoSat explained last year. Additionally, improving microprocessor tech is also part of the mix. + +One important difference from existing older-generation satellite constellations is that this new generation of internet satellites will be located in low Earth orbit (LEO). Initial Starlink satellites will be placed at about 350 miles above Earth, with later launches deployed at 710 miles. + +There’s an advantage to that. Traditional satellites in geostationary orbit, or GSO, have been deployed about 22,000 miles up. That extra distance versus LEO introduces latency and is one reason earlier generations of Internet satellites are plagued by slow round-trip times. Latency didn’t matter when GSO was introduced in 1964, and commercial satellites, traditionally, have been pitched as one-way video links, such as are used by sporting events for broadcast, and not for data. + +And when will we get to experience these new ISPs? “Starlink is targeted to offer service in the Northern U.S. and Canadian latitudes after six launches,” [SpaceX says on its website][10]. Each launch would deliver about 60 satellites. “SpaceX is targeting two to six launches by the end of this year.” + +Global penetration of the “populated world” could be obtained after 24 launches, it thinks. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][11] and [LinkedIn][12] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398940/space-internet-maybe-end-of-year-says-spacex.html + +作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/10/network_iot_world-map_us_globe_nodes_global-100777483-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.amazon.jobs/en/teams/projectkuiper +[3]: https://www.itworld.com/article/2938652/space-based-internet-starts-to-get-serious.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3200242/data-should-be-stored-data-in-space-firm-says.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3354477/mobile-world-congress-the-time-of-5g-is-almost-here.html +[6]: https://www.airbus.com/space/telecommunications-satellites/oneweb-satellites-connection-for-people-all-over-the-globe.html +[7]: https://www.geekwire.com/2019/amazon-lists-scores-jobs-bellevue-project-kuiper-broadband-satellite-operation/ +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328645/space-data-backbone-gets-us-approval.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3338081/light-based-computers-to-be-5000-times-faster.html +[10]: https://www.starlink.com/ +[11]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[12]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 09df864d49b241ab1fd9ae45797d087a8bd9280c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:29:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0165/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190529=20Cisc?= =?UTF-8?q?o=20security=20spotlights=20Microsoft=20Office=20365=20e-mail?= =?UTF-8?q?=20phishing=20increase=20sources/talk/20190529=20Cisco=20securi?= =?UTF-8?q?ty=20spotlights=20Microsoft=20Office=20365=20e-mail=20phishing?= =?UTF-8?q?=20increase.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...oft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase.md | 92 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190529 Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190529 Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase.md b/sources/talk/20190529 Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c1e0493e63 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190529 Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398925/cisco-security-spotlights-microsoft-office-365-e-mail-phishing-increase.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Cisco security spotlights Microsoft Office 365 e-mail phishing increase +====== +Cisco blog follows DHS Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) report detailing risks around Office 365 and other cloud services +![weerapatkiatdumrong / Getty Images][1] + +It’s no secret that if you have a cloud-based e-mail service, fighting off the barrage of security issues has become a maddening daily routine. + +The leading e-mail service – in [Microsoft’s Office 365][2] package – seems to be getting the most attention from those attackers hellbent on stealing enterprise data or your private information via phishing attacks. Amazon and Google see their share of phishing attempts in their cloud-based services as well. + +**[ Also see[What to consider when deploying a next generation firewall][3]. | Get regularly scheduled insights by [signing up for Network World newsletters][4]. ]** + +But attackers are crafting and launching phishing campaigns targeting Office 365 users, [wrote][5] Ben Nahorney, a Threat Intelligence Analyst focused on covering the threat landscape for Cisco Security in a blog focusing on the Office 365 phishing issue. + +Nahorney wrote of research from security vendor [Agari Data][6], that found over the last few quarters, there has been a steady increase in the number of phishing emails impersonating Microsoft. While Microsoft has long been the most commonly impersonated brand, it now accounts for more than half of all brand impersonations seen in the last quarter. + +Recently cloud security firm Avanan wrote in its [annual phishing report][7], one in every 99 emails is a phishing attack, using malicious links and attachments as the main vector. “Of the phishing attacks we analyzed, 25 percent bypassed Office 365 security, a number that is likely to increase as attackers design new obfuscation methods that take advantage of zero-day vulnerabilities on the platform,” Avanan wrote. + +The attackers attempt to steal a user’s login credentials with the goal of taking over accounts. If successful, attackers can often log into the compromised accounts, and perform a wide variety of malicious activity: Spread malware, spam and phishing emails from within the internal network; carry out tailored attacks such as spear phishing and [business email compromise][8] [a long-standing business scam that uses spear-phishing, social engineering, identity theft, e-mail spoofing], and target partners and customers, Nahorney wrote. + +Nahorney wrote that at first glance, this may not seem very different than external email-based attacks. However, there is one critical distinction: The malicious emails sent are now coming from legitimate accounts. + +**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][9] ]** + +“For the recipient, it’s often even someone that they know, eliciting trust in a way that would not necessarily be afforded to an unknown source. To make things more complicated, attackers often leverage ‘conversation hijacking,’ where they deliver their payload by replying to an email that’s already located in the compromised inbox,” Nahorney stated. + +The methods used by attackers to gain access to an Office 365 account are fairly straightforward, Nahorney wrote. + +“The phishing campaigns usually take the form of an email from Microsoft. The email contains a request to log in, claiming the user needs to reset their password, hasn’t logged in recently or that there’s a problem with the account that needs their attention. A URL is included, enticing the reader to click to remedy the issue,” Nahorney wrote. + +Once logged in, nefarious activities can go on unnoticed as the attacker has what look like authorized credentials. + +“This gives the attacker time for reconnaissance: a chance to observe and plan additional attacks. Nor will this type of attack set off a security alert in the same way something like a brute-force attack against a webmail client will, where the attacker guesses password after password until they get in or are detected,” Nahorney stated. + +Nahorney suggested the following steps customers can take to protect email: + + * Use multi-factor authentication. If a login attempt requires a secondary authorization before someone is allowed access to an inbox, this will stop many attackers, even with phished credentials. + * Deploy advanced anti-phishing technologies. Some machine-learning technologies can use local identity and relationship modeling alongside behavioral analytics to spot deception-based threats. + * Run regular phishing exercises. Regular, mandated phishing exercises across the entire organization will help to train employees to recognize phishing emails, so that they don’t click on malicious URLs, or enter their credentials into malicious website. + + + +### Homeland Security flags Office 365, other cloud email services + +The U.S. government, too, has been warning customers of Office 365 and other cloud-based email services that they should be on alert for security risks. The US Department of Homeland Security's Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) this month [issued a report targeting][10] Office 365 and other cloud services saying: + +“Organizations that used a third party have had a mix of configurations that lowered their overall security posture (e.g., mailbox auditing disabled, unified audit log disabled, multi-factor authentication disabled on admin accounts). In addition, the majority of these organizations did not have a dedicated IT security team to focus on their security in the cloud. These security oversights have led to user and mailbox compromises and vulnerabilities.” + +The agency also posted remediation suggestions including: + + * Enable unified audit logging in the Security and Compliance Center. + * Enable mailbox auditing for each user. + * Ensure Azure AD password sync is planned for and configured correctly, prior to migrating users. + * Disable legacy email protocols, if not required, or limit their use to specific users. + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][11] and [LinkedIn][12] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398925/cisco-security-spotlights-microsoft-office-365-e-mail-phishing-increase.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/cso_phishing_social_engineering_security_threat_by_weerapatkiatdumrong_gettyimages-489433130_3x2_2400x1600-100796450-large.jpg +[2]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/security-roadmap +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236448/lan-wan/what-to-consider-when-deploying-a-next-generation-firewall.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[5]: https://blogs.cisco.com/security/office-365-phishing-threat-of-the-month +[6]: https://www.agari.com/ +[7]: https://www.avanan.com/hubfs/2019-Global-Phish-Report.pdf +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3195072/fbi-ic3-vile-5b-business-e-mail-scam-continues-to-breed.html +[9]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr +[10]: https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/AR19-133A +[11]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[12]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 9b89b1a6e10f7f1a58614502071589d8c7c5ad40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:30:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0166/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190529=20NVMe?= =?UTF-8?q?=20on=20Linux=20sources/tech/20190529=20NVMe=20on=20Linux.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 70 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..788fe9c3fd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (NVMe on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397006/nvme-on-linux.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +NVMe on Linux +====== +In case you haven't yet noticed, some incredibly fast solid-state disk technology is as available for Linux as it is for other operating systems. +![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] + +NVMe stands for “non-volatile memory express” and is a host controller interface and storage protocol that was created to accelerate the transfer of data between enterprise and client systems and solid-state drives (SSD). It works over a computer's high-speed Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) bus. What I see when I look at this string of letters, however, is “envy me.” And the reason for the envy is significant. + +Using NVMe, data transfer happens _much_ faster than it does with rotating drives. In fact, NVMe drives can move data seven times faster than SATA SSDs. That’s seven times faster than the SSDs that many of us are using today. This means that your systems could boot blindingly fast when an NVMe drive is serving as its boot drive. In fact, these days anyone buying a new system should probably not consider one that doesn’t come with NVMe built-in — whether a server or a PC. + +### Does NVMe work with Linux? + +Yes! NVMe has been supported in the Linux kernel since 3.3. Upgrading a system, however, generally requires that both an NVMe controller and an NVMe disk be available. Some external drives are available but need more than the typical USB port for attaching to the system. + +[MORE ON NETWORK WORLD: Linux: Best desktop distros for newbies][2] + +To check your kernel release, use a command like this: + +``` +$ uname -r +5.0.0-15-generic +``` + +If your system is NVMe-ready, you should see a device (e.g., /dev/nvme0), but only if you have an NVMe controller installed. If you don’t have an NVMe controller, you can still get some information on your NVMe-readiness using this command: + +``` +$ modinfo nvme | head -6 +filename: /lib/modules/5.0.0-15-generic/kernel/drivers/nvme/host/nvme.ko +version: 1.0 +license: GPL +author: Matthew Wilcox +srcversion: AA383008D5D5895C2E60523 +alias: pci:v0000106Bd00002003sv*sd*bc*sc*i* +``` + +### Learn more + +More details on what you need to know about the insanely fast NVMe storage option are available on _[PCWorld][3]._ + +Specs, white papers and other resources are available at [NVMexpress.org][4]. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397006/nvme-on-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/nvme-100797708-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/slideshow/153439/linux-best-desktop-distros-for-newbies.html#tk.nww-infsb +[3]: https://www.pcworld.com/article/2899351/everything-you-need-to-know-about-nvme.html +[4]: https://nvmexpress.org/ +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From ed3d17d541ebacb4aae1ba1f5762049c1b1ab03e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:31:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0167/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190529=20Nvid?= =?UTF-8?q?ia=20launches=20edge=20computing=20platform=20for=20AI=20proces?= =?UTF-8?q?sing=20sources/talk/20190529=20Nvidia=20launches=20edge=20compu?= =?UTF-8?q?ting=20platform=20for=20AI=20processing.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ge computing platform for AI processing.md | 53 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190529 Nvidia launches edge computing platform for AI processing.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190529 Nvidia launches edge computing platform for AI processing.md b/sources/talk/20190529 Nvidia launches edge computing platform for AI processing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f608db970c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190529 Nvidia launches edge computing platform for AI processing.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Nvidia launches edge computing platform for AI processing) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397841/nvidia-launches-edge-computing-platform-for-ai-processing.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +Nvidia launches edge computing platform for AI processing +====== +EGX platform goes to the edge to do as much processing there as possible before sending data upstream to major data centers. +![Leo Wolfert / Getty Images][1] + +Nvidia is launching a new platform called EGX Platform designed to bring real-time artificial intelligence (AI) to edge networks. The idea is to put AI computing closer to where sensors collect data before it is sent to larger data centers. + +The edge serves as a buffer to data sent to data centers. It whittles down the data collected and only sends what is relevant up to major data centers for processing. This can mean discarding more than 90% of data collected, but the trick is knowing which data to keep and which to discard. + +“AI is required in this data-driven world,” said Justin Boitano, senior director for enterprise and edge computing at Nvidia, on a press call last Friday. “We analyze data near the source, capture anomalies and report anomalies back to the mothership for analysis.” + +**[ Now read[20 hot jobs ambitious IT pros should shoot for][2]. ]** + +Boitano said we are hitting crossover where there is more compute at edge than cloud because more work needs to be done there. + +EGX comes from 14 server vendors in a range of form factors, combining AI with network, security and storage from Mellanox. Boitano said that the racks will fit in any industry-standard rack, so they will fit into edge containers from the likes of Vapor IO and Schneider Electric. + +EGX uses Nvidia’s low-power Jetson Nano processor, but also all the way up to Nvidia T4 processors that can deliver more than 10,000 trillion operations per second (TOPS) for real-time speech recognition and other real-time AI tasks. + +Nvdia is working on software stack called Nvidia Edge Stack that can be updated constantly, and the software runs in containers, so no reboots are required, just a restart of the container. EGX runs enterprise-grade Kubernetes container platforms like Red Hat Openshift. + +Edge Stack is optimized software that includes Nvidia drivers, a CUDA Kubernetes plugin, a CUDA container runtime, CUDA-X libraries and containerized AI frameworks and applications, including TensorRT, TensorRT Inference Server and DeepStream. + +The company is boasting more than 40 early adopters, including BMW Group Logistics, which uses EGX and its own Isaac robotic platforms to handle increasingly complex logistics with real-time efficiency. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397841/nvidia-launches-edge-computing-platform-for-ai-processing.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/industry_4-0_industrial_iot_smart_factory_by_leowolfert_gettyimages-689799380_2400x1600-100788464-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276025/careers/20-hot-jobs-ambitious-it-pros-should-shoot-for.html +[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 6e119f7ee8823565d3590b0a757c57c802ae5a27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:31:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0168/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190529=20Surv?= =?UTF-8?q?ey=20finds=20SD-WANs=20are=20hot,=20but=20satisfaction=20with?= =?UTF-8?q?=20telcos=20is=20not=20sources/talk/20190529=20Survey=20finds?= =?UTF-8?q?=20SD-WANs=20are=20hot,=20but=20satisfaction=20with=20telcos=20?= =?UTF-8?q?is=20not.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ot, but satisfaction with telcos is not.md | 69 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190529 Survey finds SD-WANs are hot, but satisfaction with telcos is not.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190529 Survey finds SD-WANs are hot, but satisfaction with telcos is not.md b/sources/talk/20190529 Survey finds SD-WANs are hot, but satisfaction with telcos is not.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9b65a6c8dd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190529 Survey finds SD-WANs are hot, but satisfaction with telcos is not.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Survey finds SD-WANs are hot, but satisfaction with telcos is not) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398478/survey-finds-sd-wans-are-hot-but-satisfaction-with-telcos-is-not.html) +[#]: author: (Zeus Kerravala https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/) + +Survey finds SD-WANs are hot, but satisfaction with telcos is not +====== +A recent survey of over 400 IT executives by Cato Networks found that legacy telcos might be on the outside looking in for SD-WANs. +![istock][1] + +This week SD-WAN vendor Cato Networks announced the results of its [Telcos and the Future of the WAN in 2019 survey][2]. The study was a mix of companies of all sizes, with 42% being enterprise-class (over 2,500 employees). More than 70% had a network with more than 10 locations, and almost a quarter (24%) had over 100 sites. All of the respondents have a cloud presence, and almost 80% have at least two data centers. The survey had good geographic diversity, with 57% of respondents coming from the U.S. and 24% from Europe. + +Highlights of the survey include the following key findings: + +## **SD-WANs are hot but not a panacea to all networking challenges** + +The survey found that 44% of respondents have already deployed or will deploy an SD-WAN within the next 12 months. This number is up sharply from 25% when Cato ran the survey a year ago. Another 33% are considering SD-WAN but have no immediate plans to deploy. The primary drivers for the evolution of the WAN are improved internet access (46%), increased bandwidth (39%), improved last-mile availability (38%) and reduced WAN costs (37%). It’s good to see cost savings drop to fourth in motivation, since there is so much more to SD-WAN. + +[The time of 5G is almost here][3] + +It’s interesting that the majority of respondents believe SD-WAN alone can’t address all challenges facing the WAN. A whopping 85% stated they would be confronting issues not addressed by SD-WAN alone. This includes secure, local internet breakout, improved visibility, and control over mobile access to cloud apps. This indicates that customers are looking for SD-WAN to be the foundation of the WAN but understand that other technologies need to be deployed as well. + +## **Telco dissatisfaction is high** + +The traditional telco has been a point of frustration for network professionals for years, and the survey spelled that out loud and clear. Prior to being an analyst, I held a number of corporate IT positions and found telcos to be the single most frustrating group of companies to deal with. The problem was, there was no choice. If you need MPLS services, you need a telco. The same can’t be said for SD-WANs, though; businesses have more choices. + +Respondents to the survey ranked telco service as “average.” It’s been well documented that we are now in the customer-experience era and “good enough” service is no longer good enough. Regarding pricing, 54% gave telcos a failing grade. Although price isn’t everything, this will certainly open the door to competitive SD-WAN vendors. Respondents gave the highest marks for overall experience to SaaS providers, followed by cloud computing suppliers. Global telcos scored the lowest of all vendor types. + +A look deeper explains the frustration level. The network is now mission-critical for companies, but 48% stated they are able to reach the support personnel with the right expertise to solve a problem only on a second attempt. No retailer, airline, hotel or other type of company could survive this, but telco customers had no other options for years. + +**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][4] ]** + +Another interesting set of data points is the speed at which telcos address customer needs. Digital businesses compete on speed, but telco process is the antithesis of fast. Moves, adds and changes take at least one business day for half of the respondents. Also, 70% indicated that opening a new location takes 15 days, and 38% stated it requires 45 days or more. + +## **Security is now part of SD-WAN** + +The use of broadband, cloud access and other trends raise the bar on security for SD-WAN, and the survey confirmed that respondents are skeptical that SD-WANs could address these issues. Seventy percent believe SD-WANs can’t address malware/ransomware, and 49% don’t think SD-WAN helps with enforcing company policies on mobile users. Because of this, network professionals are forced to buy additional security tools from other vendors, but that can drive up complexity. SD-WAN vendors that have intrinsic security capabilities can use that as a point of differentiation. + +## **Managed services are critical to the growth of SD-WANs** + +The survey found that 75% of respondents are using some kind of managed service provider, versus only 25% using an appliance vendor. This latter number was 32% last year. I’m not surprised by this shift and expect it to continue. Legacy WANs were inefficient but straightforward to deploy. D-WANs are highly agile and more cost-effective, but complexity has gone through the roof. Network engineers need to factor in cloud connectivity, distributed security, application performance, broadband connectivity and other issues. Managed services can help businesses enjoy the benefits of SD-WAN while masking the complexity. + +Despite the desire to use an MSP, respondents don’t want to give up total control. Eighty percent stated they preferred self-service or co-managed models. This further explains the shift away from telcos, since they typically work with fully managed models. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398478/survey-finds-sd-wans-are-hot-but-satisfaction-with-telcos-is-not.html + +作者：[Zeus Kerravala][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/02/istock-465661573-100750447-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.catonetworks.com/news/digital-transformation-survey/ +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3354477/mobile-world-congress-the-time-of-5g-is-almost-here.html +[4]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From dfd8e06bea6fc84abbc89e0e0f9ddab86fa00fa0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:32:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0169/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190528=20With?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Cray=20buy,=20HPE=20rules=20but=20does=20not=20own=20the=20s?= =?UTF-8?q?upercomputing=20market=20sources/talk/20190528=20With=20Cray=20?= =?UTF-8?q?buy,=20HPE=20rules=20but=20does=20not=20own=20the=20supercomput?= =?UTF-8?q?ing=20market.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... does not own the supercomputing market.md | 59 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 59 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190528 With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190528 With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market.md b/sources/talk/20190528 With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..07f9eea10c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190528 With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397087/with-cray-buy-hpe-rules-but-does-not-own-the-supercomputing-market.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +With Cray buy, HPE rules but does not own the supercomputing market +====== +In buying supercomputer vendor Cray, HPE has strengthened its high-performance-computing technology, but serious competitors remain. +![Cray Inc.][1] + +Hewlett Packard Enterprise was already the leader in the high-performance computing (HPC) sector before its announced acquisition of supercomputer maker Cray earlier this month. Now it has a commanding lead, but there are still competitors to the giant. + +The news that HPE would shell out $1.3 billion to buy the company came just as Cray had announced plans to build three of the biggest systems yet — all exascale, and all with the same deployment time of 2021. + +Sales had been slowing for HPC systems, but our government, with its endless supply of money, came to the rescue, throwing hundreds of millions at Cray for systems to be built at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. + +**[ Read also:[How to plan a software-defined data-center network][2] ]** + +And HPE sees a big revenue opportunity in HPC, a market that was $2 billion in 1990 and now nearly $30 billion, according to Steve Conway, senior vice president with Hyperion Research, which follows the HPC market. HPE thinks the HPC market will grow to $35 billion by 2021, and it hopes to earn a big chunk of that pie. + +“They were solidly in the lead without Cray. They were already in a significant lead over the No. 2 company, Dell. This adds to their lead and gives them access to very high end of market, especially government supercomputers that sell for $300 million to $600 million each,” said Conway. + +He’s not exaggerating. Earlier this month the U.S. Department of Energy announced a contract with Cray to build Frontier, an exascale supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, sometime in 2021, with a $600 million price tag. Frontier will be powered by AMD Epyc processors and Radeon GPUs, which must have them doing backflips at AMD. + +With Cray, HPE is sitting on a lot of technology for the supercomputing and even the high-end, non-HPC market. It had the ProLiant business, the bulk of server sales (and proof the Compaq acquisition wasn’t such a bad idea), Integrity NonStop mission-critical servers, the SGI business it acquired in in 2016, plus a variety running everything from Arm to Xeon Scalable processors. + +Conway thinks all of those technologies fit in different spaces, so he doubts HPE will try to consolidate any of it. All HPE has said so far is it will keep the supercomputer products it has now under the Cray business unit. + +But the company is still getting something it didn’t have. “It takes a certain kind of technical experience [to do HPC right] and only a few companies able to play at that level. Before this deal, HPE was not one of them,” said Conway. + +And in the process, HPE takes Cray away from its many competitors: IBM, Lenovo, Dell/EMC, Huawei (well, not so much now), Super Micro, NEC, Hitachi, Fujitsu, and Atos. + +“[The acquisition] doesn’t fundamentally change things because there’s still enough competitors that buyers can have competitive bids. But it’s gotten to be a much bigger market,” said Conway. + +Cray sells a lot to government, but Conway thinks there is a new opportunity in the ever-expanding AI race. “Because HPC is indispensable at the forefront of AI, there is a new area for expanding the market,” he said. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397087/with-cray-buy-hpe-rules-but-does-not-own-the-supercomputing-market.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/06/the_cray_xc30_piz_daint_system_at_the_swiss_national_supercomputing_centre_via_cray_inc_3x2_978x652-100762113-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284352/data-center/how-to-plan-a-software-defined-data-center-network.html +[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From ef5579170689590345d854e838528d28d9e53ba5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:33:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0170/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190528=20Movi?= =?UTF-8?q?ng=20to=20the=20Cloud=3F=20SD-WAN=20Matters!=20sources/talk/201?= =?UTF-8?q?90528=20Moving=20to=20the=20Cloud-=20SD-WAN=20Matters.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...528 Moving to the Cloud- SD-WAN Matters.md | 69 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190528 Moving to the Cloud- SD-WAN Matters.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190528 Moving to the Cloud- SD-WAN Matters.md b/sources/talk/20190528 Moving to the Cloud- SD-WAN Matters.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8f6f46b6f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190528 Moving to the Cloud- SD-WAN Matters.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Moving to the Cloud? SD-WAN Matters!) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397921/moving-to-the-cloud-sd-wan-matters.html) +[#]: author: (Rami Rammaha https://www.networkworld.com/author/Rami-Rammaha/) + +Moving to the Cloud? SD-WAN Matters! +====== + +![istock][1] + +This is the first in a two-part blog series that will explore how enterprises can realize the full transformation promise of the cloud by shifting to a business first networking model powered by a business-driven [SD-WAN][2]. The focus for this installment will be on automating secure IPsec connectivity and intelligently steering traffic to cloud providers. + +Over the past several years we’ve seen a major shift in data center strategies where enterprise IT organizations are shifting applications and workloads to cloud, whether private or public. More and more, enterprises are leveraging software as-a-service (SaaS) applications and infrastructure as-a-service (IaaS) cloud services from leading providers like [Amazon AWS][3], [Google Cloud][4], [Microsoft Azure][5] and [Oracle Cloud Infrastructure][6]. This represents a dramatic shift in enterprise data traffic patterns as fewer and fewer applications are hosted within the walls of the traditional corporate data center. + +There are several drivers for the shift to IaaS cloud services and SaaS apps, but business agility tops the list for most enterprises. The traditional IT model for provisioning and deprovisioning applications is rigid and inflexible and is no longer able to keep pace with changing business needs. + +According to [LogicMonitor’s Cloud Vision 2020][7] study, more than 80 percent of enterprise workloads will run in the cloud by 2020 with more than 40 percent running on public cloud platforms. This major shift in the application consumption model is having a huge [impact on organizations and infrastructure][8]. A recent article entitled “[How Amazon Web Services is luring banks to the cloud][9],” published by CNBC, reported that some companies already have completely migrated all of their applications and IT workloads to public cloud infrastructures. An interesting fact is that while many enterprises must comply with stringent regulatory compliance mandates such as PCI-DSS or HIPAA, they still have made the move to the cloud. This tells us two things – the maturity of using public cloud services and the trust these organizations have in using them is at an all-time high. Again, it is all about speed and agility – without compromising performance, security and reliability. + +### **Is there a direct correlation between moving to the cloud and adopting SD-WAN?** + +As the cloud enables businesses to move faster, an SD-WAN architecture where top-down business intent is the driver is critical to ensuring success, especially when branch offices are geographically distributed across the globe. Traditional router-centric WAN architectures were never designed to support today’s cloud consumption model for applications in the most efficient way. With a conventional router-centric WAN approach, access to applications residing in the cloud means traversing unnecessary hops, resulting in wasted bandwidth, additional cost, added latency and potentially higher packet loss. In addition, under the existing, traditional WAN model where management tends to be rigid, complex network changes can be lengthy, whether setting up new branches or troubleshooting performance issues. This leads to inefficiencies and a costly operational model. Therefore, enterprises greatly benefit from taking a business-first WAN approach toward achieving greater agility in addition to realizing substantial CAPEX and OPEX savings. + +A business-driven SD-WAN platform is purpose-built to tackle the challenges inherent to the traditional router-centric model and more aptly support today’s cloud consumption model. This means application policies are defined based on business intent, connecting users securely and directly to applications where ever they reside without unnecessary extra hops or security compromises. For example, if the application is hosted in the cloud and is trusted, a business-driven SD-WAN can automatically connect users to it without backhauling traffic to a POP or HQ data center. Now, in general this traffic is usually going across an internet link which, on its own, may not be secure. However, the right SD-WAN platform will have a unified stateful firewall built-in for local internet breakout allowing only branch-initiated sessions to enter the branch and providing the ability to service chain traffic to a cloud-based security service if necessary, before forwarding it to its final destination. If the application is moved and becomes hosted by another provider or perhaps back to a company’s own data center, traffic must be intelligently redirected, wherever the application is being hosted. Without automation and embedded machine learning, dynamic and intelligent traffic steering is impossible. + +### **A closer look at how the Silver Peak EdgeConnect™ SD-WAN edge platform addresses these challenges: ** + +**Automate traffic steering and connectivity to cloud providers** + +An [EdgeConnect][10] virtual instance is easily spun up in any of the [leading cloud providers][11] through their respective marketplaces. For an SD-WAN to intelligently steer traffic to its destination, it requires insights into both HTTP and HTTPS traffic; it must be able to identify apps on the first packet received in order to steer traffic to the right destination in accordance with business intent. This is critical capability because once a TCP connection is NAT’d with a public IP address, it cannot be switched thus it can’t be re-routed once a connection is established. So, the ability of EdgeConnect to identify, classify and automatically steer traffic based on the first packet – and not the second or tenth packet – to the correct destination will assure application SLAs, minimize wasting expensive bandwidth and deliver the highest quality of experience. + +Another critical capability is automatic performance optimization. Irrespective of which link the traffic ends up traversing based on business intent and the unique requirements of the application, EdgeConnect automatically optimizes application performance without human intervention by correcting for out of order packets using Packet Order Correction (POC) or even under high latency conditions that can be related to distance or other issues. This is done using adaptive Forward Error Correction (FEC) and tunnel bonding where a virtual tunnel is created, resulting in a single logical overlay that traffic can be dynamically moved between the different paths as conditions change with each underlay WAN service. In this [lightboard video][12], Dinesh Fernando, a technical marketing engineer at Silver Peak, explains how EdgeConnect automates tunnel creation between sites and cloud providers, how it simplifies data transfers between multi-clouds, and how it improves application performance. + +If your business is global and increasingly dependent on the cloud, the business-driven EdgeConnect SD-WAN edge platform enables seamless multi-cloud connectivity, turning the network into a business accelerant. EdgeConnect delivers: + + 1. A consistent deployment from the branch to the cloud, extending the reach of the SD-WAN into virtual private cloud environments + 2. Multi-cloud flexibility, making it easier to initiate and distribute resources across multiple cloud providers + 3. Investment protection by confidently migrating on premise IT resources to any combination of the leading public cloud platforms, knowing their cloud-hosted instances will be fully supported by EdgeConnect + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397921/moving-to-the-cloud-sd-wan-matters.html + +作者：[Rami Rammaha][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Rami-Rammaha/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/istock-899678028-100797709-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.silver-peak.com/sd-wan/sd-wan-explained +[3]: https://www.silver-peak.com/company/tech-partners/cloud/aws +[4]: https://www.silver-peak.com/company/tech-partners/cloud/google-cloud +[5]: https://www.silver-peak.com/company/tech-partners/cloud/microsoft-azure +[6]: https://www.silver-peak.com/company/tech-partners/cloud/oracle-cloud +[7]: https://www.logicmonitor.com/resource/the-future-of-the-cloud-a-cloud-influencers-survey/?utm_medium=pr&utm_source=businesswire&utm_campaign=cloudsurvey +[8]: http://www.networkworld.com/article/3152024/lan-wan/in-the-age-of-digital-transformation-why-sd-wan-plays-a-key-role-in-the-transition.html +[9]: http://www.cnbc.com/2016/11/30/how-amazon-web-services-is-luring-banks-to-the-cloud.html?__source=yahoo%257cfinance%257cheadline%257cheadline%257cstory&par=yahoo&doc=104135637 +[10]: https://www.silver-peak.com/products/unity-edge-connect +[11]: https://www.silver-peak.com/company/tech-partners?strategic_partner_type=69 +[12]: https://www.silver-peak.com/resource-center/automate-connectivity-to-cloud-networking-with-sd-wan From e3ac2ea52ed27b9196fb43d0d5c47019aaa674a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:34:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0171/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190528=20Mana?= =?UTF-8?q?ged=20WAN=20and=20the=20cloud-native=20SD-WAN=20sources/talk/20?= =?UTF-8?q?190528=20Managed=20WAN=20and=20the=20cloud-native=20SD-WAN.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Managed WAN and the cloud-native SD-WAN.md | 121 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 121 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190528 Managed WAN and the cloud-native SD-WAN.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190528 Managed WAN and the cloud-native SD-WAN.md b/sources/talk/20190528 Managed WAN and the cloud-native SD-WAN.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..026b5d8e81 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190528 Managed WAN and the cloud-native SD-WAN.md @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Managed WAN and the cloud-native SD-WAN) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398476/managed-wan-and-the-cloud-native-sd-wan.html) +[#]: author: (Matt Conran https://www.networkworld.com/author/Matt-Conran/) + +Managed WAN and the cloud-native SD-WAN +====== +The motivation for WAN transformation is clear, today organizations require: improved internet access and last mile connectivity, additional bandwidth and a reduction in the WAN costs. +![Gerd Altmann \(CC0\)][1] + +In recent years, a significant number of organizations have transformed their wide area network (WAN). Many of these organizations have some kind of cloud-presence across on-premise data centers and remote site locations. + +The vast majority of organizations that I have consulted with have over 10 locations. And it is common to have headquarters in both the US and Europe, along with remote site locations spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. + +A WAN transformation project requires this diversity to be taken into consideration when choosing the best SD-WAN vendor to satisfy both; networking and security requirements. Fundamentally, SD-WAN is not just about physical connectivity, there are many more related aspects. + +**[ Related:[MPLS explained – What you need to know about multi-protocol label switching][2]** + +### Motivations for transforming the WAN + +The motivation for WAN transformation is clear: Today organizations prefer improved internet access and last mile connectivity, additional bandwidth along with a reduction in the WAN costs. Replacing Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) with SD-WAN has of course been the main driver for the SD-WAN evolution, but it is only a single piece of the jigsaw puzzle. + +Many SD-WAN vendors are quickly brought to their knees when they try to address security and gain direct internet access from remote site locations. The problem is how to ensure optimized cloud access that is secure, has improved visibility and predictable performance without the high costs associated with MPLS? SD-WAN is not just about connecting locations. Primarily, it needs to combine many other important network and security elements into one seamless worldwide experience. + +According to a recent report from [Cato Networks][3] into enterprise IT managers, a staggering 85% will confront use cases in 2019 that are poorly addressed or outright ignored by SD-WAN. Examples includes providing secure, Internet access from any location (50%) and improving visibility into and control over mobile access to cloud applications, such as Office 365 (46%). + +### Issues with traditional SD-WAN vendors + +First and foremost, SD-WAN unable to address the security challenges that arise during the WAN transformation. Such security challenges include protection against malware, ransomware and implementing the necessary security policies. Besides, there is a lack of visibility that is required to police the mobile users and remote site locations accessing resources in the public cloud. + +To combat this, organizations have to purchase additional equipment. There has always been and will always be a high cost associated with buying such security appliances. Furthermore, the additional tools that are needed to protect the remote site locations increase the network complexity and reduce visibility. Let’s us not forget that the variety of physical appliances require talented engineers for design, deployment and maintenance. + +There will often be a single network-cowboy. This means the network and security configuration along with the design essentials are stored in the mind of the engineer, not in a central database from where the knowledge can be accessed if the engineer leaves his or her employment. + +The physical appliance approach to SD-WAN makes it hard, if not impossible, to accommodate for the future. If the current SD-WAN vendors continue to focus just on connecting the devices with the physical appliances, they will have limited ability to accommodate for example, with the future of network IoT devices. With these factors in mind what are the available options to overcome the SD-WAN shortcomings? + +One can opt for a do it yourself (DIY) solution, or a managed service, which can fall into the category of telcos, with the improvements of either co-managed or self-managed service categories. + +### Option 1: The DIY solution + +Firstly DIY, from the experience of trying to stitch together a global network, this is not only costly but also complex and is a very constrained approach to the network transformation. We started with physical appliances decades ago and it was sufficient to an extent. The reason it worked was that it suited the requirements of the time, but our environment has changed since then. Hence, we need to accommodate these changes with the current requirements. + +Even back in those days, we always had a breachable perimeter. The perimeter-approach to networking and security never really worked and it was just a matter of time before the bad actor would penetrate the guarded walls. + +Securing a global network involves more than just firewalling the devices. A solid security perimeter requires URL filtering, anti-malware and IPS to secure the internet traffic. If you try to deploy all these functions in a single device, such as, unified threat management (UTM), you will hit scaling problems. As a result, you will be left with appliance sprawl. + +Back in my early days as an engineer, I recall stitching together a global network with a mixture of security and network appliances from a variety of vendors. It was me and just two others who used to get the job done on time and for a production network, our uptime levels were superior to most. + +However, it involved too many late nights, daily flights to our PoPs and of course the major changes required a forklift. A lot of work had to be done at that time, which made me want to push some or most of the work to a 3rd party. + +### Option 2: The managed service solution + +Today, there is a growing need for the managed service approach to SD-WAN. Notably, it simplifies the network design, deployment and maintenance activities while offloading the complexity, in line with what most CIOs are talking about today. + +Managed service provides a number of benefits, such as the elimination of backhauling to centralized cloud connectors or VPN concentrators. Evidently, backhauling is never favored for a network architect. More than often it will result in increased latency, congested links, internet chokepoints, and last-mile outages. + +Managed service can also authenticate mobile users at the local communication hub and not at a centralized point which would increase the latency. So what options are available when considering a managed service? + +### Telcos: An average service level + +Let’s be honest, telcos have a mixed track record and enterprises rely on them with caution. Essentially, you are building a network with 3rd party appliances and services that put the technical expertise outside of the organization. + +Secondly, the telco must orchestrate, monitor and manage numerous technical domains which are likely to introduce further complexity. As a result, troubleshooting requires close coordination with the suppliers which will have an impact on the customer experience. + +### Time equals money + +To resolve a query could easily take two or three attempts. It’s rare that you will get to the right person straight away. This eventually increases the time to resolve problems. Even for a minor feature change, you have to open tickets. Hence, with telcos, it increases the time required to solve a problem. + +In addition, it takes time to make major network changes such as opening new locations, which could take up to 45 days. In the same report mentioned above, 71% of the respondents are frustrated with the telco customer-service-time to resolve the problems, 73% indicated that deploying new locations requires at least 15 days and 47% claimed that “high bandwidth costs” is the biggest frustration while working with telcos. + +When it comes to lead times for projects, an engineer does not care. Does a project manager care if you have an optimum network design? No, many don’t, most just care about the timeframes. During my career, now spanning 18 years, I have never seen comments from any of my contacts saying “you must adhere to your project manager’s timelines”. + +However, out of the experience, the project managers have their ways and lead times do become a big part of your daily job. So as an engineer, 45-day lead time will certainly hit your brand hard, especially if you are an external consultant. + +There is also a problem with bandwidth costs. Telcos need to charge due to their complexity. There is always going to be a series of problems when working with them. Let’s face it, they offer an average service level. + +### Co-management and self-service management + +What is needed is a service that equips with the visibility and control of DIY to managed services. This, ultimately, opens the door to co-management and self-service management. + +Co-management allows both the telco and enterprise to make changes to the WAN. Then we have the self-service management of WAN that allows the enterprises to have sole access over the aspect of their network. + +However, these are just sticking plasters covering up the flaws. We need a managed service that not only connects locations but also synthesizes the site connectivity, along with security, mobile access, and cloud access. + +### Introducing the cloud-native approach to SD-WAN + +There should be a new style of managed services that combines the best of both worlds. It should offer the uptime, predictability and reach of the best telcos along with the cost structure and versatility of cloud providers. All such requirements can be met by what is known as the cloud-native carrier. + +Therefore, we should be looking for a platform that can connect and secure all the users and resources at scale, no matter where they are positioned. Eventually, such a platform will limit the costs and increase the velocity and agility. + +This is what a cloud-native carrier can offer you. You could say it’s a new kind of managed service, which is what enterprises are now looking for. A cloud-native carrier service brings the best of cloud services to the world of networking. This new style of managed service brings to SD-WAN the global reach, self-service, and agility of the cloud with the ability to easily migrate from MPLS. + +In summary, a cloud-native carrier service will improve global connectivity to on-premises and cloud applications, enable secure branch to internet access, and both securely and optimally integrate cloud datacenters. + +**This article is published as part of the IDG Contributor Network.[Want to Join?][4]** + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398476/managed-wan-and-the-cloud-native-sd-wan.html + +作者：[Matt Conran][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Matt-Conran/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2017/03/network-wan-100713693-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2297171/sd-wan/network-security-mpls-explained.html +[3]: https://www.catonetworks.com/news/digital-transformation-survey +[4]: /contributor-network/signup.html +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From ccc2b005b414eb7800ab66cf2706933805e3ae6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2019 17:34:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0172/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190527=20A=20?= =?UTF-8?q?deeper=20dive=20into=20Linux=20permissions=20sources/tech/20190?= =?UTF-8?q?527=20A=20deeper=20dive=20into=20Linux=20permissions.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...27 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md | 172 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 172 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md b/sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..26a132fdf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (A deeper dive into Linux permissions) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397790/a-deeper-dive-into-linux-permissions.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +A deeper dive into Linux permissions +====== +Sometimes you see more than just the ordinary r, w, x and - designations when looking at file permissions on Linux. How can you get a clearer view of what the uncommon charactrers are trying to tell you and how do these permissions work? +![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] + +Sometimes you see more than just the ordinary **r** , **w** , **x** and **-** designations when looking at file permissions on Linux. Instead of **rwx** for the owner, group and other fields in the permissions string, you might see an **s** or **t** , as in this example: + +``` +drwxrwsrwt +``` + +One way to get a little more clarity on this is to look at the permissions with the **stat** command. The fourth line of stat’s output displays the file permissions both in octal and string format: + +``` +$ stat /var/mail + File: /var/mail + Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 directory +Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 1048833 Links: 2 +Access: (3777/drwxrwsrwt) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 8/ mail) +Access: 2019-05-21 19:23:15.769746004 -0400 +Modify: 2019-05-21 19:03:48.226656344 -0400 +Change: 2019-05-21 19:03:48.226656344 -0400 + Birth: - +``` + +This output reminds us that there are more than nine bits assigned to file permissions. In fact, there are 12. And those extra three bits provide a way to assign permissions beyond the usual read, write and execute — 3777 (binary 011111111111), for example, indicates that two extra settings are in use. + +The first **1** (second bit) in this particular value represents the SGID (set group ID) and assigns temporary permission to run the file or use the directory with the permissions of the associated group. + +``` +011111111111 + ^ +``` + +**SGID** gives temporary permissions to the person using the file to act as a member of that group. + +The second **1** (third bit) is the “sticky” bit. It ensures that _only_ the owner of the file is able to delete or rename the file or directory. + +``` +011111111111 + ^ +``` + +Had the permissions been 7777 rather than 3777, we’d have known that the SUID (set UID) field had also been set. + +``` +111111111111 +^ +``` + +**SUID** gives temporary permissions to the user using the file to act as the file owner. + +As for the /var/mail directory which we looked at above, all users require some access so some special values are required to provide it. + +But now let’s take this a step further. + +One of the common uses of the special permission bits is with commands like the **passwd** command. If you look at the /usr/bin/passwd file, you’ll notice that the SUID bit is set, allowing you to change your password (and, thus, the contents of the /etc/shadow file) even when you’re running as an ordinary (not a privileged) user and have no read or write access to this file. Of course, the passwd command is clever enough not to allow you to change other people's passwords unless you are actually running as root or using sudo. + +``` +$ ls -l /usr/bin/passwd +-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 63736 Mar 22 14:32 /usr/bin/passwd +$ ls -l /etc/shadow +-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 2195 Apr 22 10:46 /etc/shadow +``` + +Now, let’s look at what you can do with the these special permissions. + +### How to assign special file permissions + +As with many things on the Linux command line, you have some choices on how you make your requests. The **chmod** command allows you to change permissions numerically or using character expressions. + +To change file permissions numerically, you might use a command like this to set the setuid and setgid bits: + +``` +$ chmod 6775 tryme +``` + +Or you might use a command like this: + +``` +$ chmod ug+s tryme <== for SUID and SGID permissions +``` + +If the file that you are adding special permissions to is a script, you might be surprised that it doesn’t comply with your expectations. Here’s a very simple example: + +``` +$ cat tryme +#!/bin/bash + +echo I am $USER +``` + +Even with the SUID and SGID bits set and the file root-owned file, running a script like this won’t yield the “I am root” response you might expect. Why? Because Linux ignores the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on scripts. + +``` +$ ls -l tryme +-rwsrwsrwt 1 root root 29 May 26 12:22 tryme +$ ./tryme +I am jdoe +``` + +If you try something similar using a compiled program, on the other hand, as with this simple C program, you’ll see a different effect. In this example program, we prompt the user to enter a file and create it for them, giving the file write permission. + +``` +#include + +int main() +{ + FILE *fp; /* file pointer*/ + char fName[20]; + + printf("Enter the name of file to be created: "); + scanf("%s",fName); + + /* create the file with write permission */ + fp=fopen(fName,"w"); + /* check if file was created */ + if(fp==NULL) + { + printf("File not created"); + exit(0); + } + + printf("File created successfully\n"); + return 0; +} +``` + +Once you compile the program and run the commands for both making root the owner and setting the needed permissions, you’ll see that it runs with root authority as expected — leaving a newly created root-owned file. Of course, you must have sudo privileges to run some of the required commands. + +``` +$ cc -o mkfile mkfile.c <== compile the program +$ sudo chown root:root mkfile <== change owner and group to “root” +$ sudo chmod ug+s mkfile <== add SUID and SGID permissions +$ ./mkfile <== run the program +Enter name of file to be create: empty +File created successfully +$ ls -l empty +-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 May 26 13:15 empty +``` + +Notice that the file is owned by root — something that wouldn’t have happened if the program hadn’t run with root authority. + +The positions of the uncommon settings in the permissions string (e.g., rw **s** rw **s** rw **t** ) can help remind us what each bit means. At least the first "s" (SUID) is in the owner-permissions area and the second (SGID) is in the group-permissions area. Why the sticky bit is a "t" instead of an "s" is beyond me. Maybe the founders imagined referring to it as the "tacky bit" and changed their minds due to less flattering second definition of the word. In any case, the extra permissions settings provide a lot of additional functionality to Linux and other Unix systems. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][2] and [LinkedIn][3] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397790/a-deeper-dive-into-linux-permissions.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/shs_rwsr-100797564-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From f5cd1789304de73a17b32463232f828128da433a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 00:13:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0173/1265] 20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md part 2 --- ...g Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md | 63 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md b/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md index 9e232b3b9b..1f1d0f31b8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md @@ -61,57 +61,56 @@ *由于该领域还在开发中，因此目前所说的任何定义或标准最多只能说是流畅而模糊的。* -### How smart contracts work** +### 智能合约是如何工作的？ -To simplify things, let’s proceed by taking an example. +为简化起见，让我们用个例子来说明。 -John and Peter are two individuals debating about the scores in a football match. They have conflicting views about the outcome with both of them supporting different teams (context). Since both of them need to go elsewhere and won’t be able to finish the match then, John bets that team A will beat team B in the match and _offers_ Peter $100 in that case. Peter _considers_ and _accepts_ the bet while making it clear that they are _bound_ to the terms. However, neither of them _trusts_ each other to honour the bet and they don’t have the time nor the money to appoint a _third party_ to oversee the same. +约翰和彼得是两个争论足球比赛得分的人。他们对比赛结果持有相互矛盾的看法，他们都支持不同的团队（这是背景）。由于他们两个都需要去其他地方并且无法看完比赛，所以约翰认为如果 A 队在比赛中击败 B 队，他就*支付*给彼得 100 美元。彼得*考虑*之后*接受*了该赌注，同时明确表示他们必须接受这些条款。但是，他们都没有兑现该赌注的相互信任，也没有时间和钱来指定任命第三方来监督赌注。 -Assuming both John and Peter were to use a smart contract platform such as **[Etherparty][5]** , to automatically settle the bet at the time of the contract negotiation, they’ll both link their blockchain based identities to the contract and set the terms, making it clear that as soon as the match is over, the program will find out who the winning side is and automatically credit the amount to the winners bank account from the losers. As soon as the match ends and media outlets report the same, the program will scour the internet for the prescribed sources, identify which team won, relate it to the terms of the contract, in this case since B won Peter gets the money from John and after intimating both the parties transfers $100 from John’s to Peter’s account. After having executed, the smart contract will terminate and be inactive for all the time to come unless otherwise mentioned. +假设约翰和彼得都使用智能合约平台，例如 [Etherparty][5]，它可以在合同谈判时自动结算赌注，他们都会将基于区块链的身份链接到合约，并设置条款，明确表示一旦比赛结束，程序将找出获胜方是谁，并自动将该金额从输家中归入获胜者银行账户。一旦比赛结束并且媒体报道同样的结果，该程序将在互联网上搜索规定的来源，确定哪支球队获胜，将其与合约条款联系起来，在这种情况下，如果 A 队赢了彼得将从约翰获得钱，也就是说将约翰的 100 美元转移到彼得的账户。执行完毕后，除非另有说明，否则智能合约将终止并在所有时间内处于非活动状态。 -The simplicity of the example aside, the situation involved a classic contract (paying attention to the italicized words) and the participants chose to implement the same using a smart contract. All smart contracts basically work on a similar principle, with the program being coded to execute on predefined parameters and spitting out expected outputs only. The outside sources the smart contract consults for information is may a times referred to as the _Oracle_ in the IT world. Oracles are a common part of many smart contract systems worldwide today. +除了示例的简单性，情况涉及到一个经典合同，参与者选择使用智能合约实现了相同目的。所有的智能合约基本上都遵循类似的原则，程序被编码为在预定义的参数上执行，并且只抛出预期的输出。智能合同咨询的外部来源可能有时被称为 IT 世界中的神谕Oracle。神谕是当今全球许多智能合约系统的常见部分。 -The use of a smart contract in this situation allowed the participants the following benefits: +在这种情况下使用智能合约使参与者可以获得以下好处： - * It was faster than getting together and settling the bet manually. - * Removed the issue of trust from the equation. - * Eliminated the need for a trusted third party to handle the settlement on behalf of the parties involved. - * Costed nothing to execute. - * Is secure in how it handles parameters and sensitive data. - * The associated data will remain in the blockchain platform they ran it on permanently and future bets can be placed on by calling the same function and giving it added inputs. - * Gradually over time, assuming John and Peter develop gambling addictions, the program will help them develop reliable statistics to gauge their winning streaks. +* 它比在一起手动结算更快。 +* 从等式中删除了信任问题。 +* 消除了受信任的第三方代表有关各方处理和解的需要。 +* 执行时无需任何费用。 +* 处理参数和敏感数据的方式是安全的。 +* 相关数据将永久保留在他们运行的区块链平台中，未来的投注可以通过调用相同的函数并为其添加输入来进行。 +* 随着时间的推移，假设约翰和彼得赌博成瘾，该程序将帮助他们开发可靠的统计数据来衡量他们的连胜纪录。 +   +现在我们知道**什么是智能合约**和**它们如何工作**，我们还没有解决**为什么我们需要它们**。 + +### 智能合约的需要 + +正如之前的例子我们重点提到过的，出于各种原因，我们需要智能合约。 +#### 透明度 -Now that we know **what smart contracts are** and **how they work** , we’re still yet to address **why we need them**. +所涉及的条款和条件对交易对手来说非常清楚。此外，由于程序或智能合约的执行涉及某些明确的输入，因此用户可以非常直接地验证会影响他们和合约受益人的因素。 -### The need for smart contracts +#### 时间效率高 -As the previous example we visited highlights we need smart contracts for a variety of reasons. +如上所述，智能合约一旦被控制变量或用户调用触发就立即开始工作。由于数据通过区块链和网络中的其它来源即时提供给系统，因此执行不需要任何时间来验证和处理信息并解决交易。例如，转移土地所有权契约，这是一个涉及手工核实大量文书工作并且需要数周时间的过程，可以在几分钟甚至几秒钟内通过智能合约程序来处理文件和相关各方。 -##### **Transparency** +#### 精确 -The terms and conditions involved are very clear to the counterparties. Furthermore, since the execution of the program or the smart contract involves certain explicit inputs, users have a very direct way of verifying the factors that would impact them and the contract beneficiaries. +由于平台基本上只是计算机代码和预定义的内容，因此不存在主观错误，所有结果都是精确的，完全没有人为错误。 -##### Time Efficient +#### 安全 -As mentioned, smart contracts go to work immediately once they’re triggered by a control variable or a user call. Since data is made available to the system instantaneously by the blockchain and from other sources in the network, the execution does not take any time at all to verify and process information and settle the transaction. Transferring land title deeds for instance, a process which involved manual verification of tons of paperwork and takes weeks on normal can be processed in a matter of minutes or even seconds with the help of smart contract programs working to vet the documents and the parties involved. +区块链的一个固有特征是每个数据块都是安全加密的。这意味着为了实现冗余，即使数据存储在网络上的多个节点上，**也只有数据所有者才能访问以查看和使用数据**。类似地，所有过程都将是完全安全和防篡改的，利用区块链在过程中存储重要变量和结果。同样也通过按时间顺序为审计人员提供原始的、未经更改的和不可否认的数据版本，简化了审计和法规事务。 -##### Precision +#### 信任 -Since the platform is basically just computer code and everything predefined, there can be no subjective errors and all the results will be precise and completely free of human errors. +这个文章系列开篇说到区块链为互联网及其上运行的服务增加了急需的信任层。智能合约在任何情况下都不会在执行协议时表现出偏见或主观性，这意味着所涉及的各方对结果完全有约束力，并且可以不附带任何条件地信任该系统。这也意味着此处不需要具有重要价值的传统合同中所需的“可信第三方”。当事人之间的犯规和监督将成为过去的问题。 -##### Safety +#### 成本效益 -An inherent feature of the blockchain is that every block of data is cryptographically encrypted. Meaning even though the data is stored on a multitude of nodes on the network for redundancy, **only the owner of the data has access to see and use the data**. Similarly, all process will be completely secure and tamper proof with the execution utilizing the blockchain for storing important variables and outcomes in the process. The same also simplifies auditing and regulatory affairs by providing auditors with a native, un-changed and non-repudiable version of the data chronologically. - -##### Trust - -The article series started by saying that blockchain adds a much-needed layer of trust to the internet and the services that run on it. The fact that smart contracts will under no circumstances show bias or subjectivity in executing the agreement means that parties involved are fully bound the outcomes and can trust the system with no strings attached. This also means that the **“trusted third-party”** required in conventional contracts of significant value is not required here. Foul play between the parties involved and oversight will be issues of the past. - -##### Cost effective - -As highlighted in the example, utilizing a smart contract involves minimal costs. Enterprises usually have administrative staff who work exclusively for making that transactions they undertake are legitimate and comply with regulations. If the deal involved multiple parties, duplication of the effort is unavoidable. Smart contracts essentially make the former irrelevant and duplication is eliminated since both the parties can simultaneously have their due diligence done. +如示例中所强调的，使用智能合约涉及最低成本。企业通常有专门从事使其交易是合法的并遵守法规的行政人员。如果交易涉及多方，则重复工作是不可避免的。智能合约基本上使前者无关紧要，并且消除了重复，因为双方可以同时完成尽职调查。 ### Applications of Smart Contracts From 4d03723469d782635266bac074f94d6078d55776 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 00:39:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0174/1265] PRF:20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @jdh8383 --- ...tes On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 72 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/translated/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md index bddf3eebaf..5c0124d970 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( jdh8383 ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: translator: (jdh8383) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System?) @@ -10,35 +10,29 @@ 如何在 CentOS 或 RHEL 系统上检查可用的安全更新？ ====== -当你更新系统时，根据你所在公司的安全策略，有时候可能只需要打上与安全相关的补丁。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/05/003907tljfmy4bnn4qj1tp.jpg) -大多数情况下，这应该是出于程序兼容性方面的考量。 +当你更新系统时，根据你所在公司的安全策略，有时候可能只需要打上与安全相关的补丁。大多数情况下，这应该是出于程序兼容性方面的考量。那该怎样实践呢？有没有办法让 `yum` 只安装安全补丁呢？ -那该怎样实践呢？有没有办法让 yum 只安装安全补丁呢？ +答案是肯定的，可以用 `yum` 包管理器轻松实现。 -答案是肯定的，可以用 yum 包管理器轻松实现。 +在这篇文章中，我们不但会提供所需的信息。而且，我们会介绍一些额外的命令，可以帮你获取指定安全更新的详实信息。 -在这篇文章中，我们不但会提供所需的信息。 +希望这样可以启发你去了解并修复你列表上的那些漏洞。一旦有安全漏洞被公布，就必须更新受影响的软件，这样可以降低系统中的安全风险。 -而且，我们会介绍一些额外的命令，可以帮你获取指定安全更新的详实信息。 - -希望这样可以启发你去了解并修复你列表上的那些漏洞。 - -一旦有安全漏洞被公布，就必须更新受影响的软件，这样可以降低系统中的安全风险。 - -对于 RHEL 或 CentOS 6 系统，运行下面的 **[Yum 命令][1]** 来安装 yum 安全插件。 +对于 RHEL 或 CentOS 6 系统，运行下面的 [Yum 命令][1] 来安装 yum 安全插件。 ``` # yum -y install yum-plugin-security ``` -在 RHEL 7&8 或是 CentOS 7&8 上面，这个插件已经是 yum 的一部分了，不用单独安装。 +在 RHEL 7&8 或是 CentOS 7&8 上面，这个插件已经是 `yum` 的一部分了，不用单独安装。 -只列出全部可用的补丁（包括安全，Bug 修复以及产品改进），但不安装它们。 +要列出全部可用的补丁（包括安全、Bug 修复以及产品改进），但不安装它们： ``` # yum updateinfo list available -已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 RHSA-2015:0416 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-13.el7.x86_64 @@ -54,20 +48,18 @@ RHBA-2016:1048 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-30.el7_2.x86_64 RHBA-2016:1298 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-32.el7_2.x86_64 ``` -要统计补丁的大约数量，运行下面的命令。 +要统计补丁的大约数量，运行下面的命令： ``` # yum updateinfo list available | wc -l 11269 ``` -想列出全部可用的安全补丁但不安装。 - -以下命令用来展示你系统里已安装和待安装的推荐补丁。 +想列出全部可用的安全补丁但不安装，以下命令用来展示你系统里已安装和待安装的推荐补丁： ``` # yum updateinfo list security all -已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 RHSA-2015:0416 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-13.el7.x86_64 @@ -81,13 +73,13 @@ RHBA-2016:1298 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-32.el7_2.x86_64 RHSA-2018:1380 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-21.el7_5.x86_64 RHSA-2018:2757 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-28.el7_5.x86_64 RHSA-2018:3127 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.8.4-15.el7.x86_64 - i RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-libs-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 + RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-libs-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 ``` -要显示所有待安装的安全补丁。 +要显示所有待安装的安全补丁： ``` -# yum updateinfo list security all | egrep -v "^i" +# yum updateinfo list security all | grep -v "i" RHSA-2014:1031 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.1.6-26.el7_0.x86_64 RHSA-2015:0416 Important/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.3.1-13.el7.x86_64 @@ -102,14 +94,14 @@ RHBA-2016:1298 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-32.el7_2.x86_64 RHSA-2018:2757 Moderate/Sec. 389-ds-base-1.3.7.5-28.el7_5.x86_64 ``` -要统计全部安全补丁的大致数量，运行下面的命令。 +要统计全部安全补丁的大致数量，运行下面的命令： ``` # yum updateinfo list security all | wc -l 3522 ``` -下面根据已装软件列出可更新的安全补丁。这包括 bugzillas（bug修复），CVEs（知名漏洞数据库），安全更新等。 +下面根据已装软件列出可更新的安全补丁。这包括 bugzilla（bug 修复）、CVE（知名漏洞数据库）、安全更新等： ``` # yum updateinfo list security @@ -118,7 +110,7 @@ RHBA-2016:1298 bugfix 389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-32.el7_2.x86_64 # yum updateinfo list sec -已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 @@ -134,11 +126,11 @@ RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-wifi-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 RHSA-2018:3665 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-wwan-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 ``` -显示所有与安全相关的更新，并且返回一个结果来告诉你是否有可用的补丁。 +显示所有与安全相关的更新，并且返回一个结果来告诉你是否有可用的补丁： ``` # yum --security check-update -已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 --> policycoreutils-devel-2.2.5-20.el7.x86_64 from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) --> smc-raghumalayalam-fonts-6.0-7.el7.noarch from rhel-7-server-rpms excluded (updateinfo) @@ -162,7 +154,7 @@ NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7 NetworkManager-ppp.x86_64 1:1.12.0-10.el7_6 rhel-7-server-rpms ``` -列出所有可用的安全补丁，并且显示其详细信息。 +列出所有可用的安全补丁，并且显示其详细信息： ``` # yum info-sec @@ -196,12 +188,12 @@ Description : The tzdata packages contain data files with rules for various Severity : None ``` -如果你想要知道某个更新的具体内容，可以运行下面这个命令。 +如果你想要知道某个更新的具体内容，可以运行下面这个命令： ``` # yum updateinfo RHSA-2019:0163 -已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 =============================================================================== Important: kernel security, bug fix, and enhancement update @@ -243,12 +235,12 @@ Description : The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any updateinfo info done ``` -跟之前类似，你可以只查询那些通过 CVE 释出的系统漏洞。 +跟之前类似，你可以只查询那些通过 CVE 释出的系统漏洞： ``` # yum updateinfo list cves -已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 @@ -260,12 +252,12 @@ CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-ppp-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 CVE-2018-15688 Important/Sec. NetworkManager-team-1:1.12.0-8.el7_6.x86_64 ``` -你也可以查看那些跟 bug 修复相关的更新，运行下面的命令。 +你也可以查看那些跟 bug 修复相关的更新，运行下面的命令： ``` # yum updateinfo list bugfix | less -已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, : subscription-manager, verify, versionlock RHBA-2018:3349 bugfix NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-7.el7_6.x86_64 RHBA-2019:0519 bugfix NetworkManager-1:1.12.0-10.el7_6.x86_64 @@ -277,11 +269,11 @@ RHBA-2018:3349 bugfix NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.12.0-7.el7_6.noarch RHBA-2019:0519 bugfix NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.12.0-10.el7_6.noarch ``` -要想得到待安装更新的摘要信息，运行这个。 +要想得到待安装更新的摘要信息，运行这个： ``` # yum updateinfo summary -已加载插件： changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock +Loaded plugins: changelog, package_upload, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager, verify, versionlock rhel-7-server-rpms | 2.0 kB 00:00:00 Updates Information Summary: updates 13 Security notice(s) @@ -311,7 +303,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-list-view-find-available-security-updates-on 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[jdh8383](https://github.com/jdh8383) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 08faf49243703b7ec18fcb146c3d0bc652f88e7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 00:40:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0175/1265] PUB:20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @jdh8383 https://linux.cn/article-10938-1.html --- ...le Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/published/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md rename to published/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md index 5c0124d970..e853c92615 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md +++ b/published/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (jdh8383) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10938-1.html) [#]: subject: (How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System?) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-list-view-find-available-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From 875a03a8aa622cf67edfa09647a60854ed8b2b98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 00:56:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0176/1265] PRF:20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md @tomjlw --- ...ulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md | 33 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md b/translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md index 4d3f128133..474e10d1f9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (tomjlw) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi) @@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ 如何用树莓派搭建一个颗粒物传感器 ====== -用树莓派，一个廉价的传感器和一个便宜的屏幕监测空气质量 +> 用树莓派、一个廉价的传感器和一个便宜的屏幕监测空气质量。 -![小组交流，讨论][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/05/005121bbveeavwgyc1i1gk.jpg) -大约一年前，我写了一篇关于如何使用树莓派和廉价传感器测量[空气质量][2]的文章。我们这几年已在学校里和私下使用了这个项目。然而它有一个缺点：由于它基于无线/有线网，因此它不是便携的。如果你的树莓派，你的智能手机和电脑不在同一个网络的话，你甚至都不能访问传感器测量的数据。 +大约一年前，我写了一篇关于如何使用树莓派和廉价传感器测量[空气质量][2]的文章。我们这几年已在学校里和私下使用了这个项目。然而它有一个缺点：由于它基于无线/有线网，因此它不是便携的。如果你的树莓派、你的智能手机和电脑不在同一个网络的话，你甚至都不能访问传感器测量的数据。 为了弥补这一缺陷，我们给树莓派添加了一块小屏幕，这样我们就可以直接从该设备上读取数据。以下是我们如何为我们的移动细颗粒物传感器搭建并配置好屏幕。 ### 为树莓派搭建好屏幕 -在[亚马逊][3]，阿里巴巴以及其它来源有许多可以获取的树莓派屏幕，从 ePaper 屏幕到可触控 LCD。我们选择了一个便宜的带触控功能且分辨率为320*480像素的[3.5英寸 LCD][3]，可以直接插进树莓派的 GPIO 引脚。一个3.5英寸屏幕和树莓派几乎一样大，这一点不错。 +在[亚马逊][3]、阿里巴巴以及其它来源有许多可以买到的树莓派屏幕，从 ePaper 屏幕到可触控 LCD。我们选择了一个便宜的带触控功能且分辨率为 320*480 像素的[3.5英寸 LCD][3]，可以直接插进树莓派的 GPIO 引脚。3.5 英寸屏幕和树莓派几乎一样大，这一点不错。 -当你第一次启动屏幕打开树莓派的时候，因为缺少驱动屏幕会保持白屏。你得首先为屏幕安装[合适的驱动][5]。通过 SSH 登入并执行以下命令： +当你第一次启动屏幕打开树莓派的时候，会因为缺少驱动屏幕会保持白屏。你得首先为屏幕安装[合适的驱动][5]。通过 SSH 登入并执行以下命令： ``` $ rm -rf LCD-show @@ -55,22 +55,21 @@ $ sudo apt install raspberrypi-ui-mods $ sudo apt install chromium-browser ``` -需要自动登录以使测量数据在启动后直接显示；否则你将只会看到登录界面。然而自动登录并没有为树莓派用户默认设置好。你可以用 **raspi-config** 工具设置自动登录： +需要自动登录以使测量数据在启动后直接显示；否则你将只会看到登录界面。然而树莓派用户并没有默认设置好自动登录。你可以用 `raspi-config` 工具设置自动登录： ``` $ sudo raspi-config ``` -在菜单中，选择：**3 Boot Options → B1 Desktop / CLI → B4 Desktop Autologin**。 +在菜单中，选择：“3 Boot Options → B1 Desktop / CLI → B4 Desktop Autologin”。 -在启动后用 Chromium 打开我们的网站这块少了一步。创建文件夹 -**/home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/**： +在启动后用 Chromium 打开我们的网站这块少了一步。创建文件夹 `/home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/`： ``` $ mkdir -p /home/pi/config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/ ``` -然后在该文件夹里创建 **autostart** 文件: +然后在该文件夹里创建 `autostart` 文件: ``` $ nano /home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/autostart @@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ $ nano /home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/autostart @chromium-browser --incognito --kiosk ``` -如果你想要隐藏鼠标指针，你得安装 **unclutter** 包并移除 **autostart** 文件开头的注释。 +如果你想要隐藏鼠标指针，你得安装 `unclutter` 包并移除 `autostart` 文件开头的注释。 ``` $ sudo apt install unclutter @@ -98,11 +97,11 @@ $ sudo apt install unclutter 我对去年的代码做了些小修改。因此如果你之前搭建过空气质量项目，确保用[原文章][2]中的指导为 AQI 网站重新下载脚本和文件。 -通过添加触摸屏，你现在拥有了一个移动颗粒物传感器！我们在学校用它来检查教室里的空气质量或者进行比较测量。使用这种配置，你无需再依赖网络连接或 WLAN。你可以在任何地方使用小型测量站——你甚至可以使用移动电源以摆脱电网。 +通过添加触摸屏，你现在拥有了一个便携的颗粒物传感器！我们在学校用它来检查教室里的空气质量或者进行比较测量。使用这种配置，你无需再依赖网络连接或 WLAN。你可以在任何地方使用这个小型测量站——你甚至可以使用移动电源以摆脱电网。 * * * -_这篇文章原来在[开源学校解决方案（Open Scool Solutions）][8]上发表，获得许可重新发布。_ +这篇文章原来在[开源学校解决方案][8]Open Scool Solutions上发表，获得许可重新发布。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -111,18 +110,18 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor 作者：[Stephan Tetzel][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://opensource.com/users/stephan [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/talk_chat_team_mobile_desktop.png?itok=d7sRtKfQ (Team communication, chat) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/how-measure-particulate-matter-raspberry-pi +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-9620-1.html [3]: https://www.amazon.com/gp/search/ref=as_li_qf_sp_sr_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=openschoolsol-20&keywords=lcd%20raspberry&index=aps&camp=1789&creative=9325&linkCode=ur2&linkId=51d6d7676e10d6c7db203c4a8b3b529a [4]: https://amzn.to/2CcvgpC [5]: https://github.com/goodtft/LCD-show -[6]: https://opensource.com/article/17/1/try-raspberry-pis-pixel-os-your-pc +[6]: https://linux.cn/article-8459-1.html [7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mobile-aqi-sensor.jpg (Mobile particulate matter sensor) [8]: https://openschoolsolutions.org/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor/ From 06ad0f8745b2774519da6027f325c2b0e33a3409 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 00:56:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0177/1265] PUB:20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md @tomjlw https://linux.cn/article-10939-1.html --- ... a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md b/published/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md index 474e10d1f9..587c69b785 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md +++ b/published/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (tomjlw) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10939-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor) [#]: author: (Stephan Tetzel https://opensource.com/users/stephan) From fe1b54c124b4ec3a7b4423f30393a8483454ca8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 01:37:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0178/1265] PRF:20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md @zhang5788 --- .../20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md | 210 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 98 insertions(+), 112 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md b/translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md index f745962bdd..be490ae974 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md @@ -1,98 +1,98 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "zhang5788" -[#]: reviewer: " " -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " -[#]: subject: "Getting Started With Docker" +[#]: reviewer: "wxy" +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " +[#]: subject: "Getting Started With Docker" [#]: via: "https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/" -[#]: author: "sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/" +[#]: author: "sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/" Docker 入门指南 ====== ![Getting Started With Docker][1] -在我们的上一个教程中，我们已经了解[**如何在ubuntu上安装Docker**][1]，和如何在[**CentOS上安装Docker**][2]。今天，我们将会了解Docker的一些基础用法。该教程包含了如何创建一个新的docker容器，如何运行该容器，如何从现有的docker容器中创建自己的Docker镜像等Docker 的一些基础知识，操作。所有步骤均在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server 版本下测试通过。 +在我们的上一个教程中，我们已经了解[如何在ubuntu上安装Docker][1]，和如何在[CentOS上安装Docker][2]。今天，我们将会了解 Docker 的一些基础用法。该教程包含了如何创建一个新的 Docker 容器，如何运行该容器，如何从现有的 Docker 容器中创建自己的 Docker 镜像等 Docker 的一些基础知识、操作。所有步骤均在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server 版本下测试通过。 ### 入门指南 -在开始指南之前，不要混淆Docker镜像和Docker容器这两个概念。在之前的教程中，我就解释过，Docker镜像是决定Docker容器行为的一个文件，Docker容器则是Docker镜像的运行态或停止态。(译者注：在`macOS`下使用docker终端时，不需要加`sudo`) +在开始指南之前，不要混淆 Docker 镜像和 Docker 容器这两个概念。在之前的教程中，我就解释过，Docker 镜像是决定 Docker 容器行为的一个文件，Docker 容器则是 Docker 镜像的运行态或停止态。（LCTT 译注：在 macOS 下使用 Docker 终端时，不需要加 `sudo`） -##### 1. 搜索Docker镜像 +#### 1、搜索 Docker 镜像 -我们可以从Docker的仓库中获取镜像，例如[**Docker hub**][3], 或者自己创建镜像。这里解释一下，`Docker hub`是一个云服务器，用来提供给Docker的用户们，创建，测试，和保存他们的镜像。 +我们可以从 Docker 仓库中获取镜像，例如 [Docker hub][3]，或者自己创建镜像。这里解释一下，Docker hub 是一个云服务器，用来提供给 Docker 的用户们创建、测试，和保存他们的镜像。 -`Docker hub`拥有成千上万个Docker 的镜像文件。你可以在这里搜索任何你想要的镜像，通过`docker search`命令。 +Docker hub 拥有成千上万个 Docker 镜像文件。你可以通过 `docker search`命令在这里搜索任何你想要的镜像。 -例如，搜索一个基于ubuntu的镜像文件，只需要运行： +例如，搜索一个基于 Ubuntu 的镜像文件，只需要运行： ```shell $ sudo docker search ubuntu ``` -**Sample output:** +示例输出： ![][5] -搜索基于CentOS的镜像，运行： +搜索基于 CentOS 的镜像，运行： ```shell -$ sudo docker search ubuntu +$ sudo docker search centos ``` -搜索AWS的镜像，运行： +搜索 AWS 的镜像，运行： ```shell $ sudo docker search aws ``` -搜索`wordpress`的镜像： +搜索 WordPress 的镜像： ```shell $ sudo docker search wordpress ``` -`Docker hub`拥有几乎所有种类的镜像，包含操作系统，程序和其他任意的类型，这些你都能在`docker hub`上找到已经构建完的镜像。如果你在搜索时，无法找到你想要的镜像文件，你也可以自己构建一个，将其发布出去，或者仅供你自己使用。 +Docker hub 拥有几乎所有种类的镜像，包含操作系统、程序和其他任意的类型，这些你都能在 Docker hub 上找到已经构建完的镜像。如果你在搜索时，无法找到你想要的镜像文件，你也可以自己构建一个，将其发布出去，或者仅供你自己使用。 -##### 2. 下载Docker 镜像 +#### 2、下载 Docker 镜像 -下载`ubuntu`的镜像，你需要在终端运行以下命令： +下载 Ubuntu 的镜像，你需要在终端运行以下命令： ```shell $ sudo docker pull ubuntu ``` -这条命令将会从**Docker hub**下载最近一个版本的ubuntu镜像文件。 +这条命令将会从 Docker hub 下载最近一个版本的 Ubuntu 镜像文件。 -**Sample output:** +示例输出： -> ```shell -> Using default tag: latest -> latest: Pulling from library/ubuntu -> 6abc03819f3e: Pull complete -> 05731e63f211: Pull complete -> 0bd67c50d6be: Pull complete -> Digest: sha256:f08638ec7ddc90065187e7eabdfac3c96e5ff0f6b2f1762cf31a4f49b53000a5 -> Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:latest -> ``` +``` +Using default tag: latest +latest: Pulling from library/ubuntu +6abc03819f3e: Pull complete +05731e63f211: Pull complete +0bd67c50d6be: Pull complete +Digest: sha256:f08638ec7ddc90065187e7eabdfac3c96e5ff0f6b2f1762cf31a4f49b53000a5 +Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:latest +``` -![下载docker 镜像][6] +![下载 Docker 镜像][6] -你也可以下载指定版本的ubuntu镜像。运行以下命令： +你也可以下载指定版本的 Ubuntu 镜像。运行以下命令： ```shell $ docker pull ubuntu:18.04 ``` -Dokcer允许在任意的宿主机操作系统下，下载任意的镜像文件，并运行。 +Docker 允许在任意的宿主机操作系统下，下载任意的镜像文件，并运行。 -例如，下载CentOS镜像： +例如，下载 CentOS 镜像： ```shell $ sudo docker pull centos ``` -所有下载的镜像文件，都被保存在`/var/lib/docker`文件夹下。（译者注：不同操作系统存放的文件夹并不是一致的，具体存放位置请在官方查询） +所有下载的镜像文件，都被保存在 `/var/lib/docker` 文件夹下。（LCTT 译注：不同操作系统存放的文件夹并不是一致的，具体存放位置请在官方查询） 查看已经下载的镜像列表，可以使用以下命令： @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ $ sudo docker pull centos $ sudo docker images ``` -**输出为：** +示例输出： ```shell REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE @@ -109,17 +109,17 @@ centos latest 9f38484d220f 2 months ago hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 4 months ago 1.84kB ``` -正如你看到的那样，我已经下载了三个镜像文件：**ubuntu**, **CentOS**和**Hello-world**. +正如你看到的那样，我已经下载了三个镜像文件：`ubuntu`、`centos` 和 `hello-world`。 现在，让我们继续，来看一下如何运行我们刚刚下载的镜像。 -##### 3. 运行Docker镜像 +#### 3、运行 Docker 镜像 -运行一个容器有两种方法。我们可以使用`TAG`或者是`镜像ID`。`TAG`指的是特定的镜像快照。`镜像ID`是指镜像的唯一标识。 +运行一个容器有两种方法。我们可以使用标签或者是镜像 ID。标签指的是特定的镜像快照。镜像 ID 是指镜像的唯一标识。 -正如上面结果中显示，`latest`是所有镜像的一个标签。**7698f282e524**是Ubuntu docker 镜像的`镜像ID`,**9f38484d220f**是CentOS镜像的`镜像ID`，**fce289e99eb9**是hello_world镜像的`镜像ID`。 +正如上面结果中显示，`latest` 是所有镜像的一个标签。`7698f282e524` 是 Ubuntu Docker 镜像的镜像 ID，`9f38484d220f`是 CentOS 镜像的镜像 ID，`fce289e99eb9` 是 hello_world 镜像的 镜像 ID。 -下载完Docker镜像之后，你可以通过下面的命令来使用`TAG`的方式启动： +下载完 Docker 镜像之后，你可以通过下面的命令来使用其标签来启动： ```shell $ sudo docker run -t -i ubuntu:latest /bin/bash @@ -127,12 +127,12 @@ $ sudo docker run -t -i ubuntu:latest /bin/bash 在这条语句中： -* **-t**: 在该容器中启动一个新的终端 -* **-i**: 通过容器中的标准输入流建立交互式连接 -* **ubuntu:latest**：带有标签`latest`的ubuntu容器 -* **/bin/bash** : 在新的容器中启动`BASH Shell` +* `-t`：在该容器中启动一个新的终端 +* `-i`：通过容器中的标准输入流建立交互式连接 +* `ubuntu:latest`：带有标签 `latest` 的 Ubuntu 容器 +* `/bin/bash`：在新的容器中启动 BASH Shell -或者，你可以通过`镜像ID`来启动新的容器： +或者，你可以通过镜像 ID 来启动新的容器： ```shell $ sudo docker run -t -i 7698f282e524 /bin/bash @@ -140,15 +140,15 @@ $ sudo docker run -t -i 7698f282e524 /bin/bash 在这条语句里： -* **7698f282e524** —`镜像ID` +* `7698f282e524` — 镜像 ID -在启动容器之后，将会自动进入容器的`shell`中（注意看命令行的提示符）。 +在启动容器之后，将会自动进入容器的 shell 中（注意看命令行的提示符）。 ![][7] -Docker 容器的`Shell` +*Docker 容器的 Shell* -如果想要退回到宿主机的终端（在这个例子中，对我来说，就是退回到18.04 LTS），并且不中断该容器的执行，你可以按下`CTRL+P `，再按下`CTRL+Q`。现在，你就安全的返回到了你的宿主机系统中。需要注意的是，docker 容器仍然在后台运行，我们并没有中断它。 +如果想要退回到宿主机的终端（在这个例子中，对我来说，就是退回到 18.04 LTS），并且不中断该容器的执行，你可以按下 `CTRL+P`，再按下 `CTRL+Q`。现在，你就安全的返回到了你的宿主机系统中。需要注意的是，Docker 容器仍然在后台运行，我们并没有中断它。 可以通过下面的命令来查看正在运行的容器： @@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ Docker 容器的`Shell` $ sudo docker ps ``` -**Sample output:** +示例输出： ```shell CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES @@ -165,14 +165,14 @@ CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED ![][8] -列出正在运行的容器 +*列出正在运行的容器* -可以看到: +可以看到： -* **32fc32ad0d54** – `容器 ID` -* **ubuntu:latest** – Docker 镜像 +* `32fc32ad0d54` – 容器 ID +* `ubuntu:latest` – Docker 镜像 -需要注意的是，**`容器ID`和Docker `镜像ID`是不同的** +需要注意的是，容器 ID 和 Docker 的镜像 ID是不同的。 可以通过以下命令查看所有正在运行和停止运行的容器： @@ -192,13 +192,13 @@ $ sudo docker stop $ sudo docker stop 32fc32ad0d54 ``` -如果想要进入正在运行的容器中，你只需要运行 +如果想要进入正在运行的容器中，你只需要运行： ```shell $ sudo docker attach 32fc32ad0d54 ``` -正如你看到的，**32fc32ad0d54**是一个容器的ID。当你在容器中想要退出时，只需要在容器内的终端中输入命令： +正如你看到的，`32fc32ad0d54` 是一个容器的 ID。当你在容器中想要退出时，只需要在容器内的终端中输入命令： ```shell # exit @@ -210,46 +210,44 @@ $ sudo docker attach 32fc32ad0d54 $ sudo docker ps ``` -##### 4. 构建自己的Docker镜像 +#### 4、构建自己的 Docker 镜像 -Docker不仅仅可以下载运行在线的容器，你也可以创建你的自己的容器。 +Docker 不仅仅可以下载运行在线的容器，你也可以创建你的自己的容器。 -想要创建自己的Docker镜像，你需要先运行一个你已经下载完的容器： +想要创建自己的 Docker 镜像，你需要先运行一个你已经下载完的容器： ```shell $ sudo docker run -t -i ubuntu:latest /bin/bash ``` -现在，你运行了一个容器，并且进入了该容器。 +现在，你运行了一个容器，并且进入了该容器。然后，在该容器安装任意一个软件或做任何你想做的事情。 -然后，在该容器安装任意一个软件或做任何你想做的事情。 +例如，我们在容器中安装一个 Apache web 服务器。 -例如，我们在容器中安装一个**Apache web 服务器**。 - -当你完成所有的操作，安装完所有的软件之后，你可以执行以下的命令来构建你自己的Docker镜像： +当你完成所有的操作，安装完所有的软件之后，你可以执行以下的命令来构建你自己的 Docker 镜像： ```shell # apt update # apt install apache2 ``` -同样的，安装和测试所有的你想要安装的软件在容器中。 +同样的，在容器中安装和测试你想要安装的所有软件。 -当你安装完毕之后，返回的宿主机的终端。记住，不要关闭容器。想要返回到宿主机的host而不中断容器。请按下CTRL+P ,再按下CTRL+Q。 +当你安装完毕之后，返回的宿主机的终端。记住，不要关闭容器。想要返回到宿主机而不中断容器。请按下`CTRL+P`，再按下 `CTRL+Q`。 -从你的宿主机的终端中，运行以下命令如寻找容器的ID： +从你的宿主机的终端中，运行以下命令如寻找容器的 ID： ```shell $ sudo docker ps ``` -最后，从一个正在运行的容器中创建Docker镜像： +最后，从一个正在运行的容器中创建 Docker 镜像： ```shell $ sudo docker commit 3d24b3de0bfc ostechnix/ubuntu_apache ``` -**输出为：** +示例输出： ```shell sha256:ce5aa74a48f1e01ea312165887d30691a59caa0d99a2a4aa5116ae124f02f962 @@ -257,17 +255,17 @@ sha256:ce5aa74a48f1e01ea312165887d30691a59caa0d99a2a4aa5116ae124f02f962 在这里： -* **3d24b3de0bfc** — 指ubuntu容器的ID。 -* **ostechnix** — 我们创建的的名称 -* **ubuntu_apache** — 我们创建的镜像 +* `3d24b3de0bfc` — 指 Ubuntu 容器的 ID。 +* `ostechnix` — 我们创建的容器的用户名称 +* `ubuntu_apache` — 我们创建的镜像 -让我们检查一下我们新创建的docker镜像 +让我们检查一下我们新创建的 Docker 镜像： ```shell $ sudo docker images ``` -**输出为：** +示例输出： ```shell REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE @@ -279,7 +277,7 @@ hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 4 months ago ![][9] -列出所有的docker镜像 +*列出所有的 Docker 镜像* 正如你看到的，这个新的镜像就是我们刚刚在本地系统上从运行的容器上创建的。 @@ -289,9 +287,9 @@ hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 4 months ago $ sudo docker run -t -i ostechnix/ubuntu_apache /bin/bash ``` -##### 5. 移除容器 +#### 5、删除容器 -如果你在docker上的工作已经全部完成，你就可以删除哪些你不需要的容器。 +如果你在 Docker 上的工作已经全部完成，你就可以删除那些你不需要的容器。 想要删除一个容器，首先，你需要停止该容器。 @@ -301,14 +299,14 @@ $ sudo docker run -t -i ostechnix/ubuntu_apache /bin/bash $ sudo docker ps ``` -**输出为：** +示例输出： ```shell CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 3d24b3de0bfc ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 28 minutes ago Up 28 minutes goofy_easley ``` -使用`容器ID`来停止该容器： +使用容器 ID 来停止该容器： ```shell $ sudo docker stop 3d24b3de0bfc @@ -328,7 +326,7 @@ $ sudo docker rm 3d24b3de0bfc $ sudo docker container prune ``` -按下"**Y**",来确认你的操作 +按下 `Y`，来确认你的操作： ```sehll WARNING! This will remove all stopped containers. @@ -340,11 +338,11 @@ Deleted Containers: Total reclaimed space: 5B ``` -这个命令仅支持最新的docker。(译者注：仅支持1.25及以上版本的Docker) +这个命令仅支持最新的 Docker。（LCTT 译注：仅支持 1.25 及以上版本的 Docker） -##### 6. 删除Docker镜像 +#### 6、删除 Docker 镜像 -当你移除完不要的Docker容器后，你也可以删除你不需要的Docker镜像。 +当你删除了不要的 Docker 容器后，你也可以删除你不需要的 Docker 镜像。 列出已经下载的镜像： @@ -352,7 +350,7 @@ Total reclaimed space: 5B $ sudo docker images ``` -**输出为：** +示例输出： ```shell REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE @@ -364,13 +362,13 @@ hello-world latest fce289e99eb9 4 months ago 由上面的命令可以知道，在本地的系统中存在三个镜像。 -使用`镜像ID`来删除镜像。 +使用镜像 ID 来删除镜像。 ```shell $ sudo docekr rmi ce5aa74a48f1 ``` -**输出为：** +示例输出： ```shell Untagged: ostechnix/ubuntu_apache:latest @@ -378,17 +376,17 @@ Deleted: sha256:ce5aa74a48f1e01ea312165887d30691a59caa0d99a2a4aa5116ae124f02f962 Deleted: sha256:d21c926f11a64b811dc75391bbe0191b50b8fe142419f7616b3cee70229f14cd ``` -**解决问题** +#### 解决问题 -Docker禁止我们删除一个还在被容器使用的镜像。 +Docker 禁止我们删除一个还在被容器使用的镜像。 -例如，当我试图删除Docker镜像**b72889fa879c**时，我只能获得一个错误提示： +例如，当我试图删除 Docker 镜像 `b72889fa879c` 时，我只能获得一个错误提示： ```shell Error response from daemon: conflict: unable to delete b72889fa879c (must be forced) - image is being used by stopped container dde4dd285377 ``` -这是因为这个Docker镜像正在被一个容器使用。 +这是因为这个 Docker 镜像正在被一个容器使用。 所以，我们来检查一个正在运行的容器： @@ -396,19 +394,19 @@ Error response from daemon: conflict: unable to delete b72889fa879c (must be for $ sudo docker ps ``` -**输出为：** +示例输出： ![][10] 注意，现在并没有正在运行的容器！！！ -查看一下所有的容器(包含所有的正在运行和已经停止的容器)： +查看一下所有的容器（包含所有的正在运行和已经停止的容器）： ```shell $ sudo docker pa -a ``` -**输出为：** +示例输出： ![][11] @@ -420,9 +418,9 @@ $ sudo docker pa -a $ sudo docker rm 12e892156219 ``` -我们仍然使用容器ID来删除这些容器。 +我们仍然使用容器 ID 来删除这些容器。 -当我们删除了所有使用该镜像的容器之后，我们就可以删除Docker的镜像了。 +当我们删除了所有使用该镜像的容器之后，我们就可以删除 Docker 的镜像了。 例如： @@ -438,19 +436,7 @@ $ sudo docker images 想要知道更多的细节，请参阅本指南末尾给出的官方资源的链接或者在评论区进行留言。 -或者，下载以下的关于Docker的电子书来了解更多。 - -* **Download** – [**Free eBook: “Docker Containerization Cookbook”**][12] - -* **Download** – [**Free Guide: “Understanding Docker”**][13] - -* **Download** – [**Free Guide: “What is Docker and Why is it So Popular?”**][14] - -* **Download** – [**Free Guide: “Introduction to Docker”**][15] - -* **Download** – [**Free Guide: “Docker in Production”**][16] - -这就是全部的教程了，希望你可以了解Docker的一些基础用法。 +这就是全部的教程了，希望你可以了解 Docker 的一些基础用法。 更多的教程马上就会到来，敬请关注。 @@ -461,7 +447,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/ 作者：[sk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[zhang5788](https://github.com/zhang5788) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -482,4 +468,4 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/ [13]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb32/prgm.cgi?a=1 [14]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb31/prgm.cgi?a=1 [15]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb29/prgm.cgi?a=1 -[16]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb28/prgm.cgi?a=1 \ No newline at end of file +[16]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_pacb28/prgm.cgi?a=1 From a574fb3251246c76d515378da3fdbcf27ffa3f53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 01:39:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0179/1265] PUB:20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @zhang5788 恭喜你完成了第一篇翻译，本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-10940-1.html 你的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/zhang5788 请注册领取 LCCN： https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- .../20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md (96%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md b/published/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md similarity index 96% rename from translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md rename to published/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md index be490ae974..2349664ad9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md +++ b/published/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: "lujun9972" [#]: translator: "zhang5788" [#]: reviewer: "wxy" -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " +[#]: publisher: "wxy" +[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-10940-1.html" [#]: subject: "Getting Started With Docker" [#]: via: "https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-with-docker/" [#]: author: "sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/" @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Docker 入门指南 ![Getting Started With Docker][1] -在我们的上一个教程中，我们已经了解[如何在ubuntu上安装Docker][1]，和如何在[CentOS上安装Docker][2]。今天，我们将会了解 Docker 的一些基础用法。该教程包含了如何创建一个新的 Docker 容器，如何运行该容器，如何从现有的 Docker 容器中创建自己的 Docker 镜像等 Docker 的一些基础知识、操作。所有步骤均在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server 版本下测试通过。 +在我们的上一个教程中，我们已经了解[如何在 Ubuntu 上安装 Docker][1]，和如何在 [CentOS 上安装 Docker][2]。今天，我们将会了解 Docker 的一些基础用法。该教程包含了如何创建一个新的 Docker 容器，如何运行该容器，如何从现有的 Docker 容器中创建自己的 Docker 镜像等 Docker 的一些基础知识、操作。所有步骤均在 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server 版本下测试通过。 ### 入门指南 From f695070647a4a5a4f2f36bac2692a8377eb56b3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 08:53:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0180/1265] translated --- ...fra with Ansible to verify server state.md | 168 ------------------ ...fra with Ansible to verify server state.md | 158 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 158 insertions(+), 168 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md b/sources/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md deleted file mode 100644 index e845b15e59..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,168 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/using-testinfra-ansible-verify-server-state) -[#]: author: (Clement Verna https://opensource.com/users/cverna/users/paulbischoff/users/dcritch/users/cobiacomm/users/wgarry155/users/kadinroob/users/koreyhilpert) - -Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state -====== -Testinfra is a powerful library for writing tests to verify an -infrastructure's state. Coupled with Ansible and Nagios, it offers a -simple solution to enforce infrastructure as code. -![Terminal command prompt on orange background][1] - -By design, [Ansible][2] expresses the desired state of a machine to ensure that the content of an Ansible playbook or role is deployed to the targeted machines. But what if you need to make sure all the infrastructure changes are in Ansible? Or verify the state of a server at any time? - -[Testinfra][3] is an infrastructure testing framework that makes it easy to write unit tests to verify the state of a server. It is a Python library and uses the powerful [pytest][4] test engine. - -### Getting started with Testinfra - -Testinfra can be easily installed using the Python package manager (pip) and a Python virtual environment. - - -``` -$ python3 -m venv venv -$ source venv/bin/activate -(venv) $ pip install testinfra -``` - -Testinfra is also available in the package repositories of Fedora and CentOS using the EPEL repository. For example, on CentOS 7 you can install it with the following commands: - - -``` -$ yum install -y epel-release -$ yum install -y python-testinfra -``` - -#### A simple test script - -Writing tests in Testinfra is easy. Using the code editor of your choice, add the following to a file named **test_simple.py** : - - -``` -import testinfra - -def test_os_release(host): -assert host.file("/etc/os-release").contains("Fedora") - -def test_sshd_inactive(host): -assert host.service("sshd").is_running is False -``` - -By default, Testinfra provides a host object to the test case; this object gives access to different helper modules. For example, the first test uses the **file** module to verify the content of the file on the host, and the second test case uses the **service** module to check the state of a systemd service. - -To run these tests on your local machine, execute the following command: - - -``` -(venv)$ pytest test_simple.py -================================ test session starts ================================ -platform linux -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.4.1, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.9.0 -rootdir: /home/cverna/Documents/Python/testinfra -plugins: testinfra-3.0.0 -collected 2 items -test_simple.py .. - -================================ 2 passed in 0.05 seconds ================================ -``` - -For a full list of Testinfra's APIs, you can consult the [documentation][5]. - -### Testinfra and Ansible - -One of Testinfra's supported backends is Ansible, which means Testinfra can directly use Ansible's inventory file and a group of machines defined in the inventory to run tests against them. - -Let's use the following inventory file as an example: - - -``` -[web] -app-frontend01 -app-frontend02 - -[database] -db-backend01 -``` - -We want to make sure that our Apache web server service is running on **app-frontend01** and **app-frontend02**. Let's write the test in a file called **test_web.py** : - - -``` -def check_httpd_service(host): -"""Check that the httpd service is running on the host""" -assert host.service("httpd").is_running -``` - -To run this test using Testinfra and Ansible, use the following command: - - -``` -(venv) $ pip install ansible -(venv) $ py.test --hosts=web --ansible-inventory=inventory --connection=ansible test_web.py -``` - -When invoking the tests, we use the Ansible inventory **[web]** group as the targeted machines and also specify that we want to use Ansible as the connection backend. - -#### Using the Ansible module - -Testinfra also provides a nice API to Ansible that can be used in the tests. The Ansible module enables access to run Ansible plays inside a test and makes it easy to inspect the result of the play. - - -``` -def check_ansible_play(host): -""" -Verify that a package is installed using Ansible -package module -""" -assert not host.ansible("package", "name=httpd state=present")["changed"] -``` - -By default, Ansible's [Check Mode][6] is enabled, which means that Ansible will report what would change if the play were executed on the remote host. - -### Testinfra and Nagios - -Now that we can easily run tests to validate the state of a machine, we can use those tests to trigger alerts on a monitoring system. This is a great way to catch unexpected changes. - -Testinfra offers an integration with [Nagios][7], a popular monitoring solution. By default, Nagios uses the [NRPE][8] plugin to execute checks on remote hosts, but using Testinfra allows you to run the tests directly from the Nagios master. - -To get a Testinfra output compatible with Nagios, we have to use the **\--nagios** flag when triggering the test. We also use the **-qq** pytest flag to enable pytest's **quiet** mode so all the test details will not be displayed. - - -``` -(venv) $ py.test --hosts=web --ansible-inventory=inventory --connection=ansible --nagios -qq line test.py -TESTINFRA OK - 1 passed, 0 failed, 0 skipped in 2.55 seconds -``` - -Testinfra is a powerful library for writing tests to verify an infrastructure's state. Coupled with Ansible and Nagios, it offers a simple solution to enforce infrastructure as code. It is also a key component of adding testing during the development of your Ansible roles using [Molecule][9]. - -* * * - -Sysadmins who think the cloud is a buzzword and a bunch of hype should check out Ansible. - -Can you really do DevOps without sharing scripts or code? DevOps manifesto proponents value cross-... - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/using-testinfra-ansible-verify-server-state - -作者：[Clement Verna][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/cverna/users/paulbischoff/users/dcritch/users/cobiacomm/users/wgarry155/users/kadinroob/users/koreyhilpert -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/terminal_command_linux_desktop_code.jpg?itok=p5sQ6ODE (Terminal command prompt on orange background) -[2]: https://www.ansible.com/ -[3]: https://testinfra.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ -[4]: https://pytest.org/ -[5]: https://testinfra.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules.html#modules -[6]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/playbooks_checkmode.html -[7]: https://www.nagios.org/ -[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios#NRPE -[9]: https://github.com/ansible/molecule diff --git a/translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md b/translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c0c631ccd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/using-testinfra-ansible-verify-server-state) +[#]: author: (Clement Verna https://opensource.com/users/cverna/users/paulbischoff/users/dcritch/users/cobiacomm/users/wgarry155/users/kadinroob/users/koreyhilpert) + +使用 Testinfra 和 Ansible 验证服务器状态 +====== +Testinfra 是一个功能强大的库，可用于编写测试来验证基础设施的状态。另外与 Ansible 和 Nagios 相结合，提供了一个用于架构即代码 (IaC) 的简单解决方案。 +![Terminal command prompt on orange background][1] + +根据设计，[Ansible][2] 传递机器的期望状态，以确保 Ansible playbook 或角色的内容部署到目标机器上。但是，如果你需要确保所有基础架构更改都在 Ansible 中，该怎么办？或者随时验证服务器的状态？ + +[Testinfra][3] 是一个基础架构测试框架，它可以轻松编写单元测试来验证服务器的状态。它是一个 Python 库，使用强大的 [pytest][4] 测试引擎。 + +### 开始使用 Testinfra + +可以使用 Python 包管理器 （pip） 和 Python 虚拟环境轻松安装 Testinfra。 + + +``` +$ python3 -m venv venv +$ source venv/bin/activate +(venv) $ pip install testinfra +``` + +Testinfra 也可以使用 EPEL 仓库的 Fedora 和 CentOS 中使用。例如，在 CentOS 7 上，你可以使用以下命令安装它： + + +``` +$ yum install -y epel-release +$ yum install -y python-testinfra +``` + +#### 一个简单的测试脚本 + +在 Testinfra 中编写测试很容易。使用你选择的代码编辑器，将以下内容添加到名为 **test_simple.py** 的文件中： + + +``` +import testinfra + +def test_os_release(host): + assert host.file("/etc/os-release").contains("Fedora") + +def test_sshd_inactive(host): + assert host.service("sshd").is_running is False +``` + +默认情况下，Testinfra 为测试用例提供了一个主机对象，该对象能访问不同的辅助模块。例如，第一个测试使用 **file** 模块来验证主机上文件的内容，第二个测试用例使用 **service** 模块来检查 systemd 服务的状态。 + +要在本机运行这些测试，请执行以下命令： + + +``` +(venv)$ pytest test_simple.py +================================ test session starts ================================ +platform linux -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.4.1, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.9.0 +rootdir: /home/cverna/Documents/Python/testinfra +plugins: testinfra-3.0.0 +collected 2 items +test_simple.py .. + +================================ 2 passed in 0.05 seconds ================================ +``` + +有关 Testinfra API 的完整列表，你可以参考[文档][5]。 + +### Testinfra 和 Ansible + +Testinfra 支持的后端之一是 Ansible，这意味着 Testinfra 可以直接使用 Ansible 的 inventory 文件和 inventory 中定义的一组机器来对它们进行测试。 + +我们使用以下 inventory 文件作为示例： + + +``` +[web] +app-frontend01 +app-frontend02 + +[database] +db-backend01 +``` + +我们希望确保我们的 Apache Web 服务器在 **app-frontend01** 和 **app-frontend02** 上运行。让我们在名为 **test_web.py** 的文件中编写测试： + + +``` +def check_httpd_service(host): + """Check that the httpd service is running on the host""" + assert host.service("httpd").is_running +``` + +要使用 Testinfra 和 Ansible 运行此测试，请使用以下命令： + + +``` +(venv) $ pip install ansible +(venv) $ py.test --hosts=web --ansible-inventory=inventory --connection=ansible test_web.py +``` + +在调用测试时，我们使用 Ansible inventory 的 **[web]** 组作为目标计算机，并指定我们要使用 Ansible 作为连接后端。 + +#### 使用 Ansible 模块 + +Testinfra 还为 Ansible 提供了一个很好的可用于测试的 API。该 Ansible 模块能够在 测试中运行 Ansible play，并且能够轻松检查 play 的状态。 + +``` +def check_ansible_play(host): + """ + Verify that a package is installed using Ansible + package module + """ + assert not host.ansible("package", "name=httpd state=present")["changed"] +``` + +B默认情况下，Ansible 的[检查模式][6]已启用，这意味着 Ansible 将报告在远程主机上执行 play 时会发生的变化。 + +### Testinfra 和 Nagios + +现在我们可以轻松地运行测试来验证机器的状态，我们可以使用这些测试来触发监控系统上的警报。这是捕获意外更改的好方法。 + +Testinfra 提供了与 [Nagios][7] 的集成，它是一种流行的监控解决方案。默认情况下，Nagios 使用 [NRPE][8] 插件对远程主机进行检查，但使用 Testinfra 可以直接从 Nagios master 上运行测试。 + +要使 Testinfra 输出与 Nagios 兼容，我们必须在触发测试时使用 **\--nagios** 标志。我们还使用 **-qq** 这个 pytest 标志来启用 pytest 的**静默**模式，这样就不会显示所有测试细节。 + +``` +(venv) $ py.test --hosts=web --ansible-inventory=inventory --connection=ansible --nagios -qq line test.py +TESTINFRA OK - 1 passed, 0 failed, 0 skipped in 2.55 seconds +``` + +Testinfra 是一个功能强大的库，可用于编写测试以验证基础架构的状态。 另外与 Ansible 和 Nagios 相结合，提供了一个用于架构即代码 (IaC) 的简单解决方案。 它也是使用 [Molecule][9] 开发 Ansible 角色过程中添加测试的关键组件。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/using-testinfra-ansible-verify-server-state + +作者：[Clement Verna][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/cverna/users/paulbischoff/users/dcritch/users/cobiacomm/users/wgarry155/users/kadinroob/users/koreyhilpert +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/terminal_command_linux_desktop_code.jpg?itok=p5sQ6ODE (Terminal command prompt on orange background) +[2]: https://www.ansible.com/ +[3]: https://testinfra.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ +[4]: https://pytest.org/ +[5]: https://testinfra.readthedocs.io/en/latest/modules.html#modules +[6]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/playbooks_checkmode.html +[7]: https://www.nagios.org/ +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios#NRPE +[9]: https://github.com/ansible/molecule From 50ac30207f9f5940adc1354c8aa7be3a8dad835e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 09:05:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0181/1265] translating --- sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md b/sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md index 26a132fdf9..79a58e97bb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e52769d0b20eacd42a8e2ab9476dfcd92c8fe990 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9D=8E=E5=8D=9A?= <1594914459@qq.com> Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 10:23:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0182/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md index 788fe9c3fd..8c6ba38911 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (warmfrog) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 0ee3c6f6b72b4647aeb85715b6526d94af73e8e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9D=8E=E5=8D=9A?= <1594914459@qq.com> Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 11:02:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0183/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md | 70 ----------------------- translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8c6ba38911..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (warmfrog) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (NVMe on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397006/nvme-on-linux.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -NVMe on Linux -====== -In case you haven't yet noticed, some incredibly fast solid-state disk technology is as available for Linux as it is for other operating systems. -![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] - -NVMe stands for “non-volatile memory express” and is a host controller interface and storage protocol that was created to accelerate the transfer of data between enterprise and client systems and solid-state drives (SSD). It works over a computer's high-speed Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) bus. What I see when I look at this string of letters, however, is “envy me.” And the reason for the envy is significant. - -Using NVMe, data transfer happens _much_ faster than it does with rotating drives. In fact, NVMe drives can move data seven times faster than SATA SSDs. That’s seven times faster than the SSDs that many of us are using today. This means that your systems could boot blindingly fast when an NVMe drive is serving as its boot drive. In fact, these days anyone buying a new system should probably not consider one that doesn’t come with NVMe built-in — whether a server or a PC. - -### Does NVMe work with Linux? - -Yes! NVMe has been supported in the Linux kernel since 3.3. Upgrading a system, however, generally requires that both an NVMe controller and an NVMe disk be available. Some external drives are available but need more than the typical USB port for attaching to the system. - -[MORE ON NETWORK WORLD: Linux: Best desktop distros for newbies][2] - -To check your kernel release, use a command like this: - -``` -$ uname -r -5.0.0-15-generic -``` - -If your system is NVMe-ready, you should see a device (e.g., /dev/nvme0), but only if you have an NVMe controller installed. If you don’t have an NVMe controller, you can still get some information on your NVMe-readiness using this command: - -``` -$ modinfo nvme | head -6 -filename: /lib/modules/5.0.0-15-generic/kernel/drivers/nvme/host/nvme.ko -version: 1.0 -license: GPL -author: Matthew Wilcox -srcversion: AA383008D5D5895C2E60523 -alias: pci:v0000106Bd00002003sv*sd*bc*sc*i* -``` - -### Learn more - -More details on what you need to know about the insanely fast NVMe storage option are available on _[PCWorld][3]._ - -Specs, white papers and other resources are available at [NVMexpress.org][4]. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397006/nvme-on-linux.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/nvme-100797708-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/slideshow/153439/linux-best-desktop-distros-for-newbies.html#tk.nww-infsb -[3]: https://www.pcworld.com/article/2899351/everything-you-need-to-know-about-nvme.html -[4]: https://nvmexpress.org/ -[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..36ccc1a0fa --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (warmfrog) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (NVMe on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397006/nvme-on-linux.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +Linux 上的 NVMe +=============== + +如果你还没注意到，一些极速的固态磁盘技术对于Linux和其他操作系统都是可用的。 +![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] + +NVMe 代表“非易失性内存快车”，它是一个主机控制器接口和存储协议，用于加速企业和客户端系统以及固态驱动器(SSD)之间的数据传输。它通过电脑的高速外围组件互联快车总线（PCIe）工作。当我看到这些名词时，我感到“羡慕”。羡慕的原因很重要。 + +使用 NVMe，数据传输的速度比旋转磁盘快很多。事实上，NVMe 驱动能够比 SATA SSD 快 7 倍。这比我们今天很多人用的固态硬盘快了 7 倍多。这意味着，如果你用一个 NVMe 驱动盘作为启动盘，你的系统能够启动的非常快。事实上，如今任何人买一个新的系统可能都不会考虑那些没有自带 NVMe 的，不管是服务器或者个人电脑。 + +### NVMe 在 Linux 下能工作吗？ + +是的！NVMe 自 Linux 内核 3.3 版本就支持了。更新一个系统，然而，通常同时需要一个 NVMe 控制器和一个 NVMe 磁盘。一些外置磁盘也行，但是为了添加到系统中，需要的不仅仅是通用的 USB 接口。 + +[MORE ON NETWORK WORLD: Linux: Best desktop distros for newbies][2] + +为了检查内核版本，使用下列命令： + +``` +$ uname -r +5.0.0-15-generic +``` + +如果你的系统已经用了 NVMe，你将看到一个设备（例如， /dev/nvme0），但是仅在你安装了 NVMe 控制器的情况下。如果你没有，你可以用下列命令获取使用 NVMe 的相关信息。 + +``` +$ modinfo nvme | head -6 +filename: /lib/modules/5.0.0-15-generic/kernel/drivers/nvme/host/nvme.ko +version: 1.0 +license: GPL +author: Matthew Wilcox +srcversion: AA383008D5D5895C2E60523 +alias: pci:v0000106Bd00002003sv*sd*bc*sc*i* +``` + +### 了解更多 + +如果你想了解极速的 NVMe 存储的更多细节，可在 _[PCWorld][3]_ 获取。 + +规格，白皮书和其他资源可在 [NVMexpress.org][4] 获取。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397006/nvme-on-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/nvme-100797708-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/slideshow/153439/linux-best-desktop-distros-for-newbies.html#tk.nww-infsb +[3]: https://www.pcworld.com/article/2899351/everything-you-need-to-know-about-nvme.html +[4]: https://nvmexpress.org/ +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 4cc9716bbcc0bbfc6e7f9f0205b25642d669fba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 12:30:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0184/1265] translating --- ...your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md b/sources/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md index d04ee6d742..ed85b172af 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by MjSeven + Manage your workstation with Ansible: Configure desktop settings ====== From f8822176e4fda3349910a685430fcb064bd309cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tao Zhang Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 13:57:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0185/1265] translating by zhang5788 --- .../tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md b/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md index cf8f9351d9..be1d265d8a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (zhang5788) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 378dc2bc1f2814258a3765596aaebc56632d2572 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 23:09:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0186/1265] TSL:20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md --- ...g Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md | 21 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md b/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md index 1f1d0f31b8..22d879dfe2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md @@ -112,25 +112,26 @@ 如示例中所强调的，使用智能合约涉及最低成本。企业通常有专门从事使其交易是合法的并遵守法规的行政人员。如果交易涉及多方，则重复工作是不可避免的。智能合约基本上使前者无关紧要，并且消除了重复，因为双方可以同时完成尽职调查。 -### Applications of Smart Contracts +### 智能合约的应用程序 -Basically, if two or more parties use a common blockchain platform and agree on a set of principles or business logic, they can come together to create a smart contract on the blockchain and it is executed with no human intervention at all. No one can tamper with the conditions set and, any changes, if the original code allows for it, is timestamped and carries the editor’s fingerprint increasing accountability. Imagine a similar situation at a much larger enterprise scale and you understand what smart contracts are capable of and in fact a **Capgemini study** from 2016 found that smart contracts could actually be commercially mainstream **“in the early years of the next decade”** [8]. Commercial applications involve uses in Insurance, Financial Markets, IoT, Loans, Identity Management systems, Escrow Accounts, Employment contracts, and Patent & Royalty contracts among others. Platforms such as Ethereum, a blockchain designed keeping smart contracts in mind, allow for individual private users to utilize smart contracts free of cost as well. +基本上，如果两个或多个参与方使用共同的区块链平台，并就一组原则或业务逻辑达成一致，他们可以一起在区块链上创建一个智能合约，并且在没有人为干预的情况下执行。没有人可以篡改所设置的条件，如果原始代码允许，任何更改都会加上时间戳并带有编辑者的指纹，从而增加了问责制。想象一下，在更大的企业级规模上出现类似的情况，你就会明白智能合约的能力是什么，实际上从 2016 年开始的 **Capgemini 研究** 发现智能合约实际上可能是商业主流**“的下一阶段的早期“** [^8]。商业应用程序涉及保险、金融市场、物联网、贷款、身份管理系统、托管账户、雇佣合同以及专利和版税合同等用途。像以太坊这样的区块链平台，是一个设计时就考虑了智能合约的系统，它也允许个人私人用户免费使用智能合约。 -A more comprehensive overview of the applications of smart contracts on current technological problems will be presented in the next article of the series by exploring the companies that deal with it. +通过对处理智能合约的公司的探讨，本系列的下一篇文章中将更全面地概述智能合约在当前技术问题上的应用。 -### So, what are the drawbacks? +### 那么，它有什么缺点呢？ -This is not to say that smart contracts come with no concerns regarding their use whatsoever. Such concerns have actually slowed down development in this aspect as well. The tamper-proof nature of everything blockchain essentially makes it next to impossible to modify or add new clauses to existing clauses if the parties involved need to without major overhaul or legal recourse. +这并不是说对智能合约的使用没有任何顾虑。这种担忧实际上也减缓了这方面的发展。所有区块链的防篡改性质基本上使得，如果所涉及的各方需要在没有重大改革或法律追索的情况下，几乎不可能修改或添加现有条款的新条款。 -Secondly, even though activity on a public blockchain is open for all to see and observe. The personal identities of the parties involved in a transaction are not always known. This anonymity raises question regarding legal impunity in case either party defaults especially since current laws and lawmakers are not exactly accommodative of modern technology. +其次，即使公有链上的活动是开放的，所有人都可以看到和观察。交易中涉及的各方的个人身份并不总是已知的。这种匿名性造成在任何一方违约的情况下法律有罪不罚的问题，特别是因为现行法律和立法者并不完全适应现代技术。 -Thirdly, blockchains and smart contracts are still subject to security flaws in many ways because the technology for all the interest in it is still in a very nascent stage of development. This inexperience with the code and platform is what ultimately led to the DAO incident in 2016. +第三，区块链和智能合约在很多方面仍然存在安全缺陷，因为对其所以涉及的技术仍处于发展的初期阶段。 对代码和平台的这种缺乏经验最终导致了 2016 年的 DAO 事件。 -All of this is keeping aside the significant initial investment that might be needed in case an enterprise or firm needs to adapt a blockchain for its use. The fact that these are initial one-time investments and come with potential savings down the road however is what interests people. +所有这些都是在企业或公司需要调整区块链以供其使用时可能需要的大量的初始投资。事实上，这些是最初的一次性投资，并且随之而来的是潜在的节省，这是人们感兴趣的。 -### Conclusion -Current legal frameworks don’t really support a full-on smart contract enabled society and won’t in the near future due to obvious reasons. A solution is to opt for **“hybrid” contracts** that combine traditional legal texts and documents with smart contract code running on blockchains designed for the purpose[4]. However, even hybrid contracts remain largely unexplored as innovative legislature is required to bring them into fruition. The applications briefly mentioned here and many more are explored in detail in the [**next post of the series**][6]. +### 结论 + +目前的法律框架并不真正支持一个全面的智能合约的社会，并且由于显然的原因也不会在不久的将来支持。一个解决方案是选择**“混合”合约**，它将传统的法律文本和文件与在为此目的设计的区块链上运行的智能合约代码相结合。然而，即使是混合合约仍然很大程度上尚未得到探索，因为需要创新的立法机构才能实现这些合约。这里简要提到的应用程序以及更多内容将在[本系列的下一篇文章][6]中详细探讨。 [^1]: S. C. A. Chamber of Digital Commerce, “Smart contracts – Is the law ready,” no. September, 2018. [^2]: S. C. A. Chamber of Digital Commerce, “Smart contracts – Is the law ready,” no. September, 2018. From 61dd7413c0c38edb328f737ee9c5f7ac96a2996a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 23:42:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0187/1265] TSL:20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5 --- ...hain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md b/translated/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md rename to translated/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md From f2ebdc374ef4f4290a0f4feada2c2296002ee44b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2019 06:21:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0188/1265] Translated MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 最终翻译完成了，但是感觉翻译的不好。根据这篇文章的英语语法和习惯和平常的很不一样 --- .../20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md | 185 ------------------ .../20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md | 184 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 184 insertions(+), 185 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md b/sources/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md deleted file mode 100644 index 83ef0ff982..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,185 +0,0 @@ -Translating by robsean -Learning BASIC Like It's 1983 -====== -I was not yet alive in 1983. This is something that I occasionally regret. I am especially sorry that I did not experience the 8-bit computer era as it was happening, because I think the people that first encountered computers when they were relatively simple and constrained have a huge advantage over the rest of us. - -Today, (almost) everyone knows how to use a computer, but very few people, even in the computing industry, grasp all of what is going on inside of any single machine. There are now [so many layers of software][1] doing so many different things that one struggles to identify the parts that are essential. In 1983, though, home computers were unsophisticated enough that a diligent person could learn how a particular computer worked through and through. That person is today probably less mystified than I am by all the abstractions that modern operating systems pile on top of the hardware. I expect that these layers of abstractions were easy to understand one by one as they were introduced; today, new programmers have to try to understand them all by working top to bottom and backward in time. - -Many famous programmers, particularly in the video game industry, started programming games in childhood on 8-bit computers like the Apple II and the Commodore 64. John Romero, Richard Garriott, and Chris Roberts are all examples. It’s easy to see how this happened. In the 8-bit computer era, many games were available only as printed BASIC listings in computer magazines and [books][2]. If you wanted to play one of those games, you had to type in the whole program by hand. Inevitably, you would get something wrong, so you would have to debug your program. By the time you got it working, you knew enough about how the program functioned to start modifying it yourself. If you were an avid gamer, you became a good programmer almost by necessity. - -I also played computer games throughout my childhood. But the games I played came on CD-ROMs. I sometimes found myself having to google how to fix a crashing installer, which would involve editing the Windows Registry or something like that. This kind of minor troubleshooting may have made me comfortable enough with computers to consider studying computer science in college. But it never taught me anything crucial about how computers worked or how to control them. - -Now, of course, I tell computers what to do for a living. All the same, I can’t help feeling that I missed out on some fundamental insight afforded only to those that grew up programming simpler computers. What would it have been like to encounter computers for the first time in the early 1980s? How would that have been different from the experience of using a computer today? - -This post is going to be a little different from the usual Two-Bit History post because I’m going to try to imagine an answer to these questions. - -### 1983 - -It was just last week that you saw [the Commodore 64 ad][3] on TV. Now that M*A*S*H was over, you were in the market for something new to do on Monday nights. This Commodore 64 thing looked even better than the Apple II that Rudy’s family had in their basement. Plus, the ad promised that the new computer would soon bring friends “knocking down” your door. You knew several people at school that would rather be hanging out at your house than Rudy’s anyway, if only they could play Zork there. - -So you persuaded your parents to buy one. Your mother said that they would consider it only if having a home computer meant that you stayed away from the arcade. You reluctantly agreed. Your father thought he would start tracking the family’s finances in MultiPlan, the spreadsheet program he had heard about, which is why the computer got put in the living room. A year later, though, you would be the only one still using it. You were finally allowed to put it on the desk in your bedroom, right under your Police poster. - -(Your sister protested this decision, but it was 1983 and computers [weren’t for her][4].) - -Dad picked it up from [ComputerLand][5] on the way home from work. The two of you laid the box down next to the TV and opened it. “WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF FRIENDLY COMPUTING,” said the packaging. Twenty minutes later, you weren’t convinced—the two of you were still trying to connect the Commodore to the TV set and wondering whether the TV’s antenna cable was the 75-ohm or 300-ohm coax type. But eventually you were able to turn your TV to channel 3 and see a grainy, purple image. - -![Commodore 64 startup screen][6] - -`READY`, the computer reported. Your father pushed the computer toward you, indicating that you should be the first to give it a try. `HELLO`, you typed, carefully hunting for each letter. The computer’s response was baffling. - -![Commodore 64 syntax error][7] - -You tried typing in a few different words, but the response was always the same. Your father said that you had better read through the rest of the manual. That would be no mean feat—[the manual that came with the Commodore 64][8] was a small book. But that didn’t bother you, because the introduction to the manual foreshadowed wonders. - -The Commodore 64, it claimed, had “the most advanced picture maker in the microcomputer industry,” which would allow you “to design your own pictures in four different colors, just like the ones you see on arcade type video games.” The Commodore 64 also had “built-in music and sound effects that rival many well known music synthesizers.” All of these tools would be put in your hands, because the manual would walk you through it all: - -> Just as important as all the available hardware is the fact that this USER’S GUIDE will help you develop your understanding of computers. It won’t tell you everything there is to know about computers, but it will refer you to a wide variety of publications for more detailed information about the topics presented. Commodore wants you to really enjoy your new COMMODORE 64. And to have fun, remember: programming is not the kind of thing you can learn in a day. Be patient with yourself as you go through the USER’S GUIDE. - -That night, in bed, you read through the entire first three chapters—”Setup,” “Getting Started,” and “Beginning BASIC Programming”—before finally succumbing to sleep with the manual splayed across your chest. - -### Commodore BASIC - -Now, it’s Saturday morning and you’re eager to try out what you’ve learned. One of the first things the manual teaches you how to do is change the colors on the display. You follow the instructions, pressing `CTRL-9` to enter reverse type mode and then holding down the space bar to create long lines. You swap between colors using `CTRL-1` through `CTRL-8`, reveling in your sudden new power over the TV screen. - -![Commodore 64 color bands][9] - -As cool as this is, you realize it doesn’t count as programming. In order to program the computer, you learned last night, you have to speak to it in a language called BASIC. To you, BASIC seems like something out of Star Wars, but BASIC is, by 1983, almost two decades old. It was invented by two Dartmouth professors, John Kemeny and Tom Kurtz, who wanted to make computing accessible to undergraduates in the social sciences and humanities. It was widely available on minicomputers and popular in college math classes. It then became standard on microcomputers after Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote the MicroSoft BASIC interpreter for the Altair. But the manual doesn’t explain any of this and you won’t learn it for many years. - -One of the first BASIC commands the manual suggests you try is the `PRINT` command. You type in `PRINT "COMMODORE 64"`, slowly, since it takes you a while to find the quotation mark symbol above the `2` key. You hit `RETURN` and this time, instead of complaining, the computer does exactly what you told it to do and displays “COMMODORE 64” on the next line. - -Now you try using the `PRINT` command on all sorts of different things: two numbers added together, two numbers multiplied together, even several decimal numbers. You stop typing out `PRINT` and instead use `?`, since the manual has advised you that `?` is an abbreviation for `PRINT` often used by expert programmers. You feel like an expert already, but then you remember that you haven’t even made it to chapter three, “Beginning BASIC Programming.” - -You get there soon enough. The chapter begins by prompting you to write your first real BASIC program. You type in `NEW` and hit `RETURN`, which gives you a clean slate. You then type your program in: - -``` -10 ?"COMMODORE 64" -20 GOTO 10 -``` - -The 10 and the 20, the manual explains, are line numbers. They order the statements for the computer. They also allow the programmer to refer to other lines of the program in certain commands, just like you’ve done here with the `GOTO` command, which directs the program back to line 10. “It is good programming practice,” the manual opines, “to number lines in increments of 10—in case you need to insert some statements later on.” - -You type `RUN` and stare as the screen clogs with “COMMODORE 64,” repeated over and over. - -![Commodore 64 showing result of printing "Commodore 64" repeatedly][10] - -You’re not certain that this isn’t going to blow up your computer. It takes you a second to remember that you are supposed to hit the `RUN/STOP` key to break the loop. - -The next few sections of the manual teach you about variables, which the manual tells you are like “a number of boxes within the computer that can each hold a number or a string of text characters.” Variables that end in a `%` symbol are whole numbers, while variables ending in a `$` symbol are strings of characters. All other variables are something called “floating point” variables. The manual warns you to be careful with variable names because only the first two letters of the name are actually recognized by the computer, even though nothing stops you from making a name as long as you want it to be. (This doesn’t particularly bother you, but you could see how 30 years from now this might strike someone as completely insane.) - -You then learn about the `IF... THEN...` and `FOR... NEXT...` constructs. With all these new tools, you feel equipped to tackle the next big challenge the manual throws at you. “If you’re the ambitious type,” it goads, “type in the following program and see what happens.” The program is longer and more complicated than any you have seen so far, but you’re dying to know what it does: - -``` -10 REM BOUNCING BALL -20 PRINT "{CLR/HOME}" -25 FOR X = 1 TO 10 : PRINT "{CRSR/DOWN}" : NEXT -30 FOR BL = 1 TO 40 -40 PRINT " ●{CRSR LEFT}";:REM (● is a Shift-Q) -50 FOR TM = 1 TO 5 -60 NEXT TM -70 NEXT BL -75 REM MOVE BALL RIGHT TO LEFT -80 FOR BL = 40 TO 1 STEP -1 -90 PRINT " {CRSR LEFT}{CRSR LEFT}●{CRSR LEFT}"; -100 FOR TM = 1 TO 5 -110 NEXT TM -120 NEXT BL -130 GOTO 20 -``` - -The program above takes advantage of one of the Commodore 64’s coolest features. Non-printable command characters, when passed to the `PRINT` command as part of a string, just do the action they usually perform instead of printing to the screen. This allows you to replay arbitrary chains of commands by printing strings from within your programs. - -It takes you a long time to type in the above program. You make several mistakes and have to re-enter some of the lines. But eventually you are able to type `RUN` and behold a masterpiece: - -![Commodore 64 bouncing ball][11] - -You think that this is a major contender for the coolest thing you have ever seen. You forget about it almost immediately though, because once you’ve learned about BASIC’s built-in functions like `RND` (which returns a random number) and `CHR$` (which returns the character matching a given number code), the manual shows you a program that many years from now will still be famous enough to be made the title of an [essay anthology][12]: - -``` -10 PRINT "{CLR/HOME}" -20 PRINT CHR$(205.5 + RND(1)); -40 GOTO 20 -``` - -When run, the above program produces a random maze: - -![Commodore 64 maze program][13] - -This is definitely the coolest thing you have ever seen. - -### PEEK and POKE - -You’ve now made it through the first four chapters of the Commodore 64 manual, including the chapter titled “Advanced BASIC,” so you’re feeling pretty proud of yourself. You’ve learned a lot this Saturday morning. But this afternoon (after a quick lunch break), you’re going to learn something that will make this magical machine in your living room much less mysterious. - -The next chapter in the manual is titled “Advanced Color and Graphic Commands.” It starts off by revisiting the colored bars that you were able to type out first thing this morning and shows you how you can do the same thing from a program. It then teaches you how to change the background colors of the screen. - -In order to do this, you need to use the BASIC `PEEK` and `POKE` commands. Those commands allow you to, respectively, examine and write to a memory address. The Commodore 64 has a main background color and a border color. Each is controlled by a specially designated memory address. You can write any color value you would like to those addresses to make the background or border that color. - -The manual explains: - -> Just as variables can be thought of as a representation of “boxes” within the machine where you placed your information, you can also think of some specially defined “boxes” within the computer that represent specific memory locations. -> -> The Commodore 64 looks at these memory locations to see what the screen’s background and border color should be, what characters are to be displayed on the screen—and where—and a host of other tasks. - -You write a program to cycle through all the available combinations of background and border color: - -``` -10 FOR BA = 0 TO 15 -20 FOR BO = 0 TO 15 -30 POKE 53280, BA -40 POKE 53281, BO -50 FOR X = 1 TO 500 : NEXT X -60 NEXT BO : NEXT BA -``` - -While the `POKE` commands, with their big operands, looked intimidating at first, now you see that the actual value of the number doesn’t matter that much. Obviously, you have to get the number right, but all the number represents is a “box” that Commodore just happened to store at address 53280. This box has a special purpose: Commodore uses it to determine what color the screen’s background should be. - -![Commodore 64 changing background colors][14] - -You think this is pretty neat. Just by writing to a special-purpose box in memory, you can control a fundamental property of the computer. You aren’t sure how the Commodore 64’s circuitry takes the value you write in memory and changes the color of the screen, but you’re okay not knowing that. At least you understand everything up to that point. - -### Special Boxes - -You don’t get through the entire manual that Saturday, since you are now starting to run out of steam. But you do eventually read all of it. In the process, you learn about many more of the Commodore 64’s special-purpose boxes. There are boxes you can write to control what is on screen—one box, in fact, for every place a character might appear. In chapter six, “Sprite Graphics,” you learn about the special-purpose boxes that allow you to define images that can be moved around and even scaled up and down. In chapter seven, “Creating Sound,” you learn about the boxes you can write to in order to make your Commodore 64 sing “Michael Row the Boat Ashore.” The Commodore 64, it turns out, has very little in the way of what you would later learn is called an API. Controlling the Commodore 64 mostly involves writing to memory addresses that have been given special meaning by the circuitry. - -The many years you ultimately spend writing to those special boxes stick with you. Even many decades later, when you find yourself programming a machine with an extensive graphics or sound API, you know that, behind the curtain, the API is ultimately writing to those boxes or something like them. You will sometimes wonder about younger programmers that have only ever used APIs, and wonder what they must think the API is doing for them. Maybe they think that the API is calling some other, hidden API. But then what do think that hidden API is calling? You will pity those younger programmers, because they must be very confused indeed. - -If you enjoyed this post, more like it come out every two weeks! Follow [@TwoBitHistory][15] on Twitter or subscribe to the [RSS feed][16] to make sure you know when a new post is out. - -Previously on TwoBitHistory… - -> Have you ever wondered what a 19th-century computer program would look like translated into C? -> -> This week's post: A detailed look at how Ada Lovelace's famous program worked and what it was trying to do. -> -> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [August 19, 2018][17] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/02/learning-basic.html - -作者：[Two-Bit History][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://twobithistory.org -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZRE7HIO3vk -[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Computer_Games -[3]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZekAbt2o6Ms -[4]: https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2014/10/21/357629765/when-women-stopped-coding -[5]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA_XtT3VAVM -[6]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_startup.png -[7]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_error.png -[8]: ftp://www.zimmers.net/pub/cbm/c64/manuals/C64_Users_Guide.pdf -[9]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_colors.png -[10]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_print_loop.png -[11]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_ball.gif -[12]: http://10print.org/ -[13]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_maze.gif -[14]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_background.gif -[15]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory -[16]: https://twobithistory.org/feed.xml -[17]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1030974776821665793?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw diff --git a/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md b/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5640ad3d95 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +学习 BASIC 像它的1983年 +====== +我没有生活在1983年.我偶尔有一些遗憾。我相当遗憾，我没有体验8位计算机时代的到来，因为我认为第一次遇到相对简单和过于受约束的计算机的人们，有超过我们的一些人的巨大的优势。 + +今天,(大多数)每个人知道如何使用一台计算机，但是很少有人，甚至是在计算机工业中，明白在一些单台机器内部正在发生什么的全部。现在有[如此多软件层次][1]努力来识别必不可少的部分来做如此多不同的事情。在1983年，虽然，家用电脑足够简单，一个用功的人能学到一台特定计算机是如何工作的。现在这人可能比我通过所有堆积在硬件顶部的现代操作系统的抽象概念较少迷惑。我认为像他们采用的这些抽象概念的层次是容易一个接一个理解的；今天，新的程序员不得不通过自上而下的逆流时间上的工作来尝试理解它们。 + +很多著名的程序员，尤其在计算机游戏工业，童年在8位计算机上开始编程游戏，像，苹果 II 和 Commodore 64。John Romero, Richard Garriott，和 Chris Roberts 都是例子。如何发生是容易看到的。在8位计算机时代，很多游戏仅可在计算机杂质和[书籍][2]中作为印刷的BASIC列表获得。如果你想玩这些游戏中其中一个，你不得手工不键入完整的程序。不可避免的，你可能得到一些错误，所以你可能不得不调试你的程序。等到你获得它工作, 你充分知道程序如何起作用来开始你自己修改它。如果你是一个着迷的游戏玩家，你不可避免地也成为一个好的程序员。 + +在童年我也玩电脑游戏。但是我玩的游戏在只读光盘上。我有时发现我自己不得不搜索如何修复一个崩溃的安装器，这可能涉及编辑 Windows 注册表或一些像这样的事情。这类少数的使用计算机来考虑在大学中学习计算机科学的故障诊断可能使我足够舒适。但是在大学中从不教我一些关键性的关于计算机如何工作或如何控制它们的事。 + +当然，现在我告诉计算机为了活动而做什么。尽管如此，我请不自觉地感到，我缺少一些基本的仅被给予这些成长为简单编程的计算机人的深刻见解。在20世纪80年代初，第一次偶然遇到计算机会是什么样子？与今天使用计算机的经验相比会有怎样的不同？ + +这篇张贴文将与通常的二位历史贴文有一点不同，因为我将为这些问题尝试设想一个答案。 + +### 1983 + +仅仅是上周，你在电视上看到 [Commodore 64 广告][3] ，现在 M*A*S*H 结束了，在星期一晚上，你正在市场上采购没做过的一些东西。这个 Commodore 64 甚至看起来比 Apple II 更好，鲁迪（译者注：应该是拥有 Apple II 的人）的家人在他们的地下室。而且，广告承诺新的计算机将一会携带朋友们“击倒”你的门。你知道一些在学校的人们只要他们能在这里玩 Zork，他们宁愿在你的家里过把瘾，也不愿呆在鲁迪的家里。 + +所以，你说服你的父母去买一台.你的妈妈说，她们可以考虑它，如果有一台家庭电脑，意味着你离开娱乐厅。你勉强同意。你的爸爸想，他可以开始在 MultiPlan （译注：电子表格程序）中跟踪家庭的资金。 MultiPlan 是他曾听到过的电子表格程序， 这是为什么计算机放在客厅的原因。然而，一年后，你将是唯一仍然使用它的人。你最终被允许把它放到你的卧室中的桌子上，正好在你的警察海报下面。 + +(你的姐姐抗议这个决定,但是，它是在1983年，并且计算机[不是给她][4]。) + +父亲在从工作到回家的路上从 [ComputerLand][5] 处拿到它。你俩把盒子放置在电视机的旁边，并打开它。外包装上说“欢迎来到友好的计算机世界”。二十分钟以后，你不确信—你俩仍然试图来连接 Commodore 到电视机，并且想知道是否电视机的天线电缆是75欧姆或300欧姆同轴电缆。但是，你最终能够转到你的电视机到频道3，并看到一个粒状的，紫色的图像。 + +![Commodore 64 启动屏幕][6] + +计算机报告，`READY`。你的爸爸把计算机推向你，标志着你应该第一个人来给它一个尝试。你小心翼翼地敲击每个字母，键入，`HELLO`。计算机的回应是令人困惑的。 + +![Commodore 64 语法错误][7] + +你尝试输入一些很少变化的不同的单词，但是回应总是相同的。你的爸爸说，你最好通读手册的剩余部分。这可能不意味着是秘籍—[随 Commodore 64 一起提供的手册][8] 是一小本书。但是这不会困住你，因为手册的引进是奇迹的预兆。 + +Commodore 64，它声称，有“微型计算机工业中最高级的图画制作器”，能允许“设计你拥有四种不同颜色的图画，就像你在看到的街机电子游戏”。Commodore 64 也有“内置的音乐和声音效果，比得上很多著名的语言音响合成器”。所有的这些工具将被放到你的手上，因为手册将陪伴你贯穿它全部： + +> 正像与所有可用的硬件重要一样，这本用户的指南将帮助你详尽阐述你的计算机的理解。它不会在这里告诉你有必要知道的关于计算机的任何事，但是它将谈及你到一个关于涉及的主题的详细情报方面的种类繁多的出版物。Commodore 希望你来真正地享受你的新 COMMODORE 64 。并且来玩得开心，记住：编程不是你能在一天内就学会的一种东西。你自己要有耐心，因为你将翻阅用户指南。 + +那一夜，在床上，你通读整个前三个章节—“安装”，“入门”，和“开始 BASIC 编程”—在最终抵挡不住睡意前，手册被交叉放在胸前。 + +### Commodore BASIC + +现在是星期六早上，你急于尝试你已经学到的什么。手册教你如何做的第一件事是更改在显示器上的颜色。你仿效指令，按下 `CTRL-9` 来进入相反的情况的类型模式，然后拖住空格键来创建长行。你可以使用 `CTRL-1` 到 `CTRL-8` 在不同的颜色之间交换，在电视机屏幕上陶醉于你的突然的新的力量。 + +![Commodore 64 颜色带][9] + +尽管这很酷，你意识到它不算为编程。为了编程计算机，你昨晚已经学到，你必须以一种称为 BASIC 的语言与计算机交谈。对于你，BASIC 看起来像星球大战外的一些东西，但是，到1983年，BASIC 大约二十年了。它由两位达特茅斯教授，John Kemeny 和 Tom Kurtz 发明，他们想让社会科学和人文科学中的本科生可访问计算机。它在微型计算机上是普遍地可用的，并流行在大学数学课中。在比尔盖茨和保罗艾伦为 Altair 编写 MicroSoft BASIC 解释器后，在微型计算机上变成标准。但是手册没有任何解释这个，并且你很多年不会学到它。 + +手册建议你尝试中的第一个 BASIC 命令是 `PRINT` 命令。你慢慢地键入 `PRINT "COMMODORE 64"`，因为你花费一点时间来在`2`按键上面找到引号符号。你单击 `RETURN` ，这一次，并不是抱怨，计算机准确地做你告诉它去做的事，并在下一行中显示 “COMMODORE 64” 。 + +现在你尝试在各种各样不同的东西上使用 `PRINT` 命令：两个数字加在一起，两个数字乘在一起，甚至几个十进制数字。你停止输入 `PRINT` ，并使用 `?` 代替，因为手册已经正式告知你 `?` 是 `PRINT` 的一个缩写，通常被专业程序员使用。你感觉已经像一个专家，不过你想起你还没有看“开始 BASIC 编程”的三个章节。 + +你不久达到目的。该章节开始催促你来写你的第一个真正的 BASIC 程序。你输入 `NEW` 并单击 `RETURN`，这给你一个干净黑板（slate）。然后你在其中输入你的程序： + +``` +10 ?"COMMODORE 64" +20 GOTO 10 +``` + +手册解释,10和20是行号。它们为计算机排序语句。它们也允许程序员来引用在某系命令中程序的其它行，正像你已经完成的 `GOTO` 命令， 它监督程序回到行10。“它是好的编程惯例”，手册认为，“以10的增量来编号行—以备你以后需要插入一些语句”。 + +你输入 `RUN` ，并盯着用“COMMODORE 64”堵塞的屏幕 ，重复的一遍又一遍。 + +![Commodore 64 显示反复打印 "Commodore 64" 的结果][10] + +你不确定这不会引爆你的计算机。它花费一秒钟才想起你应该单击 `RUN/STOP` 按键来打断循环。 + +手册接下来的一些部分教你变量，手册告诉你变量像“在计算机中许多的暗盒，它们每个可以容纳一个数字或一个文本字符的字符串”。以一个 `%` 符号结尾的变量是一个整数，与此同时，以一个 `$` 符号结尾的变量是一个字符字符串。其余的所有变量是一些称为“浮点”变量的东西。手册警告你小心变量名称，因为计算机仅识别变量名称的前两个字母，尽管不阻止你想要的名称长度。(这并不是特别困扰你，但是你可能看到今后30年，这可能打击一些人像彻底地精神失常一样)。 + +你接着学习 `IF... THEN...` 和 `FOR... NEXT...` 结构体。有所有的这些新的工具，你感觉有能力来解决的接下来的手册扔给你的大挑战。“如果你是有野心的人”，很好，“输入下面的程序，并查看会发生什么”。该程序比你目前已经看到的程序更长、更复杂，但是，你渴望知道它将做什么： + +``` +10 REM BOUNCING BALL +20 PRINT "{CLR/HOME}" +25 FOR X = 1 TO 10 : PRINT "{CRSR/DOWN}" : NEXT +30 FOR BL = 1 TO 40 +40 PRINT " ●{CRSR LEFT}";:REM (● is a Shift-Q) +50 FOR TM = 1 TO 5 +60 NEXT TM +70 NEXT BL +75 REM MOVE BALL RIGHT TO LEFT +80 FOR BL = 40 TO 1 STEP -1 +90 PRINT " {CRSR LEFT}{CRSR LEFT}●{CRSR LEFT}"; +100 FOR TM = 1 TO 5 +110 NEXT TM +120 NEXT BL +130 GOTO 20 +``` + +上面的程序利用 Commodore 64 最酷的特色之一。不可打印的命令字符，当传递到 `PRINT` 命令时，作为字符串的一部分，仅仅做它们通常执行的动作，而不是打印到屏幕。这允许你通过打印来自你程序中的字符串来重演任意的命令链。 + +输入上面的程序花费很长时间。你犯一些错误，并不得不重新输入一些行。但是，你最终能够输入 `RUN` ，并看见一个杰作： + +![Commodore 64 反弹球][11] + +你认为这是你见过的最酷的事是一个主要的竞争者。不过你几乎立即忘记它，因为一旦你已经学习 BASIC 的内置的函数，像 `RND` (它返回一个随机数字) 和 `CHR$` (它返回匹配一个给定数字的字符)，手册向你展示一个很多年的程序，到现在仍然足够著名，能够成为一个[论文选集][12]的题目 + +``` +10 PRINT "{CLR/HOME}" +20 PRINT CHR$(205.5 + RND(1)); +40 GOTO 20 +``` + +当运行时，上面的程序产生一个随机的迷宫: + +![Commodore 64 迷宫程序][13] + +这肯定是你曾经见过最酷的事。 + +### PEEK 和 POKE + +你现在看过 Commodore 64 手册的前四章节，包含标题为“高级的 BASIC” 的章节， 所以你觉得你自己十分自豪。这个星期六早上，你已经学习很多东西。但是这个下午(在一个快速午餐打断后)，你继续去学习一些东西，这将使这个在你的客厅中奇妙的机器变得更不神秘。 + +在手册中的下一个章节被标题为“高级颜色和图像命令”。以通过再次讨论颜色条开始，你能够输入我们这个早上的第一件事，并向你显示你如何能够从一个程序中做相同的事。然后它教你如何更改屏幕的背景颜色。 + +为此，你需要使用最简单的 `PEEK` 和 `POKE` 命令。这些命令分别允许你来检查和写到存储器地址。Commodore 64 有一个主要背景颜色和一个边界背景颜色。每个颜色通过一个特定的内存地址控制。你可以写任何你喜欢的这些地址的颜色值到背景颜色或边界颜色。 + +手册解释: + +> 正像变量可以被认为在机器中的一种放置你的信息的表现形式，你也可以认为在计算机中代表特殊内存位置的一些特殊定义的“容器”。 +> +> Commodore 64 寻找这些内存位置来查看屏幕的背景和边界应该是什么样的颜色，什么样的字符能够被显示在屏幕上—在哪里—很多其它的任务。 + +你写一个程序来循环所有可用的背景和边界的颜色的混合体： + +``` +10 FOR BA = 0 TO 15 +20 FOR BO = 0 TO 15 +30 POKE 53280, BA +40 POKE 53281, BO +50 FOR X = 1 TO 500 : NEXT X +60 NEXT BO : NEXT BA +``` + +虽然 `POKE` 命令，带有它们的大量的运算数，开始时看起来很吓人，现在你看到数字的真实的值不是很要紧。明显地，你不得不获取正确的数字，但是所有的数字代表的是一个 Commodore 正好出现在存储在地址53280处的“容器”。这个容器有一个特殊的用途： Commodore 使用它来决定屏幕背景应该是什么颜色。 + +![Commodore 64 更改背景颜色][14] + +你认为这是非常有条理的. 仅仅通过写入内存中一个特殊目的的容器中，你可以控制一台计算机的基础属性。你不确定 Commodore 64 的电路系统如何使用你写图内存中的值，并更改屏幕的颜色，但是，你不知道这些也没事。至少你理解到这点的每一件事。 + +### 特殊容器 + +那个周六，你没有读完整本手册，因为你现在开始精疲力尽。但是你终于读完它的全部。在这个过程中，你学到更多关于 Commodore 64 的特殊目的容器。它们是你可以写的容器来控制在屏幕上是什么—一个容器，事实上，每一个位置都可能出现一个角色f。在第六章节中，“小精灵图形”，你学到特殊目的容器允许你来定义能被四周移动和甚至缩放的图像。在第七章节中，“创建声音”，你学到你能写入的容器以便使你的 Commodore 64 歌唱 “Michael Row the Boat Ashore”。Commodore 64，转到外面，你可能以后学习一个称为 API 的非常有限的方法。控制 Commodore 64 大多涉及通过电路系统给定特殊意义来写到内存地址。 + +你最终花费很多年写到这些粘住你的特殊容器。甚至几十年后，当你发现你自己用一组大量的图形或声音 API 编程一个机器时，你知道 API ，在隐蔽物的后面， API 最终是写到这些容器或一些像它们的东西。你有时会怀疑曾经使用过 API 的年轻程序员，他们一定会好奇并思考 API 正在为他们做什么。可能他们认为 API 正在调用一些其它隐藏的 API 。但是，随后思考隐藏的 API 正在调用什么？你同情这些年轻的程序员，因为他们一定非常迷惑。 + +如果你喜欢这篇张贴文, 更喜欢它每两周出来一次！在Twitter上关注 [@TwoBitHistory][15] 或订阅[ RSS 源][16]来确保你知道新的张贴文出来的时间。 + +先前关于TwoBitHistory… + +> 你曾经好奇一个19世纪计算机程序翻译到 C 语言程序的可能的样子吗？ +> +> 这周帖子: 一个详细的说明查看，Ada Lovelace 的著名程序的工作，和它将尝试去做什么。 +> +> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [2018年8月19日][17] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +通过：https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/02/learning-basic.html + +作者：[Two-Bit History][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://twobithistory.org +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZRE7HIO3vk +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_Computer_Games +[3]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZekAbt2o6Ms +[4]: https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2014/10/21/357629765/when-women-stopped-coding +[5]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA_XtT3VAVM +[6]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_startup.png +[7]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_error.png +[8]: ftp://www.zimmers.net/pub/cbm/c64/manuals/C64_Users_Guide.pdf +[9]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_colors.png +[10]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_print_loop.png +[11]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_ball.gif +[12]: http://10print.org/ +[13]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_maze.gif +[14]: https://twobithistory.org/images/c64_background.gif +[15]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory +[16]: https://twobithistory.org/feed.xml +[17]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1030974776821665793?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw From b910835b119a8c5370ddc9f53d7e53e389afe3c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2019 08:29:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0189/1265] PRF:20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md @geekpi --- ...fra with Ansible to verify server state.md | 42 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md b/translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md index c0c631ccd2..98861a65b7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state) @@ -9,17 +9,18 @@ 使用 Testinfra 和 Ansible 验证服务器状态 ====== -Testinfra 是一个功能强大的库，可用于编写测试来验证基础设施的状态。另外与 Ansible 和 Nagios 相结合，提供了一个用于架构即代码 (IaC) 的简单解决方案。 + +> Testinfra 是一个功能强大的库，可用于编写测试来验证基础设施的状态。另外它与 Ansible 和 Nagios 相结合，提供了一个用于架构即代码 (IaC) 的简单解决方案。 + ![Terminal command prompt on orange background][1] -根据设计，[Ansible][2] 传递机器的期望状态，以确保 Ansible playbook 或角色的内容部署到目标机器上。但是，如果你需要确保所有基础架构更改都在 Ansible 中，该怎么办？或者随时验证服务器的状态？ +根据设计，[Ansible][2] 传递机器的期望状态，以确保 Ansible 剧本或角色的内容部署到目标机器上。但是，如果你需要确保所有基础架构更改都在 Ansible 中，该怎么办？或者想随时验证服务器的状态？ [Testinfra][3] 是一个基础架构测试框架，它可以轻松编写单元测试来验证服务器的状态。它是一个 Python 库，使用强大的 [pytest][4] 测试引擎。 ### 开始使用 Testinfra -可以使用 Python 包管理器 （pip） 和 Python 虚拟环境轻松安装 Testinfra。 - +可以使用 Python 包管理器（`pip`）和 Python 虚拟环境轻松安装 Testinfra。 ``` $ python3 -m venv venv @@ -27,8 +28,7 @@ $ source venv/bin/activate (venv) $ pip install testinfra ``` -Testinfra 也可以使用 EPEL 仓库的 Fedora 和 CentOS 中使用。例如，在 CentOS 7 上，你可以使用以下命令安装它： - +Testinfra 也可以通过 Fedora 和 CentOS 的 EPEL 仓库中使用。例如，在 CentOS 7 上，你可以使用以下命令安装它： ``` $ yum install -y epel-release @@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ $ yum install -y python-testinfra #### 一个简单的测试脚本 -在 Testinfra 中编写测试很容易。使用你选择的代码编辑器，将以下内容添加到名为 **test_simple.py** 的文件中： - +在 Testinfra 中编写测试很容易。使用你选择的代码编辑器，将以下内容添加到名为 `test_simple.py` 的文件中： ``` import testinfra @@ -50,11 +49,10 @@ def test_sshd_inactive(host): assert host.service("sshd").is_running is False ``` -默认情况下，Testinfra 为测试用例提供了一个主机对象，该对象能访问不同的辅助模块。例如，第一个测试使用 **file** 模块来验证主机上文件的内容，第二个测试用例使用 **service** 模块来检查 systemd 服务的状态。 +默认情况下，Testinfra 为测试用例提供了一个 `host` 对象，该对象能访问不同的辅助模块。例如，第一个测试使用 `file` 模块来验证主机上文件的内容，第二个测试用例使用 `service` 模块来检查 systemd 服务的状态。 要在本机运行这些测试，请执行以下命令： - ``` (venv)$ pytest test_simple.py ================================ test session starts ================================ @@ -71,10 +69,9 @@ test_simple.py .. ### Testinfra 和 Ansible -Testinfra 支持的后端之一是 Ansible，这意味着 Testinfra 可以直接使用 Ansible 的 inventory 文件和 inventory 中定义的一组机器来对它们进行测试。 - -我们使用以下 inventory 文件作为示例： +Testinfra 支持的后端之一是 Ansible，这意味着 Testinfra 可以直接使用 Ansible 的清单文件和清单中定义的一组机器来对它们进行测试。 +我们使用以下清单文件作为示例： ``` [web] @@ -85,8 +82,7 @@ app-frontend02 db-backend01 ``` -我们希望确保我们的 Apache Web 服务器在 **app-frontend01** 和 **app-frontend02** 上运行。让我们在名为 **test_web.py** 的文件中编写测试： - +我们希望确保我们的 Apache Web 服务器在 `app-frontend01` 和 `app-frontend02` 上运行。让我们在名为 `test_web.py` 的文件中编写测试： ``` def check_httpd_service(host): @@ -102,11 +98,11 @@ def check_httpd_service(host): (venv) $ py.test --hosts=web --ansible-inventory=inventory --connection=ansible test_web.py ``` -在调用测试时，我们使用 Ansible inventory 的 **[web]** 组作为目标计算机，并指定我们要使用 Ansible 作为连接后端。 +在调用测试时，我们使用 Ansible 清单文件的 `[web]` 组作为目标计算机，并指定我们要使用 Ansible 作为连接后端。 #### 使用 Ansible 模块 -Testinfra 还为 Ansible 提供了一个很好的可用于测试的 API。该 Ansible 模块能够在 测试中运行 Ansible play，并且能够轻松检查 play 的状态。 +Testinfra 还为 Ansible 提供了一个很好的可用于测试的 API。该 Ansible 模块能够在测试中运行 Ansible 动作，并且能够轻松检查动作的状态。 ``` def check_ansible_play(host): @@ -117,15 +113,15 @@ def check_ansible_play(host): assert not host.ansible("package", "name=httpd state=present")["changed"] ``` -B默认情况下，Ansible 的[检查模式][6]已启用，这意味着 Ansible 将报告在远程主机上执行 play 时会发生的变化。 +默认情况下，Ansible 的[检查模式][6]已启用，这意味着 Ansible 将报告在远程主机上执行动作时会发生的变化。 ### Testinfra 和 Nagios -现在我们可以轻松地运行测试来验证机器的状态，我们可以使用这些测试来触发监控系统上的警报。这是捕获意外更改的好方法。 +现在我们可以轻松地运行测试来验证机器的状态，我们可以使用这些测试来触发监控系统上的警报。这是捕获意外的更改的好方法。 -Testinfra 提供了与 [Nagios][7] 的集成，它是一种流行的监控解决方案。默认情况下，Nagios 使用 [NRPE][8] 插件对远程主机进行检查，但使用 Testinfra 可以直接从 Nagios master 上运行测试。 +Testinfra 提供了与 [Nagios][7] 的集成，它是一种流行的监控解决方案。默认情况下，Nagios 使用 [NRPE][8] 插件对远程主机进行检查，但使用 Testinfra 可以直接从 Nagios 主控节点上运行测试。 -要使 Testinfra 输出与 Nagios 兼容，我们必须在触发测试时使用 **\--nagios** 标志。我们还使用 **-qq** 这个 pytest 标志来启用 pytest 的**静默**模式，这样就不会显示所有测试细节。 +要使 Testinfra 输出与 Nagios 兼容，我们必须在触发测试时使用 `--nagios` 标志。我们还使用 `-qq` 这个 pytest 标志来启用 pytest 的静默模式，这样就不会显示所有测试细节。 ``` (venv) $ py.test --hosts=web --ansible-inventory=inventory --connection=ansible --nagios -qq line test.py @@ -141,7 +137,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/using-testinfra-ansible-verify-server-s 作者：[Clement Verna][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 11323348c00428f52f2e80e557447e1e4a33fc2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2019 08:29:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0190/1265] PUB:20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10943-1.html --- ...517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md b/published/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md rename to published/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md index 98861a65b7..9b2dc01e26 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md +++ b/published/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10943-1.html) [#]: subject: (Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/using-testinfra-ansible-verify-server-state) [#]: author: (Clement Verna https://opensource.com/users/cverna/users/paulbischoff/users/dcritch/users/cobiacomm/users/wgarry155/users/kadinroob/users/koreyhilpert) From 03de7cbb6265564a9cc9fe4c4f20dac4d2074c7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2019 08:59:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0191/1265] translated --- ...27 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md | 172 ----------------- ...27 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md | 173 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 172 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md b/sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md deleted file mode 100644 index 79a58e97bb..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,172 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (A deeper dive into Linux permissions) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397790/a-deeper-dive-into-linux-permissions.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -A deeper dive into Linux permissions -====== -Sometimes you see more than just the ordinary r, w, x and - designations when looking at file permissions on Linux. How can you get a clearer view of what the uncommon charactrers are trying to tell you and how do these permissions work? -![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] - -Sometimes you see more than just the ordinary **r** , **w** , **x** and **-** designations when looking at file permissions on Linux. Instead of **rwx** for the owner, group and other fields in the permissions string, you might see an **s** or **t** , as in this example: - -``` -drwxrwsrwt -``` - -One way to get a little more clarity on this is to look at the permissions with the **stat** command. The fourth line of stat’s output displays the file permissions both in octal and string format: - -``` -$ stat /var/mail - File: /var/mail - Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 directory -Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 1048833 Links: 2 -Access: (3777/drwxrwsrwt) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 8/ mail) -Access: 2019-05-21 19:23:15.769746004 -0400 -Modify: 2019-05-21 19:03:48.226656344 -0400 -Change: 2019-05-21 19:03:48.226656344 -0400 - Birth: - -``` - -This output reminds us that there are more than nine bits assigned to file permissions. In fact, there are 12. And those extra three bits provide a way to assign permissions beyond the usual read, write and execute — 3777 (binary 011111111111), for example, indicates that two extra settings are in use. - -The first **1** (second bit) in this particular value represents the SGID (set group ID) and assigns temporary permission to run the file or use the directory with the permissions of the associated group. - -``` -011111111111 - ^ -``` - -**SGID** gives temporary permissions to the person using the file to act as a member of that group. - -The second **1** (third bit) is the “sticky” bit. It ensures that _only_ the owner of the file is able to delete or rename the file or directory. - -``` -011111111111 - ^ -``` - -Had the permissions been 7777 rather than 3777, we’d have known that the SUID (set UID) field had also been set. - -``` -111111111111 -^ -``` - -**SUID** gives temporary permissions to the user using the file to act as the file owner. - -As for the /var/mail directory which we looked at above, all users require some access so some special values are required to provide it. - -But now let’s take this a step further. - -One of the common uses of the special permission bits is with commands like the **passwd** command. If you look at the /usr/bin/passwd file, you’ll notice that the SUID bit is set, allowing you to change your password (and, thus, the contents of the /etc/shadow file) even when you’re running as an ordinary (not a privileged) user and have no read or write access to this file. Of course, the passwd command is clever enough not to allow you to change other people's passwords unless you are actually running as root or using sudo. - -``` -$ ls -l /usr/bin/passwd --rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 63736 Mar 22 14:32 /usr/bin/passwd -$ ls -l /etc/shadow --rw-r----- 1 root shadow 2195 Apr 22 10:46 /etc/shadow -``` - -Now, let’s look at what you can do with the these special permissions. - -### How to assign special file permissions - -As with many things on the Linux command line, you have some choices on how you make your requests. The **chmod** command allows you to change permissions numerically or using character expressions. - -To change file permissions numerically, you might use a command like this to set the setuid and setgid bits: - -``` -$ chmod 6775 tryme -``` - -Or you might use a command like this: - -``` -$ chmod ug+s tryme <== for SUID and SGID permissions -``` - -If the file that you are adding special permissions to is a script, you might be surprised that it doesn’t comply with your expectations. Here’s a very simple example: - -``` -$ cat tryme -#!/bin/bash - -echo I am $USER -``` - -Even with the SUID and SGID bits set and the file root-owned file, running a script like this won’t yield the “I am root” response you might expect. Why? Because Linux ignores the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on scripts. - -``` -$ ls -l tryme --rwsrwsrwt 1 root root 29 May 26 12:22 tryme -$ ./tryme -I am jdoe -``` - -If you try something similar using a compiled program, on the other hand, as with this simple C program, you’ll see a different effect. In this example program, we prompt the user to enter a file and create it for them, giving the file write permission. - -``` -#include - -int main() -{ - FILE *fp; /* file pointer*/ - char fName[20]; - - printf("Enter the name of file to be created: "); - scanf("%s",fName); - - /* create the file with write permission */ - fp=fopen(fName,"w"); - /* check if file was created */ - if(fp==NULL) - { - printf("File not created"); - exit(0); - } - - printf("File created successfully\n"); - return 0; -} -``` - -Once you compile the program and run the commands for both making root the owner and setting the needed permissions, you’ll see that it runs with root authority as expected — leaving a newly created root-owned file. Of course, you must have sudo privileges to run some of the required commands. - -``` -$ cc -o mkfile mkfile.c <== compile the program -$ sudo chown root:root mkfile <== change owner and group to “root” -$ sudo chmod ug+s mkfile <== add SUID and SGID permissions -$ ./mkfile <== run the program -Enter name of file to be create: empty -File created successfully -$ ls -l empty --rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 May 26 13:15 empty -``` - -Notice that the file is owned by root — something that wouldn’t have happened if the program hadn’t run with root authority. - -The positions of the uncommon settings in the permissions string (e.g., rw **s** rw **s** rw **t** ) can help remind us what each bit means. At least the first "s" (SUID) is in the owner-permissions area and the second (SGID) is in the group-permissions area. Why the sticky bit is a "t" instead of an "s" is beyond me. Maybe the founders imagined referring to it as the "tacky bit" and changed their minds due to less flattering second definition of the word. In any case, the extra permissions settings provide a lot of additional functionality to Linux and other Unix systems. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][2] and [LinkedIn][3] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397790/a-deeper-dive-into-linux-permissions.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/shs_rwsr-100797564-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md b/translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cc51b32dac --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (A deeper dive into Linux permissions) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397790/a-deeper-dive-into-linux-permissions.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +更深入地了解 Linux 权限 +====== +在 Linux 上查看文件权限时，有时你会看到的不仅仅是普通的 r、w、x 和 -。如何更清晰地了解这些字符试图告诉你什么以及这些权限如何工作？ +![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] + +在 Linux 上查看文件权限时，有时你会看到的不仅仅是普通的 **r**、**w**、**x** 和 **-**。除了在所有者、组和其他中看到 **rwx** 之外，你可能会看到 **s** 或者 **t**，如下例所示： + +``` +drwxrwsrwt +``` + +要进一步明确的方法之一是使用 **stat** 命令查看权限。stat 的第四行输出以八进制和字符串格式显示文件权限： + +``` +$ stat /var/mail + File: /var/mail + Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 directory +Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 1048833 Links: 2 +Access: (3777/drwxrwsrwt) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 8/ mail) +Access: 2019-05-21 19:23:15.769746004 -0400 +Modify: 2019-05-21 19:03:48.226656344 -0400 +Change: 2019-05-21 19:03:48.226656344 -0400 + Birth: - +``` + +该输出提示我们，分配给文件权限的位数超过 9 位。事实上，有 12 位。这些额外的三位提供了一种分配超出通常的读、写和执行权限的方法 - 例如，3777（二进制 011111111111）表示使用了两个额外的设置。 + +该值的第一个 **1** （第二位）表示 SGID（设置组 ID）并分配运行文件的临时权限或使用有关联组权限的目录。 + +``` +011111111111 + ^ +``` + +**SGID** 将正在使用该文件的用户作为该组成员之一分配临时权限。 + +第二个 **1**（第三位）是“粘连”位。它确保_只有_文件的所有者能够删除或重命名文件或目录。 + +``` +011111111111 + ^ +``` + +如果权限是 7777 而不是 3777，我们知道 SUID（设置 UID）字段也已设置。 + +``` +111111111111 +^ +``` + +**SUID** 将正在使用该文件的用户作为文件拥有者分配临时权限。 + +至于我们上面看到的 /var/mail 目录，所有用户都需要访问，因此需要一些特殊值来提供它。 + +但现在让我们更进一步。 + +特殊权限位的一个常见用法是使用 **passwd** 之类的命令。如果查看 /usr/bin/passwd 文件，你会注意到 SUID 位已设置，它允许你更改密码（以及 /etc/shadow 文件的内容），即使你是以普通（非特权）用户身份运行，并且对此文件没有读取或写入权限。当然，passwd 命令很聪明，不允许你更改其他人的密码，除非你是以 root 身份运行或使用 sudo。 + +``` +$ ls -l /usr/bin/passwd +-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 63736 Mar 22 14:32 /usr/bin/passwd +$ ls -l /etc/shadow +-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 2195 Apr 22 10:46 /etc/shadow +``` + +现在，让我们看一下使用这些特殊权限可以做些什么。 + +### 如何分配特殊文件权限 + +与 Linux 命令行中的许多东西一样，你可以有不同的方法设置。 **chmod** 命令允许你以数字方式或使用字符表达式更改权限。 + +要以数字方式更改文件权限，你可以使用这样的命令来设置 setuid 和 setgid 位： + +``` +$ chmod 6775 tryme +``` + +或者你可以使用这样的命令： + +``` +$ chmod ug+s tryme <== 用于 SUID 和 SGID 权限 +``` + +如果你要添加特殊权限的文件是脚本，你可能会对它不符合你的期望感到惊讶。这是一个非常简单的例子： + +``` +$ cat tryme +#!/bin/bash + +echo I am $USER +``` + +即使设置了 SUID 和 SGID 位，并且 root 是文件所有者，运行脚本也不会产生你可能期望的 “I am root”。为什么？因为 Linux 会忽略脚本的 setuid 和 setgid 位。 + +``` +$ ls -l tryme +-rwsrwsrwt 1 root root 29 May 26 12:22 tryme +$ ./tryme +I am jdoe +``` + +另一方面，如果你尝试编译程序之类，就像这个简单的 C 程序一样，你会看到不同的效果。在此示例程序中，我们提示用户输入文件名并创建它，并给文件写入权限。 + +``` +#include + +int main() +{ + FILE *fp; /* file pointer*/ + char fName[20]; + + printf("Enter the name of file to be created: "); + scanf("%s",fName); + + /* create the file with write permission */ + fp=fopen(fName,"w"); + /* check if file was created */ + if(fp==NULL) + { + printf("File not created"); + exit(0); + } + + printf("File created successfully\n"); + return 0; +} +``` + +Once you compile the program and run the commands for both making root the owner and setting the needed permissions, you’ll see that it runs with root authority as expected — leaving a newly created root-owned file. Of course, you must have sudo privileges to run some of the required commands. +编译程序并运行命令以使 root 用户成为所有者并设置所需权限后，你将看到它以预期的 root 权限运行 - 留下新创建的 root 所有者文件。当然，你必须具有 sudo 权限才能运行一些需要的命令。 + +``` +$ cc -o mkfile mkfile.c <== 编译程序 +$ sudo chown root:root mkfile <== 更改所有者和组为 “root” +$ sudo chmod ug+s mkfile <== 添加 SUID and SGID 权限 +$ ./mkfile <== 运行程序 +Enter name of file to be create: empty +File created successfully +$ ls -l empty +-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 May 26 13:15 empty +``` + +请注意，文件所有者是 root - 如果程序未以 root 权限运行，则不会发生这种情况。 + +权限字符串中不常见设置的位置（例如，rw **s** rw **s** rw **t**）可以帮助提醒我们每个位的含义。至少第一个 “s”（SUID） 位于所有者权限区域中，第二个 （SGID） 位于组权限区域中。为什么粘连位是 “t” 而不是 “s” 超出了我的理解。也许创造者想把它称为 “tacky bit”，但由于这个词的不太令人喜欢的第二个定义而改变了他们的想法。无论如何，额外的权限设置为 Linux 和其他 Unix 系统提供了许多额外的功能。 + +在 [Facebook][2] 和 [LinkedIn][3] 上加入 Network World 社区来评论主题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397790/a-deeper-dive-into-linux-permissions.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/shs_rwsr-100797564-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From edafde084974c2114ef68e941c1e641e15ff5b5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2019 09:04:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0192/1265] translating --- ...190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md index 513915bdef..4a217f7c94 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 9642d545eedf3714d1a5c3f9cd8a3e806f5a2f88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2019 13:47:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0193/1265] PRF:20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md @geekpi --- ...ecuring telnet connections with stunnel.md | 26 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md b/translated/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md index cc637cc495..1458338e8b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Securing telnet connections with stunnel) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ![][1] -Telnet 是一种客户端-服务端协议，通过 TCP 的 23 端口连接到远程服务器。Telnet 并不加密数据，被认为是不安全的，因为数据是以明文形式发送的，所以密码很容易被嗅探。但是，仍有老旧系统需要使用它。这就是用到 **stunnel** 的地方。 +Telnet 是一种客户端-服务端协议，通过 TCP 的 23 端口连接到远程服务器。Telnet 并不加密数据，因此它被认为是不安全的，因为数据是以明文形式发送的，所以密码很容易被嗅探。但是，仍有老旧系统需要使用它。这就是用到 **stunnel** 的地方。 stunnel 旨在为使用不安全连接协议的程序增加 SSL 加密。本文将以 telnet 为例介绍如何使用它。 @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ openssl genrsa 2048 > stunnel.key openssl req -new -key stunnel.key -x509 -days 90 -out stunnel.crt ``` -系统将一次提示你输入以下信息。当询问 _Common Name_ 时，你必须输入正确的主机名或 IP 地址，但是你可以按**回车**键跳过其他所有内容。 +系统将一次提示你输入以下信息。当询问 `Common Name` 时，你必须输入正确的主机名或 IP 地址，但是你可以按回车键跳过其他所有内容。 ``` You are about to be asked to enter information that will be @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []: Email Address [] ``` -将 RSA 密钥和 SSL 证书合并到单个 _.pem_ 文件中，并将其复制到 SSL 证书目录： +将 RSA 密钥和 SSL 证书合并到单个 `.pem` 文件中，并将其复制到 SSL 证书目录： ``` cat stunnel.crt stunnel.key > stunnel.pem sudo cp stunnel.pem /etc/pki/tls/certs/ ``` -现在可以定义服务和用于加密连接的端口了。选择尚未使用的端口。此例使用 450 端口进行隧道传输 telnet。编辑或创建 _/etc/stunnel/telnet.conf_ ： +现在可以定义服务和用于加密连接的端口了。选择尚未使用的端口。此例使用 450 端口进行隧道传输 telnet。编辑或创建 `/etc/stunnel/telnet.conf`： ``` cert = /etc/pki/tls/certs/stunnel.pem @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ accept = 450 connect = 23 ``` -**accept** 选项是服务器将监听传入 **accept** 请求的接口。**connect** 选项是 telnet 服务器的内部监听接口。 +`accept` 选项是服务器将监听传入 telnet 请求的接口。`connect` 选项是 telnet 服务器的内部监听接口。 接下来，创建一个 systemd 单元文件的副本来覆盖原来的版本： @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ connect = 23 sudo cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/stunnel.service /etc/systemd/system ``` -编辑 _/etc/systemd/system/stunnel.service_ 来添加两行。这些行在启动时为服务创建 chroot 监狱。 +编辑 `/etc/systemd/system/stunnel.service` 来添加两行。这些行在启动时为服务创建 chroot 监狱。 ``` [Unit] @@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ firewall-cmd --reload systemctl enable telnet.socket stunnel@telnet.service --now ``` -要注意 _systemctl_ 命令是有序的。systemd 和 stunnel 包默认提供额外的[模板单元文件][3]。该模板允许你将 stunnel 的多个配置文件放到 _/etc/stunnel_ 中，并使用文件名启动该服务。例如，如果你有一个 _foobar.conf_ 文件，那么可以使用 _systemctl start stunnel@foobar.service_ 启动该 stunnel 实例，而无需自己编写任何单元文件。 +要注意 `systemctl` 命令是有顺序的。systemd 和 stunnel 包默认提供额外的[模板单元文件][3]。该模板允许你将 stunnel 的多个配置文件放到 `/etc/stunnel` 中，并使用文件名启动该服务。例如，如果你有一个 `foobar.conf` 文件，那么可以使用 `systemctl start stunnel@foobar.service` 启动该 stunnel 实例，而无需自己编写任何单元文件。 如果需要，可以将此 stunnel 模板服务设置为在启动时启动： @@ -141,14 +141,14 @@ systemctl enable stunnel@telnet.service dnf -y install stunnel telnet ``` -将 _stunnel.pem_ 从远程服务器复制到客户端的 _/etc/pki/tls/certs_ 目录。在此例中，远程 telnet 服务器的 IP 地址为 192.168.1.143。 +将 `stunnel.pem` 从远程服务器复制到客户端的 `/etc/pki/tls/certs` 目录。在此例中，远程 telnet 服务器的 IP 地址为 `192.168.1.143`。 ``` sudo scp myuser@192.168.1.143:/etc/pki/tls/certs/stunnel.pem /etc/pki/tls/certs/ ``` -创建 _/etc/stunnel/telnet.conf_： +创建 `/etc/stunnel/telnet.conf`： ``` cert = /etc/pki/tls/certs/stunnel.pem @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ accept=450 connect=192.168.1.143:450 ``` -**accept** 选项是用于 telnet 会话的端口。**connect** 选项是你远程服务器的 IP 地址以及监听的端口。 +`accept` 选项是用于 telnet 会话的端口。`connect` 选项是你远程服务器的 IP 地址以及监听的端口。 接下来，启用并启动 stunnel： @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ connect=192.168.1.143:450 systemctl enable stunnel@telnet.service --now ``` -测试你的连接。由于有一条已建立的连接，你会 telnet 到 _localhost_ 而不是远程 telnet 服务器的主机名或者 IP 地址。 +测试你的连接。由于有一条已建立的连接，你会 `telnet` 到 `localhost` 而不是远程 telnet 服务器的主机名或者 IP 地址。 ``` [user@client ~]$ telnet localhost 450 @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/securing-telnet-connections-with-stunnel/ 作者：[Curt Warfield][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9893f5c5b53d848a037a1324f4470dba9a146758 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2019 13:47:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0194/1265] PUB:20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10945-1.html --- .../20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md b/published/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md rename to published/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md index 1458338e8b..644d288c41 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md +++ b/published/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10945-1.html) [#]: subject: (Securing telnet connections with stunnel) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/securing-telnet-connections-with-stunnel/) [#]: author: (Curt Warfield https://fedoramagazine.org/author/rcurtiswarfield/) From 756cfb8c3ca678fa6cc51f14fc961b4908a6ef16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2019 20:33:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0195/1265] PRF:20190529 NVMe on Linux.md @warmfrog --- translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md | 21 ++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md index 36ccc1a0fa..994705f28b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (warmfrog) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (NVMe on Linux) @@ -10,27 +10,26 @@ Linux 上的 NVMe =============== -如果你还没注意到，一些极速的固态磁盘技术对于Linux和其他操作系统都是可用的。 +> 如果你还没注意到，一些极速的固态磁盘技术已经可以用在 Linux 和其他操作系统上了。 + ![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] -NVMe 代表“非易失性内存快车”，它是一个主机控制器接口和存储协议，用于加速企业和客户端系统以及固态驱动器(SSD)之间的数据传输。它通过电脑的高速外围组件互联快车总线（PCIe）工作。当我看到这些名词时，我感到“羡慕”。羡慕的原因很重要。 +NVMe 意即非易失性内存主机控制器接口规范non-volatile memory express，它是一个主机控制器接口和存储协议，用于加速企业和客户端系统以及固态驱动器（SSD）之间的数据传输。它通过电脑的高速 PCIe 总线工作。每当我看到这些名词时，我的感受是“羡慕”。而羡慕的原因很重要。 使用 NVMe，数据传输的速度比旋转磁盘快很多。事实上，NVMe 驱动能够比 SATA SSD 快 7 倍。这比我们今天很多人用的固态硬盘快了 7 倍多。这意味着，如果你用一个 NVMe 驱动盘作为启动盘，你的系统能够启动的非常快。事实上，如今任何人买一个新的系统可能都不会考虑那些没有自带 NVMe 的，不管是服务器或者个人电脑。 ### NVMe 在 Linux 下能工作吗？ -是的！NVMe 自 Linux 内核 3.3 版本就支持了。更新一个系统，然而，通常同时需要一个 NVMe 控制器和一个 NVMe 磁盘。一些外置磁盘也行，但是为了添加到系统中，需要的不仅仅是通用的 USB 接口。 +是的！NVMe 自 Linux 内核 3.3 版本就支持了。然而，要升级系统，通常同时需要一个 NVMe 控制器和一个 NVMe 磁盘。一些外置磁盘也行，但是要连接到系统上，需要的可不仅仅是通用的 USB 接口。 -[MORE ON NETWORK WORLD: Linux: Best desktop distros for newbies][2] - -为了检查内核版本，使用下列命令： +先使用下列命令检查内核版本： ``` $ uname -r 5.0.0-15-generic ``` -如果你的系统已经用了 NVMe，你将看到一个设备（例如， /dev/nvme0），但是仅在你安装了 NVMe 控制器的情况下。如果你没有，你可以用下列命令获取使用 NVMe 的相关信息。 +如果你的系统已经用了 NVMe，你将看到一个设备（例如，`/dev/nvme0`），但是只有在你安装了 NVMe 控制器的情况下才显示。如果你没有 NVMe 控制器，你可以用下列命令获取使用 NVMe 的相关信息。 ``` $ modinfo nvme | head -6 @@ -44,9 +43,9 @@ alias: pci:v0000106Bd00002003sv*sd*bc*sc*i* ### 了解更多 -如果你想了解极速的 NVMe 存储的更多细节，可在 _[PCWorld][3]_ 获取。 +如果你想了解极速的 NVMe 存储的更多细节，可在 [PCWorld][3] 获取。 -规格，白皮书和其他资源可在 [NVMexpress.org][4] 获取。 +规范、白皮书和其他资源可在 [NVMexpress.org][4] 获取。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397006/nvme-on-linux.html 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 233eadefef11c488ac56d415a368c567d4f8352c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 6 Jun 2019 20:38:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0196/1265] PUB:20190529 NVMe on Linux.md @warmfrog https://linux.cn/article-10946-1.html --- {translated/tech => published}/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md b/published/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md rename to published/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md index 994705f28b..374d3ef2f2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md +++ b/published/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (warmfrog) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10946-1.html) [#]: subject: (NVMe on Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397006/nvme-on-linux.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From 3bcd9a8158aa855984f593d7cf08e62879e29ca8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2019 00:35:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0197/1265] PRF:20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md PART 1 --- ...ing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 71 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md index 3ebf00a14f..7b471f90bd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md +++ b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md @@ -1,16 +1,15 @@ 从零写一个时间序列数据库 -============================================================ - +================== 我从事监控工作。特别是在 [Prometheus][2] 上，监控系统包含一个自定义的时间序列数据库，并且集成在 [Kubernetes][3] 上。 -在许多方面上 Kubernetes 展现出了所有 Prometheus 的设计用途。它使得持续部署continuous deployments，弹性伸缩auto scaling和其他高动态环境highly dynamic environments下的功能可以轻易地访问。在众多概念上的决策中，查询语句和操作模型使得 Prometheus 特别适合这种环境。但是，如果监控的工作负载动态程度显著地增加，这就会给监控系统本身带来新的压力。记住了这一点，而不是回过头来看 Prometheus 已经解决的很好的问题，我们就可以明确目标去提升它高动态或瞬态服务transient services环境下的表现。 +在许多方面上 Kubernetes 展现出了 Prometheus 所有的设计用途。它使得持续部署continuous deployments，弹性伸缩auto scaling和其他高动态环境highly dynamic environments下的功能可以轻易地访问。查询语句和操作模型以及其它概念决策使得 Prometheus 特别适合这种环境。但是，如果监控的工作负载动态程度显著地增加，这就会给监控系统本身带来新的压力。考虑到这一点，我们就可以特别致力于在高动态或瞬态服务transient services环境下提升它的表现，而不是回过头来解决 Prometheus 已经解决的很好的问题。 -Prometheus 的存储层在很长一段时间里都展现出卓越的性能，单一服务器就能够以每秒数百多万个时间序列的速度摄入多达一百万个样本，同时只占用了很少的磁盘空间。尽管当前的存储做的很好，但我依旧提出一个新设计的存储子系统，它更正了现存解决方案的缺点，并具备处理更大规模数据的能力。 +Prometheus 的存储层在历史以来都展现出卓越的性能，单一服务器就能够以每秒数百万个时间序列的速度摄入多达一百万个样本，同时只占用了很少的磁盘空间。尽管当前的存储做的很好，但我依旧提出一个新设计的存储子系统，它可以修正现存解决方案的缺点，并具备处理更大规模数据的能力。 -注释：我没有数据库方面的背景。我说的东西可能是错的并让你误入歧途。你可以在 Freenode 的 #prometheus 频道上提出你的批评（fabxc） +> 备注：我没有数据库方面的背景。我说的东西可能是错的并让你误入歧途。你可以在 Freenode 的 #prometheus 频道上对我（fabxc）提出你的批评。 -### 问题，难题，问题域 +## 问题，难题，问题域 首先，快速地概览一下我们要完成的东西和它的关键难题。我们可以先看一下 Prometheus 当前的做法 ，它为什么做的这么好，以及我们打算用新设计解决哪些问题。 @@ -22,9 +21,9 @@ Prometheus 的存储层在很长一段时间里都展现出卓越的性能，单 identifier -> (t0, v0), (t1, v1), (t2, v2), (t3, v3), .... ``` -每个数据点是一个时间戳和值的元组。在监控中，时间戳是一个整数，值可以是任意数字。64 位浮点数对于计数器和测量值来说是一个好的表示方法，因此我们将会使用它。一系列严格单调递增的时间戳数据点是一个序列，它由标识符所引用。我们的标识符是一个带有标签维度label dimensions字典的度量名称。标签维度分开了单一指标的测量空间。每一个指标名称加上一个独一无二的标签集就成了它自己的时间序列，它有一个与之关联的数据流value stream。 +每个数据点是一个时间戳和值的元组。在监控中，时间戳是一个整数，值可以是任意数字。64 位浮点数对于计数器和测量值来说是一个好的表示方法，因此我们将会使用它。一系列严格单调递增的时间戳数据点是一个序列，它由标识符所引用。我们的标识符是一个带有标签维度label dimensions字典的度量名称。标签维度划分了单一指标的测量空间。每一个指标名称加上一个唯一标签集就成了它自己的时间序列，它有一个与之关联的数据流value stream。 -这是一个典型的序列标识符series identifiers 集，它是统计请求指标的一部分： +这是一个典型的序列标识符series identifier集，它是统计请求指标的一部分： ``` requests_total{path="/status", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.1:80”} @@ -41,6 +40,7 @@ requests_total{path="/", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.2:80”} ``` 我们想通过标签来查询时间序列数据。在最简单的情况下，使用 `{__name__="requests_total"}` 选择所有属于 `requests_total` 指标的数据。对于所有选择的序列，我们在给定的时间窗口内获取数据点。 + 在更复杂的语句中，我们或许想一次性选择满足多个标签的序列，并且表示比相等条件更复杂的情况。例如，非语句（`method!="GET"`）或正则表达式匹配（`method=~"PUT|POST"`）。 这些在很大程度上定义了存储的数据和它的获取方式。 @@ -66,24 +66,31 @@ series <-------------------- time ---------------------> ``` -Prometheus 通过定期地抓取一组时间序列的当前值来获取数据点。我们获取到的实体称为目标。因此，写入模式完全地垂直且高度并发，因为来自每个目标的样本是独立摄入的。这里提供一些测量的规模：单一 Prometheus 实例从成千上万的目标中收集数据点，每个数据点都暴露在成百上千个不同的时间序列中。 +Prometheus 通过定期地抓取一组时间序列的当前值来获取数据点。我们从中获取到的实体称为目标。因此，写入模式完全地垂直且高度并发，因为来自每个目标的样本是独立摄入的。 + +这里提供一些测量的规模：单一 Prometheus 实例从数万个目标中收集数据点，每个数据点都暴露在数百到数千个不同的时间序列中。 在每秒采集数百万数据点这种规模下，批量写入是一个不能妥协的性能要求。在磁盘上分散地写入单个数据点会相当地缓慢。因此，我们想要按顺序写入更大的数据块。 -对于旋转式磁盘，它的磁头始终得物理上地向不同的扇区上移动，这是一个不足为奇的事实。而我们都知道 SSD 具有快速随机写入的特点，但事实上它不能修改单独的字节，只能写入一页 4KiB 或更多的数据量。这就意味着写入 16 字节的样本相当于写入满满一个 4Kib 的页。这一行为部分上属于[写入放大][4]，这种特性会损耗你的 SSD。因此它不仅影响速度，而且还毫不夸张地在几天或几个周内破坏掉你的硬件。 -关于此问题更深层次的资料，[“Coding for SSDs”系列][5]博客是极好的资源。让我们想想有什么收获：顺序写入和批量写入对于旋转式磁盘和 SSD 来说都是理想的写入模式。大道至简。 -查询模式比起写入模式千差万别。我们可以查询单一序列的一个数据点，也可以为 10000 个序列查询一个数据点，还可以查询一个序列几个周的数据点，甚至是 10000 个序列几个周的数据点。因此在我们的二维平面上，查询范围不是完全水平或垂直的，而是二者形成矩形似的组合。 -[记录规则][6]减轻了已知查询的问题，但对于点对点ad-hoc查询来说并不是一个通用的解决方法。 +对于旋转式磁盘，它的磁头始终得在物理上向不同的扇区上移动，这是一个不足为奇的事实。而虽然我们都知道 SSD 具有快速随机写入的特点，但事实上它不能修改单个字节，只能写入一页或更多页的 4KiB 数据量。这就意味着写入 16 字节的样本相当于写入满满一个 4Kib 的页。这一行为就是所谓的[写入放大][4]，这种特性会损耗你的 SSD。因此它不仅影响速度，而且还毫不夸张地在几天或几个周内破坏掉你的硬件。 -我们知道自己想要批量地写入，但我们得到的仅仅是一系列垂直数据点的集合。当查询一段时间窗口内的数据点时，我们不仅很难弄清楚在哪才能找到这些单独的点，而且不得不从磁盘上大量随机的地方读取。也许一条查询语句会有数百万的样本，即使在最快的 SSD 上也会很慢。读入也会从磁盘上获取更多的数据而不仅仅是 16 字节的样本。SSD 会加载一整页，HDD 至少会读取整个扇区。不论哪一种，我们都在浪费宝贵的读吞吐量。 -因此在理想上，相同序列的样本将按顺序存储，这样我们就能通过尽可能少的读取来扫描它们。在上层，我们仅需要知道序列的起始位置就能访问所有的数据点。 +关于此问题更深层次的资料，[“Coding for SSDs”系列][5]博客是极好的资源。让我们想想主要的用处：顺序写入和批量写入分别对于旋转式磁盘和 SSD 来说都是理想的写入模式。大道至简。 -显然，将收集到的数据写入磁盘的理想模式与能够显著提高查询效率的布局之间存在着很强的张力。这是我们 TSDB 需要解决的一个基本问题。 +查询模式比起写入模式明显更不同。我们可以查询单一序列的一个数据点，也可以对 10000 个序列查询一个数据点，还可以查询一个序列几个周的数据点，甚至是 10000 个序列几个周的数据点。因此在我们的二维平面上，查询范围不是完全水平或垂直的，而是二者形成矩形似的组合。 -#### 当前的解法 +[记录规则][6]可以减轻已知查询的问题，但对于点对点ad-hoc查询来说并不是一个通用的解决方法。 + +我们知道我们想要批量地写入，但我们得到的仅仅是一系列垂直数据点的集合。当查询一段时间窗口内的数据点时，我们不仅很难弄清楚在哪才能找到这些单独的点，而且不得不从磁盘上大量随机的地方读取。也许一条查询语句会有数百万的样本，即使在最快的 SSD 上也会很慢。读入也会从磁盘上获取更多的数据而不仅仅是 16 字节的样本。SSD 会加载一整页，HDD 至少会读取整个扇区。不论哪一种，我们都在浪费宝贵的读取吞吐量。 + +因此在理想情况下，同一序列的样本将按顺序存储，这样我们就能通过尽可能少的读取来扫描它们。最重要的是，我们仅需要知道序列的起始位置就能访问所有的数据点。 + +显然，将收集到的数据写入磁盘的理想模式与能够显著提高查询效率的布局之间存在着明显的抵触。这是我们 TSDB 需要解决的一个基本问题。 + +#### 当前的解决方法 是时候看一下当前 Prometheus 是如何存储数据来解决这一问题的，让我们称它为“V2”。 -我们创建一个时间序列的文件，它包含所有样本并按顺序存储。因为每几秒附加一个样本数据到所有文件中非常昂贵，我们打包 1Kib 样本序列的数据块在内存中，一旦打包完成就附加这些数据块到单独的文件中。这一方法解决了大部分问题。写入目前是批量的，样本也是按顺序存储的。它还支持非常高效的压缩格式，基于给定的同一序列的样本相对之前的数据仅发生非常小的改变这一特性。Facebook 在他们 Gorilla TSDB 上的论文中描述了一个相似的基于数据块的方法，并且[引入了一种压缩格式][7]，它能够减少 16 字节的样本到平均 1.37 字节。V2 存储使用了包含 Gorilla 等的各种压缩格式。 + +我们创建一个时间序列的文件，它包含所有样本并按顺序存储。因为每几秒附加一个样本数据到所有文件中非常昂贵，我们在内存中打包 1Kib 样本序列的数据块，一旦打包完成就附加这些数据块到单独的文件中。这一方法解决了大部分问题。写入目前是批量的，样本也是按顺序存储的。基于给定的同一序列的样本相对之前的数据仅发生非常小的改变这一特性，它还支持非常高效的压缩格式。Facebook 在他们 Gorilla TSDB 上的论文中描述了一个相似的基于数据块的方法，并且[引入了一种压缩格式][7]，它能够减少 16 字节的样本到平均 1.37 字节。V2 存储使用了包含 Gorilla 变体等在内的各种压缩格式。 ``` ┌──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ series A @@ -98,18 +105,21 @@ Prometheus 通过定期地抓取一组时间序列的当前值来获取数据点 尽管基于块存储的方法非常棒，但为每个序列保存一个独立的文件会给 V2 存储带来麻烦，因为： -* 我们实际上需要比当前收集的时间序列数目使用更多的文件。多出的部分在序列分流Series Churn上。拥有几百万个文件，迟早会使用光文件系统中的 [inodes][1]。这种情况我们只可以通过重新格式化来恢复磁盘，这种方式是最具有破坏性的。我们通常想要避免为了适应一个应用程序而格式化磁盘。 -* 即使是分块写入，每秒也会产生几千万块的数据块并且准备持久化。这依然需要每秒数千个次的磁盘写入量。尽管通过为每个序列打包好多个块来缓解，但反过来还是增加了等待持久化数据的总内存占用。 -* 要保持所有文件的打开状态进行读写是不可行的。特别是因为 99% 的数据在 24 小时之后不再会被查询到。如果它还是被查询到，我们就得打开数千个文件，找到并读取相关的数据点到内存中，然后再关掉。这样做就会引起很高的查询延迟，数据块缓存加剧会导致新的问题，这一点在“资源消耗”一节另作讲述。 -* 最终，旧的数据需要被删除并且数据需要从数百万文件的头部删除。这就意味着删除实际上是高强度的写入操作。此外，循环遍历数百万文件并且进行分析通常会导致这一过程花费数小时。当它完成时，可能又得重新来过。喔天，继续删除旧文件又会进一步导致 SSD 产生写入放大。 -* 目前所积累的数据块仅维持在内存中。如果应用崩溃，数据就会丢失。为了避免这种情况，内存状态会定期的保存在磁盘上，这比我们能接受数据丢失的时间要长的多。恢复检查点也会花费数分钟，导致很长的重启周期。 +* 实际上，我们需要的文件比当前收集数据的时间序列数量要多得多。多出的部分在序列分流Series Churn上。有几百万个文件，迟早会使用光文件系统中的 [inode][1]。这种情况我们只能通过重新格式化来恢复磁盘，这种方式是最具有破坏性的。我们通常不想为了适应一个应用程序而格式化磁盘。 +* 即使是分块写入，每秒也会产生数千块的数据块并且准备持久化。这依然需要每秒数千次的磁盘写入。尽管通过为每个序列打包好多个块来缓解，但这反过来还是增加了等待持久化数据的总内存占用。 +* 要保持所有文件打开来进行读写是不可行的。特别是因为 99% 的数据在 24 小时之后不再会被查询到。如果查询它，我们就得打开数千个文件，找到并读取相关的数据点到内存中，然后再关掉。这样做就会引起很高的查询延迟，数据块缓存加剧会导致新的问题，这一点在“资源消耗”一节另作讲述。 +* 最终，旧的数据需要被删除，并且数据需要从数百万文件的头部删除。这就意味着删除实际上是写密集型操作。此外，循环遍历数百万文件并且进行分析通常会导致这一过程花费数小时。当它完成时，可能又得重新来过。喔天，继续删除旧文件又会进一步导致 SSD 产生写入放大。 +* 目前所积累的数据块仅维持在内存中。如果应用崩溃，数据就会丢失。为了避免这种情况，内存状态会定期的保存在磁盘上，这比我们能接受数据丢失窗口要长的多。恢复检查点也会花费数分钟，导致很长的重启周期。 -我们能够从现有的设计中学到的关键部分是数据块的概念，这一点会依旧延续。最近一段时间的数据块会保持在内存中也大体上不错。毕竟，最近时间段的数据会大量的查询到。一个时间序列对应一个文件，这种概念是我们想要替换掉的。 +我们能够从现有的设计中学到的关键部分是数据块的概念，我们当然希望保留这个概念。最新的数据块会保持在内存中一般也是好的主意。毕竟，最新的数据会大量的查询到。 + +一个时间序列对应一个文件，这个概念是我们想要替换掉的。 ### 序列分流 -在 Prometheus 的上下文context中，我们使用术语序列分流series churn来描述不活越的时间序列集合，即不再接收数据点，取而代之的是出现一组新的活跃序列。 -例如，由给定微服务实例产生的所有序列都有一个相对的“instance”标签来标识它的起源。如果我们为微服务执行了滚动更新rolling update，并且为每个实例替换一个新的版本，序列分流便会发生。在更加动态的环境中，这些事情基本上每小时都会发生。像 Kubernetes 这样的集群编排Cluster orchestration系统允许应用连续性的自动伸缩和频繁的滚动更新，这样也许会创建成千上万个新的应用程序实例，并且伴随着全新的时间序列集合，每天都是如此。 +在 Prometheus 的上下文context中，我们使用术语序列分流series churn来描述一个时间序列集合变得不活跃，即不再接收数据点，取而代之的是出现一组新的活跃序列。 + +例如，由给定微服务实例产生的所有序列都有一个相应的“instance”标签来标识其来源。如果我们为微服务执行了滚动更新rolling update，并且为每个实例替换一个新的版本，序列分流便会发生。在更加动态的环境中，这些事情基本上每小时都会发生。像 Kubernetes 这样的集群编排Cluster orchestration系统允许应用连续性的自动伸缩和频繁的滚动更新，这样也许会创建成千上万个新的应用程序实例，并且伴随着全新的时间序列集合，每天都是如此。 ``` series @@ -129,14 +139,15 @@ series <-------------------- time ---------------------> ``` -所以即便整个基础设施的规模基本保持不变，过一段时间后数据库内的时间序列还是会成线性增长。尽管 Prometheus 很愿意采集 1000 万个时间序列数据，但要想在 10 亿的序列中找到数据，查询效果还是会受到严重的影响。 +所以即便整个基础设施的规模基本保持不变，过一段时间后数据库内的时间序列还是会成线性增长。尽管 Prometheus 很愿意采集 1000 万个时间序列数据，但要想在 10 亿个序列中找到数据，查询效果还是会受到严重的影响。 -#### 当前解法 +#### 当前解决方案 + +当前 Prometheus 的 V2 存储系统对所有当前保存的序列拥有基于 LevelDB 的索引。它允许查询语句含有给定的标签对label pair，但是缺乏可伸缩的方法来从不同的标签选集中组合查询结果。 -当前 Prometheus 的 V2 存储系统对所有保存的序列拥有基于 LevelDB 的索引。它允许查询语句含有给定的标签对label pair，但是缺乏可伸缩的方法来从不同的标签选集中组合查询结果。 例如，从所有的序列中选择标签 `__name__="requests_total"` 非常高效，但是选择  `instance="A" AND __name__="requests_total"` 就有了可伸缩性的问题。我们稍后会重新考虑导致这一点的原因和能够提升查找延迟的调整方法。 -事实上正是这个问题才催生出了对更好的存储系统的最初探索。Prometheus 需要为查找亿万的时间序列改进索引方法。 +事实上正是这个问题才催生出了对更好的存储系统的最初探索。Prometheus 需要为查找亿万个时间序列改进索引方法。 ### 资源消耗 From 819b532abca50bfd8b227232de4c68799858488e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2019 10:40:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0198/1265] Update 20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 申请翻译 --- .../tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md index fbd8b9d120..725f3bcccb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (qfzy1233) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From c8bcfc5cb08515412b25b7aa619f6cdc773767da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2019 15:07:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0199/1265] PRF:20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md @geekpi --- ...27 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md | 44 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md b/translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md index cc51b32dac..39173aad39 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (A deeper dive into Linux permissions) @@ -9,16 +9,17 @@ 更深入地了解 Linux 权限 ====== -在 Linux 上查看文件权限时，有时你会看到的不仅仅是普通的 r、w、x 和 -。如何更清晰地了解这些字符试图告诉你什么以及这些权限如何工作？ -![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] +> 在 Linux 上查看文件权限时，有时你会看到的不仅仅是普通的 r、w、x 和 -。如何更清晰地了解这些字符试图告诉你什么以及这些权限如何工作？ -在 Linux 上查看文件权限时，有时你会看到的不仅仅是普通的 **r**、**w**、**x** 和 **-**。除了在所有者、组和其他中看到 **rwx** 之外，你可能会看到 **s** 或者 **t**，如下例所示： +![Sandra Henry-Stocker](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/07/150718q09wnve6ne6v9063.jpg) + +在 Linux 上查看文件权限时，有时你会看到的不仅仅是普通的 `r`、`w`、`x` 和 `-`。除了在所有者、组和其他中看到 `rwx` 之外，你可能会看到 `s` 或者 `t`，如下例所示： ``` drwxrwsrwt ``` -要进一步明确的方法之一是使用 **stat** 命令查看权限。stat 的第四行输出以八进制和字符串格式显示文件权限： +要进一步明确的方法之一是使用 `stat` 命令查看权限。`stat` 的第四行输出以八进制和字符串格式显示文件权限： ``` $ stat /var/mail @@ -32,38 +33,38 @@ Change: 2019-05-21 19:03:48.226656344 -0400 Birth: - ``` -该输出提示我们，分配给文件权限的位数超过 9 位。事实上，有 12 位。这些额外的三位提供了一种分配超出通常的读、写和执行权限的方法 - 例如，3777（二进制 011111111111）表示使用了两个额外的设置。 +这个输出提示我们，分配给文件权限的位数超过 9 位。事实上，有 12 位。这些额外的三位提供了一种分配超出通常的读、写和执行权限的方法 - 例如，`3777`（二进制 `011111111111`）表示使用了两个额外的设置。 -该值的第一个 **1** （第二位）表示 SGID（设置组 ID）并分配运行文件的临时权限或使用有关联组权限的目录。 +该值的第一个 `1` （第二位）表示 SGID（设置 GID），为运行文件而赋予临时权限，或以该关联组的权限来使用目录。 ``` 011111111111 ^ ``` -**SGID** 将正在使用该文件的用户作为该组成员之一分配临时权限。 +SGID 将正在使用该文件的用户作为该组成员之一而分配临时权限。 -第二个 **1**（第三位）是“粘连”位。它确保_只有_文件的所有者能够删除或重命名文件或目录。 +第二个 `1`（第三位）是“粘连”位。它确保*只有*文件的所有者能够删除或重命名该文件或目录。 ``` 011111111111 ^ ``` -如果权限是 7777 而不是 3777，我们知道 SUID（设置 UID）字段也已设置。 +如果权限是 `7777` 而不是 `3777`，我们知道 SUID（设置 UID）字段也已设置。 ``` 111111111111 ^ ``` -**SUID** 将正在使用该文件的用户作为文件拥有者分配临时权限。 +SUID 将正在使用该文件的用户作为文件拥有者分配临时权限。 -至于我们上面看到的 /var/mail 目录，所有用户都需要访问，因此需要一些特殊值来提供它。 +至于我们上面看到的 `/var/mail` 目录，所有用户都需要访问，因此需要一些特殊值来提供它。 但现在让我们更进一步。 -特殊权限位的一个常见用法是使用 **passwd** 之类的命令。如果查看 /usr/bin/passwd 文件，你会注意到 SUID 位已设置，它允许你更改密码（以及 /etc/shadow 文件的内容），即使你是以普通（非特权）用户身份运行，并且对此文件没有读取或写入权限。当然，passwd 命令很聪明，不允许你更改其他人的密码，除非你是以 root 身份运行或使用 sudo。 +特殊权限位的一个常见用法是使用 `passwd` 之类的命令。如果查看 `/usr/bin/passwd` 文件，你会注意到 SUID 位已设置，它允许你更改密码（以及 `/etc/shadow` 文件的内容），即使你是以普通（非特权）用户身份运行，并且对此文件没有读取或写入权限。当然，`passwd` 命令很聪明，不允许你更改其他人的密码，除非你是以 root 身份运行或使用 `sudo`。 ``` $ ls -l /usr/bin/passwd @@ -76,9 +77,9 @@ $ ls -l /etc/shadow ### 如何分配特殊文件权限 -与 Linux 命令行中的许多东西一样，你可以有不同的方法设置。 **chmod** 命令允许你以数字方式或使用字符表达式更改权限。 +与 Linux 命令行中的许多东西一样，你可以有不同的方法设置。 `chmod` 命令允许你以数字方式或使用字符表达式更改权限。 -要以数字方式更改文件权限，你可以使用这样的命令来设置 setuid 和 setgid 位： +要以数字方式更改文件权限，你可以使用这样的命令来设置 SUID 和 SGID 位： ``` $ chmod 6775 tryme @@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ $ cat tryme echo I am $USER ``` -即使设置了 SUID 和 SGID 位，并且 root 是文件所有者，运行脚本也不会产生你可能期望的 “I am root”。为什么？因为 Linux 会忽略脚本的 setuid 和 setgid 位。 +即使设置了 SUID 和 SGID 位，并且 root 是文件所有者，运行脚本也不会产生你可能期望的 “I am root”。为什么？因为 Linux 会忽略脚本的 SUID 和 SGID 位。 ``` $ ls -l tryme @@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ $ ./tryme I am jdoe ``` -另一方面，如果你尝试编译程序之类，就像这个简单的 C 程序一样，你会看到不同的效果。在此示例程序中，我们提示用户输入文件名并创建它，并给文件写入权限。 +另一方面，如果你对一个编译的程序之类进行类似的尝试，就像下面这个简单的 C 程序一样，你会看到不同的效果。在此示例程序中，我们提示用户输入文件名并创建它，并给文件写入权限。 ``` #include @@ -135,8 +136,7 @@ int main() } ``` -Once you compile the program and run the commands for both making root the owner and setting the needed permissions, you’ll see that it runs with root authority as expected — leaving a newly created root-owned file. Of course, you must have sudo privileges to run some of the required commands. -编译程序并运行命令以使 root 用户成为所有者并设置所需权限后，你将看到它以预期的 root 权限运行 - 留下新创建的 root 所有者文件。当然，你必须具有 sudo 权限才能运行一些需要的命令。 +编译程序并运行该命令以使 root 用户成为所有者并设置所需权限后，你将看到它以预期的 root 权限运行 - 留下新创建的 root 为所有者的文件。当然，你必须具有 `sudo` 权限才能运行一些需要的命令。 ``` $ cc -o mkfile mkfile.c <== 编译程序 @@ -151,9 +151,7 @@ $ ls -l empty 请注意，文件所有者是 root - 如果程序未以 root 权限运行，则不会发生这种情况。 -权限字符串中不常见设置的位置（例如，rw **s** rw **s** rw **t**）可以帮助提醒我们每个位的含义。至少第一个 “s”（SUID） 位于所有者权限区域中，第二个 （SGID） 位于组权限区域中。为什么粘连位是 “t” 而不是 “s” 超出了我的理解。也许创造者想把它称为 “tacky bit”，但由于这个词的不太令人喜欢的第二个定义而改变了他们的想法。无论如何，额外的权限设置为 Linux 和其他 Unix 系统提供了许多额外的功能。 - -在 [Facebook][2] 和 [LinkedIn][3] 上加入 Network World 社区来评论主题。 +权限字符串中不常见设置的位置（例如，rw**s**rw**s**rw**t**）可以帮助提醒我们每个位的含义。至少第一个 “s”（SUID） 位于所有者权限区域中，第二个 （SGID） 位于组权限区域中。为什么粘连位是 “t” 而不是 “s” 超出了我的理解。也许创造者想把它称为 “tacky bit”，但由于这个词的不太令人喜欢的第二个定义而改变了他们的想法。无论如何，额外的权限设置为 Linux 和其他 Unix 系统提供了许多额外的功能。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -162,7 +160,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397790/a-deeper-dive-into-linux-permi 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d9ff31988c0abdeb77c2624a95d698dbd03e5eae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2019 15:08:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0200/1265] PUB:20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10947-1.html --- .../20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md b/published/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md rename to published/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md index 39173aad39..a4bba97507 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md +++ b/published/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10947-1.html) [#]: subject: (A deeper dive into Linux permissions) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3397790/a-deeper-dive-into-linux-permissions.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From 3f9fe4885fb92a96a436c09b0e7764a355aa96c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2019 19:02:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0201/1265] PRF:20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md PART 2 --- ...ing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 42 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md index 7b471f90bd..62ebe149f0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md +++ b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md @@ -151,20 +151,23 @@ series ### 资源消耗 -当试图量化 Prometheus （或其他任何事情，真的）时，资源消耗是永恒不变的话题之一。但真正困扰用户的并不是对资源的绝对渴求。事实上，由于给定的需求，Prometheus 管理着令人难以置信的吞吐量。问题更在于面对变化时的相对未知性与不稳定性。由于自身的架构设计，V2 存储系统构建样本数据块相当缓慢，这一点导致内存占用随时间递增。当数据块完成之后，它们可以写到磁盘上并从内存中清除。最终，Prometheus 的内存使用到达平衡状态。直到监测环境发生了改变——每次我们扩展应用或者进行滚动更新，序列分流都会增加内存、CPU、磁盘 IO 的使用。如果变更正在进行，那么它最终还是会到达一个稳定的状态，但比起更加静态的环境，它的资源消耗会显著地提高。过渡时间通常为数个小时，而且难以确定最大资源使用量。 +当试图扩展 Prometheus（或其他任何事情，真的）时，资源消耗是永恒不变的话题之一。但真正困扰用户的并不是对资源的绝对渴求。事实上，由于给定的需求，Prometheus 管理着令人难以置信的吞吐量。问题更在于面对变化时的相对未知性与不稳定性。通过其架构设计，V2 存储系统缓慢地构建了样本数据块，这一点导致内存占用随时间递增。当数据块完成之后，它们可以写到磁盘上并从内存中清除。最终，Prometheus 的内存使用到达稳定状态。直到监测环境发生了改变——每次我们扩展应用或者进行滚动更新，序列分流都会增加内存、CPU、磁盘 I/O 的使用。 + +如果变更正在进行，那么它最终还是会到达一个稳定的状态，但比起更加静态的环境，它的资源消耗会显著地提高。过渡时间通常为数个小时，而且难以确定最大资源使用量。 + +为每个时间序列保存一个文件这种方法也使得一个单个查询就很容易崩溃 Prometheus 进程。当查询的数据没有缓存在内存中，查询的序列文件就会被打开，然后将含有相关数据点的数据块读入内存。如果数据量超出内存可用量，Prometheus 就会因 OOM 被杀死而退出。 -为每个时间序列保存一个文件这种方法也使得单一查询很容易崩溃 Prometheus 进程。当查询的数据没有缓存在内存中，查询的序列文件就会被打开，然后将含有相关数据点的数据块读入内存。如果数据量超出内存可用量，Prometheus 就会因 OOM 被杀死而退出。 在查询语句完成之后，加载的数据便可以被再次释放掉，但通常会缓存更长的时间，以便更快地查询相同的数据。后者看起来是件不错的事情。 -最后，我们看看之前提到的 SSD 的写入放大，以及 Prometheus 是如何通过批量写入来解决这个问题的。尽管如此，在许多地方还是存在因为拥有太多小批量数据以及在页的边界上未精确对齐的数据而导致的写入放大。对于更大规模的 Prometheus 服务器，现实当中发现会缩减硬件寿命的问题。这一点对于数据库应用的高写入吞吐量来说仍然相当普遍，但我们应该放眼看看是否可以解决它。 +最后，我们看看之前提到的 SSD 的写入放大，以及 Prometheus 是如何通过批量写入来解决这个问题的。尽管如此，在许多地方还是存在因为批量太小以及数据未精确对齐页边界而导致的写入放大。对于更大规模的 Prometheus 服务器，现实当中会发现缩减硬件寿命的问题。这一点对于高写入吞吐量的数据库应用来说仍然相当普遍，但我们应该放眼看看是否可以解决它。 ### 重新开始 -到目前为止我们对于问题域，V2 存储系统是如何解决它的，以及设计上的问题有了一个清晰的认识。我们也看到了许多很棒的想法，这些或多或少都可以拿来直接使用。V2 存储系统相当数量的问题都可以通过改进和部分的重新设计来解决，但为了好玩（当然，在我仔细的验证想法之后），我决定试着写一个完整的时间序列数据库——从头开始，即向文件系统写入字节。 +到目前为止我们对于问题域、V2 存储系统是如何解决它的，以及设计上存在的问题有了一个清晰的认识。我们也看到了许多很棒的想法，这些或多或少都可以拿来直接使用。V2 存储系统相当数量的问题都可以通过改进和部分的重新设计来解决，但为了好玩（当然，在我仔细的验证想法之后），我决定试着写一个完整的时间序列数据库——从头开始，即向文件系统写入字节。 -性能与资源使用这种最关键的部分直接导致了存储格式的选取。我们需要为数据找到正确的算法和磁盘布局来实现一个高性能的存储层。 +性能与资源使用这种最关键的部分直接影响了存储格式的选取。我们需要为数据找到正确的算法和磁盘布局来实现一个高性能的存储层。 -这就是我解决问题的捷径——跳过令人头疼，失败的想法，数不尽的草图，泪水与绝望。 +这就是我解决问题的捷径——跳过令人头疼、失败的想法，数不尽的草图，泪水与绝望。 ### V3—宏观设计 @@ -198,14 +201,15 @@ $ tree ./data └── 000003 ``` -在最顶层，我们有一系列以 `b-` 为前缀编号的块block。每个块中显然保存了索引文件和含有更多编号文件的 `chunk` 文件夹。`chunks` 目录只包含不同序列数据点的原始块raw chunks of data points。与 V2存储系统一样，这使得通过时间窗口读取序列数据非常高效并且允许我们使用相同的有效压缩算法。这一点被证实行之有效，我们也打算沿用。显然，这里并不存在含有单个序列的文件，而是一堆保存着许多序列的数据块。 -`index`文件的存在应不足为奇。让我们假设它拥有黑魔法，可以让我们找到标签、可能的值、整个时间序列和存放数据点的数据块。 +在最顶层，我们有一系列以 `b-` 为前缀编号的块block。每个块中显然保存了索引文件和含有更多编号文件的 `chunk` 文件夹。`chunks` 目录只包含不同序列数据点的原始块raw chunks of data points。与 V2 存储系统一样，这使得通过时间窗口读取序列数据非常高效并且允许我们使用相同的有效压缩算法。这一点被证实行之有效，我们也打算沿用。显然，这里并不存在含有单个序列的文件，而是一堆保存着许多序列的数据块。 -但为什么这里有好几个文件夹都是索引和块文件的布局？并且为什么存在最后一个包含“wal”文件夹？理解这两个疑问便能解决九成的问题 。 +`index` 文件的存在应该不足为奇。让我们假设它拥有黑魔法，可以让我们找到标签、可能的值、整个时间序列和存放数据点的数据块。 + +但为什么这里有好几个文件夹都是索引和块文件的布局？并且为什么存在最后一个包含 `wal` 文件夹？理解这两个疑问便能解决九成的问题。 #### 许多小型数据库 -我们分割横轴，即将时间域分割为不重叠的块。每一块扮演者完全独立的数据库，它包含该时间窗口所有的时间序列数据。因此，它拥有自己的索引和一系列块文件。 +我们分割横轴，即将时间域分割为不重叠的块。每一块扮演着完全独立的数据库，它包含该时间窗口所有的时间序列数据。因此，它拥有自己的索引和一系列块文件。 ``` @@ -221,29 +225,31 @@ t0 t1 t2 t3 now merge ─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ``` -每一块的数据都是不可变的immutable。当然，当我们采集新数据时，我们必须能向最近的块中添加新的序列和样本。对于该数据块，所有新的数据都将写入内存中的数据库中，它与我们的持久化的数据块一样提供了查找属性。内存中的数据结构可以高效地更新。为了防止数据丢失，所有预传入的数据同样被写入临时的预写日志write ahead log中，这就是 `wal` 文件夹中的一些列文件，我们可以在重新启动时通过它们加载内存数据库。 -所有这些文件都带有序列化格式，有我们所期望的所有东西：许多标志，偏移量，变体和 CRC32 校验。纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。 +每一块的数据都是不可变的immutable。当然，当我们采集新数据时，我们必须能向最近的块中添加新的序列和样本。对于该数据块，所有新的数据都将写入内存中的数据库中，它与我们的持久化的数据块一样提供了查找属性。内存中的数据结构可以高效地更新。为了防止数据丢失，所有传入的数据同样被写入临时的预写日志write ahead log中，这就是 `wal` 文件夹中的一些列文件，我们可以在重新启动时通过它们重新填充内存数据库。 + +所有这些文件都带有序列化格式，有我们所期望的所有东西：许多标志、偏移量、变体和 CRC32 校验和。纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。 这种布局允许我们扩展查询范围到所有相关的块上。每个块上的部分结果最终合并成完整的结果。 这种横向分割增加了一些很棒的功能： -* 当查询一个时间范围，我们可以简单地忽略所有范围之外的数据块。通过减少需要检查的一系列数据，它可以初步解决序列分流的问题。 +* 当查询一个时间范围，我们可以简单地忽略所有范围之外的数据块。通过减少需要检查的数据集，它可以初步解决序列分流的问题。 * 当完成一个块，我们可以通过顺序的写入大文件从内存数据库中保存数据。这样可以避免任何的写入放大，并且 SSD 与 HDD 均适用。 * 我们延续了 V2 存储系统的一个好的特性，最近使用而被多次查询的数据块，总是保留在内存中。 -* 足够好了，我们也不再限定 1KiB 的数据块尺寸来使数据在磁盘上更好地对齐。我们可以挑选对单个数据点和压缩格式最合理的尺寸。 +* 很好，我们也不再受限于 1KiB 的数据块尺寸，以使数据在磁盘上更好地对齐。我们可以挑选对单个数据点和压缩格式最合理的尺寸。 * 删除旧数据变得极为简单快捷。我们仅仅只需删除一个文件夹。记住，在旧的存储系统中我们不得不花数个小时分析并重写数亿个文件。 -每个块还包含了 `meta.json` 文件。它简单地保存了关于块的存储状态和包含的数据以供人们简单的阅读。 +每个块还包含了 `meta.json` 文件。它简单地保存了关于块的存储状态和包含的数据，以便轻松了解存储状态及其包含的数据。 ##### mmap -将数百万个小文件合并为一个大文件使得我们用很小的开销就能保持所有的文件都打开。这就引出了 [`mmap(2)`][8] 的使用，一个允许我们通过文件透明地回传虚拟内存的系统调用。为了简便，你也许想到了交换空间swap space，只是我们所有的数据已经保存在了磁盘上，并且当数据换出内存后不再会发生写入。 +将数百万个小文件合并为少数几个大文件使得我们用很小的开销就能保持所有的文件都打开。这就解除了对 [mmap(2)][8] 的使用的阻碍，这是一个允许我们通过文件透明地回传虚拟内存的系统调用。简单起见，你可以将其视为交换空间swap space，只是我们所有的数据已经保存在了磁盘上，并且当数据换出内存后不再会发生写入。 + +这意味着我们可以当作所有数据库的内容都视为在内存中却不占用任何物理内存。仅当我们访问数据库文件某些字节范围时，操作系统才会从磁盘上惰性加载lazy load页数据。这使得我们将所有数据持久化相关的内存管理都交给了操作系统。通常，操作系统更有资格作出这样的决定，因为它可以全面了解整个机器和进程。查询的数据可以相当积极的缓存进内存，但内存压力会使得页被换出。如果机器拥有未使用的内存，Prometheus 目前将会高兴地缓存整个数据库，但是一旦其他进程需要，它就会立刻返回那些内存。 -这意味着我们可以当作所有数据库的内容都保留在内存中却不占用任何物理内存。仅当我们访问数据库文件确定的字节范围时，操作系统从磁盘上惰性加载lazy loads页数据。这使得我们将所有数据持久化相关的内存管理都交给了操作系统。大体上，操作系统已足够资格作出决定，因为它拥有整个机器和进程的视图。查询的数据可以相当积极的缓存进内存，但内存压力会使得页被逐出。如果机器拥有未使用的内存，Prometheus 目前将会高兴地缓存整个数据库，但是一旦其他进程需要，它就会立刻返回。 因此，查询不再轻易地使我们的进程 OOM，因为查询的是更多的持久化的数据而不是装入内存中的数据。内存缓存大小变得完全自适应，并且仅当查询真正需要时数据才会被加载。 -就个人理解，如果磁盘格式允许，这就是当今大多数数据库的理想工作方式——除非有人自信的在进程中智胜操作系统。我们做了很少的工作但确实从外面获得了很多功能。 +就个人理解，这就是当今大多数数据库的工作方式，如果磁盘格式允许，这是一种理想的方式，——除非有人自信能在这个过程中超越操作系统。我们做了很少的工作但确实从外面获得了很多功能。 #### 压缩 From c0a8a2a0371759eff35a861bd0cb8abb4190e4d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2019 20:04:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0202/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...s fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md | 47 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md b/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md index 8b4d57d9a8..67ac307832 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md @@ -7,48 +7,51 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396230/when-iot-systems-fail-the-risk-of-having-bad-iot-data.html) [#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) -When IoT systems fail: The risk of having bad IoT data +当物联网系统出现故障：使用低质量物联网数据的风险 ====== -As the use of internet of things (IoT) devices grows, the data they generate can lead to significant savings for consumers and new opportunities for businesses. But what happens when errors inevitably crop up? + +伴随着物联网设备使用量的增长，这些设备产生的数据可以让消费者节约巨大的开支，也给商家带来新的机遇。但是当故障不可避免地出现的时候，会发生什么呢？ ![Oonal / Getty Images][1] -No matter what numbers you look at, it’s clear that the internet of things (IoT) continues to worm its way into more and more areas of personal and private life. That growth brings many benefits, but it also poses new risks. A big question is who takes responsibility when things go wrong. +你可以去看任何统计数字，很明显物联网正在走进个人生活和私人生活的方方面面。这种增长虽然有不少好处，但是也带来了新的风险。一个很重要的问题是，出现问题的时候谁来负责呢？ -Perhaps the biggest issue surrounds the use of IoT-generated data to personalize the offering and pricing of various products and services. [Insurance companies have long struggled with how best to use IoT data][2], but last year I wrote about how IoT sensors are beginning to be used to help home insurers reduce water damage losses. And some companies are looking into the potential for insurers to bid for consumers: business based on the risks (or lack thereof) revealed by their smart-home data. +也许最大的问题出在基于物联网数据进行的个性化营销以及定价策略上。[保险公司长期以来致力于寻找利用物联网数据的最佳方式][2]， +我去年写过家庭财产保险公司是如何开始利用物联网传感器减少水灾带来的损失的。一些公司正在研究保险公司向消费者竞标的可能性，这种业务基于智能家居数据所揭示的风险的高低。 -But some of the biggest progress has come in the area of automobile insurance, where many automobile insurers already let customers install tracking devices in their cars in exchange for discounts for demonstrating safe-driving habits. +但是最大的进步出现在汽车保险领域。许多汽车保险公司已经可以让客户在车辆上安装追踪设备，如果数据证明他们的驾驶习惯良好就可以获取保险折扣。 -**[ Also read:[Finally, a smart way for insurers to leverage IoT in smart homes][3] ]** +**[ 延伸阅读:[保险公司终于有了一个利用智能家居物联网的好办法][3] ]** -### **The rise of usage-based insurance** +### **UBI 车险的崛起** -Called usage-based insurance (UBI), this “pay-as-you-drive” approach tracks speed, location, and other factors to assess risk and calculate auto insurance premiums. An estimated [50 million U.S. drivers][4] will have enrolled in UBI programs by 2020. +UBI（基于使用的保险）车险是一种“按需付费”的业务，可以通过追踪速度、位置，以及其他因素来评估风险并计算车险保费。到2020年，预计有[5000万美国司机][4]会加入到 UBI 车险的项目中。 -Not surprisingly, insurers love UBI because it helps them calculate their risks more precisely. In fact, [AIG Ireland is trying to get the country to require UBI for drivers under 25][5]. And demonstrably safe drivers are also often happy save some money. There has been pushback, of course, mostly from privacy advocates and groups who might have to pay more under this model. +不出所料，保险公司对 UBI 车险青睐有加，因为 UBI 车险可以帮助他们更加精确地计算风险。事实上，[AIG 爱尔兰已经在尝试让国家向 25 岁以下的司机强制推行 UBI 车险][5]。并且被认定驾驶习惯良好的司机也很乐意节省一笔费用。当然也有反对的声音了，大多数是来自于隐私权倡导者，以及会因此支付更多费用的群体。 -### **What happens when something goes wrong?** +### **出了故障会发生什么？** -But there’s another, more worrisome, potential issue: What happens when the data provided by the IoT device is wrong or gets garbled somewhere along the way? Because despite all the automation, error-checking, and so on, occasional errors inevitably slip through the cracks. +但是还有一个更加令人担忧的潜在问题：当物联网设备提供的数据有问题，或者在传输过程中出了故障会发生什么？因为尽管有自动化程序，错误检查等等，还是偶尔会有故障不可避免地发生。 -Unfortunately, this isn’t just an academic concern that might someday accidentally cost some careful drivers a few extra bucks on their insurance. It’s already a real-world problem with serious consequences. And just like [the insurance industry still hasn’t figured out who should “own” data generated by customer-facing IoT devices][6], it’s not clear who would take responsibility for dealing with problems with that data. +不幸的是，这并不是一个理论上某天会给好司机不小心多扣几块钱保费的问题。这已经是一个会带来严重后果的现实问题。就像[保险行业仍然没有想清楚谁应该“拥有”面向客户的物联网设备产生的数据][6]一样，我们也不清楚谁将对这些数据所带来的问题负责。 -Though not strictly an IoT issue, computer “glitches” allegedly led to Hertz rental cars erroneously being reported stolen and innocent renters being arrested and detained. The result? Criminal charges, years of litigation, and finger pointing. Lots and lots of finger pointing. +计算机"故障"（虽然并不是一个严格意义上的物联网问题）据说曾导致赫兹的租车被误报为被盗，并且导致无辜的租车人被逮捕并扣留。结果呢？刑事指控，多年的诉讼官司，以及舆论的指责。非常强烈的舆论指责。 -With that in mind, it’s easy to imagine, for example, an IoT sensor getting confused and indicating that a car was speeding even while safely under the speed limit. Think of the hassles of trying to fight _that_ in court, or arguing with your insurance company over it. +考虑到这一点，我们非常容易想象，比如说一个物联网传感器出了故障，然后报告说某辆车超速了，然而事实上并没有超速。想想为这件事打官司的麻烦吧，或者想想和你的保险公司如何争执不下。 -(Of course, there’s also the flip side of this problem: Consumers may find ways to hack the data shared by their IoT devices to fraudulently qualify for lower rates or deflect blame for an incident. There’s no real plan in place to deal with _that_ , either.) +（当然，这个问题还有另外一面：消费者可能会想办法篡改他们的物联网设备上的数据，以获得更低的费率或者转移事故责任。我们同样也没有可行的办法来应对 _这个问题_ 。） -### **Studying the need for government regulation** +### **政府监管是否有必要** -Given the potential impacts of these issues, and the apparent lack of interest in dealing with them from the many companies involved, it seems legitimate to wonder if government intervention is warranted. +考虑到这些问题的潜在影响，以及所涉及公司对处理这些问题的无动于衷，我们似乎有理由猜想政府干预的必要性。 -That could be one motivation behind the [reintroduction of the SMART (State of Modern Application, Research, and Trends of) IoT Act][7] by Rep. Bob Latta (R-Ohio). [The bill][8], stemming from a bipartisan IoT working group helmed by Latta and Rep. Peter Welch (D-Vt.), passed the House last fall but failed in the Senate. It would require the Commerce Department to study the state of the IoT industry and report back to the House Energy & Commerce and Senate Commerce Committee in two years. +这可能是众议员 Bob Latta（俄亥俄州，共和党）[重新引入 SMART IOT（物联网现代应用、研究及趋势的现状）法案][7]背后的一个动机。这项由 Latta 和众议员 Peter Welch（佛蒙特州，民主党）领导的两党合作物联网工作组提出的[法案][8]，于去年秋天通过众议院，但被参议院驳回了。商务部需要研究物联网行业的状况，并在两年后向众议院能源与商业部和参议院商务委员会报告。 -In a statement, Latta said, “With a projected economic impact in the trillions of dollars, we need to look at the policies, opportunities, and challenges that IoT presents. The SMART IoT Act will make it easier to understand what the government is doing on IoT policy, what it can do better, and how federal policies can impact the research and discovery of cutting-edge technologies.” +Latta 在一份声明中表示，“由于预计会有数万亿美元的经济影响，我们需要考虑物联网所带来的的政策，机遇和挑战。SMART IoT 法案会让人们更容易理解政府在物联网政策上的做法、可以改进的地方，以及联邦政策如何影响尖端技术的研究和发明。” -The research is welcome, but the bill may not even pass. Even it does, with its two-year wait time, the IoT will likely evolve too fast for the government to keep up. +这项研究受到了欢迎，但该法案甚至可能不会被通过。即便通过了，物联网在两年的等待时间里也可能会翻天覆地，让政府还是无法跟上。 + +加入 Network World 的[Facebook 社区][9] 和 [LinkedIn 社区][10]，参与最前沿话题的讨论。 -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][9] and [LinkedIn][10] to comment on topics that are top of mind. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396230/when-iot-systems-fail-the-risk 作者：[Fredric Paul][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 96bd88fe9ff4c9f42c26f337d3f955df8597b953 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2019 20:20:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0203/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md | 13 ++++++------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md b/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md index 67ac307832..f8d8670237 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md @@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ 你可以去看任何统计数字，很明显物联网正在走进个人生活和私人生活的方方面面。这种增长虽然有不少好处，但是也带来了新的风险。一个很重要的问题是，出现问题的时候谁来负责呢？ -也许最大的问题出在基于物联网数据进行的个性化营销以及定价策略上。[保险公司长期以来致力于寻找利用物联网数据的最佳方式][2]， -我去年写过家庭财产保险公司是如何开始利用物联网传感器减少水灾带来的损失的。一些公司正在研究保险公司向消费者竞标的可能性，这种业务基于智能家居数据所揭示的风险的高低。 +也许最大的问题出在基于物联网数据进行的个性化营销以及定价策略上。[保险公司长期以来致力于寻找利用物联网数据的最佳方式][2]，我去年写过家庭财产保险公司是如何开始利用物联网传感器减少水灾带来的损失的。一些公司正在研究保险公司向消费者竞标的可能性，这种业务基于智能家居数据所揭示的风险的高低。 但是最大的进步出现在汽车保险领域。许多汽车保险公司已经可以让客户在车辆上安装追踪设备，如果数据证明他们的驾驶习惯良好就可以获取保险折扣。 @@ -26,17 +25,17 @@ UBI（基于使用的保险）车险是一种“按需付费”的业务，可以通过追踪速度、位置，以及其他因素来评估风险并计算车险保费。到2020年，预计有[5000万美国司机][4]会加入到 UBI 车险的项目中。 -不出所料，保险公司对 UBI 车险青睐有加，因为 UBI 车险可以帮助他们更加精确地计算风险。事实上，[AIG 爱尔兰已经在尝试让国家向 25 岁以下的司机强制推行 UBI 车险][5]。并且被认定驾驶习惯良好的司机也很乐意节省一笔费用。当然也有反对的声音了，大多数是来自于隐私权倡导者，以及会因此支付更多费用的群体。 +不出所料，保险公司对 UBI 车险青睐有加，因为 UBI 车险可以帮助他们更加精确地计算风险。事实上，[AIG 爱尔兰已经在尝试让国家向 25 岁以下的司机强制推行 UBI 车险][5]。并且，被认定为驾驶习惯良好的司机自然也很乐意节省一笔费用。当然也有反对的声音了，大多数是来自于隐私权倡导者，以及会因此支付更多费用的群体。 ### **出了故障会发生什么？** -但是还有一个更加令人担忧的潜在问题：当物联网设备提供的数据有问题，或者在传输过程中出了故障会发生什么？因为尽管有自动化程序，错误检查等等，还是偶尔会有故障不可避免地发生。 +但是还有一个更加令人担忧的潜在问题：当物联网设备提供的数据有错误，或者在传输过程中出了问题会发生什么？因为尽管有自动化程序，错误检查等等，还是不可避免地会偶尔发生一些故障。 -不幸的是，这并不是一个理论上某天会给好司机不小心多扣几块钱保费的问题。这已经是一个会带来严重后果的现实问题。就像[保险行业仍然没有想清楚谁应该“拥有”面向客户的物联网设备产生的数据][6]一样，我们也不清楚谁将对这些数据所带来的问题负责。 +不幸的是，这并不是一个理论上某天会给谨慎的司机不小心多扣几块钱保费的问题。这已经是一个会带来严重后果的现实问题。就像[保险行业仍然没有想清楚谁应该“拥有”面向客户的物联网设备产生的数据][6]一样，我们也不清楚谁将对这些数据所带来的问题负责。 -计算机"故障"（虽然并不是一个严格意义上的物联网问题）据说曾导致赫兹的租车被误报为被盗，并且导致无辜的租车人被逮捕并扣留。结果呢？刑事指控，多年的诉讼官司，以及舆论的指责。非常强烈的舆论指责。 +计算机"故障"据说曾导致赫兹的租车被误报为被盗（虽然在这个例子中这并不是一个严格意义上的物联网问题），并且导致无辜的租车人被逮捕并扣留。结果呢？刑事指控，多年的诉讼官司，以及舆论的指责。非常强烈的舆论指责。 -考虑到这一点，我们非常容易想象，比如说一个物联网传感器出了故障，然后报告说某辆车超速了，然而事实上并没有超速。想想为这件事打官司的麻烦吧，或者想想和你的保险公司如何争执不下。 +我们非常容易想象一些类似的情况，比如说一个物联网传感器出了故障，然后报告说某辆车超速了，然而事实上并没有超速。想想为这件事打官司的麻烦吧，或者想想和你的保险公司如何争执不下。 （当然，这个问题还有另外一面：消费者可能会想办法篡改他们的物联网设备上的数据，以获得更低的费率或者转移事故责任。我们同样也没有可行的办法来应对 _这个问题_ 。） From daab1aef650c32fddff88ff424afd79e56811140 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2019 20:23:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0204/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E8=87=B3translated=E7=9B=AE?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md b/translated/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md rename to translated/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md From b5c074b718c6894098ad6b1522bde0bdb729acf8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2019 21:33:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0205/1265] PRF:20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md PART 3 --- ...ing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 28 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md index 62ebe149f0..85cbb478e7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md +++ b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md @@ -253,10 +253,11 @@ t0 t1 t2 t3 now #### 压缩 -存储系统需要定期的“切”出新块并写入之前完成的块到磁盘中。仅在块成功的持久化之后，写之前用来恢复内存块的日志文件（wal）才会被删除。 -我们很乐意将每个块的保存时间设置的相对短一些（通常配置为 2 小时）以避免内存中积累太多的数据。当查询多个块，我们必须合并它们的结果为一个完成的结果。合并过程显然会消耗资源，一个周的查询不应该由 80 多个部分结果所合并。 +存储系统需要定期“切”出新块并将之前完成的块写入到磁盘中。仅在块成功的持久化之后，才会被删除之前用来恢复内存块的日志文件（wal）。 -为了实现两者，我们引入压缩compaction。压缩描述了一个过程：取一个或更多个数据块并将其写入一个可能更大的块中。它也可以在此过程中修改现有的数据。例如，清除已经删除的数据，或为提升查询性能重建样本块。 +我们希望将每个块的保存时间设置的相对短一些（通常配置为 2 小时），以避免内存中积累太多的数据。当查询多个块，我们必须将它们的结果合并为一个整体的结果。合并过程显然会消耗资源，一个星期的查询不应该由超过 80 个的部分结果所组成。 + +为了实现两者，我们引入压缩compaction。压缩描述了一个过程：取一个或更多个数据块并将其写入一个可能更大的块中。它也可以在此过程中修改现有的数据。例如，清除已经删除的数据，或重建样本块以提升查询性能。 ``` @@ -272,11 +273,11 @@ t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 now └──────────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────────┘ └───────────┘ ``` -在这个例子中我们有一系列块`[1,2,3,4]`。块 1，2 ，3 可以压缩在一起，新的布局将会是 `[1,4]`。或者，将它们成对压缩为 `[1,3]`。所有的时间序列数据仍然存在，但现在整体上保存在更少的块中。这极大程度地缩减了查询时间的消耗，因为需要合并的部分查询结果变得更少了。 +在这个例子中我们有顺序块 `[1,2,3,4]`。块 1、2、3 可以压缩在一起，新的布局将会是 `[1,4]`。或者，将它们成对压缩为 `[1,3]`。所有的时间序列数据仍然存在，但现在整体上保存在更少的块中。这极大程度地缩减了查询时间的消耗，因为需要合并的部分查询结果变得更少了。 #### 保留 -我们看到了删除旧的数据在 V2 存储系统中是一个缓慢的过程，并且消耗 CPU、内存和磁盘。如何才能在我们基于块的设计上清除旧的数据？相当简单，只要根据块文件夹下的配置的保留窗口里有无数据而删除该文件夹。在下面的例子中，块 1 可以被安全地删除，而块 2 则必须一直保持到界限后面。 +我们看到了删除旧的数据在 V2 存储系统中是一个缓慢的过程，并且消耗 CPU、内存和磁盘。如何才能在我们基于块的设计上清除旧的数据？相当简单，只要删除我们配置的保留时间窗口里没有数据的块文件夹即可。在下面的例子中，块 1 可以被安全地删除，而块 2 则必须一直保留，直到它落在保留窗口边界之外。 ``` | @@ -288,16 +289,19 @@ t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 now retention boundary ``` -得到越旧的数据，保存的块也就越大，因为我们会压缩之前的压缩块。因此必须为其设置一个上限，以防数据块扩展到整个数据库而损失我们设计的最初优势。 -方便的是，这一点也限制了部分存在于保留窗口内部分存在于保留窗口外的总磁盘块的消耗。例如上面例子中的块 2。当设置了最大块尺寸为总保留窗口的 10% 后，我们保留块 2 的总开销也有了 10% 的上限。 +随着我们不断压缩先前压缩的块，旧数据越大，块可能变得越大。因此必须为其设置一个上限，以防数据块扩展到整个数据库而损失我们设计的最初优势。 + +方便的是，这一点也限制了部分存在于保留窗口内部分存在于保留窗口外的块的磁盘消耗总量。例如上面例子中的块 2。当设置了最大块尺寸为总保留窗口的 10% 后，我们保留块 2 的总开销也有了 10% 的上限。 总结一下，保留与删除从非常昂贵到了几乎没有成本。 -> 如果你读到这里并有一些数据库的背景知识，现在你也许会问：这些都是最新的技术吗？——并不是。而且可能还会做的更好。 - -> 在内存中打包数据，定期的写入日志并刷新磁盘的模式在现在相当普遍。 -> 我们看到的好处无论在什么领域的数据里都是适用的。遵循这一方法最著名的开源案例是 LevelDB，Cassandra，InfluxDB 和 HBase。关键是避免重复发明劣质的轮子，采用经得起验证的方法，并正确地运用它们。 -> 这里仍有地方来添加你自己的黑魔法。 +> 如果你读到这里并有一些数据库的背景知识，现在你也许会问：这些都是最新的技术吗？——并不是；而且可能还会做的更好。 +> +> 在内存中批量处理数据，在预写日志中跟踪，并定期写入到磁盘的模式在现在相当普遍。 +> +> 我们看到的好处无论在什么领域的数据里都是适用的。遵循这一方法最著名的开源案例是 LevelDB、Cassandra、InfluxDB 和 HBase。关键是避免重复发明劣质的轮子，采用经过验证的方法，并正确地运用它们。 +> +> 脱离场景添加你自己的黑魔法是一种不太可能的情况。 ### 索引 From 68364d2aa9859a1cf8666bf07b66c72799497668 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 17:25:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0206/1265] PRF:20190527 How to write a good C main function.md @MjSeven --- ...527 How to write a good C main function.md | 386 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 190 insertions(+), 196 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md b/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md index 8cce949bfc..182a127bf2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (MjSeven) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to write a good C main function) @@ -9,22 +9,23 @@ 如何写好 C main 函数 ====== -学习如何构造一个 C 文件并编写一个 C main 函数来处理命令行参数，像 champ 一样。 -(to 校正：champ 是一个命令行程序吗？但我并没有找到，这里按一个程序来解释了) + +> 学习如何构造一个 C 文件并编写一个 C main 函数来成功地处理命令行参数。 + ![Hand drawing out the word "code"][1] -我知道，现在孩子们用 Python 和 JavaScript 编写他们疯狂的“应用程序”。但是不要这么快就否定 C 语言-- 它能够提供很多东西，并且简洁。如果你需要速度，用 C 语言编写可能就是你的答案。如果你正在寻找工作保障或者学习如何捕获[空指针解引用][2]，C 语言也可能是你的答案！在本文中，我将解释如何构造一个 C 文件并编写一个 C main 函数来处理像 champ 这样的命令行参数。 +我知道，现在孩子们用 Python 和 JavaScript 编写他们疯狂的“应用程序”。但是不要这么快就否定 C 语言 —— 它能够提供很多东西，并且简洁。如果你需要速度，用 C 语言编写可能就是你的答案。如果你正在寻找稳定的职业或者想学习如何捕获[空指针解引用][2]，C 语言也可能是你的答案！在本文中，我将解释如何构造一个 C 文件并编写一个 C main 函数来成功地处理命令行参数。 -**我**：一个顽固的 Unix 系统程序员。 -**你**：一个有编辑器，C 编译器，并有时间打发的人。 +我：一个顽固的 Unix 系统程序员。 +你：一个有编辑器、C 编译器，并有时间打发的人。 -_让我们开工吧。_ +让我们开工吧。 ### 一个无聊但正确的 C 程序 ![Parody O'Reilly book cover, "Hating Other People's Code"][3] -一个 C 程序以 **main()** 函数开头，通常保存在名为 **main.c** 的文件中。 +C 程序以 `main()` 函数开头，通常保存在名为 `main.c` 的文件中。 ``` /* main.c */ @@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { } ``` -这个程序会 _编译_ 但不 _执行_ 任何操作。 +这个程序可以*编译*但不*执行*任何操作。 ``` $ gcc main.c @@ -45,35 +46,34 @@ $ ### main 函数是唯一的。 -**main()** 函数是程序开始执行时执行的第一个函数，但不是第一个执行的函数。_第一个_ 函数是 **_start()**，它通常由 C 运行库提供，在编译程序时自动链接。此细节高度依赖于操作系统和编译器工具链，所以我假装没有提到它。 +`main()` 函数是开始执行时所执行的程序的第一个函数，但不是第一个执行的函数。*第一个*函数是 `_start()`，它通常由 C 运行库提供，在编译程序时自动链接。此细节高度依赖于操作系统和编译器工具链，所以我假装没有提到它。 -**main()** 函数有两个参数，通常称为 **argc** 和 **argv**，并返回一个有符号整数。大多数 Unix 环境都希望程序在成功时返回 **0**（零），失败时返回 **-1**（负一）。 +`main()` 函数有两个参数，通常称为 `argc` 和 `argv`，并返回一个有符号整数。大多数 Unix 环境都希望程序在成功时返回 `0`（零），失败时返回 `-1`（负一）。 参数 | 名称 | 描述 ---|---|--- -argc | 参数个数 | 参数向量的个数 -argv | 参数向量 | 字符指针数组 - -参数向量 **argv** 是调用程序的命令行的标记化表示形式。在上面的例子中，**argv** 将是以下字符串的列表： +`argc` | 参数个数 | 参数向量的个数 +`argv` | 参数向量 | 字符指针数组 +参数向量 `argv` 是调用程序的命令行的标记化表示形式。在上面的例子中，`argv` 将是以下字符串的列表： ``` `argv = [ "/path/to/a.out", "-o", "foo", "-vv" ];` ``` -参数向量保证在第一个索引中始终至少有一个字符串 **argv[0]**，这是执行程序的完整路径。 +参数向量保证在第一个索引中始终至少有一个字符串 `argv[0]`，这是执行程序的完整路径。 ### main.c 文件的剖析 -当我从头开始编写 **main.c** 时，它的结构通常如下： +当我从头开始编写 `main.c` 时，它的结构通常如下： ``` /* main.c */ -/* 0 copyright/licensing */ -/* 1 includes */ -/* 2 defines */ -/* 3 external declarations */ -/* 4 typedefs */ +/* 0 版权/许可证 */ +/* 1 包含 */ +/* 2 定义 */ +/* 3 外部声明 */ +/* 4 类型定义 */ /* 5 全局变量声明 */ /* 6 函数原型 */ @@ -93,18 +93,17 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { \- A cynical but smart and good looking programmer. ``` -使用有意义的函数名和变量名而不是注释。 +使用有意义的函数名和变量名，而不是注释。 为了迎合程序员固有的惰性，一旦添加了注释，维护负荷就会增加一倍。如果更改或重构代码，则需要更新或扩展注释。随着时间的推移，代码会发生变化，与注释所描述的内容完全不同。 -如果你必须写注释，不要写关于代码正在做 _什么_，相反，写下 _为什么_ 代码需要这样写。写一些你想在五年后读到的注释，那时你已经将这段代码忘得一干二净。世界的命运取决于你。_不要有压力。_ +如果你必须写注释，不要写关于代码正在做*什么*，相反，写下*为什么*代码需要这样写。写一些你想在五年后读到的注释，那时你已经将这段代码忘得一干二净。世界的命运取决于你。*不要有压力。* -#### 1\. Includes +#### 1、 包含 -我添加到 **main.c** 文件的第一个东西是 include 文件，它们为程序提供大量标准 C 标准库函数和变量。C 标准库做了很多事情。浏览 **/usr/include** 中的头文件，了解它们可以为你做些什么。 - -**#include** 字符串是 [C 预处理程序][4]（cpp）指令，它会将引用的文件完整地包含在当前文件中。C 中的头文件通常以 **.h** 扩展名命名，且不应包含任何可执行代码。它只有宏、定义、typedef、外部变量和函数原型。字符串 **** 告诉 cpp 在系统定义的头文件路径中查找名为 **header.h** 的文件，通常在 **/usr/include** 目录中。 +我添加到 `main.c` 文件的第一个东西是包含文件，它们为程序提供大量标准 C 标准库函数和变量。C 标准库做了很多事情。浏览 `/usr/include` 中的头文件，了解它们可以为你做些什么。 +`#include` 字符串是 [C 预处理程序][4]（cpp）指令，它会将引用的文件完整地包含在当前文件中。C 中的头文件通常以 `.h` 扩展名命名，且不应包含任何可执行代码。它只有宏、定义、类型定义、外部变量和函数原型。字符串 `` 告诉 cpp 在系统定义的头文件路径中查找名为 `header.h` 的文件，通常在 `/usr/include` 目录中。 ``` /* main.c */ @@ -118,43 +117,42 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { #include ``` -以下内容是我默认会包含的最小全局 include 集合： +以上内容是我默认会包含的最小全局包含集合： -#include 文件 | 提供的东西 +\#include 文件 | 提供的东西 ---|--- -stdio | 提供 FILE, stdin, stdout, stderr 和 fprint() 函数系列 -stdlib | 提供 malloc(), calloc() 和 realloc() -unistd | 提供 EXIT_FAILURE, EXIT_SUCCESS -libgen | 提供 basename() 函数 +stdio | 提供 FILE、stdin、stdout、stderr 和 `fprint()` 函数系列 +stdlib | 提供 `malloc()`、`calloc()` 和 `realloc()` +unistd | 提供 `EXIT_FAILURE`、`EXIT_SUCCESS` +libgen | 提供 `basename()` 函数 errno | 定义外部 errno 变量及其可以接受的所有值 -string | 提供 memcpy(), memset() 和 strlen() 函数系列 -getopt | 提供 外部 optarg, opterr, optind 和 getopt() 函数 -sys/types | 类型定义快捷方式，如 uint32_t 和 uint64_t +string | 提供 `memcpy()`、`memset()` 和 `strlen()` 函数系列 +getopt | 提供外部 optarg、opterr、optind 和 `getopt()` 函数 +sys/types | 类型定义快捷方式，如 `uint32_t` 和 `uint64_t` -#### 2\. Defines +#### 2、定义 ``` /* main.c */ <...> -#define OPTSTR "vi⭕f:h" -#define USAGE_FMT "%s [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h]" -#define ERR_FOPEN_INPUT "fopen(input, r)" +#define OPTSTR "vi:o:f:h" +#define USAGE_FMT "%s [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h]" +#define ERR_FOPEN_INPUT "fopen(input, r)" #define ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT "fopen(output, w)" #define ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL "do_the_needful blew up" #define DEFAULT_PROGNAME "george" ``` -这在现在没有多大意义，但 **OPTSTR** 定义是我说明程序将推荐的命令行切换。参考 [**getopt(3)**][5] man 页面，了解 **OPTSTR** 将如何影响 **getopt()** 的行为。 +这在现在没有多大意义，但 `OPTSTR` 定义我会说明一下，它是程序推荐的命令行开关。参考 [getopt(3)][5] man 页面，了解 `OPTSTR` 将如何影响 `getopt()` 的行为。 -**USAGE_FMT** 定义了一个 **printf()** 风格形式的格式字符串，在 **usage()** 函数中被引用。 +`USAGE_FMT` 定义了一个 `printf()` 风格形式的格式字符串，在 `usage()` 函数中被引用。 -我还喜欢将字符串常量放在文件的这一部分作为 **#defines**。如果需要，收集它们可以更容易地修复拼写、重用消息和国际化消息。 +我还喜欢将字符串常量放在文件的这一部分作为 `#defines`。如果需要，把它们收集在一起可以更容易地修复拼写、重用消息和国际化消息。 -最后，在命名 **#define** 时使用全部大写字母，以区别变量和函数名。如果需要，可以将单词放在一起或使用下划线分隔，只要确保它们都是大写的就行。 - -#### 3\. 外部声明 +最后，在命名 `#define` 时全部使用大写字母，以区别变量和函数名。如果需要，可以将单词放连在一起或使用下划线分隔，只要确保它们都是大写的就行。 +#### 3、外部声明 ``` /* main.c */ @@ -165,27 +163,25 @@ extern char *optarg; extern int opterr, optind; ``` -**extern** 声明将该名称带入当前编译单元的命名空间（也称为 "file"），并允许程序访问该变量。这里我们引入了三个整数变量和一个字符指针的定义。**getopt()** 函数使用 **opt** 前缀变量，C 标准库使用 **errno** 作为带外通信通道来传达函数可能的失败原因。 - -#### 4\. Typedefs +`extern` 声明将该名称带入当前编译单元的命名空间（也称为 “文件”），并允许程序访问该变量。这里我们引入了三个整数变量和一个字符指针的定义。`opt` 前缀的几个变量是由 `getopt()` 函数使用的，C 标准库使用 `errno` 作为带外通信通道来传达函数可能的失败原因。 +#### 4、类型定义 ``` /* main.c */ <...> typedef struct { -int verbose; -uint32_t flags; -FILE *input; -FILE *output; + int verbose; + uint32_t flags; + FILE *input; + FILE *output; } options_t; ``` -在外部声明之后，我喜欢为结构、联合和枚举声明 **typedefs**。命名 **typedef** 本身就是一种传统行为。我非常喜欢 **_t** 后缀来表示该名称是一种类型。在这个例子中，我将 **options_t** 声明为一个包含 4 个成员的 **struct**。C 是一种与空格无关的编程语言，因此我使用空格将字段名排列在同一列中。我只是喜欢它的样子。对于指针声明，我在名称前面加上星号，以明确它是一个指针。 - -#### 5\. 全局变量声明 +在外部声明之后，我喜欢为结构、联合和枚举声明 `typedef`。命名一个 `typedef` 本身就是一种传统行为。我非常喜欢使用 `_t` 后缀来表示该名称是一种类型。在这个例子中，我将 `options_t` 声明为一个包含 4 个成员的 `struct`。C 是一种空格无关的编程语言，因此我使用空格将字段名排列在同一列中。我只是喜欢它看起来的样子。对于指针声明，我在名称前面加上星号，以明确它是一个指针。 +#### 5、全局变量声明 ``` /* main.c */ @@ -194,10 +190,9 @@ FILE *output; int dumb_global_variable = -11; ``` -全局变量是一个坏主意，你永远不应该使用它们。但如果你必须使用全局变量，请在这里声明并确保给它们一个默认值。说真的，_不要使用全局变量_。 - -#### 6\. 函数原型 +全局变量是一个坏主意，你永远不应该使用它们。但如果你必须使用全局变量，请在这里声明并确保给它们一个默认值。说真的，*不要使用全局变量*。 +#### 6、函数原型 ``` /* main.c */ @@ -207,144 +202,143 @@ void usage(char *progname, int opt); int do_the_needful(options_t *options); ``` -在编写函数时，将它们添加到 **main()** 函数之后而不是之前，这里放函数原型。早期的 C 编译器使用单遍策略，这意味着你在程序中使用的每个符号（变量或函数名称）必须在使用之前声明。现代编译器几乎都是多遍编译器，它们在生成代码之前构建一个完整的符号表，因此并不严格要求使用函数原型。但是，有时你无法选择代码中使用的编译器，所以请编写函数原型并继续。 +在编写函数时，将它们添加到 `main()` 函数之后而不是之前，在这里放函数原型。早期的 C 编译器使用单遍策略，这意味着你在程序中使用的每个符号（变量或函数名称）必须在使用之前声明。现代编译器几乎都是多遍编译器，它们在生成代码之前构建一个完整的符号表，因此并不严格要求使用函数原型。但是，有时你无法选择代码要使用的编译器，所以请编写函数原型并继续。 -当然，我总是包含一个 **usage()** 函数，当 **main()** 函数不理解你从命令行传入的内容时，它会调用这个函数。 - -#### 7\. 命令行解析 +当然，我总是包含一个 `usage()` 函数，当 `main()` 函数不理解你从命令行传入的内容时，它会调用这个函数。 +#### 7、命令行解析 ``` /* main.c */ <...> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { -int opt; -options_t options = { 0, 0x0, stdin, stdout }; + int opt; + options_t options = { 0, 0x0, stdin, stdout }; -opterr = 0; + opterr = 0; -while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, OPTSTR)) != EOF) -switch(opt) { -case 'i': -if (!(options.input = [fopen][6](optarg, "r")) ){ -[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_INPUT); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} -break; + while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, OPTSTR)) != EOF) + switch(opt) { + case 'i': + if (!(options.input = fopen(optarg, "r")) ){ + perror(ERR_FOPEN_INPUT); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + /* NOTREACHED */ + } + break; -case 'o': -if (!(options.output = [fopen][6](optarg, "w")) ){ -[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} -break; + case 'o': + if (!(options.output = fopen(optarg, "w")) ){ + perror(ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + /* NOTREACHED */ + } + break; + + case 'f': + options.flags = (uint32_t )strtoul(optarg, NULL, 16); + break; -case 'f': -options.flags = (uint32_t )[strtoul][9](optarg, NULL, 16); -break; + case 'v': + options.verbose += 1; + break; -case 'v': -options.verbose += 1; -break; + case 'h': + default: + usage(basename(argv[0]), opt); + /* NOTREACHED */ + break; + } -case 'h': -default: -usage(basename(argv[0]), opt); -/* NOTREACHED */ -break; -} + if (do_the_needful(&options) != EXIT_SUCCESS) { + perror(ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + /* NOTREACHED */ + } -if (do_the_needful(&options) != EXIT_SUCCESS) { -[perror][7](ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} - -return EXIT_SUCCESS; + return EXIT_SUCCESS; } ``` -好吧，代码有点多。**main()** 函数的目的是收集用户提供的参数，执行最小的输入验证，然后将收集的参数传递给使用它们的函数。这个示例声明使用默认值初始化的 **options** 变量，并解析命令行，根据需要更新 **options**。 +好吧，代码有点多。`main()` 函数的目的是收集用户提供的参数，执行最基本的输入验证，然后将收集到的参数传递给使用它们的函数。这个示例声明一个使用默认值初始化的 `options` 变量，并解析命令行，根据需要更新 `options`。 -**main()** 函数的核心是一个 **while** 循环，它使用 **getopt()** 来遍历 **argv**，寻找命令行选项及其参数（如果有的话）。文件前面的 **OPTSTR** **#define** 是驱动 **getopt()** 行为的模板。**opt** 变量接受 **getopt()** 找到的任何命令行选项的字符值，程序对检测命令行选项的响应发生在 **switch** 语句中。 +`main()` 函数的核心是一个 `while` 循环，它使用 `getopt()` 来遍历 `argv`，寻找命令行选项及其参数（如果有的话）。文件前面的 `OPTSTR` 定义是驱动 `getopt()` 行为的模板。`opt` 变量接受 `getopt()` 找到的任何命令行选项的字符值，程序对检测命令行选项的响应发生在 `switch` 语句中。 -现在你注意到了可能会问，为什么 **opt** 被声明为 32 位 **int**，但是预期是 8 位 **char**？事实上 **getopt()** 返回一个 **int**，当它到达 **argv** 末尾时取负值，我会使用 **EOF**（_文件末尾_ 标记）匹配。**char** 是有符号的，但我喜欢将变量匹配到它们的函数返回值。 +现在你注意到了可能会问，为什么 `opt` 被声明为 32 位 `int`，但是预期是 8 位 `char`？事实上 `getopt()` 返回一个 `int`，当它到达 `argv` 末尾时取负值，我会使用 `EOF`（*文件末尾*标记）匹配。`char` 是有符号的，但我喜欢将变量匹配到它们的函数返回值。 -当检测到一个已知的命令行选项时，会发生特定的行为。有些选项有一个参数，在 **OPTSTR** 中指定了一个以冒号结尾的参数。当一个选项有一个参数时，**argv** 中的下一个字符串可以通过外部定义的变量 **optarg** 提供给程序。我使用 **optarg** 打开文件进行读写，或者将命令行参数从字符串转换为整数值。 +当检测到一个已知的命令行选项时，会发生特定的行为。有些选项有一个参数，在 `OPTSTR` 中指定了一个以冒号结尾的参数。当一个选项有一个参数时，`argv` 中的下一个字符串可以通过外部定义的变量 `optarg` 提供给程序。我使用 `optarg` 打开文件进行读写，或者将命令行参数从字符串转换为整数值。 这里有几个关于风格的要点： - * 将 **opterr** 初始化为 0，禁止 **getopt** 发出 **?**。 - * 在 **main()** 的中间使用 **exit(EXIT_FAILURE);** 或 **exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);**。 - * **/* NOTREACHED */** 是我喜欢的一个 lint 指令。 - * 在函数末尾使用 **return EXIT_SUCCESS;** 返回一个 int 类型。 + * 将 `opterr` 初始化为 0，禁止 `getopt` 发出 `?`。 + * 在 `main()` 的中间使用 `exit(EXIT_FAILURE);` 或 `exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);`。 + * `/* NOTREACHED */` 是我喜欢的一个 lint 指令。 + * 在函数末尾使用 `return EXIT_SUCCESS;` 返回一个 int 类型。 * 显示强制转换隐式类型。 -这个程序的命令行签名经过编译如下所示： +这个程序的命令行格式，经过编译如下所示： + ``` $ ./a.out -h a.out [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h] ``` -事实上，**usage()** 在编译后就会向 **stderr** 发出这样的命令。 +事实上，在编译后 `usage()` 就会向 `stderr` 发出这样的内容。 -#### 8\. 函数声明 +#### 8、函数声明 ``` /* main.c */ <...> void usage(char *progname, int opt) { -[fprintf][10](stderr, USAGE_FMT, progname?progname:DEFAULT_PROGNAME); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ + fprintf(stderr, USAGE_FMT, progname?progname:DEFAULT_PROGNAME); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + /* NOTREACHED */ } int do_the_needful(options_t *options) { -if (!options) { -errno = EINVAL; -return EXIT_FAILURE; -} + if (!options) { + errno = EINVAL; + return EXIT_FAILURE; + } -if (!options->input || !options->output) { -errno = ENOENT; -return EXIT_FAILURE; -} + if (!options->input || !options->output) { + errno = ENOENT; + return EXIT_FAILURE; + } -/* XXX do needful stuff */ + /* XXX do needful stuff */ -return EXIT_SUCCESS; + return EXIT_SUCCESS; } ``` -最后，我编写的函数不是样板函数。在本例中，函数 **do_the_needful()** 接受指向 **options_t** 结构的指针。我验证 **options** 指针不为 **NULL**，然后继续验证 **input** 和 **output** 结构成员。如果其中一个测试失败，返回 **EXIT_FAILURE**，并且通过将外部全局变量 **errno** 设置为常规错误代码，我向调用者发出一个原因的信号。调用者可以使用便捷函数 **perror()** 来根据 **errno** 的值发出人类可读的错误消息。 +最后，我编写的函数不是样板函数。在本例中，函数 `do_the_needful()` 接受指向 `options_t` 结构的指针。我验证 `options` 指针不为 `NULL`，然后继续验证 `input` 和 `output` 结构成员。如果其中一个测试失败，返回 `EXIT_FAILURE`，并且通过将外部全局变量 `errno` 设置为常规错误代码，我向调用者发出一个原因的信号。调用者可以使用便捷函数 `perror()` 来根据 `errno` 的值发出人类可读的错误消息。 -函数几乎总是以某种方式验证它们的输入。如果完全验证代价很大，那么尝试执行一次并将验证后的数据视为不可变。**usage()** 函数使用 **fprintf()** 调用中的条件赋值验证 **progname** 参数。**usage()** 函数无论如何都要退出，所以我不需要设置 **errno** 或为使用正确的程序名大吵一场。 +函数几乎总是以某种方式验证它们的输入。如果完全验证代价很大，那么尝试执行一次并将验证后的数据视为不可变。`usage()` 函数使用 `fprintf()` 调用中的条件赋值验证 `progname` 参数。`usage()` 函数无论如何都要退出，所以我不需要设置 `errno` 或为使用正确的程序名大吵一场。 -在这里，我要避免的最大错误是取消引用 **NULL** 指针。这将导致操作系统向我的进程发送一个名为 **SYSSEGV** 的特殊信号，导致不可避免的死亡。用户希望看到的是由 **SYSSEGV** 引起的崩溃。为了发出更好的错误消息并优雅地关闭程序，捕获 **NULL** 指针要好得多。 +在这里，我要避免的最大错误是解引用 `NULL` 指针。这将导致操作系统向我的进程发送一个名为 `SYSSEGV` 的特殊信号，导致不可避免的死亡。用户希望看到的是由 `SYSSEGV` 引起的崩溃。为了发出更好的错误消息并优雅地关闭程序，捕获 `NULL` 指针要好得多。 -有些人抱怨在函数体中有多个 **return** 语句，他们争论“控制流的连续性”和其他东西。老实说，如果函数中间出现错误，那么这个时候是返回错误条件的好时机。写一大堆嵌套的 **if** 语句只有一个 return 绝不是一个“好主意。”™ +有些人抱怨在函数体中有多个 `return` 语句，他们争论“控制流的连续性”和其他东西。老实说，如果函数中间出现错误，那么这个时候是返回错误条件的好时机。写一大堆嵌套的 `if` 语句只有一个 `return` 绝不是一个“好主意”™。 -最后，如果您编写的函数接受四个或更多参数，请考虑将它们绑定到一个结构中，并传递一个指向该结构的指针。这使得函数签名更简单，更容易记住，并且在以后调用时不会出错。它还使调用函数速度稍微快一些，因为需要复制到函数堆栈中的东西更少。在实践中，只有在函数被调用数百万或数十亿次时，才会考虑这个问题。如果认为这没有意义，那么不要担心。 +最后，如果你编写的函数接受四个或更多参数，请考虑将它们绑定到一个结构中，并传递一个指向该结构的指针。这使得函数签名更简单，更容易记住，并且在以后调用时不会出错。它还使调用函数速度稍微快一些，因为需要复制到函数堆栈中的东西更少。在实践中，只有在函数被调用数百万或数十亿次时，才会考虑这个问题。如果认为这没有意义，那么不要担心。 ### 等等，你说没有注释 !?!! -在 **do_the_needful()** 函数中，我写了一种特殊类型的注释，它被设计为占位符而不是记录代码： - +在 `do_the_needful()` 函数中，我写了一种特殊类型的注释，它被设计为占位符而不是说明代码： ``` `/* XXX do needful stuff */` ``` -当你在该区域时，有时你不想停下来编写一些特别复杂的代码，你会之后再写，而不是现在。那就是我留给自己一点面包屑的地方。我插入一个带有 **XXX** 前缀的注释和一个描述需要做什么的简短注释。之后，当我有更多时间的时候，我会在源代码中寻找 **XXX**。使用什么并不重要，只要确保它不太可能在另一个上下文中以函数名或变量形式显示在代码库中。 +当你在该区域时，有时你不想停下来编写一些特别复杂的代码，你会之后再写，而不是现在。那就是我留给自己再次回来的地方。我插入一个带有 `XXX` 前缀的注释和一个描述需要做什么的简短注释。之后，当我有更多时间的时候，我会在源代码中寻找 `XXX`。使用什么并不重要，只要确保它不太可能在另一个上下文中以函数名或变量形式显示在代码库中。 -### 把它们放在一起 +### 把它们组合在一起 -好吧，当你编译这个程序后，它 _仍_ 仍几乎没有任何作用。但是现在你有了一个坚实的骨架来构建你自己的命令行解析 C 程序。 +好吧，当你编译这个程序后，它*仍然*几乎没有任何作用。但是现在你有了一个坚实的骨架来构建你自己的命令行解析 C 程序。 ``` /* main.c - the complete listing */ @@ -357,9 +351,9 @@ return EXIT_SUCCESS; #include #include -#define OPTSTR "vi⭕f:h" -#define USAGE_FMT "%s [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h]" -#define ERR_FOPEN_INPUT "fopen(input, r)" +#define OPTSTR "vi:o:f:h" +#define USAGE_FMT "%s [-v] [-f hexflag] [-i inputfile] [-o outputfile] [-h]" +#define ERR_FOPEN_INPUT "fopen(input, r)" #define ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT "fopen(output, w)" #define ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL "do_the_needful blew up" #define DEFAULT_PROGNAME "george" @@ -369,86 +363,86 @@ extern char *optarg; extern int opterr, optind; typedef struct { -int verbose; -uint32_t flags; -FILE *input; -FILE *output; + int verbose; + uint32_t flags; + FILE *input; + FILE *output; } options_t; int dumb_global_variable = -11; void usage(char *progname, int opt); -int do_the_needful(options_t *options); +int do_the_needful(options_t *options); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { -int opt; -options_t options = { 0, 0x0, stdin, stdout }; + int opt; + options_t options = { 0, 0x0, stdin, stdout }; -opterr = 0; + opterr = 0; -while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, OPTSTR)) != EOF) -switch(opt) { -case 'i': -if (!(options.input = [fopen][6](optarg, "r")) ){ -[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_INPUT); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} -break; + while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, OPTSTR)) != EOF) + switch(opt) { + case 'i': + if (!(options.input = fopen(optarg, "r")) ){ + perror(ERR_FOPEN_INPUT); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + /* NOTREACHED */ + } + break; -case 'o': -if (!(options.output = [fopen][6](optarg, "w")) ){ -[perror][7](ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} -break; + case 'o': + if (!(options.output = fopen(optarg, "w")) ){ + perror(ERR_FOPEN_OUTPUT); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + /* NOTREACHED */ + } + break; + + case 'f': + options.flags = (uint32_t )strtoul(optarg, NULL, 16); + break; -case 'f': -options.flags = (uint32_t )[strtoul][9](optarg, NULL, 16); -break; + case 'v': + options.verbose += 1; + break; -case 'v': -options.verbose += 1; -break; + case 'h': + default: + usage(basename(argv[0]), opt); + /* NOTREACHED */ + break; + } -case 'h': -default: -usage(basename(argv[0]), opt); -/* NOTREACHED */ -break; -} + if (do_the_needful(&options) != EXIT_SUCCESS) { + perror(ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + /* NOTREACHED */ + } -if (do_the_needful(&options) != EXIT_SUCCESS) { -[perror][7](ERR_DO_THE_NEEDFUL); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ -} - -return EXIT_SUCCESS; + return EXIT_SUCCESS; } void usage(char *progname, int opt) { -[fprintf][10](stderr, USAGE_FMT, progname?progname:DEFAULT_PROGNAME); -[exit][8](EXIT_FAILURE); -/* NOTREACHED */ + fprintf(stderr, USAGE_FMT, progname?progname:DEFAULT_PROGNAME); + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + /* NOTREACHED */ } int do_the_needful(options_t *options) { -if (!options) { -errno = EINVAL; -return EXIT_FAILURE; -} + if (!options) { + errno = EINVAL; + return EXIT_FAILURE; + } -if (!options->input || !options->output) { -errno = ENOENT; -return EXIT_FAILURE; -} + if (!options->input || !options->output) { + errno = ENOENT; + return EXIT_FAILURE; + } -/* XXX do needful stuff */ + /* XXX do needful stuff */ -return EXIT_SUCCESS; + return EXIT_SUCCESS; } ``` @@ -461,7 +455,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/how-write-good-c-main-function 作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9a60b604ee70028efb2e276273d621ce576ae527 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 21:14:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0207/1265] PRF:20190527 How to write a good C main function.md @MjSeven --- ...527 How to write a good C main function.md | 87 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md b/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md index 182a127bf2..6dccfc369b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md @@ -12,11 +12,12 @@ > 学习如何构造一个 C 文件并编写一个 C main 函数来成功地处理命令行参数。 -![Hand drawing out the word "code"][1] +![Hand drawing out the word "code"](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/08/211422umrzznnvmapcwuc3.jpg) -我知道，现在孩子们用 Python 和 JavaScript 编写他们疯狂的“应用程序”。但是不要这么快就否定 C 语言 —— 它能够提供很多东西，并且简洁。如果你需要速度，用 C 语言编写可能就是你的答案。如果你正在寻找稳定的职业或者想学习如何捕获[空指针解引用][2]，C 语言也可能是你的答案！在本文中，我将解释如何构造一个 C 文件并编写一个 C main 函数来成功地处理命令行参数。 +我知道，现在孩子们用 Python 和 JavaScript 编写他们的疯狂“应用程序”。但是不要这么快就否定 C 语言 —— 它能够提供很多东西，并且简洁。如果你需要速度，用 C 语言编写可能就是你的答案。如果你正在寻找稳定的职业或者想学习如何捕获[空指针解引用][2]，C 语言也可能是你的答案！在本文中，我将解释如何构造一个 C 文件并编写一个 C main 函数来成功地处理命令行参数。 我：一个顽固的 Unix 系统程序员。 + 你：一个有编辑器、C 编译器，并有时间打发的人。 让我们开工吧。 @@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { } ``` -这个程序可以*编译*但不*执行*任何操作。 +这个程序可以*编译*但不*干*任何事。 ``` $ gcc main.c @@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ $ ### main 函数是唯一的。 -`main()` 函数是开始执行时所执行的程序的第一个函数，但不是第一个执行的函数。*第一个*函数是 `_start()`，它通常由 C 运行库提供，在编译程序时自动链接。此细节高度依赖于操作系统和编译器工具链，所以我假装没有提到它。 +`main()` 函数是开始执行时所执行的程序的第一个函数，但不是第一个执行的函数。*第一个*函数是 `_start()`，它通常由 C 运行库提供，在编译程序时自动链入。此细节高度依赖于操作系统和编译器工具链，所以我假装没有提到它。 `main()` 函数有两个参数，通常称为 `argc` 和 `argv`，并返回一个有符号整数。大多数 Unix 环境都希望程序在成功时返回 `0`（零），失败时返回 `-1`（负一）。 @@ -55,13 +56,13 @@ $ `argc` | 参数个数 | 参数向量的个数 `argv` | 参数向量 | 字符指针数组 -参数向量 `argv` 是调用程序的命令行的标记化表示形式。在上面的例子中，`argv` 将是以下字符串的列表： +参数向量 `argv` 是调用你的程序的命令行的标记化表示形式。在上面的例子中，`argv` 将是以下字符串的列表： ``` -`argv = [ "/path/to/a.out", "-o", "foo", "-vv" ];` +argv = [ "/path/to/a.out", "-o", "foo", "-vv" ]; ``` -参数向量保证在第一个索引中始终至少有一个字符串 `argv[0]`，这是执行程序的完整路径。 +参数向量在其第一个索引 `argv[0]` 中确保至少会有一个字符串，这是执行程序的完整路径。 ### main.c 文件的剖析 @@ -86,24 +87,24 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { 下面我将讨论这些编号的各个部分，除了编号为 0 的那部分。如果你必须把版权或许可文本放在源代码中，那就放在那里。 -另一件我不想谈论的事情是注释。 +另一件我不想讨论的事情是注释。 ``` -"Comments lie." -\- A cynical but smart and good looking programmer. +“评论谎言。” +- 一个愤世嫉俗但聪明又好看的程序员。 ``` -使用有意义的函数名和变量名，而不是注释。 +与其使用注释，不如使用有意义的函数名和变量名。 -为了迎合程序员固有的惰性，一旦添加了注释，维护负荷就会增加一倍。如果更改或重构代码，则需要更新或扩展注释。随着时间的推移，代码会发生变化，与注释所描述的内容完全不同。 +鉴于程序员固有的惰性，一旦添加了注释，维护负担就会增加一倍。如果更改或重构代码，则需要更新或扩充注释。随着时间的推移，代码会变得面目全非，与注释所描述的内容完全不同。 -如果你必须写注释，不要写关于代码正在做*什么*，相反，写下*为什么*代码需要这样写。写一些你想在五年后读到的注释，那时你已经将这段代码忘得一干二净。世界的命运取决于你。*不要有压力。* +如果你必须写注释，不要写关于代码正在做*什么*，相反，写下代码*为什么*要这样写。写一些你将要在五年后读到的注释，那时你已经将这段代码忘得一干二净。世界的命运取决于你。*不要有压力。* -#### 1、 包含 +#### 1、包含 -我添加到 `main.c` 文件的第一个东西是包含文件，它们为程序提供大量标准 C 标准库函数和变量。C 标准库做了很多事情。浏览 `/usr/include` 中的头文件，了解它们可以为你做些什么。 +我添加到 `main.c` 文件的第一个东西是包含文件，它们为程序提供大量标准 C 标准库函数和变量。C 标准库做了很多事情。浏览 `/usr/include` 中的头文件，你可以了解到它们可以做些什么。 -`#include` 字符串是 [C 预处理程序][4]（cpp）指令，它会将引用的文件完整地包含在当前文件中。C 中的头文件通常以 `.h` 扩展名命名，且不应包含任何可执行代码。它只有宏、定义、类型定义、外部变量和函数原型。字符串 `` 告诉 cpp 在系统定义的头文件路径中查找名为 `header.h` 的文件，通常在 `/usr/include` 目录中。 +`#include` 字符串是 [C 预处理程序][4]（cpp）指令，它会将引用的文件完整地包含在当前文件中。C 中的头文件通常以 `.h` 扩展名命名，且不应包含任何可执行代码。它只有宏、定义、类型定义、外部变量和函数原型。字符串 `` 告诉 cpp 在系统定义的头文件路径中查找名为 `header.h` 的文件，它通常在 `/usr/include` 目录中。 ``` /* main.c */ @@ -117,17 +118,17 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { #include ``` -以上内容是我默认会包含的最小全局包含集合： +这是我默认会全局包含的最小包含集合，它将引入： \#include 文件 | 提供的东西 ---|--- -stdio | 提供 FILE、stdin、stdout、stderr 和 `fprint()` 函数系列 +stdio | 提供 `FILE`、`stdin`、`stdout`、`stderr` 和 `fprint()` 函数系列 stdlib | 提供 `malloc()`、`calloc()` 和 `realloc()` unistd | 提供 `EXIT_FAILURE`、`EXIT_SUCCESS` libgen | 提供 `basename()` 函数 -errno | 定义外部 errno 变量及其可以接受的所有值 +errno | 定义外部 `errno` 变量及其可以接受的所有值 string | 提供 `memcpy()`、`memset()` 和 `strlen()` 函数系列 -getopt | 提供外部 optarg、opterr、optind 和 `getopt()` 函数 +getopt | 提供外部 `optarg`、`opterr`、`optind` 和 `getopt()` 函数 sys/types | 类型定义快捷方式，如 `uint32_t` 和 `uint64_t` #### 2、定义 @@ -144,11 +145,11 @@ sys/types | 类型定义快捷方式，如 `uint32_t` 和 `uint64_t` #define DEFAULT_PROGNAME "george" ``` -这在现在没有多大意义，但 `OPTSTR` 定义我会说明一下，它是程序推荐的命令行开关。参考 [getopt(3)][5] man 页面，了解 `OPTSTR` 将如何影响 `getopt()` 的行为。 +这在现在没有多大意义，但 `OPTSTR` 定义我这里会说明一下，它是程序推荐的命令行开关。参考 [getopt(3)][5] man 页面，了解 `OPTSTR` 将如何影响 `getopt()` 的行为。 -`USAGE_FMT` 定义了一个 `printf()` 风格形式的格式字符串，在 `usage()` 函数中被引用。 +`USAGE_FMT` 定义了一个 `printf()` 风格的格式字符串，它用在 `usage()` 函数中。 -我还喜欢将字符串常量放在文件的这一部分作为 `#defines`。如果需要，把它们收集在一起可以更容易地修复拼写、重用消息和国际化消息。 +我还喜欢将字符串常量放在文件的 `#define` 这一部分。如果需要，把它们收集在一起可以更容易地修正拼写、重用消息和国际化消息。 最后，在命名 `#define` 时全部使用大写字母，以区别变量和函数名。如果需要，可以将单词放连在一起或使用下划线分隔，只要确保它们都是大写的就行。 @@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ extern char *optarg; extern int opterr, optind; ``` -`extern` 声明将该名称带入当前编译单元的命名空间（也称为 “文件”），并允许程序访问该变量。这里我们引入了三个整数变量和一个字符指针的定义。`opt` 前缀的几个变量是由 `getopt()` 函数使用的，C 标准库使用 `errno` 作为带外通信通道来传达函数可能的失败原因。 +`extern` 声明将该名称带入当前编译单元的命名空间（即 “文件”），并允许程序访问该变量。这里我们引入了三个整数变量和一个字符指针的定义。`opt` 前缀的几个变量是由 `getopt()` 函数使用的，C 标准库使用 `errno` 作为带外通信通道来传达函数可能的失败原因。 #### 4、类型定义 @@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ typedef struct { } options_t; ``` -在外部声明之后，我喜欢为结构、联合和枚举声明 `typedef`。命名一个 `typedef` 本身就是一种传统行为。我非常喜欢使用 `_t` 后缀来表示该名称是一种类型。在这个例子中，我将 `options_t` 声明为一个包含 4 个成员的 `struct`。C 是一种空格无关的编程语言，因此我使用空格将字段名排列在同一列中。我只是喜欢它看起来的样子。对于指针声明，我在名称前面加上星号，以明确它是一个指针。 +在外部声明之后，我喜欢为结构、联合和枚举声明 `typedef`。命名一个 `typedef` 是一种传统习惯。我非常喜欢使用 `_t` 后缀来表示该名称是一种类型。在这个例子中，我将 `options_t` 声明为一个包含 4 个成员的 `struct`。C 是一种空格无关的编程语言，因此我使用空格将字段名排列在同一列中。我只是喜欢它看起来的样子。对于指针声明，我在名称前面加上星号，以明确它是一个指针。 #### 5、全局变量声明 @@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ typedef struct { int dumb_global_variable = -11; ``` -全局变量是一个坏主意，你永远不应该使用它们。但如果你必须使用全局变量，请在这里声明并确保给它们一个默认值。说真的，*不要使用全局变量*。 +全局变量是一个坏主意，你永远不应该使用它们。但如果你必须使用全局变量，请在这里声明，并确保给它们一个默认值。说真的，*不要使用全局变量*。 #### 6、函数原型 @@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ void usage(char *progname, int opt); int do_the_needful(options_t *options); ``` -在编写函数时，将它们添加到 `main()` 函数之后而不是之前，在这里放函数原型。早期的 C 编译器使用单遍策略，这意味着你在程序中使用的每个符号（变量或函数名称）必须在使用之前声明。现代编译器几乎都是多遍编译器，它们在生成代码之前构建一个完整的符号表，因此并不严格要求使用函数原型。但是，有时你无法选择代码要使用的编译器，所以请编写函数原型并继续。 +在编写函数时，将它们添加到 `main()` 函数之后而不是之前，在这里放函数原型。早期的 C 编译器使用单遍策略，这意味着你在程序中使用的每个符号（变量或函数名称）必须在使用之前声明。现代编译器几乎都是多遍编译器，它们在生成代码之前构建一个完整的符号表，因此并不严格要求使用函数原型。但是，有时你无法选择代码要使用的编译器，所以请编写函数原型并继续这样做下去。 当然，我总是包含一个 `usage()` 函数，当 `main()` 函数不理解你从命令行传入的内容时，它会调用这个函数。 @@ -261,20 +262,20 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { } ``` -好吧，代码有点多。`main()` 函数的目的是收集用户提供的参数，执行最基本的输入验证，然后将收集到的参数传递给使用它们的函数。这个示例声明一个使用默认值初始化的 `options` 变量，并解析命令行，根据需要更新 `options`。 +好吧，代码有点多。这个 `main()` 函数的目的是收集用户提供的参数，执行最基本的输入验证，然后将收集到的参数传递给使用它们的函数。这个示例声明一个使用默认值初始化的 `options` 变量，并解析命令行，根据需要更新 `options`。 -`main()` 函数的核心是一个 `while` 循环，它使用 `getopt()` 来遍历 `argv`，寻找命令行选项及其参数（如果有的话）。文件前面的 `OPTSTR` 定义是驱动 `getopt()` 行为的模板。`opt` 变量接受 `getopt()` 找到的任何命令行选项的字符值，程序对检测命令行选项的响应发生在 `switch` 语句中。 +`main()` 函数的核心是一个 `while` 循环，它使用 `getopt()` 来遍历 `argv`，寻找命令行选项及其参数（如果有的话）。文件前面定义的 `OPTSTR` 是驱动 `getopt()` 行为的模板。`opt` 变量接受 `getopt()` 找到的任何命令行选项的字符值，程序对检测命令行选项的响应发生在 `switch` 语句中。 -现在你注意到了可能会问，为什么 `opt` 被声明为 32 位 `int`，但是预期是 8 位 `char`？事实上 `getopt()` 返回一个 `int`，当它到达 `argv` 末尾时取负值，我会使用 `EOF`（*文件末尾*标记）匹配。`char` 是有符号的，但我喜欢将变量匹配到它们的函数返回值。 +如果你注意到了可能会问，为什么 `opt` 被声明为 32 位 `int`，但是预期是 8 位 `char`？事实上 `getopt()` 返回一个 `int`，当它到达 `argv` 末尾时取负值，我会使用 `EOF`（*文件末尾*标记）匹配。`char` 是有符号的，但我喜欢将变量匹配到它们的函数返回值。 -当检测到一个已知的命令行选项时，会发生特定的行为。有些选项有一个参数，在 `OPTSTR` 中指定了一个以冒号结尾的参数。当一个选项有一个参数时，`argv` 中的下一个字符串可以通过外部定义的变量 `optarg` 提供给程序。我使用 `optarg` 打开文件进行读写，或者将命令行参数从字符串转换为整数值。 +当检测到一个已知的命令行选项时，会发生特定的行为。在 `OPTSTR` 中指定一个以冒号结尾的参数，这些选项可以有一个参数。当一个选项有一个参数时，`argv` 中的下一个字符串可以通过外部定义的变量 `optarg` 提供给程序。我使用 `optarg` 来打开文件进行读写，或者将命令行参数从字符串转换为整数值。 -这里有几个关于风格的要点： +这里有几个关于代码风格的要点： - * 将 `opterr` 初始化为 0，禁止 `getopt` 发出 `?`。 + * 将 `opterr` 初始化为 `0`，禁止 `getopt` 触发 `?`。 * 在 `main()` 的中间使用 `exit(EXIT_FAILURE);` 或 `exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);`。 * `/* NOTREACHED */` 是我喜欢的一个 lint 指令。 - * 在函数末尾使用 `return EXIT_SUCCESS;` 返回一个 int 类型。 + * 在返回 int 类型的函数末尾使用 `return EXIT_SUCCESS;`。 * 显示强制转换隐式类型。 这个程序的命令行格式，经过编译如下所示： @@ -316,25 +317,25 @@ int do_the_needful(options_t *options) { } ``` -最后，我编写的函数不是样板函数。在本例中，函数 `do_the_needful()` 接受指向 `options_t` 结构的指针。我验证 `options` 指针不为 `NULL`，然后继续验证 `input` 和 `output` 结构成员。如果其中一个测试失败，返回 `EXIT_FAILURE`，并且通过将外部全局变量 `errno` 设置为常规错误代码，我向调用者发出一个原因的信号。调用者可以使用便捷函数 `perror()` 来根据 `errno` 的值发出人类可读的错误消息。 +我最后编写的函数不是个样板函数。在本例中，函数 `do_the_needful()` 接受一个指向 `options_t` 结构的指针。我验证 `options` 指针不为 `NULL`，然后继续验证 `input` 和 `output` 结构成员。如果其中一个测试失败，返回 `EXIT_FAILURE`，并且通过将外部全局变量 `errno` 设置为常规错误代码，我可以告知调用者常规的错误原因。调用者可以使用便捷函数 `perror()` 来根据 `errno` 的值发出便于阅读的错误消息。 -函数几乎总是以某种方式验证它们的输入。如果完全验证代价很大，那么尝试执行一次并将验证后的数据视为不可变。`usage()` 函数使用 `fprintf()` 调用中的条件赋值验证 `progname` 参数。`usage()` 函数无论如何都要退出，所以我不需要设置 `errno` 或为使用正确的程序名大吵一场。 +函数几乎总是以某种方式验证它们的输入。如果完全验证代价很大，那么尝试执行一次并将验证后的数据视为不可变。`usage()` 函数使用 `fprintf()` 调用中的条件赋值验证 `progname` 参数。接下来 `usage()` 函数就退出了，所以我不会费心设置 `errno`，也不用操心是否使用正确的程序名。 -在这里，我要避免的最大错误是解引用 `NULL` 指针。这将导致操作系统向我的进程发送一个名为 `SYSSEGV` 的特殊信号，导致不可避免的死亡。用户希望看到的是由 `SYSSEGV` 引起的崩溃。为了发出更好的错误消息并优雅地关闭程序，捕获 `NULL` 指针要好得多。 +在这里，我要避免的最大错误是解引用 `NULL` 指针。这将导致操作系统向我的进程发送一个名为 `SYSSEGV` 的特殊信号，导致不可避免的死亡。用户最不希望看到的是由 `SYSSEGV` 而导致的崩溃。最好是捕获 `NULL` 指针以发出更合适的错误消息并优雅地关闭程序。 -有些人抱怨在函数体中有多个 `return` 语句，他们争论“控制流的连续性”和其他东西。老实说，如果函数中间出现错误，那么这个时候是返回错误条件的好时机。写一大堆嵌套的 `if` 语句只有一个 `return` 绝不是一个“好主意”™。 +有些人抱怨在函数体中有多个 `return` 语句，他们喋喋不休地说些“控制流的连续性”之类的东西。老实说，如果函数中间出现错误，那就应该返回这个错误条件。写一大堆嵌套的 `if` 语句只有一个 `return` 绝不是一个“好主意”™。 -最后，如果你编写的函数接受四个或更多参数，请考虑将它们绑定到一个结构中，并传递一个指向该结构的指针。这使得函数签名更简单，更容易记住，并且在以后调用时不会出错。它还使调用函数速度稍微快一些，因为需要复制到函数堆栈中的东西更少。在实践中，只有在函数被调用数百万或数十亿次时，才会考虑这个问题。如果认为这没有意义，那么不要担心。 +最后，如果你编写的函数接受四个以上的参数，请考虑将它们绑定到一个结构中，并传递一个指向该结构的指针。这使得函数签名更简单，更容易记住，并且在以后调用时不会出错。它还可以使调用函数速度稍微快一些，因为需要复制到函数堆栈中的东西更少。在实践中，只有在函数被调用数百万或数十亿次时，才会考虑这个问题。如果认为这没有意义，那也无所谓。 -### 等等，你说没有注释 !?!! +### 等等，你不是说没有注释吗！？！！ -在 `do_the_needful()` 函数中，我写了一种特殊类型的注释，它被设计为占位符而不是说明代码： +在 `do_the_needful()` 函数中，我写了一种特殊类型的注释，它被是作为占位符设计的，而不是为了说明代码： ``` -`/* XXX do needful stuff */` +/* XXX do needful stuff */ ``` -当你在该区域时，有时你不想停下来编写一些特别复杂的代码，你会之后再写，而不是现在。那就是我留给自己再次回来的地方。我插入一个带有 `XXX` 前缀的注释和一个描述需要做什么的简短注释。之后，当我有更多时间的时候，我会在源代码中寻找 `XXX`。使用什么并不重要，只要确保它不太可能在另一个上下文中以函数名或变量形式显示在代码库中。 +当你写到这里时，有时你不想停下来编写一些特别复杂的代码，你会之后再写，而不是现在。那就是我留给自己再次回来的地方。我插入一个带有 `XXX` 前缀的注释和一个描述需要做什么的简短注释。之后，当我有更多时间的时候，我会在源代码中寻找 `XXX`。使用什么前缀并不重要，只要确保它不太可能在另一个上下文环境（如函数名或变量）中出现在你代码库里。 ### 把它们组合在一起 From 80c8816560ce8b49faf283cec2e2368cb1798894 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 21:15:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0208/1265] PUB:20190527 How to write a good C main function.md @MjSeven https://linux.cn/article-10949-1.html --- .../20190527 How to write a good C main function.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md b/published/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md rename to published/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md index 6dccfc369b..4f993ee777 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md +++ b/published/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (MjSeven) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10949-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to write a good C main function) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/how-write-good-c-main-function) [#]: author: (Erik O'Shaughnessy https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny) From 481914f250de805ccffbf4e3643db0528a9ed402 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 21:35:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0209/1265] APL:20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md --- ...How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md index 750a6e3ac5..974e916428 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 8ec609b0511c4e893375412aea38bb34204f38eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 21:52:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0210/1265] TSL:20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md --- ...Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md | 169 ------------------ ...Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md | 143 +++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 169 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 974e916428..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,169 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux?) -[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-verify-ntp-sync-is-working-or-not-in-linux-using-ntpq-ntpstat-timedatectl/) -[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) - -How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux? -====== - -NTP stand for Network Time Protocol, which synchronize the clock between computer systems over the network. - -NTP server keep all the servers in your organization in-sync with an accurate time to perform time based jobs. - -NTP client will synchronize its clock to the network time server. - -We had already wrote an article about NTP Server and Client installation and configuration. - -If you would like to check these article, navigate to the following links. - - * **[How To Install And Configure NTP Server And NTP Client In Linux?][1]** - * **[How To Install And Configure Chrony As NTP Client?][2]** - - - -I assume that we have already setup NTP server and NTP client using the above links. - -Now, how to verify whether the NTP setup is working correctly or not? - -There are three commands available in Linux to validate the NTP sync. The details are below. In this article, we will tell you, how to verify NTP sync using all these commands. - - * **`ntpq:`** ntpq is standard NTP query program. - * **`ntpstat:`** It shows network time synchronization status. - * **`timedatectl:`** It controls the system time and date in systemd system. - - - -### Method-1: How To Check NTP Status Using ntpq Command? - -The ntpq utility program is used to monitor NTP daemon ntpd operations and determine performance. - -The program can be run either in interactive mode or controlled using command line arguments. - -It prints a list of peers that connected by sending multiple queries to the server. - -If NTP is working properly, you will be getting the output similar to below. - -``` -# ntpq -p - - remote refid st t when poll reach delay offset jitter -============================================================================== -*CentOS7.2daygee 133.243.238.163 2 u 14 64 37 0.686 0.151 16.432 -``` - -**Details:** - - * **-p:** Print a list of the peers known to the server as well as a summary of their state. - - - -### Method-2: How To Check NTP Status Using ntpstat Command? - -ntpstat will report the synchronisation state of the NTP daemon (ntpd) running on the local machine. - -If the local system is found to be synchronised to a reference time source, ntpstat will report the approximate time accuracy. - -The ntpstat command returns three kind of status code based on the NTP sync. The details are below. - - * **`0:`**` ` It returns 0 if clock is synchronised. - * **`1:`**` ` It returns 1 if clock is not synchronised. - * **`2:`**` ` It returns 2 if clock state is indeterminant, for example if ntpd is not contactable. - - - -``` -# ntpstat - -synchronised to NTP server (192.168.1.8) at stratum 3 - time correct to within 508 ms - polling server every 64 s -``` - -### Method-3: How To Check NTP Status Using timedatectl Command? - -**[timedatectl Command][3]** is used to query and change the system clock and its settings in systmed system. - -``` -# timedatectl -or -# timedatectl status - - Local time: Thu 2019-05-30 05:01:05 CDT - Universal time: Thu 2019-05-30 10:01:05 UTC - RTC time: Thu 2019-05-30 10:01:05 - Time zone: America/Chicago (CDT, -0500) - NTP enabled: yes -NTP synchronized: yes - RTC in local TZ: no - DST active: yes - Last DST change: DST began at - Sun 2019-03-10 01:59:59 CST - Sun 2019-03-10 03:00:00 CDT - Next DST change: DST ends (the clock jumps one hour backwards) at - Sun 2019-11-03 01:59:59 CDT - Sun 2019-11-03 01:00:00 CST -``` - -### Bonus Tips: - -Chrony is replacement of NTP client. - -It can synchronize the system clock faster with better time accuracy and it can be particularly useful for the systems which are not online all the time. - -chronyd is smaller, it uses less memory and it wakes up the CPU only when necessary, which is better for power saving. - -It can perform well even when the network is congested for longer periods of time. - -You can use any of the below commands to check Chrony status. - -To check chrony tracking status. - -``` -# chronyc tracking - -Reference ID : C0A80105 (CentOS7.2daygeek.com) -Stratum : 3 -Ref time (UTC) : Thu Mar 28 05:57:27 2019 -System time : 0.000002545 seconds slow of NTP time -Last offset : +0.001194361 seconds -RMS offset : 0.001194361 seconds -Frequency : 1.650 ppm fast -Residual freq : +184.101 ppm -Skew : 2.962 ppm -Root delay : 0.107966967 seconds -Root dispersion : 1.060455322 seconds -Update interval : 2.0 seconds -Leap status : Normal -``` - -Run the sources command to displays information about the current time sources. - -``` -# chronyc sources - -210 Number of sources = 1 -MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample -=============================================================================== -^* CentOS7.2daygeek.com 2 6 17 62 +36us[+1230us] +/- 1111ms -``` - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-verify-ntp-sync-is-working-or-not-in-linux-using-ntpq-ntpstat-timedatectl/ - -作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-configure-ntp-server-ntp-client-in-linux/ -[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/configure-ntp-client-using-chrony-in-linux/ -[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/change-set-time-date-and-timezone-on-linux/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9fd9acb375 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux?) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-verify-ntp-sync-is-working-or-not-in-linux-using-ntpq-ntpstat-timedatectl/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +如何在 Linux 下确认 NTP 是否同步？ +====== + +NTP 意即网络时间协议Network Time Protocol，它通过网络同步计算机系统之间的时钟。NTP 服务器可以使组织中的所有服务器保持同步，以准确时间执行基于时间的作业。NTP 客户端会将其时钟与 NTP 服务器同步。 + +我们已经写了一篇关于 NTP 服务器和客户端安装和配置的文章。如果你想查看这些文章，请导航至以下链接。 + + * [如何在 Linux 上安装、配置 NTP 服务器和客户端？][1] + * [如何安装和配置 Chrony 作为 NTP 客户端？][2] + +我假设我你经使用上述链接设置了 NTP 服务器和 NTP 客户端。现在，如何验证 NTP 设置是否正常工作？ + +Linux 中有三个命令可用于验证 NTP 同步情况。详情如下。在本文中，我们将告诉您如何使用所有这些命令验证 NTP 同步。 + + * `ntpq`：ntpq 是一个标准的 NTP 查询程序。 + * `ntpstat`：显示网络世界同步状态。 + * `timedatectl`：它控制 systemd 系统中的系统时间和日期。 + +### 方法 1：如何使用 ntpq 命令检查 NTP 状态？ + +`ntpq` 实用程序用于监视 NTP 守护程序 `ntpd` 的操作并确定性能。 + +该程序可以以交互模式运行，也可以使用命令行参数进行控制。它通过向服务器发送多个查询来打印出连接的对等项列表。如果 NTP 正常工作，你将获得类似于下面的输出。 + +``` +# ntpq -p + + remote refid st t when poll reach delay offset jitter +============================================================================== +*CentOS7.2daygee 133.243.238.163 2 u 14 64 37 0.686 0.151 16.432 +``` + +细节： + +* `-p`：打印服务器已知的对等项列表以及其状态摘要。 + +### 方法 2：如何使用 ntpstat 命令检查 NTP 状态？ + +`ntpstat` 将报告在本地计算机上运行的 NTP 守护程序（`ntpd`）的同步状态。如果发现本地系统与参考时间源保持同步，则 `ntpstat` 将报告大致的时间精度。 + +`ntpstat` 命令根据 NTP 同步状态返回三种状态码。详情如下。 + +* `0`：如果时钟同步则返回 0。 +* `1`：如果时钟不同步则返回 1。 +* `2`：如果时钟状态不确定，则返回 2，例如 ntpd 不可联系时。 + +``` +# ntpstat + +synchronised to NTP server (192.168.1.8) at stratum 3 + time correct to within 508 ms + polling server every 64 s +``` + +### 方法 3：如何使用 timedatectl 命令检查 NTP 状态？ + +[timedatectl 命令][3]用于查询和更改系统时钟及其在 systmed 系统中的设置。 + +``` +# timedatectl +或 +# timedatectl status + + Local time: Thu 2019-05-30 05:01:05 CDT + Universal time: Thu 2019-05-30 10:01:05 UTC + RTC time: Thu 2019-05-30 10:01:05 + Time zone: America/Chicago (CDT, -0500) + NTP enabled: yes +NTP synchronized: yes + RTC in local TZ: no + DST active: yes + Last DST change: DST began at + Sun 2019-03-10 01:59:59 CST + Sun 2019-03-10 03:00:00 CDT + Next DST change: DST ends (the clock jumps one hour backwards) at + Sun 2019-11-03 01:59:59 CDT + Sun 2019-11-03 01:00:00 CST +``` + +### 更多技巧 + +Chrony 是一个 NTP 客户端的替代品。它可以更快地同步系统时钟，时间精度更高，对于一直不在线的系统尤其有用。 + +chronyd 较小，它使用较少的内存，只在必要时才唤醒 CPU，这样可以更好地节省电能。即使网络拥塞较长时间，它也能很好地运行。 + +你可以使用以下任何命令来检查 Chrony 状态。 + +检查 Chrony 跟踪状态。 + +``` +# chronyc tracking + +Reference ID : C0A80105 (CentOS7.2daygeek.com) +Stratum : 3 +Ref time (UTC) : Thu Mar 28 05:57:27 2019 +System time : 0.000002545 seconds slow of NTP time +Last offset : +0.001194361 seconds +RMS offset : 0.001194361 seconds +Frequency : 1.650 ppm fast +Residual freq : +184.101 ppm +Skew : 2.962 ppm +Root delay : 0.107966967 seconds +Root dispersion : 1.060455322 seconds +Update interval : 2.0 seconds +Leap status : Normal +``` + +运行 `sources` 命令以显示有关当前时间源的信息。 + +``` +# chronyc sources + +210 Number of sources = 1 +MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample +=============================================================================== +^* CentOS7.2daygeek.com 2 6 17 62 +36us[+1230us] +/- 1111ms +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-verify-ntp-sync-is-working-or-not-in-linux-using-ntpq-ntpstat-timedatectl/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10811-1.html +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10820-1.html +[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/change-set-time-date-and-timezone-on-linux/ From e78be9012298bf5284664accf8ad01dc4a35c513 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 21:57:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0211/1265] PRF:20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md @wxy --- ...To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md index 9fd9acb375..132eef9b0b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux?) @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ 如何在 Linux 下确认 NTP 是否同步？ ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/08/215622oqdhiuhocsndijlu.jpg) + NTP 意即网络时间协议Network Time Protocol，它通过网络同步计算机系统之间的时钟。NTP 服务器可以使组织中的所有服务器保持同步，以准确时间执行基于时间的作业。NTP 客户端会将其时钟与 NTP 服务器同步。 我们已经写了一篇关于 NTP 服务器和客户端安装和配置的文章。如果你想查看这些文章，请导航至以下链接。 @@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-verify-ntp-sync-is-working-or-not-in-linux-u 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 72aafb6ca0345cbf54cf0436fbce41c3e93d96d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 21:57:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0212/1265] PUB:20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10951-1.html --- ...w To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md b/published/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md rename to published/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md index 132eef9b0b..4c28227f63 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md +++ b/published/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10951-1.html) [#]: subject: (How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux?) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-verify-ntp-sync-is-working-or-not-in-linux-using-ntpq-ntpstat-timedatectl/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From 9b1fe351d0e963c20b34ef3654520507a27b831d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 23:07:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0213/1265] APL:20190531 Why translation platforms matter --- sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md index e513267640..5ac526d7ce 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From da096677dfc07833e91eb620e2cf4f093b9e31fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 23:53:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0214/1265] TSL:20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md --- ...190531 Why translation platforms matter.md | 96 ------------------- ...190531 Why translation platforms matter.md | 87 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 96 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5ac526d7ce..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Why translation platforms matter) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/translation-platforms) -[#]: author: (Jean-Baptiste Holcroft https://opensource.com/users/jibec/users/annegentle/users/bcotton) - -Why translation platforms matter -====== -Technical considerations are not the best way to judge a good -translation platform. -![][1] - -Language translation enables open source software to be used by people all over the world, and it's a great way for non-developers to get involved in their favorite projects. There are many [translation tools][2] available that you can evaluate according to how well they handle the main functional areas involved in translations: technical interaction capabilities, teamwork support capabilities, and translation support capabilities. - -Technical interaction considerations include: - - * Supported file formats - * Synchronization with the source repository - * Automation support tools - * Interface possibilities - - - -Support for teamwork (which could also be called "community animation") includes how a platform: - - * Monitors changes (by a translator, on a project, etc.) - * Follows up on updates pushed by projects - * Displays the state of the situation - * Enables or not review and validation steps - * Assists in discussions between translators (from the same team and inter-languages) and with project maintainers - * Supports global communication on the platform (news, etc.) - - - -Translator assistance includes: - - * A clear and ergonomic interface - * A limited number of steps to find a project and start working - * A simple way to read the flow between translation and distribution - * Access to a translation memory machine - * Glossary enrichment - - - -There are no major differences, though there are some minor ones, between source code management platforms relating to the first two functional areas. ****I suspect that the last area pertains mainly to source code. However, the data handled is quite different and users are usually much less technically sophisticated than developers, as well as more numerous. - -### My recommendation - -In my opinion, the GNOME platform offers the best translation platform for the following reasons: - - * Its site contains both the team organization and the translation platform. It's easy to see who is responsible and their roles on the team. Everything is concentrated on a few screens. - * It's easy to find what to work on, and you quickly realize you'll have to download files to your computer and send them back once you modify them. It's not very sexy, but the logic is easy to understand. - * Once you send a file back, the platform can send an alert to the mailing list so the team knows the next steps and the translation can be easily discussed at the global level (rather than commenting on specific sentences). - * It has 297 languages. - * It shows clear percentages on progress, both on basic sentences and advanced menus and documentation. - - - -Coupled with a predictable GNOME release schedule, everything is available for the community to work well because the tool promotes community work. - -If we look at the Debian translation team, which has been doing a good job for years translating an unimaginable amount of content for Fedora (especially news), we see there is a highly codified translation process based exclusively on emails with a manual push in the repositories. This team also puts everything into the process, rather than the tools, and—despite the considerable energy this seems to require—it has worked for many years while being among the leading group of languages. - -My perception is that the primary issue for a successful translation platform is not based on the ability to make the unitary (technical, translation) work, but on how it structures and supports the translation team's processes. This is what gives sustainability. - -The production processes are the most important way to structure a team; by putting them together correctly, it's easy for newcomers to understand how processes work, adopt them, and explain them to the next group of newcomers. - -To build a sustainable community, the first consideration must be on a tool that supports collaborative work, then on its usability. - -This explains my frustration with the [Zanata][3] tool, which is efficient from a technical and interface standpoint, but poor when it comes to helping to structure a community. GIven that translation is a community-driven process (possibly one of the most community-driven processes in open source software development), this is a critical problem for me. - -* * * - -_This article is adapted from "[What's a good translation platform?][4]" originally published on the Jibec Journal and is reused with permission._ - -Learn about seven tools and processes, both human and software, which are used to manage patch... - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/translation-platforms - -作者：[Jean-Baptiste Holcroft][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jibec/users/annegentle/users/bcotton -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/people_remote_teams_world.png?itok=_9DCHEel -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/open-source-localization-tools -[3]: http://zanata.org/ -[4]: https://jibecfed.fedorapeople.org/blog-hugo/en/2016/09/whats-a-good-translation-platform/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md b/translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1a44a4ed58 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why translation platforms matter) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/translation-platforms) +[#]: author: (Jean-Baptiste Holcroft https://opensource.com/users/jibec/users/annegentle/users/bcotton) + +为什么翻译平台很重要 +====== + +技术上的考虑并不是判断一个好的翻译平台的最佳方式。 + +![][1] + +语言翻译可以使开源软件能够被世界各地的人们使用，这是非开发人员参与他们喜欢的（开源）项目的好方法。有许多[翻译工具][2]，你可以根据他们处理翻译中涉及的主要功能区域的能力来评估：技术交互能力、团队支持能力和翻译支持能力。 + +技术交互方面包括： + +* 支持的文件格式 +* 与开源存储库的同步 +* 自动化支持工具 +* 接口可能性 + +对团队合作（也可称为“社区活力”）的支持包括该平台如何： + +* 监控变更（按译者、项目等） +* 跟进由项目推动的更新 +* 显示进度状态 +* 是否启用审核和验证步骤 +* 协助（来自同一团队和跨语言的）翻译人员和项目维护人员之间的讨论 +* 平台支持的全球通信（新闻等） + +翻译协助包括： + +* 清晰、符合人体工程学的界面 +* 简单几步就可以找到项目并开始工作 +* 可以简单地阅读到翻译和分发之间流程 +* 可以使用翻译记忆机 +* 词汇表丰富 + +前两个功能区域与源代码管理平台的差别不大，只有一些小的差别。我觉得最后一个区域也主要与源代码有关。但是，它们处理的数据非常不同，它的用户通常比开发人员技术复杂得多，而且数量也更多。 + +### 我的推荐 + +在我看来，GNOME 平台提供了最好的翻译平台，原因如下： + +* 其网站包含团队组织和翻译平台。很容易看出谁在负责以及他们在团队中的角色。一切都集中在几个屏幕上。 +* 很容易找到要处理的内容，并且你会很快意识到你必须将文件下载到计算机并在修改后将其发回。这个流程不是很先进，但逻辑很容易理解。 +* 一旦你发回文件，平台就可以向邮件列表发送警报，以便团队知道后续步骤，并且可以全局轻松讨论翻译（而不是评论特定句子）。 +* 它支持 297 种语言。 +* 它显示了基本句子、高级菜单和文档的明确的进度百分比。 +   +再加上可预测的 GNOME 发布计划，社区可以使用一切可以促进社区工作的工具。 + +如果我们看看 Debian 翻译团队，他们多年来一直在为 Debian （LCTT 译注：此处原文是“Fedora”，疑为笔误）（尤其是新闻）翻译了难以想象的大量内容，我们看到他们有一个高度编码的翻译流程，完全基于电子邮件，手动推送到存储库。该团队还将所有内容都放在流程中，而不是工具中，尽管这似乎需要相当大的技术能力，但它已成为领先的语言群体之一，已经运作多年。 + +我认为，成功的翻译平台的主要问题不是基于单一的（技术、翻译）工作的能力，而是基于如何构建和支持翻译团队的流程。这就是可持续性的原因。 + +生产过程是构建团队最重要的方式；通过正确地将它们组合在一起，新手很容易理解该过程是如何工作的，采用它们，并将它们解释给下一组新人。 + +要建立一个可持续发展的社区，首先要考虑的是支持协同工作的工具，然后是可用性。 + +这解释了我为什么对 [Zanata][3] 工具沮丧，从技术和界面的角度来看，这是有效的，但在帮助构建社区方面却很差。我认为翻译是一个社区驱动的过程（可能是开源软件开发中最受社区驱动的过程之一），这对我来说是一个关键问题。 + +* * * + +本文改编自“[什么是一个好的翻译平台？][4]”，最初发表在 Jibec 期刊上，并经许可重复使用。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/translation-platforms + +作者：[Jean-Baptiste Holcroft][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jibec/users/annegentle/users/bcotton +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/people_remote_teams_world.png?itok=_9DCHEel +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/open-source-localization-tools +[3]: http://zanata.org/ +[4]: https://jibecfed.fedorapeople.org/blog-hugo/en/2016/09/whats-a-good-translation-platform/ From a1563242373c60ccad51206b0ff41671ff642cc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Liwen Jiang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 10:46:34 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 0215/1265] Apply for Translating Apply for Translating --- .../20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md index 8d9b34b30a..d1d5fb8180 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (tomjlw) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390204/how-to-identify-same-content-f 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 31f041cd3291efda37e75a4e8c4baecde6f8f55e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 09:44:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0216/1265] APL:20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes --- sources/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md b/sources/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md index 2e2c25a9cf..be08a07e45 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7eab60b5002006f1fc4dc3fca82c15e6f056d685 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 10:16:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0217/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md b/sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md index 8c54e5a6ac..db01ada8d4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (runningwater) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/virtual-environments-python-macos 作者：[Matthew Broberg][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f0946a707f7985871b1e7845dbd6f365927f1b8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 10:26:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0218/1265] TSL:20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md --- .../tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md | 54 ------------------ .../tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md | 56 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md b/sources/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md deleted file mode 100644 index be08a07e45..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,54 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 Linux rookie mistakes) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-rookie-mistakes) -[#]: author: (Jen Wike Huger https://opensource.com/users/jen-wike/users/bcotton/users/petercheer/users/greg-p/users/greg-p) - -5 Linux rookie mistakes -====== -Linux enthusiasts share some of the biggest mistakes they made. -![magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code][1] - -It's smart to learn new skills throughout your life—it keeps your mind nimble and makes you more competitive in the job market. But some skills are harder to learn than others, especially those where small rookie mistakes can cost you a lot of time and trouble when you're trying to fix them. - -Take learning [Linux][2], for example. If you're used to working in a Windows or MacOS graphical interface, moving to Linux, with its unfamiliar commands typed into a terminal, can have a big learning curve. But the rewards are worth it, as the millions and millions of people who have gone before you have proven. - -That said, the journey won't be without pitfalls. We asked some of Linux enthusiasts to think back to when they first started using Linux and tell us about the biggest mistakes they made. - -"Don't go into [any sort of command line interface (CLI) work] with an expectation that commands work in rational or consistent ways, as that is likely to lead to frustration. This is not due to poor design choices—though it can feel like it when you're banging your head against the proverbial desk—but instead reflects the fact that these systems have evolved and been added onto through generations of software and OS evolution. Go with the flow, write down or memorize the commands you need, and (try not to) get frustrated when [things aren't what you'd expect][3]." _—[Gina Likins][4]_ - -"As easy as it might be to just copy and paste commands to make the thing go, read the command first and at least have a general understanding of the actions that are about to be performed. Especially if there is a pipe command. Double especially if there is more than one. There are a lot of destructive commands that look innocuous until you realize what they can do (e.g., **rm** , **dd** ), and you don't want to accidentally destroy things. (Ask me how I know.)" _—[Katie McLaughlin][5]_ - -"Early on in my Linux journey, I wasn't as aware of the importance of knowing where you are in the filesystem. I was deleting some file in what I thought was my home directory, and I entered **sudo rm -rf *** and deleted all of the boot files on my system. Now, I frequently use **pwd** to ensure that I am where I think I am before issuing such commands. Fortunately for me, I was able to boot my wounded laptop with a USB drive and recover my files." _—[Don Watkins][6]_ - -"Do not reset permissions on the entire file system to [777][7] because you think 'permissions are hard to understand' and you want an application to have access to something." _—[Matthew Helmke][8]_ - -"I was removing a package from my system, and I did not check what other packages it was dependent upon. I just let it remove whatever it wanted and ended up causing some of my important programs to crash and become unavailable." _—[Kedar Vijay Kulkarni][9]_ - -What mistakes have you made while learning to use Linux? Share them in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-rookie-mistakes - -作者：[Jen Wike Huger (Red Hat)][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jen-wike/users/bcotton/users/petercheer/users/greg-p/users/greg-p -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/mistake_bug_fix_find_error.png?itok=PZaz3dga (magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code) -[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/linux -[3]: https://lintqueen.com/2017/07/02/learning-while-frustrated/ -[4]: https://opensource.com/users/lintqueen -[5]: https://opensource.com/users/glasnt -[6]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins -[7]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/file-permissions-what-does-chmod-777-means/ -[8]: https://twitter.com/matthewhelmke -[9]: https://opensource.com/users/kkulkarn diff --git a/translated/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md b/translated/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3fa5311ea0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 Linux rookie mistakes) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-rookie-mistakes) +[#]: author: (Jen Wike Huger https://opensource.com/users/jen-wike/users/bcotton/users/petercheer/users/greg-p/users/greg-p) + +5 个 Linux 新手会犯的失误 +====== + +> Linux 爱好者们分享了他们犯下的一些最大错误。 + +![magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code][1] + +终身学习是明智的 —— 它可以让你的思维敏捷，让你在就业市场上更具竞争力。但是有些技能比其他技能更难学，尤其是那些小菜鸟错误，当你尝试修复它们时可能会花费你很多时间，给你带来很大困扰。 + +以学习 [Linux][2] 为例。如果你习惯于在 Windows 或 MacOS 图形界面中工作，那么转移到 Linux，要将不熟悉的命令输入到终端中，可能会有很大的学习曲线。但是，其回报是值得的，因为已经有数以百万计的人们已经证明了这一点。 + +也就是说，这趟学习之旅并不是一帆风顺的。我们让一些 Linux 爱好者回想了一下他们刚开始使用 Linux 的时候，并告诉我们他们犯下的最大错误。 + +“不要进入[任何类型的命令行界面（CLI）工作]时就期望命令会以合理或一致的方式工作，因为这可能会导致你感到挫折。这不是因为设计选择不当 —— 虽然当你在键盘上敲击时就像在敲在你的脑袋上一样 —— 而是反映了这些系统是历经了几代的软件和操作系统的发展而陆续添加完成的事实。顺其自然，写下或记住你需要的命令，并且（尽量不要）在[事情不是你所期望的][3]时感到沮丧。” —— [Gina Likins] [4] + +“尽可能简单地复制和粘贴命令以使事情顺利进行，首先阅读命令，至少对将要执行的操作有一个大致的了解，特别是如果有管道命令时，如果有多个管道更要特别注意。有很多破坏性的命令看起来无害 —— 直到你意识到它们能做什么（例如 `rm`、`dd`），而你不会想要意外破坏什么东西（别问我怎么知道）。” —— [Katie McLaughlin] [5] + +“在我的 Linux 之旅的早期，我并不知道我所处在文件系统中的位置的重要性。我正在删除一些我认为是我的主目录的文件，我输入了 `sudo rm -rf *`，然后就删除了我系统上的所有启动文件。现在，我经常使用 `pwd` 来确保我在发出这样的命令之前确认我在哪里。幸运的是，我能够使用 USB 驱动器启动被搞坏的笔记本电脑并恢复我的文件。” —— [Don Watkins] [6] + +“不要因为你认为‘权限很难理解’而你希望应用程序可以访问某些内容时就将整个文件系统的权限重置为 [777][7]。”—— [Matthew Helmke] [8] + +“我从我的系统中删除一个软件包，而我没有检查它依赖的其他软件包。我只是让它删除它想删除要的东西，最终导致我的一些重要程序崩溃并变得不可用。” —— [Kedar Vijay Kulkarni] [9] + +你在学习使用 Linux 时犯过什么错误？请在评论中分享。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-rookie-mistakes + +作者：[Jen Wike Huger (Red Hat)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jen-wike/users/bcotton/users/petercheer/users/greg-p/users/greg-p +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/mistake_bug_fix_find_error.png?itok=PZaz3dga (magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/linux +[3]: https://lintqueen.com/2017/07/02/learning-while-frustrated/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/users/lintqueen +[5]: https://opensource.com/users/glasnt +[6]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[7]: https://www.maketecheasier.com/file-permissions-what-does-chmod-777-means/ +[8]: https://twitter.com/matthewhelmke +[9]: https://opensource.com/users/kkulkarn From f5eb60d587a60e01df3ff502b21bf8a00bbd0598 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 10:37:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0219/1265] PRF:20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md @wxy --- .../tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md b/translated/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md index 3fa5311ea0..dadd5807a8 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10952-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 Linux rookie mistakes) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-rookie-mistakes) -[#]: author: (Jen Wike Huger https://opensource.com/users/jen-wike/users/bcotton/users/petercheer/users/greg-p/users/greg-p) +[#]: author: (Jen Wike Huger https://opensource.com/users/jen-wike/users/bcotton/users/petercheer/users/greg-p/users/greg-p) 5 个 Linux 新手会犯的失误 ====== > Linux 爱好者们分享了他们犯下的一些最大错误。 -![magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/09/103635akfkghwh5mp58g68.jpg) 终身学习是明智的 —— 它可以让你的思维敏捷，让你在就业市场上更具竞争力。但是有些技能比其他技能更难学，尤其是那些小菜鸟错误，当你尝试修复它们时可能会花费你很多时间，给你带来很大困扰。 @@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-rookie-mistakes -作者：[Jen Wike Huger (Red Hat)][a] +作者：[Jen Wike Huger][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4c52204853738b227f4e1f1f5ebb4b3fe0705029 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 10:37:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0220/1265] PUB:20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10952-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md b/published/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md rename to published/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md From a13edbf17cfd1db5915821f9db20c4bcd9eb02f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 11:22:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0221/1265] PRF:20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md @wxy --- ...190531 Why translation platforms matter.md | 26 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md b/translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md index 1a44a4ed58..535289186b 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md +++ b/translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Why translation platforms matter) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/translation-platforms) [#]: author: (Jean-Baptiste Holcroft https://opensource.com/users/jibec/users/annegentle/users/bcotton) -为什么翻译平台很重要 +什么是翻译平台最重要的地方？ ====== -技术上的考虑并不是判断一个好的翻译平台的最佳方式。 +> 技术上的考虑并不是判断一个好的翻译平台的最佳方式。 -![][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/09/112224nvvkrv16qv60vwpv.jpg) 语言翻译可以使开源软件能够被世界各地的人们使用，这是非开发人员参与他们喜欢的（开源）项目的好方法。有许多[翻译工具][2]，你可以根据他们处理翻译中涉及的主要功能区域的能力来评估：技术交互能力、团队支持能力和翻译支持能力。 @@ -30,31 +30,31 @@ * 显示进度状态 * 是否启用审核和验证步骤 * 协助（来自同一团队和跨语言的）翻译人员和项目维护人员之间的讨论 -* 平台支持的全球通信（新闻等） +* 平台支持的全球通讯（新闻等） 翻译协助包括： * 清晰、符合人体工程学的界面 * 简单几步就可以找到项目并开始工作 -* 可以简单地阅读到翻译和分发之间流程 +* 可以简单地了解到翻译和分发之间流程 * 可以使用翻译记忆机 * 词汇表丰富 -前两个功能区域与源代码管理平台的差别不大，只有一些小的差别。我觉得最后一个区域也主要与源代码有关。但是，它们处理的数据非常不同，它的用户通常比开发人员技术复杂得多，而且数量也更多。 +前两个功能区域与源代码管理平台的差别不大，只有一些小的差别。我觉得最后一个区域也主要与源代码有关。但是，它们处理的数据非常不同，翻译平台的用户通常也不如开发人员了解技术，而数量也更多。 ### 我的推荐 在我看来，GNOME 平台提供了最好的翻译平台，原因如下： -* 其网站包含团队组织和翻译平台。很容易看出谁在负责以及他们在团队中的角色。一切都集中在几个屏幕上。 -* 很容易找到要处理的内容，并且你会很快意识到你必须将文件下载到计算机并在修改后将其发回。这个流程不是很先进，但逻辑很容易理解。 -* 一旦你发回文件，平台就可以向邮件列表发送警报，以便团队知道后续步骤，并且可以全局轻松讨论翻译（而不是评论特定句子）。 -* 它支持 297 种语言。 +* 其网站包含了团队组织和翻译平台。很容易看出谁在负责以及他们在团队中的角色。一切都集中在几个屏幕之内。 +* 很容易找到要处理的内容，并且你会很快意识到你必须将文件下载到本地计算机并在修改后将其发回。这个流程不是很先进，但逻辑很容易理解。 +* 一旦你发回文件，平台就可以向邮件列表发送通告，以便团队知道后续步骤，并且可以全局轻松讨论翻译（而不是评论特定句子）。 +* 它支持多达 297 种语言。 * 它显示了基本句子、高级菜单和文档的明确的进度百分比。    再加上可预测的 GNOME 发布计划，社区可以使用一切可以促进社区工作的工具。 -如果我们看看 Debian 翻译团队，他们多年来一直在为 Debian （LCTT 译注：此处原文是“Fedora”，疑为笔误）（尤其是新闻）翻译了难以想象的大量内容，我们看到他们有一个高度编码的翻译流程，完全基于电子邮件，手动推送到存储库。该团队还将所有内容都放在流程中，而不是工具中，尽管这似乎需要相当大的技术能力，但它已成为领先的语言群体之一，已经运作多年。 +如果我们看看 Debian 翻译团队，他们多年来一直在为 Debian （LCTT 译注：此处原文是“Fedora”，疑为笔误）翻译了难以想象的大量内容（尤其是新闻），我们看到他们有一个高度以来于规则的翻译流程，完全基于电子邮件，手动推送到存储库。该团队还将所有内容都放在流程中，而不是工具中，尽管这似乎需要相当大的技术能力，但它已成为领先的语言群体之一，已经运作多年。 我认为，成功的翻译平台的主要问题不是基于单一的（技术、翻译）工作的能力，而是基于如何构建和支持翻译团队的流程。这就是可持续性的原因。 @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/translation-platforms 作者：[Jean-Baptiste Holcroft][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 411f434138f24bb9798b82a9fbd47fe85a9b6dbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 11:22:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0222/1265] PUB:20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10953-1.html --- .../20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md b/published/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md rename to published/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md index 535289186b..92cdbb20b1 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md +++ b/published/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10953-1.html) [#]: subject: (Why translation platforms matter) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/translation-platforms) [#]: author: (Jean-Baptiste Holcroft https://opensource.com/users/jibec/users/annegentle/users/bcotton) From 2d5ab22c31779ee11b35968624329868f665e710 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Liwen Jiang Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 22:02:16 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 0223/1265] Submit Translated passage for review Submit Translated passage for review --- ...to identify same-content files on Linux.md | 66 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md (57%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md similarity index 57% rename from sources/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md index d1d5fb8180..eb07e45d14 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md @@ -7,20 +7,20 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390204/how-to-identify-same-content-files-on-linux.html#tk.rss_all) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) -How to identify same-content files on Linux +如何在 Linux 上识别同样内容的文件 ====== -Copies of files sometimes represent a big waste of disk space and can cause confusion if you want to make updates. Here are six commands to help you identify these files. +有时文件副本代表了对硬盘空间的巨大浪费并会在你想要更新文件时造成困扰。以下是用来识别这些文件的六个命令。 ![Vinoth Chandar \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] -In a recent post, we looked at [how to identify and locate files that are hard links][2] (i.e., that point to the same disk content and share inodes). In this post, we'll check out commands for finding files that have the same _content_ , but are not otherwise connected. +在最近的帖子中，我们看了[如何识别定位硬链接的文件][2]（换句话说，指向同一硬盘内容并共享索引节点）。在本篇帖子中，我们将查看能找到具有相同_内容_，却不相链接的文件的命令。 -Hard links are helpful because they allow files to exist in multiple places in the file system while not taking up any additional disk space. Copies of files, on the other hand, sometimes represent a big waste of disk space and run some risk of causing some confusion if you want to make updates. In this post, we're going to look at multiple ways to identify these files. +硬链接很有用时因为它们能够使文件存放在文件系统内的多个地方却不会占用额外的硬盘空间。另一方面，有时文件副本代表了对硬盘空间的巨大浪费，在你想要更新文件时也会有造成困扰之虞。在这篇帖子中，我们将看一下多种识别这些文件的方式。 -**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][3] ]** +**[两分钟 Linux 小贴士:[学习如何通过两分钟视频教程掌握大量 Linux 命令][3]]** -### Comparing files with the diff command +### 用 diff 命令比较文件 -Probably the easiest way to compare two files is to use the **diff** command. The output will show you the differences between the two files. The < and > signs indicate whether the extra lines are in the first (<) or second (>) file provided as arguments. In this example, the extra lines are in backup.html. +可能比较两个文件最简单的方法是使用 **diff** 命令。输出会显示你文件的不同之处。< 和 > 符号代表在当参数传过来的第一个（<）或第二个（>）文件中是否有额外的文字行。在这个例子中，在 backup.html 中有额外的文字行。 ``` $ diff index.html backup.html @@ -30,18 +30,18 @@ $ diff index.html backup.html > ``` -If diff shows no output, that means the two files are the same. +如果 diff 没有输出那代表两个文件相同。 ``` $ diff home.html index.html $ ``` -The only drawbacks to diff are that it can only compare two files at a time, and you have to identify the files to compare. Some commands we will look at in this post can find the duplicate files for you. +diff 的唯一缺点是它一次只能比较两个文件并且你必须指定用来比较的文件，这篇帖子中的一些命令可以为你找到多个重复文件。 -### Using checksums +### 使用 checksums -The **cksum** (checksum) command computes checksums for files. Checksums are a mathematical reduction of the contents to a lengthy number (like 2819078353 228029). While not absolutely unique, the chance that files that are not identical in content would result in the same checksum is extremely small. +**cksum**（checksum） 命令计算文件的校验和。校验和是一种将文字内容转化成一个长数字（例如2819078353 228029）的数学简化。虽然并不是完全独特的，但是文件内容不同校验和却相同的概率微乎其微。 ``` $ cksum *.html @@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ $ cksum *.html 4073570409 227985 index.html ``` -In the example above, you can see how the second and third files yield the same checksum and can be assumed to be identical. +在上述示例中，你可以看到产生同样校验和的第二个和第三个文件是如何可以被默认为相同的。 -### Using the find command +### 使用 find 命令 -While the find command doesn't have an option for finding duplicate files, it can be used to search files by name or type and run the cksum command. For example: +虽然 find 命令并没有寻找重复文件的选项，它依然可以被用来通过名字或类型寻找文件并运行 cksum 命令。例如： ``` $ find . -name "*.html" -exec cksum {} \; @@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ $ find . -name "*.html" -exec cksum {} \; 4073570409 227985 ./index.html ``` -### Using the fslint command +### 使用 fslint 命令 -The **fslint** command can be used to specifically find duplicate files. Note that we give it a starting location. The command can take quite some time to complete if it needs to run through a large number of files. Here's output from a very modest search. Note how it lists the duplicate files and also looks for other issues, such as empty directories and bad IDs. +**fslint** 命令可以被特地用来寻找重复文件。注意我们给了它一个起始位置。如果它需要遍历相当多的文件，这个命令需要花点时间来完成。注意它是如何列出重复文件并寻找其它问题的，比如空目录和坏ID。 ``` $ fslint . @@ -86,15 +86,15 @@ index.html -------------------------Non Stripped executables ``` -You may have to install **fslint** on your system. You will probably have to add it to your search path, as well: +你可能需要在你的系统上安装 **fslint**。 你可能也需要将它加入你的搜索路径： ``` $ export PATH=$PATH:/usr/share/fslint/fslint ``` -### Using the rdfind command +### 使用 rdfind 命令 -The **rdfind** command will also look for duplicate (same content) files. The name stands for "redundant data find," and the command is able to determine, based on file dates, which files are the originals — which is helpful if you choose to delete the duplicates, as it will remove the newer files. +**rdfind** 命令也会寻找重复（相同内容的）文件。它的名字代表“重复数据搜寻”并且它能够基于文件日期判断哪个文件是原件——这在你选择删除副本时很有用因为它会移除较新的文件。 ``` $ rdfind ~ @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ Totally, 223 KiB can be reduced. Now making results file results.txt ``` -You can also run this command in "dryrun" (i.e., only report the changes that might otherwise be made). +你可以在“dryrun”中运行这个命令 （换句话说，仅仅汇报可能会另外被做出的改动）。 ``` $ rdfind -dryrun true ~ @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ Removed 9 files due to unique sizes from list.2 files left. (DRYRUN MODE) Now making results file results.txt ``` -The rdfind command also provides options for things such as ignoring empty files (-ignoreempty) and following symbolic links (-followsymlinks). Check out the man page for explanations. +rdfind 命令同样提供了类似忽略空文档（-ignoreempty）和跟踪符号链接（-followsymlinks）的功能。查看 man 页面获取解释。 ``` -ignoreempty ignore empty files @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ The rdfind command also provides options for things such as ignoring empty files -n, -dryrun display what would have been done, but don't do it ``` -Note that the rdfind command offers an option to delete duplicate files with the **-deleteduplicates true** setting. Hopefully the command's modest problem with grammar won't irritate you. ;-) +注意 rdfind 命令提供了 **-deleteduplicates true** 的设置选项以删除副本。希望这个命令语法上的小问题不会惹恼你。;-) ``` $ rdfind -deleteduplicates true . @@ -154,11 +154,11 @@ $ rdfind -deleteduplicates true . Deleted 1 files. <== ``` -You will likely have to install the rdfind command on your system. It's probably a good idea to experiment with it to get comfortable with how it works. +你将可能需要在你的系统上安装 rdfind 命令。试验它以熟悉如何使用它可能是一个好主意。 -### Using the fdupes command +### 使用 fdupes 命令 -The **fdupes** command also makes it easy to identify duplicate files and provides a large number of useful options — like **-r** for recursion. In its simplest form, it groups duplicate files together like this: +**fdupes** 命令同样使得识别重复文件变得简单。它同时提供了大量有用的选项——例如用来迭代的**-r**。在这个例子中，它像这样将重复文件分组到一起： ``` $ fdupes ~ @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ $ fdupes ~ /home/shs/hideme.png ``` -Here's an example using recursion. Note that many of the duplicate files are important (users' .bashrc and .profile files) and should clearly not be deleted. +这是使用迭代的一个例子，注意许多重复文件是重要的（用户的 .bashrc 和 .profile 文件）并且不应被删除。 ``` # fdupes -r /home @@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ Here's an example using recursion. Note that many of the duplicate files are imp /home/shs/PNGs/Sandra_rotated.png ``` -The fdupe command's many options are listed below. Use the **fdupes -h** command, or read the man page for more details. +fdupe 命令的许多选项列在下面。使用 **fdupes -h** 命令或者阅读 man 页面获取详情。 ``` -r --recurse recurse @@ -229,15 +229,14 @@ The fdupe command's many options are listed below. Use the **fdupes -h** command -h --help displays help ``` -The fdupes command is another one that you're like to have to install and work with for a while to become familiar with its many options. +fdupes 命令是另一个你可能需要安装并使用一段时间才能熟悉其众多选项的命令。 -### Wrap-up +### 总结 -Linux systems provide a good selection of tools for locating and potentially removing duplicate files, along with options for where you want to run your search and what you want to do with duplicate files when you find them. +Linux 系统提供能够定位并（潜在地）能移除重复文件的一系列的好工具附带能让你指定搜索区域及当对你所发现的重复文件时的处理方式的选项。 +**[也可在:[解决 Linux 问题时的无价建议和技巧][4]上查看]** -**[ Also see:[Invaluable tips and tricks for troubleshooting Linux][4] ]** - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. +在 [Facebook][5] 和 [LinkedIn][6] 上加入 Network World 社区并对任何弹出的话题评论。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -258,3 +257,4 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390204/how-to-identify-same-content-f [4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3242170/linux/invaluable-tips-and-tricks-for-troubleshooting-linux.html [5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ [6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world + From fa8226e11246c0624d07412cfd87c00453b8e280 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 22:18:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0224/1265] PRF:20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md PART 4 --- ...ing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 40 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md index 85cbb478e7..58ae92d7ff 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md +++ b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md @@ -305,27 +305,31 @@ t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 now ### 索引 -研究存储改进的最初想法是解决序列分流的问题。基于块的布局减少了查询所要考虑的序列总数。因此假设我们索引查找的复杂度是 `O(n^2)`，我们就要设法减少 n 个相当数量的复杂度，之后就有了改进后 `O(n^2)` 的复杂度。——恩，等等...糟糕。 -快速地想想“算法 101”课上提醒我们的，在理论上它并未带来任何好处。如果之前就很糟糕，那么现在也一样。理论是如此的残酷。 +研究存储改进的最初想法是解决序列分流的问题。基于块的布局减少了查询所要考虑的序列总数。因此假设我们索引查找的复杂度是 `O(n^2)`，我们就要设法减少 n 个相当数量的复杂度，之后就相当于改进 `O(n^2)` 复杂度。——恩，等等……糟糕。 -实际上，我们大多数的查询已经可以相当快地被相应。但是，跨越整个时间范围的查询仍然很慢，尽管只需要找到少部分数据。追溯到所有这些工作之前，最初我用来解决这个问题的想法是：我们需要一个更大容量的[倒排索引][9]。倒排索引基于数据项内容的子集提供了一种快速的查找方式。简单地说，我可以通过标签 `app=”nginx"` 查找所有的序列而无需遍历每个文件来看它是否包含该标签。 +快速回顾一下“算法 101”课上提醒我们的，在理论上它并未带来任何好处。如果之前就很糟糕，那么现在也一样。理论是如此的残酷。 -为此，每个序列被赋上一个唯一的 ID 来在常数时间内获取，例如 O(1)。在这个例子中 ID 就是 我们的正向索引。 +实际上，我们大多数的查询已经可以相当快响应。但是，跨越整个时间范围的查询仍然很慢，尽管只需要找到少部分数据。追溯到所有这些工作之前，最初我用来解决这个问题的想法是：我们需要一个更大容量的[倒排索引][9]。 -> 示例：如果 ID 为 10，29 ，9 的序列包含标签 `app="nginx"`，那么 “nginx”的倒排索引就是简单的列表 `[10, 29, 9]`，它就能用来快速地获取所有包含标签的序列。即使有 200 多亿个数据也不会影响查找速度。 +倒排索引基于数据项内容的子集提供了一种快速的查找方式。简单地说，我可以通过标签 `app="nginx"` 查找所有的序列而无需遍历每个文件来看它是否包含该标签。 + +为此，每个序列被赋上一个唯一的 ID ，通过该 ID 可以恒定时间内检索它（`O(1)`）。在这个例子中 ID 就是我们的正向索引。 + +> 示例：如果 ID 为 10、29、9 的序列包含标签 `app="nginx"`，那么 “nginx”的倒排索引就是简单的列表 `[10, 29, 9]`，它就能用来快速地获取所有包含标签的序列。即使有 200 多亿个数据序列也不会影响查找速度。 -简而言之，如果 n 是我们序列总数，m 是给定查询结果的大小，使用索引的查询复杂度现在就是 O(m)。查询语句跟随它获取数据的数量 m 而不是被搜索的数据体 n 所扩展是一个很好的特性，因为 m 一般相当小。 -为了简单起见，我们假设可以在常数时间内查找到倒排索引对应的列表。 +简而言之，如果 `n` 是我们序列总数，`m` 是给定查询结果的大小，使用索引的查询复杂度现在就是 `O(m)`。查询语句依据它获取数据的数量 `m` 而不是被搜索的数据体 `n` 进行缩放是一个很好的特性，因为 `m` 一般相当小。 -实际上，这几乎就是 V2 存储系统已有的倒排索引，也是提供在数百万序列中查询性能的最低需求。敏锐的人会注意到，在最坏情况下，所有的序列都含有标签，因此 m 又成了 O(n)。这一点在预料之中也相当合理。如果你查询所有的数据，它自然就会花费更多时间。一旦我们牵扯上了更复杂的查询语句就会有问题出现。 +为了简单起见，我们假设可以在恒定时间内查找到倒排索引对应的列表。 + +实际上，这几乎就是 V2 存储系统具有的倒排索引，也是提供在数百万序列中查询性能的最低需求。敏锐的人会注意到，在最坏情况下，所有的序列都含有标签，因此 `m` 又成了 `O(n)`。这一点在预料之中，也相当合理。如果你查询所有的数据，它自然就会花费更多时间。一旦我们牵扯上了更复杂的查询语句就会有问题出现。 #### 标签组合 -数百万个带有标签的数据很常见。假设横向扩展着数百个实例的“foo”微服务，并且每个实例拥有数千个序列。每个序列都会带有标签`app="foo"`。当然，用户通常不会查询所有的序列而是会通过进一步的标签来限制查询。例如，我想知道服务实例接收到了多少请求，那么查询语句便是 `__name__="requests_total" AND app="foo"`。 +与数百万个序列相关的标签很常见。假设横向扩展着数百个实例的“foo”微服务，并且每个实例拥有数千个序列。每个序列都会带有标签 `app="foo"`。当然，用户通常不会查询所有的序列而是会通过进一步的标签来限制查询。例如，我想知道服务实例接收到了多少请求，那么查询语句便是 `__name__="requests_total" AND app="foo"`。 -为了找到适应所有标签选择子的序列，我们得到每一个标签的倒排索引列表并取其交集。结果集通常会比任何一个输入列表小一个数量级。因为每个输入列表最坏情况下的尺寸为 O(n)，所以在嵌套地为每个列表进行暴力求解brute force solution下，运行时间为 O(n^2)。与其他的集合操作耗费相同，例如取并集 (`app="foo" OR app="bar"`)。当添加更多标签选择子在查询语句上，耗费就会指数增长到 O(n^3), O(n^4), O(n^5), ... O(n^k)。有很多手段都能通过改变执行顺序优化运行效率。越复杂，越是需要关于数据特征和标签之间相关性的知识。这引入了大量的复杂度，但是并没有减少算法的最坏运行时间。 +为了找到满足两个标签选择子的所有序列，我们得到每一个标签的倒排索引列表并取其交集。结果集通常会比任何一个输入列表小一个数量级。因为每个输入列表最坏情况下的大小为 `O(n)`，所以在嵌套地为每个列表进行暴力求解brute force solution下，运行时间为 `O(n^2)`。相同的成本也适用于其他的集合操作，例如取并集（`app="foo" OR app="bar"`）。当在查询语句上添加更多标签选择子，耗费就会指数增长到 `O(n^3)`、`O(n^4)`、`O(n^5)`……`O(n^k)`。通过改变执行顺序，可以使用很多技巧以优化运行效率。越复杂，越是需要关于数据特征和标签之间相关性的知识。这引入了大量的复杂度，但是并没有减少算法的最坏运行时间。 -这便是 V2 存储系统使用的基本方法，幸运的是，似乎稍微的改动就能获得很大的提升。如果我们假设倒排索引中的 ID 都是排序好的会怎么样？ +这便是 V2 存储系统使用的基本方法，幸运的是，看似微小的改动就能获得显著的提升。如果我们假设倒排索引中的 ID 都是排序好的会怎么样？ 假设这个例子的列表用于我们最初的查询： @@ -336,13 +340,17 @@ __name__="requests_total" -> [ 9999, 1000, 1001, 2000000, 2000001, 2000002, intersection => [ 1000, 1001 ] ``` -它的交集相当小。我们可以为每个列表的起始位置设置游标，每次从最小的游标处移动来找到交集。当二者的数字相等，我们就添加它到结果中并移动二者的游标。总体上，我们以锯齿形扫描两个列表，因此总耗费是 O(2n)=O(n)，因为我们总是在一个列表上移动。 +它的交集相当小。我们可以为每个列表的起始位置设置游标，每次从最小的游标处移动来找到交集。当二者的数字相等，我们就添加它到结果中并移动二者的游标。总体上，我们以锯齿形扫描两个列表，因此总耗费是 `O(2n)=O(n)`，因为我们总是在一个列表上移动。 -两个以上列表的不同集合操作也类似。因此 k 个集合操作仅仅改变了因子 O(k*n) 而不是最坏查找运行时间下的指数 O(n^k)。 -我在这里所描述的是任意一个[全文搜索引擎][10]使用的标准搜索索引的简化版本。每个序列描述符都视作一个简短的“文档”，每个标签（名称 + 固定值）作为其中的“单词”。我们可以忽略搜索引擎索引中很多附加的数据，例如单词位置和和频率。 -似乎存在着无止境的研究来提升实际的运行时间，通常都是对输入数据做一些假设。不出意料的是，仍有大量技术来压缩倒排索引，其中各有利弊。因为我们的“文档”比较小，而且“单词”在所有的序列里大量重复，压缩变得几乎无关紧要。例如，一个真实的数据集约有 440 万个序列与大约 12 个标签，每个标签拥有少于 5000 个单独的标签。对于最初的存储版本，我们坚持基本的方法不使用压缩，仅做微小的调整来跳过大范围非交叉的 ID。 +两个以上列表的不同集合操作也类似。因此 `k` 个集合操作仅仅改变了因子 `O(k*n)` 而不是最坏情况下查找运行时间的指数 `O(n^k)`。 -尽管维持排序好的 ID 听起来很简单，但实践过程中不是总能完成的。例如，V2 存储系统为新的序列赋上一个哈希值来当作 ID，我们就不能轻易地排序倒排索引。另一个艰巨的任务是当磁盘上的数据被更新或删除掉后修改其索引。通常，最简单的方法是重新计算并写入，但是要保证数据库在此期间可查询且具有一致性。V3 存储系统通过每块上独立的不可变索引来解决这一问题，仅通过压缩时的重写来进行修改。只有可变块上的索引需要被更新，它完全保存在内存中。 +我在这里所描述的是几乎所有[全文搜索引擎][10]使用的标准搜索索引的简化版本。每个序列描述符都视作一个简短的“文档”，每个标签（名称 + 固定值）作为其中的“单词”。我们可以忽略搜索引擎索引中通常遇到的很多附加数据，例如单词位置和和频率。 + +关于改进实际运行时间的方法似乎存在无穷无尽的研究，它们通常都是对输入数据做一些假设。不出意料的是，还有大量技术来压缩倒排索引，其中各有利弊。因为我们的“文档”比较小，而且“单词”在所有的序列里大量重复，压缩变得几乎无关紧要。例如，一个真实的数据集约有 440 万个序列与大约 12 个标签，每个标签拥有少于 5000 个单独的标签。对于最初的存储版本，我们坚持使用基本的方法而不压缩，仅做微小的调整来跳过大范围非交叉的 ID。 + +尽管维持排序好的 ID 听起来很简单，但实践过程中不是总能完成的。例如，V2 存储系统为新的序列赋上一个哈希值来当作 ID，我们就不能轻易地排序倒排索引。 + +另一个艰巨的任务是当磁盘上的数据被更新或删除掉后修改其索引。通常，最简单的方法是重新计算并写入，但是要保证数据库在此期间可查询且具有一致性。V3 存储系统通过每块上具有的独立不可变索引来解决这一问题，该索引仅通过压缩时的重写来进行修改。只有可变块上的索引需要被更新，它完全保存在内存中。 ### 基准测试 From 825f475b5a028e15197d10519fb925a775372fdf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 23:17:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0225/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B8=85=E9=99=A4=E9=83=A8=E5=88=86?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @lujun9972 部分选题已经过时 --- ...Organizations Need to Brace for in 2018.md | 116 -------- ...s for MOOCs - WebLog Pro Olivier Berger.md | 255 ------------------ ...ns Address Demand for Blockchain Skills.md | 45 ---- ...w blockchain will influence open source.md | 185 ------------- ...me Interesting Facts About Debian Linux.md | 116 -------- ...th Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH.md | 97 ------- ...28 Why CLAs aren-t good for open source.md | 76 ------ .../20190311 Discuss everything Fedora.md | 45 ---- .../20190322 How to save time with TiDB.md | 143 ---------- ... Intel, HPE and Lenovo for hybrid cloud.md | 60 ----- ...or hyperconverged private cloud systems.md | 60 ----- ...XE users to patch urgent security holes.md | 76 ------ ...upercomputer, promises to productize it.md | 58 ---- ...(again) into single-socket Xeon servers.md | 61 ----- ...oundup- VMware, Nokia beef up their IoT.md | 69 ----- ...renew converged infrastructure alliance.md | 52 ---- ...00 switches ousted by new Catalyst 9600.md | 86 ------ ...oduces hybrid cloud consulting business.md | 59 ---- ... work, issues 17 new ones for IOS flaws.md | 72 ----- ...nnouncing the release of Fedora 30 Beta.md | 90 ------- ... rebase to Fedora 30 Beta on Silverblue.md | 70 ----- ...facturing Platform might not be so open.md | 69 ----- ... 30 is Here- Check Out the New Features.md | 115 -------- 23 files changed, 2075 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20171222 18 Cyber-Security Trends Organizations Need to Brace for in 2018.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20180209 A review of Virtual Labs virtualization solutions for MOOCs - WebLog Pro Olivier Berger.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20180705 New Training Options Address Demand for Blockchain Skills.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20180802 How blockchain will influence open source.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20180816 Debian Turns 25- Here are Some Interesting Facts About Debian Linux.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20181004 Interview With Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190228 Why CLAs aren-t good for open source.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190311 Discuss everything Fedora.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190322 How to save time with TiDB.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190410 Google partners with Intel, HPE and Lenovo for hybrid cloud.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190410 HPE and Nutanix partner for hyperconverged private cloud systems.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190418 Cisco warns WLAN controller, 9000 series router and IOS-XE users to patch urgent security holes.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190418 Fujitsu completes design of exascale supercomputer, promises to productize it.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190419 Intel follows AMD-s lead (again) into single-socket Xeon servers.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190424 IoT roundup- VMware, Nokia beef up their IoT.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190425 Dell EMC and Cisco renew converged infrastructure alliance.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190429 Venerable Cisco Catalyst 6000 switches ousted by new Catalyst 9600.md delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190327 HPE introduces hybrid cloud consulting business.md delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190328 Cisco warns of two security patches that don-t work, issues 17 new ones for IOS flaws.md delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190402 Announcing the release of Fedora 30 Beta.md delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190403 How to rebase to Fedora 30 Beta on Silverblue.md delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190409 The Microsoft-BMW IoT Open Manufacturing Platform might not be so open.md delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190430 The Awesome Fedora 30 is Here- Check Out the New Features.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20171222 18 Cyber-Security Trends Organizations Need to Brace for in 2018.md b/sources/talk/20171222 18 Cyber-Security Trends Organizations Need to Brace for in 2018.md deleted file mode 100644 index 09223ccb21..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20171222 18 Cyber-Security Trends Organizations Need to Brace for in 2018.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,116 +0,0 @@ -18 Cyber-Security Trends Organizations Need to Brace for in 2018 -====== - -### 18 Cyber-Security Trends Organizations Need to Brace for in 2018 - -Enterprises, end users and governments faced no shortage of security challenges in 2017. Some of those same challenges will continue into 2018, and there will be new problems to solve as well. Ransomware has been a concern for several years and will likely continue to be a big issue in 2018. The new year is also going to bring the formal introduction of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which will impact how organizations manage private information. A key trend that emerged in 2017 was an increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) to help solve cyber-security challenges, and that's a trend that will continue to accelerate in 2018. What else will the new year bring? In this slide show, eWEEK presents 18 security predictions for the year ahead from 18 security experts. - - -### Africa Emerges as New Area for Threat Actors and Targets - -"In 2018, Africa will emerge as a new focus area for cyber-threats--both targeting organizations based there and attacks originating from the continent. With its growth in technology adoption and operations and rising economy, and its increasing number of local resident threat actors, Africa has the largest potential for net-new impactful cyber events." -Steve Stone, IBM X-Force IRIS - - -### AI vs. AI - -"2018 will see a rise in AI-based attacks as cyber-criminals begin using machine learning to spoof human behaviors. The cyber-security industry will need to tune their own AI tools to better combat the new threats. The cat and mouse game of cybercrime and security innovation will rapidly escalate to include AI-enabled tools on both sides." --Caleb Barlow, vice president of Threat Intelligence, IBM Security - - -### Cyber-Security as a Growth Driver - -"CEOs view cyber-security as one of their top risks, but many also see it as an opportunity to innovate and find new ways to generate revenue. In 2018 and beyond, effective cyber-security measures will support companies that are transforming their security, privacy and continuity controls in an effort to grow their businesses." -Greg Bell, KMPG's Global Cyber Security Practice co-leader - - -### GDPR Means Good Enough Isn't Good Enough - -"Too many professionals share a 'good enough' philosophy that they've adopted from their consumer mindset that they can simply upgrade and patch to comply with the latest security and compliance best practices or regulations. In 2018, with the upcoming enforcement of the EU GDPR 'respond fast' rules, organizations will quickly come to terms, and face fines, with why 'good enough' is not 'good' anymore." -Kris Lovejoy, CEO of BluVector - - -### Consumerization of Cyber-Security - -"2018 will mark the debut of the 'consumerization of cyber-security.' This means consumers will be offered a unified, comprehensive suite of security offerings, including, in addition to antivirus and spyware protection, credit and identify abuse monitoring and identity restoration. This is a big step forward compared to what is available in one package today. McAfee Total Protection, which safeguards consumer identities in addition to providing virus and malware protection, is an early, simplified example of this. Consumers want to feel more secure." -Don Dixon, co-founder and managing director, Trident Capital Cybersecurity - - -### Ransomware Will Continue - -"Ransomware will continue to plague organizations with 'old' attacks 'refreshed' and reused. The threat of ransomware will continue into 2018. This year we've seen ransomware wreak havoc across the globe with both WannaCry and NotPetya hitting the headlines. Threats of this type and on this scale will be a common feature of the next 12 months." -Andrew Avanessian, chief operating officer at Avecto - - -### More Encryption Will Be Needed - -"It will become increasingly clear in the industry that HTTPS does not offer the robust security and end-to-end encryption as is commonly believed, and there will be a push to encrypt data before it is sent over HTTPS." -Darren Guccione, CEO and co-founder, Keeper Security - - -### Denial of Service Will Become Financially Lucrative - -"Denial of service will become as financially lucrative as identity theft. Using stolen identities for new account fraud has been the major revenue driver behind breaches. However, in recent years ransomware attacks have caused as much if not more damage, as increased reliance on distributed applications and cloud services results in massive business damage when information, applications or systems are held hostage by attackers." -John Pescatore. SANS' director of emerging security trends - - -### Goodbye Social Security Number - -"2018 is the turning point for the retirement of the Social Security number. At this point, the vast majority of SSNs are compromised, and we can no longer rely on them--nor should we have previously." -Michael Sutton, CISO, Zscaler - - -### Post-Quantum Cyber-Security Discussion Warms Up the Boardroom - -"The uncertainty of cyber-security in a post-quantum world is percolating some circles, but 2018 is the year the discussions gain momentum in the top levels of business. As security experts grapple with preparing for a post-quantum world, top executives will begin to ask what can be done to ensure all of our connected 'things' remain secure." -Malte Pollmann, CEO of Utimaco - - -### Market Consolidation Is Coming - -"There will be accelerated consolidation of cyber niche markets flooded with too many 'me-too' companies offering extremely similar products and services. As an example, authentication, end-point security and threat intelligence now boast a total of more than 25 competitors. Ultimately, only three to six companies in each niche can survive." -Mike Janke, co-founder of DataTribe - - -### Health Care Will Be a Lucrative Target - -"Health records are highly valued on the black market because they are saturated with Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Health care institutions will continue to be a target as they have tighter allocations for security in their IT budgets. Also, medical devices are hard to update and often run on older operating system versions." -Larry Cashdollar, senior engineer, Security Intelligence Response Team, Akamai - - -### 2018: The Year of Simple Multifactor Authentication for SMBs - -"Unfortunately, effective multifactor authentication (MFA) solutions have remained largely out of reach for the average small- and medium-sized business. Though enterprise multifactor technology is quite mature, it often required complex on-premises solutions and expensive hardware tokens that most small businesses couldn't afford or manage. However, the growth of SaaS and smartphones has introduced new multifactor solutions that are inexpensive and easy for small businesses to use. Next year, many SMBs will adopt these new MFA solutions to secure their more privileged accounts and users. 2018 will be the year of MFA for SMBs." -Corey Nachreiner, CTO at WatchGuard Technologies - - -### Automation Will Improve the IT Skills Gap - -"The security skills gap is widening every year, with no signs of slowing down. To combat the skills gap and assist in the growing adoption of advanced analytics, automation will become an even higher priority for CISOs." -Haiyan Song, senior vice president of Security Markets at Splunk - - -### Industrial Security Gets Overdue Attention - -"The high-profile attacks of 2017 acted as a wake-up call, and many plant managers now worry that they could be next. Plant manufacturers themselves will offer enhanced security. Third-party companies going on their own will stay in a niche market. The industrial security manufacturers themselves will drive a cooperation with the security industry to provide security themselves. This is because there is an awareness thing going on and impending government scrutiny. This is different from what happened in the rest of IT/IoT where security vendors just go to market by themselves as a layer on top of IT (i.e.: an antivirus on top of Windows)." -Renaud Deraison, co-founder and CTO, Tenable - - -### Cryptocurrencies Become the New Playground for Identity Thieves - -"The rising value of cryptocurrencies will lead to greater attention from hackers and bad actors. Next year we'll see more fraud, hacks and money laundering take place across the top cryptocurrency marketplaces. This will lead to a greater focus on identity verification and, ultimately, will result in legislation focused on trader identity." -Stephen Maloney, executive vice president of Business Development & Strategy, Acuant - - -### GDPR Compliance Will Be a Challenge - -"In 2018, three quarters of companies or apps will be ruled out of compliance with GDPR and at least one major corporation will be fined to the highest extent in 2018 to set an example for others. Most companies are preparing internally by performing more security assessments and recruiting a mix of security professionals with privacy expertise and lawyers, but with the deadline quickly approaching, it's clear the bulk of businesses are woefully behind and may not be able to avoid these consequences." -Sanjay Beri, founder and CEO, Netskope - - -### Data Security Solidifies Its Spot in the IT Security Stack - -"Many businesses are stuck in the mindset that security of networks, servers and applications is sufficient to protect their data. However, the barrage of breaches in 2017 highlights a clear disconnect between what organizations think is working and what actually works. In 2018, we expect more businesses to implement data security solutions that complement their existing network security deployments." -Jim Varner, CEO of SecurityFirst - - -### [Eight Cyber-Security Vendors Raise New Funding in November 2017][1] - -Though the pace of funding slowed in November, multiple firms raised new venture capital to develop and improve their cyber-security products. - -Though the pace of funding slowed in November, multiple firms raised new venture capital to develop and improve their cyber-security products. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://voip.eweek.com/security/18-cyber-security-trends-organizations-need-to-brace-for-in-2018 - -作者：[Sean Michael Kerner][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://voip.eweek.com/Authors/sean-michael-kerner -[1]:http://voip.eweek.com/security/eight-cyber-security-vendors-raise-new-funding-in-november-2017 diff --git a/sources/talk/20180209 A review of Virtual Labs virtualization solutions for MOOCs - WebLog Pro Olivier Berger.md b/sources/talk/20180209 A review of Virtual Labs virtualization solutions for MOOCs - WebLog Pro Olivier Berger.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0cb3755ca1..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180209 A review of Virtual Labs virtualization solutions for MOOCs - WebLog Pro Olivier Berger.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,255 +0,0 @@ -A review of Virtual Labs virtualization solutions for MOOCs – WebLog Pro Olivier Berger -====== -### 1 Introduction - -This is a memo that tries to capture some of the experience gained in the [FLIRT project][3] on the topic of Virtual Labs for MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses). - -In this memo, we try to draw an overview of some benefits and concerns with existing approaches at using virtualization techniques for running Virtual Labs, as distributions of tools made available for distant learners. - -We describe 3 main technical architectures: (1) running Virtual Machine images locally on a virtual machine manager, or (2) displaying the remote execution of similar virtual machines on a IaaS cloud, and (3) the potential of connecting to the remote execution of minimized containers on a remote PaaS cloud. - -We then elaborate on some perspectives for locally running ports of applications to the WebAssembly virtual machine of the modern Web browsers. - -Disclaimer: This memo doesn’t intend to point to extensive literature on the subject, so part of our analysis may be biased by our particular context. - -### 2 Context : MOOCs - -Many MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) include a kind of “virtual laboratory” for learners to experiment with tools, as a way to apply the knowledge, practice, and be more active in the learning process. In quite a few (technical) disciplines, this can consist in using a set of standard applications in a professional domain, which represent typical tools that would be used in real life scenarii. - -Our main perspective will be that of a MOOC editor and of MOOC production teams which want to make “virtual labs” available for MOOC participants. - -Such a “virtual lab” would typically contain installations of existing applications, pre-installed and configured, and loaded with scenario data in order to perform a lab. - -The main constraint here is that such labs would typically be fabricated with limited software development expertise and funds[1][4]. Thus we consider here only the assembly of existing “normal” applications and discard the option of developping novel “serious games” and simulator applications for such MOOCs. - -#### 2.1 The FLIRT project - -The [FLIRT project][5] groups a consortium of 19 partners in Industry, SMEs and Academia to work on a collection of MOOCs and SPOCs for professional development in Networks and Telecommunications. Lead by Institut Mines Telecom, it benefits from the funding support of the French “Investissements d’avenir” programme. - -As part of the FLIRT roadmap, we’re leading an “innovation task” focused on Virtual Labs in the context of the Cloud. This memo was produced as part of this task. - -#### 2.2 Some challenges in virtual labs design for distant learning - -Virtual Labs used in distance learning contexts require the use of software applications in autonomy, either running on a personal, or professional computer. In general, the technical skills of participants may be diverse. So much for the quality (bandwith, QoS, filtering, limitations: firewaling) of the hardware and networks they use at home or at work. It’s thus very optimistic to seek for one solution fits all strategy. - -Most of the time there’s a learning curve on getting familiar with the tools which students will have to use, which constitutes as many challenges to overcome for beginners. These tools may not be suited for beginners, but they will still be selected by the trainers as they’re representative of the professional context being taught. - -In theory, this usability challenge should be addressed by devising an adapted pedagogical approach, especially in a context of distance learning, so that learners can practice the labs on their own, without the presence of a tutor or professor. Or some particular prerequisite skills could be required (“please follow System Administration 101 before applying to this course”). - -Unfortunately there are many cases where instructors basically just translate to a distant learning scenario, previous lab resources that had previously been devised for in presence learning. This lets learner faced with many challenges to overcome. The only support resource is often a regular forum on the MOOC’s LMS (Learning Management System). - -My intuition[2][6] is that developing ad-hoc simulators for distant education would probably be more efficient and easy to use for learners. But that would require a too high investment for the designers of the courses. - -In the context of MOOCs which are mainly free to participate to, not much investment is possible in devising ad-hoc lab applications, and instructors have to rely on existing applications, tools and scenarii to deliver a cheap enough environment. Furthermore, technical or licensing constraints[3][7] may lead to selecting lab tools which may not be easy to learn, but have the great advantage or being freely redistributable[4][8]. - -### 3 Virtual Machines for Virtual Labs - -The learners who will try unattended learning in such typical virtual labs will face difficulties in making specialized applications run. They must overcome the technical details of downloading, installing and configuring programs, before even trying to perform a particular pedagogical scenario linked to the matter studied. - -To diminish these difficulties, one traditional approach for implementing labs in MOOCs has been to assemble in advance a Virtual Machine image. This already made image can then be downloaded and run with a virtual machine simulator (like [VirtualBox][9][5][10]). - -The pre-loaded VM will already have everything ready for use, so that the learners don’t have to install anything on their machines. - -An alternative is to let learners download and install the needed software tools themselves, but this leads to so many compatibility issues or technical skill prerequisites, that this is often not advised, and mentioned only as a fallback option. - -#### 3.1 Downloading and installation issues - -Experience shows[2][11] that such virtual machines also bring some issues. Even if installation of every piece of software is no longer required, learners still need to be able to run the VM simulator on a wide range of diverse hardware, OSes and configurations. Even managing to download the VMs, still causes many issues (lack admin privileges, weight vs download speed, memory or CPU load, disk space, screen configurations, firewall filtering, keayboard layout, etc.). - -These problems aren’t generally faced by the majority of learners, but the impacted minority is not marginal either, and they generally will produce a lot of support requests for the MOOC team (usually in the forums), which needs to be anticipated by the community managers. - -The use of VMs is no show stopper for most, but can be a serious problem for a minority of learners, and is then no silver bullet. - -Some general usability issues may also emerge if users aren’t used to the look and feel of the enclosed desktop. For instance, the VM may consist of a GNU/Linux desktop, whereas users would use a Windows or Mac OS system. - -#### 3.2 Fabrication issues for the VM images - -On the MOOC team’s side, the fabrication of a lightweight, fast, tested, license-free and easy to use VM image isn’t necessarily easy. - -Software configurations tend to rot as time passes, and maintenance may not be easy when the later MOOC editions evolutions lead to the need to maintain the virtual lab scenarii years later. - -Ideally, this would require adopting an “industrial” process in building (and testing) the lab VMs, but this requires quite an expertise (system administration, packaging, etc.) that may or not have been anticipated at the time of building the MOOC (unlike video editing competence, for instance). - -Our experiment with the [Vagrant][12] technology [[0][13]] and Debian packaging was interesting in this respect, as it allowed us to use a well managed “script” to precisely control the build of a minimal VM image. - -### 4 Virtual Labs as a Service - -To overcome the difficulties in downloading and running Virtual Machines on one’s local computer, we have started exploring the possibility to run these applications in a kind of Software as a Service (SaaS) context, “on the cloud”. - -But not all applications typically used in MOOC labs are already available for remote execution on the cloud (unless the course deals precisely with managing email in GMail). - -We have then studied the option to use such an approach not for a single application, but for a whole virtual “desktop” which would be available on the cloud. - -#### 4.1 IaaS deployments - -A way to achieve this goal is to deploy Virtual Machine images quite similar to the ones described above, on the cloud, in an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) context[6][14], to offer access to remote desktops for every learners. - -There are different technical options to achieve this goal, but a simplified description of the architecture can be seen as just running Virtual Machines on a single IaaS platform instead of on each learner’s computer. Access to the desktop and application interfaces is made possible with the use of Web pages (or other dedicated lightweight clients) which will display a “full screen” display of the remote desktop running for the user on the cloud VM. Under the hood, the remote display of a Linux desktop session is made with technologies like [VNC][15] and [RDP][16] connecting to a [Guacamole][17] server on the remote VM. - -In the context of the FLIRT project, we have made early experiments with such an architecture. We used the CloVER solution by our partner [ProCAN][18] which provides a virtual desktops broker between [OpenEdX][19] and an [OpenStack][20] IaaS public platform. - -The expected benefit is that users don’t have to install anything locally, as the only tool needed locally is a Web browser (displaying a full-screen [HTML5 canvas][21] displaying the remote desktop run by the Guacamole server running on the cloud VM. - -But there are still some issues with such an approach. First, the cost of operating such an infrastructure : Virtual Machines need to be hosted on a IaaS platform, and that cost of operation isn’t null[7][22] for the MOOC editor, compared to the cost of VirtualBox and a VM running on the learner’s side (basically zero for the MOOC editor). - -Another issue, which could be more problematic lies in the need for a reliable connection to the Internet during the whole sequences of lab execution by the learners[8][23]. Even if Guacamole is quite efficient at compressing rendering traffic, some basic connectivity is needed during the whole Lab work sessions, preventing some mobile uses for instance. - -One other potential annoyance is the potential delays for making a VM available to a learner (provisioning a VM), when huge VMs images need to be copied inside the IaaS platform when a learner connects to the Virtual Lab activity for the first time (several minutes delays). This may be worse if the VM image is too big (hence the need for optimization of the content[9][24]). - -However, the fact that all VMs are running on a platform under the control of the MOOC editor allows new kind of features for the MOOC. For instance, learners can submit results of their labs directly to the LMS without the need to upload or copy-paste results manually. This can help monitor progress or perform evaluation or grading. - -The fact that their VMs run on the same platform also allows new kinds of pedagogical scenarii, as VMs of multiple learners can be interconnected, allowing cooperative activities between learners. The VM images may then need to be instrumented and deployed in particular configurations, which may require the use of a dedicated broker like CloVER to manage such scenarii. - -For the records, we have yet to perform a rigorous benchmarking of such a solution in order to evaluate its benefits, or constraints given particular contexts. In FLIRT, our main focus will be in the context of SPOCs for professional training (a bit different a context than public MOOCs). - -Still this approach doesn’t solve the VMs fabrication issues for the MOOC staff. Installing software inside a VM, be it local inside a VirtualBox simulator of over the cloud through a remote desktop display, makes not much difference. This relies mainly on manual operations and may not be well managed in terms of quality of the process (reproducibility, optimization). - -#### 4.2 PaaS deployments using containers - -Some key issues in the IaaS context described above, are the cost of operation of running full VMs, and long provisioning delays. - -We’re experimenting with new options to address these issues, through the use of [Linux containers][25] running on a PaaS (Platform as a Service) platform, instead of full-fleshed Virtual Machines[10][26]. - -The main difference, with containers instead of Virtual Machines, lies in the reduced size of images, and much lower CPU load requirements, as the container remove the need for one layer of virtualization. Also, the deduplication techniques at the heart of some virtual file-systems used by container platforms lead to really fast provisioning, avoiding the need to wait for the labs to start. - -The traditional making of VMs, done by installing packages and taking a snapshot, was affordable for the regular teacher, but involved manual operations. In this respect, one other major benefit of containers is the potential for better industrialization of the virtual lab fabrication, as they are generally not assembled manually. Instead, one uses a “scripting” approach in describing which applications and their dependencies need to be put inside a container image. But this requires new competence from the Lab creators, like learning the [Docker][27] technology (and the [OpenShift][28] PaaS, for instance), which may be quite specialized. Whereas Docker containers tend to become quite popular in Software Development faculty (through the “[devops][29]” hype), they may be a bit new to other field instructors. - -The learning curve to mastering the automation of the whole container-based labs installation needs to be evaluated. There’s a trade-off to consider in adopting technology like Vagrant or Docker: acquiring container/PaaS expertise vs quality of industrialization and optimization. The production of a MOOC should then require careful planning if one has to hire or contract with a PaaS expert for setting up the Virtual Labs. - -We may also expect interesting pedagogical benefits. As containers are lightweight, and platforms allow to “easily” deploy multiple interlinked containers (over dedicated virtual networks), this enables the setup of more realistic scenarii, where each learner may be provided with multiple “nodes” over virtual networks (all running their individual containers). This would be particularly interesting for Computer Networks or Security teaching for instance, where each learner may have access both to client and server nodes, to study client-server protocols, for instance. This is particularly interesting for us in the context of our FLIRT project, where we produce a collection of Computer Networks courses. - -Still, this mode of operation relies on a good connectivity of the learners to the Cloud. In contexts of distance learning in poorly connected contexts, the PaaS architecture doesn’t solve that particular issue compared to the previous IaaS architecture. - -### 5 Future server-less Virtual Labs with WebAssembly - -As we have seen, the IaaS or PaaS based Virtual Labs running on the Cloud offer alternatives to installing local virtual machines on the learner’s computer. But they both require to be connected for the whole duration of the Lab, as the applications would be executed on the remote servers, on the Cloud (either inside VMs or containers). - -We have been thinking of another alternative which could allow the deployment of some Virtual Labs on the local computers of the learners without the hassles of downloading and installing a Virtual Machine manager and VM image. We envision the possibility to use the infrastructure provided by modern Web browsers to allow running the lab’s applications. - -At the time of writing, this architecture is still highly experimental. The main idea is to rebuild the applications needed for the Lab so that they can be run in the “generic” virtual machine present in the modern browsers, the [WebAssembly][30] and Javascript execution engine. - -WebAssembly is a modern language which seeks for maximum portability, and as its name hints, is a kind of assembly language for the Web platform. What is of interest for us is that WebAssembly is portable on most modern Web browsers, making it a very interesting platform for portability. - -Emerging toolchains allow recompiling applications written in languages like C or C++ so that they can be run on the WebAssembly virtual machine in the browser. This is interesting as it doesn’t require modifying the source code of these programs. Of course, there are limitations, in the kind of underlying APIs and libraries compatible with that platform, and on the sandboxing of the WebAssembly execution engine enforced by the Web browser. - -Historically, WebAssembly has been developped so as to allow running games written in C++ for a framework like Unity, in the Web browser. - -In some contexts, for instance for tools with an interactive GUI, and processing data retrieved from files, and which don’t need very specific interaction with the underlying operating system, it seems possible to port these programs to WebAssembly for running them inside the Web browser. - -We have to experiment deeper with this technology to validate its potential for running Virtual Labs in the context of a Web browser. - -We used a similar approach in the past in porting a Relational Database course lab to the Web browser, for standalone execution. A real database would run in the minimal SQLite RDBMS, recompiled to JavaScript[11][31]. Instead of having to download, install and run a VM with a RDBMS, the students would only connect to a Web page, which would load the DBMS in memory, and allow performing the lab SQL queries locally, disconnected from any third party server. - -In a similar manner, we can think for instance, of a Lab scenario where the Internet packet inspector features of the Wireshark tool would run inside the WebAssembly virtual machine, to allow dissecting provided capture files, without having to install Wireshard, directly into the Web browser. - -We expect to publish a report on that last experiment in the future with more details and results. - -### 6 Conclusion - -The most promising architecture for Virtual Lab deployments seems to be the use of containers on a PaaS platform for deploying virtual desktops or virtual application GUIs available in the Web browser. - -This would allow the controlled fabrication of Virtual Labs containing the exact bits needed for learners to practice while minimizing the delays. - -Still the need for always-on connectivity can be a problem. - -Also, the potential for inter-networked containers allowing the kind of multiple nodes and collaborative scenarii we described, would require a lot of expertise to develop, and management platforms for the MOOC operators, which aren’t yet mature. - -We hope to be able to report on our progress in the coming months and years on those aspects. - -### 7 References - - - -[0] -Olivier Berger, J Paul Gibson, Claire Lecocq and Christian Bac “Designing a virtual laboratory for a relational database MOOC”. International Conference on Computer Supported Education, SCITEPRESS, 23-25 may 2015, Lisbonne, Portugal, 2015, vol. 7, pp. 260-268, ISBN 978-989-758-107-6 – [DOI: 10.5220/0005439702600268][1] ([preprint (HTML)][2]) - -### 8 Copyright - - [![Creative Commons License](https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png)][45] - -This work is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License][46] - -. - -### Footnotes: - -[1][32] – The FLIRT project also works on business model aspects of MOOC or SPOC production in the context of professional development, but the present memo starts from a minimalitic hypothesis where funding for course production is quite limited. - -[2][33] – research-based evidence needed - -[3][34] – In typical MOOCs which are free to participate, the VM should include only gratis tools, which typically means a GNU/Linux distribution loaded with applications available under free and open source licenses. - -[4][35] – Typically, Free and Open Source software, aka Libre Software - -[5][36] – VirtualBox is portable on many operating systems, making it a very popular solution for such a need - -[6][37] – the IaaS platform could typically be an open cloud for MOOCs or a private cloud for SPOCs (for closer monitoring of student activity or security control reasons). - -[7][38] – Depending of the expected use of the lab by learners, this cost may vary a lot. The size and configuration required for the included software may have an impact (hence the need to minimize the footprint of the VM images). With diminishing costs in general this may not be a show stopper. Refer to marketing figures of commercial IaaS offerings for accurate figures. Attention to additional licensing costs if the OS of the VM isn’t free software, or if other licenses must be provided for every learners. - -[8][39] – The needs for always-on connectivity may not be a problem for professional development SPOCs where learners connect from enterprise networks for instance. It may be detrimental when MOOCs are very popular in southern countries where high bandwidth is both unreliable and expensive. - -[9][40] – In this respect, providing a full Linux desktop inside the VM doesn’t necessarily make sense. Instead, running applications full-screen may be better, avoiding installation of whole desktop environments like Gnome or XFCE… but which has usability consequences. Careful tuning and testing is needed in any case. - -[10][41] – The availability of container based architectures is quite popular in the industry, but has not yet been deployed to a large scale in the context of large public MOOC hosting platforms, to our knowledge, at the time of writing. There are interesting technical challenges which the FLIRT project tries to tackle together with its partner ProCAN. - -[11][42] – See the corresponding paragraph [http://www-inf.it-sudparis.eu/PROSE/csedu2015/#standalone-sql-env][43] in [0][44] - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/ - -作者：[Author;Olivier Berger;Télécom Sudparis][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu -[1]:http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005439702600268 -[2]:http://www-inf.it-sudparis.eu/PROSE/csedu2015/ -[3]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#org50fdc1a -[4]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.1 -[5]:http://flirtmooc.wixsite.com/flirt-mooc-telecom -[6]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.2 -[7]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.3 -[8]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.4 -[9]:http://virtualbox.org -[10]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.5 -[11]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.2 -[12]:https://www.vagrantup.com/ -[13]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#orgde5af50 -[14]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.6 -[15]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing -[16]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol -[17]:http://guacamole.apache.org/ -[18]:https://www.procan-group.com/ -[19]:https://open.edx.org/ -[20]:http://openstack.org/ -[21]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas_element -[22]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.7 -[23]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.8 -[24]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.9 -[25]:https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/containers -[26]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.10 -[27]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software) -[28]:https://www.openshift.com/ -[29]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps -[30]:http://webassembly.org/ -[31]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fn.11 -[32]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.1 -[33]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.2 -[34]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.3 -[35]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.4 -[36]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.5 -[37]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.6 -[38]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.7 -[39]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.8 -[40]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.9 -[41]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.10 -[42]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#fnr.11 -[43]:http://www-inf.it-sudparis.eu/PROSE/csedu2015/#standalone-sql-env -[44]:https://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~berger_o/weblog/a-review-of-virtual-labs-virtualization-solutions-for-moocs/#orgde5af50 -[45]:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ -[46]:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ diff --git a/sources/talk/20180705 New Training Options Address Demand for Blockchain Skills.md b/sources/talk/20180705 New Training Options Address Demand for Blockchain Skills.md deleted file mode 100644 index dedbf748d6..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180705 New Training Options Address Demand for Blockchain Skills.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -New Training Options Address Demand for Blockchain Skills -====== - -![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/blockchain-301.png?itok=1EA-Ob6F) - -Blockchain technology is transforming industries and bringing new levels of trust to contracts, payment processing, asset protection, and supply chain management. Blockchain-related jobs are the second-fastest growing in today’s labor market, [according to TechCrunch][1]. But, as in the rapidly expanding field of artificial intelligence, there is a pronounced blockchain skills gap and a need for expert training resources. - -### Blockchain for Business - -A new training option was recently announced from The Linux Foundation. Enrollment is now open for a free training course called[Blockchain: Understanding Its Uses and Implications][2], as well as a [Blockchain for Business][2] professional certificate program. Delivered through the edX training platform, the new course and program provide a way to learn about the impact of blockchain technologies and a means to demonstrate that knowledge. Certification, in particular, can make a difference for anyone looking to work in the blockchain arena. - -“In the span of only a year or two, blockchain has gone from something seen only as related to cryptocurrencies to a necessity for businesses across a wide variety of industries,” [said][3] Linux Foundation General Manager, Training & Certification Clyde Seepersad. “Providing a free introductory course designed not only for technical staff but business professionals will help improve understanding of this important technology, while offering a certificate program through edX will enable professionals from all over the world to clearly demonstrate their expertise.” - -TechCrunch [also reports][4] that venture capital is rapidly flowing toward blockchain-focused startups. And, this new program is designed for business professionals who need to understand the potential – or threat – of blockchain to their company and industry. - -“Professional Certificate programs on edX deliver career-relevant education in a flexible, affordable way, by focusing on the critical skills industry leaders and successful professionals are seeking today,” said Anant Agarwal, edX CEO and MIT Professor. - -### Hyperledger Fabric - -The Linux Foundation is steward to many valuable blockchain resources and includes some notable community members. In fact, a recent New York Times article — “[The People Leading the Blockchain Revolution][5]” — named Brian Behlendorf, Executive Director of The Linux Foundation’s [Hyperledger Project][6], one of the [top influential voices][7] in the blockchain world. - -Hyperledger offers proven paths for gaining credibility and skills in the blockchain space. For example, the project offers a free course titled Introduction to Hyperledger Fabric for Developers. Fabric has emerged as a key open source toolset in the blockchain world. Through the Hyperledger project, you can also take the B9-lab Certified Hyperledger Fabric Developer course. More information on both courses is available [here][8]. - -“As you can imagine, someone needs to do the actual coding when companies move to experiment and replace their legacy systems with blockchain implementations,” states the Hyperledger website. “With training, you could gain serious first-mover advantage.” - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linux.com/blog/2018/7/new-training-options-address-demand-blockchain-skills - -作者：[SAM DEAN][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/sam-dean -[1]:https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/14/blockchain-engineers-are-in-demand/ -[2]:https://www.edx.org/course/understanding-blockchain-and-its-implications -[3]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/as-demand-skyrockets-for-blockchain-expertise-the-linux-foundation-and-edx-offer-new-introductory-blockchain-course-and-blockchain-for-business-professional-certificate-program/ -[4]:https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/20/with-at-least-1-3-billion-invested-globally-in-2018-vc-funding-for-blockchain-blows-past-2017-totals/ -[5]:https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/27/business/dealbook/blockchain-stars.html -[6]:https://www.hyperledger.org/ -[7]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/blog/hyperledgers-brian-behlendorf-named-as-top-blockchain-influencer-by-new-york-times/ -[8]:https://www.hyperledger.org/resources/training diff --git a/sources/talk/20180802 How blockchain will influence open source.md b/sources/talk/20180802 How blockchain will influence open source.md deleted file mode 100644 index 707f4fe033..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180802 How blockchain will influence open source.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,185 +0,0 @@ -How blockchain will influence open source -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/block-quilt-chain.png?itok=mECoDbrc) - -What [Satoshi Nakamoto][1] started as Bitcoin a decade ago has found a lot of followers and turned into a movement for decentralization. For some, blockchain technology is a religion that will have the same impact on humanity as the Internet has had. For others, it is hype and technology suitable only for Ponzi schemes. While blockchain is still evolving and trying to find its place, one thing is for sure: It is a disruptive technology that will fundamentally transform certain industries. And I'm betting open source will be one of them. - -### The open source model - -Open source is a collaborative software development and distribution model that allows people with common interests to gather and produce something that no individual can create on their own. It allows the creation of value that is bigger than the sum of its parts. Open source is enabled by distributed collaboration tools (IRC, email, git, wiki, issue trackers, etc.), distributed and protected by an open source licensing model and often governed by software foundations such as the [Apache Software Foundation][2] (ASF), [Cloud Native Computing Foundation][3] (CNCF), etc. - -One interesting aspect of the open source model is the lack of financial incentives in its core. Some people believe open source work should remain detached from money and remain a free and voluntary activity driven only by intrinsic motivators (such as "common purpose" and "for the greater good”). Others believe open source work should be rewarded directly or indirectly through extrinsic motivators (such as financial incentive). While the idea of open source projects prospering only through voluntary contributions is romantic, in reality, the majority of open source contributions are done through paid development. Yes, we have a lot of voluntary contributions, but these are on a temporary basis from contributors who come and go, or for exceptionally popular projects while they are at their peak. Creating and sustaining open source projects that are useful for enterprises requires developing, documenting, testing, and bug-fixing for prolonged periods, even when the software is no longer shiny and exciting. It is a boring activity that is best motivated through financial incentives. - -### Commercial open source - -Software foundations such as ASF survive on donations and other income streams such as sponsorships, conference fees, etc. But those funds are primarily used to run the foundations, to provide legal protection for the projects, and to ensure there are enough servers to run builds, issue trackers, mailing lists, etc. - -Similarly, CNCF has member fees and other income streams, which are used to run the foundation and provide resources for the projects. These days, most software is not built on laptops; it is run and tested on hundreds of machines on the cloud, and that requires money. Creating marketing campaigns, brand designs, distributing stickers, etc. takes money, and some foundations can assist with that as well. At its core, foundations implement the right processes to interact with users, developers, and control mechanisms and ensure distribution of available financial resources to open source projects for the common good. - -If users of open source projects can donate money and the foundations can distribute it in a fair way, what is missing? - -What is missing is a direct, transparent, trusted, decentralized, automated bidirectional link for transfer of value between the open source producers and the open source consumer. Currently, the link is either unidirectional or indirect: - - * **Unidirectional** : A developer (think of a "developer" as any role that is involved in the production, maintenance, and distribution of software) can use their brain juice and devote time to do a contribution and share that value with all open source users. But there is no reverse link. - - * **Indirect** : If there is a bug that affects a specific user/company, the options are: - - * To have in-house developers to fix the bug and do a pull request. That is ideal, but it not always possible to hire in-house developers who are knowledgeable about hundreds of open source projects used daily. - - * To hire a freelancer specializing in that specific open source project and pay for the services. Ideally, the freelancer is also a committer for the open source project and can directly change the project code quickly. Otherwise, the fix might not ever make it to the project. - - * To approach a company providing services around the open source project. Such companies typically employ open source committers to influence and gain credibility in the community and offer products, expertise, and professional services. - - - - -The third option has been a successful [model][4] for sustaining many open source projects. Whether they provide services (training, consulting, workshops), support, packaging, open core, or SaaS, there are companies that employ hundreds of staff members who work on open source full time. There is a long [list of companies][5] that have managed to build a successful open source business model over the years, and that list is growing steadily. - -The companies that back open source projects play an important role in the ecosystem: They are the catalyst between the open source projects and the users. The ones that add real value do more than just package software nicely; they can identify user needs and technology trends, and they create a full stack and even an ecosystem of open source projects to address these needs. They can take a boring project and support it for years. If there is a missing piece in the stack, they can start an open source project from scratch and build a community around it. They can acquire a closed source software company and open source the projects (here I got a little carried away, but yes, I'm talking about my employer, [Red Hat][6]). - -To summarize, with the commercial open source model, projects are officially or unofficially managed and controlled by a very few individuals or companies that monetize them and give back to the ecosystem by ensuring the project is successful. It is a win-win-win for open source developers, managing companies, and end users. The alternative is inactive projects and expensive closed source software. - -### Self-sustaining, decentralized open source - -For a project to become part of a reputable foundation, it must conform to certain criteria. For example, ASF and CNCF require incubation and graduation processes, respectively, where apart from all the technical and formal requirements, a project must have a healthy number of active committer and users. And that is the essence of forming a sustainable open source project. Having source code on GitHub is not the same thing as having an active open source project. The latter requires committers who write the code and users who use the code, with both groups enforcing each other continuously by exchanging value and forming an ecosystem where everybody benefits. Some project ecosystems might be tiny and short-lived, and some may consist of multiple projects and competing service providers, with very complex interactions lasting for many years. But as long as there is an exchange of value and everybody benefits from it, the project is developed, maintained, and sustained. - -If you look at ASF [Attic][7], you will find projects that have reached their end of life. When a project is no longer technologically fit for its purpose, it is usually its natural end. Similarly, in the ASF [Incubator][8], you will find tons of projects that never graduated but were instead retired. Typically, these projects were not able to build a large enough community because they are too specialized or there are better alternatives available. - -But there are also cases where projects with high potential and superior technology cannot sustain themselves because they cannot form or maintain a functioning ecosystem for the exchange of value. The open source model and the foundations do not provide a framework and mechanisms for developers to get paid for their work or for users to get their requests heard. There isn’t a common value commitment framework for either party. As a result, some projects can sustain themselves only in the context of commercial open source, where a company acts as an intermediary and value adder between developers and users. That adds another constraint and requires a service provider company to sustain some open source projects. Ideally, users should be able to express their interest in a project and developers should be able to show their commitment to the project in a transparent and measurable way, which forms a community with common interest and intent for the exchange of value. - -Imagine there is a model with mechanisms and tools that enable direct interaction between open source users and developers. This includes not only code contributions through pull requests, questions over the mailing lists, GitHub stars, and stickers on laptops, but also other ways that allow users to influence projects' destinies in a richer, more self-controlled and transparent manner. - -This model could include incentives for actions such as: - - * Funding open source projects directly rather than through software foundations - - * Influencing the direction of projects through voting (by token holders) - - * Feature requests driven by user needs - - * On-time pull request merges - - * Bounties for bug hunts - - * Better test coverage incentives - - * Up-to-date documentation rewards - - * Long-term support guarantees - - * Timely security fixes - - * Expert assistance, support, and services - - * Budget for evangelism and promotion of the projects - - * Budget for regular boring activities - - * Fast email and chat assistance - - * Full visibility of the overall project findings, etc. - - - - -If you haven't guessed, I'm talking about using blockchain and [smart contracts][9] to allow such interactions between users and developers—smart contracts that will give power to the hand of token holders to influence projects. - -![blockchain_in_open_source_ecosystem.png][11] - -The usage of blockchain in the open source ecosystem - -Existing channels in the open source ecosystem provide ways for users to influence projects through financial commitments to service providers or other limited means through the foundations. But the addition of blockchain-based technology to the open source ecosystem could open new channels for interaction between users and developers. I'm not saying this will replace the commercial open source model; most companies working with open source do many things that cannot be replaced by smart contracts. But smart contracts can spark a new way of bootstrapping new open source projects, giving a second life to commodity projects that are a burden to maintain. They can motivate developers to apply boring pull requests, write documentation, get tests to pass, etc., providing a direct value exchange channel between users and open source developers. Blockchain can add new channels to help open source projects grow and become self-sustaining in the long term, even when company backing is not feasible. It can create a new complementary model for self-sustaining open source projects—a win-win. - -### Tokenizing open source - -There are already a number of initiatives aiming to tokenize open source. Some focus only on an open source model, and some are more generic but apply to open source development as well: - - * [Gitcoin][12] \- grow open source, one of the most promising ones in this area. - - * [Oscoin][13] \- cryptocurrency for open source - - * [Open collective][14] \- a platform for supporting open source projects. - - * [FundYourselfNow][15] \- Kickstarter and ICOs for projects. - - * [Kauri][16] \- support for open source project documentation. - - * [Liberapay][17] \- a recurrent donations platform. - - * [FundRequest][18] \- a decentralized marketplace for open source collaboration. - - * [CanYa][19] \- recently acquired [Bountysource][20], now the world’s largest open source P2P bounty platform. - - * [OpenGift][21] \- a new model for open source monetization. - - * [Hacken][22] \- a white hat token for hackers. - - * [Coinlancer][23] \- a decentralized job market. - - * [CodeFund][24] \- an open source ad platform. - - * [IssueHunt][25] \- a funding platform for open source maintainers and contributors. - - * [District0x 1Hive][26] \- a crowdfunding and curation platform. - - * [District0x Fixit][27] \- github bug bounties. - - - - -This list is varied and growing rapidly. Some of these projects will disappear, others will pivot, but a few will emerge as the [SourceForge][28], the ASF, the GitHub of the future. That doesn't necessarily mean they'll replace these platforms, but they'll complement them with token models and create a richer open source ecosystem. Every project can pick its distribution model (license), governing model (foundation), and incentive model (token). In all cases, this will pump fresh blood to the open source world. - -### The future is open and decentralized - - * Software is eating the world. - - * Every company is a software company. - - * Open source is where innovation happens. - - - - -Given that, it is clear that open source is too big to fail and too important to be controlled by a few or left to its own destiny. Open source is a shared-resource system that has value to all, and more importantly, it must be managed as such. It is only a matter of time until every company on earth will want to have a stake and a say in the open source world. Unfortunately, we don't have the tools and the habits to do it yet. Such tools would allow anybody to show their appreciation or ignorance of software projects. It would create a direct and faster feedback loop between producers and consumers, between developers and users. It will foster innovation—innovation driven by user needs and expressed through token metrics. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/open-source-tokenomics - -作者：[Bilgin lbryam][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/bibryam -[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto -[2]:https://www.apache.org/ -[3]:https://www.cncf.io/ -[4]:https://medium.com/open-consensus/3-oss-business-model-progressions-dafd5837f2d -[5]:https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/17nKMpi_Dh5slCqzLSFBoWMxNvWiwt2R-t4e_l7LPLhU/edit#gid=0 -[6]:http://jobs.redhat.com/ -[7]:https://attic.apache.org/ -[8]:http://incubator.apache.org/ -[9]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_contract -[10]:/file/404421 -[11]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/blockchain_in_open_source_ecosystem.png (blockchain_in_open_source_ecosystem.png) -[12]:https://gitcoin.co/ -[13]:http://oscoin.io/ -[14]:https://opencollective.com/opensource -[15]:https://www.fundyourselfnow.com/page/about -[16]:https://kauri.io/ -[17]:https://liberapay.com/ -[18]:https://fundrequest.io/ -[19]:https://canya.io/ -[20]:https://www.bountysource.com/ -[21]:https://opengift.io/pub/ -[22]:https://hacken.io/ -[23]:https://www.coinlancer.com/home -[24]:https://codefund.io/ -[25]:https://issuehunt.io/ -[26]:https://blog.district0x.io/district-proposal-spotlight-1hive-283957f57967 -[27]:https://github.com/district0x/district-proposals/issues/177 -[28]:https://sourceforge.net/ diff --git a/sources/talk/20180816 Debian Turns 25- Here are Some Interesting Facts About Debian Linux.md b/sources/talk/20180816 Debian Turns 25- Here are Some Interesting Facts About Debian Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index c90262dfee..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20180816 Debian Turns 25- Here are Some Interesting Facts About Debian Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,116 +0,0 @@ -Debian Turns 25! Here are Some Interesting Facts About Debian Linux -====== -One of the oldest Linux distribution still in development, Debian has just turned 25. Let’s have a look at some interesting facts about this awesome FOSS project. - -### 10 Interesting facts about Debian Linux - -![Interesting facts about Debian Linux][1] - -The facts presented here have been collected from various sources available from the internet. They are true to my knowledge, but in case of any error, please remind me to update the article. - -#### 1\. One of the oldest Linux distributions still under active development - -[Debian project][2] was announced on 16th August 1993 by Ian Murdock, Debian Founder. Like Linux creator [Linus Torvalds][3], Ian was a college student when he announced Debian project. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5710/20006308374_7f51ae2a5c_z.jpg) - -#### 2\. Some people get tattoo while some name their project after their girlfriend’s name - -The project was named by combining the name of Ian and his then-girlfriend Debra Lynn. Ian and Debra got married and had three children. Debra and Ian got divorced in 2008. - -#### 3\. Ian Murdock: The Maverick behind the creation of Debian project - -![Debian Founder Ian Murdock][4] -Ian Murdock - -[Ian Murdock][5] led the Debian project from August 1993 until March 1996. He shaped Debian into a community project based on the principals of Free Software. The [Debian Manifesto][6] and the [Debian Social Contract][7] are still governing the project. - -He founded a commercial Linux company called [Progeny Linux Systems][8] and worked for a number of Linux related companies such as Sun Microsystems, Linux Foundation and Docker. - -Sadly, [Ian committed suicide in December 2015][9]. His contribution to Debian is certainly invaluable. - -#### 4\. Debian is a community project in the true sense - -Debian is a community based project in true sense. No one ‘owns’ Debian. Debian is being developed by volunteers from all over the world. It is not a commercial project, backed by corporates like many other Linux distributions. - -Debian Linux distribution is composed of Free Software only. It’s one of the few Linux distributions that is true to the spirit of [Free Software][10] and takes proud in being called a GNU/Linux distribution. - -Debian has its non-profit organization called [Software in Public Interest][11] (SPI). Along with Debian, SPI supports many other open source projects financially. - -#### 5\. Debian and its 3 branches - -Debian has three branches or versions: Debian Stable, Debian Unstable (Sid) and Debian Testing. - -Debian Stable, as the name suggests, is the stable branch that has all the software and packages well tested to give you a rock solid stable system. Since it takes time before a well-tested software lands in the stable branch, Debian Stable often contains older versions of programs and hence people joke that Debian Stable means stale. - -[Debian Unstable][12] codenamed Sid is the version where all the development of Debian takes place. This is where the new packages first land or developed. After that, these changes are propagated to the testing version. - -[Debian Testing][13] is the next release after the current stable release. If the current stable release is N, Debian testing would be the N+1 release. The packages from Debian Unstable are tested in this version. After all the new changes are well tested, Debian Testing is then ‘promoted’ as the new Stable version. - -There is no strict release schedule for Debian. - -#### 7\. There was no Debian 1.0 release - -Debian 1.0 was never released. The CD vendor, InfoMagic, accidentally shipped a development release of Debian and entitled it 1.0 in 1996. To prevent confusion between the CD version and the actual Debian release, the Debian Project renamed its next release to “Debian 1.1”. - -#### 8\. Debian releases are codenamed after Toy Story characters - -![Toy Story Characters][14] - -Debian releases are codenamed after the characters from Pixar’s hit animation movie series [Toy Story][15]. - -Debian 1.1 was the first release with a codename. It was named Buzz after the Toy Story character Buzz Lightyear. - -It was in 1996 and [Bruce Perens][16] had taken over leadership of the Project from Ian Murdock. Bruce was working at Pixar at the time. - -This trend continued and all the subsequent releases had codenamed after Toy Story characters. For example, the current stable release is Stretch while the upcoming release has been codenamed Buster. - -The unstable Debian version is codenamed Sid. This character in Toy Story is a kid with emotional problems and he enjoys breaking toys. This is symbolic in the sense that Debian Unstable might break your system with untested packages. - -#### 9\. Debian also has a BSD ditribution - -Debian is not limited to Linux. Debian also has a distribution based on FreeBSD kernel. It is called [Debian GNU/kFreeBSD][17]. - -#### 10\. Google uses Debian - -[Google uses Debian][18] as its in-house development platform. Earlier, Google used a customized version of Ubuntu as its development platform. Recently they opted for Debian based gLinux. - -#### Happy 25th birthday Debian - -![Happy 25th birthday Debian][19] - -I hope you liked these little facts about Debian. Stuff like these are reasons why people love Debian. - -I wish a very happy 25th birthday to Debian. Please continue to be awesome. Cheers :) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/debian-facts/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[1]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Interesting-facts-about-debian.jpeg -[2]:https://www.debian.org -[3]:https://itsfoss.com/linus-torvalds-facts/ -[4]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ian-murdock.jpg -[5]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Murdock -[6]:https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/ap-manifesto.en.html -[7]:https://www.debian.org/social_contract -[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeny_Linux_Systems -[9]:https://itsfoss.com/ian-murdock-dies-mysteriously/ -[10]:https://www.fsf.org/ -[11]:https://www.spi-inc.org/ -[12]:https://www.debian.org/releases/sid/ -[13]:https://www.debian.org/releases/testing/ -[14]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/toy-story-characters.jpeg -[15]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_(franchise) -[16]:https://perens.com/about-bruce-perens/ -[17]:https://wiki.debian.org/Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD -[18]:https://itsfoss.com/goobuntu-glinux-google/ -[19]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/happy-25th-birthday-Debian.jpeg diff --git a/sources/talk/20181004 Interview With Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH.md b/sources/talk/20181004 Interview With Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5a0c1aabdd..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20181004 Interview With Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,97 +0,0 @@ -Interview With Peter Ganten, CEO of Univention GmbH -====== -I have been asking the Univention team to share the behind-the-scenes story of [**Univention**][1] for a couple of months. Finally, today we got the interview of **Mr. Peter H. Ganten** , CEO of Univention GmbH. Despite his busy schedule, in this interview, he shares what he thinks of the Univention project and its impact on open source ecosystem, what open source developers and companies will need to do to keep thriving and what are the biggest challenges for open source projects. - -**OSTechNix: What’s your background and why have you founded Univention?** - -**Peter Ganten:** I studied physics and psychology. In psychology I was a research assistant and coded evaluation software. I realized how important it is that results have to be disclosed in order to verify or falsify them. The same goes for the code that leads to the results. This brought me into contact with Open Source Software (OSS) and Linux. - -![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/peter-ganten-interview.jpg) - -I was a kind of technical lab manager and I had the opportunity to try out a lot, which led to my book about Debian. That was still in the New Economy era where the first business models emerged on how to make money with Open Source. When the bubble burst, I had the plan to make OSS a solid business model without venture capital but with Hanseatic business style – seriously, steadily, no bling bling. - -**What were the biggest challenges at the beginning?** - -When I came from the university, the biggest challenge clearly was to gain entrepreneurial and business management knowledge. I quickly learned that it’s not about Open Source software as an end to itself but always about customer value, and the benefits OSS offers its customers. We all had to learn a lot. - -In the beginning, we expected that Linux on the desktop would become established in a similar way as Linux on the server. However, this has not yet been proven true. The replacement has happened with Android and the iPhone. Our conclusion then was to change our offerings towards ID management and enterprise servers. - -**Why does UCS matter? And for whom makes it sense to use it?** - -There is cool OSS in all areas, but many organizations are not capable to combine it all together and make it manageable. For the basic infrastructure (Windows desktops, users, user rights, roles, ID management, apps) we need a central instance to which groupware, CRM etc. is connected. Without Univention this would have to be laboriously assembled and maintained manually. This is possible for very large companies, but far too complex for many other organizations. - -[**UCS**][2] can be used out of the box and is scalable. That’s why it’s becoming more and more popular – more than 10,000 organizations are using UCS already today. - -**Who are your users and most important clients? What do they love most about UCS?** - -The Core Edition is free of charge and used by organizations from all sectors and industries such as associations, micro-enterprises, universities or large organizations with thousands of users. In the enterprise environment, where Long Term Servicing (LTS) and professional support are particularly important, we have organizations ranging in size from 30-50 users to several thousand users. One of the target groups is the education system in Germany. In many large cities and within their school administrations UCS is used, for example, in Cologne, Hannover, Bremen, Kassel and in several federal states. They are looking for manageable IT and apps for schools. That’s what we offer, because we can guarantee these authorities full control over their users’ identities. - -Also, more and more cloud service providers and MSPs want to take UCS to deliver a selection of cloud-based app solutions. - -**Is UCS 100% Open Source? If so, how can you run a profitable business selling it?** - -Yes, UCS is 100% Open Source, every line, the whole code is OSS. You can download and use UCS Core Edition for **FREE!** - -We know that in large, complex organizations, vendor support and liability is needed for LTS, SLAs, and we offer that with our Enterprise subscriptions and consulting services. We don’t offer these in the Core Edition. - -**And what are you giving back to the OS community?** - -A lot. We are involved in the Debian team and co-finance the LTS maintenance for Debian. For important OS components in UCS like [**OpenLDAP**][3], Samba or KVM we co-finance the development or have co-developed them ourselves. We make it all freely available. - -We are also involved on the political level in ensuring that OSS is used. We are engaged, for example, in the [**Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE)**][4] and the [**German Open Source Business Alliance**][5], of which I am the chairman. We are working hard to make OSS more successful. - -**How can I get started with UCS?** - -It’s easy to get started with the Core Edition, which, like the Enterprise Edition, has an App Center and can be easily installed on your own hardware or as an appliance in a virtual machine. Just [**download Univention ISO**][6] and install it as described in the below link. - -Alternatively, you can try the [**UCS Online Demo**][7] to get a first impression of Univention Corporate Server without actually installing it on your system. - -**What do you think are the biggest challenges for Open Source?** - -There is a certain attitude you can see over and over again even in bigger projects: OSS alone is viewed as an almost mandatory prerequisite for a good, sustainable, secure and trustworthy IT solution – but just having decided to use OSS is no guarantee for success. You have to carry out projects professionally and cooperate with the manufacturers. A danger is that in complex projects people think: “Oh, OSS is free, I just put it all together by myself”. But normally you do not have the know-how to successfully implement complex software solutions. You would never proceed like this with Closed Source. There people think: “Oh, the software costs 3 $ millions, so it’s okay if I have to spend another 300,000 Dollars on consultants.” - -At OSS this is different. If such projects fail and leave burnt ground behind, we have to explain again and again that the failure of such projects is not due to the nature of OSS but to its poor implementation and organization in a specific project: You have to conclude reasonable contracts and involve partners as in the proprietary world, but you’ll gain a better solution. - -Another challenge: We must stay innovative, move forward, attract new people who are enthusiastic about working on projects. That’s sometimes a challenge. For example, there are a number of proprietary cloud services that are good but lead to extremely high dependency. There are approaches to alternatives in OSS, but no suitable business models yet. So it’s hard to find and fund developers. For example, I can think of Evernote and OneNote for which there is no reasonable OSS alternative. - -**And what will the future bring for Univention?** - -I don’t have a crystal ball, but we are extremely optimistic. We see a very high growth potential in the education market. More OSS is being made in the public sector, because we have repeatedly experienced the dead ends that can be reached if we solely rely on Closed Source. - -Overall, we will continue our organic growth at double-digit rates year after year. - -UCS and its core functionalities of identity management, infrastructure management and app center will increasingly be offered and used from the cloud as a managed service. We will support our technology in this direction, e.g., through containers, so that a hypervisor or bare metal is not always necessary for operation. - -**You have been the CEO of Univention for a long time. What keeps you motivated?** - -I have been the CEO of Univention for more than 16 years now. My biggest motivation is to realize that something is moving. That we offer the better way for IT. That the people who go this way with us are excited to work with us. I go home satisfied in the evening (of course not every evening). It’s totally cool to work with the team I have. It motivates and pushes you every time I need it myself. - -I’m a techie and nerd at heart, I enjoy dealing with technology. So I’m totally happy at this place and I’m grateful to the world that I can do whatever I want every day. Not everyone can say that. - -**Who gives you inspiration?** - -My employees, the customers and the Open Source projects. The exchange with other people. - -The motivation behind everything is that we want to make sure that mankind will be able to influence and change the IT that surrounds us today and in the future just the way we want it and we thinks it’s good. We want to make a contribution to this. That is why Univention is there. That is important to us every day. - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/interview-with-peter-ganten-ceo-of-univention-gmbh/ - -作者：[SK][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/introduction-univention-corporate-server/ -[2]: https://www.univention.com/products/ucs/ -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/redhat-and-suse-announced-to-withdraw-support-for-openldap/ -[4]: https://fsfe.org/ -[5]: https://osb-alliance.de/ -[6]: https://www.univention.com/downloads/download-ucs/ -[7]: https://www.univention.com/downloads/ucs-online-demo/ diff --git a/sources/talk/20190228 Why CLAs aren-t good for open source.md b/sources/talk/20190228 Why CLAs aren-t good for open source.md deleted file mode 100644 index ca39619762..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190228 Why CLAs aren-t good for open source.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,76 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Why CLAs aren't good for open source) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/2/cla-problems) -[#]: author: (Richard Fontana https://opensource.com/users/fontana) - -Why CLAs aren't good for open source -====== -Few legal topics in open source are as controversial as contributor license agreements. -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/write-hand_0.jpg?itok=Uw5RJD03) - -Few legal topics in open source are as controversial as [contributor license agreements][1] (CLAs). Unless you count the special historical case of the [Fedora Project Contributor Agreement][2] (which I've always seen as an un-CLA), or, like [Karl Fogel][3], you classify the [DCO][4] as a [type of CLA][5], today Red Hat makes no use of CLAs for the projects it maintains. - -It wasn't always so. Red Hat's earliest projects followed the traditional practice I've called "inbound=outbound," in which contributions to a project are simply provided under the project's open source license with no execution of an external, non-FOSS contract required. But in the early 2000s, Red Hat began experimenting with the use of contributor agreements. Fedora started requiring contributors to sign a CLA based on the widely adapted [Apache ICLA][6], while a Free Software Foundation-derived copyright assignment agreement and a pair of bespoke CLAs were inherited from the Cygnus and JBoss acquisitions, respectively. We even took [a few steps][7] towards adopting an Apache-style CLA across the rapidly growing set of Red Hat-led projects. - -This came to an end, in large part because those of us on the Red Hat legal team heard and understood the concerns and objections raised by Red Hat engineers and the wider technical community. We went on to become de facto leaders of what some have called the anti-CLA movement, marked notably by our [opposition to Project Harmony][8] and our [efforts][9] to get OpenStack to replace its CLA with the DCO. (We [reluctantly][10] sign tolerable upstream project CLAs out of practical necessity.) - -### Why CLAs are problematic - -Our choice not to use CLAs is a reflection of our values as an authentic open source company with deep roots in the free software movement. Over the years, many in the open source community have explained why CLAs, and the very similar mechanism of copyright assignment, are a bad policy for open source. - -One reason is the red tape problem. Normally, open source development is characterized by frictionless contribution, which is enabled by inbound=outbound without imposition of further legal ceremony or process. This makes it relatively easy for new contributors to get involved in a project, allowing more effective growth of contributor communities and driving technical innovation upstream. Frictionless contribution is a key part of the advantage open source development holds over proprietary alternatives. But frictionless contribution is negated by CLAs. Having to sign an unusual legal agreement before a contribution can be accepted creates a bureaucratic hurdle that slows down development and discourages participation. This cost persists despite the growing use of automation by CLA-using projects. - -CLAs also give rise to an asymmetry of legal power among a project's participants, which also discourages the growth of strong contributor and user communities around a project. With Apache-style CLAs, the company or organization leading the project gets special rights that other contributors do not receive, while those other contributors must shoulder certain legal obligations (in addition to the red tape burden) from which the project leader is exempt. The problem of asymmetry is most severe in copyleft projects, but it is present even when the outbound license is permissive. - -When assessing the arguments for and against CLAs, bear in mind that today, as in the past, the vast majority of the open source code in any product originates in projects that follow the inbound=outbound practice. The use of CLAs by a relatively small number of projects causes collateral harm to all the others by signaling that, for some reason, open source licensing is insufficient to handle contributions flowing into a project. - -### The case for CLAs - -Since CLAs continue to be a minority practice and originate from outside open source community culture, I believe that CLA proponents should bear the burden of explaining why they are necessary or beneficial relative to their costs. I suspect that most companies using CLAs are merely emulating peer company behavior without critical examination. CLAs have an understandable, if superficial, appeal to risk-averse lawyers who are predisposed to favor greater formality, paper, and process regardless of the business costs. Still, some arguments in favor of CLAs are often advanced and deserve consideration. - -**Easy relicensing:** If administered appropriately, Apache-style CLAs give the project steward effectively unlimited power to sublicense contributions under terms of the steward's choice. This is sometimes seen as desirable because of the potential need to relicense a project under some other open source license. But the value of easy relicensing has been greatly exaggerated by pointing to a few historical cases involving major relicensing campaigns undertaken by projects with an unusually large number of past contributors (all of which were successful without the use of a CLA). There are benefits in relicensing being hard because it results in stable legal expectations around a project and encourages projects to consult their contributor communities before undertaking significant legal policy changes. In any case, most inbound=outbound open source projects never attempt to relicense during their lifetime, and for the small number that do, relicensing will be relatively painless because typically the number of past contributors to contact will not be large. - -**Provenance tracking:** It is sometimes claimed that CLAs enable a project to rigorously track the provenance of contributions, which purportedly has some legal benefit. It is unclear what is achieved by the use of CLAs in this regard that is not better handled through such non-CLA means as preserving Git commit history. And the DCO would seem to be much better suited to tracking contributions, given that it is normally used on a per-commit basis, while CLAs are signed once per contributor and are administratively separate from code contributions. Moreover, provenance tracking is often described as though it were a benefit for the public, yet I know of no case where a project provides transparent, ready public access to CLA acceptance records. - -**License revocation:** Some CLA advocates warn of the prospect that a contributor may someday attempt to revoke a past license grant. To the extent that the concern is about largely judgment-proof individual contributors with no corporate affiliation, it is not clear why an Apache-style CLA provides more meaningful protection against this outcome compared to the use of an open source license. And, as with so many of the legal risks raised in discussions of open source legal policy, this appears to be a phantom risk. I have heard of only a few purported attempts at license revocation over the years, all of which were resolved quickly when the contributor backed down in the face of community pressure. - -**Unauthorized employee contribution:** This is a special case of the license revocation issue and has recently become a point commonly raised by CLA advocates. When an employee contributes to an upstream project, normally the employer owns the copyrights and patents for which the project needs licenses, and only certain executives are authorized to grant such licenses. Suppose an employee contributed proprietary code to a project without approval from the employer, and the employer later discovers this and demands removal of the contribution or sues the project's users. This risk of unauthorized contributions is thought to be minimized by use of something like the [Apache CCLA][11] with its representations and signature requirement, coupled with some adequate review process to ascertain that the CCLA signer likely was authorized to sign (a step which I suspect is not meaningfully undertaken by most CLA-using companies). - -Based on common sense and common experience, I contend that in nearly all cases today, employee contributions are done with the actual or constructive knowledge and consent of the employer. If there were an atmosphere of high litigation risk surrounding open source software, perhaps this risk should be taken more seriously, but litigation arising out of open source projects remains remarkably uncommon. - -More to the point, I know of no case where an allegation of copyright or patent infringement against an inbound=outbound project, not stemming from an alleged open source license violation, would have been prevented by use of a CLA. Patent risk, in particular, is often cited by CLA proponents when pointing to the risk of unauthorized contributions, but the patent license grants in Apache-style CLAs are, by design, quite narrow in scope. Moreover, corporate contributions to an open source project will typically be few in number, small in size (and thus easily replaceable), and likely to be discarded as time goes on. - -### Alternatives - -If your company does not buy into the anti-CLA case and cannot get comfortable with the simple use of inbound=outbound, there are alternatives to resorting to an asymmetric and administratively burdensome Apache-style CLA requirement. The use of the DCO as a complement to inbound=outbound addresses at least some of the concerns of risk-averse CLA advocates. If you must use a true CLA, there is no need to use the Apache model (let alone a [monstrous derivative][10] of it). Consider the non-specification core of the [Eclipse Contributor Agreement][12]—essentially the DCO wrapped inside a CLA—or the Software Freedom Conservancy's [Selenium CLA][13], which merely ceremonializes an inbound=outbound contribution policy. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/cla-problems - -作者：[Richard Fontana][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fontana -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/cla-vs-dco-whats-difference -[2]: https://opensource.com/law/10/6/new-contributor-agreement-fedora -[3]: https://www.red-bean.com/kfogel/ -[4]: https://developercertificate.org -[5]: https://producingoss.com/en/contributor-agreements.html#developer-certificate-of-origin -[6]: https://www.apache.org/licenses/icla.pdf -[7]: https://www.freeipa.org/page/Why_CLA%3F -[8]: https://opensource.com/law/11/7/trouble-harmony-part-1 -[9]: https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/OpenStackAndItsCLA -[10]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/cla-proliferation -[11]: https://www.apache.org/licenses/cla-corporate.txt -[12]: https://www.eclipse.org/legal/ECA.php -[13]: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2FsN12NzjCs450ZmJzkJNulmRC8r8l8NYwVW5KWNX7XDiUw/viewform?hl=en_US&formkey=dFFjXzBzM1VwekFlOWFWMjFFRjJMRFE6MQ#gid=0 diff --git a/sources/talk/20190311 Discuss everything Fedora.md b/sources/talk/20190311 Discuss everything Fedora.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5795fbf3f7..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190311 Discuss everything Fedora.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Discuss everything Fedora) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/discuss-everything-fedora/) -[#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/introducing-flatpak/) - -Discuss everything Fedora -====== -![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/fedora-discussion-816x345.jpg) - -Are you interested in how Fedora is being developed? Do you want to get involved, or see what goes into making a release? You want to check out [Fedora Discussion][1]. It is a relatively new place where members of the Fedora Community meet to discuss, ask questions, and interact. Keep reading for more information. - -Note that the Fedora Discussion system is mainly aimed at contributors. If you have questions on using Fedora, check out [Ask Fedora][2] (which is being migrated in the future). - -![][3] - -Fedora Discussion is a forum and discussion site that uses the [Discourse open source discussion platform][4]. - -There are already several categories useful for Fedora users, including [Desktop][5] (covering Fedora Workstation, Fedora Silverblue, KDE, XFCE, and more) and the [Server, Cloud, and IoT][6] category . Additionally, some of the [Fedora Special Interest Groups (SIGs) have discussions as well][7]. Finally, the [Fedora Friends][8] category helps you connect with other Fedora users and Community members by providing discussions about upcoming meetups and hackfests. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/discuss-everything-fedora/ - -作者：[Ryan Lerch][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/introducing-flatpak/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/ -[2]: https://ask.fedoraproject.org -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/discussion-screenshot-1024x663.png -[4]: https://www.discourse.org/about -[5]: https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/c/desktop -[6]: https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/c/server -[7]: https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/c/sigs -[8]: https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/c/friends diff --git a/sources/talk/20190322 How to save time with TiDB.md b/sources/talk/20190322 How to save time with TiDB.md deleted file mode 100644 index 534c04de1f..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190322 How to save time with TiDB.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,143 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to save time with TiDB) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-save-time-tidb) -[#]: author: (Morgan Tocker https://opensource.com/users/morgo) - -How to save time with TiDB -====== - -TiDB, an open source-compatible, cloud-based database engine, simplifies many of MySQL database administrators' common tasks. - -![Team checklist][1] - -Last November, I wrote about key [differences between MySQL and TiDB][2], an open source-compatible, cloud-based database engine, from the perspective of scaling both solutions in the cloud. In this follow-up article, I'll dive deeper into the ways [TiDB][3] streamlines and simplifies administration. - -If you come from a MySQL background, you may be used to doing a lot of manual tasks that are either not required or much simpler with TiDB. - -The inspiration for TiDB came from the founders managing sharded MySQL at scale at some of China's largest internet companies. Since requirements for operating a large system at scale are a key concern, I'll look at some typical MySQL database administrator (DBA) tasks and how they translate to TiDB. - -[![TiDB architecture][4]][5] - -In [TiDB's architecture][5]: - - * SQL processing is separated from data storage. The SQL processing (TiDB) and storage (TiKV) components independently scale horizontally. - * PD (Placement Driver) acts as the cluster manager and stores metadata. - * All components natively provide high availability, with PD and TiKV using the [Raft consensus algorithm][6]. - * You can access your data via either MySQL (TiDB) or Spark (TiSpark) protocols. - - - -### Adding/fixing replication slaves - -**tl;dr:** It doesn't happen in the same way as in MySQL. - -Replication and redundancy of data are automatically managed by TiKV. You also don't need to worry about creating initial backups to seed replicas, as _both_ the provisioning and replication are handled for you. - -Replication is also quorum-based using the Raft consensus algorithm, so you don't have to worry about the inconsistency problems surrounding failures that you do with asynchronous replication (the default in MySQL and what many users are using). - -TiDB does support its own binary log, so it can be used for asynchronous replication between clusters. - -### Optimizing slow queries - -**tl;dr:** Still happens in TiDB - -There is no real way out of optimizing slow queries that have been introduced by development teams. - -As a mitigating factor though, if you need to add breathing room to your database's capacity while you work on optimization, the TiDB's architecture allows you to horizontally scale. - -### Upgrades and maintenance - -**tl;dr:** Still required, but generally easier - -Because the TiDB server is stateless, you can roll through an upgrade and deploy new TiDB servers. Then you can remove the older TiDB servers from the load balancer pool, shutting down them once connections have drained. - -Upgrading PD is also quite straightforward since only the PD leader actively answers requests at a time. You can perform a rolling upgrade and upgrade PD's non-leader peers one at a time, and then change the leader before upgrading the final PD server. - -For TiKV, the upgrade is marginally more complex. If you want to remove a node, I recommend first setting it to be a follower on each of the regions where it is currently a leader. After that, you can bring down the node without impacting your application. If the downtime is brief, TiKV will recover with its regional peers from the Raft log. In a longer downtime, it will need to re-copy data. This can all be managed for you, though, if you choose to deploy using Ansible or Kubernetes. - -### Manual sharding - -**tl;dr:** Not required - -Manual sharding is mainly a pain on the part of the application developers, but as a DBA, you might have to get involved if the sharding is naive or has problems such as hotspots (many workloads do) that require re-balancing. - -In TiDB, re-sharding or re-balancing happens automatically in the background. The PD server observes when data regions (TiKV's term for chunks of data in key-value form) get too small, too big, or too frequently accessed. - -You can also explicitly configure PD to store regions on certain TiKV servers. This works really well when combined with MySQL partitioning. - -### Capacity planning - -**tl;dr:** Much easier - -Capacity planning on a MySQL database can be a little bit hard because you need to plan your physical infrastructure requirements two to three years from now. As data grows (and the working set changes), this can be a difficult task. I wouldn't say it completely goes away in the cloud either, since changing a master server's hardware is always hard. - -TiDB splits data into approximately 100MiB chunks that it distributes among TiKV servers. Because this increment is much smaller than a full server, it's much easier to move around and redistribute data. It's also possible to add new servers in smaller increments, which is easier on planning. - -### Scaling - -**tl;dr:** Much easier - -This is related to capacity planning and sharding. When we talk about scaling, many people think about very large _systems,_ but that is not exclusively how I think of the problem: - - * Scaling is being able to start with something very small, without having to make huge investments upfront on the chance it could become very large. - * Scaling is also a people problem. If a system requires too much internal knowledge to operate, it can become hard to grow as an engineering organization. The barrier to entry for new hires can become very high. - - - -Thus, by providing automatic sharding, TiDB can scale much easier. - -### Schema changes (DDL) - -**tl;dr:** Mostly better - -The data definition language (DDL) supported in TiDB is all online, which means it doesn't block other reads or writes to the system. It also doesn't block the replication stream. - -That's the good news, but there are a couple of limitations to be aware of: - - * TiDB does not currently support all DDL operations, such as changing the primary key or some "change data type" operations. - * TiDB does not currently allow you to chain multiple DDL changes in the same command, e.g., _ALTER TABLE t1 ADD INDEX (x), ADD INDEX (y)_. You will need to break these queries up into individual DDL queries. - - - -This is an area that we're looking to improve in [TiDB 3.0][7]. - -### Creating one-off data dumps for the reporting team - -**tl;dr:** May not be required - -DBAs loathe manual tasks that create one-off exports of data to be consumed by another team, perhaps in an analytics tool or data warehouse. - -This is often required when the types of queries that are be executed on the dataset are analytical. TiDB has hybrid transactional/analytical processing (HTAP) capabilities, so in many cases, these queries should work fine. If your analytics team is using Spark, you can also use the [TiSpark][8] connector to allow them to connect directly to TiKV. - -This is another area we are improving with [TiFlash][7], a column store accelerator. We are also working on a plugin system to support external authentication. This will make it easier to manage access by the reporting team. - -### Conclusion - -In this post, I looked at some common MySQL DBA tasks and how they translate to TiDB. If you would like to learn more, check out our [TiDB Academy course][9] designed for MySQL DBAs (it's free!). - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-save-time-tidb - -作者：[Morgan Tocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/morgo -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/checklist_todo_clock_time_team.png?itok=1z528Q0y (Team checklist) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/key-differences-between-mysql-and-tidb -[3]: https://github.com/pingcap/tidb -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tidb_architecture.png (TiDB architecture) -[5]: https://pingcap.com/docs/architecture/ -[6]: https://raft.github.io/ -[7]: https://pingcap.com/blog/tidb-3.0-beta-stability-at-scale/ -[8]: https://github.com/pingcap/tispark -[9]: https://pingcap.com/tidb-academy/ diff --git a/sources/talk/20190410 Google partners with Intel, HPE and Lenovo for hybrid cloud.md b/sources/talk/20190410 Google partners with Intel, HPE and Lenovo for hybrid cloud.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5603086a53..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190410 Google partners with Intel, HPE and Lenovo for hybrid cloud.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Google partners with Intel, HPE and Lenovo for hybrid cloud) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388062/google-partners-with-intel-hpe-and-lenovo-for-hybrid-cloud.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) - -Google partners with Intel, HPE and Lenovo for hybrid cloud -====== -Google boosted its on-premises and cloud connections with Kubernetes and serverless computing. -![Ilze Lucero \(CC0\)][1] - -Still struggling to get its Google Cloud business out of single-digit marketshare, Google this week introduced new partnerships with Lenovo and Intel to help bolster its hybrid cloud offerings, both built on Google’s Kubernetes container technology. - -At Google’s Next ’19 show this week, Intel and Google said they will collaborate on Google's Anthos, a new reference design based on the second-Generation Xeon Scalable processor introduced last week and an optimized Kubernetes software stack designed to deliver increased workload portability between public and private cloud environments. - -**[ Read also:[What hybrid cloud means in practice][2] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][3] ]** - -As part the Anthos announcement, Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) said it has validated Anthos on its ProLiant servers, while Lenovo has done the same for its ThinkAgile platform. This solution will enable customers to get a consistent Kubernetes experience between Google Cloud and their on-premises HPE or Lenovo servers. No official word from Dell yet, but they can’t be far behind. - -Users will be able to manage their Kubernetes clusters and enforce policy consistently across environments – either in the public cloud or on-premises. In addition, Anthos delivers a fully integrated stack of hardened components, including OS and container runtimes that are tested and validated by Google, so customers can upgrade their clusters with confidence and minimize downtime. - -### What is Google Anthos? - -Google formally introduced [Anthos][4] at this year’s show. Anthos, formerly Cloud Services Platform, is meant to allow users to run their containerized applications without spending time on building, managing, and operating Kubernetes clusters. It runs both on Google Cloud Platform (GCP) with Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) and in your data center with GKE On-Prem. Anthos will also let you manage workloads running on third-party clouds such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure. - -Google also announced the beta release of Anthos Migrate, which auto-migrates virtual machines (VM) from on-premises or other clouds directly into containers in GKE with minimal effort. This allows enterprises to migrate their infrastructure in one streamlined motion, without upfront modifications to the original VMs or applications. - -Intel said it will publish the production design as an Intel Select Solution, as well as a developer platform, making it available to anyone who wants it. - -### Serverless environments - -Google isn’t stopping with Kubernetes containers, it’s also pushing ahead with serverless environments. [Cloud Run][5] is Google’s implementation of serverless computing, which is something of a misnomer. You still run your apps on servers; you just aren’t using a dedicated physical server. It is stateless, so resources are not allocated until you actually run or use the application. - -Cloud Run is a fully serverless offering that takes care of all infrastructure management, including the provisioning, configuring, scaling, and managing of servers. It automatically scales up or down within seconds, even down to zero depending on traffic, ensuring you pay only for the resources you actually use. Cloud Run can be used on GKE, offering the option to run side by side with other workloads deployed in the same cluster. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][6] and [LinkedIn][7] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388062/google-partners-with-intel-hpe-and-lenovo-for-hybrid-cloud.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/03/cubes_blocks_squares_containers_ilze_lucero_cc0_via_unsplash_1200x800-100752172-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3249495/what-hybrid-cloud-mean-practice -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html -[4]: https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/hybrid-cloud/new-platform-for-managing-applications-in-todays-multi-cloud-world -[5]: https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/serverless/announcing-cloud-run-the-newest-member-of-our-serverless-compute-stack -[6]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/talk/20190410 HPE and Nutanix partner for hyperconverged private cloud systems.md b/sources/talk/20190410 HPE and Nutanix partner for hyperconverged private cloud systems.md deleted file mode 100644 index 76f908c68b..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190410 HPE and Nutanix partner for hyperconverged private cloud systems.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (HPE and Nutanix partner for hyperconverged private cloud systems) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388297/hpe-and-nutanix-partner-for-hyperconverged-private-cloud-systems.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) - -HPE and Nutanix partner for hyperconverged private cloud systems -====== -Both companies will sell HP ProLiant appliances with Nutanix software but to different markets. -![Hewlett Packard Enterprise][1] - -Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) has partnered with Nutanix to offer Nutanix’s hyperconverged infrastructure (HCI) software available as a managed private cloud service and on HPE-branded appliances. - -As part of the deal, the two companies will be competing against each other in hardware sales, sort of. If you want the consumption model you get through HPE’s GreenLake, where your usage is metered and you pay for only the time you use it (similar to the cloud), then you would get the ProLiant hardware from HPE. - -If you want an appliance model where you buy the hardware outright, like in the traditional sense of server sales, you would get the same ProLiant through Nutanix. - -**[ Read also:[What is hybrid cloud computing?][2] and [Multicloud mania: what to know][3] ]** - -As it is, HPE GreenLake offers multiple cloud offerings to customers, including virtualization courtesy of VMware and Microsoft. With the Nutanix partnership, HPE is adding Nutanix’s free Acropolis hypervisor to its offerings. - -“Customers get to choose an alternative to VMware with this,” said Pradeep Kumar, senior vice president and general manager of HPE’s Pointnext consultancy. “They like the Acropolis license model, since it’s license-free. Then they have choice points so pricing is competitive. Some like VMware, and I think it’s our job to offer them both and they can pick and choose.” - -Kumar added that the whole Nutanix stack is 15 to 18% less with Acropolis than a VMware-powered system, since they save on the hypervisor. - -The HPE-Nutanix partnership offers a fully managed hybrid cloud infrastructure delivered as a service and deployed in customers’ data centers or co-location facility. The managed private cloud service gives enterprises a hyperconverged environment in-house without having to manage the infrastructure themselves and, more importantly, without the burden of ownership. GreenLake operates more like a lease than ownership. - -### HPE GreenLake's private cloud services promise to significantly reduce costs - -HPE is pushing hard on GreenLake, which basically mimics cloud platform pricing models of paying for what you use rather than outright ownership. Kumar said HPE projects the consumption model will account for 30% of HPE’s business in the next few years. - -GreenLake makes some hefty promises. According to Nutanix-commissioned IDC research, customers will achieve a 60% reduction in the five-year cost of operations, while a HPE-commissioned Forrester report found customers benefit from a 30% Capex savings due to eliminated need for overprovisioning and a 90% reduction in support and professional services costs. - -By shifting to an IT as a Service model, HPE claims to provide a 40% increase in productivity by reducing the support load on IT operations staff and to shorten the time to deploy IT projects by 65%. - -The two new offerings from the partnership – HPE GreenLake’s private cloud service running Nutanix software and the HPE-branded appliances integrated with Nutanix software – are expected to be available during the 2019 third quarter, the companies said. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388297/hpe-and-nutanix-partner-for-hyperconverged-private-cloud-systems.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/11/hpe_building-100625424-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3233132/cloud-computing/what-is-hybrid-cloud-computing.html -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3252775/hybrid-cloud/multicloud-mania-what-to-know.html -[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/talk/20190418 Cisco warns WLAN controller, 9000 series router and IOS-XE users to patch urgent security holes.md b/sources/talk/20190418 Cisco warns WLAN controller, 9000 series router and IOS-XE users to patch urgent security holes.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5abcb3bcba..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190418 Cisco warns WLAN controller, 9000 series router and IOS-XE users to patch urgent security holes.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,76 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Cisco warns WLAN controller, 9000 series router and IOS/XE users to patch urgent security holes) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390159/cisco-warns-wlan-controller-9000-series-router-and-iosxe-users-to-patch-urgent-security-holes.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) - -Cisco warns WLAN controller, 9000 series router and IOS/XE users to patch urgent security holes -====== -Cisco says unpatched vulnerabilities could lead to DoS attacks, arbitrary code execution, take-over of devices. -![Woolzian / Getty Images][1] - -Cisco this week issued 31 security advisories but directed customer attention to “critical” patches for its IOS and IOS XE Software Cluster Management and IOS software for Cisco ASR 9000 Series routers. A number of other vulnerabilities also need attention if customers are running Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers. - -The [first critical patch][2] has to do with a vulnerability in the Cisco Cluster Management Protocol (CMP) processing code in Cisco IOS and Cisco IOS XE Software that could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to send malformed CMP-specific Telnet options while establishing a Telnet session with an affected Cisco device configured to accept Telnet connections. An exploit could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code and obtain full control of the device or cause a reload of the affected device, Cisco said. - -**[ Also see[What to consider when deploying a next generation firewall][3]. | Get regularly scheduled insights by [signing up for Network World newsletters][4]. ]** - -The problem has a Common Vulnerability Scoring System number of 9.8 out of 10. - -According to Cisco, the Cluster Management Protocol utilizes Telnet internally as a signaling and command protocol between cluster members. The vulnerability is due to the combination of two factors: - - * The failure to restrict the use of CMP-specific Telnet options only to internal, local communications between cluster members and instead accept and process such options over any Telnet connection to an affected device - * The incorrect processing of malformed CMP-specific Telnet options. - - - -Cisco says the vulnerability can be exploited during Telnet session negotiation over either IPv4 or IPv6. This vulnerability can only be exploited through a Telnet session established _to_ the device; sending the malformed options on Telnet sessions _through_ the device will not trigger the vulnerability. - -The company says there are no workarounds for this problem, but disabling Telnet as an allowed protocol for incoming connections would eliminate the exploit vector. Cisco recommends disabling Telnet and using SSH instead. Information on how to do both can be found on the [Cisco Guide to Harden Cisco IOS Devices][5]. For patch information [go here][6]. - -The second critical patch involves a vulnerability in the sysadmin virtual machine (VM) on Cisco’s ASR 9000 carrier class routers running Cisco IOS XR 64-bit Software could let an unauthenticated, remote attacker access internal applications running on the sysadmin VM, Cisco said in the [advisory][7]. This CVSS also has a 9.8 rating. - -**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][8] ]** - -Cisco said the vulnerability is due to incorrect isolation of the secondary management interface from internal sysadmin applications. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by connecting to one of the listening internal applications. A successful exploit could result in unstable conditions, including both denial of service (DoS) and remote unauthenticated access to the device, Cisco stated. - -Cisco has released [free software updates][6] that address the vulnerability described in this advisory. - -Lastly, Cisco wrote that [multiple vulnerabilities][9] in the administrative GUI configuration feature of Cisco Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) Software could let an authenticated, remote attacker cause the device to reload unexpectedly during device configuration when the administrator is using this GUI, causing a DoS condition on an affected device. The attacker would need to have valid administrator credentials on the device for this exploit to work, Cisco stated. - -“These vulnerabilities are due to incomplete input validation for unexpected configuration options that the attacker could submit while accessing the GUI configuration menus. An attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities by authenticating to the device and submitting crafted user input when using the administrative GUI configuration feature,” Cisco stated. - -“These vulnerabilities have a Security Impact Rating (SIR) of High because they could be exploited when the software fix for the Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Cross-Site Request Forgery Vulnerability is not in place,” Cisco stated. “In that case, an unauthenticated attacker who first exploits the cross-site request forgery vulnerability could perform arbitrary commands with the privileges of the administrator user by exploiting the vulnerabilities described in this advisory.” - -Cisco has released [software updates][10] that address these vulnerabilities and said that there are no workarounds. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][11] and [LinkedIn][12] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390159/cisco-warns-wlan-controller-9000-series-router-and-iosxe-users-to-patch-urgent-security-holes.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Michael Cooney][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/compromised_data_security_breach_vulnerability_by_woolzian_gettyimages-475563052_2400x1600-100788413-large.jpg -[2]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20170317-cmp -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236448/lan-wan/what-to-consider-when-deploying-a-next-generation-firewall.html -[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html -[5]: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/access-lists/13608-21.html -[6]: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/about/legal/cloud-and-software/end_user_license_agreement.html -[7]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190417-asr9k-exr -[8]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr -[9]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190417-wlc-iapp -[10]: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/web/tsd-cisco-worldwide-contacts.html -[11]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[12]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/talk/20190418 Fujitsu completes design of exascale supercomputer, promises to productize it.md b/sources/talk/20190418 Fujitsu completes design of exascale supercomputer, promises to productize it.md deleted file mode 100644 index 59978d555c..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190418 Fujitsu completes design of exascale supercomputer, promises to productize it.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Fujitsu completes design of exascale supercomputer, promises to productize it) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3389748/fujitsu-completes-design-of-exascale-supercomputer-promises-to-productize-it.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) - -Fujitsu completes design of exascale supercomputer, promises to productize it -====== -Fujitsu hopes to be the first to offer exascale supercomputing using Arm processors. -![Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science][1] - -Fujitsu and Japanese research institute Riken announced the design for the post-K supercomputer, to be launched in 2021, is complete and that they will productize the design for sale later this year. - -The K supercomputer was a massive system, built by Fujitsu and housed at the Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science campus in Kobe, Japan, with more than 80,000 nodes and using Sparc64 VIIIfx processors, a derivative of the Sun Microsystems Sparc processor developed under a license agreement that pre-dated Oracle buying out Sun in 2010. - -**[ Also read:[10 of the world's fastest supercomputers][2] ]** - -It was ranked as the top supercomputer when it was launched in June 2011 with a computation speed of over 8 petaflops. And in November 2011, K became the first computer to top 10 petaflops. It was eventually surpassed as the world's fastest supercomputer by the IBM’s Sequoia, but even now, eight years later, it’s still in the top 20 of supercomputers in the world. - -### What's in the Post-K supercomputer? - -The new system, dubbed “Post-K,” will feature an Arm-based processor called A64FX, a high-performance CPU developed by Fujitsu, designed for exascale systems. The chip is based off the Arm8 design, which is popular in smartphones, with 48 cores plus four “assistant” cores and the ability to access up to 32GB of memory per chip. - -A64FX is the first CPU to adopt the Scalable Vector Extension (SVE), an instruction set specifically designed for Arm-based supercomputers. Fujitsu claims A64FX will offer a peak double precision (64-bit) floating point operations performance of over 2.7 teraflops per chip. The system will have one CPU per node and 384 nodes per rack. That comes out to one petaflop per rack. - -Contrast that with Summit, the top supercomputer in the world built by IBM for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory using IBM Power9 processors and Nvidia GPUs. A Summit rack has a peak computer of 864 teraflops. - -Let me put it another way: IBM’s Power processor and Nvidia’s Tesla are about to get pwned by a derivative chip to the one in your iPhone. - -**[[Get certified as an Apple Technical Coordinator with this seven-part online course from PluralSight.][3] ]** - -Fujitsu will productize the Post-K design and sell it as the successor to the Fujitsu Supercomputer PrimeHPC FX100. The company said it is also considering measures such as developing an entry-level model that will be easy to deploy, or supplying these technologies to other vendors. - -Post-K will be installed in the Riken Center for Computational Science (R-CCS), where the K computer is currently located. The system will be one of the first exascale supercomputers in the world, although the U.S. and China are certainly gunning to be first if only for bragging rights. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3389748/fujitsu-completes-design-of-exascale-supercomputer-promises-to-productize-it.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/06/riken_advanced_institute_for_computational_science_k-computer_supercomputer_1200x800-100762135-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236875/embargo-10-of-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputers.html -[3]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fapple-certified-technical-trainer-10-11 -[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/talk/20190419 Intel follows AMD-s lead (again) into single-socket Xeon servers.md b/sources/talk/20190419 Intel follows AMD-s lead (again) into single-socket Xeon servers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9685591b2c..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190419 Intel follows AMD-s lead (again) into single-socket Xeon servers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,61 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Intel follows AMD’s lead (again) into single-socket Xeon servers) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390201/intel-follows-amds-lead-again-into-single-socket-xeon-servers.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) - -Intel follows AMD’s lead (again) into single-socket Xeon servers -====== -Intel's new U series of processors are aimed at the low-end market where one processor is good enough. -![Intel][1] - -I’m really starting to wonder who the leader in x86 really is these days because it seems Intel is borrowing another page out of AMD’s playbook. - -Intel launched a whole lot of new Xeon Scalable processors earlier this month, but they neglected to mention a unique line: the U series of single-socket processors. The folks over at Serve The Home sniffed it out first, and Intel has confirmed the existence of the line, just that they “didn’t broadly promote them.” - -**[ Read also:[Intel makes a play for high-speed fiber networking for data centers][2] ]** - -To backtrack a bit, AMD made a major push for [single-socket servers][3] when it launched the Epyc line of server chips. Epyc comes with up to 32 cores and multithreading, and Intel (and Dell) argued that one 32-core/64-thread processor was enough to handle many loads and a lot cheaper than a two-socket system. - -The new U series isn’t available in the regular Intel [ARK database][4] listing of Xeon Scalable processors, but they do show up if you search. Intel says they are looking into that .There are two processors for now, one with 24 cores and two with 20 cores. - -The 24-core Intel [Xeon Gold 6212U][5] will be a counterpart to the Intel Xeon Platinum 8260, with a 2.4GHz base clock speed and a 3.9GHz turbo clock and the ability to access up to 1TB of memory. The Xeon Gold 6212U will have the same 165W TDP as the 8260 line, but with a single socket that’s 165 fewer watts of power. - -Also, Intel is suggesting a price of about $2,000 for the Intel Xeon Gold 6212U, a big discount over the Xeon Platinum 8260’s $4,702 list price. So, that will translate into much cheaper servers. - -The [Intel Xeon Gold 6210U][6] with 20 cores carries a suggested price of $1,500, has a base clock rate of 2.50GHz with turbo boost to 3.9GHz and a 150 watt TDP. Finally, there is the 20-core Intel [Xeon Gold 6209U][7] with a price of around $1,000 that is identical to the 6210 except its base clock speed is 2.1GHz with a turbo boost of 3.9GHz and a TDP of 125 watts due to its lower clock speed. - -**[[Get certified as an Apple Technical Coordinator with this seven-part online course from PluralSight.][8] ]** - -All of the processors support up to 1TB of DDR4-2933 memory and Intel’s Optane persistent memory. - -In terms of speeds and feeds, AMD has a slight advantage over Intel in the single-socket race, and Epyc 2 is rumored to be approaching completion, which will only further advance AMD’s lead. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][9] and [LinkedIn][10] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390201/intel-follows-amds-lead-again-into-single-socket-xeon-servers.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/06/intel_generic_cpu_background-100760187-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3307852/intel-makes-a-play-for-high-speed-fiber-networking-for-data-centers.html -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3253626/amd-lands-dell-as-its-latest-epyc-server-processor-customer.html -[4]: https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/192283/2nd-generation-intel-xeon-scalable-processors.html -[5]: https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/192453/intel-xeon-gold-6212u-processor-35-75m-cache-2-40-ghz.html -[6]: https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/192452/intel-xeon-gold-6210u-processor-27-5m-cache-2-50-ghz.html -[7]: https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/193971/intel-xeon-gold-6209u-processor-27-5m-cache-2-10-ghz.html -[8]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fapple-certified-technical-trainer-10-11 -[9]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[10]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/talk/20190424 IoT roundup- VMware, Nokia beef up their IoT.md b/sources/talk/20190424 IoT roundup- VMware, Nokia beef up their IoT.md deleted file mode 100644 index 90f4ebf5f1..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190424 IoT roundup- VMware, Nokia beef up their IoT.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (IoT roundup: VMware, Nokia beef up their IoT) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390682/iot-roundup-vmware-nokia-beef-up-their-iot.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Jon Gold https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/) - -IoT roundup: VMware, Nokia beef up their IoT -====== -Everyone wants in on the ground floor of the internet of things, and companies including Nokia, VMware and Silicon Labs are sharpening their offerings in anticipation of further growth. -![Getty Images][1] - -When attempting to understand the world of IoT, it’s easy to get sidetracked by all the fascinating use cases: Automated oil and gas platforms! Connected pet feeders! Internet-enabled toilets! (Is “the Internet of Toilets” a thing yet?) But the most important IoT trend to follow may be the way that major tech vendors are vying to make large portions of the market their own. - -VMware’s play for a significant chunk of the IoT market is called Pulse IoT Center, and the company released version 2.0 of it this week. It follows the pattern set by other big companies getting into IoT: Leveraging their existing technological strengths and applying them to the messier, more heterodox networking environment that IoT represents. - -Unsurprisingly, given that it’s VMware we’re talking about, there’s now a SaaS option, and the company was also eager to talk up that Pulse IoT Center 2.0 has simplified device-onboarding and centralized management features. - -**More about edge networking** - - * [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][2] - * [Edge computing best practices][3] - * [How edge computing can help secure the IoT][4] - - - -That might sound familiar, and for good reason – companies with any kind of a background in network management, from HPE/Aruba to Amazon, have been pushing to promote their system as the best framework for managing a complicated and often decentralized web of IoT devices from a single platform. By rolling features like software updates, onboarding and security into a single-pane-of-glass management console, those companies are hoping to be the organizational base for customers trying to implement IoT. - -Whether they’re successful or not remains to be seen. While major IT companies have been trying to capture market share by competing across multiple verticals, the operational orientation of the IoT also means that non-traditional tech vendors with expertise in particular fields (particularly industrial and automotive) are suddenly major competitors. - -**Nokia spreads the IoT network wide** - -As a giant carrier-equipment vendor, Nokia is an important company in the overall IoT landscape. While some types of enterprise-focused IoT are heavily localized, like connected factory floors or centrally managed office buildings, others are so geographically disparate that carrier networks are the only connectivity medium that makes sense. - -The Finnish company earlier this month broadened its footprint in the IoT space, announcing that it had partnered with Nordic Telecom to create a wide-area network focused on enabling IoT and emergency services. The network, which Nokia is billing as the first mission-critical communications network, operates using LTE technology in the 410-430MHz band – a relatively low frequency, which allows for better propagation and a wide effective range. - -The idea is to provide a high-throughput, low-latency network option to any user on the network, whether it’s an emergency services provider needing high-speed video communication or an energy or industrial company with a low-delay-tolerance application. - -**Silicon Labs packs more onto IoT chips** - -The heart of any IoT implementation remains the SoCs that make devices intelligent in the first place, and Silicon Labs announced that it's building more muscle into its IoT-focused product lineup. - -The Austin-based chipmaker said that version 2 of its Wireless Gecko platform will pack more than double the wireless connectivity range of previous entries, which could seriously ease design requirements for companies planning out IoT deployments. The chipsets support Zigbee, Thread and Bluetooth mesh networking, and are designed for line-powered IoT devices, using Arm Cortex-M33 processors for relatively strong computing capacity and high energy efficiency. - -Chipset advances aren’t the type of thing that will pay off immediately in terms of making IoT devices more capable, but improvements like these make designing IoT endpoints for particular uses that much easier, and new SoCs will begin to filter into line-of-business equipment over time. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390682/iot-roundup-vmware-nokia-beef-up-their-iot.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Jon Gold][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/08/nw_iot-news_internet-of-things_smart-city_smart-home5-100768494-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331978/lan-wan/edge-computing-best-practices.html -[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331905/internet-of-things/how-edge-computing-can-help-secure-the-iot.html -[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/talk/20190425 Dell EMC and Cisco renew converged infrastructure alliance.md b/sources/talk/20190425 Dell EMC and Cisco renew converged infrastructure alliance.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8d3ad041db..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190425 Dell EMC and Cisco renew converged infrastructure alliance.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Dell EMC and Cisco renew converged infrastructure alliance) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391071/dell-emc-and-cisco-renew-converged-infrastructure-alliance.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) - -Dell EMC and Cisco renew converged infrastructure alliance -====== -Dell EMC and Cisco renewed their agreement to collaborate on converged infrastructure (CI) products for a few more years even though the momentum is elsewhere. -![Dell EMC][1] - -Dell EMC and Cisco have renewed a collaboration on converged infrastructure (CI) products that has run for more than a decade, even as the momentum shifts elsewhere. The news was announced via a [blog post][2] by Pete Manca, senior vice president for solutions engineering at Dell EMC. - -The deal is centered around Dell EMC’s VxBlock product line, which originally started out in 2009 as a joint venture between EMC and Cisco called VCE (Virtual Computing Environment). EMC bought out Cisco’s stake in the venture before Dell bought EMC. - -The devices offered UCS servers and networking from Cisco, EMC storage, and VMware virtualization software in pre-configured, integrated bundles. VCE was retired in favor of new brands, VxBlock, VxRail, and VxRack. The lineup has been pared down to one device, the VxBlock 1000. - -**[ Read also:[How to plan a software-defined data-center network][3] ]** - -“The newly inked agreement entails continued company alignment across multiple organizations: executive, product development, marketing, and sales,” Manca wrote in the blog post. “This means we’ll continue to share product roadmaps and collaborate on strategic development activities, with Cisco investing in a range of Dell EMC sales, marketing and training initiatives to support VxBlock 1000.” - -Dell EMC cites IDC research that it holds a 48% market share in converged systems, nearly 1.5 times that of any other vendor. But IDC's April edition of the Converged Systems Tracker said the CI category is on the downswing. CI sales fell 6.4% year over year, while the market for hyperconverged infrastructure (HCI) grew 57.2% year over year. - -For the unfamiliar, the primary difference between converged and hyperconverged infrastructure is that CI relies on hardware building blocks, while HCI is software-defined and considered more flexible and scalable than CI and operates more like a cloud system with resources spun up and down as needed. - -Despite this, Dell is committed to CI systems. Just last month it announced an update and expansion of the VxBlock 1000, including higher scalability, a broader choice of components, and the option to add new technologies. It featured updated VMware vRealize and vSphere support, the option to consolidate high-value, mission-critical workloads with new storage and data protection options and support for Cisco UCS fabric and servers. - -For customers who prefer to build their own infrastructure solutions, Dell EMC introduced Ready Stack, a portfolio of validated designs with sizing, design, and deployment resources that offer VMware-based IaaS, vSphere on Dell EMC PowerEdge servers and Dell EMC Unity storage, and Microsoft Hyper-V on Dell EMC PowerEdge servers and Dell EMC Unity storage. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391071/dell-emc-and-cisco-renew-converged-infrastructure-alliance.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/04/dell-emc-vxblock-1000-100794721-large.jpg -[2]: https://blog.dellemc.com/en-us/dell-technologies-cisco-reaffirm-joint-commitment-converged-infrastructure/ -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284352/data-center/how-to-plan-a-software-defined-data-center-network.html -[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/talk/20190429 Venerable Cisco Catalyst 6000 switches ousted by new Catalyst 9600.md b/sources/talk/20190429 Venerable Cisco Catalyst 6000 switches ousted by new Catalyst 9600.md deleted file mode 100644 index 965d2a0e51..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190429 Venerable Cisco Catalyst 6000 switches ousted by new Catalyst 9600.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,86 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Venerable Cisco Catalyst 6000 switches ousted by new Catalyst 9600) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391580/venerable-cisco-catalyst-6000-switches-ousted-by-new-catalyst-9600.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) - -Venerable Cisco Catalyst 6000 switches ousted by new Catalyst 9600 -====== -Cisco introduced Catalyst 9600 switches, that let customers automate, set policy, provide security and gain assurance across wired and wireless networks. -![Martyn Williams][1] - -Few events in the tech industry are truly transformative, but Cisco’s replacement of its core Catalyst 6000 family could be one of those actions for customers and the company. - -Introduced in 1999, [iterations of the Catalyst 6000][2] have nestled into the core of scores of enterprise networks, with the model 6500 becoming the company’s largest selling box ever. - -**Learn about edge networking** - - * [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][3] - * [Edge computing best practices][4] - * [How edge computing can help secure the IoT][5] - - - -It goes without question that migrating these customers alone to the new switch – the Catalyst 9600 which the company introduced today – will be of monumental importance to Cisco as it looks to revamp and continue to dominate large campus-core deployments. The first [Catalyst 9000][6], introduced in June 2017, is already the fastest ramping product line in Cisco’s history. - -“There are at least tens of thousands of Cat 6000s running in campus cores all over the world,” said [Sachin Gupta][7], senior vice president for product management at Cisco. ”It is the Swiss Army knife of switches in term of features, and we have taken great care and over two years developing feature parity and an easy migration path for those users to the Cat 9000.” - -Indeed the 9600 brings with it for Cat 6000 features such as support for MPLS, virtual switching and IPv6, while adding or bolstering support for newer items such as Intent-based networking (IBN), wireless networks and security segmentation. Strategically the 9600 helps fill out the company’s revamped lineup which includes the 9200 family of access switches, the [9500][8] aggregation switch and [9800 wireless controller.][9] - -Some of the nitty-gritty details about the 9600: - - * It is a purpose-built 40 Gigabit and 100 Gigabit Ethernet line of modular switches targeted for the enterprise campus with a wired switching capacity of up to 25.6 Tbps, with up to 6.4 Tbps of bandwidth per slot. - * The switch supports granular port densities that fit diverse campus needs, including nonblocking 40 Gigabit and 100 Gigabit Ethernet Quad Small Form-Factor Pluggable (QSFP+, QSFP28) and 1, 10, and 25 GE Small Form-Factor Pluggable Plus (SFP, SFP+, SFP28). - * It can be configured to support up to 48 nonblocking 100 Gigabit Ethernet QSPF28 ports with the Cisco Catalyst 9600 Series Supervisor Engine 1; Up to 96 nonblocking 40 Gigabit Ethernet QSFP+ ports with the Cisco Catalyst 9600 Series Supervisor Engine 1 and Up to 192 nonblocking 25 Gigabit/10 Gigabit Ethernet SFP28/SFP+ ports with the Cisco Catalyst 9600 Series Supervisor Engine 1. - * It supports advanced routing and infrastructure services (MPLS, Layer 2 and Layer 3 VPNs, Multicast VPN, and Network Address Translation. - * Cisco Software-Defined Access capabilities (such as a host-tracking database, cross-domain connectivity, and VPN Routing and Forwarding [VRF]-aware Locator/ID Separation Protocol; and network system virtualization with Cisco StackWise virtual technology. - - - -The 9600 series runs Cisco’s IOS XE software which now runs across all Catalyst 9000 family members. The software brings with it support for other key products such as Cisco’s [DNA Center][10] which controls automation capabilities, assurance setting, fabric provisioning and policy-based segmentation for enterprise networks. What that means is that with one user interface, DNA Center, customers can automate, set policy, provide security and gain assurance across the entire wired and wireless network fabric, Gupta said. - -“The 9600 is a big deal for Cisco and customers as it brings together the campus core and lets users establish standards access and usage policies across their wired and wireless environments,” said Brandon Butler, a senior research analyst with IDC. “It was important that Cisco add a powerful switch to handle the increasing amounts of traffic wireless and cloud applications are bringing to the network.” - -IOS XE brings with it automated device provisioning and a wide variety of automation features including support for the network configuration protocol NETCONF and RESTCONF using YANG data models. The software offers near-real-time monitoring of the network, leading to quick detection and rectification of failures, Cisco says. - -The software also supports hot patching which provides fixes for critical bugs and security vulnerabilities between regular maintenance releases. This support lets customers add patches without having to wait for the next maintenance release, Cisco says. - -As with the rest of the Catalyst family, the 9600 is available via subscription-based licensing. Cisco says the [base licensing package][11] includes Network Advantage licensing options that are tied to the hardware. The base licensing packages cover switching fundamentals, management automation, troubleshooting, and advanced switching features. These base licenses are perpetual. - -An add-on licensing package includes the Cisco DNA Premier and Cisco DNA Advantage options. The Cisco DNA add-on licenses are available as a subscription. - -IDC’S Butler noted that there are competitors such as Ruckus, Aruba and Extreme that offer switches capable of melding wired and wireless environments. - -The new switch is built for the next two decades of networking, Gupta said. “If any of our competitors though they could just go in and replace the Cat 6k they were misguided.” - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391580/venerable-cisco-catalyst-6000-switches-ousted-by-new-catalyst-9600.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Michael Cooney][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2017/02/170227-mwc-02759-100710709-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2289826/133715-The-illustrious-history-of-Cisco-s-Catalyst-LAN-switches.html -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html -[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331978/lan-wan/edge-computing-best-practices.html -[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331905/internet-of-things/how-edge-computing-can-help-secure-the-iot.html -[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3256264/cisco-ceo-we-are-still-only-on-the-front-end-of-a-new-version-of-the-network.html -[7]: https://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/looking-forward-catalyst-9600-switch-and-9100-access-point-meraki -[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3202105/cisco-brings-intent-based-networking-to-the-end-to-end-network.html -[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3321000/cisco-links-wireless-wired-worlds-with-new-catalyst-9000-switches.html -[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280988/cisco/cisco-opens-dna-center-network-control-and-management-software-to-the-devops-masses.html -[11]: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst9600/software/release/16-11/release_notes/ol-16-11-9600.html#id_67835 -[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/tech/20190327 HPE introduces hybrid cloud consulting business.md b/sources/tech/20190327 HPE introduces hybrid cloud consulting business.md deleted file mode 100644 index f1d9d3564f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190327 HPE introduces hybrid cloud consulting business.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (HPE introduces hybrid cloud consulting business) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3384919/hpe-introduces-hybrid-cloud-consulting-business.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) - -HPE introduces hybrid cloud consulting business -====== - -### HPE's Right Mix Advisor is designed to find a balance between on-premises and cloud systems. - -![Hewlett Packard Enterprise][1] - -Hybrid cloud is pretty much the de facto way to go, with only a few firms adopting a pure cloud play to replace their data center and only suicidal firms refusing to go to the cloud. But picking the right balance between on-premises and the cloud is tricky, and a mistake can be costly. - -Enter Right Mix Advisor from Hewlett Packard Enterprise, a combination of consulting from HPE's Pointnext division and software tools. It draws on quite a bit of recent acquisitions. Another part of Right Mix Advisor is a British cloud consultancy RedPixie, Amazon Web Services (AWS) specialists Cloud Technology Partners, and automated discovery capabilities from an Irish startup iQuate. - -Right Mix Advisor gathers data points from the company’s entire enterprise, ranging from configuration management database systems (CMDBs), such as ServiceNow, to external sources, such as cloud providers. HPE says that in a recent customer engagement it scanned 9 million IP addresses across six data centers. - -**[ Read also:[What is hybrid cloud computing][2]. | Learn [what you need to know about multi-cloud][3]. | Get regularly scheduled insights by [signing up for Network World newsletters][4]. ]** - -HPE Pointnext consultants then work with the client’s IT teams to analyze the data to determine the optimal configuration for workload placement. Pointnext has become HPE’s main consulting outfit following its divestiture of EDS, which it acquired in 2008 but spun off in a merger with CSC to form DXC Consulting. Pointnext now has 25,000 consultants in 88 countries. - -In a typical engagement, HPE claims it can deliver a concrete action plan within weeks, whereas previously businesses may have needed months to come to a conclusion using a manual processes. HPE has found migrating the right workloads to the right mix of hybrid cloud can typically result in 40 percent total cost of ownership savings*. * - -Although HPE has thrown its weight behind AWS, that doesn’t mean it doesn’t support competitors. Erik Vogel, vice president of hybrid IT for HPE Pointnext, notes in the blog post announcing Right Mix Advisor that target environments could be Microsoft Azure or Azure Stack, AWS, Google or Ali Cloud. - -“New service providers are popping up every day, and we see the big public cloud providers constantly producing new services and pricing models. As a result, the calculus for determining your right mix is constantly changing. If Azure, for example, offers a new service capability or a 10 percent pricing discount and it makes sense to leverage it, you want to be able to move an application seamlessly into that new environment,” he wrote. - -Key to Right Mix Advisor is app migration, and Pointnext follows the 50/30/20 rule: About 50 percent of apps are suitable for migration to the cloud, and for about 30 percent, migration is not a good choice for migration to be worth the effort. The remaining 20 percent should be retired. - -“With HPE Right Mix Advisor, you can identify that 50 percent,” he wrote. “Rather than hand you a laundry list of 10,000 apps to start migrating, HPE Right Mix Advisor hones in on what’s most impactful right now to meet your business goals – the 10 things you can do on Monday morning that you can be confident will really help your business.” - -HPE has already done some pilot projects with the Right Mix service and expects to expand it to include channel partners. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3384919/hpe-introduces-hybrid-cloud-consulting-business.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/11/hpe_building-100625424-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3233132/cloud-computing/what-is-hybrid-cloud-computing.html -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3252775/hybrid-cloud/multicloud-mania-what-to-know.html -[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html -[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/tech/20190328 Cisco warns of two security patches that don-t work, issues 17 new ones for IOS flaws.md b/sources/tech/20190328 Cisco warns of two security patches that don-t work, issues 17 new ones for IOS flaws.md deleted file mode 100644 index 27370bf294..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190328 Cisco warns of two security patches that don-t work, issues 17 new ones for IOS flaws.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,72 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Cisco warns of two security patches that don’t work, issues 17 new ones for IOS flaws) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3384742/cisco-warns-of-two-security-patches-that-dont-work-issues-17-new-ones-for-ios-flaws.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) - -Cisco warns of two security patches that don’t work, issues 17 new ones for IOS flaws -====== - -### Cisco is issuing 17 new fixes for security problems with IOS and IOS/XE software that runs most of its routers and switches, while it has no patch yet to replace flawed patches to RV320 and RV 325 routers. - -![Marisa9 / Getty][1] - -Cisco has dropped [17 Security advisories describing 19 vulnerabilities][2] in the software that runs most of its routers and switches, IOS and IOS/XE. - -The company also announced that two previously issued patches for its RV320 and RV325 Dual Gigabit WAN VPN Routers were “incomplete” and would need to be redone and reissued. - -**[ Also see[What to consider when deploying a next generation firewall][3]. | Get regularly scheduled insights by [signing up for Network World newsletters][4]. ]** - -Cisco rates both those router vulnerabilities as “High” and describes the problems like this: - - * [One vulnerability][5] is due to improper validation of user-supplied input. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending malicious HTTP POST requests to the web-based management interface of an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying Linux shell as _root_. - * The [second exposure][6] is due to improper access controls for URLs. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by connecting to an affected device via HTTP or HTTPS and requesting specific URLs. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to download the router configuration or detailed diagnostic information. - - - -Cisco said firmware updates that address these vulnerabilities are not available and no workarounds exist, but is working on a complete fix for both. - -On the IOS front, the company said six of the vulnerabilities affect both Cisco IOS Software and Cisco IOS XE Software, one of the vulnerabilities affects just Cisco IOS software and ten of the vulnerabilities affect just Cisco IOS XE software. Some of the security bugs, which are all rated as “High”, include: - - * [A vulnerability][7] in the web UI of Cisco IOS XE Software could let an unauthenticated, remote attacker access sensitive configuration information. - * [A vulnerability][8] in Cisco IOS XE Software could let an authenticated, local attacker inject arbitrary commands that are executed with elevated privileges. The vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of commands supplied by the user. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to a device and submitting crafted input to the affected commands. - * [A weakness][9] in the ingress traffic validation of Cisco IOS XE Software for Cisco Aggregation Services Router (ASR) 900 Route Switch Processor 3 could let an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker trigger a reload of an affected device, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition, Cisco said. The vulnerability exists because the software insufficiently validates ingress traffic on the ASIC used on the RSP3 platform. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a malformed OSPF version 2 message to an affected device. - * A problem in the [authorization subsystem][10] of Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an authenticated but unprivileged (level 1), remote attacker to run privileged Cisco IOS commands by using the web UI. The vulnerability is due to improper validation of user privileges of web UI users. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by submitting a malicious payload to a specific endpoint in the web UI, Cisco said. - * A vulnerability in the [Cluster Management Protocol][11] (CMP) processing code in Cisco IOS Software and Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker to trigger a DoS condition on an affected device. The vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation when processing CMP management packets, Cisco said. - - - -Cisco has released free software updates that address the vulnerabilities described in these advisories and [directs users to their software agreements][12] to find out how they can download the fixes. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][13] and [LinkedIn][14] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3384742/cisco-warns-of-two-security-patches-that-dont-work-issues-17-new-ones-for-ios-flaws.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Michael Cooney][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/woman-with-hands-over-face_mistake_oops_embarrassed_shy-by-marisa9-getty-100787990-large.jpg -[2]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/viewErp.x?alertId=ERP-71135 -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236448/lan-wan/what-to-consider-when-deploying-a-next-generation-firewall.html -[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html -[5]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190123-rv-inject -[6]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190123-rv-info -[7]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190327-xeid -[8]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190327-xecmd -[9]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190327-rsp3-ospf -[10]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190327-iosxe-privesc -[11]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190327-cmp-dos -[12]: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/about/legal/cloud-and-software/end_user_license_agreement.html -[13]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/tech/20190402 Announcing the release of Fedora 30 Beta.md b/sources/tech/20190402 Announcing the release of Fedora 30 Beta.md deleted file mode 100644 index 19b5926e27..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190402 Announcing the release of Fedora 30 Beta.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,90 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Announcing the release of Fedora 30 Beta) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-the-release-of-fedora-30-beta/) -[#]: author: (Ben Cotton https://fedoramagazine.org/author/bcotton/) - -Announcing the release of Fedora 30 Beta -====== - -![][1] - -The Fedora Project is pleased to announce the immediate availability of Fedora 30 Beta, the next big step on our journey to the exciting Fedora 30 release. - -Download the prerelease from our Get Fedora site: - - * [Get Fedora 30 Beta Workstation][2] - * [Get Fedora 30 Beta Server][3] - * [Get Fedora 30 Beta Silverblue][4] - - - -Or, check out one of our popular variants, including KDE Plasma, Xfce, and other desktop environments, as well as images for ARM devices like the Raspberry Pi 2 and 3: - - * [Get Fedora 30 Beta Spins][5] - * [Get Fedora 30 Beta Labs][6] - * [Get Fedora 30 Beta ARM][7] - - - -### Beta Release Highlights - -#### New desktop environment options - -Fedora 30 Beta includes two new options for desktop environment. [DeepinDE][8] and [Pantheon Desktop][9] join GNOME, KDE Plasma, Xfce, and others as options for users to customize their Fedora experience. - -#### DNF performance improvements - -All dnf repository metadata for Fedora 30 Beta is compressed with the zchunk format in addition to xz or gzip. zchunk is a new compression format designed to allow for highly efficient deltas. When Fedora’s metadata is compressed using zchunk, dnf will download only the differences between any earlier copies of the metadata and the current version. - -#### GNOME 3.32 - -Fedora 30 Workstation Beta includes GNOME 3.32, the latest version of the popular desktop environment. GNOME 3.32 features updated visual style, including the user interface, the icons, and the desktop itself. For a full list of GNOME 3.32 highlights, see the [release notes][10]. - -#### Other updates - -Fedora 30 Beta also includes updated versions of many popular packages like Golang, the Bash shell, the GNU C Library, Python, and Perl. For a full list, see the [Change set][11] on the Fedora Wiki. In addition, many Python 2 packages are removed in preparation for Python 2 end-of-life on 2020-01-01. - -#### Testing needed - -Since this is a Beta release, we expect that you may encounter bugs or missing features. To report issues encountered during testing, contact the Fedora QA team via the mailing list or in #fedora-qa on Freenode. As testing progresses, common issues are tracked on the [Common F30 Bugs page][12]. - -For tips on reporting a bug effectively, read [how to file a bug][13]. - -#### What is the Beta Release? - -A Beta release is code-complete and bears a very strong resemblance to the final release. If you take the time to download and try out the Beta, you can check and make sure the things that are important to you are working. Every bug you find and report doesn’t just help you, it improves the experience of millions of Fedora users worldwide! Together, we can make Fedora rock-solid. We have a culture of coordinating new features and pushing fixes upstream as much as we can. Your feedback improves not only Fedora, but Linux and free software as a whole. - -#### More information - -For more detailed information about what’s new on Fedora 30 Beta release, you can consult the [Fedora 30 Change set][11]. It contains more technical information about the new packages and improvements shipped with this release. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-the-release-of-fedora-30-beta/ - -作者：[Ben Cotton][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/bcotton/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/f30-beta-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://getfedora.org/workstation/prerelease/ -[3]: https://getfedora.org/server/prerelease/ -[4]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/download -[5]: https://spins.fedoraproject.org/prerelease -[6]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/prerelease -[7]: https://arm.fedoraproject.org/prerelease -[8]: https://www.deepin.org/en/dde/ -[9]: https://www.fosslinux.com/4652/pantheon-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-elementary-os-desktop.htm -[10]: https://help.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.32/ -[11]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/30/ChangeSet -[12]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Common_F30_bugs -[13]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/howto-file-a-bug/ diff --git a/sources/tech/20190403 How to rebase to Fedora 30 Beta on Silverblue.md b/sources/tech/20190403 How to rebase to Fedora 30 Beta on Silverblue.md deleted file mode 100644 index 892afff5d6..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190403 How to rebase to Fedora 30 Beta on Silverblue.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to rebase to Fedora 30 Beta on Silverblue) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-rebase-to-fedora-30-beta-on-silverblue/) -[#]: author: (Michal Konečný https://fedoramagazine.org/author/zlopez/) - -How to rebase to Fedora 30 Beta on Silverblue -====== - -![][1] - -Silverblue is [an operating system for your desktop built on Fedora][2]. It’s excellent for daily use, development, and container-based workflows. It offers [numerous advantages][3] such as being able to roll back in case of any problems. If you want to test Fedora 30 on your Silverblue system, this article tells you how. It not only shows you what to do, but also how to revert back if anything unforeseen happens. - -### Switching to Fedora 30 branch - -Switching to Fedora 30 on Silverblue is easy. First, check if the _30_ branch is available, which should be true now: - -``` -ostree remote refs fedora-workstation -``` - -You should see the following in the output: - -``` -fedora-workstation:fedora/30/x86_64/silverblue -``` - -Next, import the GPG key for the Fedora 30 branch. Without this step, you won’t be able to rebase. - -``` -sudo ostree remote gpg-import fedora-workstation -k /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-30-primary -``` - -Next, rebase your system to the Fedora 30 branch. - -``` -rpm-ostree rebase fedora-workstation:fedora/30/x86_64/silverblue -``` - -Finally, the last thing to do is restart your computer and boot to Fedora 30. - -### How to revert things back - -Remember that Fedora 30’s still in beta testing phase, so there could still be some issues. If anything bad happens — for instance, if you can’t boot to Fedora 30 at all — it’s easy to go back. Just pick the previous entry in GRUB, and your system will start in its previous state before switching to Fedora 30. To make this change permanent, use the following command: - -``` -rpm-ostree rollback -``` - -That’s it. Now you know how to rebase to Fedora 30 and back. So why not test it today? 🙂 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-rebase-to-fedora-30-beta-on-silverblue/ - -作者：[Michal Konečný][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/zlopez/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/silverblue-f30beta-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/ -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/give-fedora-silverblue-a-test-drive/ diff --git a/sources/tech/20190409 The Microsoft-BMW IoT Open Manufacturing Platform might not be so open.md b/sources/tech/20190409 The Microsoft-BMW IoT Open Manufacturing Platform might not be so open.md deleted file mode 100644 index c74f61efe4..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190409 The Microsoft-BMW IoT Open Manufacturing Platform might not be so open.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (The Microsoft/BMW IoT Open Manufacturing Platform might not be so open) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3387642/the-microsoftbmw-iot-open-manufacturing-platform-might-not-be-so-open.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) - -The Microsoft/BMW IoT Open Manufacturing Platform might not be so open -====== -The new industrial IoT Open Manufacturing Platform from Microsoft and BMW runs only on Microsoft Azure. That could be an issue. -![Martyn Williams][1] - -Last week at [Hannover Messe][2], Microsoft and German carmaker BMW announced a partnership to build a hardware and software technology framework and reference architecture for the industrial internet of things (IoT), and foster a community to spread these smart-factory solutions across the automotive and manufacturing industries. - -The stated goal of the [Open Manufacturing Platform (OMP)][3]? According to the press release, it's “to drive open industrial IoT development and help grow a community to build future [Industry 4.0][4] solutions.” To make that a reality, the companies said that by the end of 2019, they plan to attract four to six partners — including manufacturers and suppliers from both inside and outside the automotive industry — and to have rolled out at least 15 use cases operating in actual production environments. - -**[ Read also:[An inside look at an IIoT-powered smart factory][5] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][6] ]** - -### Complex and proprietary is bad for IoT - -It sounds like a great idea, right? As the companies rightly point out, many of today’s industrial IoT solutions rely on “complex, proprietary systems that create data silos and slow productivity.” Who wouldn’t want to “standardize data models that enable analytics and machine learning scenarios” and “accelerate future industrial IoT developments, shorten time to value, and drive production efficiencies while addressing common industrial challenges”? - -But before you get too excited, let’s talk about a key word in the effort: open. As Scott Guthrie, executive vice president of Microsoft Cloud + AI Group, said in a statement, "Our commitment to building an open community will create new opportunities for collaboration across the entire manufacturing value chain." - -### The Open Manufacturing Platform is open only to Microsoft Azure - -However, that will happen as long as all that collaboration occurs in Microsoft Azure. I’m not saying Azure isn’t up to the task, but it’s hardly the only (or even the leading) cloud platform interested in the industrial IoT. Putting everything in Azure might be an issue to those potential OMP partners. It’s an “open” question as to how many companies already invested in Amazon Web Services (AWS) or the Google Cloud Platform (GCP) will be willing to make the switch or go multi-cloud just to take advantage of the OMP. - -My guess is that Microsoft and BMW won’t have too much trouble meeting their initial goals for the OMP. It shouldn’t be that hard to get a handful of existing Azure customers to come up with 15 use cases leveraging advances in analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and digital feedback loops. (As an example, the companies cited the autonomous transport systems in BMW’s factory in Regensburg, Germany, part of the more than 3,000 machines, robots and transport systems connected with the BMW Group’s IoT platform, which — naturally — is built on Microsoft Azure's cloud.) - -### Will non-Azure users jump on board the OMP? - -The question is whether tying all this to a single cloud provider will affect the effort to attract enough new companies — including companies not currently using Azure — to establish a truly viable open platform? - -Perhaps [Stacey Higginbotham at Stacy on IoT put it best][7]: - -> “What they really launched is a reference design for manufacturers to work from.” - -That’s not nothing, of course, but it’s a lot less ambitious than building a new industrial IoT platform. And it may not easily fulfill the vision of a community working together to create shared solutions that benefit everyone. - -**[ Now read this:[Why are IoT platforms so darn confusing?][8] ]** - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][9] and [LinkedIn][10] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3387642/the-microsoftbmw-iot-open-manufacturing-platform-might-not-be-so-open.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Fredric Paul][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2017/01/20170107_105344-100702818-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.hannovermesse.de/home -[3]: https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/microsoft-and-the-bmw-group-launch-the-open-manufacturing-platform-859672858.html -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_4.0 -[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3384378/an-inside-look-at-tempo-automations-iiot-powered-smart-factory.html -[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html -[7]: https://mailchi.mp/iotpodcast/stacey-on-iot-industrial-iot-reminds-me-of-apples-ecosystem?e=6bf9beb394 -[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3336166/why-are-iot-platforms-so-darn-confusing.html -[9]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[10]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/sources/tech/20190430 The Awesome Fedora 30 is Here- Check Out the New Features.md b/sources/tech/20190430 The Awesome Fedora 30 is Here- Check Out the New Features.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3d158c7031..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190430 The Awesome Fedora 30 is Here- Check Out the New Features.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,115 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (The Awesome Fedora 30 is Here! Check Out the New Features) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/fedora-30/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) - -The Awesome Fedora 30 is Here! Check Out the New Features -====== - -The latest and greatest release of Fedora is here. Fedora 30 brings some visual as well as performance improvements. - -Fedora releases a new version every six months and each release is supported for thirteen months. - -Before you decide to download or upgrade Fedora, let’s first see what’s new in Fedora 30. - -### New Features in Fedora 30 - -![Fedora 30 Release][1] - -Here’s what’s new in the latest release of Fedora. - -#### GNOME 3.32 gives a brand new look, features and performance improvement - -A lot of visual improvements is brought by the latest release of GNOME. - -GNOME 3.32 has refreshed new icons and UI and it almost looks like a brand new version of GNOME. - -![Gnome 3.32 icons | Image Credit][2] - -GNOME 3.32 also brings several other features like fractional scaling, permission control for each application, granular control on Night Light intensity among many other changes. - -GNOME 3.32 also brings some performance improvements. You’ll see faster file and app searches and a smoother scrolling. - -#### Improved performance for DNF - -Fedora 30 will see a faster [DNF][3] (the default package manager for Fedora) thanks to the [zchunk][4] compression algorithm. - -The zchunk algorithm splits the file into independent chunks. This helps in dealing with ‘delta’ or changes as you download only the changed chunks while downloading the new version of a file. - -With zcunk, dnf will only download the difference between the metadata of the current version and the earlier versions. - -#### Fedora 30 brings two new desktop environments into the fold - -Fedora already offers several desktop environment choices. Fedora 30 extends the offering with [elementary OS][5]‘ Pantheon desktop environment and Deepin Linux’ [DeepinDE][6]. - -So now you can enjoy the looks and feel of elementary OS and Deepin Linux in Fedora. How cool is that! - -#### Linux Kernel 5 - -Fedora 29 has Linux Kernel 5.0.9 version that has improved support for hardware and some performance improvements. You may check out the [features of Linux kernel 5.0 in this article][7]. - -[][8] - -Suggested read The Featureful Release of Nextcloud 14 Has Two New Security Features - -#### Updated software - -You’ll also get newer versions of software. Some of the major ones are: - - * GCC 9.0.1 - * [Bash Shell 5.0][9] - * GNU C Library 2.29 - * Ruby 2.6 - * Golang 1.12 - * Mesa 19.0.2 - - - * Vagrant 2.2 - * JDK12 - * PHP 7.3 - * Fish 3.0 - * Erlang 21 - * Python 3.7.3 - - - -### Getting Fedora 30 - -If you are already using Fedora 29 then you can upgrade to the latest release from your current install. You may follow this guide to learn [how to upgrade a Fedora version][10]. - -Fedora 29 users will still get the updates for seven more months so if you don’t feel like upgrading, you may skip it for now. Fedora 28 users have no choice because Fedora 28 reached end of life next month which means there will be no security or maintenance update anymore. Upgrading to a newer version is no longer a choice. - -You always has the option to download the ISO of Fedora 30 and install it afresh. You can download Fedora from its official website. It’s only available for 64-bit systems and the ISO is 1.9 GB in size. - -[Download Fedora 30 Workstation][11] - -What do you think of Fedora 30? Are you planning to upgrade or at least try it out? Do share your thoughts in the comment section. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/fedora-30/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/fedora-30-release-800x450.png -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/gnome-3-32-icons.png -[3]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/DNF?rd=Dnf -[4]: https://github.com/zchunk/zchunk -[5]: https://itsfoss.com/elementary-os-juno-features/ -[6]: https://www.deepin.org/en/dde/ -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-kernel-5/ -[8]: https://itsfoss.com/nextcloud-14-release/ -[9]: https://itsfoss.com/bash-5-release/ -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/upgrade-fedora-version/ -[11]: https://getfedora.org/en/workstation/ From 49be983acfba0943cee96e08d37721c29e4ea63e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 23:45:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0226/1265] PRF:20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md @tomjlw --- ...to identify same-content files on Linux.md | 52 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md index eb07e45d14..6be62c3868 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (tomjlw) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to identify same-content files on Linux) @@ -9,18 +9,17 @@ 如何在 Linux 上识别同样内容的文件 ====== -有时文件副本代表了对硬盘空间的巨大浪费并会在你想要更新文件时造成困扰。以下是用来识别这些文件的六个命令。 +> 有时文件副本相当于对硬盘空间的巨大浪费，并会在你想要更新文件时造成困扰。以下是用来识别这些文件的六个命令。 + ![Vinoth Chandar \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] -在最近的帖子中，我们看了[如何识别定位硬链接的文件][2]（换句话说，指向同一硬盘内容并共享索引节点）。在本篇帖子中，我们将查看能找到具有相同_内容_，却不相链接的文件的命令。 +在最近的帖子中，我们看了[如何识别并定位硬链接的文件][2]（即，指向同一硬盘内容并共享 inode）。在本文中，我们将查看能找到具有相同*内容*，却不相链接的文件的命令。 -硬链接很有用时因为它们能够使文件存放在文件系统内的多个地方却不会占用额外的硬盘空间。另一方面，有时文件副本代表了对硬盘空间的巨大浪费，在你想要更新文件时也会有造成困扰之虞。在这篇帖子中，我们将看一下多种识别这些文件的方式。 - -**[两分钟 Linux 小贴士:[学习如何通过两分钟视频教程掌握大量 Linux 命令][3]]** +硬链接很有用是因为它们能够使文件存放在文件系统内的多个地方却不会占用额外的硬盘空间。另一方面，有时文件副本相当于对硬盘空间的巨大浪费，在你想要更新文件时也会有造成困扰之虞。在本文中，我们将看一下多种识别这些文件的方式。 ### 用 diff 命令比较文件 -可能比较两个文件最简单的方法是使用 **diff** 命令。输出会显示你文件的不同之处。< 和 > 符号代表在当参数传过来的第一个（<）或第二个（>）文件中是否有额外的文字行。在这个例子中，在 backup.html 中有额外的文字行。 +可能比较两个文件最简单的方法是使用 `diff` 命令。输出会显示你文件的不同之处。`<` 和 `>` 符号代表在当参数传过来的第一个（`<`）或第二个（`>`）文件中是否有额外的文字行。在这个例子中，在 `backup.html` 中有额外的文字行。 ``` $ diff index.html backup.html @@ -30,18 +29,18 @@ $ diff index.html backup.html > ``` -如果 diff 没有输出那代表两个文件相同。 +如果 `diff` 没有输出那代表两个文件相同。 ``` $ diff home.html index.html $ ``` -diff 的唯一缺点是它一次只能比较两个文件并且你必须指定用来比较的文件，这篇帖子中的一些命令可以为你找到多个重复文件。 +`diff` 的唯一缺点是它一次只能比较两个文件并且你必须指定用来比较的文件，这篇帖子中的一些命令可以为你找到多个重复文件。 -### 使用 checksums +### 使用校验和 -**cksum**（checksum） 命令计算文件的校验和。校验和是一种将文字内容转化成一个长数字（例如2819078353 228029）的数学简化。虽然并不是完全独特的，但是文件内容不同校验和却相同的概率微乎其微。 +`cksum`（checksum） 命令计算文件的校验和。校验和是一种将文字内容转化成一个长数字（例如2819078353 228029）的数学简化。虽然校验和并不是完全独有的，但是文件内容不同校验和却相同的概率微乎其微。 ``` $ cksum *.html @@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ $ cksum *.html ### 使用 find 命令 -虽然 find 命令并没有寻找重复文件的选项，它依然可以被用来通过名字或类型寻找文件并运行 cksum 命令。例如： +虽然 `find` 命令并没有寻找重复文件的选项，它依然可以被用来通过名字或类型寻找文件并运行 `cksum` 命令。例如： ``` $ find . -name "*.html" -exec cksum {} \; @@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ $ find . -name "*.html" -exec cksum {} \; ### 使用 fslint 命令 -**fslint** 命令可以被特地用来寻找重复文件。注意我们给了它一个起始位置。如果它需要遍历相当多的文件，这个命令需要花点时间来完成。注意它是如何列出重复文件并寻找其它问题的，比如空目录和坏ID。 +`fslint` 命令可以被特地用来寻找重复文件。注意我们给了它一个起始位置。如果它需要遍历相当多的文件，这就需要花点时间来完成。注意它是如何列出重复文件并寻找其它问题的，比如空目录和坏 ID。 ``` $ fslint . @@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ index.html -------------------------Non Stripped executables ``` -你可能需要在你的系统上安装 **fslint**。 你可能也需要将它加入你的搜索路径： +你可能需要在你的系统上安装 `fslint`。你可能也需要将它加入你的命令搜索路径： ``` $ export PATH=$PATH:/usr/share/fslint/fslint @@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ $ export PATH=$PATH:/usr/share/fslint/fslint ### 使用 rdfind 命令 -**rdfind** 命令也会寻找重复（相同内容的）文件。它的名字代表“重复数据搜寻”并且它能够基于文件日期判断哪个文件是原件——这在你选择删除副本时很有用因为它会移除较新的文件。 +`rdfind` 命令也会寻找重复（相同内容的）文件。它的名字意即“重复数据搜寻”，并且它能够基于文件日期判断哪个文件是原件——这在你选择删除副本时很有用因为它会移除较新的文件。 ``` $ rdfind ~ @@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ Totally, 223 KiB can be reduced. Now making results file results.txt ``` -你可以在“dryrun”中运行这个命令 （换句话说，仅仅汇报可能会另外被做出的改动）。 +你可以在 `dryrun` 模式中运行这个命令 （换句话说，仅仅汇报可能会另外被做出的改动）。 ``` $ rdfind -dryrun true ~ @@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ Removed 9 files due to unique sizes from list.2 files left. (DRYRUN MODE) Now making results file results.txt ``` -rdfind 命令同样提供了类似忽略空文档（-ignoreempty）和跟踪符号链接（-followsymlinks）的功能。查看 man 页面获取解释。 +`rdfind` 命令同样提供了类似忽略空文档（`-ignoreempty`）和跟踪符号链接（`-followsymlinks`）的功能。查看 man 页面获取解释。 ``` -ignoreempty ignore empty files @@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ rdfind 命令同样提供了类似忽略空文档（-ignoreempty）和跟踪符 -n, -dryrun display what would have been done, but don't do it ``` -注意 rdfind 命令提供了 **-deleteduplicates true** 的设置选项以删除副本。希望这个命令语法上的小问题不会惹恼你。;-) +注意 `rdfind` 命令提供了 `-deleteduplicates true` 的设置选项以删除副本。希望这个命令语法上的小问题不会惹恼你。;-) ``` $ rdfind -deleteduplicates true . @@ -154,11 +153,11 @@ $ rdfind -deleteduplicates true . Deleted 1 files. <== ``` -你将可能需要在你的系统上安装 rdfind 命令。试验它以熟悉如何使用它可能是一个好主意。 +你将可能需要在你的系统上安装 `rdfind` 命令。试验它以熟悉如何使用它可能是一个好主意。 ### 使用 fdupes 命令 -**fdupes** 命令同样使得识别重复文件变得简单。它同时提供了大量有用的选项——例如用来迭代的**-r**。在这个例子中，它像这样将重复文件分组到一起： +`fdupes` 命令同样使得识别重复文件变得简单。它同时提供了大量有用的选项——例如用来迭代的 `-r`。在这个例子中，它像这样将重复文件分组到一起： ``` $ fdupes ~ @@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ $ fdupes ~ /home/shs/hideme.png ``` -这是使用迭代的一个例子，注意许多重复文件是重要的（用户的 .bashrc 和 .profile 文件）并且不应被删除。 +这是使用迭代的一个例子，注意许多重复文件是重要的（用户的 `.bashrc` 和 `.profile` 文件）并且不应被删除。 ``` # fdupes -r /home @@ -204,7 +203,7 @@ $ fdupes ~ /home/shs/PNGs/Sandra_rotated.png ``` -fdupe 命令的许多选项列在下面。使用 **fdupes -h** 命令或者阅读 man 页面获取详情。 +`fdupe` 命令的许多选项列如下。使用 `fdupes -h` 命令或者阅读 man 页面获取详情。 ``` -r --recurse recurse @@ -229,14 +228,11 @@ fdupe 命令的许多选项列在下面。使用 **fdupes -h** 命令或者阅 -h --help displays help ``` -fdupes 命令是另一个你可能需要安装并使用一段时间才能熟悉其众多选项的命令。 +`fdupes` 命令是另一个你可能需要安装并使用一段时间才能熟悉其众多选项的命令。 ### 总结 -Linux 系统提供能够定位并（潜在地）能移除重复文件的一系列的好工具附带能让你指定搜索区域及当对你所发现的重复文件时的处理方式的选项。 -**[也可在:[解决 Linux 问题时的无价建议和技巧][4]上查看]** - -在 [Facebook][5] 和 [LinkedIn][6] 上加入 Network World 社区并对任何弹出的话题评论。 +Linux 系统提供能够定位并（潜在地）能移除重复文件的一系列的好工具，以及能让你指定搜索区域及当对你所发现的重复文件时的处理方式的选项。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -245,7 +241,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390204/how-to-identify-same-content-f 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e1bdb068ccaea10d869a681a5fbc6e243901235e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 9 Jun 2019 23:45:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0227/1265] PUB:20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md @tomjlw https://linux.cn/article-10955-1.html --- .../20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md b/published/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md rename to published/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md index 6be62c3868..6353fe86b3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md +++ b/published/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (tomjlw) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10955-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to identify same-content files on Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3390204/how-to-identify-same-content-files-on-linux.html#tk.rss_all) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From a332211b0a53c5e764633525a325b6974e3984b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 00:56:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0228/1265] PRF:20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md @wxy --- ...g Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md | 88 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md b/translated/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md index 22d879dfe2..4695f73977 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types [Part 5]) @@ -16,70 +16,70 @@ ### 不断发展的合同 -这个世界建立在合同（合约）之上。没有合约的使用和再利用，地球上任何个人或公司都不能在当前社会中发挥作用。创建、维护和执行合同的任务变得如此复杂，以至于必须以“合同法”的名义建立整个司法和法律系统以支持它。事实上，大多数合同都是由“受信任的”第三方监督，以确保最终的利益相关者按照达成的条件得到妥善处理。有些合同甚至涉及到了第三方受益人。此类合同旨在对不是合同的活跃（或参与）方的第三方产生影响。解决和争论合同义务占据了民事诉讼所涉及的大部分法律纠纷。当然，更好的处理合同的方式来对于个人和企业来说都是天赐之物。更不用说它将以验证和证明的名义拯救政府的巨大[文书工作][7] [^1]。 +这个世界建立在合同（合约）之上。在当前社会，没有合约的使用和再利用，地球上任何个人或公司都无法运作。订立、维护和执行合同的任务变得如此复杂，以至于整个司法和法律系统都必须以“合同法”的名义建立起来以支持它。事实上，大多数合同都是由一个“可信的”第三方监督，以确保最终的利益攸关者按照达成的条件得到妥善处理。有些合同甚至涉及到了第三方受益人。此类合同旨在对不是合同的活跃（或参与）方的第三方产生影响。解决和争论合同义务占据了民事诉讼所涉及的大部分法律纠纷。当然，更好的处理合同的方式来对于个人和企业来说都是天赐之物。更不用说它将以核查和证明的名义节省政府的巨大的[文书工作][7] [^1]。 -本系列中的大多数文章都研究了如何利用现有的区块链技术。相比之下，这篇文章将更多地讲述对未来几年的预期。关于“智能合约”的讨论是从前一篇文章中提出的财产讨论自然而然的演变而来的。当前这篇文章旨在概述区块链自动执行“智能”可执行程序的能力。务实地处理这个问题意味着我们首先必须定义和探索这些“智能合约”是什么，以及它们如何适应现有的合同系统。我们将在下一篇题为“区块链 2.0：正在进行的项目”的文章中查看当前正在进行的主要应用程序和项目。 +本系列中的大多数文章都研究了如何利用现有的区块链技术。相比之下，这篇文章将更多地讲述对未来几年的预期。关于“智能合约”的讨论源于前一篇文章中提出的财产讨论。当前这篇文章旨在概述区块链自动执行“智能”可执行程序的能力。务实地处理这个问题意味着我们首先必须定义和探索这些“智能合约”是什么，以及它们如何适应现有的合同系统。我们将在下一篇题为“区块链 2.0：正在进行的项目”的文章中查看当前该领域正在进行的主要应用和项目。 ### 定义智能合约 -[本系列的第一篇文章][3]从基本的角度把区块链看作由以下数据块组成的“分布式分类账本”： +[本系列的第一篇文章][3]从基本的角度来看待区块链，将其看作由数据块组成的“分布式分类账本”，这些数据块是： * 防篡改 -* 不可否认（意味着每个数据块都是由某人明确创建的，并且该人不能否认相同的责任） -* 安全，且对传统的网络攻击方法具有抗性 +* 不可否认（意味着每个数据块都是由某人显式创建的，并且该人不能否认相同的责任） +* 安全，且能抵御传统的网络攻击方法 * 几乎是永久性的（当然这取决于区块链协议层） * 高度冗余，通过存在于多个网络节点或参与者系统上，其中一个节点的故障不会以任何方式影响系统的功能，并且， -* 根据应用可以提供更快的处理速度。 +* 根据应用的不同可以提供更快的处理速度。 -由于每个数据实例都是通过适当的凭证安全存储和访问的，因此区块链网络可以为精确验证事实和信息提供简便的基础，而无需第三方监督。区块链 2.0 开发也允许“分布式应用程序（DApp）”（我们将在即将发布的文章中详细介绍这个术语）。这些分布式应用程序根据要求存在并在网络上运行。当用户需要它们并通过使用已经过审查并存储在区块链中的信息来执行它们时，它们被调用。 +由于每个数据实例都是安全存储和通过适当的凭证访问的，因此区块链网络可以为精确验证事实和信息提供简便的基础，而无需第三方监督。区块链 2.0 开发也允许“分布式应用程序（DApp）”（我们将在接下来的文章中详细介绍这个术语）。这些分布式应用程序要求存在网络上并在其上运行。当用户需要它们时就会调用它们，并通过使用已经过审核并存储在区块链上的信息来执行它们。 -上面的最后一段为定义智能合约提供了基础。数字商务商会The Chamber for Digital Commerce提供了一个许多专家都同意的智能合约定义。 +上面的最后一段为智能合约的定义提供了基础。数字商会The Chamber for Digital Commerce提供了一个许多专家都同意的智能合约定义。 -> “（智能合约是一种）计算机代码，在发生特定条件或条件时，能够根据预先指定的功能自动运行。该代码可以在分布式分类帐上存储和处理，并将任何结果更改写入分布式分类帐” [^2]。 +> “（智能合约是一种）计算机代码，在发生指定条件时，能够根据预先指定的功能自动运行。该代码可以在分布式分类帐本上存储和处理，并将产生的任何更改写入分布式分类帐本” [^2]。 -智能合约如上所述是一种简单的计算机程序，就像 “if-then” 或 “if-else if” 语句一样工作。关于其“智能”的方面来自这样一个事实，即该程序的预定义输入来自区块链分类账本，如上所述，它是一个安全可靠的记录信息源。如果需要，程序可以调用外部服务或来源以获取信息从而验证操作条款，并且只有在满足所有预定义条件后才执行。 +智能合约如上所述是一种简单的计算机程序，就像 “if-then” 或 “if-else if” 语句一样工作。关于其“智能”的方面来自这样一个事实，即该程序的预定义输入来自区块链分类账本，如上所述，它是一个记录信息的安全可靠的来源。如有必要，程序可以调用外部服务或来源以获取信息，以验证操作条款，并且仅在满足所有预定义条件后才执行。 -必须记住，与其名称所暗示的不同，智能合约通常不是自治实体，严格来说也不是合同。1996 年，Nick Szabo 于 很早就提到了智能合约，他将其与接受付款并交付用户选择产品的自动售货机进行了比较。可以在[这里][4]查看全文。此外，人们正在制定允许智能合约进入主流合同使用的法律框架，因此目前该技术的使用仅限于法律监督不那么明确和严格的领域 [^4]。 +必须记住，与其名称所暗示的不同，智能合约通常不是自治实体，严格来说，也不是合同。1996 年，Nick Szabo 很早就提到了智能合约，他将其与接受付款并交付用户选择的产品的自动售货机进行了比较。可以在[这里][4]查看全文。此外，人们正在制定允许智能合约进入主流合同使用的法律框架，因此目前该技术的使用仅限于法律监督不那么明确和严格的领域 [^4]。 ### 智能合约的主要类型 假设读者对合同和计算机编程有基本的了解，并且基于我们对智能合约的定义，我们可以将智能合约和协议粗略地分类为以下主要类别。 -##### 1、智能分类账本合约 +#### 1、智能法律合约 -这些可能是最明显的类型。大多数（如果不是全部）合同都具有法律效力。在不涉及太多技术细节的情况下，智能的合法合约是涉及严格的法律追索权的合同，以防参与合同的当事人不履行其交易的目的。如前所述，不同国家和地区的现行法律框架缺乏对区块链智能和自动化合约的足够支持，其法律地位也不明确。但是，一旦制定了法律，就可以订立智能合约，以简化目前涉及严格监管的流程，如金融和房地产市场交易、政府补贴、国际贸易等。 +这大概是最明显的一种。大多数（如果不是全部）合同都具有法律效力。在不涉及太多技术问题的情况下，智能法律合约是涉及到严格的法律追索权的合同，以防参与合同的当事人不履行其交易的目的。如前所述，不同国家和地区的现行法律框架对区块链上的智能和自动化合约缺乏足够的支持，其法律地位也不明确。但是，一旦制定了法律，就可以订立智能合约，以简化目前涉及严格监管的流程，如金融和房地产市场交易、政府补贴、国际贸易等。 -##### 2、DAO +#### 2、DAO -去中心化的自治组织Decentralized Autonomous Organization，即DAO，可以松散地定义为区块链上存在的社区。社区可以通过一组规则来定义，这些规则通过智能合约来体现并放入代码中。然后，每个参与者的每一个行动都将受到这些规则的约束，其任务是在程序中断的情况下执行并获得追索权。许多智能合约构成了这些规则，它们协同监管和观察参与者。 +去中心化自治组织Decentralized Autonomous Organization，即DAO，可以粗略地定义为区块链上存在的社区。该社区可以通过一组规则来定义，这些规则通过智能合约来体现并放入代码中。然后，每个参与者的每一个行动都将受到这些规则的约束，其任务是在程序中断的情况下执行并获得追索权。许多智能合约构成了这些规则，它们协同监管和监督参与者。 -名为 Genesis DAO 的 DAO 由以太坊参与者于 2016 年 5 月创建。该社区旨在成为众筹和风险投资平台。在极短的时间内，他们设法筹集了惊人的 1.5 亿美元。然而，黑客在系统中发现了漏洞，并设法从众筹投资者手中窃取价值约 5000 万美元的以太币。这次黑客破坏的后果导致以太坊区块链[分裂为两个][8]，以太坊和以太坊经典。 +名为“创世纪 DAO” 的 DAO 是由以太坊参与者于 2016 年 5 月创建。该社区旨在成为众筹和风险投资平台。在极短的时间内，他们设法筹集了惊人的 1.5 亿美元。然而，由于黑客在系统中发现了漏洞，并设法从众筹投资者手中窃取价值约 5000 万美元的以太币。这次黑客破坏的后果导致以太坊区块链[分裂为两个][8]，以太坊和以太坊经典。 -##### 3、应用程序逻辑合约（ALC） +#### 3、应用逻辑合约（ALC） -如果你已经听说过与区块链相关的物联网，那么很可能这个问题谈到了应用程序逻辑合约Application logic contract，即 ALC。此类智能合约包含特定于应用程序的代码，这些代码可以与区块链上的其他智能合约和程序一起使用。它们有助于与设备之间的通信并进行通信验证（在物联网领域）。ALC 是每个多功能智能合约的关键部分，并且大多数都是在管理程序下工作。它们在这里引用的大多数例子中找到[应用][9] [^6]。 +如果你已经听说过与区块链相结合的物联网，那么很可能它涉及到了应用逻辑合约Application logic contract，即 ALC。此类智能合约包含特定于应用的代码，这些代码可以与区块链上的其他智能合约和程序一起工作。它们有助于与设备进行通信并验证设备之间的通信（在物联网领域）。ALC 是每个多功能智能合约的关键部分，并且大多数都是在一个管理程序下工作。在这里引用的大多数例子中，它们到处都能找到[应用][9] [^6]。 -*由于该领域还在开发中，因此目前所说的任何定义或标准最多只能说是流畅而模糊的。* +*由于该领域还在开发中，因此目前所说的任何定义或标准最多只能说是变化而模糊的。* ### 智能合约是如何工作的？ 为简化起见，让我们用个例子来说明。 -约翰和彼得是两个争论足球比赛得分的人。他们对比赛结果持有相互矛盾的看法，他们都支持不同的团队（这是背景）。由于他们两个都需要去其他地方并且无法看完比赛，所以约翰认为如果 A 队在比赛中击败 B 队，他就*支付*给彼得 100 美元。彼得*考虑*之后*接受*了该赌注，同时明确表示他们必须接受这些条款。但是，他们都没有兑现该赌注的相互信任，也没有时间和钱来指定任命第三方来监督赌注。 +约翰和彼得是两个争论足球比赛得分的人。他们对比赛结果持有相互矛盾的看法，他们都支持不同的球队（这是背景情况）。由于他们两个都需要去其他地方并且无法看完比赛，所以约翰认为如果 A 队在比赛中击败 B 队，他就*支付*给彼得 100 美元。彼得*考虑*之后*接受*了该赌注，同时明确表示他们必须接受这些条款。但是，他们没有兑现该赌注的相互信任，也没有时间和钱来指定第三方监督赌注。 -假设约翰和彼得都使用智能合约平台，例如 [Etherparty][5]，它可以在合同谈判时自动结算赌注，他们都会将基于区块链的身份链接到合约，并设置条款，明确表示一旦比赛结束，程序将找出获胜方是谁，并自动将该金额从输家中归入获胜者银行账户。一旦比赛结束并且媒体报道同样的结果，该程序将在互联网上搜索规定的来源，确定哪支球队获胜，将其与合约条款联系起来，在这种情况下，如果 A 队赢了彼得将从约翰获得钱，也就是说将约翰的 100 美元转移到彼得的账户。执行完毕后，除非另有说明，否则智能合约将终止并在所有时间内处于非活动状态。 +假设约翰和彼得都使用像 [Etherparty][5] 这样的智能合约平台，它可以在合约谈判时自动结算赌注，他们都会将基于区块链的身份链接到该合约，并设置条款，明确表示一旦比赛结束，该程序将找出获胜方是谁，并自动将该金额从输家中归入获胜者银行账户。一旦比赛结束并且媒体报道同样的结果，该程序将在互联网上搜索规定的来源，确定哪支球队获胜，将其与合约条款联系起来，在这种情况下，如果 A 队赢了彼得将从约翰哪里得到钱，也就是说将约翰的 100 美元转移到彼得的账户。执行完毕后，除非另有说明，否则智能合约将终止并在未来所有的时间内处于非活动状态。 -除了示例的简单性，情况涉及到一个经典合同，参与者选择使用智能合约实现了相同目的。所有的智能合约基本上都遵循类似的原则，程序被编码为在预定义的参数上执行，并且只抛出预期的输出。智能合同咨询的外部来源可能有时被称为 IT 世界中的神谕Oracle。神谕是当今全球许多智能合约系统的常见部分。 +抛开例子的简单不说，这种情况涉及到一个经典的合同，而参与者选择使用智能合约实现了相同目的。所有的智能合约基本上都遵循类似的原则，对程序进行编码，以便在预定义的参数上执行，并且只抛出预期的输出。智能合同咨询的外部来源可以是有时被称为 IT 世界中的神谕Oracle。神谕是当今全球许多智能合约系统的常见部分。 在这种情况下使用智能合约使参与者可以获得以下好处： -* 它比在一起手动结算更快。 -* 从等式中删除了信任问题。 -* 消除了受信任的第三方代表有关各方处理和解的需要。 +* 它比在一起并手动结算更快。 +* 从其中删除了信任问题。 +* 消除了受信任的第三方代表有关各方处理和解的必要性。 * 执行时无需任何费用。 -* 处理参数和敏感数据的方式是安全的。 -* 相关数据将永久保留在他们运行的区块链平台中，未来的投注可以通过调用相同的函数并为其添加输入来进行。 -* 随着时间的推移，假设约翰和彼得赌博成瘾，该程序将帮助他们开发可靠的统计数据来衡量他们的连胜纪录。 +* 在如何处理参数和敏感数据方面是安全的。 +* 相关数据将永久保留在他们运行的区块链平台中，未来可以通过调用相同的函数并为其提供更多输入来设置投注。 +* 随着时间的推移，假设约翰和彼得变得赌博成瘾，该程序可以帮助他们开发可靠的统计数据来衡量他们的连胜纪录。    现在我们知道**什么是智能合约**和**它们如何工作**，我们还没有解决**为什么我们需要它们**。 @@ -87,51 +87,49 @@ 正如之前的例子我们重点提到过的，出于各种原因，我们需要智能合约。 - #### 透明度 -所涉及的条款和条件对交易对手来说非常清楚。此外，由于程序或智能合约的执行涉及某些明确的输入，因此用户可以非常直接地验证会影响他们和合约受益人的因素。 +交易对手非常清楚所涉及的条款和条件。此外，由于程序或智能合约的执行涉及某些明确的输入，因此用户可以非常直接地核实会影响他们和合约受益人的因素。 -#### 时间效率高 +#### 时间效率 -如上所述，智能合约一旦被控制变量或用户调用触发就立即开始工作。由于数据通过区块链和网络中的其它来源即时提供给系统，因此执行不需要任何时间来验证和处理信息并解决交易。例如，转移土地所有权契约，这是一个涉及手工核实大量文书工作并且需要数周时间的过程，可以在几分钟甚至几秒钟内通过智能合约程序来处理文件和相关各方。 +如上所述，智能合约一旦被控制变量或用户调用所触发，就立即开始工作。由于数据是通过区块链和网络中的其它来源即时提供给系统，因此执行不需要任何时间来验证和处理信息并解决交易。例如，转移土地所有权契约，这是一个涉及手工核实大量文书工作并且需要数周时间的过程，可以在几分钟甚至几秒钟内通过智能合约程序来处理文件和相关各方。 -#### 精确 +#### 精度 由于平台基本上只是计算机代码和预定义的内容，因此不存在主观错误，所有结果都是精确的，完全没有人为错误。 #### 安全 -区块链的一个固有特征是每个数据块都是安全加密的。这意味着为了实现冗余，即使数据存储在网络上的多个节点上，**也只有数据所有者才能访问以查看和使用数据**。类似地，所有过程都将是完全安全和防篡改的，利用区块链在过程中存储重要变量和结果。同样也通过按时间顺序为审计人员提供原始的、未经更改的和不可否认的数据版本，简化了审计和法规事务。 +区块链的一个固有特征是每个数据块都是安全加密的。这意味着为了实现冗余，即使数据存储在网络上的多个节点上，**也只有数据所有者才能访问以查看和使用数据**。类似地，利用区块链在过程中存储重要变量和结果，所有过程都将是完全安全和防篡改的。同样也通过按时间顺序为审计人员提供原始的、未经更改的和不可否认的数据版本，简化了审计和法规事务。 #### 信任 -这个文章系列开篇说到区块链为互联网及其上运行的服务增加了急需的信任层。智能合约在任何情况下都不会在执行协议时表现出偏见或主观性，这意味着所涉及的各方对结果完全有约束力，并且可以不附带任何条件地信任该系统。这也意味着此处不需要具有重要价值的传统合同中所需的“可信第三方”。当事人之间的犯规和监督将成为过去的问题。 +这个文章系列开篇说到区块链为互联网及其上运行的服务增加了急需的信任层。智能合约在任何情况下都不会在执行协议时表现出偏见或主观性，这意味着所涉及的各方对结果完全有约束力，并且可以不附带任何条件地信任该系统。这也意味着，在具有重要价值的传统合同中所需的“可信第三方”，在此处不需要。当事人之间的犯规和监督将成为过去的问题。 #### 成本效益 -如示例中所强调的，使用智能合约涉及最低成本。企业通常有专门从事使其交易是合法的并遵守法规的行政人员。如果交易涉及多方，则重复工作是不可避免的。智能合约基本上使前者无关紧要，并且消除了重复，因为双方可以同时完成尽职调查。 +如示例中所强调的，使用智能合约需要最低的成本。企业通常有专门从事使其交易合法并遵守法规的行政人员。如果交易涉及多方，则重复工作是不可避免的。智能合约基本上使前者无关紧要，并且消除了重复，因为双方可以同时完成尽职调查。 -### 智能合约的应用程序 +### 智能合约的应用 -基本上，如果两个或多个参与方使用共同的区块链平台，并就一组原则或业务逻辑达成一致，他们可以一起在区块链上创建一个智能合约，并且在没有人为干预的情况下执行。没有人可以篡改所设置的条件，如果原始代码允许，任何更改都会加上时间戳并带有编辑者的指纹，从而增加了问责制。想象一下，在更大的企业级规模上出现类似的情况，你就会明白智能合约的能力是什么，实际上从 2016 年开始的 **Capgemini 研究** 发现智能合约实际上可能是商业主流**“的下一阶段的早期“** [^8]。商业应用程序涉及保险、金融市场、物联网、贷款、身份管理系统、托管账户、雇佣合同以及专利和版税合同等用途。像以太坊这样的区块链平台，是一个设计时就考虑了智能合约的系统，它也允许个人私人用户免费使用智能合约。 +基本上，如果两个或多个参与方使用共同的区块链平台，并就一组原则或业务逻辑达成一致，他们可以一起在区块链上创建一个智能合约，并且在没有人为干预的情况下执行。没有人可以篡改所设置的条件，如果原始代码允许，任何更改都会加上时间戳并带有编辑者的指纹，从而增加了问责制。想象一下，在更大的企业级规模上出现类似的情况，你就会明白智能合约的能力是什么，实际上从 2016 年开始的 **Capgemini 研究** 发现智能合约实际上可能是**“未来几年的”** [^8] 商业主流。商业的应用涉及保险、金融市场、物联网、贷款、身份管理系统、托管账户、雇佣合同以及专利和版税合同等用途。像以太坊这样的区块链平台，是一个设计时就考虑了智能合约的系统，它允许个人私人用户免费使用智能合约。 通过对处理智能合约的公司的探讨，本系列的下一篇文章中将更全面地概述智能合约在当前技术问题上的应用。 ### 那么，它有什么缺点呢？ -这并不是说对智能合约的使用没有任何顾虑。这种担忧实际上也减缓了这方面的发展。所有区块链的防篡改性质基本上使得，如果所涉及的各方需要在没有重大改革或法律追索的情况下，几乎不可能修改或添加现有条款的新条款。 +这并不是说对智能合约的使用没有任何顾虑。这种担忧实际上也减缓了这方面的发展。所有区块链的防篡改性质实质上使得，如果所涉及的各方需要在没有重大改革或法律追索的情况下，几乎不可能修改或添加现有条款的新条款。 其次，即使公有链上的活动是开放的，所有人都可以看到和观察。交易中涉及的各方的个人身份并不总是已知的。这种匿名性造成在任何一方违约的情况下法律有罪不罚的问题，特别是因为现行法律和立法者并不完全适应现代技术。 第三，区块链和智能合约在很多方面仍然存在安全缺陷，因为对其所以涉及的技术仍处于发展的初期阶段。 对代码和平台的这种缺乏经验最终导致了 2016 年的 DAO 事件。 -所有这些都是在企业或公司需要调整区块链以供其使用时可能需要的大量的初始投资。事实上，这些是最初的一次性投资，并且随之而来的是潜在的节省，这是人们感兴趣的。 - +所有这些都可能导致企业或公司在需要调整区块链以供其使用时需要大量的初始投资。然而，这些是最初的一次性投资，并且随之而来的是潜在的节约，这才是人们感兴趣的。 ### 结论 -目前的法律框架并不真正支持一个全面的智能合约的社会，并且由于显然的原因也不会在不久的将来支持。一个解决方案是选择**“混合”合约**，它将传统的法律文本和文件与在为此目的设计的区块链上运行的智能合约代码相结合。然而，即使是混合合约仍然很大程度上尚未得到探索，因为需要创新的立法机构才能实现这些合约。这里简要提到的应用程序以及更多内容将在[本系列的下一篇文章][6]中详细探讨。 +目前的法律框架并没有真正支持一个全面的智能合约的社会，并且由于显然的原因，在不久的将来也不会支持。一个解决方案是选择**“混合”合约**，它将传统的法律文本和文件与在为此目的设计的区块链上运行的智能合约代码相结合。然而，即使是混合合约仍然很大程度上尚未得到探索，因为需要创新的立法机构才能实现这些合约。这里简要提到的应用以及更多内容将在[本系列的下一篇文章][6]中详细探讨。 [^1]: S. C. A. Chamber of Digital Commerce, “Smart contracts – Is the law ready,” no. September, 2018. [^2]: S. C. A. Chamber of Digital Commerce, “Smart contracts – Is the law ready,” no. September, 2018. @@ -145,10 +143,10 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/ -作者：[editor][a] +作者：[ostechnix][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5d03476ed917d93c005a76dab9c787a6715d4c9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 00:57:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0229/1265] PUB:20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10956-1.html --- ... 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md b/published/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md rename to published/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md index 4695f73977..62499247c1 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md +++ b/published/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10956-1.html) [#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types [Part 5]) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/) [#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) From 7dc95b175aef067c85a13b432c7f2d486800e9b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 08:53:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0230/1265] translated --- ...r is Now Officially Available for Linux.md | 98 ------------------- ...r is Now Officially Available for Linux.md | 93 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4a217f7c94..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,98 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/unity-editor-linux/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux -====== - -If you are a designer, developer or an artist, you might have been using the experimental [Unity Editor][1] that was made available for Linux. However, the experimental version wasn’t going to cut it forever – developers need a full stable experience to work. - -So, they recently announced that you can access the full-fledged Unity Editor on Linux. - -While this is an exciting news, what Linux distro does it officially support? Let us talk about a few more details… - -Non-FOSS Alert - -Unity Editor on Linux (or any other platform for that matter) is not an open source software. We have covered it here because - -### Official Support for Ubuntu and CentOS 7 - -![][2] - -No matter whether you have a personal or a professional license, you can access the editor if you have Unity 2019.1 installed or later. - -In addition, they are prioritizing the support for Ubuntu 16.04, Ubuntu 18.04, and CentOS 7. - -In their [announcement post][3], they also mentioned the configurations supported: - - * x86-64 architecture - * Gnome desktop environment running on top of X11 windowing system - * Nvidia official proprietary graphics driver and AMD Mesa graphics driver - * Desktop form factors, running on device/hardware without emulation or compatibility layer - - - -You can always try on anything else – but it’s better to stick with the official requirements for the best experience. - -A Note on 3rd Party Tools - -If you happen to utilize any 3rd party tool on any of your projects, you will have to separately check whether they support it or not. - -### How to install Unity Editor on Linux - -Now that you know about it – how do you install it? - -To install Unity, you will have to download and install the [Unity Hub][4]. - -![Unity Hub][5] - -Let’s walk you through the steps: - - * Download Unity Hub for Linux from the [official forum page][4]. - * It will download an AppImage file. Simply, make it executable and run it. In case you are not aware of it, you should check out our guide on [how to use AppImage on Linux][6]. - * Once you launch the Unity Hub, it will ask you to sign in (or sign up) using your Unity ID to activate the licenses. For more info on how the licenses work, do refer to their [FAQ page][7]. - * After you sign in using your Unity ID, go to the “ **Installs** ” option (as shown in the image above) and add the version/components you want. - - - -[][8] - -Suggested read A Modular and Open Source Router is Being Crowdfunded - -That’s it! This is the best way to get all the latest builds and get it installed in a jiffy. - -**Wrapping Up** - -Even though it is an exciting news, the official configuration support does not seem to be an extensive list. If you use it on Linux, do share your feedback and opinion on [their Linux forum thread][9]. - -What do you think about that? Also, do you use Unity Hub to install it or did we miss a better method to get it installed? - -Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/unity-editor-linux/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://unity3d.com/unity/editor -[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Unity-Editor-on-Linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[3]: https://blogs.unity3d.com/2019/05/30/announcing-the-unity-editor-for-linux/ -[4]: https://forum.unity.com/threads/unity-hub-v-1-6-0-is-now-available.640792/ -[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/unity-hub.jpg?fit=800%2C532&ssl=1 -[6]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/ -[7]: https://support.unity3d.com/hc/en-us/categories/201268913-Licenses -[8]: https://itsfoss.com/turris-mox-router/ -[9]: https://forum.unity.com/forums/linux-editor.93/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fcdd071c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/unity-editor-linux/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Unity 编辑器现已正式面向 Linux 推出 +====== + +如果你是设计师、开发者或艺术家，你可能一直在使用 Linux 上的实验性 [Unity 编辑器][1]。然而，实验性版本无法永远满足 - 开发者需要一个完整稳定的工作经验。 + +因此，他们最近宣布你可以在 Linux 上使用完整功能的 Unity 编辑器了。 + +虽然这是一个令人兴奋的消息，但它正式支持哪些 Linux 发行版？我们来谈谈更多细节...... + +非 FOSS 警告 + +Linux 上的 Unity 编辑器（或任何其他平台）不是开源软件。我们在这里介绍它是因为 + +### 官方支持 Ubuntu 和 CentOS 7 + +![][2] + +无论你拥有个人许可还是专业许可，如果你安装了 Unity 2019.1 或更高版本，都可以使用编辑器。 + +此外，他们优先支持 Ubuntu 16.04、Ubuntu 18.04 和 CentOS 7。 + +在[公告][3]中，他们还提到了支持的配置： + + * x86-64 架构 +  * 运行在 X11 窗口系统之上的 Gnome 桌面环境 +  * Nvidia 官方专有显卡驱动和 AMD Mesa 显卡驱动 +  * 桌面计算机，在没有仿真或兼容层的设备/硬件上运行 + + + +你可以尝试其他的 - 但最好坚持官方要求以获得最佳体验。 + +关于第三方工具的说明 + +如果你碰巧在任何项目中使用了任何第三方工具，那么必须单独检查它们是否支持。 + +### 如何在 Linux 上安装Unity 编辑器 + +现在你已经了解了它，那么该如何安装？ + +To install Unity, you will have to download and install the [Unity Hub][4]. +要安装 Unity，你需要下载并安装 [Unity Hub][4]。 + +![Unity Hub][5] + +我们将引导你完成以下步骤： + + * 从[官方论坛页面][4]下载适用于 Linux 的 Unity Hub。 +  * 它将下载一个 AppImage 文件。简单地说，让它可执行并运行它。如果你不了解它，你应该查看关于[如何在 Linux 上使用 AppImage][6] 的指南。 +  * 启动 Unity Hub 后，它会要求你使用 Unity ID 登录（或注册）以激活许可证。有关许可证生效的更多信息，请参阅他们的 [FAQ 页面][7]。 +  * 使用 Unity ID 登录后，进入“**安装**”选项（如上图所示）并添加所需的版本/组件。 + + +就是这些了。这就是获取并快速安装的最佳方法。 + +**总结** + +即使这是一个令人兴奋的消息，但官方配置支持似乎并不广泛。如果你在 Linux 上使用它，请在[他们的 Linux 论坛帖子][9]上分享你的反馈和意见。 + +你觉得怎么样？此外，你是使用 Unity Hub 安装它，还是有更好的方法来安装？ + +请在下面的评论中告诉我们你的想法。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/unity-editor-linux/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://unity3d.com/unity/editor +[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Unity-Editor-on-Linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[3]: https://blogs.unity3d.com/2019/05/30/announcing-the-unity-editor-for-linux/ +[4]: https://forum.unity.com/threads/unity-hub-v-1-6-0-is-now-available.640792/ +[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/unity-hub.jpg?fit=800%2C532&ssl=1 +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/ +[7]: https://support.unity3d.com/hc/en-us/categories/201268913-Licenses +[9]: https://forum.unity.com/forums/linux-editor.93/ From 73cb4c5a334d9d33b13103e39b536332c52ac5a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 09:07:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0231/1265] translating --- ...alled Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md index 8686fe415f..f8f95e863a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 4dc4671d72250619eebfdf9d8dada14718261cf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 11:28:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0232/1265] APL:20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron --- .../20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md b/sources/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md index eb11c65614..8daeb4655d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 2a74f87f4f83789cb699f9e88a47dd1f4e1047ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 12:22:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0233/1265] TSL:20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md --- ...built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md | 101 ------------------ ...built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md | 98 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 101 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md b/sources/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8daeb4655d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,101 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-desktop-electron) -[#]: author: (Nils Ganther https://opensource.com/users/nils-ganther) - -How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron -====== -A story of building an open source email service that runs natively on -Linux desktops, thanks to the Electron framework. -![document sending][1] - -[Tutanota][2] is a secure, open source email service that's been available as an app for the browser, iOS, and Android. The client code is published under GPLv3 and the Android app is available on [F-Droid][3] to enable everyone to use a completely Google-free version. - -Because Tutanota focuses on open source and develops on Linux clients, we wanted to release a desktop app for Linux and other platforms. Being a small team, we quickly ruled out building native apps for Linux, Windows, and MacOS and decided to adapt our app using [Electron][4]. - -Electron is the go-to choice for anyone who wants to ship visually consistent, cross-platform applications, fast—especially if there's already a web app that needs to be freed from the shackles of the browser API. Tutanota is exactly such a case. - -Tutanota is based on [SystemJS][5] and [Mithril][6] and aims to offer simple, secure email communications for everybody. As such, it has to provide a lot of the standard features users expect from any email client. - -Some of these features, like basic push notifications, search for text and contacts, and support for two-factor authentication are easy to offer in the browser thanks to modern APIs and standards. Other features (such as automatic backups or IMAP support without involving our servers) need less-restricted access to system resources, which is exactly what the Electron framework provides. - -While some criticize Electron as "just a basic wrapper," it has obvious benefits: - - * Electron enables you to adapt a web app quickly for Linux, Windows, and MacOS desktops. In fact, most Linux desktop apps are built with Electron. - * Electron enables you to easily bring the desktop client to feature parity with the web app. - * Once you've published the desktop app, you can use free development capacity to add desktop-specific features that enhance usability and security. - * And last but certainly not least, it's a great way to make the app feel native and integrated into the user's system while maintaining its identity. - - - -### Meeting users' needs - -At Tutanota, we do not rely on big investor money, rather we are a community-driven project. We grow our team organically based on the increasing number of users upgrading to our freemium service's paid plans. Listening to what users want is not only important to us, it is essential to our success. - -Offering a desktop client was users' [most-wanted feature][7] in Tutanota, and we are proud that we can now offer free beta desktop clients to all of our users. (We also implemented another highly requested feature—[search on encrypted data][8]—but that's a topic for another time.) - -We liked the idea of providing users with signed versions of Tutanota and enabling functions that are impossible in the browser, such as push notifications via a background process. Now we plan to add more desktop-specific features, such as IMAP support without depending on our servers to act as a proxy, automatic backups, and offline availability. - -We chose Electron because its combination of Chromium and Node.js promised to be the best fit for our small development team, as it required only minimal changes to our web app. It was particularly helpful to use the browser APIs for everything as we got started, slowly replacing those components with more native versions as we progressed. This approach was especially handy with attachment downloads and notifications. - -### Tuning security - -We were aware that some people cite security problems with Electron, but we found Electron's options for fine-tuning access in the web app quite satisfactory. You can use resources like the Electron's [security documentation][9] and Luca Carettoni's [Electron Security Checklist][10] to help prevent catastrophic mishaps with untrusted content in your web app. - -### Achieving feature parity - -The Tutanota web client was built from the start with a solid protocol for interprocess communication. We utilize web workers to keep user interface (UI) rendering responsive while encrypting and requesting data. This came in handy when we started implementing our mobile apps, which use the same protocol to communicate between the native part and the web view. - -That's why when we started building the desktop clients, a lot of bindings for things like native push notifications, opening mailboxes, and working with the filesystem were already there, so only the native (node) side had to be implemented. - -Another convenience was our build process using the [Babel transpiler][11], which allows us to write the entire codebase in modern ES6 JavaScript and mix-and-match utility modules between the different environments. This enabled us to speedily adapt the code for the Electron-based desktop apps. However, we encountered some challenges. - -### Overcoming challenges - -While Electron allows us to integrate with the different platforms' desktop environments pretty easily, you can't underestimate the time investment to get things just right! In the end, it was these little things that took up much more time than we expected but were also crucial to finish the desktop client project. - -The places where platform-specific code was necessary caused most of the friction: - - * Window management and the tray, for example, are still handled in subtly different ways on the three platforms. - * Registering Tutanota as the default mail program and setting up autostart required diving into the Windows Registry while making sure to prompt the user for admin access in a [UAC][12]-compatible way. - * We needed to use Electron's API for shortcuts and menus to offer even standard features like copy, paste, undo, and redo. - - - -This process was complicated a bit by users' expectations of certain, sometimes not directly compatible behavior of the apps on different platforms. Making the three versions feel native required some iteration and even some modest additions to the web app to offer a text search similar to the one in the browser. - -### Wrapping up - -Our experience with Electron was largely positive, and we completed the project in less than four months. Despite some rather time-consuming features, we were surprised about the ease with which we could ship a beta version of the [Tutanota desktop client for Linux][13]. If you're interested, you can dive into the source code on [GitHub][14]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-desktop-electron - -作者：[Nils Ganther][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/nils-ganther -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/email_paper_envelope_document.png?itok=uPj_kouJ (document sending) -[2]: https://tutanota.com/ -[3]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/de.tutao.tutanota/ -[4]: https://electronjs.org/ -[5]: https://github.com/systemjs/systemjs -[6]: https://mithril.js.org/ -[7]: https://tutanota.uservoice.com/forums/237921-general/filters/top?status_id=1177482 -[8]: https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/first-search-encrypted-data/ -[9]: https://electronjs.org/docs/tutorial/security -[10]: https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/thursday/us-17-Carettoni-Electronegativity-A-Study-Of-Electron-Security-wp.pdf -[11]: https://babeljs.io/ -[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Account_Control -[13]: https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/ -[14]: https://www.github.com/tutao/tutanota diff --git a/translated/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md b/translated/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..71cde8ec2f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-desktop-electron) +[#]: author: (Nils Ganther https://opensource.com/users/nils-ganther) + +我们是如何使用 Electron 构建 Linux 桌面应用程序的 +====== + +> 这是借助 Electron 框架，构建一个在 Linux 桌面上原生运行的开源电子邮件服务的故事。 + +![document sending][1] + +[Tutanota][2] 是一种安全的开源电子邮件服务，它可通过浏览器使用，也有 iOS 和 Android 应用。其客户端代码在 GPLv3 下发布，Android 应用程序可在 [F-Droid][3] 上找到，以便每个人都可以使用完全与 Google 无关的版本。 + +由于 Tutanota 关注开源和 Linux 客户端开发，因此我们希望为 Linux 和其他平台发布一个桌面应用程序。作为一个小团队，我们很快就排除了为 Linux、Windows 和 MacOS 构建原生应用程序的可能性，并决定使用 [Electron][4] 来构建我们的应用程序。 + +对于任何想要快速交付视觉一致的跨平台应用程序的人来说，Electron 是最适合的选择，尤其是如果你已经有一个 Web 应用程序，想要从浏览器 API 的束缚中摆脱出来时。Tutanota 就是这样一个案例。 + +Tutanota 基于 [SystemJS][5] 和 [Mithril][6]，旨在为每个人提供简单、安全的电子邮件通信。 因此，它必须提供很多用户期望从电子邮件客户端获得的标准功能。 + +由于采用了现代 API 和标准，其中一些功能（如基本的推送通知、搜索文本和联系人以及支持双因素身份验证）很容易在浏览器中提供。其它功能（例如自动备份或无需我们的服务器中转的 IMAP 支持）需要对系统资源的限制性访问，而这正是 Electron 框架提供的功能。 + +虽然有人批评 Electron “只是一个基本的包装”，但它有明显的好处： + +* Electron 可以使你能够快速地为 Linux、Windows 和 MacOS 桌面构造 Web 应用。事实上，大多数 Linux 桌面应用都是使用 Electron 构建的。 +* Electron 可以轻松地将桌面客户端与 Web 应用程序达到同样的功能水准。 +* 发布桌面应用程序后，你可以自由使用开发功能添加桌面端特定的功能，从而增强可用性和安全性。 +* 最后但同样重要的是，这是让应用程序具备原生的感觉、融入用户系统，而同时保持其识别度的好方法。 +   +### 满足用户的需求 + +Tutanota 不依靠于大笔的投资资金，而是依靠社区驱动的项目。基于越来越多的用户升级到我们的免费服务的付费计划，我们有机地发展我们的团队。倾听用户的需求不仅对我们很重要，而且对我们的成功至关重要。 + +提供桌面客户端是 Tutanota 用户[最想要的功能][7]，我们感到自豪的是，我们现在可以为所有用户提供免费的桌面客户端测试版。（我们还实现了另一个高度要求的功能 —— [搜索加密数据][8] —— 但这是另一个主题了。） + +我们喜欢为用户提供签名版本的 Tutanota 并支持浏览器中无法实现的功能，例如通过后台进程推送通知。 现在，我们计划添加更多特定于桌面的功能，例如 IMAP 支持（而不依赖于我们的服务器充当代理），自动备份和离线可用性。 + +我们选择 Electron 是因为它的 Chromium 和 Node.js 的组合最适合我们的小型开发团队，因为它只需要对我们的 Web 应用程序进行最小的更改。在我们开始使用时，可以将浏览器 API 用于所有功能特别有用，随着我们的进展，慢慢地用更多原生版本替换这些组件。这种方法对附件下载和通知特别方便。 + +### 调整安全性 + +我们知道有些人关注 Electron 的安全问题，但我们发现 Electron 在 Web 应用程序中微调访问的选项非常令人满意。你可以使用 Electron 的[安全文档][9]和 Luca Carettoni 的[Electron 安全清单][10]等资源，来帮助防止 Web 应用程序中不受信任的内容发生灾难性事故。 + +### 实现特定功能 + +Tutanota Web 客户端从一开始就构建了一个用于进程间通信的可靠协议。我们利用 Web 线程在加密和请求数据时保持用户界面（UI）响应性。当我们开始实现我们的移动应用时，这就派上用场，这些应用程序使用相同的协议在原生部分和 Web 视图之间进行通信。 + +这就是为什么当我们开始构建桌面客户端时，很多用于本机推送通知、打开邮箱和使用文件系统的部分等已经存在，因此只需要实现原生端（Node.js）。 + +另一个便利是我们的构建过程使用 [Babel 转译器][11]，它允许我们以现代 ES6 JavaScript 编写整个代码库，并在不同环境之间混合和匹配功能模块。这使我们能够快速调整基于 Electron 的桌面应用程序的代码。但是，我们也遇到了一些挑战。 + +### 克服挑战 + +虽然 Electron 允许我们很容易地与不同平台的桌面环境集成，但你不能低估投入的时间！最后，正是这些小事情占用了比我们预期更多的时间，但对完成桌面客户端项目也至关重要。 + +特定于平台的代码导致了大部分阻碍： + +* 例如，窗口管理和托盘仍然在三个平台上以略有不同的方式处理。 +* 注册 Tutanota 作为默认邮件程序并设置自动启动需要深入 Windows 注册表，同时确保以 [UAC] [12] 兼容的方式提示用户进行管理员访问。 +* 我们需要使用 Electron 的 API 作为快捷方式和菜单，以提供复制、粘贴、撤消和重做等标准功能。 + +由于用户对不同平台上的应用程序的某些（有时不直接兼容）行为的期望，此过程有点复杂。使三个版本感觉像原生的需要一些迭代，甚至需要对 Web 应用程序进行一些适度的补充，以提供类似于浏览器中的文本搜索的功能。 + +### 总结 + +我们在 Electron 方面的经验基本上是积极的，我们在不到四个月的时间内完成了该项目。尽管有一些相当耗时的功能，但我们感到惊讶的是，我们可以轻松地为 Linux 提供一个测试版的 [Tutanota 桌面客户端][13]。如果你有兴趣，可以深入了解 [GitHub][14] 上的源代码。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-desktop-electron + +作者：[Nils Ganther][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/nils-ganther +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/email_paper_envelope_document.png?itok=uPj_kouJ (document sending) +[2]: https://tutanota.com/ +[3]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/de.tutao.tutanota/ +[4]: https://electronjs.org/ +[5]: https://github.com/systemjs/systemjs +[6]: https://mithril.js.org/ +[7]: https://tutanota.uservoice.com/forums/237921-general/filters/top?status_id=1177482 +[8]: https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/first-search-encrypted-data/ +[9]: https://electronjs.org/docs/tutorial/security +[10]: https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/thursday/us-17-Carettoni-Electronegativity-A-Study-Of-Electron-Security-wp.pdf +[11]: https://babeljs.io/ +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Account_Control +[13]: https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/ +[14]: https://www.github.com/tutao/tutanota From f2d1196d85c0e465175ecf1fc4931e89ed8c3403 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 12:32:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0234/1265] PRF&PUB:20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10957-1.html --- ...0 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md b/published/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md rename to published/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md index 71cde8ec2f..2afe6f57d6 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md +++ b/published/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10957-1.html) [#]: subject: (How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-desktop-electron) [#]: author: (Nils Ganther https://opensource.com/users/nils-ganther) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ > 这是借助 Electron 框架，构建一个在 Linux 桌面上原生运行的开源电子邮件服务的故事。 -![document sending][1] +![document sending](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/10/123114abz0lvbllktkulx7.jpg) [Tutanota][2] 是一种安全的开源电子邮件服务，它可通过浏览器使用，也有 iOS 和 Android 应用。其客户端代码在 GPLv3 下发布，Android 应用程序可在 [F-Droid][3] 上找到，以便每个人都可以使用完全与 Google 无关的版本。 @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/linux-desktop-electron 作者：[Nils Ganther][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1c992a71544c11fbff7486ae0ba2bac0fdb72520 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:33:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0235/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=205=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Easy=20Ways=20To=20Free=20Up=20Space=20(Remove=20Unwanted=20or?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Junk=20Files)=20on=20Ubuntu=20sources/tech/20190610=205=20Ea?= =?UTF-8?q?sy=20Ways=20To=20Free=20Up=20Space=20(Remove=20Unwanted=20or=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Junk=20Files)=20on=20Ubuntu.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...emove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md | 177 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 177 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9d5df1605a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-unwanted-junk-files-free-up-space-ubuntu-mint-debian/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu +====== + +Most of us may perform this action whenever we fall into out of disk space on system. + +Most of us may perform this action whenever we are running out of space on Linux system + +It should be performed frequently, to make space for installing a new application and dealing with other files. + +Housekeeping is one of the routine task of Linux administrator, which allow them to maintain the disk utilization is in under threshold. + +There are several ways we can clean up our system space. + +There is no need to clean up your system when you have TB of storage capacity. + +But if your have limited space then freeing up disk space becomes a necessity. + +In this article, I’ll show you some of the easiest or simple ways to clean up your Ubuntu system and get more space. + +### How To Check Free Space On Ubuntu Systems? + +Use **[df Command][1]** to check current disk utilization on your system. + +``` +$ df -h +Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on +udev 975M 0 975M 0% /dev +tmpfs 200M 1.7M 198M 1% /run +/dev/sda1 30G 16G 13G 55% / +tmpfs 997M 0 997M 0% /dev/shm +tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock +tmpfs 997M 0 997M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup +``` + +GUI users can use “Disk Usage Analyzer tool” to view current usage. +[![][2]![][2]][3] + +### 1) Remove The Packages That Are No Longer Required + +The following command removes the dependency libs and packages that are no longer required by the system. + +These packages were installed automatically to satisfy the dependencies of an installed package. + +Also, it removes old Linux kernels that were installed in the system. + +It removes orphaned packages which are not longer needed from the system, but not purges them. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get autoremove +[sudo] password for daygeek: +Reading package lists... Done +Building dependency tree +Reading state information... Done +The following packages will be REMOVED: + apache2-bin apache2-data apache2-utils galera-3 libaio1 libapr1 libaprutil1 + libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap libconfig-inifiles-perl libdbd-mysql-perl + libdbi-perl libjemalloc1 liblua5.2-0 libmysqlclient20 libopts25 + libterm-readkey-perl mariadb-client-10.1 mariadb-client-core-10.1 mariadb-common + mariadb-server-10.1 mariadb-server-core-10.1 mysql-common sntp socat +0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 25 to remove and 23 not upgraded. +After this operation, 189 MB disk space will be freed. +Do you want to continue? [Y/n] +``` + +To purge them, use the `--purge` option together with the command for that. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get autoremove --purge +Reading package lists... Done +Building dependency tree +Reading state information... Done +The following packages will be REMOVED: + apache2-bin* apache2-data* apache2-utils* galera-3* libaio1* libapr1* libaprutil1* + libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3* libaprutil1-ldap* libconfig-inifiles-perl* + libdbd-mysql-perl* libdbi-perl* libjemalloc1* liblua5.2-0* libmysqlclient20* + libopts25* libterm-readkey-perl* mariadb-client-10.1* mariadb-client-core-10.1* + mariadb-common* mariadb-server-10.1* mariadb-server-core-10.1* mysql-common* sntp* + socat* +0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 25 to remove and 23 not upgraded. +After this operation, 189 MB disk space will be freed. +Do you want to continue? [Y/n] +``` + +### 2) Empty The Trash Can + +There might a be chance, that you may have a large amount of useless data residing in your trash can. + +It takes up your system space. This is one of the best way to clear up those and get some free space on your system. + +To clean up this, simple use the file manager to empty your trash can. +[![][2]![][2]][4] + +### 3) Clean up the APT cache + +Ubuntu uses **[APT Command][5]** (Advanced Package Tool) for package management like installing, removing, searching, etc,. + +By default every Linux operating system keeps a cache of downloaded and installed packages on their respective directory. + +Ubuntu also does the same, it keeps every updates it downloads and installs in a cache on your disk. + +Ubuntu system keeps a cache of DEB packages in /var/cache/apt/archives directory. + +Over time, this cache can quickly grow and hold a lot of space on your system. + +Run the following command to check the current utilization of APT cache. + +``` +$ sudo du -sh /var/cache/apt +147M /var/cache/apt +``` + +It cleans obsolete deb-packages. I mean to say, less than clean. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get autoclean +``` + +It removes all packages kept in the apt cache. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get clean +``` + +### 4) Uninstall the unused applications + +I would request you to check the installed packages and games on your system and delete them if you are using rarely. + +This can be easily done via “Ubuntu Software Center”. +[![][2]![][2]][6] + +### 5) Clean up the thumbnail cache + +The cache folder is a place where programs stored data they may need again, it is kept for speed but is not essential to keep. It can be generated again or downloaded again. + +If it’s really filling up your hard drive then you can delete things without worrying. + +Run the following command to check the current utilization of APT cache. + +``` +$ du -sh ~/.cache/thumbnails/ +412K /home/daygeek/.cache/thumbnails/ +``` + +Run the following command to delete them permanently from your system. + +``` +$ rm -rf ~/.cache/thumbnails/* +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-unwanted-junk-files-free-up-space-ubuntu-mint-debian/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-disk-space-usage-using-df-command/ +[2]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/remove-delete-Unwanted-Junk-Files-free-up-space-ubuntu-mint-debian-1.jpg +[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/remove-delete-Unwanted-Junk-Files-free-up-space-ubuntu-mint-debian-2.jpg +[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[6]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/remove-delete-Unwanted-Junk-Files-free-up-space-ubuntu-mint-debian-3.jpg From 100f2077fe86cf1f58b277658a6c0d91f57e1114 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:35:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0236/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190605=20Twea?= =?UTF-8?q?king=20the=20look=20of=20Fedora=20Workstation=20with=20themes?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/tech/20190605=20Tweaking=20the=20look=20of=20Fedora?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Workstation=20with=20themes.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... look of Fedora Workstation with themes.md | 140 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 140 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190605 Tweaking the look of Fedora Workstation with themes.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190605 Tweaking the look of Fedora Workstation with themes.md b/sources/tech/20190605 Tweaking the look of Fedora Workstation with themes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..441415925f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190605 Tweaking the look of Fedora Workstation with themes.md @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Tweaking the look of Fedora Workstation with themes) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/tweaking-the-look-of-fedora-workstation-with-themes/) +[#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/) + +Tweaking the look of Fedora Workstation with themes +====== + +![][1] + +Changing the theme of a desktop environment is a common way to customize your daily experience with Fedora Workstation. This article discusses the 4 different types of visual themes you can change and how to change to a new theme. Additionally, this article will cover how to install new themes from both the Fedora repositories and 3rd party theme sources. + +### Theme Types + +When changing the theme of Fedora Workstation, there are 4 different themes that can be changed independently of each other. This allows a user to mix and match the theme types to customize their desktop in a multitude of combinations. The 4 theme types are the **Application** (GTK) theme, the **shell** theme, the **icon** theme, and the **cursor** theme. + +#### Application (GTK) themes + +As the name suggests, Application themes change the styling of the applications that are displayed on a user’s desktop. Application themes control the style of the window borders and the window titlebar. Additionally, they also control the style of the widgets in the windows — like dropdowns, text inputs, and buttons. One point to note is that an application theme does not change the icons that are displayed in an application — this is achieved using the icon theme. + +![Two application windows with two different application themes. The default Adwaita theme on the left, the Adapta theme on the right.][2] + +Application themes are also known as GTK themes, as GTK ( **G** IMP **T** ool **k** it) is the underlying technology that is used to render the windows and user interface widgets in those windows on Fedora Workstation. + +#### Shell Themes + +Shell themes change the appearance of the GNOME Shell. The GNOME Shell is the technology that displays the top bar (and the associated widgets like drop downs), as well as the overview screen and the applications list it contains. + +![Comparison of two Shell themes, with the Fedora Workstation default on top, and the Adapta shell theme on the bottom.][3] + +#### Icon Themes + +As the name suggests, icon themes change the icons used in the desktop. Changing the icon theme will change the icons displayed both in the Shell, and in applications. + +![Comparison of two icon themes, with the Fedora 30 Workstation default Adwaita on the left, and the Yaru icon theme on the right][4] + +One important item to note with icon themes is that all icon themes will not have customized icons for all application icons. Consequently, changing the icon theme will not change all the icons in the applications list in the overview. + +![Comparison of two icon themes, with the Fedora 30 Workstation default Adwaita on the top, and the Yaru icon theme on the bottom][5] + +#### Cursor Theme + +The cursor theme allows a user to change how the mouse pointer is displayed. Most cursor themes change all the common cursors, including the pointer, drag handles and the loading cursor. + +![Comparison of multiple cursors of two different cursor themes. Fedora 30 default is on the left, the Breeze Snow theme on the right.][6] + +### Changing the themes + +Changing themes on Fedora Workstation is a simple process. To change all 4 types of themes, use the **Tweaks** application. Tweaks is a tool used to change a range of different options in Fedora Workstation. It is not installed by default, and is installed using the Software application: + +![][7] + +Alternatively, install Tweaks from the command line with the command: + +``` +sudo dnf install gnome-tweak-tool +``` + +In addition to Tweaks, to change the Shell theme, the **User Themes** GNOME Shell Extension needs to be installed and enabled. [Check out this post for more details on installing extensions][8]. + +Next, launch Tweaks, and switch to the Appearance pane. The Themes section in the Appearance pane allows the changing of the multiple theme types. Simply choose the theme from the dropdown, and the new theme will apply automatically. + +![][9] + +### Installing themes + +Armed with the knowledge of the types of themes, and how to change themes, it is time to install some themes. Broadly speaking, there are two ways to install new themes to your Fedora Workstation — installing theme packages from the Fedora repositories, or manually installing a theme. One point to note when installing themes, is that you may need to close and re-open the Tweaks application to make a newly installed theme appear in the dropdowns. + +#### Installing from the Fedora repositories + +The Fedora repositories contain a small selection of additional themes that once installed are available to we chosen in Tweaks. Theme packages are not available in the Software application, and have to be searched for and installed via the command line. Most theme packages have a consistent naming structure, so listing available themes is pretty easy. + +To find Application (GTK) themes use the command: + +``` +dnf search gtk | grep theme +``` + +To find Shell themes: + +``` +dnf search shell-theme +``` + +Icon themes: + +``` +dnf search icon-theme +``` + +Cursor themes: + +``` +dnf search cursor-theme +``` + +Once you have found a theme to install, install the theme using dnf. For example: + +``` +sudo dnf install numix-gtk-theme +``` + +#### Installing themes manually + +For a wider range of themes, there are a plethora of places on the internet to find new themes to use on Fedora Workstation. Two popular places to find themes are [OpenDesktop][10] and [GNOMELook][11]. + +Typically when downloading themes from these sites, the themes are encapsulated in an archive like a tar.gz or zip file. In most cases, to install these themes, simply extract the contents into the correct directory, and the theme will appear in Tweaks. Note too, that themes can be installed either globally (must be done using sudo) so all users on the system can use them, or can be installed just for the current user. + +For Application (GTK) themes, and GNOME Shell themes, extract the archive to the **.themes/** directory in your home directory. To install for all users, extract to **/usr/share/themes/** + +For Icon and Cursor themes, extract the archive to the **.icons/** directory in your home directory. To install for all users, extract to **/usr/share/icons/** + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/tweaking-the-look-of-fedora-workstation-with-themes/ + +作者：[Ryan Lerch][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/themes.png-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/application-theme-1024x514.jpg +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/overview-theme-1024x649.jpg +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/icon-theme-application-1024x441.jpg +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/overview-icons-1024x637.jpg +[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/cursortheme-1024x467.jpg +[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/tweaks-in-software-1024x725.png +[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/install-extensions-via-software-application/ +[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/tweaks-choose-themes.png +[10]: https://www.opendesktop.org/ +[11]: https://www.gnome-look.org/ From 83c4c6d8289a8186d813db1ce9ca51ff9a397b30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:35:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0237/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=20Grav?= =?UTF-8?q?iton:=20A=20Minimalist=20Open=20Source=20Code=20Editor=20source?= =?UTF-8?q?s/tech/20190610=20Graviton-=20A=20Minimalist=20Open=20Source=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Code=20Editor.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...n- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6da49ddcaa --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Graviton: A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/graviton-code-editor/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +Graviton: A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor +====== + +[Graviton][1] is a free and open source, cross-platform code editor in development. The sixteen years old developer, Marc Espin, emphasizes that it is a ‘minimalist’ code editor. I am not sure about that but it does have a clean user interface like other [modern code editors like Atom][2]. + +![Graviton Code Editor Interface][3] + +The developer also calls it a lightweight code editor despite the fact that Graviton is based on [Electron][4]. + +Graviton comes with features you expect in any standard code editors like syntax highlighting, auto-completion etc. Since Graviton is still in the beta phase of development, more features will be added to it in the future releases. + +![Graviton Code Editor with Syntax Highlighting][5] + +### Feature of Graviton code editor + +Some of the main highlights of Graviton features are: + + * Syntax highlighting for a number of programming languages using [CodeMirrorJS][6] + * Autocomplete + * Support for plugins and themes. + * Available in English, Spanish and a few other European languages. + * Available for Linux, Windows and macOS. + + + +I had a quick look at Graviton and it might not be as feature-rich as [VS Code][7] or [Brackets][8], but for some simple code editing, it’s not a bad tool. + +### Download and install Graviton + +![Graviton Code Editor][9] + +As mentioned earlier, Graviton is a cross-platform code editor available for Linux, Windows and macOS. It is still in beta stages which means that you more features will be added in future and you may encounter some bugs. + +You can find the latest version of Graviton on its release page. Debian and [Ubuntu users can install it from .deb file][10]. [AppImage][11] has been provided so that it could be used in other distributions. DMG and EXE files are also available for macOS and Windows respectively. + +[Download Graviton][12] + +If you are interested, you can find the source code of Graviton on its GitHub repository: + +[Graviton Source Code on GitHub][13] + +If you decided to use Graviton and find some issues, please open a bug report [here][14]. If you use GitHub, you may want to star the Graviton project. This boosts the morale of the developer as he would know that more users are appreciating his efforts. + +[][15] + +Suggested read Get Windows Style Sticky Notes For Ubuntu with Indicator Stickynotes + +I believe you know [how to install a software from source code][16] if you are taking that path. + +**In the end…** + +Sometimes, simplicity itself becomes a feature and the Graviton’s focus on being minimalist could help it form a niche for itself in the already crowded segment of code editors. + +At It’s FOSS, we try to highlight open source software. If you know some interesting open source software that you would like more people to know about, [do send us a note][17]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/graviton-code-editor/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://graviton.ml/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/graviton-code-editor-interface.jpg?resize=800%2C571&ssl=1 +[4]: https://electronjs.org/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/graviton-code-editor-interface-2.jpg?resize=800%2C522&ssl=1 +[6]: https://codemirror.net/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-visual-studio-code-ubuntu/ +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/install-brackets-ubuntu/ +[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/graviton-code-editor-800x473.jpg?resize=800%2C473&ssl=1 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/ +[12]: https://github.com/Graviton-Code-Editor/Graviton-App/releases +[13]: https://github.com/Graviton-Code-Editor/Graviton-App +[14]: https://github.com/Graviton-Code-Editor/Graviton-App/issues +[15]: https://itsfoss.com/indicator-stickynotes-windows-like-sticky-note-app-for-ubuntu/ +[16]: https://itsfoss.com/install-software-from-source-code/ +[17]: https://itsfoss.com/contact-us/ From 8072587e7bec239d917a3557d120eee85b291b08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:35:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0238/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190607=20Free?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20Open=20Source=20Trello=20Alternative=20OpenProject=209?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Released=20sources/tech/20190607=20Free=20and=20Open=20Sourc?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20Trello=20Alternative=20OpenProject=209=20Released.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md | 85 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md b/sources/tech/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c5c5decf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released +====== + +[OpenProject][1] is a collaborative open source project management software. It’s an alternative to proprietary solutions like [Trello][2] and [Jira][3]. + +You can use it for free if it’s for personal use and you set it up (and host it) on your own server. This way, you control your data. + +Of course, you get access to premium features and priority help if you are a [Cloud or Enterprise edition user][4]. + +The OpenProject 9 release emphasizes on new board views, package list view, and work templates. + +If you didn’t know about this, you can give it a try. But, if you are an existing user – you should know what’s new before migrating to OpenProject 9. + +### What’s New in OpenProject 9? + +Here are some of the major changes in the latest release of OpenProject. + +#### Scrum & Agile Boards + +![][5] + +For Cloud and Enterprise editions, there’s a new [scrum][6] and [agile][7] board view. You also get to showcase your work in a [kanban-style][8] fashion, making it easier to support your agile and scrum teams. + +The new board view makes it easy to know who’s assigned for the task and update the status in a jiffy. You also get different board view options like basic board, status board, and version boards. + +#### Work Package templates + +![Work Package Template][9] + +You don’t have to create everything from scratch for every unique work package. So, instead, you just keep a template – so that you can use it whenever you need to create a new work package. It will save a lot of time. + +#### New Work Package list view + +![Work Package View][10] + +In the work package list, there’s a subtle new addition that lets you view the avatars of the assigned people for a specific work. + +#### Customizable work package view for my page + +Your own page to display what you are working on (and the progress) shouldn’t be always boring. So, now you get the ability to customize it and even add a Gantt chart to visualize your work. + +[][11] + +Suggested read Ubuntu 12.04 Has Reached End of Life + +**Wrapping Up** + +For detailed instructions on migrating and installation, you should follow the [official announcement post][12] covering all the essential details for the users. + +Also, we would love to know about your experience with OpenProject 9, let us know about it in the comments section below! If you use some other project management software, feel free to suggest it to us and rest of your fellow It’s FOSS readers. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.openproject.org/ +[2]: https://trello.com/ +[3]: https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira +[4]: https://www.openproject.org/pricing/ +[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/open-project-9-scrum-agile.jpeg?fit=800%2C517&ssl=1 +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development) +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/work-package-template.jpg?ssl=1 +[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/work-package-view.jpg?fit=800%2C454&ssl=1 +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-12-04-end-of-life/ +[12]: https://www.openproject.org/openproject-9-new-scrum-agile-board-view/ From eea2909f9a69720edb89276408833a7c132872b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:36:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0239/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20Zori?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20OS=20Becomes=20Even=20More=20Awesome=20With=20Zorin=2015=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Release=20sources/tech/20190606=20Zorin=20OS=20Becomes=20Even?= =?UTF-8?q?=20More=20Awesome=20With=20Zorin=2015=20Release.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 116 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 116 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/sources/tech/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c7dc93c70a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/zorin-os-15-release/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release +====== + +Zorin OS has always been known as one of the [beginner-focused Linux distros][1] out there. Yes, it may not be the most popular – but it sure is a good distribution specially for Windows migrants. + +A few years back, I remember, a friend of mine always insisted me to install [Zorin OS][2]. Personally, I didn’t like the UI back then. But, now that Zorin OS 15 is here – I have more reasons to get it installed as my primary OS. + +Fret not, in this article, we’ll talk about everything that you need to know. + +### New Features in Zorin 15 + +Let’s see the major changes in the latest release of Zorin. Zorin 15 is based on Ubuntu 18.04.2 and thus it brings the performance improvement under the hood. Other than that, there are several UI (User Interface) improvements. + +#### Zorin Connect + +![Zorin Connect][3] + +Zorin OS 15’s main highlight is – Zorin Connect. If you have an Android device, you are in for a treat. Similar to [PushBullet][4], [Zorin Connect][5] integrates your phone with the desktop experience. + +You get to sync your smartphone’s notifications on your desktop while also being able to reply to it. Heck, you can also reply to the SMS messages and view those conversations. + +In addition to these, you get the following abilities: + + * Share files and web links between devices + * Use your phone as a remote control for your computer + * Control media playback on your computer from your phone, and pause playback automatically when a phone call arrives + + + +As mentioned in their [official announcement post][6], the data transmission will be on your local network and no data will be transmitted to the cloud. To access Zorin Connect, navigate your way through – Zorin menu > System Tools > Zorin Connect. + +[Get ZORIN CONNECT ON PLAY STORE][5] + +#### New Desktop Theme (with dark mode!) + +![Zorin Dark Mode][7] + +I’m all in when someone mentions “Dark Mode” or “Dark Theme”. For me, this is the best thing that comes baked in with Zorin OS 15. + +[][8] + +Suggested read Necuno is a New Open Source Smartphone Running KDE + +It’s so pleasing to my eyes when I enable the dark mode on anything, you with me? + +Not just a dark theme, the UI is a lot cleaner and intuitive with subtle new animations. You can find all the settings from the Zorin Appearance app built-in. + +#### Adaptive Background & Night Light + +You get an option to let the background adapt according to the brightness of the environment every hour of the day. Also, you can find the night mode if you don’t want the blue light to stress your eyes. + +#### To do app + +![Todo][9] + +I always wanted this to happen so that I don’t have to use a separate service that offers a Linux client to add my tasks. It’s good to see a built-in app with integration support for Google Tasks and Todoist. + +#### There’s More? + +Yes! Other major changes include the support for Flatpak, a touch layout for convertible laptops, a DND mode, and some redesigned apps (Settings, Libre Office) to give you better user experience. + +If you want the detailed list of changes along with the minor improvements, you can follow the [announcement post][6]. If you are already a Zorin user, you would notice that they have refreshed their website with a new look as well. + +### Download Zorin OS 15 + +**Note** : _Direct upgrades from Zorin OS 12 to 15 – without needing to re-install the operating system – will be available later this year._ + +In case you didn’t know, there are three versions of Zorin OS – Ultimate, Core, and the Lite version. + +If you want to support the devs and the project while unlocking the full potential of Zorin OS, you should get the ultimate edition for $39. + +If you just want the essentials, the core edition will do just fine (which you can download for free). In either case, if you have an old computer, the lite version is the one to go with. + +[DOWNLOAD ZORIN OS 15][10] + +**What do you think of Zorin 15?** + +[][11] + +Suggested read Ubuntu 14.04 Codenamed Trusty Tahr + +I’m definitely going to give it a try as my primary OS – fingers crossed. What about you? What do you think about the latest release? Feel free to let us know in the comments below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/zorin-os-15-release/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/ +[2]: https://zorinos.com/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/zorin-connect.jpg?fit=800%2C473&ssl=1 +[4]: https://www.pushbullet.com/ +[5]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.zorinos.zorin_connect&hl=en_IN +[6]: https://zoringroup.com/blog/2019/06/05/zorin-os-15-is-here-faster-easier-more-connected/ +[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/zorin-dark-mode.jpg?fit=722%2C800&ssl=1 +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/necunos-linux-smartphone/ +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Todo.jpg?fit=800%2C652&ssl=1 +[10]: https://zorinos.com/download/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-1404-codenamed-trusty-tahr/ From 91ab63492039940b8fb8b82b07ead3634e9657b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:36:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0240/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=20Try?= =?UTF-8?q?=20a=20new=20game=20on=20Free=20RPG=20Day=20sources/tech/201906?= =?UTF-8?q?10=20Try=20a=20new=20game=20on=20Free=20RPG=20Day.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md | 80 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..81319ce84f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Try a new game on Free RPG Day) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/free-rpg-day) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/erez/users/seth) + +Try a new game on Free RPG Day +====== +Celebrate tabletop role-playing games and get free RPG materials at your +local game shop on June 15. +![plastic game pieces on a board][1] + +Have you ever thought about trying Dungeons & Dragons but didn't know how to start? Did you play Traveller in your youth and have been thinking about returning to the hobby? Are you curious about role-playing games (RPGs) but not sure whether you want to play one? Are you completely new to the concept of tabletop gaming and have never heard of RPGs until now? It doesn't matter which of these profiles suits you, because [Free RPG Day][2] is for everyone! + +The first Free RPG Day event happened in 2007 at hobby game stores all over the world. The idea was to bring new and exclusive RPG quickstart rules and adventures to both new and experienced gamers for $0. For one day, you could walk into your local game store and get a booklet containing simple, beginner-level rules for a tabletop RPG, which you could play with people there in the store or with friends back home. The booklet was yours to keep forever. + +The event was such a smash hit that the tradition has continued ever since. This year, Free RPG Day is scheduled for Saturday, June 15. + +### What's the catch? + +Obviously, the idea behind Free RPG Day is to get you addicted to tabletop RPG gaming. Before you let instinctual cynicism kick in, consider that as addictions go, it's not too bad to fall in love with a game that encourages you to read books of rules and lore so you and your family and friends have an excuse to spend time together. Tabletop RPGs are a powerful, imaginative, and fun medium, and Free RPG Day is a great introduction. + +![FreeRPG Day logo][3] + +### Open gaming + +Like so many other industries, the open source phenomenon has influenced tabletop gaming. Way back at the turn of the century, [Wizards of the Coast][4], purveyors of Magic: The Gathering and Dungeons & Dragons, decided to adopt open source methodology by developing the [Open Game License][5] (OGL). They used this license for editions 3 and 3.5 of the world's first RPG (Dungeons & Dragons). When they faltered years later for the 4th Edition, the publisher of _Dragon_ magazine forked the "code" of D &D 3.5, publishing its remix as the Pathfinder RPG, keeping innovation and a whole cottage industry of third-party game developers healthy. Recently, Wizards of the Coast returned to the OGL for D&D 5e. + +The OGL allows developers to use, at the very least, a game's mechanics in a product of their own. You may or may not be allowed to use the names of custom monsters, weapons, kingdoms, or popular characters, but you can always use the rules and maths of an OGL game. In fact, the rules of an OGL game are often published for free as a [system reference document][6] (SRD) so, whether you purchase a copy of the rule book or not, you can learn how a game is played. + +If you've never played a tabletop RPG before, it may seem strange that a game played with pen and paper can have a game engine, but computation is computation whether it's digital or analog. As a simplified example: suppose a game engine dictates that a player character has a number to represent its strength. When that player character fights a giant twice its strength, there's real tension when a player rolls dice to add to her character's strength-based attack. Without a very good roll, her strength won't match the giant's. Knowing this, a third-party or independent developer can design a monster for this game engine with an understanding of the effects that dice rolls can have on a player's ability score. This means they can base their math on the game engine's precedence. They can design a slew of monsters to slay, with meaningful abilities and skills in the context of the game engine, and they can advertise compatibility with that engine. + +Furthermore, the OGL allows a publisher to define _product identity_ for their material. Product identity can be anything from the trade dress of the publication (graphical elements and layout), logos, terminology, lore, proper names, and so on. Anything defined as product identity may _not_ be reused without publisher consent. For example, suppose a publisher releases a book of weapons including a magical machete called Sigint, granting a +2 magical bonus to all of its attacks against zombies. This trait is explained by a story about how the machete was forged by a scientist with a latent zombie gene. However, the publication lists in section 1e of the OGL that all proper names of weapons are reserved as product identity. This means you can use the numbers (durability of the weapon, the damage it deals, the +2 magical bonus, and so on) and the lore associated with the sword (it was forged by a latent zombie) in your own publication, but you cannot use the name of the weapon (Sigint). + +The OGL is an extremely flexible license, so developers must read section 1e carefully. Some publishers reserve nothing but the layout of the publication itself, while others reserve everything but the numbers and the most generic of terms. + +When the preeminent RPG franchise embraced open source, it sent waves through the industry that are still felt today. Third-party developers can create content for the 5e and Pathfinder systems. A whole website, [DungeonMastersGuild.com][7], featuring independent content for D&D 5e was created by Wizards of the Coast to promote independent publishing. Games like [Starfinder][8], [OpenD6][9], [Warrior, Rogue & Mage][10], [Swords & Wizardry][11], and many others have adopted the OGL. Other systems, like Brent Newhall's [Dungeon Delvers][12], [Fate][13], [Dungeon World][14], and many more are licensed under a [Creative Commons license][15]. + +### Get your RPG + +Free RPG Day is a day for you to go to your local gaming store, play an RPG, and get materials for future RPG games you play with friends. Like a [Linux installfest][16] or [Software Freedom Day][17], the event is loosely defined. Each retailer may do Free RPG Day a little differently, each one running whatever game they choose. However, the free content donated by game publishers is the same each year. Obviously, the free stuff is subject to availability, but when you go to a Free RPG Day event, notice how many games are offered with an open license (if it's an OGL game, the OGL is printed in the back matter of the book). Any content for Pathfinder, Starfinder, and D&D is sure to have taken some advantage of the OGL. Content for many other systems use Creative Commons licenses. Some, like the resurrected [Dead Earth][18] RPG from the '90s, use the [GNU Free Documentation License][19]. + +There are plenty of gaming resources out there that are developed with open licenses. You may or may not need to care about the license of a game; after all, the license has no bearing upon whether you can play it with friends or not. But if you enjoy supporting [free culture][20] in more ways than just the software you run, try out a few OGL or Creative Commons games. If you're new to gaming entirely, try out a tabletop RPG at your local game store on Free RPG Day! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/free-rpg-day + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/erez/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/team-game-play-inclusive-diversity-collaboration.png?itok=8sUXV7W1 (plastic game pieces on a board) +[2]: https://www.freerpgday.com/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/freerpgday-logoblank.jpg (FreeRPG Day logo) +[4]: https://company.wizards.com/ +[5]: http://www.opengamingfoundation.org/licenses.html +[6]: https://www.d20pfsrd.com/ +[7]: https://www.dmsguild.com/ +[8]: https://paizo.com/starfinder +[9]: https://ogc.rpglibrary.org/index.php?title=OpenD6 +[10]: http://www.stargazergames.eu/games/warrior-rogue-mage/ +[11]: https://froggodgames.com/frogs/product/swords-wizardry-complete-rulebook/ +[12]: http://brentnewhall.com/games/doku.php?id=games:dungeon_delvers +[13]: http://www.faterpg.com/licensing/licensing-fate-cc-by/ +[14]: http://dungeon-world.com/ +[15]: https://creativecommons.org/ +[16]: https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Installfest-HOWTO/introduction.html +[17]: https://www.softwarefreedomday.org/ +[18]: https://mixedsignals.ml/games/blog/blog_dead-earth +[19]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.en.html +[20]: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/creative-commons-real-world From b70f24b0fe7de715466f5350d47ef4986611ad81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:37:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0241/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190608=20An?= =?UTF-8?q?=20open=20source=20bionic=20leg,=20Python=20data=20pipeline,=20?= =?UTF-8?q?data=20breach=20detection,=20and=20more=20news=20sources/tech/2?= =?UTF-8?q?0190608=20An=20open=20source=20bionic=20leg,=20Python=20data=20?= =?UTF-8?q?pipeline,=20data=20breach=20detection,=20and=20more=20news.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e, data breach detection, and more news.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 84 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md b/sources/tech/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6059a77fcb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-8) +[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt) + +An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news +====== +Catch up on the biggest open source headlines from the past two weeks. +![][1] + +In this edition of our open source news roundup, we take a look at an open source bionic leg, a new open source medical imaging organization, McKinsey's first open source release, and more! + +### Using open source to advance bionics + +A generation of people learned the term _bionics_ from the TV series **The Six Million Dollar Man** and **The Bionic Woman**. What was science fiction (although based on fact) is closer to becoming a reality thanks to prosthetic leg [designed by the University of Michigan and the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab][2]. + +The leg, which incorporates a simple, low-cost modular design, is "intended to improve the quality of life of patients and accelerate scientific advances by offering a unified platform to fragmented research efforts across the field of bionics." It will, according to lead designer Elliot Rouse, "enable investigators to efficiently solve challenges associated with controlling bionic legs across a range of activities in the lab and out in the community." + +You can learn more about the leg, and download designs, from the [Open Source Leg][3] website. + +### McKinsey releases a Python library for building production-ready data pipelines + +Consulting giant McKinsey and Co. recently released its [first open source tool][4]. Called Kedro, it's a Python library for creating machine learning and data pipelines. + +Kedro makes "it easier to manage large workflows and ensuring a consistent quality of code throughout a project," said product manager Yetunde Dada. While it started as a proprietary tool, McKinsey open sourced Kedro so "clients can use it after we leave a project — it is our way of giving back," said engineer Nikolaos Tsaousis. + +If you're interested in taking a peek, you can grab [Kedro's source code][5] off GitHub. + +### New consortium to advance open source medical imaging + +A group of experts and patient advocates have come together to form the [Open Source Imaging Consortium][6]. The consortium aims to "advance the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases with the help of digital imaging and machine learning." + +According to the consortium's executive director, Elizabeth Estes, the project aims to "collectively speed diagnosis, aid prognosis, and ultimately allow doctors to treat patients more efficiently and effectively." To do that, they're assembling and sharing "15,000 anonymous image scans and clinical data from patients, which will serve as input data for machine learning programs to develop algorithms." + +### Mozilla releases a simple-to-use way to see if you've been part of a data breach + +Explaining security to the less software-savvy has always been a challenge, and monitoring your exposure to risk is difficult regardless of your skill level. Mozilla released [Firefox Monitor][7], with data provided by [Have I Been Pwned][8], as a straightforward way to see if any of your emails have been part of a major data breach. You can enter emails to search one by one, or sign up for their service to notify you in the future. + +The site is also full of helpful tutorials on understanding how hackers work, what to do after a data breach, and how to create strong passwords. Be sure to bookmark this one for around the holidays when family members are asking for advice. + +#### In other news + + * [Want a Google-free Android? Send your phone to this guy][9] + * [CockroachDB releases with a non-OSI approved license, remains source available][10] + * [Infrastructure automation company Chef commits to Open Source][11] + * [Russia’s would-be Windows replacement gets a security upgrade][12] + * [Switch from Medium to your own blog in a few minutes with this code][13] + * [Open Source Initiative Announces New Partnership with Software Liberty Association Taiwan][14] + + + +_Thanks, as always, to Opensource.com staff members and moderators for their help this week._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-8 + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/weekly_news_roundup_tv.png?itok=B6PM4S1i +[2]: https://news.umich.edu/open-source-bionic-leg-first-of-its-kind-platform-aims-to-rapidly-advance-prosthetics/ +[3]: https://opensourceleg.com/ +[4]: https://www.information-age.com/kedro-mckinseys-open-source-software-tool-123482991/ +[5]: https://github.com/quantumblacklabs/kedro +[6]: https://pulmonaryfibrosisnews.com/2019/05/31/international-open-source-imaging-consortium-osic-launched-to-advance-ipf-diagnosis/ +[7]: https://monitor.firefox.com/ +[8]: https://haveibeenpwned.com/ +[9]: https://fossbytes.com/want-a-google-free-android-send-your-phone-to-this-guy/ +[10]: https://www.cockroachlabs.com/blog/oss-relicensing-cockroachdb/ +[11]: https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/05/chef-open-source/ +[12]: https://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2019/05/russias-would-be-windows-replacement-gets-security-upgrade/157330/ +[13]: https://github.com/mathieudutour/medium-to-own-blog +[14]: https://opensource.org/node/994 From b808f85c85bbb9d9b7efcf72d29f13e7b1fe42d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:37:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0242/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190607=204=20?= =?UTF-8?q?tools=20to=20help=20you=20drive=20Kubernetes=20sources/tech/201?= =?UTF-8?q?90607=204=20tools=20to=20help=20you=20drive=20Kubernetes.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...07 4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes.md | 219 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 219 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190607 4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190607 4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes.md b/sources/tech/20190607 4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bb45fb0bea --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190607 4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes.md @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/tools-drive-kubernetes) +[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux) + +4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes +====== +Learning to drive Kubernetes is more important that knowing how to build +it, and these tools will get you on the road fast. +![Tools in a workshop][1] + +In the third article in this series, _[Kubernetes basics: Learn how to drive first][2]_ , I emphasized that you should learn to drive Kubernetes, not build it. I also explained that there is a minimum set of primitives that you have to learn to model an application in Kubernetes. I want to emphasize this point: the set of primitives that you _need_ to learn are the easiest set of primitives that you _can_ learn to achieve production-quality application deployments (i.e., high-availability [HA], multiple containers, multiple applications). Stated another way, learning the set of primitives built into Kubernetes is easier than learning clustering software, clustered file systems, load balancers, crazy Apache configs, crazy Nginx configs, routers, switches, firewalls, and storage backends—all the things you would need to model a simple HA application in a traditional IT environment (for virtual machines or bare metal). + +In this fourth article, I'll share some tools that will help you learn to drive Kubernetes quickly. + +### 1\. Katacoda + +[Katacoda][3] is the easiest way to test-drive a Kubernetes cluster, hands-down. With one click and five seconds of time, you have a web-based terminal plumbed straight into a running Kubernetes cluster. It's magnificent for playing and learning. I even use it for demos and testing out new ideas. Katacoda provides a completely ephemeral environment that is recycled when you finish using it. + +![OpenShift Playground][4] + +[OpenShift playground][5] + +![Kubernetes Playground][6] + +[Kubernetes playground][7] + +Katacoda provides ephemeral playgrounds and deeper lab environments. For example, the [Linux Container Internals Lab][3], which I have run for the last three or four years, is built in Katacoda. + +Katacoda maintains a bunch of [Kubernetes and cloud tutorials][8] on its main site and collaborates with Red Hat to support a [dedicated learning portal for OpenShift][9]. Explore them both—they are excellent learning resources. + +When you first learn to drive a dump truck, it's always best to watch how other people drive first. + +### 2\. Podman generate kube + +The **podman generate kube** command is a brilliant little subcommand that helps users naturally transition from a simple container engine running simple containers to a cluster use case running many containers (as I described in the [last article][2]). [Podman][10] does this by letting you start a few containers, then exporting the working Kube YAML, and firing them up in Kubernetes. Check this out (pssst, you can run it in this [Katacoda lab][3], which already has Podman and OpenShift). + +First, notice the syntax to run a container is strikingly similar to Docker: + + +``` +`podman run -dtn two-pizza quay.io/fatherlinux/two-pizza` +``` + +But this is something other container engines don't do: + + +``` +`podman generate kube two-pizza` +``` + +The output: + + +``` +# Generation of Kubernetes YAML is still under development! +# +# Save the output of this file and use kubectl create -f to import +# it into Kubernetes. +# +# Created with podman-1.3.1 +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Pod +metadata: +creationTimestamp: "2019-06-07T08:08:12Z" +labels: +app: two-pizza +name: two-pizza +spec: +containers: +\- command: +\- /bin/sh +\- -c +\- bash -c 'while true; do /usr/bin/nc -l -p 3306 < /srv/hello.txt; done' +env: +\- name: PATH +value: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin +\- name: TERM +value: xterm +\- name: HOSTNAME +\- name: container +value: oci +image: quay.io/fatherlinux/two-pizza:latest +name: two-pizza +resources: {} +securityContext: +allowPrivilegeEscalation: true +capabilities: {} +privileged: false +readOnlyRootFilesystem: false +tty: true +workingDir: / +status: {} +\--- +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Service +metadata: +creationTimestamp: "2019-06-07T08:08:12Z" +labels: +app: two-pizza +name: two-pizza +spec: +selector: +app: two-pizza +type: NodePort +status: +loadBalancer: {} +``` + +You now have some working Kubernetes YAML, which you can use as a starting point for mucking around and learning, tweaking, etc. The **-s** flag created a service for you. [Brent Baude][11] is even working on new features like [adding Volumes/Persistent Volume Claims][12]. For a deeper dive, check out Brent's amazing work in his blog post "[Podman can now ease the transition to Kubernetes and CRI-O][13]." + +### 3\. oc new-app + +The **oc new-app** command is extremely powerful. It's OpenShift-specific, so it's not available in default Kubernetes, but it's really useful when you're starting to learn Kubernetes. Let's start with a quick command to create a fairly sophisticated application: + + +``` +oc new-project -n example +oc new-app -f +``` + +With **oc new-app** , you can literally steal templates from the OpenShift developers and have a known, good starting point when developing primitives to describe your own applications. After you run the above command, your Kubernetes namespace (in OpenShift) will be populated by a bunch of new, defined resources. + + +``` +`oc get all` +``` + +The output: + + +``` +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +pod/cakephp-mysql-example-1-build 0/1 Completed 0 4m +pod/cakephp-mysql-example-1-gz65l 1/1 Running 0 1m +pod/mysql-1-nkhqn 1/1 Running 0 4m + +NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE +replicationcontroller/cakephp-mysql-example-1 1 1 1 1m +replicationcontroller/mysql-1 1 1 1 4m + +NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE +service/cakephp-mysql-example ClusterIP 172.30.234.135 8080/TCP 4m +service/mysql ClusterIP 172.30.13.195 3306/TCP 4m + +NAME REVISION DESIRED CURRENT TRIGGERED BY +deploymentconfig.apps.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example 1 1 1 config,image(cakephp-mysql-example:latest) +deploymentconfig.apps.openshift.io/mysql 1 1 1 config,image(mysql:5.7) + +NAME TYPE FROM LATEST +buildconfig.build.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example Source Git 1 + +NAME TYPE FROM STATUS STARTED DURATION +build.build.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example-1 Source Git@47a951e Complete 4 minutes ago 2m27s + +NAME DOCKER REPO TAGS UPDATED +imagestream.image.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example docker-registry.default.svc:5000/example/cakephp-mysql-example latest About aminute ago + +NAME HOST/PORT PATH SERVICES PORT TERMINATION WILDCARD +route.route.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example cakephp-mysql-example-example.2886795271-80-rhsummit1.environments.katacoda.com cakephp-mysql-example None +``` + +The beauty of this is that you can delete Pods, watch the replication controllers recreate them, scale Pods up, and scale them down. You can play with the template and change it for other applications (which is what I did when I first started). + +### 4\. Visual Studio Code + +I saved one of my favorites for last. I use [vi][14] for most of my work, but I have never found a good syntax highlighter and code completion plugin for Kubernetes (if you have one, let me know). Instead, I have found that Microsoft's [VS Code][15] has a killer set of plugins that complete the creation of Kubernetes resources and provide boilerplate. + +![VS Code plugins UI][16] + +First, install Kubernetes and YAML plugins shown in the image above. + +![Autocomplete in VS Code][17] + +Then, you can create a new YAML file from scratch and get auto-completion of Kubernetes resources. The example above shows a Service. + +![VS Code autocomplete filling in boilerplate for an object][18] + +When you use autocomplete and select the Service resource, it fills in some boilerplate for the object. This is magnificent when you are first learning to drive Kubernetes. You can build Pods, Services, Replication Controllers, Deployments, etc. This is a really nice feature when you are building these files from scratch or even modifying the files you create with **Podman generate kube**. + +### Conclusion + +These four tools (six if you count the two plugins) will help you learn to drive Kubernetes, instead of building or equipping it. In my final article in the series, I will talk about why Kubernetes is so exciting for running so many different workloads. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/tools-drive-kubernetes + +作者：[Scott McCarty][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tools_workshop_blue_mechanic.jpg?itok=4YXkCU-J (Tools in a workshop) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics +[3]: https://learn.openshift.com/subsystems/container-internals-lab-2-0-part-1 +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openshift-playground.png (OpenShift Playground) +[5]: https://learn.openshift.com/playgrounds/openshift311/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kubernetes-playground.png (Kubernetes Playground) +[7]: https://katacoda.com/courses/kubernetes/playground +[8]: https://katacoda.com/learn +[9]: http://learn.openshift.com/ +[10]: https://podman.io/ +[11]: https://developers.redhat.com/blog/author/bbaude/ +[12]: https://github.com/containers/libpod/issues/2303 +[13]: https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2019/01/29/podman-kubernetes-yaml/ +[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi +[15]: https://code.visualstudio.com/ +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vscode_-_kubernetes_red_hat_-_plugins.png (VS Code plugins UI) +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vscode_-_kubernetes_service_-_autocomplete.png (Autocomplete in VS Code) +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vscode_-_kubernetes_service_-_boiler_plate.png (VS Code autocomplete filling in boilerplate for an object) From 0192d1379613617e883472f1746240e17b7af136 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:37:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0243/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190607=20An?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Introduction=20to=20Kubernetes=20Secrets=20and=20ConfigMaps?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/tech/20190607=20An=20Introduction=20to=20Kubernetes?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Secrets=20and=20ConfigMaps.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...on to Kubernetes Secrets and ConfigMaps.md | 608 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 608 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190607 An Introduction to Kubernetes Secrets and ConfigMaps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190607 An Introduction to Kubernetes Secrets and ConfigMaps.md b/sources/tech/20190607 An Introduction to Kubernetes Secrets and ConfigMaps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7d28e67ea4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190607 An Introduction to Kubernetes Secrets and ConfigMaps.md @@ -0,0 +1,608 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (An Introduction to Kubernetes Secrets and ConfigMaps) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/introduction-kubernetes-secrets-and-configmaps) +[#]: author: (Chris Collins https://opensource.com/users/clcollins) + +An Introduction to Kubernetes Secrets and ConfigMaps +====== +Kubernetes Secrets and ConfigMaps separate the configuration of +individual container instances from the container image, reducing +overhead and adding flexibility. +![Kubernetes][1] + +Kubernetes has two types of objects that can inject configuration data into a container when it starts up: Secrets and ConfigMaps. Secrets and ConfigMaps behave similarly in [Kubernetes][2], both in how they are created and because they can be exposed inside a container as mounted files or volumes or environment variables. + +To explore Secrets and ConfigMaps, consider the following scenario: + +> You're running the [official MariaDB container image][3] in Kubernetes and must do some configuration to get the container to run. The image requires an environment variable to be set for **MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD** , **MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD** , or **MYSQL_RANDOM_ROOT_PASSWORD** to initialize the database. It also allows for extensions to the MySQL configuration file **my.cnf** by placing custom config files in **/etc/mysql/conf.d**. + +You could build a custom image, setting the environment variables and copying the configuration files into it to create a bespoke container image. However, it is considered a best practice to create and use generic images and add configuration to the containers created from them, instead. This is a perfect use-case for ConfigMaps and Secrets. The **MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD** can be set in a Secret and added to the container as an environment variable, and the configuration files can be stored in a ConfigMap and mounted into the container as a file on startup. + +Let's try it out! + +### But first: A quick note about Kubectl + +Make sure that your version of the **kubectl** client command is the same or newer than the Kubernetes cluster version in use. + +An error along the lines of: + + +``` +`error: SchemaError(io.k8s.api.admissionregistration.v1beta1.ServiceReference): invalid object doesn't have additional properties` +``` + +may mean the client version is too old and needs to be upgraded. The [Kubernetes Documentation for Installing Kubectl][4] has instructions for installing the latest client on various platforms. + +If you're using Docker for Mac, it also installs its own version of **kubectl** , and that may be the issue. You can install a current client with **brew install** , replacing the symlink to the client shipped by Docker: + + +``` +$ rm /usr/local/bin/kubectl +$ brew link --overwrite kubernetes-cli +``` + +The newer **kubectl** client should continue to work with Docker's Kubernetes version. + +### Secrets + +Secrets are a Kubernetes object intended for storing a small amount of sensitive data. It is worth noting that Secrets are stored base64-encoded within Kubernetes, so they are not wildly secure. Make sure to have appropriate [role-based access controls][5] (RBAC) to protect access to Secrets. Even so, extremely sensitive Secrets data should probably be stored using something like [HashiCorp Vault][6]. For the root password of a MariaDB database, however, base64 encoding is just fine. + +#### Create a Secret manually + +To create the Secret containing the **MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD** , choose a password and convert it to base64: + + +``` +# The root password will be "KubernetesRocks!" +$ echo -n 'KubernetesRocks!' | base64 +S3ViZXJuZXRlc1JvY2tzIQ== +``` + +Make a note of the encoded string. You need it to create the YAML file for the Secret: + + +``` +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Secret +metadata: +name: mariadb-root-password +type: Opaque +data: +password: S3ViZXJuZXRlc1JvY2tzIQ== +``` + +Save that file as **mysql-secret.yaml** and create the Secret in Kubernetes with the **kubectl apply** command: + + +``` +$ kubectl apply -f mysql-secret.yaml +secret/mariadb-root-password created +``` + +#### View the newly created Secret + +Now that you've created the Secret, use **kubectl describe** to see it: + + +``` +$ kubectl describe secret mariadb-root-password +Name: mariadb-root-password +Namespace: secrets-and-configmaps +Labels: +Annotations: +Type: Opaque + +Data +==== +password: 16 bytes +``` + +Note that the **Data** field contains the key you set in the YAML: **password**. The value assigned to that key is the password you created, but it is not shown in the output. Instead, the value's size is shown in its place, in this case, 16 bytes. + +You can also use the **kubectl edit secret ** command to view and edit the Secret. If you edit the Secret, you'll see something like this: + + +``` +# Please edit the object below. Lines beginning with a '#' will be ignored, +# and an empty file will abort the edit. If an error occurs while saving this file will be +# reopened with the relevant failures. +# +apiVersion: v1 +data: +password: S3ViZXJuZXRlc1JvY2tzIQ== +kind: Secret +metadata: +annotations: +kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: | +{"apiVersion":"v1","data":{"password":"S3ViZXJuZXRlc1JvY2tzIQ=="},"kind":"Secret","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"mariadb-root-password","namespace":"secrets-and-configmaps"},"type":"Opaque"} +creationTimestamp: 2019-05-29T12:06:09Z +name: mariadb-root-password +namespace: secrets-and-configmaps +resourceVersion: "85154772" +selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/secrets-and-configmaps/secrets/mariadb-root-password +uid: 2542dadb-820a-11e9-ae24-005056a1db05 +type: Opaque +``` + +Again, the **data** field with the **password** key is visible, and this time you can see the base64-encoded Secret. + +#### Decode the Secret + +Let's say you need to view the Secret in plain text, for example, to verify that the Secret was created with the correct content. You can do this by decoding it. + +It is easy to decode the Secret by extracting the value and piping it to base64. In this case, you will use the output format **-o jsonpath= ** to extract only the Secret value using a JSONPath template. + + +``` +# Returns the base64 encoded secret string +$ kubectl get secret mariadb-root-password -o jsonpath='{.data.password}' +S3ViZXJuZXRlc1JvY2tzIQ== + +# Pipe it to `base64 --decode -` to decode: +$ kubectl get secret mariadb-root-password -o jsonpath='{.data.password}' | base64 --decode - +KubernetesRocks! +``` + +#### Another way to create Secrets + +You can also create Secrets directly using the **kubectl create secret** command. The MariaDB image permits setting up a regular database user with a password by setting the **MYSQL_USER** and **MYSQL_PASSWORD** environment variables. A Secret can hold more than one key/value pair, so you can create a single Secret to hold both strings. As a bonus, by using **kubectl create secret** , you can let Kubernetes mess with base64 so that you don't have to. + + +``` +$ kubectl create secret generic mariadb-user-creds \ +\--from-literal=MYSQL_USER=kubeuser\ +\--from-literal=MYSQL_PASSWORD=kube-still-rocks +secret/mariadb-user-creds created +``` + +Note the **\--from-literal** , which sets the key name and the value all in one. You can pass as many **\--from-literal** arguments as you need to create one or more key/value pairs in the Secret. + +Validate that the username and password were created and stored correctly with the **kubectl get secrets** command: + + +``` +# Get the username +$ kubectl get secret mariadb-user-creds -o jsonpath='{.data.MYSQL_USER}' | base64 --decode - +kubeuser + +# Get the password +$ kubectl get secret mariadb-user-creds -o jsonpath='{.data.MYSQL_PASSWORD}' | base64 --decode - +kube-still-rocks +``` + +### ConfigMaps + +ConfigMaps are similar to Secrets. They can be created and shared in the containers in the same ways. The only big difference between them is the base64-encoding obfuscation. ConfigMaps are intended for non-sensitive data—configuration data—like config files and environment variables and are a great way to create customized running services from generic container images. + +#### Create a ConfigMap + +ConfigMaps can be created in the same ways as Secrets. You can write a YAML representation of the ConfigMap manually and load it into Kubernetes, or you can use the **kubectl create configmap** command to create it from the command line. The following example creates a ConfigMap using the latter method but, instead of passing literal strings (as with **\--from-literal= =** in the Secret above), it creates a ConfigMap from an existing file—a MySQL config intended for **/etc/mysql/conf.d** in the container. This config file overrides the **max_allowed_packet** setting that MariaDB sets to 16M by default. + +First, create a file named **max_allowed_packet.cnf** with the following content: + + +``` +[mysqld] +max_allowed_packet = 64M +``` + +This will override the default setting in the **my.cnf** file and set **max_allowed_packet** to 64M. + +Once the file is created, you can create a ConfigMap named **mariadb-config** using the **kubectl create configmap** command that contains the file: + + +``` +$ kubectl create configmap mariadb-config --from-file=max_allowed_packet.cnf +configmap/mariadb-config created +``` + +Just like Secrets, ConfigMaps store one or more key/value pairs in their Data hash of the object. By default, using **\--from-file= ** (as above) will store the contents of the file as the value, and the name of the file will be stored as the key. This is convenient from an organization viewpoint. However, the key name can be explicitly set, too. For example, if you used **\--from-file=max-packet=max_allowed_packet.cnf** when you created the ConfigMap, the key would be **max-packet** rather than the file name. If you had multiple files to store in the ConfigMap, you could add each of them with an additional **\--from-file= ** argument. + +#### View the new ConfigMap and read the data + +As mentioned, ConfigMaps are not meant to store sensitive data, so the data is not encoded when the ConfigMap is created. This makes it easy to view and validate the data and edit it directly. + +First, validate that the ConfigMap was, indeed, created: + + +``` +$ kubectl get configmap mariadb-config +NAME DATA AGE +mariadb-config 1 9m +``` + +The contents of the ConfigMap can be viewed with the **kubectl describe** command. Note that the full contents of the file are visible and that the key name is, in fact, the file name, **max_allowed_packet.cnf**. + + +``` +$ kubectl describe cm mariadb-config +Name: mariadb-config +Namespace: secrets-and-configmaps +Labels: +Annotations: + +Data +==== +max_allowed_packet.cnf: +\---- +[mysqld] +max_allowed_packet = 64M + +Events: +``` + +A ConfigMap can be edited live within Kubernetes with the **kubectl edit** command. Doing so will open a buffer with the default editor showing the contents of the ConfigMap as YAML. When changes are saved, they will immediately be live in Kubernetes. While not really the _best_ practice, it can be handy for testing things in development. + +Say you want a **max_allowed_packet** value of 32M instead of the default 16M or the 64M in the **max_allowed_packet.cnf** file. Use **kubectl edit configmap mariadb-config** to edit the value: + + +``` +$ kubectl edit configmap mariadb-config + +# Please edit the object below. Lines beginning with a '#' will be ignored, +# and an empty file will abort the edit. If an error occurs while saving this file will be +# reopened with the relevant failures. +# +apiVersion: v1 + +data: +max_allowed_packet.cnf: | +[mysqld] +max_allowed_packet = 32M +kind: ConfigMap +metadata: +creationTimestamp: 2019-05-30T12:02:22Z +name: mariadb-config +namespace: secrets-and-configmaps +resourceVersion: "85609912" +selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/secrets-and-configmaps/configmaps/mariadb-config +uid: c83ccfae-82d2-11e9-832f-005056a1102f +``` + +After saving the change, verify the data has been updated: + + +``` +# Note the '.' in max_allowed_packet.cnf needs to be escaped +$ kubectl get configmap mariadb-config -o "jsonpath={.data['max_allowed_packet\\.cnf']}" + +[mysqld] +max_allowed_packet = 32M +``` + +### Using Secrets and ConfigMaps + +Secrets and ConfigMaps can be mounted as environment variables or as files within a container. For the MariaDB container, you will need to mount the Secrets as environment variables and the ConfigMap as a file. First, though, you need to write a Deployment for MariaDB so that you have something to work with. Create a file named **mariadb-deployment.yaml** with the following: + + +``` +apiVersion: apps/v1 +kind: Deployment +metadata: +labels: +app: mariadb +name: mariadb-deployment +spec: +replicas: 1 +selector: +matchLabels: +app: mariadb +template: +metadata: +labels: +app: mariadb +spec: +containers: +\- name: mariadb +image: docker.io/mariadb:10.4 +ports: +\- containerPort: 3306 +protocol: TCP +volumeMounts: +\- mountPath: /var/lib/mysql +name: mariadb-volume-1 +volumes: +\- emptyDir: {} +name: mariadb-volume-1 +``` + +This is a bare-bones Kubernetes Deployment of the official MariaDB 10.4 image from Docker Hub. Now, add your Secrets and ConfigMap. + +#### Add the Secrets to the Deployment as environment variables + +You have two Secrets that need to be added to the Deployment: + + 1. **mariadb-root-password** (with one key/value pair) + 2. **mariadb-user-creds** (with two key/value pairs) + + + +For the **mariadb-root-password** Secret, specify the Secret and the key you want by adding an **env** list/array to the container spec in the Deployment and setting the environment variable value to the value of the key in your Secret. In this case, the list contains only a single entry, for the variable **MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD**. + + +``` +env: +\- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD +valueFrom: +secretKeyRef: +name: mariadb-root-password +key: password +``` + +Note that the name of the object is the name of the environment variable that is added to the container. The **valueFrom** field defines **secretKeyRef** as the source from which the environment variable will be set; i.e., it will use the value from the **password** key in the **mariadb-root-password** Secret you set earlier. + +Add this section to the definition for the **mariadb** container in the **mariadb-deployment.yaml** file. It should look something like this: + + +``` +spec: +containers: +\- name: mariadb +image: docker.io/mariadb:10.4 +env: +\- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD +valueFrom: +secretKeyRef: +name: mariadb-root-password +key: password +ports: +\- containerPort: 3306 +protocol: TCP +volumeMounts: +\- mountPath: /var/lib/mysql +name: mariadb-volume-1 +``` + +In this way, you have explicitly set the variable to the value of a specific key from your Secret. This method can also be used with ConfigMaps by using **configMapRef** instead of **secretKeyRef**. + +You can also set environment variables from _all_ key/value pairs in a Secret or ConfigMap to automatically use the key name as the environment variable name and the key's value as the environment variable's value. By using **envFrom** rather than **env** in the container spec, you can set the **MYSQL_USER** and **MYSQL_PASSWORD** from the **mariadb-user-creds** Secret you created earlier, all in one go: + + +``` +envFrom: +\- secretRef: +name: mariadb-user-creds +``` + +**envFrom** is a list of sources for Kubernetes to take environment variables. Use **secretRef** again, this time to specify **mariadb-user-creds** as the source of the environment variables. That's it! All the keys and values in the Secret will be added as environment variables in the container. + +The container spec should now look like this: + + +``` +spec: +containers: +\- name: mariadb +image: docker.io/mariadb:10.4 +env: +\- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD +valueFrom: +secretKeyRef: +name: mariadb-root-password +key: password +envFrom: +\- secretRef: +name: mariadb-user-creds +ports: +\- containerPort: 3306 +protocol: TCP +volumeMounts: +\- mountPath: /var/lib/mysql +name: mariadb-volume-1 +``` + +_Note:_ You could have just added the **mysql-root-password** Secret to the **envFrom** list and let it be parsed as well, as long as the **password** key was named **MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD** instead. There is no way to manually specify the environment variable name with **envFrom** as with **env**. + +#### Add the max_allowed_packet.cnf file to the Deployment as a volumeMount + +As mentioned, both **env** and **envFrom** can be used to share ConfigMap key/value pairs with a container as well. However, in the case of the **mariadb-config** ConfigMap, your entire file is stored as the value to your key, and the file needs to exist in the container's filesystem for MariaDB to be able to use it. Luckily, both Secrets and ConfigMaps can be the source of Kubernetes "volumes" and mounted into the containers instead of using a filesystem or block device as the volume to be mounted. + +The **mariadb-deployment.yaml** already has a volume and volumeMount specified, an **emptyDir** (effectively a temporary or ephemeral) volume mounted to **/var/lib/mysql** to store the MariaDB data: + + +``` +<...> + +volumeMounts: +\- mountPath: /var/lib/mysql +name: mariadb-volume-1 + +<...> + +volumes: +\- emptyDir: {} +name: mariadb-volume-1 + +<...> +``` + +_Note:_ This is not a production configuration. When the Pod restarts, the data in the **emptyDir** volume is lost. This is primarily used for development or when the contents of the volume don't need to be persistent. + +You can add your ConfigMap as a source by adding it to the volume list and then adding a volumeMount for it to the container definition: + + +``` +<...> + +volumeMounts: +\- mountPath: /var/lib/mysql +name: mariadb-volume-1 +\- mountPath: /etc/mysql/conf.d +name: mariadb-config + +<...> + +volumes: +\- emptyDir: {} +name: mariadb-volume-1 +\- configMap: +name: mariadb-config +items: +\- key: max_allowed_packet.cnf +path: max_allowed_packet.cnf +name: mariadb-config-volume + +<...> +``` + +The **volumeMount** is pretty self-explanatory—create a volume mount for the **mariadb-config-volume** (specified in the **volumes** list below it) to the path **/etc/mysql/conf.d**. + +Then, in the **volumes** list, **configMap** tells Kubernetes to use the **mariadb-config** ConfigMap, taking the contents of the key **max_allowed_packet.cnf** and mounting it to the path **max_allowed_packed.cnf**. The name of the volume is **mariadb-config-volume** , which was referenced in the **volumeMounts** above. + +_Note:_ The **path** from the **configMap** is the name of a file that will contain the contents of the key's value. In this case, your key was a file name, too, but it doesn't have to be. Note also that **items** is a list, so multiple keys can be referenced and their values mounted as files. These files will all be created in the **mountPath** of the **volumeMount** specified above: **/etc/mysql/conf.d**. + +### Create a MariaDB instance from the Deployment + +At this point, you should have enough to create a MariaDB instance. You have two Secrets, one holding the **MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD** and another storing the **MYSQL_USER** , and the **MYSQL_PASSWORD** environment variables to be added to the container. You also have a ConfigMap holding the contents of a MySQL config file that overrides the **max_allowed_packed** value from its default setting. + +You also have a **mariadb-deployment.yaml** file that describes a Kubernetes deployment of a Pod with a MariaDB container and adds the Secrets as environment variables and the ConfigMap as a volume-mounted file in the container. It should look like this: + + +``` +apiVersion: apps/v1 +kind: Deployment +metadata: +labels: +app: mariadb +name: mariadb-deployment +spec: +replicas: 1 +selector: +matchLabels: +app: mariadb +template: +metadata: +labels: +app: mariadb +spec: +containers: +\- image: docker.io/mariadb:10.4 +name: mariadb +env: +\- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD +valueFrom: +secretKeyRef: +name: mariadb-root-password +key: password +envFrom: +\- secretRef: +name: mariadb-user-creds +ports: +\- containerPort: 3306 +protocol: TCP +volumeMounts: +\- mountPath: /var/lib/mysql +name: mariadb-volume-1 +\- mountPath: /etc/mysql/conf.d +name: mariadb-config-volume +volumes: +\- emptyDir: {} +name: mariadb-volume-1 +\- configMap: +name: mariadb-config +items: +\- key: max_allowed_packet.cnf +path: max_allowed_packet.cnf +name: mariadb-config-volume +``` + +#### Create the MariaDB instance + +Create a new MariaDB instance from the YAML file with the **kubectl create** command: + + +``` +$ kubectl create -f mariadb-deployment.yaml +deployment.apps/mariadb-deployment created +``` + +Once the deployment has been created, use the **kubectl get** command to view the running MariaDB pod: + + +``` +$ kubectl get pods +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +mariadb-deployment-5465c6655c-7jfqm 1/1 Running 0 3m +``` + +Make a note of the Pod name (in this example, it's **mariadb-deployment-5465c6655c-7jfqm** ). Note that the Pod name will differ from this example. + +#### Verify the instance is using the Secrets and ConfigMap + +Use the **kubectl exec** command (with your Pod name) to validate that the Secrets and ConfigMaps are in use. For example, check that the environment variables are exposed in the container: + + +``` +$ kubectl exec -it mariadb-deployment-5465c6655c-7jfqm env |grep MYSQL +MYSQL_PASSWORD=kube-still-rocks +MYSQL_USER=kubeuser +MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=KubernetesRocks! +``` + +Success! All three environment variables—the one using the **env** setup to specify the Secret, and two using **envFrom** to mount all the values from the Secret—are available in the container for MariaDB to use. + +Spot check that the **max_allowed_packet.cnf** file was created in **/etc/mysql/conf.d** and that it contains the expected content: + + +``` +$ kubectl exec -it mariadb-deployment-5465c6655c-7jfqm ls /etc/mysql/conf.d +max_allowed_packet.cnf + +$ kubectl exec -it mariadb-deployment-5465c6655c-7jfqm cat /etc/mysql/conf.d/max_allowed_packet.cnf +[mysqld] +max_allowed_packet = 32M +``` + +Finally, validate that MariaDB used the environment variable to set the root user password and read the **max_allowed_packet.cnf** file to set the **max_allowed_packet** configuration variable. Use the **kubectl exec** command again, this time to get a shell inside the running container and use it to run some **mysql** commands: + + +``` +$ kubectl exec -it mariadb-deployment-5465c6655c-7jfqm / +bin/sh + +# Check that the root password was set correctly +$ mysql -uroot -p${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD} -e 'show databases;' ++--------------------+ +| Database | ++--------------------+ +| information_schema | +| mysql | +| performance_schema | ++--------------------+ + +# Check that the max_allowed_packet.cnf was parsed +$ mysql -uroot -p${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD} -e "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_allowed_packet';" ++--------------------+----------+ +| Variable_name | Value | ++--------------------+----------+ +| max_allowed_packet | 33554432 | ++--------------------+----------+ +``` + +### Advantages of Secrets and ConfigMaps + +This exercise explained how to create Kubernetes Secrets and ConfigMaps and how to use those Secrets and ConfigMaps by adding them as environment variables or files inside of a running container instance. This makes it easy to keep the configuration of individual instances of containers separate from the container image. By separating the configuration data, overhead is reduced to maintaining only a single image for a specific type of instance while retaining the flexibility to create instances with a wide variety of configurations. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/introduction-kubernetes-secrets-and-configmaps + +作者：[Chris Collins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/clcollins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/kubernetes.png?itok=PqDGb6W7 (Kubernetes) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes +[3]: https://hub.docker.com/_/mariadb +[4]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/ +[5]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/ +[6]: https://www.vaultproject.io/ From 5e8530e227cf9325575800e6a9e822d27e79c1a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:37:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0244/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190607=205=20?= =?UTF-8?q?reasons=20to=20use=20Kubernetes=20sources/tech/20190607=205=20r?= =?UTF-8?q?easons=20to=20use=20Kubernetes.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md | 67 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 67 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md b/sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d03f4c0c0e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 reasons to use Kubernetes) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/reasons-kubernetes) +[#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) + +5 reasons to use Kubernetes +====== +Kubernetes solves some of the most common problems development and +operations teams see every day. +![][1] + +[Kubernetes][2] is the de facto open source container orchestration tool for enterprises. It provides application deployment, scaling, container management, and other capabilities, and it enables enterprises to optimize hardware resource utilization and increase production uptime through fault-tolerant functionality at speed. The project was initially developed by Google, which donated the project to the [Cloud-Native Computing Foundation][3]. In 2018, it became the first CNCF project to [graduate][4]. + +This is all well and good, but it doesn't explain why development and operations should invest their valuable time and effort in Kubernetes. The reason Kubernetes is so useful is that it helps dev and ops quickly solve the problems they struggle with every day. + +Following are five ways Kubernetes' capabilities help dev and ops professionals address their most common problems. + +### 1\. Vendor-agnostic + +Many public cloud providers not only serve managed Kubernetes services but also lots of cloud products built on top of those services for on-premises application container orchestration. Being vendor-agnostic enables operators to design, build, and manage multi-cloud and hybrid cloud platforms easily and safely without risk of vendor lock-in. Kubernetes also eliminates the ops team's worries about a complex multi/hybrid cloud strategy. + +### 2\. Service discovery + +To develop microservices applications, Java developers must control service availability (in terms of whether the application is ready to serve a function) and ensure the service continues living, without any exceptions, in response to the client's requests. Kubernetes' [service discovery feature][5] means developers don't have to manage these things on their own anymore. + +### 3\. Invocation + +How would your DevOps initiative deploy polyglot, cloud-native apps over thousands of virtual machines? Ideally, dev and ops could trigger deployments for bug fixes, function enhancements, new features, and security patches. Kubernetes' [deployment feature][6] automates this daily work. More importantly, it enables advanced deployment strategies, such as [blue-green and canary][7] deployments. + +### 4\. Elasticity + +Autoscaling is the key capability needed to handle massive workloads in cloud environments. By building a container platform, you can increase system reliability for end users. [Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler][8] (HPA) allows a cluster to increase or decrease the number of applications (or Pods) to deal with peak traffic or performance spikes, reducing concerns about unexpected system outages. + +### 5\. Resilience + +In a modern application architecture, failure-handling codes should be considered to control unexpected errors and recover from them quickly. But it takes a lot of time and effort for developers to simulate all the occasional errors. Kubernetes' [ReplicaSet][9] helps developers solve this problem by ensuring a specified number of Pods are kept alive continuously. + +### Conclusion + +Kubernetes enables enterprises to solve common dev and ops problems easily, quickly, and safely. It also provides other benefits, such as building a seamless multi/hybrid cloud strategy, saving infrastructure costs, and speeding time to market. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/reasons-kubernetes + +作者：[Daniel Oh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/ship_wheel_gear_devops_kubernetes.png?itok=xm4a74Kv +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes +[3]: https://www.cncf.io/projects/ +[4]: https://www.cncf.io/blog/2018/03/06/kubernetes-first-cncf-project-graduate/ +[5]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/ +[6]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/17/5/colorful-deployments +[8]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/horizontal-pod-autoscale/ +[9]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/replicaset/ From fa6bd3ec2073dd0cf6d7c00df5080bec5045f712 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:38:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0245/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20Why?= =?UTF-8?q?=20hypothesis-driven=20development=20is=20key=20to=20DevOps=20s?= =?UTF-8?q?ources/tech/20190606=20Why=20hypothesis-driven=20development=20?= =?UTF-8?q?is=20key=20to=20DevOps.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...sis-driven development is key to DevOps.md | 152 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 152 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190606 Why hypothesis-driven development is key to DevOps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190606 Why hypothesis-driven development is key to DevOps.md b/sources/tech/20190606 Why hypothesis-driven development is key to DevOps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..766393dc3f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190606 Why hypothesis-driven development is key to DevOps.md @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why hypothesis-driven development is key to DevOps) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/why-hypothesis-driven-development-devops) +[#]: author: (Brent Aaron Reed https://opensource.com/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub) + +Why hypothesis-driven development is key to DevOps +====== +A hypothesis-driven development mindset harvests the core value of +feature flags: experimentation in production. +![gears and lightbulb to represent innovation][1] + +The definition of DevOps, offered by [Donovan Brown][2] * _is_ "The union of **people** , **process** , and **products** to enable continuous delivery of **value** to our customers.*" It accentuates the importance of continuous delivery of value. Let's discuss how experimentation is at the heart of modern development practices. + +![][3] + +### Reflecting on the past + +Before we get into hypothesis-driven development, let's quickly review how we deliver value using waterfall, agile, deployment rings, and feature flags. + +In the days of _**waterfall**_ , we had predictable and process-driven delivery. However, we only delivered value towards the end of the development lifecycle, often failing late as the solution drifted from the original requirements, or our killer features were outdated by the time we finally shipped. + +![][4] + +Here, we have one release X and eight features, which are all deployed and exposed to the patiently waiting user. We are continuously delivering value—but with a typical release cadence of six months to two years, _the value of the features declines as the world continues to move on_. It worked well enough when there was time to plan and a lower expectation to react to more immediate needs. + +The introduction of _**agile**_ allowed us to create and respond to change so we could continuously deliver working software, sense, learn, and respond. + +![][5] + +Now, we have three releases: X.1, X.2, and X.3. After the X.1 release, we improved feature 3 based on feedback and re-deployed it in release X.3. This is a simple example of delivering features more often, focused on working software, and responding to user feedback. _We are on the path of continuous delivery, focused on our key stakeholders: our users._ + +Using _**deployment rings**_ and/or _**feature flags**_ , we can decouple release deployment and feature exposure, down to the individual user, to control the exposure—the blast radius—of features. We can conduct experiments; progressively expose, test, enable, and hide features; fine-tune releases, and continuously pivot on learnings and feedback. + +When we add feature flags to the previous workflow, we can toggle features to be ON (enabled and exposed) or OFF (hidden). + +![][6] + +Here, feature flags for features 2, 4, and 8 are OFF, which results in the user being exposed to fewer of the features. All features have been deployed but are not exposed (yet). _We can fine-tune the features (value) of each release after deploying to production._ + +_**Ring-based deployment**_ limits the impact (blast) on users while we gradually deploy and evaluate one or more features through observation. Rings allow us to deploy features progressively and have multiple releases (v1, v1.1, and v1.2) running in parallel. + +![Ring-based deployment][7] + +Exposing features in the canary and early-adopter rings enables us to evaluate features without the risk of an all-or-nothing big-bang deployment. + +_**Feature flags**_ decouple release deployment and feature exposure. You "flip the flag" to expose a new feature, perform an emergency rollback by resetting the flag, use rules to hide features, and allow users to toggle preview features. + +![Toggling feature flags on/off][8] + +When you combine deployment rings and feature flags, you can progressively deploy a release through rings and use feature flags to fine-tune the deployed release. + +> See [deploying new releases: Feature flags or rings][9], [what's the cost of feature flags][10], and [breaking down walls between people, process, and products][11] for discussions on feature flags, deployment rings, and related topics. + +### Adding hypothesis-driven development to the mix + +_**Hypothesis-driven development**_ is based on a series of experiments to validate or disprove a hypothesis in a [complex problem domain][12] where we have unknown-unknowns. We want to find viable ideas or fail fast. Instead of developing a monolithic solution and performing a big-bang release, we iterate through hypotheses, evaluating how features perform and, most importantly, how and if customers use them. + +> **Template:** _**We believe**_ {customer/business segment} _**wants**_ {product/feature/service} _**because**_ {value proposition}. +> +> **Example:** _**We believe**_ that users _**want**_ to be able to select different themes _**because**_ it will result in improved user satisfaction. We expect 50% or more users to select a non-default theme and to see a 5% increase in user engagement. + +Every experiment must be based on a hypothesis, have a measurable conclusion, and contribute to feature and overall product learning. For each experiment, consider these steps: + + * Observe your user + * Define a hypothesis and an experiment to assess the hypothesis + * Define clear success criteria (e.g., a 5% increase in user engagement) + * Run the experiment + * Evaluate the results and either accept or reject the hypothesis + * Repeat + + + +Let's have another look at our sample release with eight hypothetical features. + +![][13] + +When we deploy each feature, we can observe user behavior and feedback, and prove or disprove the hypothesis that motivated the deployment. As you can see, the experiment fails for features 2 and 6, allowing us to fail-fast and remove them from the solution. _**We do not want to carry waste that is not delivering value or delighting our users!**_ The experiment for feature 3 is inconclusive, so we adapt the feature, repeat the experiment, and perform A/B testing in Release X.2. Based on observations, we identify the variant feature 3.2 as the winner and re-deploy in release X.3. _**We only expose the features that passed the experiment and satisfy the users.**_ + +### Hypothesis-driven development lights up progressive exposure + +When we combine hypothesis-driven development with progressive exposure strategies, we can vertically slice our solution, incrementally delivering on our long-term vision. With each slice, we progressively expose experiments, enable features that delight our users and hide those that did not make the cut. + +But there is more. When we embrace hypothesis-driven development, we can learn how technology works together, or not, and what our customers need and want. We also complement the test-driven development (TDD) principle. TDD encourages us to write the test first (hypothesis), then confirm our features are correct (experiment), and succeed or fail the test (evaluate). _**It is all about quality and delighting our users** , as outlined in principles 1, 3, and 7_ of the [Agile Manifesto][14]: + + * Our highest priority is to satisfy the customers through early and continuous delivery of value. + * Deliver software often, from a couple of weeks to a couple of months, with a preference to the shorter timescale. + * Working software is the primary measure of progress. + + + +More importantly, we introduce a new mindset that breaks down the walls between development, business, and operations to view, design, develop, deliver, and observe our solution in an iterative series of experiments, adopting features based on scientific analysis, user behavior, and feedback in production. We can evolve our solutions in thin slices through observation and learning in production, a luxury that other engineering disciplines, such as aerospace or civil engineering, can only dream of. + +The good news is that hypothesis-driven development supports the empirical process theory and its three pillars: **Transparency** , **Inspection** , and **Adaption**. + +![][15] + +But there is more. Based on lean principles, we must pivot or persevere after we measure and inspect the feedback. Using feature toggles in conjunction with hypothesis-driven development, we get the best of both worlds, as well as the ability to use A|B testing to make decisions on feedback, such as likes/dislikes and value/waste. + +### Remember: + +Hypothesis-driven development: + + * Is about a series of experiments to confirm or disprove a hypothesis. Identify value! + * Delivers a measurable conclusion and enables continued learning. + * Enables continuous feedback from the key stakeholder—the user—to understand the unknown-unknowns! + * Enables us to understand the evolving landscape into which we progressively expose value. + + + +Progressive exposure: + + * Is not an excuse to hide non-production-ready code. _**Always ship quality!**_ + * Is about deploying a release of features through rings in production. _**Limit blast radius!**_ + * Is about enabling or disabling features in production. _**Fine-tune release values!**_ + * Relies on circuit breakers to protect the infrastructure from implications of progressive exposure. _**Observe, sense, act!**_ + + + +What have you learned about progressive exposure strategies and hypothesis-driven development? We look forward to your candid feedback. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/why-hypothesis-driven-development-devops + +作者：[Brent Aaron Reed][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/innovation_lightbulb_gears_devops_ansible.png?itok=TSbmp3_M (gears and lightbulb to represent innovation) +[2]: http://donovanbrown.com/post/what-is-devops +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/hypo-1_copy.png +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hyp0-2-trans.png +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hypo-3-trans.png +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hypo-4_0.png +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hypo-6-trans.png +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hypo-7-trans.png +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/18/2/feature-flags-ring-deployment-model +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/does-progressive-exposure-really-come-cost +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/breaking-down-walls-between-people-process-and-products +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynefin_framework +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hypo-5-trans.png +[14]: https://agilemanifesto.org/principles.html +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/adapt-transparent-inspect.png From bfe3e23da2a87551929013be4987d920601d9200 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:38:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0246/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20Exam?= =?UTF-8?q?ples=20of=20blameless=20culture=20outside=20of=20DevOps=20sourc?= =?UTF-8?q?es/tech/20190606=20Examples=20of=20blameless=20culture=20outsid?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20of=20DevOps.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... of blameless culture outside of DevOps.md | 65 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190606 Examples of blameless culture outside of DevOps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190606 Examples of blameless culture outside of DevOps.md b/sources/tech/20190606 Examples of blameless culture outside of DevOps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b78722f3ef --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190606 Examples of blameless culture outside of DevOps.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Examples of blameless culture outside of DevOps) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/everyday-blameless) +[#]: author: (Patrick Housley https://opensource.com/users/patrickhousley) + +Examples of blameless culture outside of DevOps +====== +Is blameless culture just a matter of postmortems and top-down change? +Or are there things individuals can do to promote it? +![people in different locations who are part of the same team][1] + +A blameless culture is not a new concept in the technology industry. In fact, in 2012, [John Allspaw][2] wrote about how [Etsy uses blameless postmortems][3] to dive to the heart of problems when they arise. Other technology giants, like Google, have also worked hard to implement a blameless culture. But what is a blameless culture? Is it just a matter of postmortems? Does it take a culture change to make blameless a reality? And what about flagrant misconduct? + +### Exploring blameless culture + +In 2009, [Mike Rother][4] wrote an [award-winning book][5] on the culture of Toyota, in which he broke down how the automaker became so successful in the 20th century when most other car manufacturers were either stagnant or losing ground. Books on Toyota were nothing new, but how Mike approached Toyota's success was unique. Instead of focusing on the processes and procedures Toyota implements, he explains in exquisite detail the company's culture, including its focus on blameless failure and continuous improvement. + +Mike explains that Toyota, in the face of failure, focuses on the system where the failure occurred instead of who is at fault. Furthermore, the company treats failure as a learning opportunity, not a chance to chastise the operator. This is the very definition of a blameless culture and one that the technology field can still learn much from. + +### It's not a culture shift + +It shouldn't take an executive initiative to attain blamelessness. It's not so much the company's culture that we need to change, but our attitudes towards fault and failure. Sure, the company's culture should change, but, even in a blameless culture, some people still have the undying urge to point fingers and call others out for their shortcomings. + +I was once contracted to work with a company on developing and improving its digital footprint. This company employed its own developers, and, as you might imagine, there was tension at times. If a bug was found in production, the search began immediately for the person responsible. I think it's just human nature to want to find someone to blame. But there is a better way, and it will take practice. + +### Blamelessness at the microscale + +When I talk about implementing blamelessness, I'm not talking about doing it at the scale of companies and organizations. That's too large for most of us. Instead, focus your attention on the smallest scale: the code commit, review, and pull request. Focus on your actions and the actions of your peers and those you lead. You may find that you have the biggest impact in this area. + +How often do you or one of your peers get a bug report, dig in to find out what is wrong, and stop once you determine who made the breaking change? Do you immediately assume that a pull request or code commit needs to be reverted? Do you contact that individual and tell them what they broke and which commit it was? If this is happening within your team, you're the furthest from blamelessness you could be. But it can be remedied. + +Obviously, when you find a bug, you need to understand what broke, where, and who did it. But don't stop there. Attempt to fix the issue. The chances are high that patching the code will be a faster resolution than trying to figure out which code to back out. Too many times, I have seen people try to back out code only to find that they broke something else. + +If you're not confident that you can fix the issue, politely ask the individual who made the breaking change to assist. Yes, assist! My mom always said, "you can catch more flies with honey than vinegar." You will typically get a more positive response if you ask people for help instead of pointing out what they broke. + +Finally, once you have a fix, make sure to ask the individual who caused the bug to review your change. This isn't about rubbing it in their face. Remember that failure represents a learning opportunity, and the person who created the failure will learn if they have a chance to review the fix you created. Furthermore, that individual may have unique details and reasoning that suggests your change may fix the immediate issue but may not solve the original problem. + +### Catch flagrant misconduct and abuse sooner + +A blameless culture doesn't provide blanket protection if someone is knowingly attempting to do wrong. That also doesn't mean the system is not faulty. Remember how Toyota focuses on the system where failure occurs? If an individual can knowingly create havoc within the software they are working on, they should be held accountable—but so should the system. + +When reviewing failure, no matter how small, always ask, "How could we have caught this sooner?" Chances are you could improve some part of your software development lifecycle (SDLC) to make failures less likely to happen. Maybe you need to add more tests. Or run your tests more often. Whatever the solution, remember that fixing the bug is only part of a complete fix. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/everyday-blameless + +作者：[Patrick Housley][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/patrickhousley +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/connection_people_team_collaboration.png?itok=0_vQT8xV (people in different locations who are part of the same team) +[2]: https://twitter.com/allspaw +[3]: https://codeascraft.com/2012/05/22/blameless-postmortems/ +[4]: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mrother/Homepage.html +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Kata From 0f8627db579e605260c60cae268966cf51108c83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:38:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0247/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20Kube?= =?UTF-8?q?rnetes=20basics:=20Learn=20how=20to=20drive=20first=20sources/t?= =?UTF-8?q?ech/20190606=20Kubernetes=20basics-=20Learn=20how=20to=20drive?= =?UTF-8?q?=20first.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rnetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md | 73 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md b/sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7cac6a7dd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Kubernetes basics: Learn how to drive first) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics) +[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux) + +Kubernetes basics: Learn how to drive first +====== +Quit focusing on new projects and get focused on getting your Kubernetes +dump truck commercial driver's license. +![Truck steering wheel and dash][1] + +In the first two articles in this series, I explained how Kubernetes is [like a dump truck][2] and that there are always [learning curves][3] to understanding elegant, professional tools like [Kubernetes][4] (and dump trucks, cranes, etc.). This article is about the next step: learning how to drive. + +Recently, I saw a thread on Reddit about [essential Kubernetes projects][5]. People seem hungry to know the bare minimum they should learn to get started with Kubernetes. The "driving a dump truck analogy" helps frame the problem to stay on track. Someone in the thread mentioned that you shouldn't be running your own registry unless you have to, so people are already nibbling at this idea of driving Kubernetes instead of building it. + +The API is Kubernetes' engine and transmission. Like a dump truck's steering wheel, clutch, gas, and brake pedal, the YAML or JSON files you use to build your applications are the primary interface to the machine. When you're first learning Kubernetes, this should be your primary focus. Get to know your controls. Don't get sidetracked by all the latest and greatest projects. Don't try out an experimental dump truck when you are just learning to drive. Instead, focus on the basics. + +### Defined and actual states + +First, Kubernetes works on the principles of defined state and actual state. + +![Defined state and actual state][6] + +Humans (developers/sysadmins/operators) specify the defined state using the YAML/JSON files they submit to the Kubernetes API. Then, Kubernetes uses a controller to analyze the difference between the new state defined in the YAML/JSON and the actual state in the cluster. + +In the example above, the Replication Controller sees the difference between the three pods specified by the user, with one Pod running, and schedules two more. If you were to log into Kubernetes and manually kill one of the Pods, it would start another one to replace it—over and over and over. Kubernetes does not stop until the actual state matches the defined state. This is super powerful. + +### **Primitives** + +Next, you need to understand what primitives you can specify in Kubernetes. + +![Kubernetes primitives][7] + +It's more than just Pods; it's Deployments, Persistent Volume Claims, Services, routes, etc. With Kubernetes platform [OpenShift][8], you can add builds and BuildConfigs. It will take you a day or so to get decent with each of these primitives. Then you can dive in deeper as your use cases become more complex. + +### Mapping developer-native to traditional IT environments + +Finally, start thinking about how this maps to what you do in a traditional IT environment. + +![Mapping developer-native to traditional IT environments][9] + +The user has always been trying to solve a business problem, albeit a technical one. Historically, we have used things like playbooks to tie business logic to sets of IT systems with a single language. This has always been great for operations staff, but it gets hairier when you try to extend this to developers. + +We have never been able to truly specify how a set of IT systems should behave and interact together, in a developer-native way, until Kubernetes. If you think about it, we are extending the ability to manage storage, network, and compute resources in a very portable and declarative way with the YAML/JSON files we write in Kubernetes, but they are always mapped back to "real" resources somewhere. We just don't have to worry about it in developer mode. + +So, quit focusing on new projects in the Kubernetes ecosystem and get focused on driving it. In the next article, I will share some tools and workflows that help you drive Kubernetes. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics + +作者：[Scott McCarty][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/truck_steering_wheel_drive_car_kubernetes.jpg?itok=0TOzve80 (Truck steering wheel and dash) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve +[4]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes +[5]: https://www.reddit.com/r/kubernetes/comments/bsoixc/what_are_the_essential_kubernetes_related/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/defined_state_-_actual_state.png (Defined state and actual state) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/new_primitives.png (Kubernetes primatives) +[8]: https://www.openshift.com/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/developer_native_experience_-_mapped_to_traditional.png (Mapping developer-native to traditional IT environments) From f073a73f7e96fdd96912ab1e327861c40e4ca44a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:40:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0248/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20Juni?= =?UTF-8?q?per:=20Security=20could=20help=20drive=20interest=20in=20SDN=20?= =?UTF-8?q?sources/talk/20190606=20Juniper-=20Security=20could=20help=20dr?= =?UTF-8?q?ive=20interest=20in=20SDN.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...curity could help drive interest in SDN.md | 89 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 89 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190606 Juniper- Security could help drive interest in SDN.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190606 Juniper- Security could help drive interest in SDN.md b/sources/talk/20190606 Juniper- Security could help drive interest in SDN.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b140969eb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190606 Juniper- Security could help drive interest in SDN.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Juniper: Security could help drive interest in SDN) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400739/juniper-sdn-snapshot-finds-security-legacy-network-tech-impacts-core-network-changes.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Juniper: Security could help drive interest in SDN +====== +Juniper finds that enterprise interest in software-defined networking (SDN) is influenced by other factors, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). +![monsitj / Getty Images][1] + +Security challenges and developing artificial intelligence/maching learning (AI/ML) technologies are among the key issues driving [software-defined networking][2] (SDN) implementations, according to a new Juniper survey of 500 IT decision makers. + +And SDN interest abounds – 98% of the 500 said they were already using or considering an SDN implementation. Juniper said it had [Wakefield Research][3] poll IT decision makers of companies with 500 or more employees about their SDN strategies between May 7 and May 14, 2019. + +**More about SD-WAN** + + * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][4] + * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][5] + * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][6] + * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][7] + + + +SDN includes technologies that separate the network control plane from the forwarding plane to enable more automated provisioning and policy-based management of network resources. + +IDC estimates that the worldwide data-center SDN market will be worth more than $12 billion in 2022, recording a CAGR of 18.5% during the 2017-2022 period. The market-generated revenue of nearly $5.15 billion in 2017 was up more than 32.2% from 2016. + +There are many ideas driving the development of SDN. For example, it promises to reduce the complexity of statically defined networks; make automating network functions much easier; and allow for simpler provisioning and management of networked resources from the data center to the campus or wide area network. + +While the evolution of SDN is ongoing, Juniper’s study pointed out an issue that was perhaps not unexpected – many users are still managing operations via the command line interface (CLI). CLI is the primary text-based user interface used for configuring, monitoring and maintaining most networked devices. + +“If SDN is as attractive as it is then why manage the network with the same legacy technology of the past?” said Michael Bushong, vice president of enterprise and cloud marketing at Juniper Networks. “If you deploy SDN and don’t adjust the operational model then it is difficult to reap all the benefits SDN can bring. It’s the difference between managing devices individually which you may have done in the past to managing fleets of devices via SDN – it simplifies and reduces operational expenses.” + +Juniper pointed to a [Gartner prediction][8] that stated “by 2020, only 30% of network operations teams will use the command line interface (CLI) as their primary interface, down from 85% at years end 2016.” Garter stated that poll results from a recent Gartner conference found some 71% still using CLI as the primary way to make network changes. + +Gartner [wrote][9] in the past that CLI has remained the primary operational tool for mainstream network operations teams for easily the past 15-20 years but that “moving away from the CLI is a good thing for the networking industry, and while it won’t disappear completely (advanced/nuanced troubleshooting for example), it will be supplanted as the main interface into networking infrastructure.” + +Juniper’s study found that 87% of businesses are still doing most or some of their network management at the device level. + +What all of this shows is that customers are obviously interested in SDN but are still grappling with the best ways to get there, Bushong said. + +The Juniper study also found users interested in SDN because of the potential for a security boost. + +SDN can empowers a variety of security benefits. A customer can split up a network connection between an end user and the data center and have different security settings for the various types of network traffic. A network could have one public-facing, low-security network that does not touch any sensitive information. Another segment could have much more fine-grained remote-access control with software-based [firewall][10] and encryption policies on it, which allow sensitive data to traverse over it. SDN users can roll out security policies across the network from the data center to the edge much more rapidly than traditional network environments. + +“Many enterprises see security—not speed—as the biggest consequence of not making this transition in the next five years, with nearly 40 percent identifying the inability to quickly address new threats as one of their main concerns,” wrote Manoj Leelanivas, chief product officer at Juniper Networks, in a blog about the survey. + +“SDN is not often associated with greater security but this makes sense when we remember this is an operational transformation. In security, the challenge lies not in identifying threats or creating solutions, but in applying these solutions to a fragmented network. Streamlining complex security operations, touching many different departments and managing multiple security solutions, is where a software-defined approach can provide the answer,” Leelanivas stated. + +Some of the other key findings from Juniper included: + + * **The future of AI** : The deployment of artificial intelligence is about changing the operational model, Bushong said. “The ability to more easily manage workflows over groups of devices and derive usable insights to help customers be more proactive rather than reactive is the direction we are moving. Everything will ultimately be AI-driven, he said. + * **Automation** : While automation is often considered a threat, Juniper said its respondents see it positively within the context of SDN, with 38% reporting it will improve security and 25% that it will enhance their jobs by streamlining manual operations. + * **Flexibility** : Agility is the #1 benefit respondents considering SDN want to gain (48%), followed by improved reliability (43%) and greater simplicity (38%). + * **SD-WAN** : The majority, 54%, have rolled out or are in the process of rolling out SD-WAN, while an additional 34% have it under current consideration. + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][11] and [LinkedIn][12] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400739/juniper-sdn-snapshot-finds-security-legacy-network-tech-impacts-core-network-changes.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/03/sdn_software-defined-network_architecture-100791938-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3209131/what-sdn-is-and-where-its-going.html +[3]: https://www.wakefieldresearch.com/ +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true +[8]: https://blogs.gartner.com/andrew-lerner/2018/01/04/checking-in-on-the-death-of-the-cli/ +[9]: https://blogs.gartner.com/andrew-lerner/2016/11/22/predicting-the-death-of-the-cli/ +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3230457/what-is-a-firewall-perimeter-stateful-inspection-next-generation.html +[11]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[12]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From c0b18951b09cdcadd09176f960b532747d2e290c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:41:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0249/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Linux=20can=20help=20with=20your=20spelling=20sources/tech/2?= =?UTF-8?q?0190606=20How=20Linux=20can=20help=20with=20your=20spelling.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...6 How Linux can help with your spelling.md | 263 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 263 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md b/sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4a5330741e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md @@ -0,0 +1,263 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How Linux can help with your spelling) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +How Linux can help with your spelling +====== +Whether you're struggling with one elusive word or checking a report before you send it off to your boss, Linux can help with your spelling. +![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] + +Linux provides all sorts of tools for data analysis and automation, but it also helps with an issue that we all struggle with from time to time – spelling! Whether you're grappling with the spelling of a single word while you’re writing your weekly report or you want a set of computerized "eyes" to find your typos before you submit a business proposal, maybe it’s time to check out how it can help. + +### look + +One tool is **look**. If you know how a word begins, you can ask the look command for provide a list of words that start with those letters. Unless an alternate word source is provided, look uses **/usr/share/dict/words** to identify the words for you. This file with its hundreds of thousands of words will suffice for most of the English words that we routinely use, but it might not have some of the more obscure words that some of us in the computing field tend to use — such as zettabyte. + +**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]** + +The look command's syntax is as easy as can be. Type "look word" and it will run through all the words in that words file and find matches for you. + +``` +$ look amelio +ameliorable +ameliorableness +ameliorant +ameliorate +ameliorated +ameliorates +ameliorating +amelioration +ameliorations +ameliorativ +ameliorative +amelioratively +ameliorator +amelioratory +``` + +If you happen upon a word that isn't included in the word list on the system, you'll simply get no output. + +``` +$ look zetta +$ +``` + +Don’t despair if you're not seeing what you were hoping for. You can add words to your words file or even reference an altogether different words list — either finding one online and creating one yourself. You don't even have to place an added word in the proper alphabetical location; just add it to the end of the file. You do need to do this as root, however. For example (and be careful with that **> >**!): + +``` +# echo “zettabyte” >> /usr/share/dict/words +``` + +Using a different list of words ("jargon" in this case) just requires adding the name of the file. Use a full path if the file is not the default. + +``` +$ look nybble /usr/share/dict/jargon +nybble +nybbles +``` + +The look command is also case-insensitive, so you don't have to concern yourself with whether the word you're looking for should be capitalized or not. + +``` +$ look zet +ZETA +Zeta +zeta +zetacism +Zetana +zetas +Zetes +zetetic +Zethar +Zethus +Zetland +Zetta +``` + +Of course, not all word lists are created equal. Some Linux distributions provide a _lot_ more words than others in their word files. Yours might have 100,000 words or many times that number. + +On one of my Linux systems: + +``` +$ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words +102402 /usr/share/dict/words +``` + +On another: + +``` +$ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words +479828 /usr/share/dict/words +``` + +Remember that the look command works only with the beginnings of words, but there are other options if you don't want to start there. + +### grep + +Our dearly beloved **grep** command can pluck words from a word file as well as any tool. If you’re looking for words that start or end with particular letters, grep is a natural. It can match words using beginnings, endings, or middle portions of words. Your system's word file will work with grep as easily as it does with look. The only drawback is that unlike with look, you have to specify the file. + +Using word beginnings with ^: + +``` +$ grep ^terra /usr/share/dict/words +terrace +terrace's +terraced +terraces +terracing +terrain +terrain's +terrains +terrapin +terrapin's +terrapins +terraria +terrarium +terrarium's +terrariums +``` + +Using word endings with $: + +``` +$ grep bytes$ /usr/share/dict/words +bytes +gigabytes +kilobytes +megabytes +terabytes +``` + +With grep, you do need to concern yourself with capitalization, but the command provides some options for that. + +``` +$ grep ^[Zz]et /usr/share/dict/words +Zeta +zeta +zetacism +Zetana +zetas +Zetes +zetetic +Zethar +Zethus +Zetland +Zetta +zettabyte +``` + +Setting up a symbolic link to the words file makes this kind of word search a little easier: + +``` +$ ln -s /usr/share/dict/words words +$ grep ^[Zz]et words +Zeta +zeta +zetacism +Zetana +zetas +Zetes +zetetic +Zethar +Zethus +Zetland +Zetta +zettabytye +``` + +### aspell + +The aspell command takes a different approach. It provides a way to check the spelling in whatever file or text you provide to it. You can pipe text to it and have it tell you which words appear to be misspelled. If you’re spelling all the words correctly, you’ll see no output. + +``` +$ echo Did I mispell that? | aspell list +mispell +$ echo I can hardly wait to try out aspell | aspell list +aspell +$ echo Did I misspell anything? | aspell list +$ +``` + +The "list" argument tells aspell to provide a list of misspelled words in the words that are sent through standard input. + +You can also use aspell to locate and correct words in a text file. If it finds a misspelled word, it will offer you an opportunity to replace it from a list of similar (but correctly spelled) words, to accept the words and add them to your personal words list (~/.aspell.en.pws), to ignore the misspelling, or to abort the process altogether (leaving the file as it was before you started). + +``` +$ aspell -c mytext +``` + +Once aspell finds a word that’s misspelled, it offers a list of choices like these for the incorrect "mispell": + +``` +1) mi spell 6) misplay +2) mi-spell 7) spell +3) misspell 8) misapply +4) Ispell 9) Aspell +5) misspells 0) dispel +i) Ignore I) Ignore all +r) Replace R) Replace all +a) Add l) Add Lower +b) Abort x) Exit +``` + +Note that the alternate words and spellings are numbered, while other options are represented by letter choices. You can choose one of the suggested spellings or opt to type a replacement. The "Abort" choice will leave the file intact even if you've already chosen replacements for some words. Words you elect to add will be inserted into a local file (e.g., ~/.aspell.en.pws). + +### Alternate word lists + +Tired of English? The aspell command can work with other languages if you add a word file for them. To add a dictionary for French on Debian systems, for example, you could do this: + +``` +$ sudo apt install aspell-fr +``` + +This new dictionary file would be installed as /usr/share/dict/French. To use it, you would simply need to tell aspell that you want to use the alternate word list: + +``` +$ aspell --lang=fr -c mytext +``` + +When using, you might see something like this if aspell looks at the word “one”: + +``` +1) once 6) orné +2) onde 7) ne +3) ondé 8) né +4) onze 9) on +5) orne 0) cône +i) Ignore I) Ignore all +r) Replace R) Replace all +a) Add l) Add Lower +b) Abort x) Exit +``` + +You can also get other language word lists from [GNU][3]. + +### Wrap-up + +Even if you're a national spelling bee winner, you probably need a little help with spelling every now and then — if only to spot your typos. The aspell tool, along with look and grep, are ready to come to your rescue. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/linux-spelling-100798596-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua +[3]: ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/aspell/dict/0index.html +[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From be927acedd9da8951ac25b0ca28637ef02a0bc68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:41:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0250/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20Cisc?= =?UTF-8?q?o=20to=20buy=20IoT=20security,=20management=20firm=20Sentryo=20?= =?UTF-8?q?sources/talk/20190606=20Cisco=20to=20buy=20IoT=20security,=20ma?= =?UTF-8?q?nagement=20firm=20Sentryo.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...y IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md | 106 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 106 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md b/sources/talk/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f8db1bfab5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400847/cisco-to-buy-iot-security-management-firm-sentryo.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo +====== +Buying Sentryo will give Cisco support for anomaly and real-time threat detection for the industrial internet of things. +![IDG Worldwide][1] + +Looking to expand its IoT security and management offerings Cisco plans to acquire [Sentryo][2], a company based in France that offers anomaly detection and real-time threat detection for Industrial Internet of Things ([IIoT][3]) networks. + +Founded in 2014 Sentryo products include ICS CyberVision – an asset inventory, network monitoring and threat intelligence platform – and CyberVision network edge sensors, which analyze network flows. + +**More on IoT:** + + * [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][4] + * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][5] + * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][6] + * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][7] + * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][8] + * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][9] + * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][10] + * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][11] + * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][12] + * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][13] + + + +“We have incorporated Sentryo’s edge sensor and our industrial networking hardware with Cisco’s IOx application framework,” wrote Rob Salvagno, Cisco vice president of Corporate Development and Cisco Investments in a [blog][14] about the proposed buy. + +“We believe that connectivity is foundational to IoT projects and by unleashing the power of the network we can dramatically improve operational efficiencies and uncover new business opportunities. With the addition of Sentryo, Cisco can offer control systems engineers deeper visibility into assets to optimize, detect anomalies and secure their networks.” + +Gartner [wrote][15] of Sentryo’s system: “ICS CyberVision product provides visibility into its customers'' OT networks in way all OT users will understand, not just technical IT staff. With the increased focus of both hackers and regulators on industrial control systems, it is vital to have the right visibility of an organization’s OT. Many OT networks not only are geographically dispersed, but also are complex and consist of hundreds of thousands of components.” + +Sentryo's ICS CyberVision lets enterprises ensure continuity, resilience and safety of their industrial operations while preventing possible cyberattacks, said [Nandini Natarajan][16] , industry analyst at Frost & Sullivan. "It automatically profiles assets and communication flows using a unique 'universal OT language' in the form of tags, which describe in plain text what each asset is doing. ICS CyberVision gives anyone immediate insights into an asset's role and behaviors; it offers many different analytic views leveraging artificial intelligence algorithms to let users deep-dive into the vast amount of data a typical industrial control system can generate. Sentryo makes it easy to see important or relevant information." + +In addition, Sentryo's platform uses deep packet inspection (DPI) to extract information from communications among industrial assets, Natarajan said. This DPI engine is deployed through an edge-computing architecture that can run either on Sentryo sensor appliances or on network equipment that is already installed. Thus, Sentryo can embed visibility and cybersecurity features in the industrial network rather than deploying an out-of-band monitoring network, Natarajan said. + +**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][17] ]** + +Sentryo’s technology will broaden [Cisco’s][18] overarching IoT plan. In January it [launched][19] a family of switches, software, developer tools and blueprints to meld IoT and industrial networking with [intent-based networking][20] (IBN) and classic IT security, monitoring and application-development support. + +The new platforms can be managed by Cisco’s DNA Center, and Cisco IoT Field Network Director, letting customers fuse their IoT and industrial-network control with their business IT world. + +DNA Center is Cisco’s central management tool for enterprise networks, featuring automation capabilities, assurance setting, fabric provisioning and policy-based segmentation. It is also at the center of the company’s IBN initiative offering customers the ability to automatically implement network and policy changes on the fly and ensure data delivery. The IoT Field Network Director is software that manages multiservice networks of Cisco industrial, connected grid routers and endpoints. + +Liz Centoni, senior vice president and general manager of Cisco's IoT business group said the company expects the [Sentryo technology to help][21] IoT customers in a number of ways: + +Network-enabled, passive DPI capabilities to discover IoT and OT assets, and establish communication patterns between devices and systems. Sentryo’s sensor is natively deployable on Cisco’s IOx framework and can be built into the industrial network these devices run on instead of adding additional hardware. + +As device identification and communication patterns are created, Cisco will integrate this with DNA Center and Identity Services Engine(ISE) to allow customers to easily define segmentation policy. This integration will allow OT teams to leverage IT security teams’ expertise to secure their environments without risk to the operational processes. + +With these IoT devices lacking modern embedded software and security capabilities, segmentation will be the key technology to allow communication from operational assets to the rightful systems, and reduce risk of cyber security incidents like we saw with [WannaCry][22] and [Norsk Hydro][23]. + +According to [Crunchbase][24], Sentryo has $3.5M in estimated revenue annually and it competes most closely with Cymmetria, Team8, and Indegy. The acquisition is expected to close before the end of Cisco’s Q1 Fiscal Year 2020 -- October 26, 2019. Financial details of the acquisition were not detailed. + +Sentryo is Cisco’s second acquisition this year. It bought Singularity for its network analytics technology in January. In 2018 Cisco bought six companies including Duo security software. + +** ** + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][25] and [LinkedIn][26] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400847/cisco-to-buy-iot-security-management-firm-sentryo.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/09/nwan_019_iiot-100771131-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.sentryo.net/ +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html +[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html +[14]: https://blogs.cisco.com/news/cisco-industrial-iot-news +[15]: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/06/28/1531119/0/en/Sentryo-Named-a-Cool-Vendor-by-Gartner.html +[16]: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/industrial-internet-things-iiot-decoded-nandini-natarajan/ +[17]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr +[18]: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/solutions/iot/ihs-report.pdf +[19]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3336454/cisco-goes-after-industrial-iot.html +[20]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3202699/what-is-intent-based-networking.html +[21]: https://blogs.cisco.com/news/securing-the-internet-of-things-cisco-announces-intent-to-acquire-sentryo +[22]: https://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/wannacry +[23]: https://www.securityweek.com/norsk-hydro-may-have-lost-40m-first-week-after-cyberattack +[24]: https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/sentryo#section-web-traffic-by-similarweb +[25]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[26]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 3e15cb19f8f18c0df2621ab1455aef0389465870 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:41:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0251/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20For?= =?UTF-8?q?=20enterprise=20storage,=20persistent=20memory=20is=20here=20to?= =?UTF-8?q?=20stay=20sources/talk/20190606=20For=20enterprise=20storage,?= =?UTF-8?q?=20persistent=20memory=20is=20here=20to=20stay.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rage, persistent memory is here to stay.md | 118 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 118 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190606 For enterprise storage, persistent memory is here to stay.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190606 For enterprise storage, persistent memory is here to stay.md b/sources/talk/20190606 For enterprise storage, persistent memory is here to stay.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3da91bb311 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190606 For enterprise storage, persistent memory is here to stay.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (For enterprise storage, persistent memory is here to stay) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398988/for-enterprise-storage-persistent-memory-is-here-to-stay.html) +[#]: author: (John Edwards ) + +For enterprise storage, persistent memory is here to stay +====== +Persistent memory – also known as storage class memory – has tantalized data center operators for many years. A new technology promises the key to success. +![Thinkstock][1] + +It's hard to remember a time when semiconductor vendors haven't promised a fast, cost-effective and reliable persistent memory technology to anxious [data center][2] operators. Now, after many years of waiting and disappointment, technology may have finally caught up with the hype to make persistent memory a practical proposition. + +High-capacity persistent memory, also known as storage class memory ([SCM][3]), is fast and directly addressable like dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), yet is able to retain stored data even after its power has been switched off—intentionally or unintentionally. The technology can be used in data centers to replace cheaper, yet far slower traditional persistent storage components, such as [hard disk drives][4] (HDD) and [solid-state drives][5] (SSD). + +**Learn more about enterprise storage** + + * [Why NVMe over Fabric matters][6] + * [What is hyperconvergence?][7] + * [How NVMe is changing enterprise storage][8] + * [Making the right hyperconvergence choice: HCI hardware or software?][9] + + + +Persistent memory can also be used to replace DRAM itself in some situations without imposing a significant speed penalty. In this role, persistent memory can deliver crucial operational benefits, such as lightning-fast database-server restarts during maintenance, power emergencies and other expected and unanticipated reboot situations. + +Many different types of strategic operational applications and databases, particularly those that require low-latency, high durability and strong data consistency, can benefit from persistent memory. The technology also has the potential to accelerate virtual machine (VM) storage and deliver higher performance to multi-node, distributed-cloud applications. + +In a sense, persistent memory marks a rebirth of core memory. "Computers in the ‘50s to ‘70s used magnetic core memory, which was direct access, non-volatile memory," says Doug Wong, a senior member of [Toshiba Memory America's][10] technical staff. "Magnetic core memory was displaced by SRAM and DRAM, which are both volatile semiconductor memories." + +One of the first persistent memory devices to come to market is [Intel’s Optane DC][11]. Other vendors that have released persistent memory products or are planning to do so include [Samsung][12], Toshiba America Memory and [SK Hynix][13]. + +### Persistent memory: performance + reliability + +With persistent memory, data centers have a unique opportunity to gain faster performance and lower latency without enduring massive technology disruption. "It's faster than regular solid-state NAND flash-type storage, but you're also getting the benefit that it’s persistent," says Greg Schulz, a senior advisory analyst at vendor-independent storage advisory firm [StorageIO.][14] "It's the best of both worlds." + +Yet persistent memory offers adopters much more than speedy, reliable storage. In an ideal IT world, all of the data associated with an application would reside within DRAM to achieve maximum performance. "This is currently not practical due to limited DRAM and the fact that DRAM is volatile—data is lost when power fails," observes Scott Nelson, senior vice president and general manager of Toshiba Memory America's memory business unit. + +Persistent memory transports compatible applications to an "always on" status, providing continuous access to large datasets through increased system memory capacity, says Kristie Mann, [Intel's][15] director of marketing for data center memory and storage. She notes that Optane DC can supply data centers with up to three-times more system memory capacity (as much as 36TBs), system restarts in seconds versus minutes, 36% more virtual machines per node, and up to 8-times better performance on [Apache Spark][16], a widely used open-source distributed general-purpose cluster-computing framework. + +System memory currently represents 60% of total platform costs, Mann says. She observes that Optane DC persistent memory provides significant customer value by delivering 1.2x performance/dollar on key customer workloads. "This value will dramatically change memory/storage economics and accelerate the data-centric era," she predicts. + +### Where will persistent memory infiltrate enterprise storage? + +Persistent memory is likely to first enter the IT mainstream with minimal fanfare, serving as a high-performance caching layer for high performance SSDs. "This could be adopted relatively-quickly," Nelson observes. Yet this intermediary role promises to be merely a stepping-stone to increasingly crucial applications. + +Over the next few years, persistent technology will impact data centers serving enterprises across an array of sectors. "Anywhere time is money," Schulz says. "It could be financial services, but it could also be consumer-facing or sales-facing operations." + +Persistent memory supercharges anything data-related that requires extreme speed at extreme scale, observes Andrew Gooding, vice president of engineering at [Aerospike][17], which delivered the first commercially available open database optimized for use with Intel Optane DC. + +Machine learning is just one of many applications that stand to benefit from persistent memory. Gooding notes that ad tech firms, which rely on machine learning to understand consumers' reactions to online advertising campaigns, should find their work made much easier and more effective by persistent memory. "They’re collecting information as users within an ad campaign browse the web," he says. "If they can read and write all that data quickly, they can then apply machine-learning algorithms and tailor specific ads for users in real time." + +Meanwhile, as automakers become increasingly reliant on data insights, persistent memory promises to help them crunch numbers and refine sophisticated new technologies at breakneck speeds. "In the auto industry, manufacturers face massive data challenges in autonomous vehicles, where 20 exabytes of data needs to be processed in real time, and they're using self-training machine-learning algorithms to help with that," Gooding explains. "There are so many fields where huge amounts of data need to be processed quickly with machine-learning techniques—fraud detection, astronomy... the list goes on." + +Intel, like other persistent memory vendors, expects cloud service providers to be eager adopters, targeting various types of in-memory database services. Google, for example, is applying persistent memory to big data workloads on non-relational databases from vendors such as Aerospike and [Redis Labs][18], Mann says. + +High-performance computing (HPC) is yet another area where persistent memory promises to make a tremendous impact. [CERN][19], the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is using Intel's Optane DC to significantly reduce wait times for scientific computing. "The efficiency of their algorithms depends on ... persistent memory, and CERN considers it a major breakthrough that is necessary to the work they are doing," Mann observes. + +### How to prepare storage infrastructure for persistent memory + +Before jumping onto the persistent memory bandwagon, organizations need to carefully scrutinize their IT infrastructure to determine the precise locations of any existing data bottlenecks. This task will be primary application-dependent, Wong notes. "If there is significant performance degradation due to delays associated with access to data stored in non-volatile storage—SSD or HDD—then an SCM tier will improve performance," he explains. Yet some applications will probably not benefit from persistent memory, such as compute-bound applications where CPU performance is the bottleneck. + +Developers may need to reevaluate fundamental parts of their storage and application architectures, Gooding says. "They will need to know how to program with persistent memory," he notes. "How, for example, to make sure writes are flushed to the actual persistent memory device when necessary, as opposed to just sitting in the CPU cache." + +To leverage all of persistent memory's potential benefits, significant changes may also be required in how code is designed. When moving applications from DRAM and flash to persistent memory, developers will need to consider, for instance, what happens when a program crashes and restarts. "Right now, if they write code that leaks memory, that leaked memory is recovered on restart," Gooding explains. With persistent memory, that isn't necessarily the case. "Developers need to make sure the code is designed to reconstruct a consistent state when a program restarts," he notes. "You may not realize how much your designs rely on the traditional combination of fast volatile DRAM and block storage, so it can be tricky to change your code designs for something completely new like persistent memory." + +Older versions of operating systems may also need to be updated to accommodate the new technology, although newer OSes are gradually becoming persistent memory aware, Schulz says. "In other words, if they detect that persistent memory is available, then they know how to utilize that either as a cache, or some other memory." + +Hypervisors, such as [Hyper-V][20] and [VMware][21], now know how to leverage persistent memory to support productivity, performance and rapid restarts. By utilizing persistent memory along with the latest versions of VMware, a whole system can see an uplift in speed and also maximize the number of VMs to fit on a single host, says Ian McClarty, CEO and president of data center operator [PhoenixNAP Global IT Services][22]. "This is a great use case for companies who want to own less hardware or service providers who want to maximize hardware to virtual machine deployments." + +Many key enterprise applications, particularly databases, are also becoming persistent memory aware. SQL Server and [SAP’s][23] flagship [HANA][24] database management platform have both embraced persistent memory. "The SAP HANA platform is commonly used across multiple industries to process data and transactions, and then run advanced analytics ... to deliver real-time insights," Mann observes. + +In terms of timing, enterprises and IT organizations should begin persistent memory planning immediately, Schulz recommends. "You should be talking with your vendors and understanding their roadmap, their plans, for not only supporting this technology, but also in what mode: as storage, as memory." + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][25] and [LinkedIn][26] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398988/for-enterprise-storage-persistent-memory-is-here-to-stay.html + +作者：[John Edwards][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2017/08/file_folder_storage_sharing_thinkstock_477492571_3x2-100732889-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3353637/the-data-center-is-being-reimagined-not-disappearing.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3026720/the-next-generation-of-storage-disruption-storage-class-memory.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2159948/hard-disk-drives-vs--solid-state-drives--are-ssds-finally-worth-the-money-.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3326058/what-is-an-ssd.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3273583/why-nvme-over-fabric-matters.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207567/what-is-hyperconvergence +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280991/what-is-nvme-and-how-is-it-changing-enterprise-storage.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3318683/making-the-right-hyperconvergence-choice-hci-hardware-or-software +[10]: https://business.toshiba-memory.com/en-us/top.html +[11]: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/optane-dc-persistent-memory.html +[12]: https://www.samsung.com/semiconductor/ +[13]: https://www.skhynix.com/eng/index.jsp +[14]: https://storageio.com/ +[15]: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/homepage.html +[16]: https://spark.apache.org/ +[17]: https://www.aerospike.com/ +[18]: https://redislabs.com/ +[19]: https://home.cern/ +[20]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/hyper-v-on-windows/about/ +[21]: https://www.vmware.com/ +[22]: https://phoenixnap.com/ +[23]: https://www.sap.com/index.html +[24]: https://www.sap.com/products/hana.html +[25]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[26]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 34fb5b44707d50a25e99b035b9fe24638e131f3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:42:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0252/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20Clou?= =?UTF-8?q?d=20adoption=20drives=20the=20evolution=20of=20application=20de?= =?UTF-8?q?livery=20controllers=20sources/talk/20190606=20Cloud=20adoption?= =?UTF-8?q?=20drives=20the=20evolution=20of=20application=20delivery=20con?= =?UTF-8?q?trollers.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ion of application delivery controllers.md | 67 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 67 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190606 Cloud adoption drives the evolution of application delivery controllers.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190606 Cloud adoption drives the evolution of application delivery controllers.md b/sources/talk/20190606 Cloud adoption drives the evolution of application delivery controllers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d7b22353c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190606 Cloud adoption drives the evolution of application delivery controllers.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cloud adoption drives the evolution of application delivery controllers) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400897/cloud-adoption-drives-the-evolution-of-application-delivery-controllers.html) +[#]: author: (Zeus Kerravala https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/) + +Cloud adoption drives the evolution of application delivery controllers +====== +Application delivery controllers (ADCs) are on the precipice of shifting from traditional hardware appliances to software form factors. +![Aramyan / Getty Images / Microsoft][1] + +Migrating to a cloud computing model will obviously have an impact on the infrastructure that’s deployed. This shift has already been seen in the areas of servers, storage, and networking, as those technologies have evolved to a “software-defined” model. And it appears that application delivery controllers (ADCs) are on the precipice of a similar shift. + +In fact, a new ZK Research [study about cloud computing adoption and the impact on ADCs][2] found that, when looking at the deployment model, hardware appliances are the most widely deployed — with 55% having fully deployed or are currently testing and only 15% currently researching hardware. (Note: I am an employee of ZK Research.) + +Juxtapose this with containerized ADCs where only 34% have deployed or are testing but 24% are currently researching and it shows that software in containers will outpace hardware for growth. Not surprisingly, software on bare metal and in virtual machines showed similar although lower, “researching” numbers that support the thesis that the market is undergoing a shift from hardware to software. + +**[ Read also:[How to make hybrid cloud work][3] ]** + +The study, conducted in collaboration with Kemp Technologies, surveyed 203 respondents from the U.K. and U.S. The demographic split was done to understand regional differences. An equal number of mid and large size enterprises were looked at, with 44% being from over 5,000 employees and the other 56% from companies that have 300 to 5,000 people. + +### Incumbency helps but isn’t a fait accompli for future ADC purchases + +The primary tenet of my research has always been that incumbents are threatened when markets transition, and this is something I wanted to investigate in the study. The survey asked whether buyers would consider an alternative as they evolve their applications from legacy (mode 1) to cloud-native (mode 2). The results offer a bit of good news and bad news for the incumbent providers. Only 8% said they would definitely select a new vendor, but 35% said they would not change. That means the other 57% will look at alternatives. This is sensible, as the requirements for cloud ADCs are different than ones that support traditional applications. + +### IT pros want better automation capabilities + +This begs the question as to what features ADC buyers want for a cloud environment versus traditional ones. The survey asked specifically what features would be most appealing in future purchases, and the top response was automation, followed by central management, application analytics, on-demand scaling (which is a form of automation), and visibility. + +The desire to automate was a positive sign for the evolution of buyer mindset. Just a few years ago, the mere mention of automation would have sent IT pros into a panic. The reality is that IT can’t operate effectively without automation, and technology professionals are starting to understand that. + +The reason automation is needed is that manual changes are holding businesses back. The survey asked how the speed of ADC changes impacts the speed at which applications are rolled out, and a whopping 60% said it creates significant or minor delays. In an era of DevOps and continuous innovation, multiple minor delays create a drag on the business and can cause it to fall behind is more agile competitors. + +![][4] + +### ADC upgrades and service provisioning benefit most from automation + +The survey also drilled down on specific ADC tasks to see where automation would have the most impact. Respondents were asked how long certain tasks took, answering in minutes, days, weeks, or months. Shockingly, there wasn’t a single task where the majority said it could be done in minutes. The closest was adding DNS entries for new virtual IP addresses (VIPs) where 46% said they could do that in minutes. + +Upgrading, provisioning new load balancers, and provisioning new VIPs took the longest. Looking ahead, this foreshadows big problems. As the data center gets more disaggregated and distributed, IT will deploy more software-based ADCs in more places. Taking days or weeks or month to perform these functions will cause the organization to fall behind. + +The study clearly shows changes are in the air for the ADC market. For IT pros, I strongly recommend that as the environment shifts to the cloud, it’s prudent to evaluate new vendors. By all means, see what your incumbent vendor has, but look at least at two others that offer software-based solutions. Also, there should be a focus on automating as much as possible, so the primary evaluation criteria for ADCs should be how easy it is to implement automation. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400897/cloud-adoption-drives-the-evolution-of-application-delivery-controllers.html + +作者：[Zeus Kerravala][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/cw_microsoft_sharepoint_vs_onedrive_clouds_and_hands_by_aramyan_gettyimages-909772962_2400x1600-100796932-large.jpg +[2]: https://kemptechnologies.com/research-papers/adc-market-research-study-zeus-kerravala/?utm_source=zkresearch&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=zkresearch&utm_term=zkresearch&utm_content=zkresearch +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3119362/hybrid-cloud/how-to-make-hybrid-cloud-work.html#tk.nww-fsb +[4]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/adc-survey-zk-research-100798593-large.jpg +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 00c7d02aac2b83b2dd3a701ae203eaaef90a698a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:42:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0253/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20Self?= =?UTF-8?q?-learning=20sensor=20chips=20won=E2=80=99t=20need=20networks=20?= =?UTF-8?q?sources/talk/20190606=20Self-learning=20sensor=20chips=20won-t?= =?UTF-8?q?=20need=20networks.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...arning sensor chips won-t need networks.md | 82 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190606 Self-learning sensor chips won-t need networks.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190606 Self-learning sensor chips won-t need networks.md b/sources/talk/20190606 Self-learning sensor chips won-t need networks.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c5abec5426 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190606 Self-learning sensor chips won-t need networks.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Self-learning sensor chips won’t need networks) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400659/self-learning-sensor-chips-wont-need-networks.html) +[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) + +Self-learning sensor chips won’t need networks +====== +Scientists working on new, machine-learning networks aim to embed everything needed for artificial intelligence (AI) onto a processor, eliminating the need to transfer data to the cloud or computers. +![Jiraroj Praditcharoenkul / Getty Images][1] + +Tiny, intelligent microelectronics should be used to perform as much sensor processing as possible on-chip rather than wasting resources by sending often un-needed, duplicated raw data to the cloud or computers. So say scientists behind new, machine-learning networks that aim to embed everything needed for artificial intelligence (AI) onto a processor. + +“This opens the door for many new applications, starting from real-time evaluation of sensor data,” says [Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems][2] on its website. No delays sending unnecessary data onwards, along with speedy processing, means theoretically there is zero latency. + +Plus, on-microprocessor, self-learning means the embedded, or sensor, devices can self-calibrate. They can even be “completely reconfigured to perform a totally different task afterwards,” the institute says. “An embedded system with different tasks is possible.” + +**[ Also read:[What is edge computing?][3] and [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][4] ]** + +Much internet of things (IoT) data sent through networks is redundant and wastes resources: a temperature reading taken every 10 minutes, say, when the ambient temperature hasn’t changed, is one example. In fact, one only needs to know when the temperature has changed, and maybe then only when thresholds have been met. + +### Neural network-on-sensor chip + +The commercial German research organization says it’s developing a specific RISC-V microprocessor with a special hardware accelerator designed for a [brain-copying, artificial neural network (ANN) it has developed][5]. The architecture could ultimately be suitable for the condition-monitoring or predictive sensors of the kind we will likely see more of in the industrial internet of things (IIoT). + +Key to Fraunhofer IMS’s [Artificial Intelligence for Embedded Systems (AIfES)][6] is that the self-learning takes place at chip level rather than in the cloud or on a computer, and that it is independent of “connectivity towards a cloud or a powerful and resource-hungry processing entity.” But it still offers a “full AI mechanism, like independent learning,” + +It’s “decentralized AI,” says Fraunhofer IMS. "It’s not focused towards big-data processing.” + +Indeed, with these kinds of systems, no connection is actually required for the raw data, just for the post-analytical results, if indeed needed. Swarming can even replace that. Swarming lets sensors talk to one another, sharing relevant information without even getting a host network involved. + +“It is possible to build a network from small and adaptive systems that share tasks among themselves,” Fraunhofer IMS says. + +Other benefits in decentralized neural networks include that they can be more secure than the cloud. Because all processing takes place on the microprocessor, “no sensitive data needs to be transferred,” Fraunhofer IMS explains. + +### Other edge computing research + +The Fraunhofer researchers aren’t the only academics who believe entire networks become redundant with neuristor, brain-like AI chips. Binghamton University and Georgia Tech are working together on similar edge-oriented tech. + +“The idea is we want to have these chips that can do all the functioning in the chip, rather than messages back and forth with some sort of large server,” Binghamton said on its website when [I wrote about the university's work last year][7]. + +One of the advantages of no major communications linking: Not only don't you have to worry about internet resilience, but also that energy is saved creating the link. Energy efficiency is an ambition in the sensor world — replacing batteries is time consuming, expensive, and sometimes, in the case of remote locations, extremely difficult. + +Memory or storage for swaths of raw data awaiting transfer to be processed at a data center, or similar, doesn’t have to be provided either — it’s been processed at the source, so it can be discarded. + +**More about edge networking:** + + * [How edge networking and IoT will reshape data centers][4] + * [Edge computing best practices][8] + * [How edge computing can help secure the IoT][9] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][10] and [LinkedIn][11] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400659/self-learning-sensor-chips-wont-need-networks.html + +作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/industry_4-0_industrial_iot_smart_factory_automation_by_jiraroj_praditcharoenkul_gettyimages-902668940_2400x1600-100788458-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.ims.fraunhofer.de/en.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3291790/data-center/how-edge-networking-and-iot-will-reshape-data-centers.html +[5]: https://www.ims.fraunhofer.de/en/Business_Units_and_Core_Competencies/Electronic_Assistance_Systems/News/AIfES-Artificial_Intelligence_for_Embedded_Systems.html +[6]: https://www.ims.fraunhofer.de/en/Business_Units_and_Core_Competencies/Electronic_Assistance_Systems/technologies/Artificial-Intelligence-for-Embedded-Systems-AIfES.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3326557/edge-chips-could-render-some-networks-useless.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331978/lan-wan/edge-computing-best-practices.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3331905/internet-of-things/how-edge-computing-can-help-secure-the-iot.html +[10]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 6b2c053e9bd236fb39f577aa88dc4f0ba9c233c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:42:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0254/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190606=20What?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20do=20when=20yesterday=E2=80=99s=20technology=20won?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=99t=20meet=20today=E2=80=99s=20support=20needs=20sources?= =?UTF-8?q?/talk/20190606=20What=20to=20do=20when=20yesterday-s=20technolo?= =?UTF-8?q?gy=20won-t=20meet=20today-s=20support=20needs.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nology won-t meet today-s support needs.md | 53 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190606 What to do when yesterday-s technology won-t meet today-s support needs.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190606 What to do when yesterday-s technology won-t meet today-s support needs.md b/sources/talk/20190606 What to do when yesterday-s technology won-t meet today-s support needs.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..622537f2f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190606 What to do when yesterday-s technology won-t meet today-s support needs.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (What to do when yesterday’s technology won’t meet today’s support needs) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399875/what-to-do-when-yesterday-s-technology-won-t-meet-today-s-support-needs.html) +[#]: author: (Anand Rajaram ) + +What to do when yesterday’s technology won’t meet today’s support needs +====== + +![iStock][1] + +You probably already know that end user technology is exploding and are feeling the effects of it in your support organization every day. Remember when IT sanctioned and standardized every hardware and software instance in the workplace? Those days are long gone. Today, it’s the driving force of productivity that dictates what will or won’t be used – and that can be hard on a support organization. + +Whatever users need to do their jobs better, faster, more efficiently is what you are seeing come into the workplace. So naturally, that’s what comes into your service desk too. Support organizations see all kinds of [devices, applications, systems, and equipment][2], and it’s adding a great deal of complexity and demand to keep up with. In fact, four of the top five factors causing support ticket volumes to rise are attributed to new and current technology. + +To keep up with the steady [rise of tickets][3] and stay out in front of this surge, support organizations need to take a good, hard look at the processes and technologies they use. Yesterday’s methods won’t cut it. The landscape is simply changing too fast. Supporting today’s users and getting them back to work fast requires an expanding set of skills and tools. + +So where do you start with a new technology project? Just because a technology is new or hyped doesn’t mean it’s right for your organization. It’s important to understand your project goals and the experience you really want to create and match your technology choices to those goals. But don’t go it alone. Talk to your teams. Get intimately familiar with how your support organization works today. Understand your customers’ needs at a deep level. And bring the right people to the table to cover: + + * Business problem analysis: What existing business issue are stakeholders unhappy with? + * The impact of that problem: How does that issue justify making a change? + * Process automation analysis: What area(s) can technology help automate? + * Other solutions: Have you considered any other options besides technology? + + + +With these questions answered, you’re ready to entertain your technology options. Put together your “must-haves” in a requirements document and reach out to potential suppliers. During the initial information-gathering stage, assess if the supplier understands your goals and how their technology helps you meet them. To narrow the field, compare solutions side by side against your goals. Select the top two or three for more in-depth product demos before moving into product evaluations. By the time you’re ready for implementation, you have empirical, practical knowledge of how the solution will perform against your business goals. + +The key takeaway is this: Technology for technology’s sake is just technology. But technology that drives business value is a solution. If you want a solution that drives results for your organization and your customers, it’s worth following a strategic selection process to match your goals with the best technology for the job. + +For more insight, check out the [LogMeIn Rescue][4] and HDI webinar “[Technology and the Service Desk: Expanding Mission, Expanding Skills”][5]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399875/what-to-do-when-yesterday-s-technology-won-t-meet-today-s-support-needs.html + +作者：[Anand Rajaram][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/istock-1019006240-100798168-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.logmeinrescue.com/resources/datasheets/infographic-mobile-support-are-your-employees-getting-what-they-need?utm_source=idg%20media&utm_medium=display&utm_campaign=native&sfdc= +[3]: https://www.logmeinrescue.com/resources/analyst-reports/the-importance-of-remote-support-in-a-shift-left-world?utm_source=idg%20media&utm_medium=display&utm_campaign=native&sfdc= +[4]: https://www.logmeinrescue.com/?utm_source=idg%20media&utm_medium=display&utm_campaign=native&sfdc= +[5]: https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/8855/312289?utm_source=LogMeIn7&utm_medium=brighttalk&utm_campaign=312289 From c34a5da5f85b35e873ef36b82ad72a6c419bcff1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:43:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0255/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190605=20Cisc?= =?UTF-8?q?o=20will=20use=20AI/ML=20to=20boost=20intent-based=20networking?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/talk/20190605=20Cisco=20will=20use=20AI-ML=20to=20bo?= =?UTF-8?q?ost=20intent-based=20networking.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... AI-ML to boost intent-based networking.md | 87 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 87 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190605 Cisco will use AI-ML to boost intent-based networking.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190605 Cisco will use AI-ML to boost intent-based networking.md b/sources/talk/20190605 Cisco will use AI-ML to boost intent-based networking.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29d2acd519 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190605 Cisco will use AI-ML to boost intent-based networking.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cisco will use AI/ML to boost intent-based networking) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400382/cisco-will-use-aiml-to-boost-intent-based-networking.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Cisco will use AI/ML to boost intent-based networking +====== +Cisco explains how artificial intelligence and machine learning fit into a feedback loop that implements and maintain desired network conditions to optimize network performance for workloads using real-time data. +![xijian / Getty Images][1] + +Artificial Intelligence and machine learning are expected to be some of the big topics at next week’s Cisco Live event and the company is already talking about how those technologies will help drive the next generation of [Intent-Based Networking][2]. + +“Artificial intelligence will change how we manage networks, and it’s a change we need,” wrote John Apostolopoulos Cisco CTO and vice president of Enterprise Networking in a [blog][3] about how Cisco says these technologies impact the network. + +**[ Now see[7 free network tools you must have][4]. ]** + +AI is the next major step for networking capabilities, and while researchers have talked in the past about how great AI would be, now the compute power and algorithms exist to make it possible, Apostolopoulos told Network World. + +To understand how AI and ML can boost IBN, Cisco says it's necessary to understand four key factors an IBN environment needs: infrastructure, translation, activation and assurance. + +Infrastructure can be virtual or physical and include wireless access points, switches, routers, compute and storage. “To make the infrastructure do what we want, we use the translation function to convert the intent, or what we are trying to make the network accomplish, from a person or computer into the correct network and security policies. These policies then must be activated on the network,” Apostolopoulos said. + +The activation step takes the network and security polices and couples them with a deep understanding of the network infrastructure that includes both real-time and historic data about its behavior. It then activates or automates the policies across all of the network infrastructure elements, ideally optimizing for performance, reliability and security, Apostolopoulos wrote. + +Finally assurance maintains a continuous validation-and-verification loop. IBN improves on translation and assurance to form a valuable feedback loop about what’s going on in the network that wasn’t available before. ** ** + +Apostolopoulos used the example of an international company that wanted to set up a world-wide video all-hands meeting. Everyone on the call had to have high-quality, low-latency video, and also needed the capability to send high-quality video into the call when it was time for Q&A. + +“By applying machine learning and related machine reasoning, assurance can also sift through the massive amount of data related to such a global event to correctly identify if there are any problems arising. We can then get solutions to these issues – and even automatically apply solutions – more quickly and more reliably than before,” Apostolopoulos said. + +In this case, assurance could identify that the use of WAN bandwidth to certain sites is increasing at a rate that will saturate the network paths and could proactively reroute some of the WAN flows through alternative paths to prevent congestion from occurring, Apostolopoulos wrote. + +“In prior systems, this problem would typically only be recognized after the bandwidth bottleneck occurred and users experienced a drop in call quality or even lost their connection to the meeting. It would be challenging or impossible to identify the issue in real time, much less to fix it before it distracted from the experience of the meeting. Accurate and fast identification through ML and MR coupled with intelligent automation through the feedback loop is key to successful outcome.” + +Apostolopoulos said AI can accelerate the path from intent into translation and activation and then examine network and behavior data in the assurance step to make sure everything is working correctly. Activation uses the insights to drive more intelligent actions for improved performance, reliability and security, creating a cycle of network optimization. + +So what might an implementation of this look like? Applications that run on Cisco’s DNA Center may be the central component in an IBN environment. Introduced on 2017 as the heart of its IBN initiative, [Cisco DNA Center][5] features automation capabilities, assurance setting, fabric provisioning and policy-based segmentation for enterprise networks. + +“DNA Center can bring together AI and ML in a unified manner,” Apostolopoulos said. “It can store data from across the network and then customers can do AI and ML on that data.” + +Central to Cisco's push is being able to gather metadata about traffic as it passes without slowing the traffic, which is accomplished through the use of ASICs in its campus and data-center switches. + +“We have designed our networking gear from the ASIC, OS and software levels to gather key data via our IBN architecture, which provides unified data collection and performs algorithmic analysis across the entire network (wired, wireless, LAN, WAN, datacenter), Apostolopoulos said. “We have a massive collection of network data, including a database of problems and associated root causes, from being the world’s top enterprise network vendor over the past 20-plus years. And we have been investing for many years to create innovative network-data analysis and ML, MR, and other AI techniques to identify and solve key problems.” + +Machine learning and AI can then be applied to all that data to help network operators handle everything from policy setting and network control to security. + +“I also want to stress that the feedback the IT user gets from the IBN system with AI is not overwhelming telemetry data,” Apostolopoulos said. Instead it is valuable and actionable insights at scale, derived from immense data and behavioral analytics using AI. + +Managing and developing new AI/ML-based applications from enormous data sets beyond what Cisco already has is a key driver behind it’s the company’s Unified Compute System (UCS) server that wasa rolled out last September. While the new server, the UCS C480 ML, is powerful – it includes eight Nvidia Tesla V100-32G GPUs with 128GB of DDR4 RAM, 24 SATA hard drives and more – it is the ecosystem of vendors – Cloudera, HortonWorks and others that will end up being more important. + +[Earlier this year Cisco forecast][6] that [AI and ML][7] will significantly boost network management this year. + +“In 2019, companies will start to adopt Artificial Intelligence, in particular Machine Learning, to analyze the telemetry coming off networks to see these patterns, in an attempt to get ahead of issues from performance optimization, to financial efficiency, to security,” said [Anand Oswal][8], senior vice president of engineering in Cisco’s Enterprise Networking Business. The pattern-matching capabilities of ML will be used to spot anomalies in network behavior that might otherwise be missed, while also de-prioritizing alerts that otherwise nag network operators but that aren’t critical, Oswal said. + +“We will also start to use these tools to categorize and cluster device and user types, which can help us create profiles for use cases as well as spot outlier activities that could indicate security incursions,” he said. + +The first application of AI in network management will be smarter alerts that simply report on activities that break normal patterns, but as the technology advances it will react to more situations autonomously. The idea is to give customers more information so they and the systems can make better network decisions. Workable tools should appear later in 2019, Oswal said. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][9] and [LinkedIn][10] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400382/cisco-will-use-aiml-to-boost-intent-based-networking.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/ai-vendor-relationship-management_bar-code_purple_artificial-intelligence_hand-on-virtual-screen-100795252-large.jpg +[2]: http://www.networkworld.com/cms/article/3202699 +[3]: https://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/improving-networks-with-ai +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2825879/7-free-open-source-network-monitoring-tools.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280988/cisco-opens-dna-center-network-control-and-management-software-to-the-devops-masses.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332027/cisco-touts-5-technologies-that-will-change-networking-in-2019.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3320978/data-center/network-operations-a-new-role-for-ai-and-ml.html +[8]: https://blogs.cisco.com/author/anandoswal +[9]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[10]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From a5232b0b7c9ae149d94a08b2816fe3a2210e806f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:43:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0256/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20Data?= =?UTF-8?q?=20center=20workloads=20become=20more=20complex=20despite=20pro?= =?UTF-8?q?mises=20to=20the=20contrary=20sources/talk/20190604=20Data=20ce?= =?UTF-8?q?nter=20workloads=20become=20more=20complex=20despite=20promises?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20the=20contrary.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...omplex despite promises to the contrary.md | 64 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190604 Data center workloads become more complex despite promises to the contrary.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190604 Data center workloads become more complex despite promises to the contrary.md b/sources/talk/20190604 Data center workloads become more complex despite promises to the contrary.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..31d127e77d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190604 Data center workloads become more complex despite promises to the contrary.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Data center workloads become more complex despite promises to the contrary) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400086/data-center-workloads-become-more-complex-despite-promises-to-the-contrary.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +Data center workloads become more complex despite promises to the contrary +====== +The data center is shouldering a greater burden than ever, despite promises of ease and the cloud. +![gorodenkoff / Getty Images][1] + +Data centers are becoming more complex and still run the majority of workloads despite the promises of simplicity of deployment through automation and hyperconverged infrastructure (HCI), not to mention how the cloud was supposed to take over workloads. + +That’s the finding of the Uptime Institute's latest [annual global data center survey][2] (registration required). The majority of IT loads still run on enterprise data centers even in the face of cloud adoption, putting pressure on administrators to have to manage workloads across the hybrid infrastructure. + +**[ Learn[how server disaggregation can boost data center efficiency][3] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][4] ]** + +With workloads like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine language coming to the forefront, that means facilities face greater power and cooling challenges, since AI is extremely processor-intensive. That puts strain on data center administrators and power and cooling vendors alike to keep up with the growth in demand. + +On top of it all, everyone is struggling to get enough staff with the right skills. + +### Outages, staffing problems, lack of public cloud visibility among top concerns + +Among the key findings of Uptime's report: + + * The large, privately owned enterprise data center facility still forms the bedrock of corporate IT and is expected to be running half of all workloads in 2021. + * The staffing problem affecting most of the data center sector has only worsened. Sixty-one percent of respondents said they had difficulty retaining or recruiting staff, up from 55% a year earlier. + * Outages continue to cause significant problems for operators. Just over a third (34%) of all respondents had an outage or severe IT service degradation in the past year, while half (50%) had an outage or severe IT service degradation in the past three years. + * Ten percent of all respondents said their most recent significant outage cost more than $1 million. + * A lack of visibility, transparency, and accountability of public cloud services is a major concern for enterprises that have mission-critical applications. A fifth of operators surveyed said they would be more likely to put workloads in a public cloud if there were more visibility. Half of those using public cloud for mission-critical applications also said they do not have adequate visibility. + * Improvements in data center facility energy efficiency have flattened out and even deteriorated slightly in the past two years. The average PUE for 2019 is 1.67. + * Rack power density is rising after a long period of flat or minor increases, causing many to rethink cooling strategies. + * Power loss was the single biggest cause of outages, accounting for one-third of outages. Sixty percent of respondents said their data center’s outage could have been prevented with better management/processes or configuration. + + + +Traditionally data centers are improving their reliability through "rigorous attention to power, infrastructure, connectivity and on-site IT replication," the Uptime report says. The solution, though, is pricy. Data center operators are getting distributed resiliency through active-active data centers where at least two active data centers replicate data to each other. Uptime found up to 40% of those surveyed were using this method. + +The Uptime survey was conducted in March and April of this year, surveying 1,100 end users in more than 50 countries and dividing them into two groups: the IT managers, owners, and operators of data centers and the suppliers, designers, and consultants that service the industry. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400086/data-center-workloads-become-more-complex-despite-promises-to-the-contrary.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/cso_cloud_computing_backups_it_engineer_data_center_server_racks_connections_by_gorodenkoff_gettyimages-943065400_3x2_2400x1600-100796535-large.jpg +[2]: https://uptimeinstitute.com/2019-data-center-industry-survey-results +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3266624/how-server-disaggregation-could-make-cloud-datacenters-more-efficient.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From b707b29df263105d10bb796fa6edec208c966da7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:43:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0257/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=205G?= =?UTF-8?q?=20will=20augment=20Wi-Fi,=20not=20replace=20it=20sources/talk/?= =?UTF-8?q?20190604=205G=20will=20augment=20Wi-Fi,=20not=20replace=20it.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...4 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md | 102 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 102 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md b/sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d8d007e275 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399978/5g-will-augment-wi-fi-not-replace-it.html) +[#]: author: (Zeus Kerravala https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/) + +5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it +====== +Jeff Lipton, vice president of strategy and corporate development at Aruba, adds a dose of reality to the 5G hype, discussing how it and Wi-Fi will work together and how to maximize the value of both. +![Thinkstock][1] + +There’s arguably no technology topic that’s currently hotter than [5G][2]. It was a major theme of the most recent [Mobile World Congress][3] show and has reared its head in other events such as Enterprise Connect and almost every vendor event I attend. + +Some vendors have positioned 5G as a panacea to all network problems and predict it will eradicate all other forms of networking. Views like that are obviously extreme, but I do believe that 5G will have an impact on the networking industry and is something that network engineers should be aware of. + +To help bring some realism to the 5G hype, I recently interviewed Jeff Lipton, vice president of strategy and corporate development at Aruba, a Hewlett Packard company, as I know HPE has been deeply involved in the evolution of both 5G and Wi-Fi. + +**[ Also read:[The time of 5G is almost here][3] ]** + +### Zeus Kerravala: 5G is being touted as the "next big thing." Do you see it that way? + +**Jeff Lipton:** The next big thing is connecting "things" and generating actionable insights and context from those things. 5G is one of the technologies that serve this trend. Wi-Fi 6 is another — so are edge compute, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). These all are important, and they each have a place. + +### Do you see 5G eclipsing Wi-Fi in the enterprise? + +![Jeff Lipton, VP of strategy and corporate development, Aruba][4] + +**Lipton:** No. 5G, like all cellular access, is appropriate if you need macro area coverage and high-speed handoffs. But it’s not ideal for most enterprise applications, where you generally don’t need these capabilities. From a performance standpoint, [Wi-Fi 6][5] and 5G are roughly equal on most metrics, including throughput, latency, reliability, and connection density. Where they aren’t close is economics, where Wi-Fi is far better. I don’t think many customers would be willing to trade Wi-Fi for 5G unless they need macro coverage or high-speed handoffs. + +### Can Wi-Fi and 5G coexist? How would an enterprise use 5G and Wi-Fi together? + +**Lipton:** Wi-Fi and 5G can and should be complementary. The 5G architecture decouples the cellular core and Radio Access Network (RAN). Consequently, Wi-Fi can be the enterprise radio front end and connect tightly with a 5G core. Since the economics of Wi-Fi — especially Wi-Fi 6 — are favorable and performance is extremely good, we envision many service providers using Wi-Fi as the radio front end for their 5G systems where it makes sense, as an alternative to Distributed Antenna (DAS) and small-cell systems. + +Wi-Fi and 5G can and should be complementary." — Jeff Lipton + +### If a business were considering moving to 5G only, how would this be done and how practical is it? + +**Lipton:** To use 5G for primary in-building access, a customer would need to upgrade their network and virtually all of their devices. 5G provides good coverage outdoors, but cellular signals can’t reliably penetrate buildings. And this problem will become worse with 5G, which partially relies on higher frequency radios. So service providers will need a way to provide indoor coverage. To provide this coverage, they propose deploying DAS or small-cell systems — paid for by the end customer. The customers would then connect their devices directly to these cellular systems and pay a service component for each device. + +**[[Take this mobile device management course from PluralSight and learn how to secure devices in your company without degrading the user experience.][6] ]** + +There are several problems with this approach. First, DAS and small-cell systems are significantly more expensive than Wi-Fi networks. And the cost doesn’t stop with the network. Every device would need to have a 5G cellular modem, which costs tens of dollars wholesale and usually over a hundred dollars to an end user. Since few, if any MacBooks, PCs, printers or AppleTVs today have 5G modems, these devices would need to be upgraded. I don’t believe many enterprises would be willing to pay this additional cost and upgrade most of their equipment for an unclear benefit. + +### Are economics a factor in the 5G versus Wi-Fi debate? + +**Lipton:** Economics is always a factor. Let’s focus the conversation on in-building enterprise applications, since this is the use case some carriers intend to target with 5G. We’ve already mentioned that upgrading to 5G would require enterprises to deploy expensive DAS or small-cell systems for in-building coverage, upgrade virtually all of their equipment to contain 5G modems, and pay service contracts for each of these devices. It’s also important to understand 5G cellular networks and DAS systems operate over licensed spectrum, which is analogous to a private highway. Service providers paid billions of dollars for this spectrum, and this expense needs to be monetized and embedded in service costs. So, from both deployment and lifecycle perspectives, Wi-Fi economics are favorable to 5G. + +### Are there any security implications of 5G versus Wi-Fi? + +**Lipton:** Cellular technologies are perceived by some to be more secure than Wi-Fi, but that’s not true. LTE is relatively secure, but it also has weak points. For example, LTE is vulnerable to a range of attacks, including data interception and device tracking, according to researchers at Purdue and the University of Iowa. 5G improves upon LTE security with multiple authentication methods and better key management. + +Wi-Fi security isn’t standing still either and continues to advance. Of course, Wi-Fi implementations that do not follow best practices, such as those without even basic password protection, are not optimal. But those configured with proper access controls and passwords are highly secure. With new standards — specifically, WPA3 and Enhanced Open — Wi-Fi network security has improved even further. + +It’s also important to keep in mind that enterprises have made enormous investments in security and compliance solutions tailored to their specific needs. With cellular networks, including 5G, enterprises lose the ability to deploy their chosen security and compliance solutions, as well as most visibility into traffic flows. While future versions of 5G will offer high-levels of customization with a feature called network slicing, enterprises would still lose the level of security and compliance customization they currently need and have. + +### Any parting thoughts to add to the discussion around 5G versus Wi-Fi? + +**Lipton:** The debate around Wi-Fi versus 5G misses the point. They each have their place, and they are in many ways complementary. The Wi-Fi and 5G markets both will grow, driven by the need to connect and analyze a growing number of things. If a customer needs macro coverage or high-speed handoffs and can pay the additional cost for these capabilities, 5G makes sense. + +5G also could be a fit for certain industrial use cases where customers require physical network segmentation. But for the vast majority of enterprise customers, Wi-Fi will continue to prove its value as a reliable, secure, and cost-effective wireless access technology, as it does today. + +**More about 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6):** + + * [Why 802.11ax is the next big thing in wireless][7] + * [FAQ: 802.11ax Wi-Fi][8] + * [Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) is coming to a router near you][9] + * [Wi-Fi 6 with OFDMA opens a world of new wireless possibilities][10] + * [802.11ax preview: Access points and routers that support Wi-Fi 6 are on tap][11] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399978/5g-will-augment-wi-fi-not-replace-it.html + +作者：[Zeus Kerravala][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/wireless_connection_speed_connectivity_bars_cell_tower_5g_by_thinkstock-100796921-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203489/what-is-5g-how-is-it-better-than-4g.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3354477/mobile-world-congress-the-time-of-5g-is-almost-here.html +[4]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/headshot_jlipton_aruba-100798360-small.jpg +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html +[6]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fcourses%2Fmobile-device-management-big-picture +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/mobile-wireless/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html +[8]: https://%20https//www.networkworld.com/article/3048196/mobile-wireless/faq-802-11ax-wi-fi.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3311921/mobile-wireless/wi-fi-6-is-coming-to-a-router-near-you.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332018/wi-fi/wi-fi-6-with-ofdma-opens-a-world-of-new-wireless-possibilities.html +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3309439/mobile-wireless/80211ax-preview-access-points-and-routers-that-support-the-wi-fi-6-protocol-on-tap.html +[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 93d1600722168bd6a8cd28411a34db7ae30b5d8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:44:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0258/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20Movi?= =?UTF-8?q?ng=20to=20the=20Cloud=3F=20SD-WAN=20Matters!=20Part=202=20sourc?= =?UTF-8?q?es/talk/20190604=20Moving=20to=20the=20Cloud-=20SD-WAN=20Matter?= =?UTF-8?q?s-=20Part=202.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ng to the Cloud- SD-WAN Matters- Part 2.md | 66 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190604 Moving to the Cloud- SD-WAN Matters- Part 2.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190604 Moving to the Cloud- SD-WAN Matters- Part 2.md b/sources/talk/20190604 Moving to the Cloud- SD-WAN Matters- Part 2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2f68bd6f59 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190604 Moving to the Cloud- SD-WAN Matters- Part 2.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Moving to the Cloud? SD-WAN Matters! Part 2) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398488/moving-to-the-cloud-sd-wan-matters-part-2.html) +[#]: author: (Rami Rammaha https://www.networkworld.com/author/Rami-Rammaha/) + +Moving to the Cloud? SD-WAN Matters! Part 2 +====== + +![istock][1] + +This is the second installment of the blog series exploring how enterprises can realize the full transformation promise of the cloud by shifting to a business first networking model powered by a business-driven [SD-WAN][2]. The first installment explored automating secure IPsec connectivity and intelligently steering traffic to cloud providers. We also framed the direct correlation between moving to the cloud and adopting an SD-WAN. In this blog, we will expand upon several additional challenges that can be addressed with a business-driven SD-WAN when embracing the cloud: + +### Simplifying and automating security zone-based segmentation + +Securing cloud-first branches requires a robust multi-level approach that addresses following considerations: + + * Restricting outside traffic coming into the branch to sessions exclusively initiated by internal users with a built-in stateful firewall, avoiding appliance sprawl and lowering operational costs; this is referred to as the app whitelist model + * Encrypting communications between end points within the SD-WAN fabric and between branch locations and public cloud instances + * Service chaining traffic to a cloud-hosted security service like [Zscaler][3] for Layer 7 inspection and analytics for internet-bound traffic + * Segmenting traffic spanning the branch, WAN and data center/cloud + * Centralizing policy orchestration and automation of zone-based firewall, VLAN and WAN overlays + + + +A traditional device-centric WAN approach for security segmentation requires the time-consuming manual configuration of routers and/or firewalls on a device-by-device and site-by-site basis. This is not only complex and cumbersome, but it simply can’t scale to 100s or 1000s of sites. Anusha Vaidyanathan, director of product management at Silver Peak, explains how to automate end-to-end zone-based segmentation, emphasizing the advantages of a business-driven approach in this [lightboard video][4]. + +### Delivering the Highest Quality of Experience to IT teams + +The goal for enterprise IT is enabling business agility and increasing operational efficiency. The traditional router-centric WAN approach doesn’t provide the best quality of experience for IT as management and on-going network operations are manual and time consuming, device-centric, cumbersome, error-prone and inefficient. + +A business-driven SD-WAN such as the Silver Peak [Unity EdgeConnect™][5] unified SD-WAN edge platform centralizes the orchestration of business-driven policies. EdgeConnect automation, machine learning and open APIs easily integrate with third-party management tools and real-time visibility tools to deliver the highest quality of experience for IT, enabling them to reclaim nights and weekends. Manav Mishra, vice president of product management at Silver Peak, explains the latest Silver Peak innovations in this [lightboard video][6]. + +As enterprises become increasingly dependent on the cloud and embrace a multi-cloud strategy, they must address a number of new challenges: + + * A centralized approach to securely embracing the cloud and the internet + * How to extend the on-premise data center to a public cloud and migrating workloads between private and public cloud, taking application portability into account + * Deliver consistent high application performance and availability to hosted applications whether they reside in the data center, private or public clouds or are delivered as SaaS services + * A proactive way to quickly resolve complex issues that span the data center and cloud as well as multiple WAN transport services by harnessing the power of advanced visibility and analytics tools + + + +The business-driven EdgeConnect SD-WAN edge platform enables enterprise IT organizations to easily and consistently embrace the public cloud. Unified security and performance capabilities with automation deliver the highest quality of experience for both users and IT while lowering overall WAN expenditures. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3398488/moving-to-the-cloud-sd-wan-matters-part-2.html + +作者：[Rami Rammaha][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Rami-Rammaha/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/istock-909772962-100797711-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.silver-peak.com/sd-wan/sd-wan-explained +[3]: https://www.silver-peak.com/company/tech-partners/zscaler +[4]: https://www.silver-peak.com/resource-center/how-to-create-sd-wan-security-zones-in-edgeconnect +[5]: https://www.silver-peak.com/products/unity-edge-connect +[6]: https://www.silver-peak.com/resource-center/how-to-optimize-quality-of-experience-for-it-using-sd-wan From fd2a4618339f0c8afee62e83c790ac27f8aa7b04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:45:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0259/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190601=20True?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Hyperconvergence=20at=20Scale:=20HPE=20Simplivity=20With=20C?= =?UTF-8?q?omposable=20Fabric=20sources/talk/20190601=20True=20Hyperconver?= =?UTF-8?q?gence=20at=20Scale-=20HPE=20Simplivity=20With=20Composable=20Fa?= =?UTF-8?q?bric.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...- HPE Simplivity With Composable Fabric.md | 28 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190601 True Hyperconvergence at Scale- HPE Simplivity With Composable Fabric.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190601 True Hyperconvergence at Scale- HPE Simplivity With Composable Fabric.md b/sources/talk/20190601 True Hyperconvergence at Scale- HPE Simplivity With Composable Fabric.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..97eb611ef8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190601 True Hyperconvergence at Scale- HPE Simplivity With Composable Fabric.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (True Hyperconvergence at Scale: HPE Simplivity With Composable Fabric) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399619/true-hyperconvergence-at-scale-hpe-simplivity-with-composable-fabric.html) +[#]: author: (HPE https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +True Hyperconvergence at Scale: HPE Simplivity With Composable Fabric +====== + +Many hyperconverged solutions only focus on software-defined storage. However, many networking functions and technologies can be consolidated for simplicity and scale in the data center. This video describes how HPE SimpliVity with Composable Fabric gives organizations the power to run any virtual machine anywhere, anytime. Read more about HPE SimpliVity [here][1]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399619/true-hyperconvergence-at-scale-hpe-simplivity-with-composable-fabric.html + +作者：[HPE][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://hpe.com/info/simplivity From 976c7b96ba3870f2b6a2435011c03117f129982d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:45:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0260/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190601=20HPE?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Synergy=20For=20Dummies=20sources/talk/20190601=20HPE=20Syne?= =?UTF-8?q?rgy=20For=20Dummies.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../talk/20190601 HPE Synergy For Dummies.md | 77 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 77 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190601 HPE Synergy For Dummies.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190601 HPE Synergy For Dummies.md b/sources/talk/20190601 HPE Synergy For Dummies.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1b7ddbe2e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190601 HPE Synergy For Dummies.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (HPE Synergy For Dummies) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399618/hpe-synergy-for-dummies.html) +[#]: author: (HPE https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +HPE Synergy For Dummies +====== + +![istock/venimo][1] + +Business must move fast today to keep up with competitive forces. That means IT must provide an agile — anytime, anywhere, any workload — infrastructure that ensures growth, boosts productivity, enhances innovation, improves the customer experience, and reduces risk. + +A composable infrastructure helps organizations achieve these important objectives that are difficult — if not impossible — to achieve via traditional means, such as the ability to do the following: + + * Deploy quickly with simple flexing, scaling, and updating + * Run workloads anywhere — on physical servers, on virtual servers, or in containers + * Operate any workload upon which the business depends, without worrying about infrastructure resources or compatibility + * Ensure the infrastructure is able to provide the right service levels so the business can stay in business + + + +In other words, IT must inherently become part of the fabric of products and services that are rapidly innovated at every company, with an anytime, anywhere, any workload infrastructure. + +**The anytime paradigm** + +For organizations that seek to embrace DevOps, collaboration is the cultural norm. Development and operations staff work side‐by‐side to support software across its entire life cycle, from initial idea to production support. + +To provide DevOps groups — as well as other stakeholders — the IT infrastructure required at the rate at which it is demanded, enterprise IT must increase its speed, agility, and flexibility to enable people anytime composition and re‐composition of resources. Composable infrastructure enables this anytime paradigm. + +**The anywhere ability** + +Bare metal and virtualized workloads are just two application foundations that need to be supported in the modern data center. Today, containers are emerging as a compelling construct, providing significant benefits for certain kinds of workloads. Unfortunately, with traditional infrastructure approaches, IT needs to build out custom, unique infrastructure to support them, at least until an infrastructure is deployed that can seamlessly handle physical, virtual, and container‐based workloads. + +Each environment would need its own hardware and software and might even need its own staff members supporting it. + +Composable infrastructure provides an environment that supports the ability to run physical, virtual, or containerized workloads. + +**Support any workload** + +Do you have a legacy on‐premises application that you have to keep running? Do you have enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that currently powers your business but that will take ten years to phase out? At the same time, do you have an emerging DevOps philosophy under which you’d like to empower developers to dynamically create computing environments as a part of their development efforts? + +All these things can be accomplished simultaneously on the right kind of infrastructure. Composable infrastructure enables any workload to operate as a part of the architecture. + +**HPE Synergy** + +HPE Synergy brings to life the architectural principles of composable infrastructure. It is a single, purpose-built platform that reduces operational complexity for workloads and increases operational velocity for applications and services. + +Download a copy of the [HPE Synergy for Dummies eBook][2] to learn how to: + + * Infuse the IT architecture with the ability to enable agility, flexibility, and speed + * Apply composable infrastructure concepts to support both traditional and cloud-native applications + * Deploy HPE Synergy infrastructure to revolutionize workload support in the data center + + + +Also, you will find more information about HPE Synergy [here][3]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399618/hpe-synergy-for-dummies.html + +作者：[HPE][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/istock-1026657600-100798064-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.hpe.com/us/en/resources/integrated-systems/synergy-for-dummies.html +[3]: http://hpe.com/synergy From 5597202321d130876bdc7284602386e437cab3f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:53:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0261/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=20Tmux?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Command=20Examples=20To=20Manage=20Multiple=20Terminal=20Ses?= =?UTF-8?q?sions=20sources/tech/20190610=20Tmux=20Command=20Examples=20To?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Manage=20Multiple=20Terminal=20Sessions.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...es To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md | 296 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 296 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d9ed871a10 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/tmux-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions +====== + +![tmux command examples][1] + +We’ve already learned to use [**GNU Screen**][2] to manage multiple Terminal sessions. Today, we will see yet another well-known command-line utility named **“Tmux”** to manage Terminal sessions. Similar to GNU Screen, Tmux is also a Terminal multiplexer that allows us to create number of terminal sessions and run more than one programs or processes at the same time inside a single Terminal window. Tmux is free, open source and cross-platform program that supports Linux, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Mac OS X. In this guide, we will discuss most-commonly used Tmux commands in Linux. + +### Installing Tmux in Linux + +Tmux is available in the official repositories of most Linux distributions. + +On Arch Linux and its variants, run the following command to install it. + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S tmux +``` + +On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint: + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install tmux +``` + +On Fedora: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install tmux +``` + +On RHEL and CentOS: + +``` +$ sudo yum install tmux +``` + +On SUSE/openSUSE: + +``` +$ sudo zypper install tmux +``` + +Well, we have just installed Tmux. Let us go ahead and see some examples to learn how to use Tmux. + +### Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions + +The default prefix shortcut to all commands in Tmux is **Ctrl+b**. Just remember this keyboard shortcut when using Tmux. + +* * * + +**Note:** The default prefix to all **Screen** commands is **Ctrl+a**. + +* * * + +##### Creating Tmux sessions + +To create a new Tmux session and attach to it, run the following command from the Terminal: + +``` +tmux +``` + +Or, + +``` +tmux new +``` + +Once you are inside the Tmux session, you will see a **green bar at the bottom** as shown in the screenshot below. + +![][3] + +New Tmux session + +It is very handy to verify whether you’re inside a Tmux session or not. + +##### Detaching from Tmux sessions + +To detach from a current Tmux session, just press **Ctrl+b** and **d**. You don’t need to press this both Keyboard shortcut at a time. First press “Ctrl+b” and then press “d”. + +Once you’re detached from a session, you will see an output something like below. + +``` +[detached (from session 0)] +``` + +##### Creating named sessions + +If you use multiple sessions, you might get confused which programs are running on which sessions. In such cases, you can just create named sessions. For example if you wanted to perform some activities related to web server in a session, just create the Tmux session with a custom name, for example **“webserver”** (or any name of your choice). + +``` +tmux new -s webserver +``` + +Here is the new named Tmux session. + +![][4] + +Tmux session with a custom name + +As you can see in the above screenshot, the name of the Tmux session is **webserver**. This way you can easily identify which program is running on which session. + +To detach, simply press **Ctrl+b** and **d**. + +##### List Tmux sessions + +To view the list of open Tmux sessions, run: + +``` +tmux ls +``` + +Sample output: + +![][5] + +List Tmux sessions + +As you can see, I have two open Tmux sessions. + +##### Creating detached sessions + +Sometimes, you might want to simply create a session and don’t want to attach to it automatically. + +To create a new detached session named **“ostechnix”** , run: + +``` +tmux new -s ostechnix -d +``` + +The above command will create a new Tmux session called “ostechnix”, but won’t attach to it. + +You can verify if the session is created using “tmux ls” command: + +![][6] + +Create detached Tmux sessions + +##### Attaching to Tmux sessions + +You can attach to the last created session by running this command: + +``` +tmux attach +``` + +Or, + +``` +tmux a +``` + +If you want to attach to any specific named session, for example “ostechnix”, run: + +``` +tmux attach -t ostechnix +``` + +Or, shortly: + +``` +tmux a -t ostechnix +``` + +##### Kill Tmux sessions + +When you’re done and no longer required a Tmux session, you can kill it at any time with command: + +``` +tmux kill-session -t ostechnix +``` + +To kill when attached, press **Ctrl+b** and **x**. Hit “y” to kill the session. + +You can verify if the session is closed with “tmux ls” command. + +To Kill Tmux server along with all Tmux sessions, run: + +``` +tmux kill-server +``` + +Be careful! This will terminate all Tmux sessions even if there are any running jobs inside the sessions without any warning. + +When there were no running Tmux sessions, you will see the following output: + +``` +$ tmux ls +no server running on /tmp/tmux-1000/default +``` + +##### Split Tmux Session Windows + +Tmux has an option to split a single Tmux session window into multiple smaller windows called **Tmux panes**. This way we can run different programs on each pane and interact with all of them simultaneously. Each pane can be resized, moved and closed without affecting the other panes. We can split a Tmux window either horizontally or vertically or both at once. + +**Split panes horizontally** + +To split a pane horizontally, press **Ctrl+b** and **”** (single quotation mark). + +![][7] + +Split Tmux pane horizontally + +Use the same key combination to split the panes further. + +**Split panes vertically** + +To split a pane vertically, press **Ctrl+b** and **%**. + +![][8] + +Split Tmux panes vertically + +**Split panes horizontally and vertically** + +We can also split a pane horizontally and vertically at the same time. Take a look at the following screenshot. + +![][9] + +Split Tmux panes + +First, I did a horizontal split by pressing **Ctrl+b “** and then split the lower pane vertically by pressing **Ctrl+b %**. + +As you see in the above screenshot, I am running three different programs on each pane. + +**Switch between panes** + +To switch between panes, press **Ctrl+b** and **Arrow keys (Left, Right, Up, Down)**. + +**Send commands to all panes** + +In the previous example, we run three different commands on each pane. However, it is also possible to run send the same commands to all panes at once. + +To do so, press **Ctrl+b** and type the following command and hit ENTER: + +``` +:setw synchronize-panes +``` + +Now type any command on any pane. You will see that the same command is reflected on all panes. + +**Swap panes** + +To swap panes, press **Ctrl+b** and **o**. + +**Show pane numbers** + +Press **Ctrl+b** and **q** to show pane numbers. + +**Kill panes** + +To kill a pane, simply type **exit** and ENTER key. Alternatively, press **Ctrl+b** and **x**. You will see a confirmation message. Just press **“y”** to close the pane. + +![][10] + +Kill Tmux panes + +At this stage, you will get a basic idea of Tmux and how to use it to manage multiple Terminal sessions. For more details, refer man pages. + +``` +$ man tmux +``` + +Both GNU Screen and Tmux utilities can be very helpful when managing servers remotely via SSH. Learn Screen and Tmux commands thoroughly to manage your remote servers like a pro. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/tmux-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Tmux-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Tmux-session.png +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Named-Tmux-session.png +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/List-Tmux-sessions.png +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Create-detached-sessions.png +[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Horizontal-split.png +[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Vertical-split.png +[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Split-Panes.png +[10]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Kill-panes.png From ddc5c807269f5b267356fe75835abbda7cf3e998 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:54:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0262/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=20Scre?= =?UTF-8?q?en=20Command=20Examples=20To=20Manage=20Multiple=20Terminal=20S?= =?UTF-8?q?essions=20sources/tech/20190610=20Screen=20Command=20Examples?= =?UTF-8?q?=20To=20Manage=20Multiple=20Terminal=20Sessions.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...es To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md | 298 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 298 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f55984c31e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions +====== + +![Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions][1] + +**GNU Screen** is a terminal multiplexer (window manager). As the name says, Screen multiplexes the physical terminal between multiple interactive shells, so we can perform different tasks in each terminal session. All screen sessions run their programs completely independent. So, a program or process running inside a screen session will keep running even if the session is accidentally closed or disconnected. For instance, when [**upgrading Ubuntu**][2] server via SSH, Screen command will keep running the upgrade process just in case your SSH session is terminated for any reason. + +The GNU Screen allows us to easily create multiple screen sessions, switch between different sessions, copy text between sessions, attach or detach from a session at any time and so on. It is one of the important command line tool every Linux admins should learn and use wherever necessary. In this brief guide, we will see the basic usage of Screen command with examples in Linux. + +### Installing GNU Screen + +GNU Screen is available in the default repositories of most Linux operating systems. + +To install GNU Screen on Arch Linux, run: + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S screen +``` + +On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint: + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install screen +``` + +On Fedora: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install screen +``` + +On RHEL, CentOS: + +``` +$ sudo yum install screen +``` + +On SUSE/openSUSE: + +``` +$ sudo zypper install screen +``` + +Let us go ahead and see some screen command examples. + +### Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions + +The default prefix shortcut to all commands in Screen is **Ctrl+a**. You need to use this shortcut a lot when using Screen. So, just remember this keyboard shortcut. + +##### Create new Screen session + +Let us create a new Screen session and attach to it. To do so, type the following command in terminal: + +``` +screen +``` + +Now, run any program or process inside this session. The running process or program will keep running even if you’re disconnected from this session. + +##### Detach from Screen sessions + +To detach from inside a screen session, press **Ctrl+a** and **d**. You don’t have to press the both key combinations at the same time. First press **Ctrl+a** and then press **d**. After detaching from a session, you will see an output something like below. + +``` +[detached from 29149.pts-0.sk] +``` + +Here, **29149** is the **screen ID** and **pts-0.sk** is the name of the screen session. You can attach, detach and kill Screen sessions using either screen ID or name of the respective session. + +##### Create a named session + +You can also create a screen session with any custom name of your choice other than the default username like below. + +``` +screen -S ostechnix +``` + +The above command will create a new screen session with name **“xxxxx.ostechnix”** and attach to it immediately. To detach from the current session, press **Ctrl+a** followed by **d**. + +Naming screen sessions can be helpful when you want to find which processes are running on which sessions. For example, when a setup LAMP stack inside a session, you can simply name it like below. + +``` +screen -S lampstack +``` + +##### Create detached sessions + +Sometimes, you might want to create a session, but don’t want to attach it automatically. In such cases, run the following command to create detached session named **“senthil”** : + +``` +screen -S senthil -d -m +``` + +Or, shortly: + +``` +screen -dmS senthil +``` + +The above command will create a session called “senthil”, but won’t attach to it. + +##### List Screen sessions + +To list all running sessions (attached or detached), run: + +``` +screen -ls +``` + +Sample output: + +``` +There are screens on: + 29700.senthil (Detached) + 29415.ostechnix (Detached) + 29149.pts-0.sk (Detached) +3 Sockets in /run/screens/S-sk. +``` + +As you can see, I have three running sessions and all are detached. + +##### Attach to Screen sessions + +If you want to attach to a session at any time, for example **29415.ostechnix** , simply run: + +``` +screen -r 29415.ostechnix +``` + +Or, + +``` +screen -r ostechnix +``` + +Or, just use the screen ID: + +``` +screen -r 29415 +``` + +To verify if we are attached to the aforementioned session, simply list the open sessions and check. + +``` +screen -ls +``` + +Sample output: + +``` +There are screens on: + 29700.senthil (Detached) + 29415.ostechnix (Attached) + 29149.pts-0.sk (Detached) +3 Sockets in /run/screens/S-sk. +``` + +As you see in the above output, we are currently attached to **29415.ostechnix** session. To exit from the current session, press ctrl+a, d. + +##### Create nested sessions + +When we run “screen” command, it will create a single session for us. We can, however, create nested sessions (a session inside a session). + +First, create a new session or attach to an opened session. I am going to create a new session named “nested”. + +``` +screen -S nested +``` + +Now, press **Ctrl+a** and **c** inside the session to create another session. Just repeat this to create any number of nested Screen sessions. Each session will be assigned with a number. The number will start from **0**. + +You can move to the next session by pressing **Ctrl+n** and move to previous by pressing **Ctrl+p**. + +Here is the list of important Keyboard shortcuts to manage nested sessions. + + * **Ctrl+a ”** – List all sessions + * **Ctrl+a 0** – Switch to session number 0 + * **Ctrl+a n** – Switch to next session + * **Ctrl+a p** – Switch to the previous session + * **Ctrl+a S** – Split current region horizontally into two regions + * **Ctrl+a l** – Split current region vertically into two regions + * **Ctrl+a Q** – Close all sessions except the current one + * **Ctrl+a X** – Close the current session + * **Ctrl+a \** – Kill all sessions and terminate Screen + * **Ctrl+a ?** – Show keybindings. To quit this, press ENTER. + + + +##### Lock sessions + +Screen has an option to lock a screen session. To do so, press **Ctrl+a** and **x**. Enter your Linux password to lock the screen. + +``` +Screen used by sk on ubuntuserver. +Password: +``` + +##### Logging sessions + +You might want to log everything when you’re in a Screen session. To do so, just press **Ctrl+a** and **H**. + +Alternatively, you can enable the logging when starting a new session using **-L** parameter. + +``` +screen -L +``` + +From now on, all activities you’ve done inside the session will recorded and stored in a file named **screenlog.x** in your $HOME directory. Here, **x** is a number. + +You can view the contents of the log file using **cat** command or any text viewer applications. + +![][3] + +Log screen sessions + +* * * + +**Suggested read:** + + * [**How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal**][4] + + + +* * * + +##### Kill Screen sessions + +If a session is not required anymore, just kill it. To kill a detached session named “senthil”: + +``` +screen -r senthil -X quit +``` + +Or, + +``` +screen -X -S senthil quit +``` + +Or, + +``` +screen -X -S 29415 quit +``` + +If there are no open sessions, you will see the following output: + +``` +$ screen -ls +No Sockets found in /run/screens/S-sk. +``` + +For more details, refer man pages. + +``` +$ man screen +``` + +There is also a similar command line utility named “Tmux” which does the same job as GNU Screen. To know more about it, refer the following guide. + + * [**Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions**][5] + + + +**Resource:** + + * [**GNU Screen home page**][6] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Screen-Command-Examples-720x340.jpg +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-upgrade-to-ubuntu-18-04-lts-desktop-and-server/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Log-screen-sessions.png +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/record-everything-terminal/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/tmux-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/ +[6]: https://www.gnu.org/software/screen/ From 3551fe7002aa06b007dab673c379a382a22c0eb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:54:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0263/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=20Welc?= =?UTF-8?q?oming=20Blockchain=203.0=20sources/tech/20190610=20Welcoming=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Blockchain=203.0.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md | 113 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 113 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cad1b03708 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Welcoming Blockchain 3.0) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Welcoming Blockchain 3.0 +====== + +![Welcoming blockchain 3.0][1] + +Image credit : + +The series of posts [**“Blockchain 2.0”**][2] discussed about the evolution of blockchain technology since the advent of cryptocurrencies since the Bitcoin in 2008. This post will seek to explore the future of blockchains. Lovably called **blockchain 3.0** , this new wave of DLT evolution will answer the issues faced with blockchains currently (each of which will be summarized here). The next version of the tech standard will also bring new applications and use cases. At the end of the post we will also look at a few examples of these principles currently applied. + +Few of the shortcomings of blockchain platforms in existence are listed below with some proposed solutions to those answered afterward. + +### Problem 1: Scalability[1] + +This is seen as the first major hurdle to mainstream adoption. As previously discussed, a lot of limiting factors contribute to the blockchain’s in-capacity to process a lot of transactions at the same time. Existing networks such as [**Ethereum**][3] are capable of measly 10-15 transactions per second (TPS) whereas mainstream networks such as those employed by Visa for instance are capable of more than 2000 TPS. **Scalability** is an issue that plagues all modern database systems. Improved consensus algorithms and better blockchain architecture designs are improving it though as we see here. + +**Solving scalability** + +Implementing leaner and more efficient consensus algorithms have been proposed for solving issues of scalability without disturbing the primary structure of the blockchain. While most cryptocurrencies and blockchain platforms use resource intensive PoW algorithms (For instance, Bitcoin & Ethereum) to generate blocks, newer DPoS and PoET algorithms exist to solve this issue. DPoS and PoET algorithms (there are some more in development) require less resources to maintain the blockchain and have shown to have throughputs ranging up to 1000s of TPS rivalling that of popular non-blockchain systems. + +The second solution to scalability is altering the blockchain structure[1] and functionality altogether. We won’t get into finer details of this, but alternative architectures such as **Directed Acyclic Graph** ( **DAG** ) have been proposed to handle this issue. Essentially, the assumption for this to work is that not all network nodes need to have a copy of the entire blockchain for the blockchain to work or the participants to reap the benefits of a DLT system. The system does not require transactions to be validated by the entirety of the participants and simply requires the transactions to happen in a common frame of reference and be linked to each other. + +The DAG[2] approach is implemented in the Bitcoin system using an implementation called the **Lightning network** and Ethereum implements the same using their **Sharding** [3] protocol. At its heart a DAG implementation is not technically a blockchain. It’s more like a tangled maze, but still retains the peer to peer and distributed database properties of the blockchain. We will explore DAG and Tangle networks in a separate post later. + +### Problem 2: Interoperability[4][5] + +**Interoperability** is called cross-chain interaction is basically different blockchains being able to talk to each other to exchange metrics and information. With so many platforms that is hard to keep a count on at the moment and different companies coming up with proprietary systems for all the myriad of applications, interoperability between platforms is key. For instance, at the moment, someone who owns digital identities on one platform will not be able to exploit features presented by other platforms because the individual blockchains do not understand or know each other. Problems pertaining to lack of credible verifications, token exchange etc. still persist. A global roll out of [**smart contracts**][4] is also not viable without platforms being able to communicate with each other. + +**Solving Interoperability** + +There are protocols and platforms designed just for enabling interoperability at the moment. Such platforms implement atomic swaps protocols and provide open stages for different blockchain systems to communicate and exchange information between them. An example would be **“0x (ZRX)”** which is described later on. + +### Problem 3: Governance[6] + +Not a limitation in its own, **governance** in a public blockchain needs to act as a community moral compass where everyone’s opinion is taken into account on the operation of the blockchain. Combined and seen with scale this presents a problem where in either the protocols change far too frequently or the protocols are changed at the whims of a “central” authority who holds the most tokens. This is not an issue that most public blockchains are working to avoid right now since the scale at their operating in and the nature of their operations don’t require stricter supervision. + +**Solving Governance issues** + +The Tangled framework or the DAG mentioned above would almost eliminate the need and use for global (platform wide) governance laws. Instead a program can automatically oversee the transaction and user type and decide on the laws that need to be implemented. + +### Problem 4: Sustainability + +**Sustainability** builds on the scalability issue again. Current blockchains and cryptocurrencies are notorious for being not sustainable in the long run owing to the significant oversight that is still required and the amount of resources required to keep the systems running. If you’ve read reports of how “mining cryptocurrencies” have not been so profitable lately, this is what it was. The amount of resources required to keep up existing platforms running is simply not practical at a global scale with mainstream use. + +**Solving non-sustainability** + +From a resources or economic point of view the answer to sustainability would be similar to the one for scalability. However, for the system to be implemented on a global scale, laws and regulations need to endorse it. This however depends on the governments of the world. Favourable moves from the American and European governments have however renewed hopes in this aspect. + +### Problem 5: User adoption[7] + +Currently a hindrance to widespread consumer adoption of blockchain based applications is consumer unfamiliarity with the platform and the tech underneath it. The fact that most applications require some sort of a tech and computing background to figure out how they work does not help in this aspect either. The third wave of blockchain developments seek to lessen the gap between consumer knowledge and platform usability. + +**Solving the user adoption issue** + +The internet took a lot of time to be the way it is now. A lot of work has been done on developing a standardized internet technology stack over the years that has allowed the web to function the way it is now. Developers are working on user facing front end distributed applications that should act as a layer on top of existing web 3.0 technology while being supported by blockchains and open protocols underneath. Such [**distributed applications**][5] will make the underlying technology more familiar to users, hence increasing mainstream adoption. + +We’ve discussed about the solutions to the above issues theoretically, and now we proceed to show these being applied in the present scenario. + +**[0x][6]** – is a decentralized token exchange where users from different platforms can exchange tokens without the need of a central authority to vet the same. Their breakthrough comes in how they’ve designed the system to record and vet the blocks only after transactions are settled and not in between (to verify context, blocks preceding the transaction order is also verified normally) as is normally done. This allows for a more liquid faster exchange of digitized assets online. + +**[Cardano][7]** – founded by one of the co-founders of Ethereum, Cardano boasts of being a truly “scientific” platform with multiple reviews and strict protocols for the developed code and algorithms. Everything out of Cardano is assumed to be mathematically as optimized as possible. Their consensus algorithm called **Ouroboros** , is a modified Proof of Stake algorithm. Cardano is developed in [**Haskell**][8] and the smart contract engine uses a derivative of Haskell called **Plutus** for operating. Both are functional programming languages which guarantee secure transactions without compromising efficiency. + +**EOS** – We’ve already described EOS here in [**this post**][9]. + +**[COTI][10]** – a rather obscure architecture, COTI entails no mining, and next to zero power consumption in operating. It also stores assets in offline wallets localized on user’s devices rather than a pure peer to peer network. They also follow a DAG based architecture and claim of processing throughputs of up to 10000 TPS. Their platform allows enterprises to build their own cryptocurrency and digitized currency wallets without exploiting a blockchain. + +**References:** + + * [1] **A. P. Paper, K. Croman, C. Decker, I. Eyal, A. E. Gencer, and A. Juels, “On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains | SpringerLink,” 2018.** + * [2] [**Going Beyond Blockchain with Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)**][11] + * [3] [**Ethreum/wiki – On sharding blockchains**][12] + * [4] [**Why is blockchain interoperability important**][13] + * [5] [**The Importance of Blockchain Interoperability**][14] + * [6] **R. Beck, C. Müller-Bloch, and J. L. King, “Governance in the Blockchain Economy: A Framework and Research Agenda,” J. Assoc. Inf. Syst., pp. 1020–1034, 2018.** + * [7] **J. M. Woodside, F. K. A. Jr, W. Giberson, F. K. J. Augustine, and W. Giberson, “Blockchain Technology Adoption Status and Strategies,” J. Int. Technol. Inf. Manag., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 65–93, 2017.** + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/blockchain-720x340.jpg +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-what-is-ethereum/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-distributed-computing-and-distributed-applications/ +[6]: https://0x.org/ +[7]: https://www.cardano.org/en/home/ +[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-haskell-programming-language/ +[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-eos-io-is-building-infrastructure-for-developing-dapps/ +[10]: https://coti.io/ +[11]: https://cryptoslate.com/beyond-blockchain-directed-acylic-graphs-dag/ +[12]: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Sharding-FAQ#introduction +[13]: https://www.capgemini.com/2019/02/can-the-interoperability-of-blockchains-change-the-world/ +[14]: https://medium.com/wanchain-foundation/the-importance-of-blockchain-interoperability-b6a0bbd06d11 From bf748b467e0953ca7e506859fd534beea249f52a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:56:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0264/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=20Bloc?= =?UTF-8?q?kchain=202.0=20=E2=80=93=20EOS.IO=20Is=20Building=20Infrastruct?= =?UTF-8?q?ure=20For=20Developing=20DApps=20[Part=2013]=20sources/tech/201?= =?UTF-8?q?90610=20Blockchain=202.0=20-=20EOS.IO=20Is=20Building=20Infrast?= =?UTF-8?q?ructure=20For=20Developing=20DApps=20-Part=2013.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...structure For Developing DApps -Part 13.md | 88 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 88 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Blockchain 2.0 - EOS.IO Is Building Infrastructure For Developing DApps -Part 13.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Blockchain 2.0 - EOS.IO Is Building Infrastructure For Developing DApps -Part 13.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Blockchain 2.0 - EOS.IO Is Building Infrastructure For Developing DApps -Part 13.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a44ceeb105 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Blockchain 2.0 - EOS.IO Is Building Infrastructure For Developing DApps -Part 13.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – EOS.IO Is Building Infrastructure For Developing DApps [Part 13]) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-eos-io-is-building-infrastructure-for-developing-dapps/) +[#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) + +Blockchain 2.0 – EOS.IO Is Building Infrastructure For Developing DApps [Part 13] +====== + +![Building infrastructure for Developing DApps][1] + +When a blockchain startup makes over **$4 billion** through an ICO without having a product or service to show for it, that is newsworthy. It becomes clear at this point that people invested these billions on this project because it seemed to promise a lot. This post will seek to demystify this mystical and seemingly powerful platform. + +**EOS.IO** is a [**blockchain**][2] platform that aims to develop standardized infrastructure including an application protocol and operating system for developing DApps ([ **distributed applications**][3]). **Block.one** the lead developer and investor in the project envisions **EOS.IO as the world’s’ first distributed operating system** providing a developing environment for decentralized applications. The system is meant to mirror a real computer by simulating hardware such as its CPUs, GPUs, and even RAM, apart from the obvious storage solutions courtesy of the blockchain database system. + +### Who is block.one? + +Block.one is the company behind EOS.IO. They developed the platform from the ground up based on a white paper published on GitHub. Block.one also spearheaded the yearlong “continuous” ICO that eventually made them a whopping $4 billion. They have one of the best teams of backers and advisors any company in the blockchain space can hope for with partnerships from **Bitmain** , **Louis Bacon** and **Alan Howard** among others. Not to mention **Peter Thiel** being one of the lead investors in the company. The expectations from their purported platform the EOS.IO and their crypto VC fund **EOS.VC** are high indeed. + +### What is EOS.IO? + +It is difficult to arrive at a short description for EOS.IO. The platform aims to position itself as a world wide computer with virtually simulated resources, hence creating a virtual environment for distributed applications to be built and run. The team behind EOS.IO aims achieve the following by directly quoting [**Ethereum**][4] as competition. + + * Increase transaction throughput to millions per second, + + * Reduce transaction costs to insignificant sums or remove them altogether. + + + + +Though EOS.IO is not anywhere near solving any of these problems, the platform has a few capabilities that make it noteworthy as an alternative to Ethereum for DApp enthusiasts and developers. + + 1. **Scalability** : EOS.IO uses a different consensus algorithm for handling blocks called **DPoS**. We’ve described it briefly below. The DPoS system basically allows the system to handle far more requests at better speeds than Ethereum is capable of with its **PoW** algorithm. The claim is that because they’ll be able to handle such massive throughputs they’ll be able to afford transactions at insignificant or even zero charges if need be. + 2. **Governance capabilities** : The consensus algorithm allows EOS.IO to dynamically understand malicious user (or node) behaviour to penalize or deactivate the user. The elected delegate feature of the delegated proof of stake system also ensures faster amendments to the rules that govern the network and its users. + 3. **Parallel processing** : Touted to another major feature. This will basically allow programs on the EOS.IO blockchain to utilize multiple computers or processors or even computing resources such as GPUs to parallelly processes large chunks of data and blocks. This is not yet seen in a roll out ready form. (This however is not a unique feature of EOS.IO. [**Hyperledger Sawtooth**][5] and Burrow for instance support the same at the moment). + 4. **Self-sufficiency** : The system has a built-in grievance system along with well defined incentive and penal systems for providing feedback for acceptable and non-acceptable behaviour. This means that the platform has a governance system without actually having a central governing body. + + + +All or at least most of the selling points of the system is based on the consensus algorithm it follows, DPoS. We explore more about the same below. + +### What is the delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus algorithm? + +As far as blockchains are concerned consensus algorithms are what gives them the strength and the selling point they need. However, as a general rule of thumb, as the “openness” and immutability of the ledger increases so does the computational power that is required to run it. For instance, if a blockchain intends to be secure against intrusion, be safe and immutable with respect to data, while being accessible to a lot of users, it will use up a lot of computing power in creating and maintaining itself. Think of it as a number lock. A 6-digit pin code is safer than a 3-digit pin code, but the latter will be easier and faster to open, now consider a million of these locks but with limited manpower to open them, and you get the scale at which blockchains operate and how much these consensus algorithms matter. + +In fact, this is a major area where competing platforms differ from each other. Hyperledger Sawtooth uses a proof of elapsed time algorithm (PoET), while ethereum uses a slightly modified proof of work (PoW) algorithm. Each of these have their own pros and cons which we will cover in a detailed post later on. However, for now, to be noted is that EOS.IO uses a delegated proof of stake mechanism for attesting and validating blocks under it. This has the following implications for users. + +Only one node can actively change the status of data written on the blockchain. In the case of a DPoS based system, this validator node is selected as part of a delegation by all the token holders of the blockchain. Every token holder gets to vote and have a say in who should be a validator. The weight the vote carries is usually proportional to the number of tokens the user carries. This is seen as a democratic way to ensure centralized accountability in terms of running the network. Furthermore, the validator is given additional monetary incentives to keep the network running smoothly and without friction. In case a validator or delegate member who is elected appears to be malicious, the system automatically votes out the said node member. + +DPoS system is efficient as it requires fewer computing resources to cast a vote and select a leader to validate. Further, it incentivizes good behaviour and penalizes bad ones leading to self-correction and maintenance of the blockchain. **The average transaction time for PoW vs DPoS is 10 minutes vs 10 seconds**. The downside to this paradigm being centralized operations, weighted voting systems, lack of redundancy, and possible malicious behaviour from the validator. + +To understand the difference between PoW and DPoS, imagine this: Let’s say your network has 100 participants out of which 10 are capable of handling validator duties and you need to choose one to do the same. In PoW, you give each of them a tough problem to solve to know who’s the fastest and smartest. You give the validator position to the winner and reward them for the same. In the DPoS system, the rest of the members vote for the person they think should hold the position. This is a simple matter of choosing based on arithmetic performance data based on the past. The node with the most votes win, and if the winner tries to do something fishy, the same electorate votes him out for the next transaction. + +### So does Ethereum lose out? + +While EOS.IO has miles to go before it even steps into the same ballpark as Ethereum with respect to the market cap and user base, EOS.IO targets specific shortfalls with Ethereum and solves them. We conclude this post by summarising some findings based on a 2017 [**paper**][6] written and published by **Ian Grigg**. + + 1. The consensus algorithm used in the Ethereum (proof of work) platform uses far more computing resources and time to process transactions. This is true even for small block sizes. This limits its scaling potential and throughput. A meagre 15 transactions per second globally is no match for the over 2000 that payments network Visa manages. If the platform is to be adopted on a global scale based on a large scale roll out this is not acceptable. + + 2. The reliance on proprietary languages, tool kits and protocols (including **Solidity** for instance) limits developer capability. Interoperability between platforms is also severely hurt due to this fact. + + 3. This is rather subjective, however, the fact that Ethereum foundation refuses to acknowledge even the need for governance on the platform instead choosing to intervene on an ad-hoc manner when things turn sour on the network is not seen by many industry watchers as a sustainable model to be emulated in the future. + + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-eos-io-is-building-infrastructure-for-developing-dapps/ + +作者：[editor][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Developing-DApps-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-distributed-computing-and-distributed-applications/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-what-is-ethereum/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-introduction-to-hyperledger-sawtooth/ +[6]: http://iang.org/papers/EOS_An_Introduction.pdf From 6c338d8d66bcaa04614f8d2310460ab4636d5b1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:57:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0265/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=20Expa?= =?UTF-8?q?nd=20And=20Unexpand=20Commands=20Tutorial=20With=20Examples=20s?= =?UTF-8?q?ources/tech/20190610=20Expand=20And=20Unexpand=20Commands=20Tut?= =?UTF-8?q?orial=20With=20Examples.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md | 157 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 157 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..01def369ed --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/expand-and-unexpand-commands-tutorial-with-examples/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples +====== + +![Expand And Unexpand Commands Explained][1] + +This guide explains two Linux commands namely **Expand** and **Unexpand** with practical examples. For those wondering, the Expand and Unexpand commands are used to replace TAB characters in files with SPACE characters and vice versa. There is also a command called “Expand” in MS-DOS, which is used to expand a compressed file. But the Linux Expand command simply converts the tabs to spaces. These two commands are part of **GNU coreutils** and written by **David MacKenzie**. + +For the demonstration purpose, I will be using a text file named “ostechnix.txt” throughout this guide. All commands given below are tested in Arch Linux. + +### Expand command examples + +Like I already mentioned, the Expand command replaces TAB characters in a file with SPACE characters. + +Now, let us convert tabs to spaces in the ostechnix.txt file and write the result to standard output using command: + +``` +$ expand ostechnix.txt +``` + +If you don’t want to display the result in standard output, just upload it to another file like below. + +``` +$ expand ostechnix.txt>output.txt +``` + +We can also convert tabs to spaces, reading from standard input. To do so, just run “expand” command without mentioning the source file name: + +``` +$ expand +``` + +Just type the text and hit ENTER to convert tabs to spaces. Press **CTRL+C** to quit. + +If you do not want to convert tabs after non blanks, use **-i** flag like below. + +``` +$ expand -i ostechnix.txt +``` + +We can also have tabs a certain number of characters apart, not 8 (the default value): + +``` +$ expand -t=5 ostechnix.txt +``` + +You can even mention multiple tab positions with comma separated like below. + +``` +$ expand -t 5,10,15 ostechnix.txt +``` + +Or, + +``` +$ expand -t "5 10 15" ostechnix.txt +``` + +For more details, refer man pages. + +``` +$ man expand +``` + +### Unexpand Command Examples + +As you may have already guessed, the **Unexpand** command will do the opposite of the Expand command. I.e It will convert SPACE charatcers to TAB characters. Let me show you a few examples to learn how to use Unexpand command. + +To convert blanks (spaces, of course) in a file to tabs and write the output to stdout, do: + +``` +$ unexpand ostechnix.txt +``` + +If you want to write the output in a file instead of just displaying it to stdout, use this command: + +``` +$ unexpand ostechnix.txt>output.txt +``` + +Convert blanks to tabs, reading from standard output: + +``` +$ unexpand +``` + +By default, Unexpand command will only convert the initial blanks. If you want to convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks, use **-a** flag: + +``` +$ unexpand -a ostechnix.txt +``` + +To convert only leading sequences of blanks (Please note that it overrides **-a** ): + +``` +$ unexpand --first-only ostechnix.txt +``` + +Have tabs a certain number of characters apart, not **8** (enables **-a** ): + +``` +$ unexpand -t 5 ostechnix.txt +``` + +Similarly, we can mention multiple tab positions with comma separated like below. + +``` +$ unexpand -t 5,10,15 ostechnix.txt +``` + +Or, + +``` +$ unexpand -t "5 10 15" ostechnix.txt +``` + +For more details, refer man pages. + +``` +$ man unexpand +``` + +* * * + +**Suggested read:** + + * [**The Fold Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners**][2] + + + +* * * + +When you working on large number of files, the Expand and Unexpand commands could be very helpful to replace unwanted TAB characters with SPACE characters and vice versa. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/expand-and-unexpand-commands-tutorial-with-examples/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Expand-And-Unexpand-Commands-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/fold-command-tutorial-examples-beginners/ From 340847e5c138c1c4f716a0488a07a4fee89c147b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 16:57:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0266/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=20Sear?= =?UTF-8?q?ch=20Linux=20Applications=20On=20AppImage,=20Flathub=20And=20Sn?= =?UTF-8?q?apcraft=20Platforms=20sources/tech/20190610=20Search=20Linux=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Applications=20On=20AppImage,=20Flathub=20And=20Snapcraft=20Pla?= =?UTF-8?q?tforms.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...pImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md | 91 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 91 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dd0c986e72 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/search-linux-applications-on-appimage-flathub-and-snapcraft-platforms/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms +====== + +![Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft][1] + +Linux is evolving day by day. In the past, the developers had to build applications separately for different Linux distributions. Since there are several Linux variants exists, building apps for all distributions became tedious task and quite time consuming. Then some developers invented package converters and builders such as [**Checkinstall**][2], [**Debtap**][3] and [**Fpm**][4]. But they didn’t completely solved the problem. All of these tools will simply convert one package format to another. We still need to find and install the required dependencies the app needs to run. + +Well, the time has changed. We have now universal Linux apps. Meaning – we can install these applications on most Linux distributions. Be it Arch Linux, Debian, CentOS, Redhat, Ubuntu or any popular Linux distribution, the Universal apps will work just fine out of the box. These applications are packaged with all necessary libraries and dependencies in a single bundle. All we have to do is to download and run them on any Linux distributions of our choice. The popular universal app formats are **AppImages** , [**Flatpaks**][5] and [**Snaps**][6]. + +The AppImages are created and maintained by **Simon peter**. Many popular applications, like Gimp, Firefox, Krita and a lot more, are available in these formats and available directly on their download pages.Just download them, make it executable and run it in no time. You don’t even root permissions to run AppImages. + +The developer of Flatpak is **Alexander Larsson** (a RedHat employee). The Flatpak apps are hosted in a central repository (store) called **“Flathub”**. If you’re a developer, you are encouraged to build your apps in Flatpak format and distribute them to the users via Flathub. + +The **Snaps** are created mainly for Ubuntu, by **Canonical**. However, the developers of other Linux distributions are started to contribute to Snap packing format. So, Snaps will work on other Linux distributions as well. The Snaps can be downloaded either directly from application’s download page or from **Snapcraft** store. + +Many popular Companies and developers have released their applications in AppImage, Flatpak and Snap formats. If you ever looking for an app, just head over to the respective store and grab the application of your choice and run it regardless of the Linux distribution you use. + +There is also a command line universal app search tool called **“Chob”** is available to easily search Linux Applications on AppImage, Flathub and Snapcraft platforms. This tool will only search for the given application and display official link in your default browser. It won’t install them. This guide will explain how to install Chob and use it to search AppImages, Flatpaks and Snaps on Linux. + +### Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms Using Chob + +Download the latest Chob binary file from the [**releases page**][7]. As of writing this guide, the latest version was **0.3.5**. + +``` +$ wget https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob/releases/download/0.3.5/chob-linux +``` + +Make it executable: + +``` +$ chmod +x chob-linux +``` + +Finally, search the applications you want. For example, I am going to search applications related to **Vim**. + +``` +$ ./chob-linux vim +``` + +Chob will search for the given application (and related) on AppImage, Flathub and Snapcraft platforms and display the results. + +![][8] + +Search Linux applications Using Chob + +Just choose the application you want by typing the appropriate number to open the official link of the selected app in your default web browser where you can read the details of the app. + +![][9] + +View Linux application’s Details In Browser + +For more details, have a look at the Chob official GitHub page given below. + +**Resource:** + + * [**Chob GitHub Repository**][10] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/search-linux-applications-on-appimage-flathub-and-snapcraft-platforms/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/chob-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/build-packages-source-using-checkinstall/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/convert-deb-packages-arch-linux-packages/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/build-linux-packages-multiple-platforms-easily/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/flatpak-new-framework-desktop-applications-linux/ +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/introduction-ubuntus-snap-packages/ +[7]: https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob/releases +[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Search-Linux-applications-Using-Chob.png +[9]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/View-Linux-applications-Details.png +[10]: https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob From 342e735b767e85fcdd570ef56ada00a60ff46df6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LuMing <784315443@qq.com> Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 17:00:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0267/1265] translating --- ...ood Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md b/sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md index c7609f5022..a817b6ff5e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (luuming) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7359d4473bd45c3ddc3e83ee865dae41c462830f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 23:39:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0268/1265] Rename sources/tech/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md to sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md --- ...e and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => news}/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md b/sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md rename to sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md From d0d2823c1e6c9922948abf3ac07bb4edfad4086f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 23:41:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0269/1265] Rename sources/tech/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md to sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md --- ...06 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => news}/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md rename to sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md From 77c4737bcf3f794e64fa596e4adc53ba5ca9949e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2019 23:44:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0270/1265] Rename sources/tech/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md to sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md --- ... Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => news}/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md b/sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md rename to sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md From affc1f7016f5b7feb24da036bc951835c64c650f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 00:06:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0271/1265] Rename sources/talk/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md to sources/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md --- ...20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{talk => news}/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md b/sources/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md rename to sources/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md From c9024394aa9863585aed4bf4d05259e06f814d73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 08:07:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0272/1265] Translanting --- ...ipt To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md b/sources/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md index f716a164a5..1fea02d9b4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translanting by robsean BootISO – A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File ====== Most of us (including me) very often create a bootable USB device from ISO file for OS installation. From cf6030a37fd0cdb5ac37c61610945ed093865084 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 08:55:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0273/1265] translated --- ...ates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 44 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md (73%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/translated/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md similarity index 73% rename from sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md rename to translated/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md index f8f95e863a..2ce58941a6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -7,29 +7,29 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-installed-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-and-centos-system/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System +在 Redhat（RHEL） 和 CentOS 上检查或列出已安装的安全更新的两种方法 ====== -We had wrote two articles in the past about this topic and each articles were published for different requirements. +我们过去曾写过两篇关于这个主题的文章，每篇文章都是根据不同的要求发表的。 -If you would like to check those articles before getting into this topic. +如果你想在开始之前浏览这些文章。 -Navigate to the following links. +请通过以下链接： - * **[How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System?][1]** - * **[Four Ways To Install Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS Systems?][2]** + * **[如何检查 Red Hat（RHEL）和 CentOS 上的可用安全更新？] [1] ** +  * **[在 Red Hat（RHEL）和 CentOS 上安装安全更新的四种方法？][2] ** -These articles are interlinked one with others so, better to read them before digging into this. +这些文章与其他文章相互关联，因此，在深入研究之前，最好先阅读这些文章。 -In this article, we will show you, how to check installed security updates. +在本文中，我们将向你展示如何检查已安装的安全更新。 -I have add two methods to achieve this and you can choose which one is best and suitable for you. +我会介绍两种方法，你可以选择最适合你的。 -Also, i added a small shell script, that gives you a summary about installed security packages count. +此外，我还添加了一个小的 shell 脚本，它为你提供已安装的安全包计数。 -Run the following command to get a list of the installed security updates on your system. +运行以下命令获取系统上已安装的安全更新的列表。 ``` # yum updateinfo list security installed @@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.8.0-9.el7.x86_64 RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-bluetooth-1:1.0.6-27.el7.x86_64 ``` -To count the number of installed security packages, run the following command. +要计算已安装的安全包的数量，请运行以下命令。 ``` # yum updateinfo list security installed | wc -l 1046 ``` -To print only install packages list. +仅打印安装包列表。 ``` # yum updateinfo list security all | grep -w "i" @@ -73,16 +73,16 @@ i RHSA-2016:2581 Low/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.4.0-12.el7.x86_ i RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.8.0-9.el7.noarch ``` -To count the number of installed security packages, run the following command. +要计算已安装的安全包的数量，请运行以下命令。 ``` # yum updateinfo list security all | grep -w "i" | wc -l 1043 ``` -Alternatively, you can check the list of vulnerabilities had fixed against the given package. +或者，你可以检查指定包修复的漏洞列表。 -In this example, we are going to check the list of vulnerabilities had fixed in the “openssh” package. +在此例中，我们将检查 “openssh” 包中已修复的漏洞列表。 ``` # rpm -q --changelog openssh | grep -i CVE @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ In this example, we are going to check the list of vulnerabilities had fixed in - use fork+exec instead of system in scp - CVE-2006-0225 (#168167) ``` -Similarly, you can check whether the given vulnerability is fixed or not in the corresponding package by running the following command. +同样，你可以通过运行以下命令来检查相应的包中是否修复了指定的漏洞。 ``` # rpm -q --changelog openssh | grep -i CVE-2016-3115 @@ -114,9 +114,9 @@ Similarly, you can check whether the given vulnerability is fixed or not in the - CVE-2016-3115: missing sanitisation of input for X11 forwarding (#1317819) ``` -### How To Count Installed Security Packages Using Shell Script? +### 如何使用 Shell 脚本计算安装的安全包？ -I have added a small shell script, which helps you to count the list of installed security packages. +我添加了一个小的 shell 脚本，它可以帮助你计算已安装的安全包列表。 ``` # vi /opt/scripts/security-check.sh @@ -133,13 +133,13 @@ done | column -t echo "+-------------------------+" ``` -Set an executable permission to `security-check.sh` file. +给 `security-check.sh` 文件执行权限。 ``` $ chmod +x security-check.sh ``` -Finally run the script to achieve this. +最后执行脚本统计。 ``` # sh /opt/scripts/security-check.sh @@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-installed-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-an 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From fcc9619bc2891cba2a32f8aaae7489f43de23393 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 09:03:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0274/1265] translating --- .../20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md b/sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md index 7cac6a7dd0..6218ecd6f2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From b060fa88e6dc0eb0b82a0f71dd2cc4e578979ec1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 10:07:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0275/1265] PRF:20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @geekpi --- ...ates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 34 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/translated/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md index 2ce58941a6..d6af81acab 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -1,31 +1,25 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-installed-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-and-centos-system/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -在 Redhat（RHEL） 和 CentOS 上检查或列出已安装的安全更新的两种方法 +在 RHEL 和 CentOS 上检查或列出已安装的安全更新的两种方法 ====== -我们过去曾写过两篇关于这个主题的文章，每篇文章都是根据不同的要求发表的。 - -如果你想在开始之前浏览这些文章。 - -请通过以下链接： - - * **[如何检查 Red Hat（RHEL）和 CentOS 上的可用安全更新？] [1] ** -  * **[在 Red Hat（RHEL）和 CentOS 上安装安全更新的四种方法？][2] ** +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/11/100735bdnjzkkmjbxbttmm.jpg) +我们过去曾写过两篇关于这个主题的文章，每篇文章都是根据不同的要求发表的。如果你想在开始之前浏览这些文章。请通过以下链接： +* [如何检查 RHEL 和 CentOS 上的可用安全更新？][1] +* [在 RHEL 和 CentOS 上安装安全更新的四种方法？][2] 这些文章与其他文章相互关联，因此，在深入研究之前，最好先阅读这些文章。 -在本文中，我们将向你展示如何检查已安装的安全更新。 - -我会介绍两种方法，你可以选择最适合你的。 +在本文中，我们将向你展示如何检查已安装的安全更新。我会介绍两种方法，你可以选择最适合你的。 此外，我还添加了一个小的 shell 脚本，它为你提供已安装的安全包计数。 @@ -46,14 +40,14 @@ RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-adsl-1:1.8.0-9.el7.x86_64 RHSA-2015:2315 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-bluetooth-1:1.0.6-27.el7.x86_64 ``` -要计算已安装的安全包的数量，请运行以下命令。 +要计算已安装的安全包的数量，请运行以下命令： ``` # yum updateinfo list security installed | wc -l 1046 ``` -仅打印安装包列表。 +仅打印安装包列表： ``` # yum updateinfo list security all | grep -w "i" @@ -73,7 +67,7 @@ i RHSA-2016:2581 Low/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.4.0-12.el7.x86_ i RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.8.0-9.el7.noarch ``` -要计算已安装的安全包的数量，请运行以下命令。 +要计算已安装的安全包的数量，请运行以下命令： ``` # yum updateinfo list security all | grep -w "i" | wc -l @@ -82,7 +76,7 @@ i RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.8.0-9.el7.noarc 或者，你可以检查指定包修复的漏洞列表。 -在此例中，我们将检查 “openssh” 包中已修复的漏洞列表。 +在此例中，我们将检查 “openssh” 包中已修复的漏洞列表： ``` # rpm -q --changelog openssh | grep -i CVE @@ -106,7 +100,7 @@ i RHSA-2017:2299 Moderate/Sec. NetworkManager-config-server-1:1.8.0-9.el7.noarc - use fork+exec instead of system in scp - CVE-2006-0225 (#168167) ``` -同样，你可以通过运行以下命令来检查相应的包中是否修复了指定的漏洞。 +同样，你可以通过运行以下命令来检查相应的包中是否修复了指定的漏洞： ``` # rpm -q --changelog openssh | grep -i CVE-2016-3115 @@ -160,11 +154,11 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-installed-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-an 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-list-view-find-available-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/ +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10938-1.html [2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-centos-system/ From 11135bbd22ba07393a755781dd85ca943bc3f5f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 10:15:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0276/1265] PUB:20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10960-1.html --- ...led Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/published/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md rename to published/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md index d6af81acab..97cb82380d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md +++ b/published/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10960-1.html) [#]: subject: (Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-installed-security-updates-on-redhat-rhel-and-centos-system/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From 7b29a3f7eef0fc937e7ce95d9b94face04dfa55c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 11:11:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0277/1265] PRF:20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md PART 1 --- .../20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md | 17 +++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md b/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md index 5640ad3d95..37b1bef541 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ -学习 BASIC 像它的1983年 +穿越到 1983 年学习 BASIC ====== -我没有生活在1983年.我偶尔有一些遗憾。我相当遗憾，我没有体验8位计算机时代的到来，因为我认为第一次遇到相对简单和过于受约束的计算机的人们，有超过我们的一些人的巨大的优势。 -今天,(大多数)每个人知道如何使用一台计算机，但是很少有人，甚至是在计算机工业中，明白在一些单台机器内部正在发生什么的全部。现在有[如此多软件层次][1]努力来识别必不可少的部分来做如此多不同的事情。在1983年，虽然，家用电脑足够简单，一个用功的人能学到一台特定计算机是如何工作的。现在这人可能比我通过所有堆积在硬件顶部的现代操作系统的抽象概念较少迷惑。我认为像他们采用的这些抽象概念的层次是容易一个接一个理解的；今天，新的程序员不得不通过自上而下的逆流时间上的工作来尝试理解它们。 +1983 年时还没有我，这让我偶有一些遗憾。但我特别遗憾的是，我没有经历过 8 位计算机时代的到来，因为我认为那些初次接触到还相对简单和受限的计算机的人们，拥有了超过如今的我们的巨大优势。 -很多著名的程序员，尤其在计算机游戏工业，童年在8位计算机上开始编程游戏，像，苹果 II 和 Commodore 64。John Romero, Richard Garriott，和 Chris Roberts 都是例子。如何发生是容易看到的。在8位计算机时代，很多游戏仅可在计算机杂质和[书籍][2]中作为印刷的BASIC列表获得。如果你想玩这些游戏中其中一个，你不得手工不键入完整的程序。不可避免的，你可能得到一些错误，所以你可能不得不调试你的程序。等到你获得它工作, 你充分知道程序如何起作用来开始你自己修改它。如果你是一个着迷的游戏玩家，你不可避免地也成为一个好的程序员。 +今天，（几乎）每个人知道如何使用计算机，但是即使是在计算机行业当中，也很少有人能明白任何一台计算机内部的所有内容。现在软件分为[如此多的层次][1]，做的是如此不同的事情，没有哪个人能知道哪些是必不可少的。而在 1983 年，家用电脑足够傻大粗，努力一些的人就能了解到一台特定计算机是如何工作的。那样的一个人可能没有今天的我觉得操作系统那么神秘，因为如今的操作系统已经在硬件上叠加了太多的抽象层。我希望这些抽象层在逐一引入时易于理解；而今天，新的程序员们不得不自上而下、按时间回溯尝试理解它们。 -在童年我也玩电脑游戏。但是我玩的游戏在只读光盘上。我有时发现我自己不得不搜索如何修复一个崩溃的安装器，这可能涉及编辑 Windows 注册表或一些像这样的事情。这类少数的使用计算机来考虑在大学中学习计算机科学的故障诊断可能使我足够舒适。但是在大学中从不教我一些关键性的关于计算机如何工作或如何控制它们的事。 +很多著名的程序员，尤其在计算机游戏行业，孩童时期就在苹果 II 和 Commodore 64 这样的 8 位计算机上开始编写游戏，John Romero、Richard Garriott 和 Chris Roberts 都是例子。很容易看到这是如何发生。在 8 位计算机时代，很多游戏只能在计算机杂志和[书籍][2]中以印刷的 BASIC 程序清单方式得到。如果你想玩这其中一款游戏，你必须手工键入整个程序。不可避免的，你可能遇到一些问题，所以你就得必须调试你的程序。等到你让它可以工作起来了，你就已经足够了解了程序是如何运行的，你可以开始自己修改它了。如果你是一个狂热的游戏玩家，你几乎必然会成为一名优秀的程序员。 -当然，现在我告诉计算机为了活动而做什么。尽管如此，我请不自觉地感到，我缺少一些基本的仅被给予这些成长为简单编程的计算机人的深刻见解。在20世纪80年代初，第一次偶然遇到计算机会是什么样子？与今天使用计算机的经验相比会有怎样的不同？ +在我的童年时期我也玩电脑游戏。但是我玩的游戏在 CD-ROM 上的。我有时发现我自己必须得搜索如何修复崩溃的安装程序，这可能涉及编辑 Windows 注册表之类的东西。这种小故障的排除可能让我感觉很舒服，所以才考虑在大学里学习计算机科学。但是在大学中从不教我一些计算机如何工作的或如何控制它们的关键性的东西。 -这篇张贴文将与通常的二位历史贴文有一点不同，因为我将为这些问题尝试设想一个答案。 +当然，现在我可以告诉计算机去干什么。尽管如此，我还是不禁感到，我缺少一些基础的见解 —— 只有那些伴随着更简单的计算机编程而成长的人才有的深刻见解。我不禁在想，如果在上世纪 80 年代初就接触到计算机会是什么样子？它们与今天使用计算机的体验相比有何不同？ + +这篇文章将与通常的 Two-Bit History 的文章有一点不同，因为我将为这些问题尝试设想一个答案。 ### 1983 @@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ Commodore 64，它声称，有“微型计算机工业中最高级的图画制 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -通过：https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/02/learning-basic.html +via：https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/02/learning-basic.html 作者：[Two-Bit History][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] From 333f19bde877bf85468aa1711dbab46a59aae1cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 11:51:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0278/1265] PRF:20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md @chen-ni --- ...s fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md | 38 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md b/translated/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md index f8d8670237..2a5f55b41f 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md +++ b/translated/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (When IoT systems fail: The risk of having bad IoT data) @@ -10,47 +10,45 @@ 当物联网系统出现故障：使用低质量物联网数据的风险 ====== -伴随着物联网设备使用量的增长，这些设备产生的数据可以让消费者节约巨大的开支，也给商家带来新的机遇。但是当故障不可避免地出现的时候，会发生什么呢？ +> 伴随着物联网设备使用量的增长，这些设备产生的数据可以让消费者节约巨大的开支，也给商家带来新的机遇。但是当故障不可避免地出现的时候，会发生什么呢？ + ![Oonal / Getty Images][1] -你可以去看任何统计数字，很明显物联网正在走进个人生活和私人生活的方方面面。这种增长虽然有不少好处，但是也带来了新的风险。一个很重要的问题是，出现问题的时候谁来负责呢？ +不管你看的是什么统计数字，很明显物联网正在走进个人和私人生活的方方面面。这种增长虽然有不少好处，但是也带来了新的风险。一个很重要的问题是，出现问题的时候谁来负责呢？ -也许最大的问题出在基于物联网数据进行的个性化营销以及定价策略上。[保险公司长期以来致力于寻找利用物联网数据的最佳方式][2]，我去年写过家庭财产保险公司是如何开始利用物联网传感器减少水灾带来的损失的。一些公司正在研究保险公司向消费者竞标的可能性，这种业务基于智能家居数据所揭示的风险的高低。 +也许最大的问题出在基于物联网数据进行的个性化营销以及定价策略上。[保险公司长期以来致力于寻找利用物联网数据的最佳方式][2]，我去年写过家庭财产保险公司是如何开始利用物联网传感器减少水灾带来的损失的。一些公司正在研究保险公司竞购消费者的可能性：这种业务基于智能家居数据所揭示的风险的高低。 但是最大的进步出现在汽车保险领域。许多汽车保险公司已经可以让客户在车辆上安装追踪设备，如果数据证明他们的驾驶习惯良好就可以获取保险折扣。 -**[ 延伸阅读:[保险公司终于有了一个利用智能家居物联网的好办法][3] ]** +- 延伸阅读:[保险公司终于有了一个利用智能家居物联网的好办法][3] -### **UBI 车险的崛起** +### UBI 车险的崛起 -UBI（基于使用的保险）车险是一种“按需付费”的业务，可以通过追踪速度、位置，以及其他因素来评估风险并计算车险保费。到2020年，预计有[5000万美国司机][4]会加入到 UBI 车险的项目中。 +UBI（基于使用的保险usage-based insurance）车险是一种“按需付费”的业务，可以通过追踪速度、位置，以及其他因素来评估风险并计算车险保费。到 2020 年，预计有 [5000 万美国司机][4]会加入到 UBI 车险的项目中。 不出所料，保险公司对 UBI 车险青睐有加，因为 UBI 车险可以帮助他们更加精确地计算风险。事实上，[AIG 爱尔兰已经在尝试让国家向 25 岁以下的司机强制推行 UBI 车险][5]。并且，被认定为驾驶习惯良好的司机自然也很乐意节省一笔费用。当然也有反对的声音了，大多数是来自于隐私权倡导者，以及会因此支付更多费用的群体。 -### **出了故障会发生什么？** +### 出了故障会发生什么？ -但是还有一个更加令人担忧的潜在问题：当物联网设备提供的数据有错误，或者在传输过程中出了问题会发生什么？因为尽管有自动化程序，错误检查等等，还是不可避免地会偶尔发生一些故障。 +但是还有一个更加令人担忧的潜在问题：当物联网设备提供的数据有错误，或者在传输过程中出了问题会发生什么？因为尽管有自动化程序、错误检查等等，还是不可避免地会偶尔发生一些故障。 -不幸的是，这并不是一个理论上某天会给谨慎的司机不小心多扣几块钱保费的问题。这已经是一个会带来严重后果的现实问题。就像[保险行业仍然没有想清楚谁应该“拥有”面向客户的物联网设备产生的数据][6]一样，我们也不清楚谁将对这些数据所带来的问题负责。 +不幸的是，这并不是一个理论上某天会给细心的司机不小心多扣几块钱保费的问题。这已经是一个会带来严重后果的现实问题。就像[保险行业仍然没有想清楚谁应该“拥有”面向客户的物联网设备产生的数据][6]一样，我们也不清楚谁将对这些数据所带来的问题负责。 -计算机"故障"据说曾导致赫兹的租车被误报为被盗（虽然在这个例子中这并不是一个严格意义上的物联网问题），并且导致无辜的租车人被逮捕并扣留。结果呢？刑事指控，多年的诉讼官司，以及舆论的指责。非常强烈的舆论指责。 +计算机“故障”据说曾导致赫兹的出租车辆被误报为被盗（虽然在这个例子中这并不是一个严格意义上的物联网问题），并且导致无辜的租车人被逮捕并扣留。结果呢？刑事指控，多年的诉讼官司，以及舆论的指责。非常强烈的舆论指责。 我们非常容易想象一些类似的情况，比如说一个物联网传感器出了故障，然后报告说某辆车超速了，然而事实上并没有超速。想想为这件事打官司的麻烦吧，或者想想和你的保险公司如何争执不下。 -（当然，这个问题还有另外一面：消费者可能会想办法篡改他们的物联网设备上的数据，以获得更低的费率或者转移事故责任。我们同样也没有可行的办法来应对 _这个问题_ 。） +（当然，这个问题还有另外一面：消费者可能会想办法篡改他们的物联网设备上的数据，以获得更低的费率或者转移事故责任。我们同样也没有可行的办法来应对*这个问题*。） -### **政府监管是否有必要** +### 政府监管是否有必要 考虑到这些问题的潜在影响，以及所涉及公司对处理这些问题的无动于衷，我们似乎有理由猜想政府干预的必要性。 -这可能是众议员 Bob Latta（俄亥俄州，共和党）[重新引入 SMART IOT（物联网现代应用、研究及趋势的现状）法案][7]背后的一个动机。这项由 Latta 和众议员 Peter Welch（佛蒙特州，民主党）领导的两党合作物联网工作组提出的[法案][8]，于去年秋天通过众议院，但被参议院驳回了。商务部需要研究物联网行业的状况，并在两年后向众议院能源与商业部和参议院商务委员会报告。 +这可能是美国众议员 Bob Latta（俄亥俄州，共和党）[重新引入 SMART IOT（物联网现代应用、研究及趋势的现状）法案][7]背后的一个动机。这项由 Latta 和美国众议员 Peter Welch（佛蒙特州，民主党）领导的两党合作物联网工作组提出的[法案][8]，于去年秋天通过美国众议院，但被美国参议院驳回了。美国商务部需要研究物联网行业的状况，并在两年后向美国众议院能源与商业部和美国参议院商务委员会报告。 -Latta 在一份声明中表示，“由于预计会有数万亿美元的经济影响，我们需要考虑物联网所带来的的政策，机遇和挑战。SMART IoT 法案会让人们更容易理解政府在物联网政策上的做法、可以改进的地方，以及联邦政策如何影响尖端技术的研究和发明。” - -这项研究受到了欢迎，但该法案甚至可能不会被通过。即便通过了，物联网在两年的等待时间里也可能会翻天覆地，让政府还是无法跟上。 - -加入 Network World 的[Facebook 社区][9] 和 [LinkedIn 社区][10]，参与最前沿话题的讨论。 +Latta 在一份声明中表示，“由于预计会有数万亿美元的经济影响，我们需要考虑物联网所带来的的政策，机遇和挑战。SMART IoT 法案会让人们更容易理解美国政府在物联网政策上的做法、可以改进的地方，以及美国联邦政策如何影响尖端技术的研究和发明。” +这项研究受到了欢迎，但该法案甚至可能不会被通过。即便通过了，物联网在两年的等待时间里也可能会翻天覆地，让美国政府还是无法跟上。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396230/when-iot-systems-fail-the-risk 作者：[Fredric Paul][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From eaa4d0a9d66407c1ab7e69fdce5626107aee055a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 11:51:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0279/1265] PUB:20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-10961-1.html --- ... When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md b/published/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md rename to published/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md index 2a5f55b41f..6d8ee2c96a 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md +++ b/published/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10961-1.html) [#]: subject: (When IoT systems fail: The risk of having bad IoT data) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396230/when-iot-systems-fail-the-risk-of-having-bad-iot-data.html) [#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) From 2b8e893f9279e28c7330570434dae099daabd337 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 11:57:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0280/1265] APL:20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions --- ...een Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md index f55984c31e..96948dd4b2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From c49e003bfe545725a6cbbd790da11c9d1107aee6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 12:32:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0281/1265] TSL:20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md --- ...es To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md | 298 ------------------ ...es To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md | 284 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 284 insertions(+), 298 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md deleted file mode 100644 index 96948dd4b2..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,298 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/) -[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) - -Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions -====== - -![Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions][1] - -**GNU Screen** is a terminal multiplexer (window manager). As the name says, Screen multiplexes the physical terminal between multiple interactive shells, so we can perform different tasks in each terminal session. All screen sessions run their programs completely independent. So, a program or process running inside a screen session will keep running even if the session is accidentally closed or disconnected. For instance, when [**upgrading Ubuntu**][2] server via SSH, Screen command will keep running the upgrade process just in case your SSH session is terminated for any reason. - -The GNU Screen allows us to easily create multiple screen sessions, switch between different sessions, copy text between sessions, attach or detach from a session at any time and so on. It is one of the important command line tool every Linux admins should learn and use wherever necessary. In this brief guide, we will see the basic usage of Screen command with examples in Linux. - -### Installing GNU Screen - -GNU Screen is available in the default repositories of most Linux operating systems. - -To install GNU Screen on Arch Linux, run: - -``` -$ sudo pacman -S screen -``` - -On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint: - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install screen -``` - -On Fedora: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install screen -``` - -On RHEL, CentOS: - -``` -$ sudo yum install screen -``` - -On SUSE/openSUSE: - -``` -$ sudo zypper install screen -``` - -Let us go ahead and see some screen command examples. - -### Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions - -The default prefix shortcut to all commands in Screen is **Ctrl+a**. You need to use this shortcut a lot when using Screen. So, just remember this keyboard shortcut. - -##### Create new Screen session - -Let us create a new Screen session and attach to it. To do so, type the following command in terminal: - -``` -screen -``` - -Now, run any program or process inside this session. The running process or program will keep running even if you’re disconnected from this session. - -##### Detach from Screen sessions - -To detach from inside a screen session, press **Ctrl+a** and **d**. You don’t have to press the both key combinations at the same time. First press **Ctrl+a** and then press **d**. After detaching from a session, you will see an output something like below. - -``` -[detached from 29149.pts-0.sk] -``` - -Here, **29149** is the **screen ID** and **pts-0.sk** is the name of the screen session. You can attach, detach and kill Screen sessions using either screen ID or name of the respective session. - -##### Create a named session - -You can also create a screen session with any custom name of your choice other than the default username like below. - -``` -screen -S ostechnix -``` - -The above command will create a new screen session with name **“xxxxx.ostechnix”** and attach to it immediately. To detach from the current session, press **Ctrl+a** followed by **d**. - -Naming screen sessions can be helpful when you want to find which processes are running on which sessions. For example, when a setup LAMP stack inside a session, you can simply name it like below. - -``` -screen -S lampstack -``` - -##### Create detached sessions - -Sometimes, you might want to create a session, but don’t want to attach it automatically. In such cases, run the following command to create detached session named **“senthil”** : - -``` -screen -S senthil -d -m -``` - -Or, shortly: - -``` -screen -dmS senthil -``` - -The above command will create a session called “senthil”, but won’t attach to it. - -##### List Screen sessions - -To list all running sessions (attached or detached), run: - -``` -screen -ls -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -There are screens on: - 29700.senthil (Detached) - 29415.ostechnix (Detached) - 29149.pts-0.sk (Detached) -3 Sockets in /run/screens/S-sk. -``` - -As you can see, I have three running sessions and all are detached. - -##### Attach to Screen sessions - -If you want to attach to a session at any time, for example **29415.ostechnix** , simply run: - -``` -screen -r 29415.ostechnix -``` - -Or, - -``` -screen -r ostechnix -``` - -Or, just use the screen ID: - -``` -screen -r 29415 -``` - -To verify if we are attached to the aforementioned session, simply list the open sessions and check. - -``` -screen -ls -``` - -Sample output: - -``` -There are screens on: - 29700.senthil (Detached) - 29415.ostechnix (Attached) - 29149.pts-0.sk (Detached) -3 Sockets in /run/screens/S-sk. -``` - -As you see in the above output, we are currently attached to **29415.ostechnix** session. To exit from the current session, press ctrl+a, d. - -##### Create nested sessions - -When we run “screen” command, it will create a single session for us. We can, however, create nested sessions (a session inside a session). - -First, create a new session or attach to an opened session. I am going to create a new session named “nested”. - -``` -screen -S nested -``` - -Now, press **Ctrl+a** and **c** inside the session to create another session. Just repeat this to create any number of nested Screen sessions. Each session will be assigned with a number. The number will start from **0**. - -You can move to the next session by pressing **Ctrl+n** and move to previous by pressing **Ctrl+p**. - -Here is the list of important Keyboard shortcuts to manage nested sessions. - - * **Ctrl+a ”** – List all sessions - * **Ctrl+a 0** – Switch to session number 0 - * **Ctrl+a n** – Switch to next session - * **Ctrl+a p** – Switch to the previous session - * **Ctrl+a S** – Split current region horizontally into two regions - * **Ctrl+a l** – Split current region vertically into two regions - * **Ctrl+a Q** – Close all sessions except the current one - * **Ctrl+a X** – Close the current session - * **Ctrl+a \** – Kill all sessions and terminate Screen - * **Ctrl+a ?** – Show keybindings. To quit this, press ENTER. - - - -##### Lock sessions - -Screen has an option to lock a screen session. To do so, press **Ctrl+a** and **x**. Enter your Linux password to lock the screen. - -``` -Screen used by sk on ubuntuserver. -Password: -``` - -##### Logging sessions - -You might want to log everything when you’re in a Screen session. To do so, just press **Ctrl+a** and **H**. - -Alternatively, you can enable the logging when starting a new session using **-L** parameter. - -``` -screen -L -``` - -From now on, all activities you’ve done inside the session will recorded and stored in a file named **screenlog.x** in your $HOME directory. Here, **x** is a number. - -You can view the contents of the log file using **cat** command or any text viewer applications. - -![][3] - -Log screen sessions - -* * * - -**Suggested read:** - - * [**How To Record Everything You Do In Terminal**][4] - - - -* * * - -##### Kill Screen sessions - -If a session is not required anymore, just kill it. To kill a detached session named “senthil”: - -``` -screen -r senthil -X quit -``` - -Or, - -``` -screen -X -S senthil quit -``` - -Or, - -``` -screen -X -S 29415 quit -``` - -If there are no open sessions, you will see the following output: - -``` -$ screen -ls -No Sockets found in /run/screens/S-sk. -``` - -For more details, refer man pages. - -``` -$ man screen -``` - -There is also a similar command line utility named “Tmux” which does the same job as GNU Screen. To know more about it, refer the following guide. - - * [**Tmux Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions**][5] - - - -**Resource:** - - * [**GNU Screen home page**][6] - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/ - -作者：[sk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Screen-Command-Examples-720x340.jpg -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-upgrade-to-ubuntu-18-04-lts-desktop-and-server/ -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Log-screen-sessions.png -[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/record-everything-terminal/ -[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/tmux-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/ -[6]: https://www.gnu.org/software/screen/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f0a5cf7e51 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +screen 命令示例：管理多个终端会话 +====== + +![Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions][1] + +GNU Screen 是一个终端多路复用器（窗口管理器）。顾名思义，Screen 在多个交互式 shell 之间复用物理终端，因此我们可以在每个终端会话中执行不同的任务。所有的 Screen 会话都完全独立地运行程序。因此，即使会话意外关闭或断开连接，在屏幕会话内运行的程序或进程也将继续运行。例如，当通过 SSH [升级 Ubuntu][2] 服务器时，`screen` 命令将继续运行升级过程，以防万一 SSH 会话因任何原因而终止。 + +GNU Screen 允许我们轻松创建多个 Screen 会话，在不同会话之间切换，在会话之间复制文本，随时连上或脱离会话等等。它是每个 Linux 管理员应该在必要时学习和使用的重要命令行工具之一。在本简要指南中，我们将看到 `screen` 命令的基本用法以及 Linux 中的示例。 + +### 安装 GNU Screen + +GNU Screen 在大多数 Linux 操作系统的默认存储库中都可用。 + +要在 Arch Linux 上安装 GNU Screen，请运行： + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S screen +``` + +在 Debian、Ubuntu、Linux Mint 上： + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install screen +``` + +在 Fedora 上： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install screen +``` + +在 RHEL、CentOS 上： + +``` +$ sudo yum install screen +``` + +在 SUSE/openSUSE 上： + +``` +$ sudo zypper install screen +``` + +让我们继续看一些 `screen` 命令示例。 + + +### 管理多个终端会话的 Screen 命令示例 + +在 Screen 中所有命令的默认前缀快捷方式是 `Ctrl + a`。 使用 Screen 时，你需要经常使用此快捷方式。所以，要需记住这个键盘快捷键。 + +#### 创建新的 Screen 会话 + +让我们创建一个新的 Screen 会话并连上它。为此，请在终端中键入以下命令： + +``` +screen +``` + +现在，在此会话中运行任何程序或进程。即使你与此会话断开连接，正在运行的进程或程序也将继续运行。 + +#### 从 Screen 会话脱离 + +要从屏幕会话中脱离，请按 `Ctrl + a` 和 `d`。你无需同时按下两个组合键。首先按 `Ctrl + a` 然后按 `d`。从会话中脱离后，你将看到类似下面的输出。 + +``` +[detached from 29149.pts-0.sk] +``` + +这里，`29149` 是 Screen ID，`pts-0.sk` 是屏幕会话的名称。你可以使用 Screen ID 或相应会话的名称来连上、脱离和终止屏幕会话。 + +#### 创建命名会话 + +你还可以用你选择的任何自定义名称创建一个 Screen 会话，而不是默认用户名，如下所示。 + +``` +screen -S ostechnix +``` + +上面的命令将创建一个名为 `xxxxx.ostechnix` 的新 Screen 会话，并立即连上它。要从当前会话中脱离，请按 `Ctrl + a`，然后按 `d`。 + +当你想要查找哪些进程在哪些会话上运行时，命名会话会很有用。例如，当在会话中设置 LAMP 系统时，你可以简单地将其命名为如下所示。 + +``` +screen -S lampstack +``` + +#### 创建脱离的会话 + +有时，你可能想要创建一个会话，但不希望自动连上该会话。在这种情况下，运行以下命令来创建名为`senthil` 的脱离会话： + +``` +screen -S senthil -d -m +``` + +也可以缩短为： + +``` +screen -dmS senthil +``` + +上面的命令将创建一个名为 `senthil` 的会话，但不会连上它。 + +#### 列出屏幕会话 + +要列出所有正在运行的会话（连上的或脱离的），请运行： + +``` +screen -ls +``` + +示例输出： + +``` +There are screens on: + 29700.senthil (Detached) + 29415.ostechnix (Detached) + 29149.pts-0.sk (Detached) +3 Sockets in /run/screens/S-sk. +``` + +如你所见，我有三个正在运行的会话，并且所有会话都已脱离。 + +#### 连上 Screen 会话 + +如果你想连上会话，例如 `29415.ostechnix`，只需运行： + +``` +screen -r 29415.ostechnix +``` + +或 + +``` +screen -r ostechnix +``` + +或使用 Screen ID： + +``` +screen -r 29415 +``` + +要验证我们是否连上到上述会话，只需列出打开的会话并检查。 + +``` +screen -ls +``` + +示例输出： + +``` +There are screens on: + 29700.senthil (Detached) + 29415.ostechnix (Attached) + 29149.pts-0.sk (Detached) +3 Sockets in /run/screens/S-sk. +``` + +如你所见，在上面的输出中，我们目前已连上到 `29415.ostechnix` 会话。要退出当前会话，请按 `ctrl + a d`。 + +#### 创建嵌套会话 + +当我们运行 `screen` 命令时，它将为我们创建一个会话。但是，我们可以创建嵌套会话（会话内的会话）。 + +首先，创建一个新会话或连上已打开的会话。我将创建一个名为 `nested` 的新会话。 + +``` +screen -S nested +``` + +现在，在会话中按 `Ctrl + a` 和 `c` 创建另一个会话。只需重复此操作即可创建任意数量的嵌套 Screen 会话。每个会话都将分配一个号码。号码将从 `0` 开始。 + +你可以按 `Ctrl + n` 移动到下一个会话，然后按 `Ctrl + p` 移动到上一个会话。 + +以下是管理嵌套会话的重要键盘快捷键列表。 + +* `Ctrl + a "` - 列出所有会话 +* `Ctrl + a 0` - 切换到会话号 0 +* `Ctrl + a n` - 切换到下一个会话 +* `Ctrl + a p` - 切换到上一个会话 +* `Ctrl + a S` - 将当前区域水平分割为两个区域 +* `Ctrl + a l` - 将当前区域垂直分割为两个区域 +* `Ctrl + a Q` - 关闭除当前会话之外的所有会话 +* `Ctrl + a X` - 关闭当前会话 +* `Ctrl + a \` - 终止所有会话并终止 Screen +* `Ctrl + a ?` - 显示键绑定。要退出，请按回车 +   +#### 锁定会话 + +Screen 有一个锁定会话的选项。为此，请按 `Ctrl + a` 和 `x`。 输入你的 Linux 密码以锁定。 + +``` +Screen used by sk on ubuntuserver. +Password: +``` + +#### 记录会话 + +你可能希望记录 Screen 会话中的所有内容。为此，只需按 `Ctrl + a` 和 `H` 即可。 + +或者，你也可以使用 `-L` 参数启动新会话来启用日志记录。0 + +``` +screen -L +``` + +从现在开始，你在会话中做的所有活动都将记录并存储在 `$HOME` 目录中名为 `screenlog.x` 的文件中。这里，`x`是一个数字。 + +你可以使用 `cat` 命令或任何文本查看器查看日志文件的内容。 + + +![][3] + +*记录 Screen 会话* + +#### 终止 Screen 会话 + +如果不再需要会话，只需杀死它。 要杀死名为 `senthil` 的脱离会话： + +``` +screen -r senthil -X quit +``` + +或 + +``` +screen -X -S senthil quit +``` + +或 + +``` +screen -X -S 29415 quit +``` + +如果没有打开的会话，你将看到以下输出： + +``` +$ screen -ls +No Sockets found in /run/screens/S-sk. +``` + +更多细节请参照 man 手册页： + +``` +$ man screen +``` + +还有一个名为 Tmux 的类似命令行实用程序，它与 GNU Screen 执行相同的工作。要了解更多信息，请参阅以下指南。 + +* [Tmux 命令示例：管理多个终端会话][5] + +### 资源 + + * [GNU Screen 主页][6] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Screen-Command-Examples-720x340.jpg +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-upgrade-to-ubuntu-18-04-lts-desktop-and-server/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Log-screen-sessions.png +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/record-everything-terminal/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/tmux-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/ +[6]: https://www.gnu.org/software/screen/ From 55efad952a817c80b3e55b6ae9f6ba279931d06e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 12:48:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0282/1265] PRF:20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md @wxy --- ...es To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md | 36 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md index f0a5cf7e51..e5b6ca5926 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions) @@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ screen 命令示例：管理多个终端会话 ====== -![Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions][1] +![Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/11/124801th0uy0hti3y211ha.jpg) -GNU Screen 是一个终端多路复用器（窗口管理器）。顾名思义，Screen 在多个交互式 shell 之间复用物理终端，因此我们可以在每个终端会话中执行不同的任务。所有的 Screen 会话都完全独立地运行程序。因此，即使会话意外关闭或断开连接，在屏幕会话内运行的程序或进程也将继续运行。例如，当通过 SSH [升级 Ubuntu][2] 服务器时，`screen` 命令将继续运行升级过程，以防万一 SSH 会话因任何原因而终止。 +GNU Screen 是一个终端多路复用器（窗口管理器）。顾名思义，Screen 可以在多个交互式 shell 之间复用物理终端，因此我们可以在每个终端会话中执行不同的任务。所有的 Screen 会话都完全独立地运行程序。因此，即使会话意外关闭或断开连接，在 Screen 会话内运行的程序或进程也将继续运行。例如，当通过 SSH [升级 Ubuntu][2] 服务器时，`screen` 命令将继续运行升级过程，以防万一 SSH 会话因任何原因而终止。 -GNU Screen 允许我们轻松创建多个 Screen 会话，在不同会话之间切换，在会话之间复制文本，随时连上或脱离会话等等。它是每个 Linux 管理员应该在必要时学习和使用的重要命令行工具之一。在本简要指南中，我们将看到 `screen` 命令的基本用法以及 Linux 中的示例。 +GNU Screen 允许我们轻松创建多个 Screen 会话，在不同会话之间切换，在会话之间复制文本，随时连上或脱离会话等等。它是每个 Linux 管理员应该在必要时学习和使用的重要命令行工具之一。在本简要指南中，我们将看到 `screen` 命令的基本用法以及在 Linux 中的示例。 ### 安装 GNU Screen @@ -52,10 +52,9 @@ $ sudo zypper install screen 让我们继续看一些 `screen` 命令示例。 - ### 管理多个终端会话的 Screen 命令示例 -在 Screen 中所有命令的默认前缀快捷方式是 `Ctrl + a`。 使用 Screen 时，你需要经常使用此快捷方式。所以，要需记住这个键盘快捷键。 +在 Screen 中所有命令的默认前缀快捷方式是 `Ctrl + a`。使用 Screen 时，你需要经常使用此快捷方式。所以，要记住这个键盘快捷键。 #### 创建新的 Screen 会话 @@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ $ sudo zypper install screen screen ``` -现在，在此会话中运行任何程序或进程。即使你与此会话断开连接，正在运行的进程或程序也将继续运行。 +现在，在此会话中运行任何程序或进程，即使你与此会话断开连接，正在运行的进程或程序也将继续运行。 #### 从 Screen 会话脱离 @@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ screen [detached from 29149.pts-0.sk] ``` -这里，`29149` 是 Screen ID，`pts-0.sk` 是屏幕会话的名称。你可以使用 Screen ID 或相应会话的名称来连上、脱离和终止屏幕会话。 +这里，`29149` 是 Screen ID，`pts-0.sk` 是屏幕会话的名称。你可以使用 Screen ID 或相应的会话名称来连上、脱离和终止屏幕会话。 #### 创建命名会话 @@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ screen -S lampstack #### 创建脱离的会话 -有时，你可能想要创建一个会话，但不希望自动连上该会话。在这种情况下，运行以下命令来创建名为`senthil` 的脱离会话： +有时，你可能想要创建一个会话，但不希望自动连上该会话。在这种情况下，运行以下命令来创建名为`senthil` 的已脱离会话： ``` screen -S senthil -d -m @@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ There are screens on: screen -r 29415.ostechnix ``` -或 +或： ``` screen -r ostechnix @@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ There are screens on: 当我们运行 `screen` 命令时，它将为我们创建一个会话。但是，我们可以创建嵌套会话（会话内的会话）。 -首先，创建一个新会话或连上已打开的会话。我将创建一个名为 `nested` 的新会话。 +首先，创建一个新会话或连上已打开的会话。然后我将创建一个名为 `nested` 的新会话。 ``` screen -S nested @@ -207,36 +206,35 @@ Password: 你可能希望记录 Screen 会话中的所有内容。为此，只需按 `Ctrl + a` 和 `H` 即可。 -或者，你也可以使用 `-L` 参数启动新会话来启用日志记录。0 +或者，你也可以使用 `-L` 参数启动新会话来启用日志记录。 ``` screen -L ``` -从现在开始，你在会话中做的所有活动都将记录并存储在 `$HOME` 目录中名为 `screenlog.x` 的文件中。这里，`x`是一个数字。 +从现在开始，你在会话中做的所有活动都将记录并存储在 `$HOME` 目录中名为 `screenlog.x` 的文件中。这里，`x` 是一个数字。 你可以使用 `cat` 命令或任何文本查看器查看日志文件的内容。 - ![][3] *记录 Screen 会话* #### 终止 Screen 会话 -如果不再需要会话，只需杀死它。 要杀死名为 `senthil` 的脱离会话： +如果不再需要会话，只需杀死它。要杀死名为 `senthil` 的脱离会话： ``` screen -r senthil -X quit ``` -或 +或： ``` screen -X -S senthil quit ``` -或 +或： ``` screen -X -S 29415 quit @@ -255,7 +253,7 @@ No Sockets found in /run/screens/S-sk. $ man screen ``` -还有一个名为 Tmux 的类似命令行实用程序，它与 GNU Screen 执行相同的工作。要了解更多信息，请参阅以下指南。 +还有一个名为 Tmux 的类似的命令行实用程序，它与 GNU Screen 执行相同的工作。要了解更多信息，请参阅以下指南。 * [Tmux 命令示例：管理多个终端会话][5] @@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-termin 作者：[sk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a5159a19d7ebd53bf65eeede8b7e5b4b91cc5f7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 12:48:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0283/1265] PUB:20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10962-1.html --- ...n Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md b/published/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md rename to published/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md index e5b6ca5926..936974a5d2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md +++ b/published/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10962-1.html) [#]: subject: (Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-multiple-terminal-sessions/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) From 15818281f5e634cc8b940f68ef1d794d2ea98383 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GraveAccent Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 16:08:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0284/1265] translated talk/20190604 5G will ... --- sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md b/sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md index d8d007e275..76346907f3 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (GraveAccent) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 3c9fce50edf4c006de984817c8501d436259b33f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 17:53:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0285/1265] PRF:20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit PART 5 @LuuMing 太辛苦了，这篇这么长，这么专业都翻译的这么好。我连校对都分了五次才逐步校对完，这还是逼着自己完成的。 --- ...ing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 102 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md index 58ae92d7ff..60d302b2de 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md +++ b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md @@ -354,76 +354,95 @@ __name__="requests_total" -> [ 9999, 1000, 1001, 2000000, 2000001, 2000002, ### 基准测试 -我发起了一个最初版本的基准测试，它基于现实世界数据集中提取的大约 440 万个序列描述符，并生成合成数据点对应到这些序列中。这个方法仅仅测试单独的存储系统，快速的找到高并发负载场景下的运行瓶颈和触发死锁至关重要。 +我从存储的基准测试开始了初步的开发，它基于现实世界数据集中提取的大约 440 万个序列描述符，并生成合成数据点以输入到这些序列中。这个阶段的开发仅仅测试了单独的存储系统，对于快速找到性能瓶颈和高并发负载场景下的触发死锁至关重要。 -在概念性的运用完成之后，基准测试能够在我的 Macbook Pro 上维持每秒 2000 万的吞吐量—并且所有 Chrome 的页面和 Slack 都保持着运行。因此，尽管这听起来都很棒，它这也表明推动这项测试没有的进一步价值。（或者是没有在高随机环境下运行）。毕竟，它是合成的数据，因此在除了好的第一印象外没有多大价值。比起最初的设计目标高出 20 倍，是时候将它部署到真正的 Prometheus 服务器上了，为它添加更多现实环境中的开销和场景。 +在完成概念性的开发实施之后，该基准测试能够在我的 Macbook Pro 上维持每秒 2000 万的吞吐量 —— 并且这都是在打开着十几个 Chrome 的页面和 Slack 的时候。因此，尽管这听起来都很棒，它这也表明推动这项测试没有的进一步价值（或者是没有在高随机环境下运行）。毕竟，它是合成的数据，因此在除了良好的第一印象外没有多大价值。比起最初的设计目标高出 20 倍，是时候将它部署到真正的 Prometheus 服务器上了，为它添加更多现实环境中的开销和场景。 -我们实际上没有可重复的 Prometheus 基准测试配置，特别是对于不同版本的 A/B 测试。亡羊补牢为时不晚，[现在就有一个了][11]！ +我们实际上没有可重现的 Prometheus 基准测试配置，特别是没有对于不同版本的 A/B 测试。亡羊补牢为时不晚，[不过现在就有一个了][11]！ -工具可以让我们声明性地定义基准测试场景，然后部署到 AWS 的 Kubernetes 集群上。尽管对于全面的基准测试来说不是最好环境，但它肯定比 64 核 128GB 内存的专用裸机服务器bare metal servers更能反映出用户基础。我们部署两个 Prometheus 1.5.2 服务器（V2 存储系统）和两个从 2.0 分支继续开发的 Prometheus （V3 存储系统） 。每个 Prometheus 运行在配备 SSD 的专用服务器上。我们将横向扩展的应用部署在了工作节点上，并且让其暴露典型的微服务量。此外，Kubernetes 集群本身和节点也被监控着。整个配置由另一个 Meta-Prometheus 所监督，它监控每个 Prometheus 的健康状况和性能。为了模拟序列分流，微服务定期的扩展和收缩来移除旧的 pods 并衍生新的 pods，生成新的序列。查询负载通过典型的查询选择来模拟，对每个 Prometheus 版本都执行一次。 +我们的工具可以让我们声明性地定义基准测试场景，然后部署到 AWS 的 Kubernetes 集群上。尽管对于全面的基准测试来说不是最好环境，但它肯定比 64 核 128GB 内存的专用裸机服务器bare metal servers更能反映出我们的用户群体。 -总体上，伸缩与查询的负载和采样频率一样极大的超出了 Prometheus 的生产部署。例如，我们每隔 15 分钟换出 60% 的微服务实例去产生序列分流。在现代的基础设施上，一天仅大约会发生 1-5 次。这就保证了我们的 V3 设计足以处理未来几年的工作量。就结果而言，Prometheus 1.5.2 和 2.0 之间的性能差异在不温和的环境下会变得更大。 -总而言之，我们每秒从 850 个暴露 50 万数据的目标里收集了大约 11 万份样本。 +我们部署了两个 Prometheus 1.5.2 服务器（V2 存储系统）和两个来自 2.0 开发分支的 Prometheus （V3 存储系统）。每个 Prometheus 运行在配备 SSD 的专用服务器上。我们将横向扩展的应用部署在了工作节点上，并且让其暴露典型的微服务度量。此外，Kubernetes 集群本身和节点也被监控着。整套系统由另一个 Meta-Prometheus 所监督，它监控每个 Prometheus 的健康状况和性能。 -在此配置运行一段时间之后，我们可以看一下数字。我们评估了两个版本在 12 个小时之后到达稳定时的几个指标。 +为了模拟序列分流，微服务定期的扩展和收缩来移除旧的 pod 并衍生新的 pod，生成新的序列。通过选择“典型”的查询来模拟查询负载，对每个 Prometheus 版本都执行一次。 + +总体上，伸缩与查询的负载以及采样频率极大的超出了 Prometheus 的生产部署。例如，我们每隔 15 分钟换出 60% 的微服务实例去产生序列分流。在现代的基础设施上，一天仅大约会发生 1-5 次。这就保证了我们的 V3 设计足以处理未来几年的工作负载。就结果而言，Prometheus 1.5.2 和 2.0 之间的性能差异在极端的环境下会变得更大。 + +总而言之，我们每秒从 850 个目标里收集大约 11 万份样本，每次暴露 50 万个序列。 + +在此系统运行一段时间之后，我们可以看一下数字。我们评估了两个版本在 12 个小时之后到达稳定时的几个指标。 > 请注意从 Prometheus 图形界面的截图中轻微截断的 Y 轴 - ![Heap usage GB](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/heap_usage.png) -> 堆内存使用（GB） +![Heap usage GB](https://fabxc.org/tsdb/assets/heap_usage.png) -内存资源使用对用户来说是最为困扰的问题，因为它相对的不可预测且能够导致进程崩溃。 -显然，被查询的服务器正在消耗内存，这极大程度上归咎于查询引擎的开销，这一点可以当作以后优化的主题。总的来说，Prometheus 2.0 的内存消耗减少了 3-4 倍。大约 6 小时之后，在 Prometheus 1.5 上有一个明显的峰值，与我们设置 6 小时的保留边界相对应。因为删除操作成本非常高，所以资源消耗急剧提升。这一点在下面几张图中均有体现。 +*堆内存使用（GB）* - ![CPU usage cores](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/cpu_usage.png) -> CPU 使用（核心/秒） +内存资源的使用对用户来说是最为困扰的问题，因为它相对的不可预测且可能导致进程崩溃。 -类似的模式展示 CPU 使用，但是查询的服务器与非查询的服务器之间的差异尤为明显。每秒获取大约 11 万个数据需要 0.5 核心/秒的 CPU 资源，比起评估查询所花费的时间，我们新的存储系统 CPU 消耗可忽略不计。 +显然，查询的服务器正在消耗内存，这很大程度上归咎于查询引擎的开销，这一点可以当作以后优化的主题。总的来说，Prometheus 2.0 的内存消耗减少了 3-4 倍。大约 6 小时之后，在 Prometheus 1.5 上有一个明显的峰值，与我们设置的 6 小时的保留边界相对应。因为删除操作成本非常高，所以资源消耗急剧提升。这一点在下面几张图中均有体现。 - ![Disk writes](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/disk_writes.png) -> 磁盘写入（MB/秒） +![CPU usage cores](https://fabxc.org/tsdb/assets/cpu_usage.png) -图片展示出的磁盘利用率取得了令人意想不到的提升。这就清楚的展示了为什么 Prometheus 1.5 很容易造成 SSD 损耗。我们看到最初的上升发生在第一个块被持久化到序列文件中的时期，然后一旦删除操作引发了重写就会带来第二个上升。令人惊讶的是，查询的服务器与非查询的服务器显示出了非常不同的利用率。 -Prometheus 2.0 on the other hand, merely writes about a single Megabyte per second to its write ahead log. Writes periodically spike when blocks are compacted to disk. Overall savings: staggering 97-99%.Prometheus 2.0 在另一方面，每秒仅仅写入大约一兆字节的日志文件。当块压缩到磁盘之时，写入定期地出现峰值。这在总体上节省了：惊人的 97-99%。 +*CPU 使用（核心/秒）* - ![Disk usage](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/disk_usage.png) -> 磁盘大小（GB） +类似的模式也体现在 CPU 使用上，但是查询的服务器与非查询的服务器之间的差异尤为明显。每秒获取大约 11 万个数据需要 0.5 核心/秒的 CPU 资源，比起评估查询所花费的 CPU 时间，我们的新存储系统 CPU 消耗可忽略不计。总的来说，新存储需要的 CPU 资源减少了 3 到 10 倍。 -与磁盘写入密切相关的是总磁盘空间占用量。由于我们对样本几乎使用了相同的压缩算法，因此磁盘占用量应当相同。在更为稳定的配置中，这样做很大程度上是正确地，但是因为我们需要处理高序列分流，所以还要考虑每个序列的开销。 -如我们所见，Prometheus 1.5 在两个版本达到稳定状态之前，使用的存储空间因保留操作而急速上升。Prometheus 2.0 似乎在每个序列上具有更少的消耗。我们可以清楚的看到写入日志线性地充满整个存储空间，然后当压缩完成后立刻掉下来。事实上对于两个 Prometheus 2.0 服务器，它们的曲线并不是完全匹配的，这一点需要进一步的调查。 +![Disk writes](https://fabxc.org/tsdb/assets/disk_writes.png) + +*磁盘写入（MB/秒）* + +迄今为止最引人注目和意想不到的改进表现在我们的磁盘写入利用率上。这就清楚的说明了为什么 Prometheus 1.5 很容易造成 SSD 损耗。我们看到最初的上升发生在第一个块被持久化到序列文件中的时期，然后一旦删除操作引发了重写就会带来第二个上升。令人惊讶的是，查询的服务器与非查询的服务器显示出了非常不同的利用率。 + +在另一方面，Prometheus 2.0 每秒仅向其预写日志写入大约一兆字节。当块被压缩到磁盘时，写入定期地出现峰值。这在总体上节省了：惊人的 97-99%。 + +![Disk usage](https://fabxc.org/tsdb/assets/disk_usage.png) + +*磁盘大小（GB）* + +与磁盘写入密切相关的是总磁盘空间占用量。由于我们对样本（这是我们的大部分数据）几乎使用了相同的压缩算法，因此磁盘占用量应当相同。在更为稳定的系统中，这样做很大程度上是正确地，但是因为我们需要处理高的序列分流，所以还要考虑每个序列的开销。 + +如我们所见，Prometheus 1.5 在这两个版本达到稳定状态之前，使用的存储空间因其保留操作而急速上升。Prometheus 2.0 似乎在每个序列上的开销显著降低。我们可以清楚的看到预写日志线性地充满整个存储空间，然后当压缩完成后瞬间下降。事实上对于两个 Prometheus 2.0 服务器，它们的曲线并不是完全匹配的，这一点需要进一步的调查。 前景大好。剩下最重要的部分是查询延迟。新的索引应当优化了查找的复杂度。没有实质上发生改变的是处理数据的过程，例如 `rate()` 函数或聚合。这些就是查询引擎要做的东西了。 - ![Query latency](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/query_latency.png) -> 第 99 个百分位查询延迟（秒） +![Query latency](https://fabxc.org/tsdb/assets/query_latency.png) -数据完全符合预期。在 Prometheus 1.5 上，查询延迟随着存储的数据而增加。只有在保留操作开始且旧的序列被删除后才会趋于稳定。作为对比，Prometheus 从一开始就保持在合适的位置。 -我们需要花一些心思在数据是如何被采集上，对服务器发出的查询请求通过估计以下方面被选中：查询范围和即时查询的组合，进行或轻或重的计算，访问或多或少的文件。它并不需要代表真实世界里查询的分布。也不能代表冷数据的查询性能，我们可以假设所有的样本数据都是保存在内存中的热数据。 -尽管如此，我们可以相当自信地说，整体查询效果对序列分流变得非常有弹性，并且提升了高压基准测试场景下 4 倍的性能。在更为静态的环境下，我们可以假设查询时间大多数花费在了查询引擎上，改善程度明显较低。 +*第 99 个百分位查询延迟（秒）* - ![Ingestion rate](https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/assets/ingestion_rate.png) -> 摄入的样本/秒 +数据完全符合预期。在 Prometheus 1.5 上，查询延迟随着存储的序列而增加。只有在保留操作开始且旧的序列被删除后才会趋于稳定。作为对比，Prometheus 2.0 从一开始就保持在合适的位置。 -最后，快速地看一下不同 Prometheus 服务器的摄入率。我们可以看到搭载 V3 存储系统的两个服务器具有相同的摄入速率。在几个小时之后变得不稳定，这是因为不同的基准测试集群节点由于高负载变得无响应，与 Prometheus 实例无关。（两点之前的曲线完全匹配这一事实希望足够具有说服力） -尽管还有更多 CPU 和内存资源，两个 Prometheus 1.5.2 服务器的摄入率大大降低。序列分流高压导致了无法采集更多的数据。 +我们需要花一些心思在数据是如何被采集上，对服务器发出的查询请求通过对以下方面的估计来选择：范围查询和即时查询的组合，进行更轻或更重的计算，访问更多或更少的文件。它并不需要代表真实世界里查询的分布。也不能代表冷数据的查询性能，我们可以假设所有的样本数据都是保存在内存中的热数据。 + +尽管如此，我们可以相当自信地说，整体查询效果对序列分流变得非常有弹性，并且在高压基准测试场景下提升了 4 倍的性能。在更为静态的环境下，我们可以假设查询时间大多数花费在了查询引擎上，改善程度明显较低。 + +![Ingestion rate](https://fabxc.org/tsdb/assets/ingestion_rate.png) + +*摄入的样本/秒* + +最后，快速地看一下不同 Prometheus 服务器的摄入率。我们可以看到搭载 V3 存储系统的两个服务器具有相同的摄入速率。在几个小时之后变得不稳定，这是因为不同的基准测试集群节点由于高负载变得无响应，与 Prometheus 实例无关。（两个 2.0 的曲线完全匹配这一事实希望足够具有说服力） + +尽管还有更多 CPU 和内存资源，两个 Prometheus 1.5.2 服务器的摄入率大大降低。序列分流的高压导致了无法采集更多的数据。 那么现在每秒可以摄入的绝对最大absolute maximum样本数是多少？ -我不知道——而且故意忽略。 +但是现在你可以摄取的每秒绝对最大样本数是多少？ -存在的很多因素都会影响 Prometheus 数据流量，而且没有一个单独的数字能够描述捕获质量。最大摄入率在历史上是一个导致基准出现偏差的度量量，并且忽视了更多重要的层面，例如查询性能和对序列分流的弹性。关于资源使用线性增长的大致猜想通过一些基本的测试被证实。很容易推断出其中的原因。 +我不知道 —— 虽然这是一个相当容易的优化指标，但除了稳固的基线性能之外，它并不是特别有意义。 -我们的基准测试模拟了高动态环境下 Prometheus 的压力，它比起真实世界中的更大。结果表明，虽然运行在没有优化的云服务器上，但是已经超出了预期的效果。 +有很多因素都会影响 Prometheus 数据流量，而且没有一个单独的数字能够描述捕获质量。最大摄入率在历史上是一个导致基准出现偏差的度量，并且忽视了更多重要的层面，例如查询性能和对序列分流的弹性。关于资源使用线性增长的大致猜想通过一些基本的测试被证实。很容易推断出其中的原因。 -> 注意：在撰写本文的同时，Prometheus 1.6 正在开发当中，它允许更可靠地配置最大内存使用量，并且可能会显著地减少整体的消耗，提高 CPU 使用率。我没有重复进行测试，因为整体结果变化不大，尤其是面对高序列分流的情况。 +我们的基准测试模拟了高动态环境下 Prometheus 的压力，它比起真实世界中的更大。结果表明，虽然运行在没有优化的云服务器上，但是已经超出了预期的效果。最终，成功将取决于用户反馈而不是基准数字。 + +> 注意：在撰写本文的同时，Prometheus 1.6 正在开发当中，它允许更可靠地配置最大内存使用量，并且可能会显著地减少整体的消耗，有利于稍微提高 CPU 使用率。我没有重复对此进行测试，因为整体结果变化不大，尤其是面对高序列分流的情况。 ### 总结 -Prometheus 开始应对高基数序列与单独样本的吞吐量。这仍然是一项富有挑战性的任务，但是新的存储系统似乎向我们展示了未来的一些好东西：超大规模hyper-scale，高收敛度hyper-convergent，GIFEE 基础设施。好吧，它似乎运行的不错。 +Prometheus 开始应对高基数序列与单独样本的吞吐量。这仍然是一项富有挑战性的任务，但是新的存储系统似乎向我们展示了未来的一些好东西。 第一个配备 V3 存储系统的 [alpha 版本 Prometheus 2.0][12] 已经可以用来测试了。在早期阶段预计还会出现崩溃，死锁和其他 bug。 -存储系统的代码可以在[这个单独的项目中找到][13]。Prometheus 对于寻找高效本地存储时间序列数据库的应用来说可能非常有用，之一点令人非常惊讶。 +存储系统的代码可以在[这个单独的项目中找到][13]。Prometheus 对于寻找高效本地存储时间序列数据库的应用来说可能非常有用，这一点令人非常惊讶。 > 这里需要感谢很多人作出的贡献，以下排名不分先后： @@ -431,16 +450,15 @@ Prometheus 开始应对高基数序列与单独样本的吞吐量。这仍然是 > Wilhelm Bierbaum 对新设计不断的建议与见解作出了很大的贡献。Brian Brazil 不断的反馈确保了我们最终得到的是语义上合理的方法。与 Peter Bourgon 深刻的讨论验证了设计并形成了这篇文章。 -> 别忘了我们整个 CoreOS 团队与公司对于这项工作的赞助与支持。感谢所有那些听我一遍遍唠叨 SSD，浮点数，序列化格式的同学。 - +> 别忘了我们整个 CoreOS 团队与公司对于这项工作的赞助与支持。感谢所有那些听我一遍遍唠叨 SSD、浮点数、序列化格式的同学。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://fabxc.org/blog/2017-04-10-writing-a-tsdb/ -作者：[Fabian Reinartz ][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/LuuMing) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +作者：[Fabian Reinartz][a] +译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/LuuMing) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ceb182ec1e193a11e8b5c5d2f817efc885617683 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 18:36:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0286/1265] PRF:20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md --- ...ing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 152 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 79 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md index 60d302b2de..9093e4dc2a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md +++ b/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md @@ -1,6 +1,12 @@ 从零写一个时间序列数据库 ================== +编者按：Prometheus 是 CNCF 旗下的开源监控告警解决方案，它已经成为 Kubernetes 生态圈中的核心监控系统。本文作者 Fabian Reinartz 是 Prometheus 的核心开发者，这篇文章是其于 2017 年写的一篇关于 Prometheus 中的时间序列数据库的设计思考，虽然写作时间有点久了，但是其中的考虑和思路非常值得参考。长文预警，请坐下来慢慢品味。 + +--- + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/11/180646l7cqbhazqs7nsqsn.jpg) + 我从事监控工作。特别是在 [Prometheus][2] 上，监控系统包含一个自定义的时间序列数据库，并且集成在 [Kubernetes][3] 上。 在许多方面上 Kubernetes 展现出了 Prometheus 所有的设计用途。它使得持续部署continuous deployments，弹性伸缩auto scaling和其他高动态环境highly dynamic environments下的功能可以轻易地访问。查询语句和操作模型以及其它概念决策使得 Prometheus 特别适合这种环境。但是，如果监控的工作负载动态程度显著地增加，这就会给监控系统本身带来新的压力。考虑到这一点，我们就可以特别致力于在高动态或瞬态服务transient services环境下提升它的表现，而不是回过头来解决 Prometheus 已经解决的很好的问题。 @@ -52,16 +58,16 @@ requests_total{path="/", method="GET", instance=”10.0.0.2:80”} ``` series ^ - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="request_total", method="GET"} - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="request_total", method="POST"} - │ . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="errors_total", method="POST"} - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="errors_total", method="GET"} - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... - │ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="request_total", method="GET"} + | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="request_total", method="POST"} + | . . . . . . . + | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... + | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="errors_total", method="POST"} + | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {__name__="errors_total", method="GET"} + | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... + | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v <-------------------- time ---------------------> ``` @@ -93,13 +99,13 @@ Prometheus 通过定期地抓取一组时间序列的当前值来获取数据点 我们创建一个时间序列的文件，它包含所有样本并按顺序存储。因为每几秒附加一个样本数据到所有文件中非常昂贵，我们在内存中打包 1Kib 样本序列的数据块，一旦打包完成就附加这些数据块到单独的文件中。这一方法解决了大部分问题。写入目前是批量的，样本也是按顺序存储的。基于给定的同一序列的样本相对之前的数据仅发生非常小的改变这一特性，它还支持非常高效的压缩格式。Facebook 在他们 Gorilla TSDB 上的论文中描述了一个相似的基于数据块的方法，并且[引入了一种压缩格式][7]，它能够减少 16 字节的样本到平均 1.37 字节。V2 存储使用了包含 Gorilla 变体等在内的各种压缩格式。 ``` - ┌──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ series A - └──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ - ┌──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ series B - └──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ + +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ series A + +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ + +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ series B + +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ . . . - ┌──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ series XYZ - └──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ + +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ series XYZ + +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ chunk 1 chunk 2 chunk 3 ... ``` @@ -124,17 +130,17 @@ Prometheus 通过定期地抓取一组时间序列的当前值来获取数据点 ``` series ^ - │ . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . - │ . . . . . . - │ . . . . . - │ . . . . . - │ . . . . . + | . . . . . . + | . . . . . . + | . . . . . . + | . . . . . . . + | . . . . . . . + | . . . . . . . + | . . . . . . + | . . . . . . + | . . . . . + | . . . . . + | . . . . . v <-------------------- time ---------------------> ``` @@ -176,29 +182,29 @@ series ``` $ tree ./data ./data -├── b-000001 -│ ├── chunks -│ │ ├── 000001 -│ │ ├── 000002 -│ │ └── 000003 -│ ├── index -│ └── meta.json -├── b-000004 -│ ├── chunks -│ │ └── 000001 -│ ├── index -│ └── meta.json -├── b-000005 -│ ├── chunks -│ │ └── 000001 -│ ├── index -│ └── meta.json -└── b-000006 - ├── meta.json - └── wal - ├── 000001 - ├── 000002 - └── 000003 ++-- b-000001 +| +-- chunks +| | +-- 000001 +| | +-- 000002 +| | +-- 000003 +| +-- index +| +-- meta.json ++-- b-000004 +| +-- chunks +| | +-- 000001 +| +-- index +| +-- meta.json ++-- b-000005 +| +-- chunks +| | +-- 000001 +| +-- index +| +-- meta.json ++-- b-000006 + +-- meta.json + +-- wal + +-- 000001 + +-- 000002 + +-- 000003 ``` 在最顶层，我们有一系列以 `b-` 为前缀编号的块block。每个块中显然保存了索引文件和含有更多编号文件的 `chunk` 文件夹。`chunks` 目录只包含不同序列数据点的原始块raw chunks of data points。与 V2 存储系统一样，这使得通过时间窗口读取序列数据非常高效并且允许我们使用相同的有效压缩算法。这一点被证实行之有效，我们也打算沿用。显然，这里并不存在含有单个序列的文件，而是一堆保存着许多序列的数据块。 @@ -214,15 +220,15 @@ $ tree ./data ``` t0 t1 t2 t3 now - ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌────────────┐ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ mutable │ <─── write ──── ┤ Prometheus │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └────────────┘ - └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ ^ - └──────────────┴───────┬──────┴──────────────┘ │ - │ query - │ │ - merge ─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ + +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ + | | | | | | | | +------------+ + | | | | | | | mutable | <--- write ---- ┤ Prometheus | + | | | | | | | | +------------+ + +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ ^ + +--------------+-------+------+--------------+ | + | query + | | + merge -------------------------------------------------+ ``` 每一块的数据都是不可变的immutable。当然，当我们采集新数据时，我们必须能向最近的块中添加新的序列和样本。对于该数据块，所有新的数据都将写入内存中的数据库中，它与我们的持久化的数据块一样提供了查找属性。内存中的数据结构可以高效地更新。为了防止数据丢失，所有传入的数据同样被写入临时的预写日志write ahead log中，这就是 `wal` 文件夹中的一些列文件，我们可以在重新启动时通过它们重新填充内存数据库。 @@ -262,15 +268,15 @@ t0 t1 t2 t3 now ``` t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 now - ┌────────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ - │ 1 │ │ 2 │ │ 3 │ │ 4 │ │ 5 mutable │ before - └────────────┘ └──────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ - ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ - │ 1 compacted │ │ 4 │ │ 5 mutable │ after (option A) - └─────────────────────────────────────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ - ┌──────────────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────────┐ ┌───────────┐ - │ 1 compacted │ │ 3 compacted │ │ 5 mutable │ after (option B) - └──────────────────────────┘ └──────────────────────────┘ └───────────┘ + +------------+ +----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ + | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 mutable | before + +------------+ +----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ + +-----------------------------------------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ + | 1 compacted | | 4 | | 5 mutable | after (option A) + +-----------------------------------------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ + +--------------------------+ +--------------------------+ +-----------+ + | 1 compacted | | 3 compacted | | 5 mutable | after (option B) + +--------------------------+ +--------------------------+ +-----------+ ``` 在这个例子中我们有顺序块 `[1,2,3,4]`。块 1、2、3 可以压缩在一起，新的布局将会是 `[1,4]`。或者，将它们成对压缩为 `[1,3]`。所有的时间序列数据仍然存在，但现在整体上保存在更少的块中。这极大程度地缩减了查询时间的消耗，因为需要合并的部分查询结果变得更少了。 @@ -281,9 +287,9 @@ t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 now ``` | - ┌────────────┐ ┌────┼─────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ - │ 1 │ │ 2 | │ │ 3 │ │ 4 │ │ 5 │ . . . - └────────────┘ └────┼─────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘ + +------------+ +----+-----+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ + | 1 | | 2 | | | 3 | | 4 | | 5 | . . . + +------------+ +----+-----+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ | | retention boundary @@ -352,7 +358,7 @@ __name__="requests_total" -> [ 9999, 1000, 1001, 2000000, 2000001, 2000002, 另一个艰巨的任务是当磁盘上的数据被更新或删除掉后修改其索引。通常，最简单的方法是重新计算并写入，但是要保证数据库在此期间可查询且具有一致性。V3 存储系统通过每块上具有的独立不可变索引来解决这一问题，该索引仅通过压缩时的重写来进行修改。只有可变块上的索引需要被更新，它完全保存在内存中。 -### 基准测试 +## 基准测试 我从存储的基准测试开始了初步的开发，它基于现实世界数据集中提取的大约 440 万个序列描述符，并生成合成数据点以输入到这些序列中。这个阶段的开发仅仅测试了单独的存储系统，对于快速找到性能瓶颈和高并发负载场景下的触发死锁至关重要。 @@ -436,7 +442,7 @@ __name__="requests_total" -> [ 9999, 1000, 1001, 2000000, 2000001, 2000002, > 注意：在撰写本文的同时，Prometheus 1.6 正在开发当中，它允许更可靠地配置最大内存使用量，并且可能会显著地减少整体的消耗，有利于稍微提高 CPU 使用率。我没有重复对此进行测试，因为整体结果变化不大，尤其是面对高序列分流的情况。 -### 总结 +## 总结 Prometheus 开始应对高基数序列与单独样本的吞吐量。这仍然是一项富有挑战性的任务，但是新的存储系统似乎向我们展示了未来的一些好东西。 From e5540e7ed0eed985881786d1eb540e447babc5cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 18:36:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0287/1265] PUB:20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md @LuuMing https://linux.cn/article-10964-1.html --- .../20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/published/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md rename to published/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md From 17157b53a3912433cb8257842413755266bb956f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lingxu Meng Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 21:01:59 +1000 Subject: [PATCH 0288/1265] Update and rename sources/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md to translated/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md --- ...Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md | 135 ----------------- ...Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md | 136 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 135 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md create mode 100644 translated/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md b/sources/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md deleted file mode 100644 index 37c7dc869b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,135 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (Modrisco) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/epic-games-lutris-linux/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris -====== - -_**Brief: Open Source gaming platform Lutris now enables you to use Epic Games Store on Linux. We tried it on Ubuntu 19.04 and here’s our experience with it.**_ - -[Gaming on Linux][1] just keeps getting better. Want to [play Windows games on Linux][2], Steam’s new [in-progress feature][3] enables you to do that. - -Steam might be new in the field of Windows games on Linux but Lutris has been doing it for years. - -[Lutris][4] is an open source gaming platform for Linux where it provides installers for game clients like Origin, Steam, Blizzard.net app and so on. It utilizes Wine to run stuff that isn’t natively supported on Linux. - -Lutris has recently announced that you can now use Epic Games Store using Lutris. - -### Lutris brings Epic Games to Linux - -![Epic Games Store Lutris Linux][5] - -[Epic Games Store][6] is a digital video game distribution platform like Steam. It only supports Windows and macOS for the moment. - -The Lutris team worked hard to bring Epic Games Store to Linux via Lutris. Even though I’m not a big fan of Epic Games Store, it was good to know about the support for Linux via Lutris: - -> Good news! [@EpicGames][7] Store is now fully functional under Linux if you use Lutris to install it! No issues observed whatsoever. [@TimSweeneyEpic][8] will probably like this 😊 [pic.twitter.com/7mt9fXt7TH][9] -> -> — Lutris Gaming (@LutrisGaming) [April 17, 2019][10] - -As an avid gamer and Linux user, I immediately jumped upon this news and installed Lutris to run Epic Games on it. - -**Note:** _I used[Ubuntu 19.04][11] to test Epic Games store for Linux._ - -### Using Epic Games Store for Linux using Lutris - -To install Epic Games Store on your Linux system, make sure that you have [Lutris][4] installed with its pre-requisites Wine and Python 3. So, first [install Wine on Ubuntu][12] or whichever Linux you are using and then [download Lutris from its website][13]. - -[][14] - -Suggested read Ubuntu Mate Will Be Default OS On Entroware Laptops - -#### Installing Epic Games Store - -Once the installation of Lutris is successful, simply launch it. - -While I tried this, I encountered an error (nothing happened when I tried to launch it using the GUI). However, when I typed in “ **lutris** ” on the terminal to launch it otherwise, I noticed an error that looked like this: - -![][15] - -Thanks to Abhishek, I learned that this is a common issue (you can check that on [GitHub][16]). - -So, to fix it, all I had to do was – type in a command in the terminal: - -``` -export LC_ALL=C -``` - -Just copy it and enter it in your terminal if you face the same issue. And, then, you will be able to open Lutris. - -**Note:** _You’ll have to enter this command every time you launch Lutris. So better to add it to your .bashrc or list of environment variable._ - -Once that is done, simply launch it and search for “ **Epic Games Store** ” as shown in the image below: - -![Epic Games Store in Lutris][17] - -Here, I have it installed already, so you will get the option to “Install” it and then it will automatically ask you to install the required packages that it needs. You just have to proceed in order to successfully install it. That’s it – no rocket science involved. - -#### Playing a Game on Epic Games Store - -![Epic Games Store][18] - -Now that we have Epic Games store via Lutris on Linux, simply launch it and log in to your account to get started. - -But, does it really work? - -_Yes, the Epic Games Store does work._ **But, all the games don’t.** - -Well, I haven’t tried everything, but I grabbed a free game (Transistor – a turn-based ARPG game) to check if that works. - -![Transistor – Epic Games Store][19] - -Unfortunately, it didn’t. It says that it is “Running” when I launch it but then again, nothing happens. - -As of now, I’m not aware of any solutions to that – so I’ll try to keep you guys updated if I find a fix. - -[][20] - -Suggested read Alpha Version Of New Skype Client For Linux Is Out Now - -**Wrapping Up** - -It’s good to see the gaming scene improve on Linux thanks to the solutions like Lutris for users. However, there’s still a lot of work to be done. - -For a game to run hassle-free on Linux is still a challenge. There can be issues like this which I encountered or similar. But, it’s going in the right direction – even if it has issues. - -What do you think of Epic Games Store on Linux via Lutris? Have you tried it yet? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/epic-games-lutris-linux/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/steam-play/ -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/steam-play-proton/ -[4]: https://lutris.net/ -[5]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/epic-games-store-lutris-linux-800x450.png -[6]: https://www.epicgames.com/store/en-US/ -[7]: https://twitter.com/EpicGames?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw -[8]: https://twitter.com/TimSweeneyEpic?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw -[9]: https://t.co/7mt9fXt7TH -[10]: https://twitter.com/LutrisGaming/status/1118552969816018948?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-19-04-release-features/ -[12]: https://itsfoss.com/install-latest-wine/ -[13]: https://lutris.net/downloads/ -[14]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-mate-entroware/ -[15]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/lutris-error.jpg -[16]: https://github.com/lutris/lutris/issues/660 -[17]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/lutris-epic-games-store-800x520.jpg -[18]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/epic-games-store-800x450.jpg -[19]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/transistor-game-epic-games-store-800x410.jpg -[20]: https://itsfoss.com/skpe-alpha-linux/ diff --git a/translated/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md b/translated/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d621d759b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (Modrisco) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/epic-games-lutris-linux/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +有了 Lutris，Linux 现在也可以启动 Epic 游戏商城 +====== + +_**简介: 开源游戏平台 Lutris 现在使您能够在 Linux 上使用 Epic 游戏商城。我们使用 Ubuntu 19.04 版本测试，以下是我们的使用体验。**_ + + +[在 Linux 上玩游戏][1] 正变得越来越容易。Steam 的 [in-progress][3] 特性可以帮助您实现 [在 Linux 上玩 Windows 游戏][2]。 + +Steam 在 Linux 运行 Windows 游戏领域还是新玩家，而 Lutris 却已从事多年。 + +[Lutris][4] 是一款为 Linux 开发的开源游戏平台，提供诸如 Origin、Steam、战网等平台的游戏安装器。它使用 Wine 来运行 Linux 不能支持的程序。 + +Lutris 近期宣布您可以通过它来运行 Epic 游戏商店。 + +### Lutris 为 Linux 带来了 Epic 游戏 + +![Epic Games Store Lutris Linux][5] + +[Epic 游戏商城][6] 是一个类似 Steam 的电子游戏分销平台。它目前只支持 Windows 和 macOS。 + +Lutris 团队付出了大量努力使 Linux 用户可以通过 Lutris 使用 Epic 游戏商城。虽然我不是一个 Epic 商城的粉丝，但可以通过 Lutris 在 Linux 上运行 Epic 商城终归是个好消息。 + +> 好消息！ 您现在可以通过 Lutris 安装获得 [@EpicGames][7] 商城在 Linux 下的全功能支持！没有发现任何问题。 [@TimSweeneyEpic][8] 可能会很喜欢 😊 [pic.twitter.com/7mt9fXt7TH][9] +> +> — Lutris Gaming (@LutrisGaming) [April 17, 2019][10] + +作为一名狂热的游戏玩家和 Linux 用户，我立即得到了这个消息，并安装了 Lutris 来运行 Epic 游戏。 + +**备注：** _我使用来 [Ubuntu 19.04][11] 来测试 Linux 环境下的游戏运行情况。_ + +### 通过 Lutris 在 Linux 下使用 Epic 游戏商城 + +为了在您的 Linux 系统中安装 Epic 游戏商城，请确保您已经安装了 Wine 和 Python 3。接下来，[在 Ubuntu 中安装 Wine][12] ，或任何您正在使用的 Linux 发行版本。然后， [从官方网站下载 Lutris][13]. + +[][14] + +Ubuntu Mate 是 Entroware 笔记本的默认系统。 + +#### 安装 Epic 游戏商城 + +Lutris 安装成功后，可以很方便地启动。 + +当我尝试时，我遇到了一个问题（当我用 GUI 启动时却没有遇到）。不过，当我尝试在命令行输入 “ **lutris** ” 来启动时，我发现了下图所示的错误： + +![][15] + +感谢 Abhishek，我了解到了这是一个常见问题 (你可以在 [GitHub][16] 上查看这个问题)。 + +总之，为了解决这个问题，我需要在命令行中输入以下命令： + +``` +export LC_ALL=C +``` + +当你遇到同样的问题时，只要你输入这个命令，就能正常启动 Lutris 了。 + +**注意**：_每次启动 Lutris 时都必须输入这个命令。因此，最好将其添加到 .bashrc 文件或环境变量列表中。_ + +上述操作完成后，只要启动并搜索 “**Epic Games Store**” 会显示以下图片中的内容： + +![Epic Games Store in Lutris][17] + +在这里，我已经安装过了，所以您将会看到“安装”选项，它会自动询问您是否需要安装需要的包。只需要继续操作就可以成功安装。就是这样，不需要任何黑科技。 + +#### 玩一款 Epic 游戏商城中的游戏 + +![Epic Games Store][18] + +现在我们已经通过 Lutris 在 Linux 上安装了 Epic 游戏商城，启动它并登陆您的账号就可以开始了。 + +但这真会奏效吗？ + +_是的， Epic 游戏商城可以运行_。 **但是所有游戏都不能玩。** + +我还没有尝试过所有内容，但是我拿了一个免费的游戏（晶体管 —— 一款回合制 ARPG 游戏）来检查它是否有效。 + +![Transistor – Epic Games Store][19] + +很不幸，游戏没有启动。当我运行时界面显示了 “Running” 不过什么都没有发生。 + +到目前为止，我还不知道有什么解决方案 —— 所以如果我找到解决方案，我会尽力让你们知道最新情况。 + +[][20] + +建议参考 Linux 的新版 Skype 客户端 Alpha 版本来参考。 + +**总结** + +通过 Lutris 这样的工具使 Linux 的游戏场景得到了改善，这终归是个好消息 。不过，仍有许多工作要做。 + +对于在Linux上运行的游戏来说，无障碍运行仍然是一个挑战。其中可能就会有我遇到的这种问题，或者其他类似的。但它正朝着正确的方向发展 —— 即使还存在着一些问题。 + +你有什么看法吗？你是否也尝试用 Lutris 在 Linux 上启动 Epic 游戏商城？在下方评论让我们看看您的意见。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/epic-games-lutris-linux/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/steam-play/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/steam-play-proton/ +[4]: https://lutris.net/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/epic-games-store-lutris-linux-800x450.png +[6]: https://www.epicgames.com/store/en-US/ +[7]: https://twitter.com/EpicGames?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[8]: https://twitter.com/TimSweeneyEpic?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[9]: https://t.co/7mt9fXt7TH +[10]: https://twitter.com/LutrisGaming/status/1118552969816018948?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-19-04-release-features/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/install-latest-wine/ +[13]: https://lutris.net/downloads/ +[14]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-mate-entroware/ +[15]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/lutris-error.jpg +[16]: https://github.com/lutris/lutris/issues/660 +[17]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/lutris-epic-games-store-800x520.jpg +[18]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/epic-games-store-800x450.jpg +[19]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/transistor-game-epic-games-store-800x410.jpg +[20]: https://itsfoss.com/skpe-alpha-linux/ From 3222fdf670008be70e61e8af49fb2ce563d5b037 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lingxu Meng Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 21:02:20 +1000 Subject: [PATCH 0289/1265] Rename translated/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md to translated/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md --- ...Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename translated/{ => tech}/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md b/translated/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md rename to translated/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md From 67dbd8c3398dc0ce4ffb1a2a98c1fcc850acb2f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 21:47:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0290/1265] APL:20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news --- ...ython data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md b/sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md index 6059a77fcb..3d1e315a35 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md +++ b/sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From cb437b333573fcf88e27779e81b208c7766fa729 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 22:08:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0291/1265] TSL:20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md --- ...e, data breach detection, and more news.md | 84 ------------------- ...e, data breach detection, and more news.md | 82 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md diff --git a/sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md b/sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3d1e315a35..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,84 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-8) -[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt) - -An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news -====== -Catch up on the biggest open source headlines from the past two weeks. -![][1] - -In this edition of our open source news roundup, we take a look at an open source bionic leg, a new open source medical imaging organization, McKinsey's first open source release, and more! - -### Using open source to advance bionics - -A generation of people learned the term _bionics_ from the TV series **The Six Million Dollar Man** and **The Bionic Woman**. What was science fiction (although based on fact) is closer to becoming a reality thanks to prosthetic leg [designed by the University of Michigan and the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab][2]. - -The leg, which incorporates a simple, low-cost modular design, is "intended to improve the quality of life of patients and accelerate scientific advances by offering a unified platform to fragmented research efforts across the field of bionics." It will, according to lead designer Elliot Rouse, "enable investigators to efficiently solve challenges associated with controlling bionic legs across a range of activities in the lab and out in the community." - -You can learn more about the leg, and download designs, from the [Open Source Leg][3] website. - -### McKinsey releases a Python library for building production-ready data pipelines - -Consulting giant McKinsey and Co. recently released its [first open source tool][4]. Called Kedro, it's a Python library for creating machine learning and data pipelines. - -Kedro makes "it easier to manage large workflows and ensuring a consistent quality of code throughout a project," said product manager Yetunde Dada. While it started as a proprietary tool, McKinsey open sourced Kedro so "clients can use it after we leave a project — it is our way of giving back," said engineer Nikolaos Tsaousis. - -If you're interested in taking a peek, you can grab [Kedro's source code][5] off GitHub. - -### New consortium to advance open source medical imaging - -A group of experts and patient advocates have come together to form the [Open Source Imaging Consortium][6]. The consortium aims to "advance the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases with the help of digital imaging and machine learning." - -According to the consortium's executive director, Elizabeth Estes, the project aims to "collectively speed diagnosis, aid prognosis, and ultimately allow doctors to treat patients more efficiently and effectively." To do that, they're assembling and sharing "15,000 anonymous image scans and clinical data from patients, which will serve as input data for machine learning programs to develop algorithms." - -### Mozilla releases a simple-to-use way to see if you've been part of a data breach - -Explaining security to the less software-savvy has always been a challenge, and monitoring your exposure to risk is difficult regardless of your skill level. Mozilla released [Firefox Monitor][7], with data provided by [Have I Been Pwned][8], as a straightforward way to see if any of your emails have been part of a major data breach. You can enter emails to search one by one, or sign up for their service to notify you in the future. - -The site is also full of helpful tutorials on understanding how hackers work, what to do after a data breach, and how to create strong passwords. Be sure to bookmark this one for around the holidays when family members are asking for advice. - -#### In other news - - * [Want a Google-free Android? Send your phone to this guy][9] - * [CockroachDB releases with a non-OSI approved license, remains source available][10] - * [Infrastructure automation company Chef commits to Open Source][11] - * [Russia’s would-be Windows replacement gets a security upgrade][12] - * [Switch from Medium to your own blog in a few minutes with this code][13] - * [Open Source Initiative Announces New Partnership with Software Liberty Association Taiwan][14] - - - -_Thanks, as always, to Opensource.com staff members and moderators for their help this week._ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-8 - -作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/weekly_news_roundup_tv.png?itok=B6PM4S1i -[2]: https://news.umich.edu/open-source-bionic-leg-first-of-its-kind-platform-aims-to-rapidly-advance-prosthetics/ -[3]: https://opensourceleg.com/ -[4]: https://www.information-age.com/kedro-mckinseys-open-source-software-tool-123482991/ -[5]: https://github.com/quantumblacklabs/kedro -[6]: https://pulmonaryfibrosisnews.com/2019/05/31/international-open-source-imaging-consortium-osic-launched-to-advance-ipf-diagnosis/ -[7]: https://monitor.firefox.com/ -[8]: https://haveibeenpwned.com/ -[9]: https://fossbytes.com/want-a-google-free-android-send-your-phone-to-this-guy/ -[10]: https://www.cockroachlabs.com/blog/oss-relicensing-cockroachdb/ -[11]: https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/05/chef-open-source/ -[12]: https://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2019/05/russias-would-be-windows-replacement-gets-security-upgrade/157330/ -[13]: https://github.com/mathieudutour/medium-to-own-blog -[14]: https://opensource.org/node/994 diff --git a/translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md b/translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..839a1c6871 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-8) +[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt) + +开源新闻：开源仿生腿、Python 数据管道、数据泄露检测 +====== + +> 了解过去两周来最大的开源头条新闻。 + +![][1] + +在本期开源新闻综述中，我们将介绍一个开源仿生腿，一个新的开源医学影像组织，麦肯锡的首个开源发布，以及更多！ + +### 使用开源推进仿生学 + +我们这一代人从电视剧《六百万美元人》和《仿生女人》中学到了仿生学一词。让科幻小说（尽管基于事实）正在成为现实的，要归功于[由密歇根大学和 Shirley Ryan AbilityLab 设计][2]的假肢。 + +该腿采用简单、低成本的模块化设计，“旨在通过为仿生学领域的零碎研究工作提供统一的平台，提高患者的生活质量并加速科学进步”。根据首席设计师 Elliot Rouse 的说法，它将“使研究人员能够有效地解决与一系列实验室和社区活动中控制仿生腿相关的挑战。” + +你可以从[开源腿][3]网站了解有关腿部的更多信息并下载该设计。 + +### 麦肯锡发布了一个用于构建产品级数据管道的 Python 库 + +咨询巨头麦肯锡公司最近发布了其[第一个开源工具][4]，名为 Kedro，它是一个用于创建机器学习和数据管道的 Python 库。 + +Kedro 使得“管理大型工作流程更加容易，并确保整个项目的代码质量始终如一”，产品经理 Yetunde Dada 说。虽然它最初是作为一种专有工具，但麦肯锡开源了 Kedro，因此“客户可以在我们离开项目后使用它 —— 这是我们回馈的方式，”工程师 Nikolaos Tsaousis 说。 + +如果你有兴趣了解一下，可以从 GitHub 上获取 [Kedro 的源代码][5]。 + +### 新联盟推进开源医学成像 + +一组专家和患者倡导者聚集在一起组成了[开源成像联盟][6]。该联盟旨在“通过数字成像和机器学习帮助推进特发性肺纤维化和其他间质性肺病的诊断。” + +根据联盟执行董事 Elizabeth Estes 的说法，该项目旨在“协作加速诊断，帮助预后处置，最终让医生更有效地治疗患者”。为此，他们正在组织和分享“来自患者的 15,000 个匿名图像扫描和临床数据，这将作为机器学习程序的输入数据来开发算法。” + +### Mozilla发布了一种简单易用的方法，以确定你是否遭受过数据泄露 + +向不那么精通软件的人解释安全性始终是一项挑战，无论你的技能水平如何，都很难监控你的风险。Mozilla 发布了 [Firefox Monitor][7]，其数据由 [Have I Been Pwned][8] 提供，它是一种查看你的任何电子邮件是否出现在重大数据泄露事件中的简单方式。你可以输入电子邮件逐个搜索，或注册他们的服务以便将来通知您。 + +该网站还提供了大量有用的教程，用于了解黑客如何工作，数据泄露后如何处理以及如何创建强密码。当家人要求你在假日期间提供建议时，请务必将此加入书签。 + +### 其它新闻 + +* [想要一款去谷歌化的 Android？把你的手机发送给这个人][9] +* [CockroachDB 发行版使用非 OSI 批准的许可证，但仍然保持开源][10] +* [基础设施自动化公司 Chef 承诺开源][11] +* [俄罗斯的 Windows 替代品将获得安全升级][12] +* [使用此代码在几分钟内从 Medium 切换到你自己的博客][13] +* [开源推进联盟宣布与台湾自由软件协会建立新合作伙伴关系][14] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-8 + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/weekly_news_roundup_tv.png?itok=B6PM4S1i +[2]: https://news.umich.edu/open-source-bionic-leg-first-of-its-kind-platform-aims-to-rapidly-advance-prosthetics/ +[3]: https://opensourceleg.com/ +[4]: https://www.information-age.com/kedro-mckinseys-open-source-software-tool-123482991/ +[5]: https://github.com/quantumblacklabs/kedro +[6]: https://pulmonaryfibrosisnews.com/2019/05/31/international-open-source-imaging-consortium-osic-launched-to-advance-ipf-diagnosis/ +[7]: https://monitor.firefox.com/ +[8]: https://haveibeenpwned.com/ +[9]: https://fossbytes.com/want-a-google-free-android-send-your-phone-to-this-guy/ +[10]: https://www.cockroachlabs.com/blog/oss-relicensing-cockroachdb/ +[11]: https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/05/chef-open-source/ +[12]: https://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2019/05/russias-would-be-windows-replacement-gets-security-upgrade/157330/ +[13]: https://github.com/mathieudutour/medium-to-own-blog +[14]: https://opensource.org/node/994 From 116eb29c7c66ff4c689cce924316313153c7bdc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 22:18:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0292/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=A2=9E=E5=8A=A0=E6=96=B0=E9=97=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=B1=BB?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- scripts/check/common.inc.sh | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/scripts/check/common.inc.sh b/scripts/check/common.inc.sh index 2bc0334930..905699a139 100644 --- a/scripts/check/common.inc.sh +++ b/scripts/check/common.inc.sh @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ export TSL_DIR='translated' # 已翻译 export PUB_DIR='published' # 已发布 # 定义匹配规则 -export CATE_PATTERN='(talk|tech)' # 类别 +export CATE_PATTERN='(talk|tech|news)' # 类别 export FILE_PATTERN='[0-9]{8} [a-zA-Z0-9_.,() -]*\.md' # 文件名 # 获取用于匹配操作的正则表达式 From 072d03a14a593fb7a622c87cf0372d66ee8ab58c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 22:21:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0293/1265] PRF:20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md @wxy --- ...e, data breach detection, and more news.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md b/translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md index 839a1c6871..9a799b28fd 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md +++ b/translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news) @@ -14,21 +14,21 @@ ![][1] -在本期开源新闻综述中，我们将介绍一个开源仿生腿，一个新的开源医学影像组织，麦肯锡的首个开源发布，以及更多！ +在本期开源新闻综述中，我们将介绍一个开源仿生腿、一个新的开源医学影像组织，麦肯锡发布的首个开源软件，以及更多！ ### 使用开源推进仿生学 我们这一代人从电视剧《六百万美元人》和《仿生女人》中学到了仿生学一词。让科幻小说（尽管基于事实）正在成为现实的，要归功于[由密歇根大学和 Shirley Ryan AbilityLab 设计][2]的假肢。 -该腿采用简单、低成本的模块化设计，“旨在通过为仿生学领域的零碎研究工作提供统一的平台，提高患者的生活质量并加速科学进步”。根据首席设计师 Elliot Rouse 的说法，它将“使研究人员能够有效地解决与一系列实验室和社区活动中控制仿生腿相关的挑战。” +该腿采用简单、低成本的模块化设计，“旨在通过为仿生学领域的零碎研究工作提供统一的平台，提高患者的生活质量并加速科学进步”。根据首席设计师 Elliot Rouse 的说法，它将“使研究人员能够有效地解决与一系列的实验室和社区活动中控制仿生腿相关的挑战。” -你可以从[开源腿][3]网站了解有关腿部的更多信息并下载该设计。 +你可以从[开源腿][3]网站了解有该腿的更多信息并下载该设计。 ### 麦肯锡发布了一个用于构建产品级数据管道的 Python 库 咨询巨头麦肯锡公司最近发布了其[第一个开源工具][4]，名为 Kedro，它是一个用于创建机器学习和数据管道的 Python 库。 -Kedro 使得“管理大型工作流程更加容易，并确保整个项目的代码质量始终如一”，产品经理 Yetunde Dada 说。虽然它最初是作为一种专有工具，但麦肯锡开源了 Kedro，因此“客户可以在我们离开项目后使用它 —— 这是我们回馈的方式，”工程师 Nikolaos Tsaousis 说。 +Kedro 使得“管理大型工作流程更加容易，并确保整个项目的代码质量始终如一”，产品经理 Yetunde Dada 说。虽然它最初是作为一种专有的工具，但麦肯锡开源了 Kedro，因此“客户可以在我们离开项目后使用它 —— 这是我们回馈的方式，”工程师 Nikolaos Tsaousis 说。 如果你有兴趣了解一下，可以从 GitHub 上获取 [Kedro 的源代码][5]。 @@ -38,16 +38,16 @@ Kedro 使得“管理大型工作流程更加容易，并确保整个项目的 根据联盟执行董事 Elizabeth Estes 的说法，该项目旨在“协作加速诊断，帮助预后处置，最终让医生更有效地治疗患者”。为此，他们正在组织和分享“来自患者的 15,000 个匿名图像扫描和临床数据，这将作为机器学习程序的输入数据来开发算法。” -### Mozilla发布了一种简单易用的方法，以确定你是否遭受过数据泄露 +### Mozilla 发布了一种简单易用的方法，以确定你是否遭受过数据泄露 -向不那么精通软件的人解释安全性始终是一项挑战，无论你的技能水平如何，都很难监控你的风险。Mozilla 发布了 [Firefox Monitor][7]，其数据由 [Have I Been Pwned][8] 提供，它是一种查看你的任何电子邮件是否出现在重大数据泄露事件中的简单方式。你可以输入电子邮件逐个搜索，或注册他们的服务以便将来通知您。 +向不那么精通软件的人解释安全性始终是一项挑战，无论你的技能水平如何，都很难监控你的风险。Mozilla 发布了 [Firefox Monitor][7]，其数据由 [Have I Been Pwned][8] 提供，它是一种查看你的任何电子邮件是否出现在重大数据泄露事件中的简单方式。你可以输入电子邮件逐个搜索，或注册他们的服务以便将来通知你。 -该网站还提供了大量有用的教程，用于了解黑客如何工作，数据泄露后如何处理以及如何创建强密码。当家人要求你在假日期间提供建议时，请务必将此加入书签。 +该网站还提供了大量有用的教程，用于了解黑客如何做的，数据泄露后如何处理以及如何创建强密码。请务必将网站加入书签，以防家人要求你在假日期间提供建议。 ### 其它新闻 * [想要一款去谷歌化的 Android？把你的手机发送给这个人][9] -* [CockroachDB 发行版使用非 OSI 批准的许可证，但仍然保持开源][10] +* [CockroachDB 发行版使用了非 OSI 批准的许可证，但仍然保持开源][10] * [基础设施自动化公司 Chef 承诺开源][11] * [俄罗斯的 Windows 替代品将获得安全升级][12] * [使用此代码在几分钟内从 Medium 切换到你自己的博客][13] @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-8 作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 275a54dde32fa2628fb876e9375d4896a44107d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 22:22:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0294/1265] PUB:20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10965-1.html --- ...hon data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md b/published/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md rename to published/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md index 9a799b28fd..4df0e7accd 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md +++ b/published/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10965-1.html) [#]: subject: (An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-8) [#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt) From 4848ff83c4563d8ebec94c5a991ea7570f56225a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 23:10:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0295/1265] APL:20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md --- ...ories of writing a parser for man pages.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md b/sources/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md index fb53aed395..e6b4de90f3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -Memories of writing a parser for man pages +回忆：为 man 手册页编写解析器 ====== -I generally enjoy being bored, but sometimes enough is enough—that was the case a Sunday afternoon of 2015 when I decided to start an open source project to overcome my boredom. +我一般都很喜欢无所事事，但有时候太无聊了也不行 —— 2015 年的一个星期天下午就是这样，我决定开始一个开源项目来让我不那么无聊。 -In my quest for ideas, I stumbled upon a request to build a [“Man page viewer built with web standards”][1] by [Mathias Bynens][2] and without thinking too much, I started coding a man page parser in JavaScript, which after a lot of back and forths, ended up being [Jroff][3]. +在我寻求创意时，我偶然发现了一个请求，要求构建一个由 [Mathias Bynens][2] 提出的“[按 Web 标准构建的 Man 手册页查看器][1]”。没有考虑太多，我开始使用 JavaScript 编写一个手册页解析器，经过大量的反复思考，最终做出了一个 [Jroff][3]。 -Back then, I was familiar with manual pages as a concept and used them a fair amount of times, but that was all I knew, I had no idea how they were generated or if there was a standard in place. Two years later, here are some thoughts on the matter. +那时候，我非常熟悉手册页这个概念，而且使用过很多次，但我知道的仅止于此，我不知道它们是如何生成的，或者是否有一个标准。在经过两年后，我有了一些关于此事的想法。 -### How man pages are written +### man 手册页是如何写的 -The first thing that surprised me at the time, was the notion that manpages at their core are just plain text files stored somewhere in the system (you can check this directory using the `manpath` command). +当时令我感到惊讶的第一件事是，手册页的核心只是存储在系统某处的纯文本文件（你可以使用 `manpath` 命令检查此目录）。 -This files not only contain the documentation, but also formatting information using a typesetting system from the 1970s called `troff`. +此文件中不仅包含文档，还包含使用了 20 世纪 70 年代名为 `troff` 的排版系统的格式化信息。 -> troff, and its GNU implementation groff, are programs that process a textual description of a document to produce typeset versions suitable for printing. **It’s more ‘What you describe is what you get’ rather than WYSIWYG.** +> troff 及其 GNU 实现 groff 是处理文档的文本描述以生成适合打印的排版版本的程序。**它更像是“你所描述的即你得到的”，而不是你所见即所得的。** > -> — extracted from [troff.org][4] +> - 摘自 [troff.org][4] -If you are totally unfamiliar with typesetting formats, you can think of them as Markdown on steroids, but in exchange for the flexibility you have a more complex syntax: +如果你对排版格式毫不熟悉，可以将它们视为 steroids 期刊用的 Markdown，但其灵活性带来的就是更复杂的语法： ![groff-compressor][5] From e6c332d2f1f04bf5fbca052232b4491b272206d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 23:41:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0296/1265] TSL:20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md --- ...ories of writing a parser for man pages.md | 109 ------------------ ...ories of writing a parser for man pages.md | 102 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 102 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md b/sources/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md deleted file mode 100644 index e6b4de90f3..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,109 +0,0 @@ -回忆：为 man 手册页编写解析器 -====== - -我一般都很喜欢无所事事，但有时候太无聊了也不行 —— 2015 年的一个星期天下午就是这样，我决定开始一个开源项目来让我不那么无聊。 - -在我寻求创意时，我偶然发现了一个请求，要求构建一个由 [Mathias Bynens][2] 提出的“[按 Web 标准构建的 Man 手册页查看器][1]”。没有考虑太多，我开始使用 JavaScript 编写一个手册页解析器，经过大量的反复思考，最终做出了一个 [Jroff][3]。 - -那时候，我非常熟悉手册页这个概念，而且使用过很多次，但我知道的仅止于此，我不知道它们是如何生成的，或者是否有一个标准。在经过两年后，我有了一些关于此事的想法。 - -### man 手册页是如何写的 - -当时令我感到惊讶的第一件事是，手册页的核心只是存储在系统某处的纯文本文件（你可以使用 `manpath` 命令检查此目录）。 - -此文件中不仅包含文档，还包含使用了 20 世纪 70 年代名为 `troff` 的排版系统的格式化信息。 - -> troff 及其 GNU 实现 groff 是处理文档的文本描述以生成适合打印的排版版本的程序。**它更像是“你所描述的即你得到的”，而不是你所见即所得的。** -> -> - 摘自 [troff.org][4] - -如果你对排版格式毫不熟悉，可以将它们视为 steroids 期刊用的 Markdown，但其灵活性带来的就是更复杂的语法： - -![groff-compressor][5] - -The `groff` file can be written manually, or generated from other formats such as Markdown, Latex, HTML, and so on with many different tools. - -Why `groff` and man pages are tied together has to do with history, the format has [mutated along time][6], and his lineage is composed of a chain of similarly-named programs: RUNOFF > roff > nroff > troff > groff. - -But this doesn’t necessarily mean that `groff` is strictly related to man pages, it’s a general-purpose format that has been used to [write books][7] and even for [phototypesetting][8]. - -Moreover, It’s worth noting that `groff` can also call a postprocessor to convert its intermediate output to a final format, which is not necessarily ascii for terminal display! some of the supported formats are: TeX DVI, HTML, Canon, HP LaserJet4 compatible, PostScript, utf8 and many more. - -### Macros - -Other of the cool features of the format is its extensibility, you can write macros that enhance the basic functionalities. - -With the vast history of *nix systems, there are several macro packages that group useful macros together for specific functionalities according to the output that you want to generate, examples of macro packages are `man`, `mdoc`, `mom`, `ms`, `mm`, and the list goes on. - -Manual pages are conventionally written using `man` and `mdoc`. - -You can easily distinguish native `groff` commands from macros by the way standard `groff` packages capitalize their macro names. For `man`, each macro’s name is uppercased, like .PP, .TH, .SH, etc. For `mdoc`, only the first letter is uppercased: .Pp, .Dt, .Sh. - -![groff-example][9] - -### Challenges - -Whether you are considering to write your own `groff` parser, or just curious, these are some of the problems that I have found more challenging. - -#### Context-sensitive grammar - -Formally, `groff` has a context-free grammar, unfortunately, since macros describe opaque bodies of tokens, the set of macros in a package may not itself implement a context-free grammar. - -This kept me away (for good or bad) from the parser generators that were available at the time. - -#### Nested macros - -Most of the macros in `mdoc` are callable, this roughly means that macros can be used as arguments of other macros, for example, consider this: - - * The macro `Fl` (Flag) adds a dash to its argument, so `Fl s` produces `-s` - * The macro `Ar` (Argument) provides facilities to define arguments - * The `Op` (Optional) macro wraps its argument in brackets, as this is the standard idiom to define something as optional. - * The following combination `.Op Fl s Ar file` produces `[-s file]` because `Op` macros can be nested. - - - -#### Lack of beginner-friendly resources - -Something that really confused me was the lack of a canonical, well defined and clear source to look at, there’s a lot of information in the web which assumes a lot about the reader that it takes time to grasp. - -### Interesting macros - -To wrap up, I will offer to you a very short list of macros that I found interesting while developing jroff: - -**man** - - * TH: when writing manual pages with `man` macros, your first line that is not a comment must be this macro, it accepts five parameters: title section date source manual - * BI: bold alternating with italics (especially useful for function specifications) - * BR: bold alternating with Roman (especially useful for referring to other manual pages) - - - -**mdoc** - - * .Dd, .Dt, .Os: similar to how `man` macros require the `.TH` the `mdoc` macros require these three macros, in that particular order. Their initials stand for: Document date, Document title and Operating system. - * .Bl, .It, .El: these three macros are used to create list, their names are self-explanatory: Begin list, Item and End list. - - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://monades.roperzh.com/memories-writing-parser-man-pages/ - -作者：[Roberto Dip][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://monades.roperzh.com -[1]:https://github.com/h5bp/lazyweb-requests/issues/114 -[2]:https://mathiasbynens.be/ -[3]:jroff -[4]:https://www.troff.org/ -[5]:https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/4419992/37868021-2e74027c-2f7f-11e8-894b-80829ce39435.gif -[6]:https://manpages.bsd.lv/history.html -[7]:https://rkrishnan.org/posts/2016-03-07-how-is-gopl-typeset.html -[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototypesetting -[9]:https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/4419992/37866838-e602ad78-2f6e-11e8-97a9-2a4494c766ae.jpg diff --git a/translated/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md b/translated/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..40eff69beb --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +为 man 手册页编写解析器的备忘录 +====== + +我一般都很喜欢无所事事，但有时候太无聊了也不行 —— 2015 年的一个星期天下午就是这样，我决定开始一个开源项目来让我不那么无聊。 + +在我寻求创意时，我偶然发现了一个请求，要求构建一个由 [Mathias Bynens][2] 提出的“[按 Web 标准构建的 Man 手册页查看器][1]”。没有考虑太多，我开始使用 JavaScript 编写一个手册页解析器，经过大量的反复思考，最终做出了一个 [Jroff][3]。 + +那时候，我非常熟悉手册页这个概念，而且使用过很多次，但我知道的仅止于此，我不知道它们是如何生成的，或者是否有一个标准。在经过两年后，我有了一些关于此事的想法。 + +### man 手册页是如何写的 + +当时令我感到惊讶的第一件事是，手册页的核心只是存储在系统某处的纯文本文件（你可以使用 `manpath` 命令检查此目录）。 + +此文件中不仅包含文档，还包含使用了 20 世纪 70 年代名为 `troff` 的排版系统的格式化信息。 + +> troff 及其 GNU 实现 groff 是处理文档的文本描述以生成适合打印的排版版本的程序。**它更像是“你所描述的即你得到的”，而不是你所见即所得的。** +> +> - 摘自 [troff.org][4] + +如果你对排版格式毫不熟悉，可以将它们视为 steroids 期刊用的 Markdown，但其灵活性带来的就是更复杂的语法： + +![groff-compressor][5] + +`groff` 文件可以手工编写，也可以使用许多不同的工具从其他格式生成，如 Markdown、Latex、HTML 等。 + +为什么 `groff` 和 man 手册页绑在一起有历史原因，其格式[随时间有变化][6]，它的血统由一系列类似命名的程序组成：RUNOFF > roff > nroff > troff > groff。 + +但这并不一定意味着 `groff` 与手册页有多紧密的关系，它是一种通用格式，已被用于[书籍][7]，甚至用于[照相排版][8]。 + +此外，值得注意的是 `groff` 也可以调用后处理器将其中间输出转换为最终格式，这对于终端显示来说不一定是 ascii ！一些支持的格式是：TeX DVI、HTML、Canon、HP LaserJet4 兼容格式、PostScript、utf8 等等。 + +### 宏 + +该格式的其他很酷的功能是它的可扩展性，你可以编写宏来增强其基本功能。 + +鉴于 *nix 系统的悠久历史，有几个可以根据你想要生成的输出而将特定功能组合在一起的宏包，例如 `man`、`mdoc`、`mom`、`ms`、`mm` 等等。 + +手册页通常使用 `man` 和 `mdoc` 宏包编写。 + +区分原生的 `groff` 命令和宏的方式是通过标准 `groff` 包大写其宏名称。对于 `man` 宏包，每个宏的名称都是大写的，如 `.PP`、`.TH`、`.SH` 等。对于 `mdoc` 宏包，只有第一个字母是大写的： `.Pp`、`.Dt`、`.Sh`。 + +![groff-example][9] + +### 挑战 + +无论你是考虑编写自己的 `groff` 解析器，还是只是好奇，这些都是我发现的一些更具挑战性的问题。 + +#### 上下文敏感的语法 + +形式上，`groff` 的语法是上下文无关的，遗憾的是，因为宏描述的是主体不透明的令牌，所以包中的宏集合本身可能不会实现上下文无关的语法。 + +这让我在那时就做不出来一个解析器生成器（无论好坏）。 + +#### 嵌套的宏 + +`mdoc` 宏包中的大多数宏都是可调用的，这大致意味着宏可以用作其他宏的参数，例如，你看看这个： + +* 宏 `Fl`（Flag）会在其参数中添加破折号，因此 `Fl s` 会生成 `-s` +* 宏 `Ar`（Argument）提供了定义参数的工具 +* 宏 `Op`（Optional）会将其参数括在括号中，因为这是将某些东西定义为可选的标准习惯用法 +* 以下组合 `.Op Fl s Ar file ` 将生成 `[-s file]` 因为 `Op` 宏可以嵌套。 + +#### 缺乏适合初学者的资源 + +让我感到困惑的是缺乏一个规范的、定义明确的、清晰的来源，网上有很多信息，这些信息对读者来说很重要，需要时间来掌握。 + +### 有趣的宏 + +总结一下，我会向你提供一个非常简短的宏列表，我在开发 jroff 时发现它很有趣： + +`man` 宏包： + +* `.TH`：用 `man` 宏包编写手册页时，你的第一个不是注释的行必须是这个宏，它接受五个参数：`title`、`section`、`date`、`source`、`manual`。 +* `.BI`：粗体加斜体（特别适用于函数格式） +* `.BR`：粗体加罗马体（特别适用于参考其他手册页） + +`mdoc` 宏包： + +* `.Dd`、`.Dt`、`.Os`：类似于 `man` 宏包需要 `.TH`，`mdoc` 宏也需要这三个宏，需要按特定顺序使用。它们的缩写代表：文档日期、文档标题和操作系统。 +* `.Bl`、`.It`、`.El`：这三个宏用于创建列表，它们的名称不言自明：开始列表、项目和结束列表。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://monades.roperzh.com/memories-writing-parser-man-pages/ + +作者：[Roberto Dip][a] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://monades.roperzh.com +[1]:https://github.com/h5bp/lazyweb-requests/issues/114 +[2]:https://mathiasbynens.be/ +[3]:jroff +[4]:https://www.troff.org/ +[5]:https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/4419992/37868021-2e74027c-2f7f-11e8-894b-80829ce39435.gif +[6]:https://manpages.bsd.lv/history.html +[7]:https://rkrishnan.org/posts/2016-03-07-how-is-gopl-typeset.html +[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototypesetting +[9]:https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/4419992/37866838-e602ad78-2f6e-11e8-97a9-2a4494c766ae.jpg From 3686d82280406f13443e6f9a50478c8fd3dbec4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 23:56:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0297/1265] PRF:20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md @wxy --- ...ories of writing a parser for man pages.md | 23 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md b/translated/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md index 40eff69beb..ffaebad575 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ 为 man 手册页编写解析器的备忘录 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/11/235607fiqfqapvpzqhh8n1.jpg) -我一般都很喜欢无所事事，但有时候太无聊了也不行 —— 2015 年的一个星期天下午就是这样，我决定开始一个开源项目来让我不那么无聊。 +我一般都很喜欢无所事事，但有时候太无聊了也不行 —— 2015 年的一个星期天下午就是这样，我决定开始写一个开源项目来让我不那么无聊。 在我寻求创意时，我偶然发现了一个请求，要求构建一个由 [Mathias Bynens][2] 提出的“[按 Web 标准构建的 Man 手册页查看器][1]”。没有考虑太多，我开始使用 JavaScript 编写一个手册页解析器，经过大量的反复思考，最终做出了一个 [Jroff][3]。 @@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ ### man 手册页是如何写的 -当时令我感到惊讶的第一件事是，手册页的核心只是存储在系统某处的纯文本文件（你可以使用 `manpath` 命令检查此目录）。 +当时令我感到惊讶的第一件事是，手册页的核心只是存储在系统某处的纯文本文件（你可以使用 `manpath` 命令检查这些目录）。 此文件中不仅包含文档，还包含使用了 20 世纪 70 年代名为 `troff` 的排版系统的格式化信息。 @@ -23,11 +24,11 @@ `groff` 文件可以手工编写，也可以使用许多不同的工具从其他格式生成，如 Markdown、Latex、HTML 等。 -为什么 `groff` 和 man 手册页绑在一起有历史原因，其格式[随时间有变化][6]，它的血统由一系列类似命名的程序组成：RUNOFF > roff > nroff > troff > groff。 +为什么 `groff` 和 man 手册页绑在一起是有历史原因的，其格式[随时间有变化][6]，它的血统由一系列类似命名的程序组成：RUNOFF > roff > nroff > troff > groff。 但这并不一定意味着 `groff` 与手册页有多紧密的关系，它是一种通用格式，已被用于[书籍][7]，甚至用于[照相排版][8]。 -此外，值得注意的是 `groff` 也可以调用后处理器将其中间输出转换为最终格式，这对于终端显示来说不一定是 ascii ！一些支持的格式是：TeX DVI、HTML、Canon、HP LaserJet4 兼容格式、PostScript、utf8 等等。 +此外，值得注意的是 `groff` 也可以调用后处理器将其中间输出结果转换为最终格式，这对于终端显示来说不一定是 ascii ！一些支持的格式是：TeX DVI、HTML、Canon、HP LaserJet4 兼容格式、PostScript、utf8 等等。 ### 宏 @@ -47,18 +48,18 @@ #### 上下文敏感的语法 -形式上，`groff` 的语法是上下文无关的，遗憾的是，因为宏描述的是主体不透明的令牌，所以包中的宏集合本身可能不会实现上下文无关的语法。 +表面上，`groff` 的语法是上下文无关的，遗憾的是，因为宏描述的是主体不透明的令牌，所以包中的宏集合本身可能不会实现上下文无关的语法。 -这让我在那时就做不出来一个解析器生成器（无论好坏）。 +这导致我在那时做不出来一个解析器生成器（不管好坏）。 #### 嵌套的宏 -`mdoc` 宏包中的大多数宏都是可调用的，这大致意味着宏可以用作其他宏的参数，例如，你看看这个： +`mdoc` 宏包中的大多数宏都是可调用的，这差不多意味着宏可以用作其他宏的参数，例如，你看看这个： * 宏 `Fl`（Flag）会在其参数中添加破折号，因此 `Fl s` 会生成 `-s` * 宏 `Ar`（Argument）提供了定义参数的工具 * 宏 `Op`（Optional）会将其参数括在括号中，因为这是将某些东西定义为可选的标准习惯用法 -* 以下组合 `.Op Fl s Ar file ` 将生成 `[-s file]` 因为 `Op` 宏可以嵌套。 +* 以下组合 `.Op Fl s Ar file ` 将生成 `[-s file]`，因为 `Op` 宏可以嵌套。 #### 缺乏适合初学者的资源 @@ -72,11 +73,11 @@ * `.TH`：用 `man` 宏包编写手册页时，你的第一个不是注释的行必须是这个宏，它接受五个参数：`title`、`section`、`date`、`source`、`manual`。 * `.BI`：粗体加斜体（特别适用于函数格式） -* `.BR`：粗体加罗马体（特别适用于参考其他手册页） +* `.BR`：粗体加正体（特别适用于参考其他手册页） `mdoc` 宏包： -* `.Dd`、`.Dt`、`.Os`：类似于 `man` 宏包需要 `.TH`，`mdoc` 宏也需要这三个宏，需要按特定顺序使用。它们的缩写代表：文档日期、文档标题和操作系统。 +* `.Dd`、`.Dt`、`.Os`：类似于 `man` 宏包需要 `.TH`，`mdoc` 宏也需要这三个宏，需要按特定顺序使用。它们的缩写分别代表：文档日期、文档标题和操作系统。 * `.Bl`、`.It`、`.El`：这三个宏用于创建列表，它们的名称不言自明：开始列表、项目和结束列表。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ via: https://monades.roperzh.com/memories-writing-parser-man-pages/ 作者：[Roberto Dip][a] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b5a4228c4b632f952a3f77372870cbad2d86c413 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 23:58:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0298/1265] PUB:20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10966-1.html --- .../20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md b/published/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md rename to published/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md From 49bc6415eff17401af411ef8360b03cf93116306 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt-bot Date: Tue, 11 Jun 2019 17:00:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 0299/1265] =?UTF-8?q?Revert=20"=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91"?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit This reverts commit 1978a1f7cab6eec587b7b069957c3ae2d8e021ea. --- sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md b/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md index cb431874d3..eb3125c19b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (bodhix) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 4b25317fadf51ab6e813fc0e88865d4d3e9bcea2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 08:45:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0300/1265] translated --- ...rnetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md | 73 ------------------- ...rnetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md | 72 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md b/sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6218ecd6f2..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Kubernetes basics: Learn how to drive first) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics) -[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux) - -Kubernetes basics: Learn how to drive first -====== -Quit focusing on new projects and get focused on getting your Kubernetes -dump truck commercial driver's license. -![Truck steering wheel and dash][1] - -In the first two articles in this series, I explained how Kubernetes is [like a dump truck][2] and that there are always [learning curves][3] to understanding elegant, professional tools like [Kubernetes][4] (and dump trucks, cranes, etc.). This article is about the next step: learning how to drive. - -Recently, I saw a thread on Reddit about [essential Kubernetes projects][5]. People seem hungry to know the bare minimum they should learn to get started with Kubernetes. The "driving a dump truck analogy" helps frame the problem to stay on track. Someone in the thread mentioned that you shouldn't be running your own registry unless you have to, so people are already nibbling at this idea of driving Kubernetes instead of building it. - -The API is Kubernetes' engine and transmission. Like a dump truck's steering wheel, clutch, gas, and brake pedal, the YAML or JSON files you use to build your applications are the primary interface to the machine. When you're first learning Kubernetes, this should be your primary focus. Get to know your controls. Don't get sidetracked by all the latest and greatest projects. Don't try out an experimental dump truck when you are just learning to drive. Instead, focus on the basics. - -### Defined and actual states - -First, Kubernetes works on the principles of defined state and actual state. - -![Defined state and actual state][6] - -Humans (developers/sysadmins/operators) specify the defined state using the YAML/JSON files they submit to the Kubernetes API. Then, Kubernetes uses a controller to analyze the difference between the new state defined in the YAML/JSON and the actual state in the cluster. - -In the example above, the Replication Controller sees the difference between the three pods specified by the user, with one Pod running, and schedules two more. If you were to log into Kubernetes and manually kill one of the Pods, it would start another one to replace it—over and over and over. Kubernetes does not stop until the actual state matches the defined state. This is super powerful. - -### **Primitives** - -Next, you need to understand what primitives you can specify in Kubernetes. - -![Kubernetes primitives][7] - -It's more than just Pods; it's Deployments, Persistent Volume Claims, Services, routes, etc. With Kubernetes platform [OpenShift][8], you can add builds and BuildConfigs. It will take you a day or so to get decent with each of these primitives. Then you can dive in deeper as your use cases become more complex. - -### Mapping developer-native to traditional IT environments - -Finally, start thinking about how this maps to what you do in a traditional IT environment. - -![Mapping developer-native to traditional IT environments][9] - -The user has always been trying to solve a business problem, albeit a technical one. Historically, we have used things like playbooks to tie business logic to sets of IT systems with a single language. This has always been great for operations staff, but it gets hairier when you try to extend this to developers. - -We have never been able to truly specify how a set of IT systems should behave and interact together, in a developer-native way, until Kubernetes. If you think about it, we are extending the ability to manage storage, network, and compute resources in a very portable and declarative way with the YAML/JSON files we write in Kubernetes, but they are always mapped back to "real" resources somewhere. We just don't have to worry about it in developer mode. - -So, quit focusing on new projects in the Kubernetes ecosystem and get focused on driving it. In the next article, I will share some tools and workflows that help you drive Kubernetes. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics - -作者：[Scott McCarty][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/truck_steering_wheel_drive_car_kubernetes.jpg?itok=0TOzve80 (Truck steering wheel and dash) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve -[4]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes -[5]: https://www.reddit.com/r/kubernetes/comments/bsoixc/what_are_the_essential_kubernetes_related/ -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/defined_state_-_actual_state.png (Defined state and actual state) -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/new_primitives.png (Kubernetes primatives) -[8]: https://www.openshift.com/ -[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/developer_native_experience_-_mapped_to_traditional.png (Mapping developer-native to traditional IT environments) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md b/translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6ead832f0d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Kubernetes basics: Learn how to drive first) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics) +[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux) + +Kubernetes 基础：首先学习如何使用 +====== +放弃专注于新项目，专注于获取你的 Kubernetes 翻斗车商业驾驶执照。 +![Truck steering wheel and dash][1] + +在本系列的前两篇文章中，我解释了为何 Kubernetes [像翻斗车][2]并且要理解优雅、专业的工具，如 [Kubernetes][4]（和翻斗车，起重机等）总是有[学习曲线][3]的。本文是下一步：学习如何驾驶。 + +最近，我在 Reddit 上看到了一个关于[重要的 Kubernetes 项目][5]的帖子。人们似乎很想知道他们应该学习如何开始使用 Kubernetes。“驾驶翻斗车的类比”有助于确保问题保持正轨。帖子中的某个人提到你不应该运行自己的镜像仓库，除非你必须这样做，所以人们开始逐渐接受驱动 Kubernetes 而不是构建它。 + +API 是 Kubernetes 的引擎和变速器。像翻斗车的方向盘、离合器、汽油和制动踏板一样，用于构建应用程序的 YAML 或 JSON 文件是机器的主要接口。当你第一次学习 Kubernetes 时，这应该是你的主要关注点。了解你的控制部件。不要被所有最新和最大的项目所左右。当你刚学会开车时，不要尝试驾驶实验性的翻斗车。相反，专注于基础知识。 + +### 定义状态和实际状态 + +首先，Kubernetes 遵循定义状态和实际状态的原则。 + +![Defined state and actual state][6] + +人类（开发人员/系统管理员/运维人员）使用他们提交给 Kubernetes API 的 YAML/JSON 文件指定定义的状态。然后，Kubernetes 使用控制器来分析 YAML/JSON 中定义的新状态与集群中的实际状态之间的差异。 + +在上面的例子中，Replication Controller 可以看到用户指定的三个 pod 之间的差异，其中一个 pod 正在运行，并调度另外两个 Pod。如果你要登录 Kubernetes 并手动杀死其中一个 Pod，它会不断启动另一个来替换它。在实际状态与定义的状态匹配之前，Kubernetes 不会停止。这是非常强大的。 + +### **原语** + +接下来，你需要了解可以在 Kubernetes 中指定的原语。 + +![Kubernetes primitives][7] + +它不仅仅有 Pods，还有部署 （Deployments）、持久化卷声明 （Persistent Volume Claims）、服务 （Services），路由 （routes） 等。使用支持 Kubernetes 的平台 [OpenShift][8]，你可以添加构建和 BuildConfigs。你大概需要一天左右的时间来了解这些原语。之后，当你的情况变得更加复杂时，你可以深入了解。 + +### 将开发者映射到传统 IT 环境 + +最后，考虑这该如何映射到你在传统 IT 环境中的操作。 + +![Mapping developer-native to traditional IT environments][9] + +尽管是一个技术问题，但用户一直在尝试解决业务问题。从历史上看，我们使用诸如 playbook 之类的东西将业务逻辑与单一语言的 IT 系统绑定起来。对于运维人员来说，这很不错，但是当你尝试将其扩展到开发人员时，它会变得更加繁琐。 + +直到 Kubernete 出现之前，我们从未能够以开发者的方式真正同时指定一组 IT 系统应如何表现和交互。如果你考虑一下，我们正在使用在 Kubernetes 中编写的 YAML/JSON 文件以非常便携和声明的方式扩展了管理存储、网络和计算资源的能力，但它们总会映射到某处的“真实”资源。我们不必以开发者身份担心它。 + +因此，快放弃关注 Kubernetes 生态系统中的新项目，而是专注开始使用它。在下一篇文章中，我将分享一些可以帮助你使用 Kubernetes 的工具和工作流程。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics + +作者：[Scott McCarty][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/truck_steering_wheel_drive_car_kubernetes.jpg?itok=0TOzve80 (Truck steering wheel and dash) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve +[4]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes +[5]: https://www.reddit.com/r/kubernetes/comments/bsoixc/what_are_the_essential_kubernetes_related/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/defined_state_-_actual_state.png (Defined state and actual state) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/new_primitives.png (Kubernetes primatives) +[8]: https://www.openshift.com/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/developer_native_experience_-_mapped_to_traditional.png (Mapping developer-native to traditional IT environments) From b5c7384766e7c293f711ba1e1a9fd3c657bd2053 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 08:53:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0301/1265] translating --- sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md b/sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md index d03f4c0c0e..a8991c05df 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From a126dd9bbf92d77d9c1569c69c934ccb966fa0d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 14:48:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0302/1265] PRF:20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md @Modrisco --- ...Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md | 69 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md b/translated/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md index d621d759b0..ba67339421 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Modrisco) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris) @@ -10,16 +10,15 @@ 有了 Lutris，Linux 现在也可以启动 Epic 游戏商城 ====== -_**简介: 开源游戏平台 Lutris 现在使您能够在 Linux 上使用 Epic 游戏商城。我们使用 Ubuntu 19.04 版本测试，以下是我们的使用体验。**_ +> 开源游戏平台 Lutris 现在使你能够在 Linux 上使用 Epic 游戏商城。我们使用 Ubuntu 19.04 版本进行了测试，以下是我们的使用体验。 +[在 Linux 上玩游戏][1] 正变得越来越容易。Steam [正在开发中的][3] 特性可以帮助你实现 [在 Linux 上玩 Windows 游戏][2]。 -[在 Linux 上玩游戏][1] 正变得越来越容易。Steam 的 [in-progress][3] 特性可以帮助您实现 [在 Linux 上玩 Windows 游戏][2]。 - -Steam 在 Linux 运行 Windows 游戏领域还是新玩家，而 Lutris 却已从事多年。 +如果说 Steam 在 Linux 运行 Windows 游戏领域还是新玩家，而 Lutris 却已从事多年。 [Lutris][4] 是一款为 Linux 开发的开源游戏平台，提供诸如 Origin、Steam、战网等平台的游戏安装器。它使用 Wine 来运行 Linux 不能支持的程序。 -Lutris 近期宣布您可以通过它来运行 Epic 游戏商店。 +Lutris 近期宣布你可以通过它来运行 Epic 游戏商店。 ### Lutris 为 Linux 带来了 Epic 游戏 @@ -27,29 +26,27 @@ Lutris 近期宣布您可以通过它来运行 Epic 游戏商店。 [Epic 游戏商城][6] 是一个类似 Steam 的电子游戏分销平台。它目前只支持 Windows 和 macOS。 -Lutris 团队付出了大量努力使 Linux 用户可以通过 Lutris 使用 Epic 游戏商城。虽然我不是一个 Epic 商城的粉丝，但可以通过 Lutris 在 Linux 上运行 Epic 商城终归是个好消息。 +Lutris 团队付出了大量努力使 Linux 用户可以通过 Lutris 使用 Epic 游戏商城。虽然我不用 Epic 商城，但可以通过 Lutris 在 Linux 上运行 Epic 商城终归是个好消息。 -> 好消息！ 您现在可以通过 Lutris 安装获得 [@EpicGames][7] 商城在 Linux 下的全功能支持！没有发现任何问题。 [@TimSweeneyEpic][8] 可能会很喜欢 😊 [pic.twitter.com/7mt9fXt7TH][9] +> 好消息！ 你现在可以通过 Lutris 安装获得 [@EpicGames][7] 商城在 Linux 下的全功能支持！没有发现任何问题。 [@TimSweeneyEpic][8] 可能会很喜欢 😊 +> +> ![pic.twitter.com/7mt9fXt7TH][9] > > — Lutris Gaming (@LutrisGaming) [April 17, 2019][10] 作为一名狂热的游戏玩家和 Linux 用户，我立即得到了这个消息，并安装了 Lutris 来运行 Epic 游戏。 -**备注：** _我使用来 [Ubuntu 19.04][11] 来测试 Linux 环境下的游戏运行情况。_ +**备注：** 我使用 [Ubuntu 19.04][11] 来测试 Linux 环境下的游戏运行情况。 ### 通过 Lutris 在 Linux 下使用 Epic 游戏商城 -为了在您的 Linux 系统中安装 Epic 游戏商城，请确保您已经安装了 Wine 和 Python 3。接下来，[在 Ubuntu 中安装 Wine][12] ，或任何您正在使用的 Linux 发行版本。然后， [从官方网站下载 Lutris][13]. - -[][14] - -Ubuntu Mate 是 Entroware 笔记本的默认系统。 +为了在你的 Linux 系统中安装 Epic 游戏商城，请确保你已经安装了 Wine 和 Python 3。接下来，[在 Ubuntu 中安装 Wine][12] ，或任何你正在使用的 Linux 发行版本也都可以。然后， [从官方网站下载 Lutris][13]. #### 安装 Epic 游戏商城 -Lutris 安装成功后，可以很方便地启动。 +Lutris 安装成功后，直接启动它。 -当我尝试时，我遇到了一个问题（当我用 GUI 启动时却没有遇到）。不过，当我尝试在命令行输入 “ **lutris** ” 来启动时，我发现了下图所示的错误： +当我尝试时，我遇到了一个问题（当我用 GUI 启动时却没有遇到）。当我尝试在命令行输入 `lutris` 来启动时，我发现了下图所示的错误： ![][15] @@ -63,25 +60,25 @@ export LC_ALL=C 当你遇到同样的问题时，只要你输入这个命令，就能正常启动 Lutris 了。 -**注意**：_每次启动 Lutris 时都必须输入这个命令。因此，最好将其添加到 .bashrc 文件或环境变量列表中。_ +**注意**：每次启动 Lutris 时都必须输入这个命令。因此，最好将其添加到 `.bashrc` 文件或环境变量列表中。 -上述操作完成后，只要启动并搜索 “**Epic Games Store**” 会显示以下图片中的内容： +上述操作完成后，只要启动并搜索 “Epic Games Store” 会显示以下图片中的内容： ![Epic Games Store in Lutris][17] -在这里，我已经安装过了，所以您将会看到“安装”选项，它会自动询问您是否需要安装需要的包。只需要继续操作就可以成功安装。就是这样，不需要任何黑科技。 +在这里，我已经安装过了，所以你将会看到“安装”选项，它会自动询问你是否需要安装需要的包。只需要继续操作就可以成功安装。就是这样，不需要任何黑科技。 #### 玩一款 Epic 游戏商城中的游戏 ![Epic Games Store][18] -现在我们已经通过 Lutris 在 Linux 上安装了 Epic 游戏商城，启动它并登陆您的账号就可以开始了。 +现在我们已经通过 Lutris 在 Linux 上安装了 Epic 游戏商城，启动它并登录你的账号就可以开始了。 但这真会奏效吗？ -_是的， Epic 游戏商城可以运行_。 **但是所有游戏都不能玩。** +*是的，Epic 游戏商城可以运行。* **但是所有游戏都不能玩。**（LCTT 译注：莫生气，请看文末的进一步解释！） -我还没有尝试过所有内容，但是我拿了一个免费的游戏（晶体管 —— 一款回合制 ARPG 游戏）来检查它是否有效。 +好吧，我并没有尝试过所有内容，但是我拿了一个免费的游戏（Transistor —— 一款回合制 ARPG 游戏）来检查它是否工作。 ![Transistor – Epic Games Store][19] @@ -89,17 +86,21 @@ _是的， Epic 游戏商城可以运行_。 **但是所有游戏都不能玩。 到目前为止，我还不知道有什么解决方案 —— 所以如果我找到解决方案，我会尽力让你们知道最新情况。 -[][20] - -建议参考 Linux 的新版 Skype 客户端 Alpha 版本来参考。 - -**总结** +### 总结 通过 Lutris 这样的工具使 Linux 的游戏场景得到了改善，这终归是个好消息 。不过，仍有许多工作要做。 -对于在Linux上运行的游戏来说，无障碍运行仍然是一个挑战。其中可能就会有我遇到的这种问题，或者其他类似的。但它正朝着正确的方向发展 —— 即使还存在着一些问题。 +对于在 Linux 上运行的游戏来说，无障碍运行仍然是一个挑战。其中可能就会有我遇到的这种问题，或者其它类似的。但它正朝着正确的方向发展 —— 即使还存在着一些问题。 -你有什么看法吗？你是否也尝试用 Lutris 在 Linux 上启动 Epic 游戏商城？在下方评论让我们看看您的意见。 +你有什么看法吗？你是否也尝试用 Lutris 在 Linux 上启动 Epic 游戏商城？在下方评论让我们看看你的意见。 + +### 补充 + +Transistor 实际上有一个原生的 Linux 移植版。到目前为止，我从 Epic 获得的所有游戏都是如此。所以我会试着压下我的郁闷，而因为 Epic 只让你玩你通过他们的商店/启动器购买的游戏，所以在 Linux 机器上用 Lutris 玩这个原生的 Linux 游戏是不可能的。这简直愚蠢极了。Steam 有一个原生的 Linux 启动器，虽然不是很理想，但它可以工作。GOG 允许你从网站下载购买的内容，可以在你喜欢的任何平台上玩这些游戏。他们的启动器完全是可选的。 + +我对此非常恼火，因为我在我的 Epic 库中的游戏都是可以在我的笔记本电脑上运行得很好的游戏，当我坐在桌面前时，玩起来很有趣。但是因为那台桌面机是我唯一拥有的 Windows 机器…… + +我选择使用 Linux 时已经知道会存在兼容性问题，并且我有一个专门用于游戏的 Windows 机器，而我通过 Epic 获得的游戏都是免费的，所以我在这里只是表示一下不满。但是，他们两个作为最著名的竞争对手，Epic 应该有在我的 Linux 机器上玩原生 Linux 移植版的机制。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -108,21 +109,21 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/epic-games-lutris-linux/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/steam-play/ -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/steam-play-proton/ +[1]: https://linux.cn/article-7316-1.html +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10061-1.html +[3]: https://linux.cn/article-10054-1.html [4]: https://lutris.net/ [5]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/epic-games-store-lutris-linux-800x450.png [6]: https://www.epicgames.com/store/en-US/ [7]: https://twitter.com/EpicGames?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw [8]: https://twitter.com/TimSweeneyEpic?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw -[9]: https://t.co/7mt9fXt7TH +[9]: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/D4XkXafX4AARDkW?format=jpg&name=medium [10]: https://twitter.com/LutrisGaming/status/1118552969816018948?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw [11]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-19-04-release-features/ [12]: https://itsfoss.com/install-latest-wine/ From 2282e2428fffaea125571d6e282b37cbebf4d055 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 14:50:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0303/1265] PUB:20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md @Modrisco https://linux.cn/article-10968-1.html --- ... Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md b/published/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md rename to published/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md index ba67339421..419ad7303b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md +++ b/published/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Modrisco) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10968-1.html) [#]: subject: (Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/epic-games-lutris-linux/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From 2510dd4ed7a69dd457d0e0da0d0a3c32404bb5cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 16:53:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0304/1265] APL:20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer --- ... Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md b/sources/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md index 3bad5ba969..4f0be1faa8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 747414ae9b63fb7297119abd7eb9a7bb7227fc97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 17:00:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0305/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 我的第三篇翻译，也是第一篇 tech，选了一个感兴趣的话题 :) --- .../20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md b/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md index 36e3a0972b..7212522646 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e1bdd1db5159592ce15f8d57d2dcb34d2263b806 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 21:19:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0306/1265] translate done: 20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md --- ...notifications from Emacs shell commands .md | 18 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md (68%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md b/translated/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md similarity index 68% rename from sources/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md rename to translated/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md index 7d04e6d0a7..b0ef5dd76f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md +++ b/translated/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md @@ -7,15 +7,16 @@ [#]: via: (https://blog.hoetzel.info/post/eshell-notifications/) [#]: author: (Jürgen Hötzel https://blog.hoetzel.info) -Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands · +让 Emacs shell 命令发送桌面通知 ====== -When interacting with the operating systems I always use [Eshell][1] because it integrates seamlessly with Emacs, supports (remote) [TRAMP][2] file names and also works nice on Windows. -After starting shell commands (like long running build jobs) I often lose track the task when switching buffers. +我总是使用 [Eshell][1] 来与操作系统进行交互，因为它与 Emacs 无缝整合、支持处理 (远程) [TRAMP][2] 文件 而且在 Windows 上也能工作得很好。 -Thanks to Emacs [hooks][3] mechanism you can customize Emacs to call a elisp function when an external command finishes. +启动 shell 命令后 (比如耗时严重的构建任务) 我经常会由于切换 buffer 而忘了追踪任务的运行状态。 -I use [John Wiegleys][4] excellent [alert][5] package to send desktop notifications: +多亏了 Emacs 的 [hooks][3] 机制，你可以配置 Emacs 在某个外部命令完成后调用一个 elisp 函数。 + +我使用 [John Wiegleys][4] 所编写的超棒的 [alert][5] 包来发送桌面通知： ``` (require 'alert) @@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ I use [John Wiegleys][4] excellent [alert][5] package to send desktop notificati (add-hook 'eshell-kill-hook #'eshell-command-alert) ``` -[alert][5] rules can be setup programmatically. In my case I only want to get notified if the corresponding buffer is not visible: +[alert][5] 的规则可以用程序来设置。就我这个情况来看，我只需要当对应的 buffer 不可见时被通知： ``` (alert-add-rule :status '(buried) ;only send alert when buffer not visible @@ -40,9 +41,10 @@ I use [John Wiegleys][4] excellent [alert][5] package to send desktop notificati :style 'notifications) ``` -This even works on [TRAMP][2] buffers. Below is a screenshot showing a Gnome desktop notification of a failed `make` command. -![../../img/eshell.png][6] +这甚至对于 [TRAMP][2] 也一样生效。下面这个截屏展示了失败的 `make` 命令产生的 Gnome 桌面通知。 + +![。./。./img/eshell.png][6] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 0be2771d2b6bfb7cc1287b226c4fc4f6ecd3a145 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 21:39:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0307/1265] TSL:20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md --- ...ver Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md | 187 ------------------ ...ver Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md | 176 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 176 insertions(+), 187 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md b/sources/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4f0be1faa8..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,187 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (GoAccess – A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer) -[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer/) -[#]: author: (Vinoth Kumar https://www.2daygeek.com/author/vinoth/) - -GoAccess – A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer -====== - -Analyzing a log file is a big headache for Linux administrators as it’s capturing a lot of things. - -Most of the newbies and L1 administrators doesn’t know how to analyze this. - -If you have good knowledge to analyze a logs then you will be a legend for NIX system. - -There are many tools available in Linux to analyze the logs easily. - -GoAccess is one of the tool which allow users to analyze web server logs easily. - -We will be going to discuss in details about GoAccess tool in this article. - -### What is GoAccess? - -GoAccess is a real-time web log analyzer and interactive viewer that runs in a terminal in *nix systems or through your browser. - -GoAccess has minimal requirements, it’s written in C and requires only ncurses. - -It will support Apache, Nginx and Lighttpd logs. It provides fast and valuable HTTP statistics for system administrators that require a visual server report on the fly. - -GoAccess parses the specified web log file and outputs the data to the X terminal and browser. - -GoAccess was designed to be a fast, terminal-based log analyzer. Its core idea is to quickly analyze and view web server statistics in real time without needing to use your browser. - -Terminal output is the default output, it has the capability to generate a complete, self-contained, real-time HTML report, as well as a JSON, and CSV report. - -GoAccess allows any custom log format and the following (Combined Log Format (XLF/ELF) Apache | Nginx & Common Log Format (CLF) Apache) predefined log format options are included, but not limited to. - -### GoAccess Features - - * **`Completely Real Time:`** All the metrics are updated every 200 ms on the terminal and every second on the HTML output. - * **`Track Application Response Time:`** Track the time taken to serve the request. Extremely useful if you want to track pages that are slowing down your site. - * **`Visitors:`** Determine the amount of hits, visitors, bandwidth, and metrics for slowest running requests by the hour, or date. - * **`Metrics per Virtual Host:`** Have multiple Virtual Hosts (Server Blocks)? It features a panel that displays which virtual host is consuming most of the web server resources. - - - -### How to Install GoAccess? - -I would advise users to install GoAccess from distribution official repository with help of Package Manager. It is available in most of the distributions official repository. - -As we know, we will be getting bit outdated package for standard release distribution and rolling release distributions always include latest package. - -If you are running the OS with standard release distributions, i would suggest you to check the alternative options such as PPA or Official GoAccess maintainer repository, etc, to get a latest package. - -For **`Debian/Ubuntu`** systems, use **[APT-GET Command][1]** or **[APT Command][2]** to install GoAccess on your systems. - -``` -# apt install goaccess -``` - -To get a latest GoAccess package, use the below GoAccess official repository. - -``` -$ echo "deb https://deb.goaccess.io/ $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/goaccess.list -$ wget -O - https://deb.goaccess.io/gnugpg.key | sudo apt-key add - -$ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt-get install goaccess -``` - -For **`RHEL/CentOS`** systems, use **[YUM Package Manager][3]** to install GoAccess on your systems. - -``` -# yum install goaccess -``` - -For **`Fedora`** system, use **[DNF Package Manager][4]** to install GoAccess on your system. - -``` -# dnf install goaccess -``` - -For **`ArchLinux/Manjaro`** based systems, use **[Pacman Package Manager][5]** to install GoAccess on your systems. - -``` -# pacman -S goaccess -``` - -For **`openSUSE Leap`** system, use **[Zypper Package Manager][6]** to install GoAccess on your system. - -``` -# zypper install goaccess - -# zypper ar -f obs://server:http - -# zypper ref && zypper in goaccess -``` - -### How to Use GoAccess? - -After successful installation of GoAccess. Just enter the goaccess command and followed by the web server log location to view it. - -``` -# goaccess [options] /path/to/Web Server/access.log - -# goaccess /var/log/apache/2daygeek_access.log -``` - -When you execute the above command, it will ask you to select the **Log Format Configuration**. -![][8] - -I had tested this with Apache access log. The Apache log is splitted in fifteen section. The details are below. The main section shows the summary about the fifteen section. - -The below screenshots included four sessions such as Unique Visitors, Requested files, Static Requests, Not found URLs. -![][9] - -The below screenshots included four sessions such as Visitor Hostnames and IPs, Operating Systems, Browsers, Time Distribution. -![][10] - -The below screenshots included four sessions such as Referrers URLs, Referring Sites, Google’s search engine results, HTTP status codes. -![][11] - -If you would like to generate a html report, use the following format. - -Initially i got an error when i was trying to generate the html report. - -``` -# goaccess 2daygeek_access.log -a > report.html - -GoAccess - version 1.3 - Nov 23 2018 11:28:19 -Config file: No config file used - -Fatal error has occurred -Error occurred at: src/parser.c - parse_log - 2764 -No time format was found on your conf file.Parsing... [0] [0/s] -``` - -It says “No time format was found on your conf file”. To overcome this issue, add the “COMBINED” log format option on it. - -``` -# goaccess -f 2daygeek_access.log --log-format=COMBINED -o 2daygeek.html -Parsing...[0,165] [50,165/s] -``` - -![][12] - -GoAccess allows you to access and analyze the real-time log filtering and parsing. - -``` -# tail -f /var/log/apache/2daygeek_access.log | goaccess - -``` - -For more details navigate to man or help page. - -``` -# man goaccess -or -# goaccess --help -``` - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer/ - -作者：[Vinoth Kumar][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/vinoth/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ -[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ -[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/ -[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/ -[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/pacman-command-examples-manage-packages-arch-linux-system/ -[6]: https://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples-manage-packages-opensuse-system/ -[7]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 -[8]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer-1.png -[9]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer-2.png -[10]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer-3.png -[11]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer-4.png -[12]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer-5.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md b/translated/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..82e1851731 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (GoAccess – A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer/) +[#]: author: (Vinoth Kumar https://www.2daygeek.com/author/vinoth/) + +GoAccess：一个实时 Web 服务器日志分析器及交互式查看器 +====== + +分析日志文件对于 Linux 管理员来说是一件非常令人头疼的事情，因为它记录了很多东西。大多数新手和初级管理员都不知道如何分析。如果你在分析日志方面拥有很多知识，那么你成为了 *NIX 系统高手。 + +Linux 中有许多工具可以轻松分析日志。GoAccess 是允许用户轻松分析 Web 服务器日志的工具之一。我们将在本文中详细讨论 GoAccess 工具。 + +### GoAccess + +GoAccess 是一个实时网络日志分析器和交互式查看器，可以在 *nix 系统中的终端或通过浏览器访问。 + +GoAccess 需要的依赖很低，它是用 C 语言编写的，只需要 ncurses。 + +它支持 Apache、Nginx 和 Lighttpd 日志。它为需要动态可视化服务器报告的系统管理员即时提供了快速且有价值的 HTTP 统计信息。 + +GoAccess 可以解析指定的 Web 日志文件并将数据输出到 X 终端和浏览器。 + +GoAccess 被设计成一个基于终端的快速日志分析器。其核心思想是实时快速分析和查看 Web 服务器统计信息，而无需使用浏览器。 + +默认输出是终端输出，它能够生成完整的、自包含的实时 HTML 报告，以及 JSON 和 CSV 报告。 + +GoAccess 支持任何自定义日志格式，并包含以下预定义日志格式选项：Apache、Nginx 中的组合日志格式 XLF/ELF，Apache 中的通用日志格式 CLF，但不限于此。 + +### GoAccess 功能 + +* 完全实时：所有指标在终端上每 200 毫秒更新一次，在 HTML 输出上每秒更新一次。 +* 跟踪应用程序响应时间：跟踪服务请求所需的时间。如果你想跟踪减慢了网站速度的网页，则非常有用。 +* 访问者：按小时或日期确定最慢运行请求的点击量、访问者数、带宽数和指标数。 +* 按虚拟主机的度量标准：如果有多个虚拟主机（ Server 块），它提供了一个面板，可显示哪些虚拟主机正在消耗大部分 Web 服务器资源。 + +### 如何安装 GoAccess？ + +我建议用户在包管理器的帮助下从发行版官方的存储库安装 GoAccess。它在大多数发行版官方存储库中都可用。 + +我们知道，我们在标准发行方式的发行版中得到的是过时的软件包，而滚动发行的发行版总是包含最新的软件包。 + +如果你使用标准发行方式的发行版运行操作系统，我建议你检查替代选项，如 PPA 或 GoAccess 官方维护者存储库等，以获取最新的软件包。 + +对于 Debian / Ubuntu 系统，使用 [APT-GET 命令][1]或[APT 命令][2]在你的系统上安装 GoAccess。 + +``` +# apt install goaccess +``` + +要获取最新的 GoAccess 包，请使用以下 GoAccess 官方存储库。 + +``` +$ echo "deb https://deb.goaccess.io/ $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/goaccess.list +$ wget -O - https://deb.goaccess.io/gnugpg.key | sudo apt-key add - +$ sudo apt-get update +$ sudo apt-get install goaccess +``` + +对于 RHEL / CentOS 系统，使用 [YUM 包管理器][3]在你的系统上安装 GoAccess。 + +``` +# yum install goaccess +``` + +对于 Fedora 系统，使用 [DNF 包管理器][4]在你的系统上安装 GoAccess。 + +``` +# dnf install goaccess +``` + +对于基于 ArchLinux / Manjaro 的系统，使用 [Pacman 包管理器][5]在你的系统上安装 GoAccess。 + +``` +# pacman -S goaccess +``` + +对于 openSUSE Leap 系统，使用[Zypper 包管理器][6]在你的系统上安装 GoAccess。 + +``` +# zypper install goaccess +# zypper ar -f obs://server:http +# zypper ref && zypper in goaccess +``` + +### 如何使用 GoAccess？ + +成功安装 GoAccess 后。只需输入 `goaccess` 命令，然后输入 Web 服务器日志位置即可查看。 + +``` +# goaccess [options] /path/to/Web Server/access.log +# goaccess /var/log/apache/2daygeek_access.log +``` + +执行上述命令时，它会要求您选择日志格式配置。 + +![][8] + +我用 Apache 访问日志对此进行了测试。Apache 日志被分为十五部分。详情如下。主要部分显示了这十五部分的摘要。 + +以下屏幕截图包括四个会话，例如唯一身份访问者、请求的文件、静态请求、未找到的网址。 + +![][10] + +以下屏幕截图包括四个会话，例如访客主机名和 IP、操作系统、浏览器、时间分布。 + +![][10] + +以下屏幕截图包括四个会话，例如来源网址、来源网站，Google 的搜索引擎结果、HTTP状态代码。 + +![][11] + +如果要生成 html 报告，请使用以下格式。最初我在尝试生成 html 报告时遇到错误。 + +``` +# goaccess 2daygeek_access.log -a > report.html + +GoAccess - version 1.3 - Nov 23 2018 11:28:19 +Config file: No config file used + +Fatal error has occurred +Error occurred at: src/parser.c - parse_log - 2764 +No time format was found on your conf file.Parsing... [0] [0/s] +``` + +它说“你的 conf 文件没有找到时间格式”。要解决此问题，请为其添加 “COMBINED” 日志格式选项。 + +``` +# goaccess -f 2daygeek_access.log --log-format=COMBINED -o 2daygeek.html +Parsing...[0,165] [50,165/s] +``` + +![][12] + +GoAccess 允许你访问和分析实时日志并进行过滤和解析。 + +``` +# tail -f /var/log/apache/2daygeek_access.log | goaccess - +``` + +更多细节请参考其 man 手册页或帮助。 + +``` +# man goaccess +或 +# goaccess --help +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer/ + +作者：[Vinoth Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/vinoth/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/ +[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/ +[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/pacman-command-examples-manage-packages-arch-linux-system/ +[6]: https://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples-manage-packages-opensuse-system/ +[7]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[8]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer-1.png +[9]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer-2.png +[10]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer-3.png +[11]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer-4.png +[12]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer-5.png From bfbb0495be4c2b7e2dec7d7fdf46dde7a475de48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 12 Jun 2019 22:39:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0308/1265] PRF&PUB:20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10969-1.html --- ...ver Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md | 42 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md (78%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md b/published/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md similarity index 78% rename from translated/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md rename to published/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md index 82e1851731..48d7ca0474 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md +++ b/published/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md @@ -1,24 +1,26 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10969-1.html) [#]: subject: (GoAccess – A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-interactive-viewer/) [#]: author: (Vinoth Kumar https://www.2daygeek.com/author/vinoth/) -GoAccess：一个实时 Web 服务器日志分析器及交互式查看器 +GoAccess：一个实时的 Web 日志分析器及交互式查看器 ====== -分析日志文件对于 Linux 管理员来说是一件非常令人头疼的事情，因为它记录了很多东西。大多数新手和初级管理员都不知道如何分析。如果你在分析日志方面拥有很多知识，那么你成为了 *NIX 系统高手。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/12/222616h80pl0k0tt811071.jpg) + +分析日志文件对于 Linux 管理员来说是一件非常令人头疼的事情，因为它记录了很多东西。大多数新手和初级管理员都不知道如何分析。如果你在分析日志方面拥有很多知识，那么你就成了 *NIX 系统高手。 Linux 中有许多工具可以轻松分析日志。GoAccess 是允许用户轻松分析 Web 服务器日志的工具之一。我们将在本文中详细讨论 GoAccess 工具。 ### GoAccess -GoAccess 是一个实时网络日志分析器和交互式查看器，可以在 *nix 系统中的终端或通过浏览器访问。 +GoAccess 是一个实时 Web 日志分析器和交互式查看器，可以在 *nix 系统中的终端运行或通过浏览器访问。 -GoAccess 需要的依赖很低，它是用 C 语言编写的，只需要 ncurses。 +GoAccess 需要的依赖极少，它是用 C 语言编写的，只需要 ncurses。 它支持 Apache、Nginx 和 Lighttpd 日志。它为需要动态可视化服务器报告的系统管理员即时提供了快速且有价值的 HTTP 统计信息。 @@ -26,26 +28,26 @@ GoAccess 可以解析指定的 Web 日志文件并将数据输出到 X 终端和 GoAccess 被设计成一个基于终端的快速日志分析器。其核心思想是实时快速分析和查看 Web 服务器统计信息，而无需使用浏览器。 -默认输出是终端输出，它能够生成完整的、自包含的实时 HTML 报告，以及 JSON 和 CSV 报告。 +默认输出是在终端输出，它也能够生成完整的、自包含的实时 HTML 报告，以及 JSON 和 CSV 报告。 -GoAccess 支持任何自定义日志格式，并包含以下预定义日志格式选项：Apache、Nginx 中的组合日志格式 XLF/ELF，Apache 中的通用日志格式 CLF，但不限于此。 +GoAccess 支持任何自定义日志格式，并包含以下预定义日志格式选项：Apache/Nginx 中的组合日志格式 XLF/ELF，Apache 中的通用日志格式 CLF，但不限于此。 ### GoAccess 功能 * 完全实时：所有指标在终端上每 200 毫秒更新一次，在 HTML 输出上每秒更新一次。 * 跟踪应用程序响应时间：跟踪服务请求所需的时间。如果你想跟踪减慢了网站速度的网页，则非常有用。 -* 访问者：按小时或日期确定最慢运行请求的点击量、访问者数、带宽数和指标数。 -* 按虚拟主机的度量标准：如果有多个虚拟主机（ Server 块），它提供了一个面板，可显示哪些虚拟主机正在消耗大部分 Web 服务器资源。 +* 访问者：按小时或日期确定最慢运行的请求的点击量、访问者数、带宽数和指标。 +* 按虚拟主机的度量标准：如果有多个虚拟主机（`Server`），它提供了一个面板，可显示哪些虚拟主机正在消耗大部分 Web 服务器资源。 ### 如何安装 GoAccess？ 我建议用户在包管理器的帮助下从发行版官方的存储库安装 GoAccess。它在大多数发行版官方存储库中都可用。 -我们知道，我们在标准发行方式的发行版中得到的是过时的软件包，而滚动发行的发行版总是包含最新的软件包。 +我们知道，我们在标准发行方式的发行版中得到的是过时的软件包，而滚动发行方式的发行版总是包含最新的软件包。 如果你使用标准发行方式的发行版运行操作系统，我建议你检查替代选项，如 PPA 或 GoAccess 官方维护者存储库等，以获取最新的软件包。 -对于 Debian / Ubuntu 系统，使用 [APT-GET 命令][1]或[APT 命令][2]在你的系统上安装 GoAccess。 +对于 Debian / Ubuntu 系统，使用 [APT-GET 命令][1]或 [APT 命令][2]在你的系统上安装 GoAccess。 ``` # apt install goaccess @@ -99,21 +101,21 @@ $ sudo apt-get install goaccess ![][8] -我用 Apache 访问日志对此进行了测试。Apache 日志被分为十五部分。详情如下。主要部分显示了这十五部分的摘要。 +我用 Apache 访问日志对此进行了测试。Apache 日志被分为十五个部分。详情如下。主要部分显示了这十五个部分的摘要。 -以下屏幕截图包括四个会话，例如唯一身份访问者、请求的文件、静态请求、未找到的网址。 +以下屏幕截图包括四个部分，例如唯一身份访问者、请求的文件、静态请求、未找到的网址。 ![][10] -以下屏幕截图包括四个会话，例如访客主机名和 IP、操作系统、浏览器、时间分布。 +以下屏幕截图包括四个部分，例如访客主机名和 IP、操作系统、浏览器、时间分布。 ![][10] -以下屏幕截图包括四个会话，例如来源网址、来源网站，Google 的搜索引擎结果、HTTP状态代码。 +以下屏幕截图包括四个部分，例如来源网址、来源网站，Google 的搜索引擎结果、HTTP状态代码。 ![][11] -如果要生成 html 报告，请使用以下格式。最初我在尝试生成 html 报告时遇到错误。 +如果要生成 html 报告，请使用以下命令。最初我在尝试生成 html 报告时遇到错误。 ``` # goaccess 2daygeek_access.log -a > report.html @@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ Parsing...[0,165] [50,165/s] ![][12] -GoAccess 允许你访问和分析实时日志并进行过滤和解析。 +GoAccess 也允许你访问和分析实时日志并进行过滤和解析。 ``` # tail -f /var/log/apache/2daygeek_access.log | goaccess - @@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/goaccess-a-real-time-web-server-log-analyzer-and-i 作者：[Vinoth Kumar][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f94339384b84e265f68e7c277ea51d10877abbee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2019 08:55:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0309/1265] translated --- .../20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md | 67 ------------------- .../20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md | 66 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md b/sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md deleted file mode 100644 index a8991c05df..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,67 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 reasons to use Kubernetes) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/reasons-kubernetes) -[#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) - -5 reasons to use Kubernetes -====== -Kubernetes solves some of the most common problems development and -operations teams see every day. -![][1] - -[Kubernetes][2] is the de facto open source container orchestration tool for enterprises. It provides application deployment, scaling, container management, and other capabilities, and it enables enterprises to optimize hardware resource utilization and increase production uptime through fault-tolerant functionality at speed. The project was initially developed by Google, which donated the project to the [Cloud-Native Computing Foundation][3]. In 2018, it became the first CNCF project to [graduate][4]. - -This is all well and good, but it doesn't explain why development and operations should invest their valuable time and effort in Kubernetes. The reason Kubernetes is so useful is that it helps dev and ops quickly solve the problems they struggle with every day. - -Following are five ways Kubernetes' capabilities help dev and ops professionals address their most common problems. - -### 1\. Vendor-agnostic - -Many public cloud providers not only serve managed Kubernetes services but also lots of cloud products built on top of those services for on-premises application container orchestration. Being vendor-agnostic enables operators to design, build, and manage multi-cloud and hybrid cloud platforms easily and safely without risk of vendor lock-in. Kubernetes also eliminates the ops team's worries about a complex multi/hybrid cloud strategy. - -### 2\. Service discovery - -To develop microservices applications, Java developers must control service availability (in terms of whether the application is ready to serve a function) and ensure the service continues living, without any exceptions, in response to the client's requests. Kubernetes' [service discovery feature][5] means developers don't have to manage these things on their own anymore. - -### 3\. Invocation - -How would your DevOps initiative deploy polyglot, cloud-native apps over thousands of virtual machines? Ideally, dev and ops could trigger deployments for bug fixes, function enhancements, new features, and security patches. Kubernetes' [deployment feature][6] automates this daily work. More importantly, it enables advanced deployment strategies, such as [blue-green and canary][7] deployments. - -### 4\. Elasticity - -Autoscaling is the key capability needed to handle massive workloads in cloud environments. By building a container platform, you can increase system reliability for end users. [Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler][8] (HPA) allows a cluster to increase or decrease the number of applications (or Pods) to deal with peak traffic or performance spikes, reducing concerns about unexpected system outages. - -### 5\. Resilience - -In a modern application architecture, failure-handling codes should be considered to control unexpected errors and recover from them quickly. But it takes a lot of time and effort for developers to simulate all the occasional errors. Kubernetes' [ReplicaSet][9] helps developers solve this problem by ensuring a specified number of Pods are kept alive continuously. - -### Conclusion - -Kubernetes enables enterprises to solve common dev and ops problems easily, quickly, and safely. It also provides other benefits, such as building a seamless multi/hybrid cloud strategy, saving infrastructure costs, and speeding time to market. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/reasons-kubernetes - -作者：[Daniel Oh][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/ship_wheel_gear_devops_kubernetes.png?itok=xm4a74Kv -[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes -[3]: https://www.cncf.io/projects/ -[4]: https://www.cncf.io/blog/2018/03/06/kubernetes-first-cncf-project-graduate/ -[5]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/ -[6]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ -[7]: https://opensource.com/article/17/5/colorful-deployments -[8]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/horizontal-pod-autoscale/ -[9]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/replicaset/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md b/translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d34c57ce16 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 reasons to use Kubernetes) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/reasons-kubernetes) +[#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) + +使用 Kubernetes 的 5 个理由 +====== +Kubernetes 解决了一些开发和运维团队每天关注的的常见问题。 +![][1] + +[Kubernetes][2] 是企业事实上的开源容器编排工具。它提供了应用部署、扩展、容器管理和其他功能，使企业能够通过容错能力快速优化硬件资源利用率并延长生产环境运行时间。该项目最初由谷歌开发，并将该项目捐赠给[云原生计算基金会][3]。2018年，它成为第一个从 CNCF [毕业][4]的项目。 + +这一切都很好，但它并不能解释为什么开发和运维应该在 Kubernetes 上投入宝贵的时间和精力。Kubernetes 之所以如此有用，是因为它有助于开发者和运维人员迅速解决他们每天都在努力解决的问题。 + +以下是 Kubernetes 帮助开发者和运维人员解决他们最常见问题的五种能力。 + +### 1\. 厂商无关 + +许多公有云提供商不仅提供托管 Kubernetes 服务，还提供许多基于这些服务构建的云产品，来用于本地应用容器编排。由于与供应商无关，使运营商能够轻松、安全地设计、构建和管理多云和混合云平台，而不会有供应商锁定的风险。Kubernetes 还消除了运维团队对复杂的多云/混合云战略的担忧。 + +### 2\. 服务发现 + +为了开发微服务应用，Java 开发人员必须控制服务可用性（就应用是否可以提供服务而言），并确保服务持续存在，而没有任何例外，以响应客户端的请求。Kubernetes 的[服务发现功能][5]意味着开发人员不再需要自己管理这些东西。 + +### 3\. 触发 + +你的 DevOps 会如何在上千台虚拟机上部署多语言、云原生应用？理想情况下啊，开发和运维会在 bug 修复、功能增强、新功能、安全更新时触发部署。Kubernetes 的[部署功能][6]会自动化这个每日工作。更重要的时，它支持高级部署策略，例如[蓝绿部署和金丝雀部署][7]。 + +### 4\. 可伸缩性 + +自动扩展是处理云环境中大量工作负载所需的关键功能。通过构建容器平台，你可以为终端用户提高系统可靠性。[Kubernetes Horizo​​ntal Pod Autoscaler][8]（HPA）允许一个集群增加或减少应用程序（或 Pod）的数量，以应对峰值流量或性能峰值，从而减少对意外系统中断的担忧。 + +### 5\. 容错性 + +在现代应用体系结构中，应考虑故障处理代码来控制意外错误并快速从中恢复。但是开发人员需要花费大量的时间和精力来模拟偶然的错误。Kubernetes 的 [ReplicaSet][9] 通过确保指定数量的 Pod 持续保持活动来帮助开发人员解决此问题。 + +### 结论 + +Kubernetes 使企业能够轻松、快速、安全地解决常见的开发和运维问题。它还提供其他好处，例如构建无缝的多云/混合云战略，节省基础架构成本以及加快产品上市时间。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/reasons-kubernetes + +作者：[Daniel Oh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/ship_wheel_gear_devops_kubernetes.png?itok=xm4a74Kv +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes +[3]: https://www.cncf.io/projects/ +[4]: https://www.cncf.io/blog/2018/03/06/kubernetes-first-cncf-project-graduate/ +[5]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/ +[6]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/17/5/colorful-deployments +[8]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/horizontal-pod-autoscale/ +[9]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/replicaset/ From 6de07b1b2804291fc7693f00266ee9e844dfe54e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2019 09:00:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0310/1265] tranlsating --- ...90610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md index 01def369ed..2ba0e242ef 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 71619649a5a3a8871516804b19a5fdc22cdaa8c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2019 12:10:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0311/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190521=20I=20?= =?UTF-8?q?don't=20know=20how=20CPUs=20work=20so=20I=20simulated=20one=20i?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20code=20sources/tech/20190521=20I=20don-t=20know=20how=20CPU?= =?UTF-8?q?s=20work=20so=20I=20simulated=20one=20in=20code.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ow CPUs work so I simulated one in code.md | 174 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 174 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190521 I don-t know how CPUs work so I simulated one in code.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190521 I don-t know how CPUs work so I simulated one in code.md b/sources/tech/20190521 I don-t know how CPUs work so I simulated one in code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3b9be98d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190521 I don-t know how CPUs work so I simulated one in code.md @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (I don't know how CPUs work so I simulated one in code) +[#]: via: (https://djhworld.github.io/post/2019/05/21/i-dont-know-how-cpus-work-so-i-simulated-one-in-code/) +[#]: author: (daniel harper https://djhworld.github.io) + +I don't know how CPUs work so I simulated one in code +====== + +![][1] + +A few months ago it dawned on me that I didn’t really understand how computers work under the hood. I still don’t understand how modern computers work. + +However, after making my way through [But How Do It Know?][2] by J. Clark Scott, a book which describes the bits of a simple 8-bit computer from the NAND gates, through to the registers, RAM, bits of the CPU, ALU and I/O, I got a hankering to implement it in code. + +While I’m not that interested in the physics of the circuitry, the book just about skims the surface of those waters and gives a neat overview of the wiring and how bits move around the system without the requisite electrical engineering knowledge. For me though I can’t get comfortable with book descriptions, I have to see things in action and learn from my inevitable mistakes, which led me to chart a course on the rough seas of writing a circuit in code and getting a bit weepy about it. + +The fruits of my voyage can be seen in [simple-computer][3]; a simple computer that’s simple and computes things. + +[![][4]][5] [![][6]][7] [![][8]][9] +Example programs + +It is quite a neat little thing, the CPU code is implemented [as a horrific splurge of gates turning on and off][10] but it works, I’ve [unit tested it][11], and we all know unit tests are irrefutable proof that something works. + +It handles [keyboard inputs][12], and renders text [to a display][13] using a painstakingly crafted set of glyphs for a professional font I’ve named “Daniel Code Pro”. The only cheat bit is to get the keyboard input and display output working I had to hook up go channels to speak to the outside world via [GLFW][14], but the rest of it is a simulated circuit. + +I even wrote a [crude assembler][15] which was eye opening to say the least. It’s not perfect. Actually it’s a bit crap, but it highlighted to me the problems that other people have already solved many, many years ago and I think I’m a better person for it. Or worse, depending who you ask. + +### But why you do that? + +> “I’ve seen thirteen year old children do this in Minecraft, come back to me when you’ve built a REAL CPU out of telegraph relays” + +My mental model of computing is stuck in beginner computer science textbooks, and the CPU that powers the [gameboy emulator I wrote back in 2013][16] is really nothing like the CPUs that are running today. Even saying that, the emulator is just a state machine, it doesn’t describe the stuff at the logic gate level. You can implement most of it using just a `switch` statement and storing the state of the registers. + +So I’m trying to get a better understanding of this stuff because I don’t know what L1/L2 caches are, I don’t know what pipelining means, I’m not entirely sure I understand the Meltdown and Spectre vulnerability papers. Someone told me they were optimising their code to make use of CPU caches, I don’t know how to verify that other than taking their word for it. I’m not really sure what all the x86 instructions mean. I don’t understand how people off-load work to a GPU or TPU. I don’t know what a TPU is. I don’t know how to make use of SIMD instructions. + +But all that is built on a foundation of knowledge you need to earn your stripes for, so I ain’t gonna get there without reading the map first. Which means getting back to basics and getting my hands dirty with something simple. The “Scott Computer” described in the book is simple. That’s the reason. + +### Great Scott! It’s alive! + +The Scott computer is an 8-bit processor attached to 256 bytes of RAM, all connected via an 8-bit system bus. It has 4 general purpose registers and can execute [17 machine instructions][17]. Someone built a visual simulator [for the web here][18], which is really cool, I dread to think how long it took to track all the wiring states! + +[![][19]][20] +A diagram outlining all the components that make up the Scott CPU +Copyright © 2009 - 2016 by Siegbert Filbinger and John Clark Scott. + +The book takes you on a journey from the humble NAND gate, onto a Bit of memory, onto a register and then keeps layering on components until you end up with something resembling the above. I really recommend reading it, even if you are already familiar with the concepts because it’s quite a good overview. I don’t recommend the Kindle version though because the diagrams are sometimes hard to zoom in and decipher on a screen. A perennial problem for the Kindle in my experience. + +The only thing that’s different about my computer is I upgraded it to 16-bit to have more memory to play with, as storing even just the glyphs for the [ASCII table][21] would have dwarfed most of the 8-bit machine described in the book, with not much room left for useful code. + +### My development journey + +During development it really was just a case of reading the text, scouring the diagrams and then attempting to translate that using a general purpose programming language code and definitely not using something that’s designed for integrated circuit development. The reason why I wrote it in Go, is well, I know a bit of Go. Naysayers might chime in and say, you blithering idiot! I can’t believe you didn’t spend all your time learning [VHDL][22] or [Verilog][23] or [LogSim][24] or whatever but I’d already written my bits and bytes and NANDs by that point, I was in too deep. Maybe I’ll learn them next and weep about my time wasted, but that’s my cross to bear. + +In the grand scheme of things most of the computer is just passing around a bunch of booleans, so any boolean friendly language will do the job. + +Applying a schema to those booleans is what helps you (the programmer) derive its meaning, and the biggest decision anyone needs to make is decide what [endianness][25] your system is going to use and make sure all the components transfer things to and from the bus in the right order. + +This was an absolute pain in the backside to implement. From the offset I opted for little endian but when testing the ALU my hair took a beating trying to work out why the numbers were coming out wrong. Many, many print statements took place on this one. + +Development did take a while, maybe about a month or two during some of my free time, but once the CPU was done and successfully able to execute 2 + 2 = 5, I was happy. + +Well, until the book discussed the I/O features, with designs for a simple keyboard and display interface so you can get things in and out of the machine. Well I’ve already gotten this far, no point in leaving it in a half finished state. I set myself a goal of being able to type something on a keyboard and render the letters on a display. + +### Peripherals + +The peripherals use the [adapter pattern][26] to act as a hardware interface between the CPU and the outside world. It’s probably not a huge leap to guess this was what the software design pattern took inspiration from. + +![][27] +How the I/O adapters connect to a GLFW window + +With this separation of concerns it was actually pretty simple to hook the other end of the keyboard and display to a window managed by GLFW. In fact I just pulled most of the code from my [emulator][28] and reshaped it a bit, using go channels to act as the signals in and out of the machine. + +### Bringing it to life + +![][29] + +This was probably the most tricky part, or at least the most cumbersome. Writing assembly with such a limited instruction set sucks. Writing assembly using a crude assembler I wrote sucks even more because you can’t shake your fist at someone other than yourself. + +The biggest problem was juggling the 4 registers and keeping track of them, pulling and putting stuff in memory as a temporary store. Whilst doing this I remembered the Gameboy CPU having a stack pointer register so you could push and pop state. Unfortunately this computer doesn’t have such a luxury, so I was mostly moving stuff in and out of memory on a bespoke basis. + +The only pseudo instruction I took the time to implement was `CALL` to help calling functions, this allows you to run a function and then return to the point after the function was called. Without that stack though you can only call one level deep. + +Also as the machine does not support interrupts, you have to implement awful polling code for functions like getting keyboard state. The book does discuss the steps needed to implement interrupts, but it would involve a lot more wiring. + +But anyway enough of the moaning, I ended up writing [four programs][30] and most of them make use of some shared code for drawing fonts, getting keyboard input etc. Not exactly operating system material but it did make me appreciate some of the services a simple operating system might provide. + +It wasn’t easy though, the trickiest part of the text-writer program was getting the maths right to work out when to go to a newline, or what happens when you hit the enter key. + +``` +main-getInput: + CALL ROUTINE-io-pollKeyboard + CALL ROUTINE-io-drawFontCharacter + JMP main-getInput +``` + +The main loop for the text-writer program + +I didn’t get round to implementing the backspace key either, or any of the modifier keys. Made me appreciate how much work must go in to making text editors and how tedious that probably is. + +### On reflection + +This was a fun and very rewarding project for me. In the midst of programming in the assembly language I’d largely forgotten about the NAND, AND and OR gates firing underneath. I’d ascended into the layers of abstraction above. + +While the CPU in the is very simple and a long way from what’s sitting in my laptop, I think this project has taught me a lot, namely: + + * How bits move around between all components using a bus + * How a simple ALU works + * What a simple Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle looks like + * That a machine without a stack pointer register + concept of a stack sucks + * That a machine without interrupts sucks + * What an assembler is and does + * How a peripherals communicate with a simple CPU + * How simple fonts work and an approach to rendering them on a display + * What a simple operating system might start to look like + + + +So what’s next? The book said that no-one has built a computer like this since 1952, meaning I’ve got 67 years of material to brush up on, so that should keep me occupied for a while. I see the [x86 manual is 4800 pages long][31], enough for some fun, light reading at bedtime. + +Maybe I’ll have a brief dalliance with operating system stuff, a flirtation with the C language, a regrettable evening attempting to [solder up a PiDP-11 kit][32] then probably call it quits. I dunno, we’ll see. + +With all seriousness though I think I’m going to start looking into RISC based stuff next, maybe RISC-V, but probably start with early RISC processors to get an understanding of the lineage. Modern CPUs have a lot more features like caches and stuff so I want to understand them as well. A lot of stuff out there to learn. + +Do I need to know any of this stuff in my day job? Probably helps, but not really, but I’m enjoying it, so whatever, thanks for reading xxxx + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://djhworld.github.io/post/2019/05/21/i-dont-know-how-cpus-work-so-i-simulated-one-in-code/ + +作者：[daniel harper][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://djhworld.github.io +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/text-writer.gif (Hello World) +[2]: http://buthowdoitknow.com/ +[3]: https://github.com/djhworld/simple-computer +[4]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/ascii1.png (ASCII) +[5]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/ascii.png +[6]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/brush1.png (brush) +[7]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/brush.png +[8]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/text-writer1.png (doing the typesin') +[9]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/text-writer.png +[10]: https://github.com/djhworld/simple-computer/blob/master/cpu/cpu.go#L763 +[11]: https://github.com/djhworld/simple-computer/blob/master/cpu/cpu_test.go +[12]: https://github.com/djhworld/simple-computer/blob/master/io/keyboard.go#L20 +[13]: https://github.com/djhworld/simple-computer/blob/master/io/display.go#L13 +[14]: https://github.com/djhworld/simple-computer/blob/master/cmd/simulator/glfw_io.go +[15]: https://github.com/djhworld/simple-computer/blob/master/asm/assembler.go +[16]: https://github.com/djhworld/gomeboycolor +[17]: https://github.com/djhworld/simple-computer#instructions +[18]: http://www.buthowdoitknow.com/but_how_do_it_know_cpu_model.html +[19]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/scott-cpu.png (The Scott CPU) +[20]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/scott-cpu.png +[21]: https://github.com/djhworld/simple-computer/blob/master/_programs/ascii.asm#L27 +[22]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL +[23]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verilog +[24]: http://www.cburch.com/logisim/ +[25]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness +[26]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_pattern +[27]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/io.png (i couldn't be bothered to do the corners around the CPU for the system bus) +[28]: https://github.com/djhworld/gomeboycolor-glfw +[29]: https://djhworld.github.io/img/simple-computer/brush.gif (brush.bin) +[30]: https://github.com/djhworld/simple-computer/blob/master/_programs/README.md +[31]: https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/managed/39/c5/325462-sdm-vol-1-2abcd-3abcd.pdf +[32]: https://obsolescence.wixsite.com/obsolescence/pidp-11 From c881a95a3f73cc150a717d9298acc3df3e57ba12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2019 15:40:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0312/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=20Appl?= =?UTF-8?q?ications=20for=20writing=20Markdown=20sources/tech/20190610=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?pplications=20for=20writing=20Markdown.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...90610 Applications for writing Markdown.md | 76 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 76 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f083e93785 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Applications for writing Markdown) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/) +[#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/) + +Applications for writing Markdown +====== + +![][1] + +Markdown is a lightweight markup language that is useful for adding formatting while still maintaining readability when viewing as plain text. Markdown (and Markdown derivatives) are used extensively as the priumary form of markup of documents on services like GitHub and pagure. By design, Markdown is easily created and edited in a text editor, however, there are a multitude of editors available that provide a formatted preview of Markdown markup, and / or provide a text editor that highlights the markdown syntax. + +This article covers 3 desktop applications for Fedora Workstation that help out when editing Markdown. + +### UberWriter + +[UberWriter][2] is a minimal Markdown editor and previewer that allows you to edit in text, and preview the rendered document. + +![][3] + +The editor itself has inline previews built in, so text marked up as bold is displayed bold. The editor also provides inline previews for images, formulas, footnotes, and more. Ctrl-clicking one of these items in the markup provides an instant preview of that element to appear. + +In addition to the editor features, UberWriter also features a full screen mode and a focus mode to help minimise distractions. Focus mode greys out all but the current paragraph to help you focus on that element in your document + +Install UberWriter on Fedora from the 3rd-party Flathub repositories. It can be installed directly from the Software application after [setting up your system to install from Flathub][4] + +### Marker + +Marker is a Markdown editor that provides a simple text editor to write Markdown in, and provides a live preview of the rendered document. The interface is designed with a split screen layout with the editor on the left, and the live preview on the right. + +![][5] + +Additionally, Marker allows you to export you document in a range of different formats, including HTML, PDF, and the Open Document Format (ODF). + +Install Marker on Fedora from the 3rd-party Flathub repositories. It can be installed directly from the Software application after [setting up your system to install from Flathub][4] + +### Ghostwriter + +Where the previous editors are more focussed on a minimal user experice, Ghostwriter provides many more features and options to play with. Ghostwriter provides a text editor that is partially styled as you write in Markdown format. Bold text is bold, and headings are in a larger font to assist in writing the markup. + +![][6] + +It also provides a split screen with a live updating preview of the rendered document. + +![][7] + +Ghostwriter also includes a range of other features, including the ability to choose the Markdown flavour that the preview is rendered in, as well as the stylesheet used to render the preview too. + +Additionally, it provides a format menu (and keyboard shortcuts) to insert some of the frequent markdown ‘tags’ like bold, bullets, and italics. + +Install Ghostwriter on Fedora from the 3rd-party Flathub repositories. It can be installed directly from the Software application after [setting up your system to install from Flathub][4] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/ + +作者：[Ryan Lerch][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/markdownapps.png-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://uberwriter.github.io/uberwriter/#1 +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/uberwriter-editor-1.png +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/install-flathub-apps-fedora/ +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/marker-screenshot-1024x500.png +[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ghostwriter-1024x732.png +[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ghostwriter2-1024x566.png From 3fdb4455d4e646d9c0ce064327ec7b0935377393 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MurphyZhao Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2019 17:36:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0313/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E3=80=9120190610=20Welcoming=20Blockchain=203.0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Signed-off-by: MurphyZhao --- sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md index cad1b03708..7c8579cd92 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (murphyzhao) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 3be835f4afbb4b9b175a2827de4e26ee25806cfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MurphyZhao Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2019 17:44:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0314/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E3=80=9120190610=20Applications=20for=20writing=20Mar?= =?UTF-8?q?kdown?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Signed-off-by: MurphyZhao --- sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md index f083e93785..782ee8a0ee 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (murphyzhao) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From c0c225440ff0f7b4dbe79e5f9355c6ff83323c1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Thu, 13 Jun 2019 18:41:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0315/1265] Translated --- ...ate A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md | 68 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md (54%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md b/translated/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md similarity index 54% rename from sources/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md rename to translated/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md index 1fea02d9b4..94bc351f7f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md @@ -1,46 +1,46 @@ -Translanting by robsean -BootISO – A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File +BootISO – 一个简单的 Bash 脚本来安全地从 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备 ====== -Most of us (including me) very often create a bootable USB device from ISO file for OS installation. +为操作系统安装，我们中的大多数人(包括我)非常经常地从 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备。 -There are many applications freely available in Linux for this purpose. Even we wrote few of the utility in the past. +为达到这个目的，在 Linux 中有很多自由可用的应用程序。甚至在过去我们写了几个实用程序。 -Every one uses different application and each application has their own features and functionality. +每个人使用不同的应用程序，每个应用程序有它们自己的特色和功能。 -In that few of applications are belongs to CLI and few of them associated with GUI. +在这些应用程序中，一些应用程序属于 CLI ，一些应用程序与 GUI 关联。 -Today we are going to discuss about similar kind of utility called BootISO. It’s a simple bash script, which allow users to create a USB device from ISO file. +今天，我们将讨论相同类型的称为 BootISO 的实用程序。它是一个简单的 bash 脚本，允许用户来从 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备。 -Many of the Linux admin uses dd command to create bootable ISO, which is one of the native and famous method but the same time, it’s one of the very dangerous command. So, be careful, when you performing any action with dd command. +很多 Linux 管理员使用 dd 命令开创建可启动的 ISO ，它是一个本地的且著名的方法，但是与此同时，它也是一个非常危险的命令。因此，小心，当你执行一些带有 dd 命令的动作。 -**Suggested Read :** -**(#)** [Etcher – Easy way to Create a bootable USB drive & SD card from an ISO image][1] -**(#)** [Create a bootable USB drive from an ISO image using dd command on Linux][2] +**建议阅读：** +**(#)** [Etcher – 简单的方法来从一个 ISO 镜像中创建一个可启动的 USB 驱动器 & SD 卡][1] -### What IS BootISO +**(#)** [在 Linux 上使用 dd 命令来从一个 ISO 镜像中创建一个可启动的 USB 驱动器][2] -[BootIOS][3] is a simple bash script, which allow users to securely create a bootable USB device from one ISO file. It’s written in bash. +### BootISO 是什么 -It doesn’t offer any GUI but in the same time it has vast of options, which allow newbies to create a bootable USB device in Linux without any issues. Since it’s a intelligent tool that automatically choose if any USB device is connected on the system. +[BootIOS][3] 是一个简单的 bash 脚本，允许用户来安全的从一个 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备，它是用 bash 编写的。 -It will print the list when the system has more than one USB device connected. When you choose manually another hard disk manually instead of USB, this will safely exit without writing anything on it. +它不提供任何图形用户界面，但是与此同时，它有大量的选项，允许初学者在 Linux 上来创建一个可启动的 USB 设备，而没有任何问题。因为它是一个智能工具，自动地选择是否一些 USB 设备被连接到系统上。 -This script will also check for dependencies and prompt user for installation, it works with all package managers such as apt-get, yum, dnf, pacman and zypper. +当系统有多个 USB 设备连接，它将打印列表。当你手动选择另一个硬盘而不是 USB ，在这种情况下，它将安全地退出，而不在硬盘上写任何东西。 -### BootISO Features +这个脚本也将检查依赖关系，并提示用户安装，它与所有的软件包管理器一起工作，例如 apt-get，yum，dnf，pacman 和 zypper。 - * It checks whether the selected ISO has the correct mime-type or not. If no then it exit. - * BootISO will exit automatically, if you selected any other disks (local hard drive) except USB drives. - * BootISO allow users to select the desired USB drives when you have more than one. - * BootISO prompts the user for confirmation before erasing and paritioning USB device. - * BootISO will handle any failure from a command properly and exit. - * BootISO will call a cleanup routine on exit with trap. +### BootISO 特色 + + * 它检查选择的 ISO 是否是正确的 mime 类型。如果不是，那么退出。. + * 如果你选择除 USB 设备以外的任何其它的磁盘(本地硬盘)，BootISO 将自动地退出。 + * 当你有多个驱动器时，BootISO 允许用户选择想要的 USB 驱动器。 + * 在擦除和分区 USB 设备前，BootISO 提示用户确认。 + * BootISO 将正确地处理来自一个命令的任何失灵，并退出。 + * BootISO 在退出陷阱时将调用一个清理例行程序。 -### How To Install BootISO In Linux +### 如果在 Linux 中安装 BootISO -There are few ways are available to install BootISO in Linux but i would advise users to install using the following method. +在 Linux 中安装 BootISO 有几个可用的方法，但是，我建议用户使用下面的方法安装。 ``` $ curl -L https://git.io/bootiso -O $ chmod +x bootiso @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ $ sudo mv bootiso /usr/local/bin/ ``` -Once BootISO installed, run the following command to list the available USB devices. +一旦 BootISO 已经安装，运行下面的命令来列出可用的 USB 设备。 ``` $ bootiso -l @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ sdd 1 32G running disk ``` -If you have only one USB device, then simple run the following command to create a bootable USB device from ISO file. +如果你仅有一个 USB 设备，那么简单地运行下面的命令来从一个 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备。 ``` $ bootiso /path/to/iso file @@ -85,37 +85,37 @@ You can safely remove it ! ``` -Mention your device name, when you have more than one USB device using `--device` option. +提到你的设备名称，当你有多个 USB 设备时，使用 `--device` 选项。 ``` $ bootiso -d /dev/sde /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso ``` -By default bootios uses `rsync` command to perform all the action and if you want to use `dd` command instead of, use the following format. +默认情况下，BootISO 使用 `rsync` 命令来执行所有的动作，如果你想使用 `dd` 命令代替它，使用下面的格式。 ``` $ bootiso --dd -d /dev/sde /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso ``` -If you want to skip `mime-type` check, include the following option with bootios utility. +如果你想跳过 `mime-type` 检查，BootISO 实用程序带有下面的选项。 ``` $ bootiso --no-mime-check -d /dev/sde /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso ``` -Add the below option with bootios to skip user for confirmation before erasing and partitioning USB device. +为 BootISO 添加下面的选项来跳过在擦除和分区 USB 设备前的用户确认。 ``` $ bootiso -y -d /dev/sde /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso ``` -Enable autoselecting USB devices in conjunction with -y option. +连同 -y 选项一起，启用自动选择 USB 设备。 ``` $ bootiso -y -a /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso ``` -To know more all the available option for bootiso, run the following command. +为知道更多全部可用的 BootISO 选项，运行下面的命令。 ``` $ bootiso -h Create a bootable USB from any ISO securely. @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/bootiso-a-simple-bash-script-to-securely-create-a- 作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From acb67e16de042d3c70c8706b3aed00a9494190c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 08:10:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0316/1265] Translating --- ...Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md b/sources/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md index f75baf6166..e51a216a5d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by Robsean How To Resize Active/Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility ====== Today we are going to discuss about disk partition. It’s one of the best topics in Linux. This allow users to resize the active root partition in Linux. From 53aecfc1133775a32c7ab0c649ba820118bf91be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 08:35:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0317/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...laces Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md | 170 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md b/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md index 7212522646..2e7be15f75 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md @@ -7,214 +7,209 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/get-linux-laptops/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) -10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers +可以买到 Linux 电脑的 10 个地方 ====== -_**Looking for Linux laptops? Here I list some online shops that either sell Linux computers or specialize only in Linux systems.**_ +_**你在找 Linux 笔记本吗? 这里列出一些出售 Linux 电脑或者是专注于 Linux 系统的电商。**_ -Almost all the computers (except Apple) sold these days come with Windows preinstalled on it. The standard procedure for Linux users is to buy such a computer and then either remove Windows and install Linux or [dual boot Linux with Windows][1]. +如今市面上几乎所有的电脑（苹果除外）都预装了 Windows 系统。Linux 使用者的惯常做法就是买一台这样的电脑，然后要么删除 Windows 系统并安装 Linux，要么[安装 Linux 和 Windows 的双系统][1]。 -But you don’t always have to go through Windows. You can buy Linux computers as well. +但 Windows 系统并非无法避免。你其实也可以买到 Linux 电脑。 -But why buy a computer preinstalled with Linux when you can easily install Linux on any computer? Here are some reasons: +不过，既然可以轻松地在任何一台电脑上安装 Linux，为什么还要买一台预装了 Linux 的电脑呢？下面列举几个原因： - * A computer with Windows always has an extra cost for the Windows license. You can avoid that. - * Computers preinstalled with Linux are well-tested for hardware compatibility. You can be sure that your system will have WiFi and Bluetooth working instead of figuring these things on your own. - * Buying Linux laptops and desktops supports Linux indirectly. More sale indicates that there is a demand for Linux products and thus more vendors may incline to provide Linux as a choice of operating system. + * 预装 Windows 系统意味着你额外支付了 Windows 许可证的费用。你可以节省这笔开销。 + * 预装 Linux 的电脑都经过了硬件适配测试。你不需要担心系统无法正常运行 WiFi 或者蓝牙，也不再需要亲自去搞定这些事情了。 + * 购买 Linux 电脑相当于间接地支持了 Linux。更多的销售额可以反应出对 Linux 产品的需求，也就可能会有更多商家提供 Linux 作为一种可以选择的操作系统。 - - -If you are looking to get a new Linux laptop, let me suggest you a few manufacturers and vendors that provide ready-to-use Linux systems. +如果你正想买一台 Linux 的笔记本，不妨考虑一下我的建议。下面这些制造商或者商家都提供开箱即用的 Linux 系统。 ![][2] -### 10 places to buy Linux laptops and computers +### 可以买到 Linux 笔记本或者台式机的 10 个地方 -A couple of disclaimer/information before you see the list of shops offering computers with Linux preloaded. +在揭晓这个提供预装 Linux 电脑的商家的清单之前，需要先声明一下。 -Please make a purchase on your own decision. I am simply listing the Linux computer sellers here, I cannot vouch for their product quality, after sale service or other such things. +请根据你的独立决策购买。我在这里只是简单地列出一些售卖 Linux 电脑的商家，并不保证他们的产品质量，售后服务等等这些事情。 -This is not a ranking list. The items listed here are in no particular order. The numbers are used for the purpose of counting the items, not ranking them. +这也并不是一个排行榜。清单并不是按照某个特定次序排列的，每一项前面的数字只是为了方便计数，而并不代表名次。 -Let’s see from where you can get desktops and laptops with Linux preinstalled. +让我们看看你可以在哪儿买到预装 Linux 的台式机或者笔记本吧。 -#### 1\. Dell +#### 1\. 戴尔 -![Dell XPS Ubuntu | Image Credit: Lifehacker][3] +![戴尔 XPS Ubuntu | 图片所有权: Lifehacker][3] -Dell has been offering Ubuntu laptops for several years now. Their flagship product XPS features a Developer Edition series that comes with Ubuntu preinstalled. +戴尔提供 Ubuntu 笔记本已经有好几年了。他们的旗舰产品 XPS 系列的亮点之一就是预装了 Ubuntu 的开发者版本系列产品。 -If you read my [review of Dell XPS Ubuntu edition][4], you know that I loved this laptop. It’s been more than two years and this laptop is still in great condition and performance has not deteriorated. +如果你读过我的 [戴尔 XPS Ubuntu 版本评测][4]就知道我是很喜欢这款笔记本的。两年多过去了，这个笔记本依然状况良好，没有性能恶化的迹象。 -Dell XPS is an expensive device with a price tag of over $1000. If that’s out of your budget, Dell also has inexpensive offering in its Inspiron laptop range. +戴尔 XPS 是售价超过 1000 美元的昂贵设备。如果你的预算没有这么多，可以考虑戴尔更加亲民的 Inspiron 系列笔记本。 -Do note that Dell doesn’t display the Ubuntu/Linux laptops on its website. Unless you already know that Linux laptops are offered by Dell, you wouldn’t be able to find them. +值得一提的是，戴尔并没有在它的官网上展示 Ubuntu 或者 Linux 笔记本产品。除非你知道戴尔提供 Linux 笔记本，你是不会找到它们的。 -So, go to Dell’s website and enter Ubuntu in its search box to see the products that ship with Ubuntu Linux preinstalled. +所以，去戴尔的官网上搜索关键字 “Ubuntu” 来获取预装 Ubuntu 的产品的信息吧。 -**Availability** : Most part of the world. +**支持范围** : 世界上大部分地区。 -[Dell][5] +[戴尔][5] #### 2\. System76 -[System76][6] is a prominent name in the Linux computers world. This US-based company specializes in high-end computing devices that run Linux. Their targeted user-base is software developers. +[System76][6] 是 Linux 计算机世界里的一个响亮的名字。这家总部设在美国的企业专注于运行 Linux 的高端技术设备。他们的目标用户群体是软件开发者。 -Initially, System76 used to offer Ubuntu on their machines. In 2017, they released their own Linux distribution [Pop!_OS][7] based on Ubuntu. Since then, Pop!_OS is the default OS on their machine with Ubuntu still available as a choice. +最初，System76 在自己的机器上提供的是 Ubuntu 系统。2017 年，他们发布了属于自己的 Linux 发行版，基于 Ubuntu 的 [Pop!_OS][7]。从此以后，Pop!_OS 就是他们机器上的默认操作系统了，但是仍然保留了 Ubuntu 这个选择。 -Apart from performance, System76 has put a great emphasis on the design of its computer. Their [Thelio desktop series][8] has a handcrafted wooden design. +除了性能之外，System76 还格外重视设计。他们的 [Thelio 系列台式机][8] 采用纯手工木制设计。 -![System76 Thelio Desktop][9] +![System76 Thelio 台式机][9] -You may check their Linux laptops offering [here][10]. They also offer [Linux-based mini PCs][11] and [servers][12]. +你可以在 [这里][10] 查看他们提供的 Linux 笔记本。他们同时也提供 [基于 Linux 的迷你电脑][11] 和 [服务器][12]。 -Did I mention that System76 manufactures its computers in America instead of the obvious choice of China and Taiwan? The products are on the expensive side, perhaps for this reason. +值得一提的是，System76 在美国制造他们的电脑，而没有使用中国大陆或者台湾这种常规的选择。也许是出于这个原因，他们产品的售价较为高昂。 -**Availability** : USA and 60 other countries. Extra custom duty may be applicable outside the US. More info [here][13]. +**支持范围** : 美国以及其它 60 个国家。在美国境外可能会有额外的关税。更多信息见[这里][13]. [System76][6] #### 3\. Purism -Purism is a US-based company that takes pride in creating products and services that help you secure your data and privacy. That’s the reason why Purism calls itself a ‘Social Purpose Corporation’. +Purism 是一个总部设在美国的企业，以提供确保数据安全和隐私的产品和服务为荣。这就是为什么 Purism 称自己为 “效力社会的公司”。 [][14] -Suggested read How To Use Google Drive In Linux - -Purism started with a crowdfunding campaign for creating a high-end open source laptop with (almost) no proprietary software. The [successful $250,000 crowdfunding campaign][15] gave birth to [Librem 15][16] laptop in 2015. +Purism 是从一个众筹项目开始的，该项目旨在创造一个几乎没有任何专有软件的高端开源笔记本。2015年，从这个 [成功的 25 万美元的众筹项目][15] 中诞生了 [Librem 15][16] 笔记本。 ![Purism Librem 13][17] -Later Purism released a 13″ version called [Librem 13][18]. Purism also created a Linux distribution [Pure OS][19] keeping privacy and security in mind. +后来 Purism 发布了一个 13 英寸的版本 [Librem 13][18]。Purism 还开发了一个自己的 Linux 发行版 [Pure OS][19]，该发行版非常注重隐私和安全问题。 -[Pure OS can run on both desktop and mobile devices][20] and it is the default choice of operating system on its Librem laptops and [Librem 5 Linux phone][21]. +[Pure OS 在台式设备和移动设备上都可以运行][20]，并且是 Librem 笔记本和[Librem 5 Linux 手机] 的默认操纵系统。 -Purism gets its components from China, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States and builds/assemble them in the US. All their devices have hardware kill switches to turn off the microphone/camera and wireless/bluetooth. +Purism 的零部件来自中国大陆、台湾、日本以及美国，并在美国完成组装。他们的所有设备都有可以用来关闭麦克风、摄像头、无线连接或者是蓝牙的硬件开关。 -**Availability** : Worldwide with free international shipping. Custom duty may cost extra. +**支持范围** : 全世界范围国际免邮。可能需要支付额外的关税。 [Purism][22] #### 4\. Slimbook -Slimbook is a Linux computer vendor based in Spain. Slimbook came to limelight after launching the [first KDE branded laptop][23]. +Slimbook 是一个总部设在西班牙的 Linux 电脑销售商. Slimbook 在发行了 [第一款 KDE 品牌笔记本][23]之后成为了人们关注的焦点。 -Their offering is not limited to just KDE Neon. They offer Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Ubuntu MATE, Linux Mint and Spanish distributions like [Lliurex][24] and [Max][25]. You can also choose Windows at an additional cost or opt for no operating system at all. +他们的产品不仅限于KDE Neon。他们还提供 Ubuntu，Kubuntu，Ubuntu MATE，Linux Mint 以及包括 [Lliurex][24] 和 [Max][25]在内的西班牙发行版。您也可以选择 Windows（需要额外付费）或者不预装任何操作系统。 -Slimbook has a wide variety of Linux laptops, desktops and mini PCs available. An iMac like 24″ [curved monitor that has in-built CPU][26] is an awesome addition to their collection. +Slimbook 有众多 Linux 笔记本，台式机和迷你电脑可供选择。他们另外一个非常不错的产品是一个类似于 iMac 的 24 英寸 [拥有内置 CPU 的曲面显示屏][26]。 -![Slimbook Kymera Aqua Liquid Cool Linux Computer][27] +![Slimbook Kymera Aqua 水冷 Linux 电脑][27] -Want a liquid cooled Linux computer? Slimbook’s [Kymera Aqua][28] is for you. +想要一台水冷 Linux 电脑吗？Slimbook 的 [Kymera Aqua][28] 是合适之选。 -**Availability** : Worldwide but may cost extra in shipping and custom duty +**支持范围** : 全世界范围，不过在邮费和关税上都可能产生额外费用。 [Slimbook][29] -#### 5\. TUXEDO Computers +#### 5\. TUXEDO -Another European candidate in this list of Linux computer vendors. [TUXEDO Computers][30] is based out of Germany and mainly focuses on German users and then European users. +作为这个 Linux 电脑销售商清单里的另一个欧洲成员，[TUXEDO][30] 总部设在德国，主要服务德国用户，其次是欧洲用户。 -TUXEDO Computers only uses Linux and the computers are ‘manufactured in Germany’ and come with 5 years of guarantee and lifetime support. +TUXEDO 只使用 Linux 系统，产品都是“德国制造”，并且提供 5 年保修和终身售后支持。 -TUXEDO Computers has put up some real good effort in customizing its hardware to run on Linux. And if you ever run into trouble or want to start afresh, you have the system recovery option to restore factory settings automatically. +TUXEDO 在 Linux 系统的硬件适配上下了很大功夫。并且如果你遇到了麻烦或者是想从头开始，可以通过系统恢复选项，自动恢复出厂设置。 -![Tuxedo Computers supports a wide variety of distributions][31] +![Tuxedo 电脑支持众多发行版][31] -TUXEDO Computers has a number of Linux laptops, desktops, mini-PCs available. They have both Intel and AMD processors. Apart from the computers, TUXEDO Computers also has a range of Linux supported accessories like docking stations, DVD/Blue-Ray burners, power bank and other peripheral devices. +TUXEDO 有许多 Linux 笔记本、台式机和迷你电脑产品可供选择。他们还同时拥有 Intel 和 AMD 的处理器。 除了电脑，TUXEDO 还提供一系列 Linux 支持的附件，比如扩展坞、DVD和蓝光刻录机、移动电源以及其它外围设备。 -**Availability** : Free shipping in Germany and Europe (for orders above 150 Euro). Extra shipping charges and custom duty for non-EU countries. More info [here][32]. +**支持范围** : 150 欧元以上的订单在德国和欧洲范围内免邮。欧洲外国家会有额外的运费和关税。更多信息见 [这里][32]. -[TUXEDO Computers][33] +[TUXEDO][33] #### 6\. Vikings -[Vikings][34] is based in Germany (instead of Scandinavia :D). Certified by [Free Software Foundation][35], Vikings focuses exclusively on Libre-friendly hardware. +[Vikings][34] 的总部设在德国（而不是斯堪的纳维亚半岛，哈哈）。Vikings 拥有[自由软件基金会][35]的认证，专注于自由友好的硬件。 -![Vikings’s products are certified by Free Software Foundation][36] +![Vikings 的产品经过了自由软件基金会认证][36] -The Linux laptops and desktops by Vikings come with [coreboot][37] or [Libreboot][38] instead of proprietary boot systems like BIOS and UEFI. You can also buy [server hardware][39] running no proprietary software. +Vikings 的 Linux 笔记本和台式机使用的是 [coreboot][37] 或者 [Libreboot][38]，而不是像 BIOS 和 UEFI 这样的专有启动系统。你还可以购买 [服务器硬件][39]，这款产品不运行任何专有软件。 -Vikings also has other accessories like router, docking station etc. The products are assembled in Germany. +Vikings 还有包括路由器、扩展坞等在内的其它配件。他们的产品都是在德国组装完成的。 -**Availability** : Worldwide (except North Korea). Non-EU countries may charge custom duty. More information [here][40]. +**支持范围** : 全世界（除了朝鲜）。非欧洲国家可能会有额外关税费用。更多信息见[这里][40]. [Vikings][41] #### 7\. Ubuntushop.be -No! It’s not the official Ubuntu Shop even though it has Ubuntu in its name. Ubuntushop is based in Belgium and originally started selling computers installed with Ubuntu. +不！尽管名字里有Ubuntu，但这不是官方的 Ubuntu 商店。Ubuntushop 总部位于比利时，最初是销售安装了 Ubuntu 的电脑。 -Today, you can get laptops preloaded with Linux distributions like Mint, Manjaro, elementrayOS. You can also request a distribution of your choice to be installed on the system you buy. +如今，你可以买到预装了包括 Mint、Manjaro、 elementrayOS 在内的 Linux 发行版的笔记本电脑。你还可以要求所购买的设备上安装你所选择的发行版。 ![][42] -One unique thing about Ubuntushop is that all of its computers come with default Tails OS live option. So even if it has a Linux distribution installed for regular use, you can always choose to boot into the Tails OS (without live USB). [Tails OS][43] is a Debian based distribution that deletes all traces of its use after logging out and it uses Tor network by default. +Ubuntushop 的一个独特之处在于，它的所有电脑都带有默认的 Tails OS live 选项。即使你安装了某个其它的 Linux 发行版作为日常使用的系统，也随时可以选择启动到 Tails OS（不需要使用 live USB）。[Tails OS][43] 是一个基于 Debian 的发行版，它在用户注销后会删除所有使用痕迹，并且在默认情况下使用 Tor 网络。 [][44] -Suggested read Things to do After Installing Ubuntu 18.04 and 18.10 +和此列表中的许多其他重要玩家不同，我觉得 Ubuntushop 所提供的更像是一种“家庭工艺”。商家手动组装一个电脑，安装 Linux 然后卖给你。不过他们也在一些可选项上下了功夫，比如说轻松的重装系统，拥有自己的云服务器等等。 -Unlike many other big players on this list, I feel that Ubuntushop is more of a ‘domestic operation’ where someone manually assembles your computer and installs Linux on it. But they have done quite some job on providing options like easy re-install, own cloud server etc. +你可以找一台旧电脑快递给他们，同时在他们的网站上买一台新的 Linux 电脑，他们就会在你的旧电脑上安装 [轻量级 Linux][45] 系统然后快递回来，这样你这台旧电脑就可以重新投入使用了。 -Got an old PC, send it to them while buying a new Linux computer and they will send it back to you after installing [lightweight Linux][45] on it so that the old computer is recycled and can still be put to some use. - -**Availability** : Belgium and rest of Europe. +**支持范围** : 比利时以及欧洲的其它地区。 [Ubuntushop.be][46] #### 8\. Minifree -[Minifree][47], short for Ministry of Freedom, is a company registered in England. +[Minifree][47]，自由部门的缩写，是一家注册在英格兰的公司。 -You can guess that Minifree focuses on the freedom. It provides secure and privacy-respcting computers that come with [Libreboot][38] instead of BIOS or UEFI. +你可以猜到 Minifree 非常注重自由。他们提供安全以及注重隐私的电脑，预装 [Libreboot][38] 而不是 BIOS 或者 UEFI。 -Minifree devices are certified by [Free Software Foundation][48] which means that you can be sure that your computer adhere to guidelines and principals of Free and Open Source Software. +Minifree 的设备经过了 [自由软件基金会][48] 的认证，所以你可以放心买到的电脑都遵循了自由开源软件的指导规则。 ![][49] -Unlike many other Linux laptops vendors on this list, computers from Minifree are not super-expensive. You can get a Libreboot Linux laptop running [Trisquel GNU/Linux][50] from 200 euro. +和这个清单中许多其它 Linux 笔记本销售商不同，Minifree 的电脑并不是特别贵。花 200 欧元就可以买到一台预装了 Libreboot 和 [Trisquel GNU/Linux][50] 的 Linux 电脑。 -Apart from laptops, Minifree also has a range of accessories like a Libre Router, tablet, docking station, batteries, keyboard, mouse etc. +除了笔记本以外，Minifree 还有一系列的配件，比如 Libre 路由器、平板电、扩展坞、电池、键盘、鼠标等等。 -If you care to run only 100% free software like [Richard Stallman][51], Minifree is for you. +如果你和 [Richard Stallman][51] 一样，希望只运行 100% 自由的软件的话，Minifree 就再适合不过了。 -**Availability** : Worldwide. Shipping information is available [here][52]. +**支持范围** : 全世界。运费信息见 [这里][52]。 [Minifree][47] #### 9\. Entroware -[Entroware][53] is another UK-based vendor that specializes in Linux-based laptops, desktop and servers. +[Entroware][53] 是另一个总部设在英国的销售商，专注基于 Linux 系统的笔记本、台式机和服务器。 -Like many others on the list, Entroware also has Ubuntu as its choice of Linux distribution. [Ubuntu MATE is also available as a choice on Entroware Linux laptops][54]. +和这个清单里的很多其它商家一样，Entroware 也选择 Ubuntu 作为 Linux 发行版。[Ubuntu MATE 也是 Entroware Linux 笔记本的一种可选系统][54]. ![][55] -Apart from laptops, desktop and servers, Entroware also has their [mini-PC Aura][56] and the iMac style [monitor with built-in CPU Ares][57]. +除了笔记本、台式机和服务器之外，Entroware 还拥有自己的 [迷你电脑 Aura][56]，以及一个 iMac 风格的[内置 CPU 的显示器 Ares][57]. -Availability: UK, Ireland France, Germany, Italy, Spain +支持范围: 英国、爱尔兰、法国、德国、意大利、西班牙。 [Entroware][58] -#### 10\. Juno Computers +#### 10\. Juno -This is a new Linux laptop vendor on our list. Juno Computers is also based in UK and offers computers preinstalled with Linux. elementary OS, Ubuntu and Solus OS are the choices of Linux distributions here. +这是我们清单上的一个新的 Linux 笔记本销售商。Juno 的总部同样设在英国，提供预装 Linux 的电脑。可选择的 Linux 发行版包括 elementary OS、Ubuntu 和 Solus OS。 -Juno offers a range of laptops and a mini-PC called Olympia. Like almost all the mini-PCs offered by other vendors here, Olympia is also basically [Intel NUC][59]. +Juno 提供一系列的笔记本，以及一款叫做 Olympia 迷你电脑。和列表里其它商家提供的大多数迷你电脑一样，Olympia 也基本上相当于一个 [Intel NUC][59]。 -The main highlight from Juno Computers is a low-cost Chromebook alternative, Juve that costs £299. It runs a dual-booted system with Solus/elementray with an Android-based desktop operating system, [Prime OS][60]. +Juno 的主要特色是 Juve，一款售价 299 美元的 Chromebook 的低成本替代品。它运行一个双系统，包括 Solus 或者 elementray，以及一个基于安卓的电脑操作系统 [Prime OS][60]。 ![Juve With Android-based Prime Os][61] -Availability: UK, USA, Canada, Mexico, Most part of South America and Europe, Australia, New Zealand, some part of Asia and Africa. More information [here][62]. +支持范围：英国、美国、加拿大、墨西哥、南美和欧洲的大部分地区、新西兰、亚洲和非洲的某些地区。更多信息见 [这里][62]。 [Juno Computers][63] #### Honorable mentions +荣誉奖 -I have listed 10 places to get Linux computers but there are several other such shops available. I cannot include all of them in the main list and a couple of them seem to be out of stock for most products. However, I am going to mention them here so that you may check them on your own: +我列举了 10 个可以买到 Linux 电脑的地方，但其实还有一些其它类似的商店。清单里放不下这么多，并且它们其中的几个似乎大多数商品都缺货。不过我还是要在这里稍微提一下它们，方便你自己查找相关信息： * [ZaReason][64] * [Libiquity][65] @@ -223,10 +218,9 @@ I have listed 10 places to get Linux computers but there are several other such * [Think Penguin][68] +包括宏碁和联想在内的其它主流电脑生产商可能也有基于 Linux 系统的产品，所以你不妨也查看一下他们的产品目录吧。 -Other mainstream computer manufacturers like Acer, Lenovo etc may also have some Linux systems in their catalog so you may check their products as well. - -Have you ever bought a Linux computer? Where did you buy it? How’s your experience with it? Is it worth buying a Linux laptop? Do share your thoughts. +你有没有买过一台 Linux 电脑？在哪儿买的？使用体验怎么样？Linux 笔记本值不值得买？分享一下你的想法吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -234,7 +228,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/get-linux-laptops/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/chen-ni) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0df0a4c5b81367e29312d5ab90d9e41db68e87c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 08:36:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0318/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md b/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md index 2e7be15f75..2a2e102967 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md @@ -206,8 +206,7 @@ Juno 的主要特色是 Juve，一款售价 299 美元的 Chromebook 的低成 [Juno Computers][63] -#### Honorable mentions -荣誉奖 +#### 荣誉奖 我列举了 10 个可以买到 Linux 电脑的地方，但其实还有一些其它类似的商店。清单里放不下这么多，并且它们其中的几个似乎大多数商品都缺货。不过我还是要在这里稍微提一下它们，方便你自己查找相关信息： From 584ffd856263afa2fd13f70dc6649d721f2f80d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 08:37:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0319/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E5=88=B0=20transla?= =?UTF-8?q?ted?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md b/translated/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md rename to translated/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md From fc5b9f963aa873289f3fd0238f068cc016bbf493 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 08:53:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0320/1265] translated --- ...nexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md | 157 ------------------ ...nexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md | 148 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 148 insertions(+), 157 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2ba0e242ef..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,157 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/expand-and-unexpand-commands-tutorial-with-examples/) -[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) - -Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples -====== - -![Expand And Unexpand Commands Explained][1] - -This guide explains two Linux commands namely **Expand** and **Unexpand** with practical examples. For those wondering, the Expand and Unexpand commands are used to replace TAB characters in files with SPACE characters and vice versa. There is also a command called “Expand” in MS-DOS, which is used to expand a compressed file. But the Linux Expand command simply converts the tabs to spaces. These two commands are part of **GNU coreutils** and written by **David MacKenzie**. - -For the demonstration purpose, I will be using a text file named “ostechnix.txt” throughout this guide. All commands given below are tested in Arch Linux. - -### Expand command examples - -Like I already mentioned, the Expand command replaces TAB characters in a file with SPACE characters. - -Now, let us convert tabs to spaces in the ostechnix.txt file and write the result to standard output using command: - -``` -$ expand ostechnix.txt -``` - -If you don’t want to display the result in standard output, just upload it to another file like below. - -``` -$ expand ostechnix.txt>output.txt -``` - -We can also convert tabs to spaces, reading from standard input. To do so, just run “expand” command without mentioning the source file name: - -``` -$ expand -``` - -Just type the text and hit ENTER to convert tabs to spaces. Press **CTRL+C** to quit. - -If you do not want to convert tabs after non blanks, use **-i** flag like below. - -``` -$ expand -i ostechnix.txt -``` - -We can also have tabs a certain number of characters apart, not 8 (the default value): - -``` -$ expand -t=5 ostechnix.txt -``` - -You can even mention multiple tab positions with comma separated like below. - -``` -$ expand -t 5,10,15 ostechnix.txt -``` - -Or, - -``` -$ expand -t "5 10 15" ostechnix.txt -``` - -For more details, refer man pages. - -``` -$ man expand -``` - -### Unexpand Command Examples - -As you may have already guessed, the **Unexpand** command will do the opposite of the Expand command. I.e It will convert SPACE charatcers to TAB characters. Let me show you a few examples to learn how to use Unexpand command. - -To convert blanks (spaces, of course) in a file to tabs and write the output to stdout, do: - -``` -$ unexpand ostechnix.txt -``` - -If you want to write the output in a file instead of just displaying it to stdout, use this command: - -``` -$ unexpand ostechnix.txt>output.txt -``` - -Convert blanks to tabs, reading from standard output: - -``` -$ unexpand -``` - -By default, Unexpand command will only convert the initial blanks. If you want to convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks, use **-a** flag: - -``` -$ unexpand -a ostechnix.txt -``` - -To convert only leading sequences of blanks (Please note that it overrides **-a** ): - -``` -$ unexpand --first-only ostechnix.txt -``` - -Have tabs a certain number of characters apart, not **8** (enables **-a** ): - -``` -$ unexpand -t 5 ostechnix.txt -``` - -Similarly, we can mention multiple tab positions with comma separated like below. - -``` -$ unexpand -t 5,10,15 ostechnix.txt -``` - -Or, - -``` -$ unexpand -t "5 10 15" ostechnix.txt -``` - -For more details, refer man pages. - -``` -$ man unexpand -``` - -* * * - -**Suggested read:** - - * [**The Fold Command Tutorial With Examples For Beginners**][2] - - - -* * * - -When you working on large number of files, the Expand and Unexpand commands could be very helpful to replace unwanted TAB characters with SPACE characters and vice versa. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/expand-and-unexpand-commands-tutorial-with-examples/ - -作者：[sk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Expand-And-Unexpand-Commands-720x340.png -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/fold-command-tutorial-examples-beginners/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3c4f3418c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/expand-and-unexpand-commands-tutorial-with-examples/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +expand 与 unexpand 命令教程与示例 +====== + +![Expand And Unexpand Commands Explained][1] + +本指南通过实际的例子解释两个 Linux 命令，即 **expand** 和 **unexpand**。对于好奇的人，expand 和 unexpand 命令用于将文件中的 TAB 字符替换为空格，反之亦然。在 MS-DOS 中也有一个名为 “expand” 的命令，它用于解压压缩文件。但 Linux expand 命令只是将 tab 转换为空格。这两个命令是 **GNU coreutils** 的一部分，由 **David MacKenzie** 编写。 + +为了演示，我将在本文使用名为 “ostechnix.txt” 的文本文件。下面给出的所有命令都在 Arch Linux 中进行测试。 + +### expand 命令示例 + +与我之前提到的一样，expand 命令使用空格替换文件中的 TAB 字符。 + +现在，让我们将ostechnix.txt 中的 tab 转换为空格，并将结果写入标准输出： + +``` +$ expand ostechnix.txt +``` + +如果你不想在标准输出中显示结果，只需将其写入另一个文件，如下所示。 + +``` +$ expand ostechnix.txt>output.txt +``` + +我们还可以将标准输入中的 tab 转换为空格。为此，只需运行 “expand” 命令而不带文件名： + +``` +$ expand +``` + +只需输入文本并按回车键就能将 tab 转换为空格。按 **CTRL+C** 退出。 + + +如果你不想在非空白符后转换 tab，请使用 **-i** 标记，如下所示。 + +``` +$ expand -i ostechnix.txt +``` + +我们还可以设置每个 tab 为指定数字的宽度，而不是 8（默认值）。 + +``` +$ expand -t=5 ostechnix.txt +``` + +我们甚至可以使用逗号分隔指定多个 tab 位置，如下所示 + +``` +$ expand -t 5,10,15 ostechnix.txt +``` + +或者， + +``` +$ expand -t "5 10 15" ostechnix.txt +``` + +有关更多详细信息，请参阅手册页。 + +``` +$ man expand +``` + +### unexpand 命令示例 + +正如你可能已经猜到的那样，**unexpand** 命令将执行与 expand 命令相反的操作。即它会将空格转换为 TAB。让我向你展示一些例子，以了解如何使用 unexpand 命令。 + +要将文件中的空白（当然是空格）转换为 tab 并将输出写入标准输出，请执行以下操作： + +``` +$ unexpand ostechnix.txt +``` + +如果要将输出写入文件而不是仅将其显示到标准输出，请使用以下命令： + +``` +$ unexpand ostechnix.txt>output.txt +``` + +从标准输出读取内容，将空格转换为制表符： + +``` +$ unexpand +``` + +默认情况下，unexpand 命令仅转换初始的空格。如果你想转换所有空格而不是只是初始空格，请使用 **-a** 标志： + +``` +$ unexpand -a ostechnix.txt +``` + +仅转换开头的空白（请注意它会覆盖 **-a**）： + +``` +$ unexpand --first-only ostechnix.txt +``` + +使多少个空格替换成一个 tab，而不是 **8**（启用 **-a** ）： + +``` +$ unexpand -t 5 ostechnix.txt +``` + +相似地，我们可以使用逗号分隔指定多个tab的位置。 + +``` +$ unexpand -t 5,10,15 ostechnix.txt +``` + +或者， + +``` +$ unexpand -t "5 10 15" ostechnix.txt +``` + +有关更多详细信息，请参阅手册页。 + +``` +$ man unexpand +``` + + +在处理大量文件时，expand 和 unexpand 命令对于用空格替换不需要的 TAB 时非常有用，反之亦然。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/expand-and-unexpand-commands-tutorial-with-examples/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Expand-And-Unexpand-Commands-720x340.png \ No newline at end of file From e6099e4eb85bb91b40927ffd69602c8acbe03b14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 09:02:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0321/1265] translating --- .../20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md index 6da49ddcaa..2349f8b1c7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 696f2278e3a5835647929e9ca05345b03ac5deab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 11:06:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0322/1265] PRF:20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md @geekpi --- .../20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md | 28 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md b/translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md index d34c57ce16..6be5f6e242 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (5 reasons to use Kubernetes) @@ -9,32 +9,34 @@ 使用 Kubernetes 的 5 个理由 ====== -Kubernetes 解决了一些开发和运维团队每天关注的的常见问题。 -![][1] -[Kubernetes][2] 是企业事实上的开源容器编排工具。它提供了应用部署、扩展、容器管理和其他功能，使企业能够通过容错能力快速优化硬件资源利用率并延长生产环境运行时间。该项目最初由谷歌开发，并将该项目捐赠给[云原生计算基金会][3]。2018年，它成为第一个从 CNCF [毕业][4]的项目。 +> Kubernetes 解决了一些开发和运维团队每天关注的的常见问题。 -这一切都很好，但它并不能解释为什么开发和运维应该在 Kubernetes 上投入宝贵的时间和精力。Kubernetes 之所以如此有用，是因为它有助于开发者和运维人员迅速解决他们每天都在努力解决的问题。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/14/110657gk2jz6f6kqff2kk4.jpg) + +[Kubernetes][2]（K8S）是面向企业的开源容器编排工具的事实标准。它提供了应用部署、扩展、容器管理和其他功能，使企业能够通过容错能力快速优化硬件资源利用率并延长生产环境运行时间。该项目最初由谷歌开发，并将该项目捐赠给[云原生计算基金会][3]（CNCF）。2018 年，它成为第一个从 CNCF [毕业][4]的项目。 + +这一切都很好，但它并不能解释为什么开发者和运维人员应该在 Kubernetes 上投入宝贵的时间和精力。Kubernetes 之所以如此有用，是因为它有助于开发者和运维人员迅速解决他们每天都在努力解决的问题。 以下是 Kubernetes 帮助开发者和运维人员解决他们最常见问题的五种能力。 -### 1\. 厂商无关 +### 1、厂商无关 许多公有云提供商不仅提供托管 Kubernetes 服务，还提供许多基于这些服务构建的云产品，来用于本地应用容器编排。由于与供应商无关，使运营商能够轻松、安全地设计、构建和管理多云和混合云平台，而不会有供应商锁定的风险。Kubernetes 还消除了运维团队对复杂的多云/混合云战略的担忧。 -### 2\. 服务发现 +### 2、服务发现 -为了开发微服务应用，Java 开发人员必须控制服务可用性（就应用是否可以提供服务而言），并确保服务持续存在，而没有任何例外，以响应客户端的请求。Kubernetes 的[服务发现功能][5]意味着开发人员不再需要自己管理这些东西。 +为了开发微服务应用，Java 开发人员必须控制服务可用性（就应用是否可以提供服务而言），并确保服务持续存在，以响应客户端的请求，而没有任何例外。Kubernetes 的[服务发现功能][5]意味着开发人员不再需要自己管理这些东西。 -### 3\. 触发 +### 3、触发 -你的 DevOps 会如何在上千台虚拟机上部署多语言、云原生应用？理想情况下啊，开发和运维会在 bug 修复、功能增强、新功能、安全更新时触发部署。Kubernetes 的[部署功能][6]会自动化这个每日工作。更重要的时，它支持高级部署策略，例如[蓝绿部署和金丝雀部署][7]。 +你的 DevOps 会如何在上千台虚拟机上部署多语言、云原生应用？理想情况下，开发和运维会在 bug 修复、功能增强、新功能、安全更新时触发部署。Kubernetes 的[部署功能][6]会自动化这个日常工作。更重要的时，它支持高级部署策略，例如[蓝绿部署和金丝雀部署][7]。 -### 4\. 可伸缩性 +### 4、可伸缩性 自动扩展是处理云环境中大量工作负载所需的关键功能。通过构建容器平台，你可以为终端用户提高系统可靠性。[Kubernetes Horizo​​ntal Pod Autoscaler][8]（HPA）允许一个集群增加或减少应用程序（或 Pod）的数量，以应对峰值流量或性能峰值，从而减少对意外系统中断的担忧。 -### 5\. 容错性 +### 5、容错性 在现代应用体系结构中，应考虑故障处理代码来控制意外错误并快速从中恢复。但是开发人员需要花费大量的时间和精力来模拟偶然的错误。Kubernetes 的 [ReplicaSet][9] 通过确保指定数量的 Pod 持续保持活动来帮助开发人员解决此问题。 @@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/reasons-kubernetes 作者：[Daniel Oh][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 53219b345e125653453d091d13c2b5654c9261b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 11:08:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0323/1265] PUB:20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10973-1.html --- .../20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md b/published/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md rename to published/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md index 6be5f6e242..8de8d3ad4a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md +++ b/published/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10973-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 reasons to use Kubernetes) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/reasons-kubernetes) [#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) From b96758228d788d73193f352b13c21ca807dab0ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 11:22:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0324/1265] PRF:20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md @geekpi --- ...r is Now Officially Available for Linux.md | 48 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md index fcdd071c6b..241a5d039c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux) @@ -10,59 +10,55 @@ Unity 编辑器现已正式面向 Linux 推出 ====== -如果你是设计师、开发者或艺术家，你可能一直在使用 Linux 上的实验性 [Unity 编辑器][1]。然而，实验性版本无法永远满足 - 开发者需要一个完整稳定的工作经验。 +如果你是设计师、开发者或艺术家，你可能一直在使用 Linux 上的实验性 [Unity 编辑器][1]。然而，不能一直用实验性版本 —— 开发者需要一个完整稳定的工作经验。 因此，他们最近宣布你可以在 Linux 上使用完整功能的 Unity 编辑器了。 -虽然这是一个令人兴奋的消息，但它正式支持哪些 Linux 发行版？我们来谈谈更多细节...... +虽然这是一个令人兴奋的消息，但它正式支持哪些 Linux 发行版？我们来谈谈更多细节…… -非 FOSS 警告 +> 非 FOSS 警告 -Linux 上的 Unity 编辑器（或任何其他平台）不是开源软件。我们在这里介绍它是因为 +> Linux （或任何其他平台）上的 Unity 编辑器不是开源软件。我们在这里介绍它是因为： ### 官方支持 Ubuntu 和 CentOS 7 ![][2] -无论你拥有个人许可还是专业许可，如果你安装了 Unity 2019.1 或更高版本，都可以使用编辑器。 +无论你拥有个人许可还是专业许可，如果你安装了 Unity 2019.1 或更高版本，都可以使用该编辑器。 此外，他们优先支持 Ubuntu 16.04、Ubuntu 18.04 和 CentOS 7。 在[公告][3]中，他们还提到了支持的配置： - * x86-64 架构 -  * 运行在 X11 窗口系统之上的 Gnome 桌面环境 -  * Nvidia 官方专有显卡驱动和 AMD Mesa 显卡驱动 -  * 桌面计算机，在没有仿真或兼容层的设备/硬件上运行 +* x86-64 架构 +* 运行在 X11 窗口系统之上的 Gnome 桌面环境 +* Nvidia 官方专有显卡驱动和 AMD Mesa 显卡驱动 +* 桌面计算机，在没有仿真或兼容层的设备/硬件上运行 +你可以尝试其他的 —— 但最好坚持官方要求以获得最佳体验。 +> 关于第三方工具的说明 -你可以尝试其他的 - 但最好坚持官方要求以获得最佳体验。 +> 如果你碰巧在某个项目中使用了任何第三方工具，那么必须单独检查它们是否支持。 -关于第三方工具的说明 +### 如何在 Linux 上安装 Unity 编辑器 -如果你碰巧在任何项目中使用了任何第三方工具，那么必须单独检查它们是否支持。 +现在你已经了解了，那么该如何安装？ -### 如何在 Linux 上安装Unity 编辑器 - -现在你已经了解了它，那么该如何安装？ - -To install Unity, you will have to download and install the [Unity Hub][4]. 要安装 Unity，你需要下载并安装 [Unity Hub][4]。 ![Unity Hub][5] -我们将引导你完成以下步骤： - - * 从[官方论坛页面][4]下载适用于 Linux 的 Unity Hub。 -  * 它将下载一个 AppImage 文件。简单地说，让它可执行并运行它。如果你不了解它，你应该查看关于[如何在 Linux 上使用 AppImage][6] 的指南。 -  * 启动 Unity Hub 后，它会要求你使用 Unity ID 登录（或注册）以激活许可证。有关许可证生效的更多信息，请参阅他们的 [FAQ 页面][7]。 -  * 使用 Unity ID 登录后，进入“**安装**”选项（如上图所示）并添加所需的版本/组件。 +你需要完成以下步骤： +* 从[官方论坛页面][4]下载适用于 Linux 的 Unity Hub。 +* 它将下载一个 AppImage 文件。简单地说，让它可执行并运行它。如果你不了解，你应该查看关于[如何在 Linux 上使用 AppImage][6] 的指南。 +* 启动 Unity Hub 后，它会要求你使用 Unity ID 登录（或注册）以激活许可证。有关许可证生效的更多信息，请参阅他们的 [FAQ 页面][7]。 +* 使用 Unity ID 登录后，进入 “Installs” 选项（如上图所示）并添加所需的版本/组件。 就是这些了。这就是获取并快速安装的最佳方法。 -**总结** +### 总结 即使这是一个令人兴奋的消息，但官方配置支持似乎并不广泛。如果你在 Linux 上使用它，请在[他们的 Linux 论坛帖子][9]上分享你的反馈和意见。 @@ -77,7 +73,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/unity-editor-linux/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c9a44d86ecbf4bff0a06a4b18650a96381d0b45f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 11:22:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0325/1265] PUB:20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10974-1.html --- ...0531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md b/published/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md rename to published/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md index 241a5d039c..7b579caf06 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md +++ b/published/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10974-1.html) [#]: subject: (Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/unity-editor-linux/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From a01a7e92e98df485c64d4830bb2573d11bd22f06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 11:34:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0326/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md b/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md index db6a4c5365..cb242f5e1f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 3d1781c0e8e3b2d3d0db4409649e03e31a1d4b8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 16:21:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0327/1265] APL:20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day --- sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md index 81319ce84f..f77071c6d7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 17d9ed28751c39b4427636e05d28e6a89568c3ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 17:06:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0328/1265] Update 20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md --- ... 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 32 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md index 725f3bcccb..06dbc19f3e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -1,19 +1,23 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (qfzy1233) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity) -[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity) -[#]: author: (Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen) +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "qfzy1233" +[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " +[#]: subject: "Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity" +[#]: via: "https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity" +[#]: author: "Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen" -Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity +五个最具生产力的 Linux 发行版 ====== ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_main.jpg?itok=2IKyg_7_) +必须承认的是，这样一个热门的话题其实很难被总结出来。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在设计层面就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于她极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得工作的开展变得简易化。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是普通办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这一问题变得复杂起来了。 + I have to confess, this particular topic is a tough one to address. Why? First off, Linux is a productive operating system by design. Thanks to an incredibly reliable and stable platform, getting work done is easy. Second, to gauge effectiveness, you have to consider what type of work you need a productivity boost for. General office work? Development? School? Data mining? Human resources? You see how this question can get somewhat complicated. +然而，这并不意味着 + That doesn’t mean, however, that some distributions aren’t able to do a better job of configuring and presenting that underlying operating system into an efficient platform for getting work done. Quite the contrary. Some distributions do a much better job of “getting out of the way,” so you don’t find yourself in a work-related hole, having to dig yourself out and catch up before the end of day. These distributions help strip away the complexity that can be found in Linux, thereby making your workflow painless. Let’s take a look at the distros I consider to be your best bet for productivity. To help make sense of this, I’ve divided them into categories of productivity. That task itself was challenging, because everyone’s productivity varies. For the purposes of this list, however, I’ll look at: @@ -149,22 +153,22 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productiv [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://www.ubuntu.com/ [2]: /files/images/productivity1jpg -[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w (GNOME Clipboard) +[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w "GNOME Clipboard" [4]: /licenses/category/used-permission [5]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/en/design-suite/ [6]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Design_Suite/Tutorials [7]: /files/images/productivity2jpg -[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH (Fedora Design Suite Favorites) +[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH "Fedora Design Suite Favorites" [9]: https://system76.com/ [10]: https://system76.com/pop [11]: /files/images/productivity3jpg-0 -[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD (Pop!_OS) +[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD "Pop!_OS" [13]: https://www.debian.org/ [14]: /files/images/productivity4jpg -[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 (Debian) +[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 "Debian" [16]: https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e [17]: /files/images/productivity5jpg -[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT (Education) +[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT "Education" [19]: https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:KIWI-LTSP [20]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:KIWI-LTSP_quick_start [21]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux From 265bb0d87458b2275669dafe87f2b1a2a8c91739 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 17:07:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0329/1265] Revert "Update 20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md" This reverts commit 17d9ed28751c39b4427636e05d28e6a89568c3ce. --- ... 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 32 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md index 06dbc19f3e..725f3bcccb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -1,23 +1,19 @@ -[#]: collector: "lujun9972" -[#]: translator: "qfzy1233" -[#]: reviewer: " " -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " -[#]: subject: "Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity" -[#]: via: "https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity" -[#]: author: "Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen" +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (qfzy1233) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity) +[#]: author: (Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen) -五个最具生产力的 Linux 发行版 +Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity ====== ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_main.jpg?itok=2IKyg_7_) -必须承认的是，这样一个热门的话题其实很难被总结出来。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在设计层面就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于她极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得工作的开展变得简易化。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是普通办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这一问题变得复杂起来了。 - I have to confess, this particular topic is a tough one to address. Why? First off, Linux is a productive operating system by design. Thanks to an incredibly reliable and stable platform, getting work done is easy. Second, to gauge effectiveness, you have to consider what type of work you need a productivity boost for. General office work? Development? School? Data mining? Human resources? You see how this question can get somewhat complicated. -然而，这并不意味着 - That doesn’t mean, however, that some distributions aren’t able to do a better job of configuring and presenting that underlying operating system into an efficient platform for getting work done. Quite the contrary. Some distributions do a much better job of “getting out of the way,” so you don’t find yourself in a work-related hole, having to dig yourself out and catch up before the end of day. These distributions help strip away the complexity that can be found in Linux, thereby making your workflow painless. Let’s take a look at the distros I consider to be your best bet for productivity. To help make sense of this, I’ve divided them into categories of productivity. That task itself was challenging, because everyone’s productivity varies. For the purposes of this list, however, I’ll look at: @@ -153,22 +149,22 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productiv [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://www.ubuntu.com/ [2]: /files/images/productivity1jpg -[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w "GNOME Clipboard" +[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w (GNOME Clipboard) [4]: /licenses/category/used-permission [5]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/en/design-suite/ [6]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Design_Suite/Tutorials [7]: /files/images/productivity2jpg -[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH "Fedora Design Suite Favorites" +[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH (Fedora Design Suite Favorites) [9]: https://system76.com/ [10]: https://system76.com/pop [11]: /files/images/productivity3jpg-0 -[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD "Pop!_OS" +[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD (Pop!_OS) [13]: https://www.debian.org/ [14]: /files/images/productivity4jpg -[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 "Debian" +[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 (Debian) [16]: https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e [17]: /files/images/productivity5jpg -[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT "Education" +[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT (Education) [19]: https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:KIWI-LTSP [20]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:KIWI-LTSP_quick_start [21]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux From d764f0297e544a4b9c550e116bca8fb223bb7ee5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lingxu Meng Date: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 22:09:03 +1000 Subject: [PATCH 0330/1265] Apply to translate --- .../tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md b/sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md index 4a5330741e..345821ccea 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (Modrisco) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-s 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 29f123fdaf5f0f7084b8eee677870259c2a7886b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 01:49:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0331/1265] TSL:20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md --- ...20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md | 80 ------------------ ...20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md deleted file mode 100644 index f77071c6d7..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,80 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Try a new game on Free RPG Day) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/free-rpg-day) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/erez/users/seth) - -Try a new game on Free RPG Day -====== -Celebrate tabletop role-playing games and get free RPG materials at your -local game shop on June 15. -![plastic game pieces on a board][1] - -Have you ever thought about trying Dungeons & Dragons but didn't know how to start? Did you play Traveller in your youth and have been thinking about returning to the hobby? Are you curious about role-playing games (RPGs) but not sure whether you want to play one? Are you completely new to the concept of tabletop gaming and have never heard of RPGs until now? It doesn't matter which of these profiles suits you, because [Free RPG Day][2] is for everyone! - -The first Free RPG Day event happened in 2007 at hobby game stores all over the world. The idea was to bring new and exclusive RPG quickstart rules and adventures to both new and experienced gamers for $0. For one day, you could walk into your local game store and get a booklet containing simple, beginner-level rules for a tabletop RPG, which you could play with people there in the store or with friends back home. The booklet was yours to keep forever. - -The event was such a smash hit that the tradition has continued ever since. This year, Free RPG Day is scheduled for Saturday, June 15. - -### What's the catch? - -Obviously, the idea behind Free RPG Day is to get you addicted to tabletop RPG gaming. Before you let instinctual cynicism kick in, consider that as addictions go, it's not too bad to fall in love with a game that encourages you to read books of rules and lore so you and your family and friends have an excuse to spend time together. Tabletop RPGs are a powerful, imaginative, and fun medium, and Free RPG Day is a great introduction. - -![FreeRPG Day logo][3] - -### Open gaming - -Like so many other industries, the open source phenomenon has influenced tabletop gaming. Way back at the turn of the century, [Wizards of the Coast][4], purveyors of Magic: The Gathering and Dungeons & Dragons, decided to adopt open source methodology by developing the [Open Game License][5] (OGL). They used this license for editions 3 and 3.5 of the world's first RPG (Dungeons & Dragons). When they faltered years later for the 4th Edition, the publisher of _Dragon_ magazine forked the "code" of D &D 3.5, publishing its remix as the Pathfinder RPG, keeping innovation and a whole cottage industry of third-party game developers healthy. Recently, Wizards of the Coast returned to the OGL for D&D 5e. - -The OGL allows developers to use, at the very least, a game's mechanics in a product of their own. You may or may not be allowed to use the names of custom monsters, weapons, kingdoms, or popular characters, but you can always use the rules and maths of an OGL game. In fact, the rules of an OGL game are often published for free as a [system reference document][6] (SRD) so, whether you purchase a copy of the rule book or not, you can learn how a game is played. - -If you've never played a tabletop RPG before, it may seem strange that a game played with pen and paper can have a game engine, but computation is computation whether it's digital or analog. As a simplified example: suppose a game engine dictates that a player character has a number to represent its strength. When that player character fights a giant twice its strength, there's real tension when a player rolls dice to add to her character's strength-based attack. Without a very good roll, her strength won't match the giant's. Knowing this, a third-party or independent developer can design a monster for this game engine with an understanding of the effects that dice rolls can have on a player's ability score. This means they can base their math on the game engine's precedence. They can design a slew of monsters to slay, with meaningful abilities and skills in the context of the game engine, and they can advertise compatibility with that engine. - -Furthermore, the OGL allows a publisher to define _product identity_ for their material. Product identity can be anything from the trade dress of the publication (graphical elements and layout), logos, terminology, lore, proper names, and so on. Anything defined as product identity may _not_ be reused without publisher consent. For example, suppose a publisher releases a book of weapons including a magical machete called Sigint, granting a +2 magical bonus to all of its attacks against zombies. This trait is explained by a story about how the machete was forged by a scientist with a latent zombie gene. However, the publication lists in section 1e of the OGL that all proper names of weapons are reserved as product identity. This means you can use the numbers (durability of the weapon, the damage it deals, the +2 magical bonus, and so on) and the lore associated with the sword (it was forged by a latent zombie) in your own publication, but you cannot use the name of the weapon (Sigint). - -The OGL is an extremely flexible license, so developers must read section 1e carefully. Some publishers reserve nothing but the layout of the publication itself, while others reserve everything but the numbers and the most generic of terms. - -When the preeminent RPG franchise embraced open source, it sent waves through the industry that are still felt today. Third-party developers can create content for the 5e and Pathfinder systems. A whole website, [DungeonMastersGuild.com][7], featuring independent content for D&D 5e was created by Wizards of the Coast to promote independent publishing. Games like [Starfinder][8], [OpenD6][9], [Warrior, Rogue & Mage][10], [Swords & Wizardry][11], and many others have adopted the OGL. Other systems, like Brent Newhall's [Dungeon Delvers][12], [Fate][13], [Dungeon World][14], and many more are licensed under a [Creative Commons license][15]. - -### Get your RPG - -Free RPG Day is a day for you to go to your local gaming store, play an RPG, and get materials for future RPG games you play with friends. Like a [Linux installfest][16] or [Software Freedom Day][17], the event is loosely defined. Each retailer may do Free RPG Day a little differently, each one running whatever game they choose. However, the free content donated by game publishers is the same each year. Obviously, the free stuff is subject to availability, but when you go to a Free RPG Day event, notice how many games are offered with an open license (if it's an OGL game, the OGL is printed in the back matter of the book). Any content for Pathfinder, Starfinder, and D&D is sure to have taken some advantage of the OGL. Content for many other systems use Creative Commons licenses. Some, like the resurrected [Dead Earth][18] RPG from the '90s, use the [GNU Free Documentation License][19]. - -There are plenty of gaming resources out there that are developed with open licenses. You may or may not need to care about the license of a game; after all, the license has no bearing upon whether you can play it with friends or not. But if you enjoy supporting [free culture][20] in more ways than just the software you run, try out a few OGL or Creative Commons games. If you're new to gaming entirely, try out a tabletop RPG at your local game store on Free RPG Day! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/free-rpg-day - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/erez/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/team-game-play-inclusive-diversity-collaboration.png?itok=8sUXV7W1 (plastic game pieces on a board) -[2]: https://www.freerpgday.com/ -[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/freerpgday-logoblank.jpg (FreeRPG Day logo) -[4]: https://company.wizards.com/ -[5]: http://www.opengamingfoundation.org/licenses.html -[6]: https://www.d20pfsrd.com/ -[7]: https://www.dmsguild.com/ -[8]: https://paizo.com/starfinder -[9]: https://ogc.rpglibrary.org/index.php?title=OpenD6 -[10]: http://www.stargazergames.eu/games/warrior-rogue-mage/ -[11]: https://froggodgames.com/frogs/product/swords-wizardry-complete-rulebook/ -[12]: http://brentnewhall.com/games/doku.php?id=games:dungeon_delvers -[13]: http://www.faterpg.com/licensing/licensing-fate-cc-by/ -[14]: http://dungeon-world.com/ -[15]: https://creativecommons.org/ -[16]: https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Installfest-HOWTO/introduction.html -[17]: https://www.softwarefreedomday.org/ -[18]: https://mixedsignals.ml/games/blog/blog_dead-earth -[19]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.en.html -[20]: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/creative-commons-real-world diff --git a/translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md b/translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c72f2b71f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Try a new game on Free RPG Day) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/free-rpg-day) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/erez/users/seth) + +在免费 RPG 日试玩一下新游戏 +====== + +> 6 月 15 日，你可以在当地的游戏商店庆祝桌面角色扮演游戏并获得免费的 RPG 资料。 + +![plastic game pieces on a board][1] + +（LCTT 译注：“免费 RPG 日Free RPG Day”是受“免费漫画书日Free Comic Book Day”启发而发起的庆祝活动，从 2007 年开始已经举办多次。这里的 RPG 游戏并非我们通常所指的电脑 RPG 游戏，而是指使用纸和笔的桌面游戏，是一种西方传统游戏形式。） + +你有没有想过尝试一下《龙与地下城》，但不知道如何开始？你是否在年轻时玩过《旅行者》并一直在考虑重返快乐时光？你是否对角色扮演游戏（RPG）感到好奇，但不确定你是否想玩一个？你是否对桌面游戏的概念完全陌生，直到现在才听说过这种 RPG 游戏？这些哪一个适合你并不重要，因为[免费 RPG 日] [2]适合所有人！ + +第一个免费 RPG 日活动发生在 2007 年世界各地的桌面游戏商家。这个想法是以 0 美元的价格为新手和有经验的游戏玩家带来新的、独家的 RPG 快速入门规则和冒险体验。这样的一天里，你可以走进当地的桌面游戏商家，得到一本小册子，其中包含桌面 RPG 的简单的初学者规则，你可以在商家里与那里的人或者回家与朋友一起玩。这本小册子是给你的，应该一直留着的。 + +这一活动如此的受欢迎，此后该传统一直延续至今。今年，免费 RPG 日定于 6 月 15 日星期六举行。 + +### 有什么收获？ + +显然，免费 RPG 日背后的想法是让你沉迷于桌面 RPG 游戏。在你让本能的犬儒主义开始之前，考虑到它会慢慢上瘾，爱上一个鼓励你阅读规则和知识的游戏并不太糟，这样你和你的家人、朋友就有了共度时光的借口了。桌面 RPG 是一个功能强大、富有想象力和有趣的媒介，而免费 RPG 日则是一个很好的介绍。 + +![FreeRPG Day logo][3] + +### 开源游戏 + +像许多其他行业一样，开源现象影响了桌面游戏。回到世纪之交，《Magic：The Gathering and Dungeons＆Dragons》 的提供者[威世智公司][4]Wizards of the Coast，决定通过开发[开源游戏许可证][5]Open Game License（OGL）来采用开源方法。他们将此许可证用于世界上第一个 RPG（《龙与地下城Dungeons & Dragons》，D&D）的版本 3 和 3.5。几年后，当他们在第四版上产生了动摇时，《龙Dragon》杂志的出版商复刻了 D＆D 3.5 的“代码”，将其混制版本发布为《开拓者Pathfinder》 RPG，保持了创新和保持了整个第三方游戏开发者产业的健康发展。最近，威世智公司在 D&D 5e 版本中才又重回了 OGL。 + +OGL 允许开发人员至少可以在他们自己产品中使用该游戏的机制。不管你允许不允许使用自定义怪物、武器、王国或流行角色的名称，但你可以随时使用 OGL 游戏的规则和数学计算。事实上，OGL 游戏的规则通常作为[系统参考文档][6]（SRD）免费发布的，因此，无论你是否购买了规则书的副本，你都可以了解游戏的玩法。 + +如果你之前从未玩过桌面 RPG，那么使用笔和纸玩的游戏也可以拥有游戏引擎似乎很奇怪，但计算就是计算，不管是数字的还是模拟的。作为一个简单的例子：假设游戏引擎规定玩家角色有一个代表其力量的数字。当那个玩家角色与一个有其两倍力量的巨人战斗时，当玩家掷骰子以增加她的角色的力量攻击时，真的会感到紧张。如果没有掷出一个很好的点数的话，她的力量将无法与巨人相匹敌。知道了这一点，第三方或独立开发者就可以为这个游戏引擎设计一个怪物，同时了解骰子滚动可能对玩家的能力得分产生的影响。这意味着他们可以根据游戏引擎的优先级进行数学计算。他们可以设计一系列用来杀死的怪物，在游戏引擎的环境中它们具有有意义的能力和技能，并且他们可以宣称与该引擎的兼容性。 + +此外，OGL 允许出版商为其材料定义产品标识。产品标识可以是出版物的商业外观（图形元素和布局）、徽标、术语、传说、专有名称等。未经出版商同意，任何定义为产品标识的内容都可能**无法**重复使用。例如，假设一个出版商发行了一本武器手册，其中包括一个名为 Sigint 的魔法砍刀，它对所有针对僵尸的攻击都给予 +2 魔法附加攻击值。这个特性来自一个故事，该砍刀是一个具有潜伏的僵尸基因的科学家锻造的。但是，该出版物在 OGL 第 1e 节中列出的所有武器的正确名称都被保留为产品标识。这意味着你可以在自己的出版物中使用该数字（武器的持久性、它所造成的伤害，+2 魔法奖励等等）以及与该武器相关的传说（它由一个潜伏的僵尸锻造），但是你不能使用该武器的名称（Sigint）。 + +OGL 是一个非常灵活的许可证，因此开发人员必须仔细阅读其第 1e 节。 一些出版商只保留出版物本身的布局，而其他出版商保留除数字和最通用术语之外的所有内容。 + +当卓越的 RPG 特许经营权拥抱开源时，至今仍能感受到的它给整个行业掀起的波澜。第三方开发人员可以为 5e 和《开拓者》系统创建内容。由威世智公司创建的整个 [DungeonMastersGuild.com][7] 网站为 D＆D 5e 制作了独立内容，旨在促进独立出版。[Starfinder][8]、[OpenD6][9]、[战士，盗贼和法师][10]、[剑与巫师][11] 等及很多其它游戏都采用了 OGL。其他系统，如 Brent Newhall 的 《[Dungeon Delvers][12]》、《[Fate][13]》、《[Dungeon World][14]》 等等，都是根据[知识共享许可][15]授权的的。 + +### 获取你的 RPG + +在免费 RPG 日，你可以前往当地游戏商铺，玩 RPG 以及获取与朋友将来一起玩的 RPG 游戏材料。就像[Linux 安装节][16]Linux installfest 或 [软件自由日][17]Software Freedom Day一样，该活动的定义很松散。每个商家做的自由 RPG 日都有所不同，每个商家都可以玩他们选择的任何游戏。但是，游戏发行商捐赠的免费内容每年都是相同的。显然，免费的东西视情况而定，但是当你参加免费 RPG 日活动时，请注意有多少游戏采用了开源许可证（如果是 OGL 游戏，OGL 会打印在书背面）。《开拓者》、《Starfinder》 和 D＆D 的任何内容肯定都会带有 OGL 的一些优势。许多其他系统的内容使用知识共享许可。有些则像 90 年代复活的 [Dead Earth][18] RPG 一样，使用 [GNU 自由文档许可证] [19]。 + +有大量的游戏资源是通过开源许可证开发的。你可能需要也可能不需要关心游戏的许可证；毕竟，许可证与你是否可以与朋友一起玩无关。但是如果你喜欢支持[自由文化][20]而不仅仅是你运行的软件，那么试试一些 OGL 或知识共享游戏吧。如果你不熟悉游戏，请在免费 RPG 日在当地游戏商家试用桌面 RPG 游戏！ + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/free-rpg-day + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/erez/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/team-game-play-inclusive-diversity-collaboration.png?itok=8sUXV7W1 (plastic game pieces on a board) +[2]: https://www.freerpgday.com/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/freerpgday-logoblank.jpg (FreeRPG Day logo) +[4]: https://company.wizards.com/ +[5]: http://www.opengamingfoundation.org/licenses.html +[6]: https://www.d20pfsrd.com/ +[7]: https://www.dmsguild.com/ +[8]: https://paizo.com/starfinder +[9]: https://ogc.rpglibrary.org/index.php?title=OpenD6 +[10]: http://www.stargazergames.eu/games/warrior-rogue-mage/ +[11]: https://froggodgames.com/frogs/product/swords-wizardry-complete-rulebook/ +[12]: http://brentnewhall.com/games/doku.php?id=games:dungeon_delvers +[13]: http://www.faterpg.com/licensing/licensing-fate-cc-by/ +[14]: http://dungeon-world.com/ +[15]: https://creativecommons.org/ +[16]: https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Installfest-HOWTO/introduction.html +[17]: https://www.softwarefreedomday.org/ +[18]: https://mixedsignals.ml/games/blog/blog_dead-earth +[19]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.en.html +[20]: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/creative-commons-real-world From e11516d82a09141ef3e58ecd2c4b08cc63d0c77c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 07:11:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0332/1265] Translated --- ...ry root Partition Using GParted Utility.md | 182 ------------------ ...ry root Partition Using GParted Utility.md | 181 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 181 insertions(+), 182 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md b/sources/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md deleted file mode 100644 index e51a216a5d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,182 +0,0 @@ -Translating by Robsean -How To Resize Active/Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility -====== -Today we are going to discuss about disk partition. It’s one of the best topics in Linux. This allow users to resize the active root partition in Linux. - -In this article we will teach you how to resize the active root partition on Linux using Gparted utility. - -Just imagine, our system has 30GB disk and we didn’t configure properly while installation the Ubuntu operating system. - -We need to install another OS in that so we want to make secondary partition on that. - -Its not advisable to resize active partition. However, we are going to perform this as there is no way to free up the system. - -Make sure you should take backup of important data before performing this action because if something goes wrong (For example, if power got failure or your system got rebooted), you can retain your data. - -### What Is Gparted - -[GParted][1] is a free partition manager that enables you to resize, copy, and move partitions without data loss. We can use all of the features of the GParted application is by using the GParted Live bootable image. GParted Live enables you to use GParted on GNU/Linux as well as other operating systems, such as Windows or Mac OS X. - -### 1) Check Disk Space Usage Using df Command - -I just want to show you about my partition using df command. The df command output clearly showing that i only have one partition. -``` -$ df -h -Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on -/dev/sda1 30G 3.4G 26.2G 16% / -none 4.0K 0 4.0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup -udev 487M 4.0K 487M 1% /dev -tmpfs 100M 844K 99M 1% /run -none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock -none 498M 152K 497M 1% /run/shm -none 100M 52K 100M 1% /run/user - -``` - -### 2) Check Disk Partition Using fdisk Command - -I’m going to verify this using fdisk command. -``` -$ sudo fdisk -l -[sudo] password for daygeek: - -Disk /dev/sda: 33.1 GB, 33129218048 bytes -255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4027 cylinders, total 64705504 sectors -Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes -Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes -I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes -Disk identifier: 0x000473a3 - - Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System -/dev/sda1 * 2048 62609407 31303680 83 Linux -/dev/sda2 62611454 64704511 1046529 5 Extended -/dev/sda5 62611456 64704511 1046528 82 Linux swap / Solaris - -``` - -### 3) Download GParted live ISO Image - -Use the below command to download GParted live ISO to perform this action. -``` -$ wget https://downloads.sourceforge.net/gparted/gparted-live-0.31.0-1-amd64.iso - -``` - -### 4) Boot Your System With GParted Live Installation Media - -Boot your system with GParted live installation media (like Burned CD/DVD or USB or ISO image). You will get the output similar to below screen. Here choose **GParted Live (Default settings)** and hit **Enter**. -![][3] - -### 5) Keyboard Selection - -By default it chooses the second option, just hit **Enter**. -![][4] - -### 6) Language Selection - -By default it chooses **33** for US English, just hit **Enter**. -![][5] - -### 7) Mode Selection (GUI or Command-Line) - -By default it chooses **0** for GUI mode, just hit **Enter**. -![][6] - -### 8) Loaded GParted Live Screen - -Now, GParted live screen is loaded. It is showing the list of partition which was created by me earlier. -![][7] - -### 9) How To Resize The root Partition - -Choose the root partition you want to resize, only one partition is available here so i’m going to edit that partition to install another OS. -![][8] - -To do so, press **Resize/Move** button to resize the partition. -![][9] - -Here, enter the size which you want take out from this partition in first box. I’m going to claim **10GB** so, i added **10240MB** and leave rest of boxes as default, then hit **Resize/Move** button -![][10] - -It will ask you once again to confirm to resize the partition because you are editing the live system partition, then hit **Ok**. -![][11] - -It has been successfully shrink the partition from 30GB to 20GB. Also shows Unallocated disk space of 10GB. -![][12] - -Finally click `Apply` button to perform remaining below operations. -![][13] - - * **`e2fsck`** e2fsck is a file system check utility that automatically repair the file system for bad sectors, I/O errors related to HDD. - * **`resize2fs`** The resize2fs program will resize ext2, ext3, or ext4 file systems. It can be used to enlarge or shrink an unmounted file system located on device. - * **`e2image`** The e2image program will save critical ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystem metadata located on device to a file specified by image-file. - - - -**`e2fsck`** e2fsck is a file system check utility that automatically repair the file system for bad sectors, I/O errors related to HDD. -![][14] - -**`resize2fs`** The resize2fs program will resize ext2, ext3, or ext4 file systems. It can be used to enlarge or shrink an unmounted file system located on device. -![][15] - -**`e2image`** The e2image program will save critical ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystem metadata located on device to a file specified by image-file. -![][16] - -All the operation got completed and close the dialog box. -![][17] - -Now, i could able to see **10GB** of Unallocated disk partition. -![][18] - -Reboot the system to check this. -![][19] - -### 10) Check Free Space - -Login to the system back and use fdisk command to see the available space in the partition. Yes i could see **10GB** of Unallocated disk space on this partition. -``` -$ sudo parted /dev/sda print free -[sudo] password for daygeek: -Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi) -Disk /dev/sda: 32.2GB -Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B -Partition Table: msdos -Disk Flags: - -Number Start End Size Type File system Flags - 32.3kB 10.7GB 10.7GB Free Space - 1 10.7GB 32.2GB 21.5GB primary ext4 boot - -``` - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility/ - -作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ -[1]:https://gparted.org/ -[2]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 -[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-1.png -[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-2.png -[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-3.png -[6]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-4.png -[7]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-5.png -[8]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-6.png 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-[16]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-14.png -[17]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-15.png -[18]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-16.png -[19]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-17.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md b/translated/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..75da8117bb --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md @@ -0,0 +1,181 @@ +如何使用 GParted 实用工具重新调整活动/主要的 root 分区 +====== +今天，我们将讨论磁盘分区。这是在 Linux 中一个最好的主题。这允许用户来重新调整在 Linux 中的活动 root 分区。 + +在这篇文章中，我们将教你如何使用 Gparted 使用工具重新调整在 Linux 上的活动 root 分区。 + +想象，我们的系统仅有30 GB 磁盘，当我们安装 Ubuntu 操作系统时，并没有恰当地配置。 + +我们需要在其中安装另一个操作系统，因此我们想在其中制作第二个分区。 + +不建议重新调整活动分区。然而，我们将执行这个操作，因为没有其它方法来释放系统。 + +在执行这个动作前，确保你备份重要的数据，因为如果一些东西出错(例如，电源故障或你的系统重启)，你可以继续保留你的数据。 + +### Gparted 是什么 + +[GParted][1] 是一个自由的分区管理器，它使你能够重新调整大小，复制，和移动分区，而不丢失数据。通过使用 GParted Live 可启动镜像，我们可以使用 GParted 应用程序的所有特色。 GParted Live 使你能够在 GNU/Linux 以及其它的操作系统上使用 GParted ，例如，Windows 或 Mac OS X 。 + +### 1) 使用 df 命令检查磁盘空间利用率 + +我只是想使用 df 命令向你显示我的分区。 df 命令输出清楚地表明我仅有一个分区。 +``` +$ df -h +Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on +/dev/sda1 30G 3.4G 26.2G 16% / +none 4.0K 0 4.0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup +udev 487M 4.0K 487M 1% /dev +tmpfs 100M 844K 99M 1% /run +none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock +none 498M 152K 497M 1% /run/shm +none 100M 52K 100M 1% /run/user + +``` + +### 2) 使用 fdisk 命令检查磁盘分区 + +我将使用 fdisk 命令验证这一点。 +``` +$ sudo fdisk -l +[sudo] password for daygeek: + +Disk /dev/sda: 33.1 GB, 33129218048 bytes +255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4027 cylinders, total 64705504 sectors +Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes +Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes +I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes +Disk identifier: 0x000473a3 + + Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System +/dev/sda1 * 2048 62609407 31303680 83 Linux +/dev/sda2 62611454 64704511 1046529 5 Extended +/dev/sda5 62611456 64704511 1046528 82 Linux swap / Solaris + +``` + +### 3) 下载 GParted live ISO 镜像 + +使用下面的命令来执行下载 GParted live ISO 。 +``` +$ wget https://downloads.sourceforge.net/gparted/gparted-live-0.31.0-1-amd64.iso + +``` + +### 4) 使用 GParted Live 安装介质启动你的系统 + +使用 GParted Live 安装介质(像烧录的 CD/DVD 或 USB 或 ISO 镜像)启动你的系统。你将获得类似于下面屏幕的输出。在这里选择 **GParted Live (Default settings)** ，并敲击 **Enter** 按键。 +![][3] + +### 5) 键盘选择 + +默认情况下，它选择第二个选项，仅敲击 **Enter** 按键。 +![][4] + +### 6) 语言选择 + +默认情况下，它选择 **33** 美国英语，仅敲击 **Enter** 按键。 +![][5] + +### 7) 模式选择（图形用户界面或命令行) + +默认情况下，它选择 **0** 图形用户界面模式，仅敲击 **Enter** 按键。 +![][6] + +### 8) 加载 GParted Live 屏幕 + +现在，GParted live 屏幕已经加载，它显示我以前创建的分区列表。 +![][7] + +### 9) 如何重新调整 root 分区大小 + +选择你想重新调整大小的 root 分区，在这里仅一个分区，所以我将编辑这个分区以便于安装另一个操作系统。 +![][8] + +为做到这一点，按下 **Resize/Move** 按钮来重新调整分区大小。 +![][9] + +现在，在第一个框中输入你想从这个分区中取出的大小。我将索要**10GB**，所以，我添加**10240MB**，并保留框的剩余部分为默认值，然后点击 **Resize/Move** 按钮。 +![][10] + +它将再次要求你确认重新调整分区的大小，因为你正在编辑活动的系统分区，然后点击 **Ok**。 +![][11] + +分区从 30GB 缩小到 20GB 已经成功。也显示 10GB 未分配的磁盘空间。 +![][12] + +最后点击 `Apply` 按钮来执行下面剩余的操作。 +![][13] + + * **`e2fsck`** e2fsck 是一个文件系统检查实用程序，自动修复文件系统中与 HDD 相关的坏扇道，I/O 错误。 + * **`resize2fs`** resize2fs 程序将重新调整 ext2 ，ext3，或 ext4 文件系统的大小。它可以被用于扩大或缩小一个位于设备上的未挂载的文件系统。 + * **`e2image`** e2image 程序将保存位于设备上的关键的 ext2 ，ext3 ，或 ext4 文件系统元数据到一个由镜像文件规定是文件中。 + + + +**`e2fsck`** 是一个文件系统检查实用程序，自动修复文件系统中与 HDD 相关的坏扇道，I/O 错误。 +![][14] + +**`resize2fs`** resize2fs 程序将重新调整 ext2 ，ext3，或 ext4 文件系统的大小。它可以被用于扩大或缩小一个位于设备上的未挂载的文件系统。 +![][15] + +**`e2image`** e2image 程序将保存位于设备上的关键的 ext2 ，ext3 ，或 ext4 文件系统元数据到一个由镜像文件规定是文件中。 +![][16] + +所有的操作完成，关闭对话框。 +![][17] + +现在，我们可以看到未分配的 **10GB** 磁盘分区。 +![][18] + +重启系统来检查这一结果。 +![][19] + +### 10) 检查剩余空间 + +重新登陆系统，并使用 fdisk 命令来查看在分区中可用的空间。是的，我可以看到这个分区上未分配的 **10GB** 磁盘空间。 +``` +$ sudo parted /dev/sda print free +[sudo] password for daygeek: +Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi) +Disk /dev/sda: 32.2GB +Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B +Partition Table: msdos +Disk Flags: + +Number Start End Size Type File system Flags + 32.3kB 10.7GB 10.7GB Free Space + 1 10.7GB 32.2GB 21.5GB primary ext4 boot + +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[1]:https://gparted.org/ +[2]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-1.png +[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-2.png +[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-3.png +[6]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-4.png +[7]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-5.png +[8]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-6.png +[9]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-7.png +[10]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-8.png +[11]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-9.png +[12]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-10.png +[13]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-11.png +[14]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-12.png +[15]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-13.png +[16]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-14.png +[17]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-15.png +[18]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-16.png +[19]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-linux-using-gparted-utility-17.png From 831913c3d91927bde9cd7b4408f1ee5eb1b72406 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 10:39:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0333/1265] PRF:20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md @wxy --- ...20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md | 24 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md b/translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md index c72f2b71f3..83d6b919d6 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md +++ b/translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Try a new game on Free RPG Day) @@ -10,31 +10,31 @@ 在免费 RPG 日试玩一下新游戏 ====== -> 6 月 15 日，你可以在当地的游戏商店庆祝桌面角色扮演游戏并获得免费的 RPG 资料。 +> 6 月 15 日，你可以在当地的游戏商家庆祝桌面角色扮演游戏并获得免费的 RPG 资料。 -![plastic game pieces on a board][1] +![plastic game pieces on a board](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/15/103929zqshc08df49dv0c2.jpg) （LCTT 译注：“免费 RPG 日Free RPG Day”是受“免费漫画书日Free Comic Book Day”启发而发起的庆祝活动，从 2007 年开始已经举办多次。这里的 RPG 游戏并非我们通常所指的电脑 RPG 游戏，而是指使用纸和笔的桌面游戏，是一种西方传统游戏形式。） -你有没有想过尝试一下《龙与地下城》，但不知道如何开始？你是否在年轻时玩过《旅行者》并一直在考虑重返快乐时光？你是否对角色扮演游戏（RPG）感到好奇，但不确定你是否想玩一个？你是否对桌面游戏的概念完全陌生，直到现在才听说过这种 RPG 游戏？这些哪一个适合你并不重要，因为[免费 RPG 日] [2]适合所有人！ +你有没有想过尝试一下《龙与地下城Dungeons & Dragons》，但不知道如何开始？你是否在年轻时玩过《开拓者Pathfinder》并一直在考虑重返快乐时光？你是否对角色扮演游戏（RPG）感到好奇，但不确定你是否想玩一个？你是否对桌面游戏的概念完全陌生，直到现在才听说过这种 RPG 游戏？无论是哪一个并不重要，因为[免费 RPG 日] [2]适合所有人！ -第一个免费 RPG 日活动发生在 2007 年世界各地的桌面游戏商家。这个想法是以 0 美元的价格为新手和有经验的游戏玩家带来新的、独家的 RPG 快速入门规则和冒险体验。这样的一天里，你可以走进当地的桌面游戏商家，得到一本小册子，其中包含桌面 RPG 的简单的初学者规则，你可以在商家里与那里的人或者回家与朋友一起玩。这本小册子是给你的，应该一直留着的。 +第一个免费 RPG 日活动发生在 2007 年，是由世界各地的桌面游戏商家举办的。这个想法是以 0 美元的价格为新手和有经验的游戏玩家带来新的、独家的 RPG 快速入门规则和冒险体验。在这样的一天里，你可以走进当地的桌面游戏商家，得到一本小册子，其中包含桌面 RPG 的简单的初学者规则，你可以在商家里与那里的人或者回家与朋友一起玩。这本小册子是给你的，应该一直留着的。 这一活动如此的受欢迎，此后该传统一直延续至今。今年，免费 RPG 日定于 6 月 15 日星期六举行。 ### 有什么收获？ -显然，免费 RPG 日背后的想法是让你沉迷于桌面 RPG 游戏。在你让本能的犬儒主义开始之前，考虑到它会慢慢上瘾，爱上一个鼓励你阅读规则和知识的游戏并不太糟，这样你和你的家人、朋友就有了共度时光的借口了。桌面 RPG 是一个功能强大、富有想象力和有趣的媒介，而免费 RPG 日则是一个很好的介绍。 +显然，免费 RPG 日背后的想法是让你沉迷于桌面 RPG 游戏。但在你本能的犬儒主义开始之前，考虑到它会慢慢上瘾，爱上一个鼓励你阅读规则和知识的游戏并不太糟，这样你和你的家人、朋友就有了共度时光的借口了。桌面 RPG 是一个功能强大、富有想象力和有趣的媒介，而免费 RPG 日则是对这种游戏很好的介绍。 ![FreeRPG Day logo][3] ### 开源游戏 -像许多其他行业一样，开源现象影响了桌面游戏。回到世纪之交，《Magic：The Gathering and Dungeons＆Dragons》 的提供者[威世智公司][4]Wizards of the Coast，决定通过开发[开源游戏许可证][5]Open Game License（OGL）来采用开源方法。他们将此许可证用于世界上第一个 RPG（《龙与地下城Dungeons & Dragons》，D&D）的版本 3 和 3.5。几年后，当他们在第四版上产生了动摇时，《龙Dragon》杂志的出版商复刻了 D＆D 3.5 的“代码”，将其混制版本发布为《开拓者Pathfinder》 RPG，保持了创新和保持了整个第三方游戏开发者产业的健康发展。最近，威世智公司在 D&D 5e 版本中才又重回了 OGL。 +像许多其他行业一样，开源现象影响了桌面游戏。回到世纪之交，《Magic：The Gathering and Dungeons＆Dragons》 的提供者[威世智公司][4]Wizards of the Coast决定通过开发[开源游戏许可证][5]Open Game License（OGL）来采用开源方法。他们将此许可证用于世界上第一个 RPG（《龙与地下城Dungeons & Dragons》，D&D）的版本 3 和 3.5。几年后，当他们在第四版上（对开源）产生了动摇时，《龙Dragon》杂志的出版商复刻了 D＆D 3.5 的“代码”，将其混制版本发布为《开拓者Pathfinder》 RPG，从而保持了创新和整个第三方游戏开发者产业的健康发展。最近，威世智公司在 D&D 5e 版本中才又重回了 OGL。 -OGL 允许开发人员至少可以在他们自己产品中使用该游戏的机制。不管你允许不允许使用自定义怪物、武器、王国或流行角色的名称，但你可以随时使用 OGL 游戏的规则和数学计算。事实上，OGL 游戏的规则通常作为[系统参考文档][6]（SRD）免费发布的，因此，无论你是否购买了规则书的副本，你都可以了解游戏的玩法。 +OGL 允许开发人员至少可以在他们自己产品中使用该游戏的机制。不管你可以不可以使用自定义怪物、武器、王国或流行角色的名称，但你可以随时使用 OGL 游戏的规则和数学计算。事实上，OGL 游戏的规则通常作为[系统参考文档][6]（SRD）免费发布的，因此，无论你是否购买了规则书的副本，你都可以了解游戏的玩法。 -如果你之前从未玩过桌面 RPG，那么使用笔和纸玩的游戏也可以拥有游戏引擎似乎很奇怪，但计算就是计算，不管是数字的还是模拟的。作为一个简单的例子：假设游戏引擎规定玩家角色有一个代表其力量的数字。当那个玩家角色与一个有其两倍力量的巨人战斗时，当玩家掷骰子以增加她的角色的力量攻击时，真的会感到紧张。如果没有掷出一个很好的点数的话，她的力量将无法与巨人相匹敌。知道了这一点，第三方或独立开发者就可以为这个游戏引擎设计一个怪物，同时了解骰子滚动可能对玩家的能力得分产生的影响。这意味着他们可以根据游戏引擎的优先级进行数学计算。他们可以设计一系列用来杀死的怪物，在游戏引擎的环境中它们具有有意义的能力和技能，并且他们可以宣称与该引擎的兼容性。 +如果你之前从未玩过桌面 RPG，那么使用笔和纸玩的游戏也可以拥有游戏引擎似乎很奇怪，但计算就是计算，不管是数字的还是模拟的。作为一个简单的例子：假设游戏引擎规定玩家角色有一个代表其力量的数字。当那个玩家角色与一个有其两倍力量的巨人战斗时，在玩家掷骰子以增加她的角色的力量攻击时，真的会感到紧张。如果没有掷出一个很好的点数的话，她的力量将无法与巨人相匹敌。知道了这一点，第三方或独立开发者就可以为这个游戏引擎设计一个怪物，同时了解骰子滚动可能对玩家的能力得分产生的影响。这意味着他们可以根据游戏引擎的优先级进行数学计算。他们可以设计一系列用来杀死的怪物，在游戏引擎的环境中它们具有有意义的能力和技能，并且他们可以宣称与该引擎的兼容性。 此外，OGL 允许出版商为其材料定义产品标识。产品标识可以是出版物的商业外观（图形元素和布局）、徽标、术语、传说、专有名称等。未经出版商同意，任何定义为产品标识的内容都可能**无法**重复使用。例如，假设一个出版商发行了一本武器手册，其中包括一个名为 Sigint 的魔法砍刀，它对所有针对僵尸的攻击都给予 +2 魔法附加攻击值。这个特性来自一个故事，该砍刀是一个具有潜伏的僵尸基因的科学家锻造的。但是，该出版物在 OGL 第 1e 节中列出的所有武器的正确名称都被保留为产品标识。这意味着你可以在自己的出版物中使用该数字（武器的持久性、它所造成的伤害，+2 魔法奖励等等）以及与该武器相关的传说（它由一个潜伏的僵尸锻造），但是你不能使用该武器的名称（Sigint）。 @@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ OGL 是一个非常灵活的许可证，因此开发人员必须仔细阅读其 ### 获取你的 RPG -在免费 RPG 日，你可以前往当地游戏商铺，玩 RPG 以及获取与朋友将来一起玩的 RPG 游戏材料。就像[Linux 安装节][16]Linux installfest 或 [软件自由日][17]Software Freedom Day一样，该活动的定义很松散。每个商家做的自由 RPG 日都有所不同，每个商家都可以玩他们选择的任何游戏。但是，游戏发行商捐赠的免费内容每年都是相同的。显然，免费的东西视情况而定，但是当你参加免费 RPG 日活动时，请注意有多少游戏采用了开源许可证（如果是 OGL 游戏，OGL 会打印在书背面）。《开拓者》、《Starfinder》 和 D＆D 的任何内容肯定都会带有 OGL 的一些优势。许多其他系统的内容使用知识共享许可。有些则像 90 年代复活的 [Dead Earth][18] RPG 一样，使用 [GNU 自由文档许可证] [19]。 +在免费 RPG 日，你可以前往当地游戏商铺，玩 RPG 以及获取与朋友将来一起玩的 RPG 游戏材料。就像[Linux 安装节][16]Linux installfest 或 [软件自由日][17]Software Freedom Day一样，该活动的定义很松散。每个商家举办的自由 RPG 日都有所不同，每个商家都可以玩他们选择的任何游戏。但是，游戏发行商捐赠的免费内容每年都是相同的。显然，免费的东西视情况而定，但是当你参加免费 RPG 日活动时，请注意有多少游戏采用了开源许可证（如果是 OGL 游戏，OGL 会打印在书背面）。《开拓者》、《Starfinder》 和 D＆D 的任何内容肯定都会带有 OGL 的一些优势。许多其他系统的内容使用知识共享许可。有些则像 90 年代复活的 [Dead Earth][18] RPG 一样，使用 [GNU 自由文档许可证] [19]。 -有大量的游戏资源是通过开源许可证开发的。你可能需要也可能不需要关心游戏的许可证；毕竟，许可证与你是否可以与朋友一起玩无关。但是如果你喜欢支持[自由文化][20]而不仅仅是你运行的软件，那么试试一些 OGL 或知识共享游戏吧。如果你不熟悉游戏，请在免费 RPG 日在当地游戏商家试用桌面 RPG 游戏！ +有大量的游戏资源是通过开源许可证开发的。你可能需要也可能不需要关心游戏的许可证；毕竟，许可证与你是否可以与朋友一起玩无关。但是如果你喜欢支持[自由文化][20]而不仅仅是你运行的软件，那么试试一些 OGL 或知识共享游戏吧。如果你不熟悉游戏，请在免费 RPG 日在当地游戏商家试玩桌面 RPG 游戏！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/free-rpg-day 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 341f7a953953cabd8b4d3ed84583d9163ea76150 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 10:40:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0334/1265] PUB:20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10976-1.html --- .../20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md b/published/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md rename to published/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md index 83d6b919d6..64e95e2ac3 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md +++ b/published/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10976-1.html) [#]: subject: (Try a new game on Free RPG Day) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/free-rpg-day) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/erez/users/seth) From 2e6d02704ffd1746050872c0836ddd8f915d0904 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 14:18:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0335/1265] PRF:20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md @lujun9972 --- ...p notifications from Emacs shell commands .md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md b/translated/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md index b0ef5dd76f..04c59ad191 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md +++ b/translated/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (lujun9972) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands ·) @@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ 让 Emacs shell 命令发送桌面通知 ====== -我总是使用 [Eshell][1] 来与操作系统进行交互，因为它与 Emacs 无缝整合、支持处理 (远程) [TRAMP][2] 文件 而且在 Windows 上也能工作得很好。 +我总是使用 [Eshell][1] 来与操作系统进行交互，因为它与 Emacs 无缝整合、支持处理 (远程) [TRAMP][2] 文件，而且在 Windows 上也能工作得很好。 -启动 shell 命令后 (比如耗时严重的构建任务) 我经常会由于切换 buffer 而忘了追踪任务的运行状态。 +启动 shell 命令后 (比如耗时严重的构建任务) 我经常会由于切换缓冲区而忘了追踪任务的运行状态。 -多亏了 Emacs 的 [hooks][3] 机制，你可以配置 Emacs 在某个外部命令完成后调用一个 elisp 函数。 +多亏了 Emacs 的 [钩子][3] 机制，你可以配置 Emacs 在某个外部命令完成后调用一个 elisp 函数。 我使用 [John Wiegleys][4] 所编写的超棒的 [alert][5] 包来发送桌面通知： @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ (add-hook 'eshell-kill-hook #'eshell-command-alert) ``` -[alert][5] 的规则可以用程序来设置。就我这个情况来看，我只需要当对应的 buffer 不可见时被通知： +[alert][5] 的规则可以用程序来设置。就我这个情况来看，我只需要当对应的缓冲区不可见时得到通知： ``` (alert-add-rule :status '(buried) ;only send alert when buffer not visible @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ 这甚至对于 [TRAMP][2] 也一样生效。下面这个截屏展示了失败的 `make` 命令产生的 Gnome 桌面通知。 -![。./。./img/eshell.png][6] +![../../img/eshell.png][6] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ via: https://blog.hoetzel.info/post/eshell-notifications/ 作者：[Jürgen Hötzel][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ via: https://blog.hoetzel.info/post/eshell-notifications/ [3]: https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Hooks.html (hooks) [4]: https://github.com/jwiegley (John Wiegleys) [5]: https://github.com/jwiegley/alert (alert) -[6]: https://blog.hoetzel.info/img/eshell.png (../../img/eshell.png) +[6]: https://blog.hoetzel.info/img/eshell.png From 6a47bd1e7cb29fc52ac6ba1bd9ace0bcb6e2a394 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 14:19:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0336/1265] PUB:20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md @lujun9972 https://linux.cn/article-10977-1.html --- ...31 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md b/published/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md rename to published/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md index 04c59ad191..773e650420 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md +++ b/published/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (lujun9972) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10977-1.html) [#]: subject: (Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands ·) [#]: via: (https://blog.hoetzel.info/post/eshell-notifications/) [#]: author: (Jürgen Hötzel https://blog.hoetzel.info) From 2f94e3bfeb31c23168e6f0d195ea61560056cee1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lingxu Meng Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 16:49:20 +1000 Subject: [PATCH 0337/1265] Finish translating --- ...6 How Linux can help with your spelling.md | 263 ----------------- ...6 How Linux can help with your spelling.md | 264 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 264 insertions(+), 263 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md b/sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md deleted file mode 100644 index 345821ccea..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,263 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (Modrisco) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How Linux can help with your spelling) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -How Linux can help with your spelling -====== -Whether you're struggling with one elusive word or checking a report before you send it off to your boss, Linux can help with your spelling. -![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] - -Linux provides all sorts of tools for data analysis and automation, but it also helps with an issue that we all struggle with from time to time – spelling! Whether you're grappling with the spelling of a single word while you’re writing your weekly report or you want a set of computerized "eyes" to find your typos before you submit a business proposal, maybe it’s time to check out how it can help. - -### look - -One tool is **look**. If you know how a word begins, you can ask the look command for provide a list of words that start with those letters. Unless an alternate word source is provided, look uses **/usr/share/dict/words** to identify the words for you. This file with its hundreds of thousands of words will suffice for most of the English words that we routinely use, but it might not have some of the more obscure words that some of us in the computing field tend to use — such as zettabyte. - -**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]** - -The look command's syntax is as easy as can be. Type "look word" and it will run through all the words in that words file and find matches for you. - -``` -$ look amelio -ameliorable -ameliorableness -ameliorant -ameliorate -ameliorated -ameliorates -ameliorating -amelioration -ameliorations -ameliorativ -ameliorative -amelioratively -ameliorator -amelioratory -``` - -If you happen upon a word that isn't included in the word list on the system, you'll simply get no output. - -``` -$ look zetta -$ -``` - -Don’t despair if you're not seeing what you were hoping for. You can add words to your words file or even reference an altogether different words list — either finding one online and creating one yourself. You don't even have to place an added word in the proper alphabetical location; just add it to the end of the file. You do need to do this as root, however. For example (and be careful with that **> >**!): - -``` -# echo “zettabyte” >> /usr/share/dict/words -``` - -Using a different list of words ("jargon" in this case) just requires adding the name of the file. Use a full path if the file is not the default. - -``` -$ look nybble /usr/share/dict/jargon -nybble -nybbles -``` - -The look command is also case-insensitive, so you don't have to concern yourself with whether the word you're looking for should be capitalized or not. - -``` -$ look zet -ZETA -Zeta -zeta -zetacism -Zetana -zetas -Zetes -zetetic -Zethar -Zethus -Zetland -Zetta -``` - -Of course, not all word lists are created equal. Some Linux distributions provide a _lot_ more words than others in their word files. Yours might have 100,000 words or many times that number. - -On one of my Linux systems: - -``` -$ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words -102402 /usr/share/dict/words -``` - -On another: - -``` -$ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words -479828 /usr/share/dict/words -``` - -Remember that the look command works only with the beginnings of words, but there are other options if you don't want to start there. - -### grep - -Our dearly beloved **grep** command can pluck words from a word file as well as any tool. If you’re looking for words that start or end with particular letters, grep is a natural. It can match words using beginnings, endings, or middle portions of words. Your system's word file will work with grep as easily as it does with look. The only drawback is that unlike with look, you have to specify the file. - -Using word beginnings with ^: - -``` -$ grep ^terra /usr/share/dict/words -terrace -terrace's -terraced -terraces -terracing -terrain -terrain's -terrains -terrapin -terrapin's -terrapins -terraria -terrarium -terrarium's -terrariums -``` - -Using word endings with $: - -``` -$ grep bytes$ /usr/share/dict/words -bytes -gigabytes -kilobytes -megabytes -terabytes -``` - -With grep, you do need to concern yourself with capitalization, but the command provides some options for that. - -``` -$ grep ^[Zz]et /usr/share/dict/words -Zeta -zeta -zetacism -Zetana -zetas -Zetes -zetetic -Zethar -Zethus -Zetland -Zetta -zettabyte -``` - -Setting up a symbolic link to the words file makes this kind of word search a little easier: - -``` -$ ln -s /usr/share/dict/words words -$ grep ^[Zz]et words -Zeta -zeta -zetacism -Zetana -zetas -Zetes -zetetic -Zethar -Zethus -Zetland -Zetta -zettabytye -``` - -### aspell - -The aspell command takes a different approach. It provides a way to check the spelling in whatever file or text you provide to it. You can pipe text to it and have it tell you which words appear to be misspelled. If you’re spelling all the words correctly, you’ll see no output. - -``` -$ echo Did I mispell that? | aspell list -mispell -$ echo I can hardly wait to try out aspell | aspell list -aspell -$ echo Did I misspell anything? | aspell list -$ -``` - -The "list" argument tells aspell to provide a list of misspelled words in the words that are sent through standard input. - -You can also use aspell to locate and correct words in a text file. If it finds a misspelled word, it will offer you an opportunity to replace it from a list of similar (but correctly spelled) words, to accept the words and add them to your personal words list (~/.aspell.en.pws), to ignore the misspelling, or to abort the process altogether (leaving the file as it was before you started). - -``` -$ aspell -c mytext -``` - -Once aspell finds a word that’s misspelled, it offers a list of choices like these for the incorrect "mispell": - -``` -1) mi spell 6) misplay -2) mi-spell 7) spell -3) misspell 8) misapply -4) Ispell 9) Aspell -5) misspells 0) dispel -i) Ignore I) Ignore all -r) Replace R) Replace all -a) Add l) Add Lower -b) Abort x) Exit -``` - -Note that the alternate words and spellings are numbered, while other options are represented by letter choices. You can choose one of the suggested spellings or opt to type a replacement. The "Abort" choice will leave the file intact even if you've already chosen replacements for some words. Words you elect to add will be inserted into a local file (e.g., ~/.aspell.en.pws). - -### Alternate word lists - -Tired of English? The aspell command can work with other languages if you add a word file for them. To add a dictionary for French on Debian systems, for example, you could do this: - -``` -$ sudo apt install aspell-fr -``` - -This new dictionary file would be installed as /usr/share/dict/French. To use it, you would simply need to tell aspell that you want to use the alternate word list: - -``` -$ aspell --lang=fr -c mytext -``` - -When using, you might see something like this if aspell looks at the word “one”: - -``` -1) once 6) orné -2) onde 7) ne -3) ondé 8) né -4) onze 9) on -5) orne 0) cône -i) Ignore I) Ignore all -r) Replace R) Replace all -a) Add l) Add Lower -b) Abort x) Exit -``` - -You can also get other language word lists from [GNU][3]. - -### Wrap-up - -Even if you're a national spelling bee winner, you probably need a little help with spelling every now and then — if only to spot your typos. The aspell tool, along with look and grep, are ready to come to your rescue. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/linux-spelling-100798596-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua -[3]: ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/aspell/dict/0index.html -[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md b/translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c842a797e --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md @@ -0,0 +1,264 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (Modrisco) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How Linux can help with your spelling) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +如何用 Linux 帮助你拼写 +====== +无论你在处理一个难以理解的单词，还是在将报告发给老板之前再检查一遍，Linux 都可以帮助你解决拼写问题。 +![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] + +Linux 为数据分析和自动化提供了各种工具，它也帮助我们解决了一个一直都在纠结的问题 —— 拼写！无论在写每周报告时努力拼出一个单词，还是在提交商业计划书之前想要借助计算机的“眼睛”来找出你的拼写错误。现在我们来看一下它是如何帮助你的。 + +### look + +**look** 是其中一款工具。如果你知道一个单词是怎么开始拼的，你就可以用这个命令来获取以这些字母开头的单词列表。除非提供了替代词源，否则 look 将使用 **/usr/share/dict/words** 中的内容来为你标识单词。这个文件有数十万个单词，可以满足我们日常使用的大多数英语单词的需要，但是它可能不包含我们计算机领域中的一些人倾向于使用的更加生僻的单词，如 zettabyte。 + +**[ 两分钟的Linux技巧：[在这些两分钟的视频教程中学习如何掌握一系列 Linux 命令][2] ]**（Youtube 源） + +look 命令的语法非常简单。输入 `look word` ，它将遍历单词文件中的所有单词并找到匹配项。 + +``` +$ look amelio +ameliorable +ameliorableness +ameliorant +ameliorate +ameliorated +ameliorates +ameliorating +amelioration +ameliorations +ameliorativ +ameliorative +amelioratively +ameliorator +amelioratory +``` + +如果你遇到系统中单词列表中未包含的单词，将无法获得任何输出。 + +``` +$ look zetta +$ +``` + +如果你没有看到你所希望出现的单词，不要绝望。你可以在你的单词文件中添加单词，甚至引用一个完全不同的单词列表，在网上找一个或者干脆自己创建一个。你甚至不必将添加的单词放在按字母顺序排列的正确位置；只需将其添加到文件的末尾即可。但是，你必须以 root 用户身份执行此操作。例如(要注意 **> >**!)： + +``` +# echo “zettabyte” >> /usr/share/dict/words +``` + +当使用不同的单词列表时，例如这个例子中的 “jargon” ，你只需要添加文件的名称。如果文件不是默认值，请使用完整路径。 + +``` +$ look nybble /usr/share/dict/jargon +nybble +nybbles +``` + +look 命令大小写不敏感，因此你不必关心要查找的单词是否应该大写。 + +``` +$ look zet +ZETA +Zeta +zeta +zetacism +Zetana +zetas +Zetes +zetetic +Zethar +Zethus +Zetland +Zetta +``` + +当然，不是所有的单词列表都是一样的。一些 Linux 发行版在单词文件中提供了 _多得多_ 的内容。你的文件中可能有十万或者更多倍的单词。 + +在我的一个 Linux 系统中： + +``` +$ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words +102402 /usr/share/dict/words +``` + +在另一个系统中： + +``` +$ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words +479828 /usr/share/dict/words +``` + +请记住，look 命令只适用于单词的开头，但如果你不想从单词的开头开始，还可以使用其他选项。 + +### grep + +我们深爱的 **grep** 命令像其他工具一样可以从一个单词文件中选出单词。如果你正在找以某些字母开头或结尾的单词，使用 grep 命令是自然而然的事情。它可以通过单词的开头，结尾或中间部分来匹配单词。系统中的单词文件可以像使用 look 命令时在 grep 命令中轻松使用。不过唯一的缺点是你需要指定文件，这一点与 look 不尽相同。 + + +在单词的开头前加上 ^： + +``` +$ grep ^terra /usr/share/dict/words +terrace +terrace's +terraced +terraces +terracing +terrain +terrain's +terrains +terrapin +terrapin's +terrapins +terraria +terrarium +terrarium's +terrariums +``` + +在单词的结尾后加上 $: + +``` +$ grep bytes$ /usr/share/dict/words +bytes +gigabytes +kilobytes +megabytes +terabytes +``` + +使用 grep 时，你需要考虑大小写，不过 grep 命令也提供了一些选项。 + +``` +$ grep ^[Zz]et /usr/share/dict/words +Zeta +zeta +zetacism +Zetana +zetas +Zetes +zetetic +Zethar +Zethus +Zetland +Zetta +zettabyte +``` + +为单词文件添加软连接能使这种搜索方式更加便捷： + +``` +$ ln -s /usr/share/dict/words words +$ grep ^[Zz]et words +Zeta +zeta +zetacism +Zetana +zetas +Zetes +zetetic +Zethar +Zethus +Zetland +Zetta +zettabytye +``` + +### aspell + +aspell 命令提供了一种不同的方式。它提供了一种方法来检查你提供给它的任何文件或文本的拼写。你可以通过管道将文本传递给它，然后它会告诉你哪些单词看起来有拼写错误。如果所有单词都拼写正确，则不会有任何输出。 + +``` +$ echo Did I mispell that? | aspell list +mispell +$ echo I can hardly wait to try out aspell | aspell list +aspell +$ echo Did I misspell anything? | aspell list +$ +``` + +“list” 参数告诉 aspell 为标准输入单词提供拼写错误的单词列表。 + +你还可以使用 aspell 来定位和更正文本文件中的单词。如果它发现一个拼写错误的单词，它将为你提供一个相似（但拼写正确的）单词列表来替换这个单词。你也可以将单词加入个人词库（~/.aspell.en.pws）来接收并忽略拼写错误。或者完全中止进程（使文件保持启动前的状态）。 + +``` +$ aspell -c mytext +``` + +一旦 aspell 发现一个单词出现了拼写错误，它将会为不正确的 “mispell” 提供一个选项列表： + +``` +1) mi spell 6) misplay +2) mi-spell 7) spell +3) misspell 8) misapply +4) Ispell 9) Aspell +5) misspells 0) dispel +i) Ignore I) Ignore all +r) Replace R) Replace all +a) Add l) Add Lower +b) Abort x) Exit +``` + +请注意，备选单词和拼写是数字编号的，而其他选项是由字母选项表示的。你可以选择备选拼写中的一项或者自己输入替换项。“Abort” 选项将使文件保持不变，即使你已经为某些单词选择了替换。你选择添加的单词将被插入到本地文件中（例如 ~/.aspell.en.pws）。 + +### 其他单词列表 + +厌倦了英语？ aspell 命令可以在其他语言中使用，只要你添加了相关语言的单词列表。例如，在 Debian 系统中添加法语的词库，你可以这样做： + +``` +$ sudo apt install aspell-fr +``` + +这个新的词库文件会被安装为 /usr/share/dict/French。为了使用它，你只需要简单地告诉 aspell 你想要使用替换的单词列表： + +``` +$ aspell --lang=fr -c mytext +``` + +这种情况下，当 aspell 读到单词 “one” 时，你可能会看到下面的情况： + +``` +1) once 6) orné +2) onde 7) ne +3) ondé 8) né +4) onze 9) on +5) orne 0) cône +i) Ignore I) Ignore all +r) Replace R) Replace all +a) Add l) Add Lower +b) Abort x) Exit +``` + +你也可以通过 [GNU][3] 来获取其他语言的词库。 + +### 总结 + +即使你是全国拼字比赛的冠军，你可能偶尔也会需要一点拼写方面的帮助，哪怕只是为了找出你手滑打错的单词。aspell 工具，加上 look 和 grep 命令已经准备来助你一臂之力了。 + +加入[Facebook][4] 和 [LinkedIn][5] 的 Network World 社区，评论热点话题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/linux-spelling-100798596-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua +[3]: ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/aspell/dict/0index.html +[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 461dbd4bac37a812b5112b8677fc7763858962c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 14:50:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0338/1265] PRF:20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @robsean 虽然这篇文章简单，要是仔细用心，可以做的更好，请参照我的校对以了解~ --- ...ry root Partition Using GParted Utility.md | 136 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md b/translated/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md index 75da8117bb..4afa58fffa 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md @@ -1,40 +1,40 @@ -如何使用 GParted 实用工具重新调整活动/主要的 root 分区 +如何使用 GParted 实用工具缩放根分区 ====== -今天，我们将讨论磁盘分区。这是在 Linux 中一个最好的主题。这允许用户来重新调整在 Linux 中的活动 root 分区。 -在这篇文章中，我们将教你如何使用 Gparted 使用工具重新调整在 Linux 上的活动 root 分区。 +今天，我们将讨论磁盘分区。这是 Linux 中的一个好话题。这允许用户来重新调整在 Linux 中的活动 root 分区。 -想象，我们的系统仅有30 GB 磁盘，当我们安装 Ubuntu 操作系统时，并没有恰当地配置。 +在这篇文章中，我们将教你如何使用 GParted 缩放在 Linux 上的活动根分区。 -我们需要在其中安装另一个操作系统，因此我们想在其中制作第二个分区。 +比如说，当我们安装 Ubuntu 操作系统时，并没有恰当地配置，我们的系统仅有 30 GB 磁盘。我们需要安装另一个操作系统，因此我们想在其中制作第二个分区。 -不建议重新调整活动分区。然而，我们将执行这个操作，因为没有其它方法来释放系统。 +虽然不建议重新调整活动分区。然而，我们要执行这个操作，因为没有其它方法来释放系统分区。 -在执行这个动作前，确保你备份重要的数据，因为如果一些东西出错(例如，电源故障或你的系统重启)，你可以继续保留你的数据。 +> 注意：在执行这个动作前，确保你备份了重要的数据，因为如果一些东西出错（例如，电源故障或你的系统重启)，你可以得以保留你的数据。 ### Gparted 是什么 -[GParted][1] 是一个自由的分区管理器，它使你能够重新调整大小，复制，和移动分区，而不丢失数据。通过使用 GParted Live 可启动镜像，我们可以使用 GParted 应用程序的所有特色。 GParted Live 使你能够在 GNU/Linux 以及其它的操作系统上使用 GParted ，例如，Windows 或 Mac OS X 。 +[GParted][1] 是一个自由的分区管理器，它使你能够缩放、复制和移动分区，而不丢失数据。通过使用 GParted 的 Live 可启动镜像，我们可以使用 GParted 应用程序的所有功能。GParted Live 可以使你能够在 GNU/Linux 以及其它的操作系统上使用 GParted，例如，Windows 或 Mac OS X 。 -### 1) 使用 df 命令检查磁盘空间利用率 +#### 1) 使用 df 命令检查磁盘空间利用率 + +我只是想使用 `df` 命令向你显示我的分区。`df` 命令输出清楚地表明我仅有一个分区。 -我只是想使用 df 命令向你显示我的分区。 df 命令输出清楚地表明我仅有一个分区。 ``` $ df -h -Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on -/dev/sda1 30G 3.4G 26.2G 16% / -none 4.0K 0 4.0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup -udev 487M 4.0K 487M 1% /dev -tmpfs 100M 844K 99M 1% /run -none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock -none 498M 152K 497M 1% /run/shm -none 100M 52K 100M 1% /run/user - +Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on +/dev/sda1 30G 3.4G 26.2G 16% / +none 4.0K 0 4.0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup +udev 487M 4.0K 487M 1% /dev +tmpfs 100M 844K 99M 1% /run +none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock +none 498M 152K 497M 1% /run/shm +none 100M 52K 100M 1% /run/user ``` -### 2) 使用 fdisk 命令检查磁盘分区 +#### 2) 使用 fdisk 命令检查磁盘分区 + +我将使用 `fdisk` 命令验证这一点。 -我将使用 fdisk 命令验证这一点。 ``` $ sudo fdisk -l [sudo] password for daygeek: @@ -46,106 +46,116 @@ Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000473a3 - Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System -/dev/sda1 * 2048 62609407 31303680 83 Linux -/dev/sda2 62611454 64704511 1046529 5 Extended -/dev/sda5 62611456 64704511 1046528 82 Linux swap / Solaris - + Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System +/dev/sda1 * 2048 62609407 31303680 83 Linux +/dev/sda2 62611454 64704511 1046529 5 Extended +/dev/sda5 62611456 64704511 1046528 82 Linux swap / Solaris ``` -### 3) 下载 GParted live ISO 镜像 +#### 3) 下载 GParted live ISO 镜像 + +使用下面的命令来执行下载 GParted live ISO。 -使用下面的命令来执行下载 GParted live ISO 。 ``` $ wget https://downloads.sourceforge.net/gparted/gparted-live-0.31.0-1-amd64.iso - ``` -### 4) 使用 GParted Live 安装介质启动你的系统 +#### 4) 使用 GParted Live 安装介质启动你的系统 + +使用 GParted Live 安装介质（如烧录的 CD/DVD 或 USB 或 ISO 镜像）启动你的系统。你将获得类似于下面屏幕的输出。在这里选择 “GParted Live (Default settings)” ，并敲击回车按键。 -使用 GParted Live 安装介质(像烧录的 CD/DVD 或 USB 或 ISO 镜像)启动你的系统。你将获得类似于下面屏幕的输出。在这里选择 **GParted Live (Default settings)** ，并敲击 **Enter** 按键。 ![][3] -### 5) 键盘选择 +#### 5) 键盘选择 + +默认情况下，它选择第二个选项，按下回车即可。 -默认情况下，它选择第二个选项，仅敲击 **Enter** 按键。 ![][4] -### 6) 语言选择 +#### 6) 语言选择 + +默认情况下，它选择 “33” 美国英语，按下回车即可。 -默认情况下，它选择 **33** 美国英语，仅敲击 **Enter** 按键。 ![][5] -### 7) 模式选择（图形用户界面或命令行) +#### 7) 模式选择（图形用户界面或命令行) + +默认情况下，它选择 “0” 图形用户界面模式，按下回车即可。 -默认情况下，它选择 **0** 图形用户界面模式，仅敲击 **Enter** 按键。 ![][6] -### 8) 加载 GParted Live 屏幕 +#### 8) 加载 GParted Live 屏幕 + +现在，GParted Live 屏幕已经加载，它显示我以前创建的分区列表。 -现在，GParted live 屏幕已经加载，它显示我以前创建的分区列表。 ![][7] -### 9) 如何重新调整 root 分区大小 +#### 9) 如何重新调整根分区大小 + +选择你想重新调整大小的根分区，在这里仅有一个分区，所以我将编辑这个分区以便于安装另一个操作系统。 -选择你想重新调整大小的 root 分区，在这里仅一个分区，所以我将编辑这个分区以便于安装另一个操作系统。 ![][8] -为做到这一点，按下 **Resize/Move** 按钮来重新调整分区大小。 +为做到这一点，按下 “Resize/Move” 按钮来重新调整分区大小。 + ![][9] -现在，在第一个框中输入你想从这个分区中取出的大小。我将索要**10GB**，所以，我添加**10240MB**，并保留框的剩余部分为默认值，然后点击 **Resize/Move** 按钮。 +现在，在第一个框中输入你想从这个分区中取出的大小。我将索要 “10GB”，所以，我添加 “10240MB”，并让该对话框的其余部分为默认值，然后点击 “Resize/Move” 按钮。 + ![][10] -它将再次要求你确认重新调整分区的大小，因为你正在编辑活动的系统分区，然后点击 **Ok**。 +它将再次要求你确认重新调整分区的大小，因为你正在编辑活动的系统分区，然后点击 “Ok”。 + ![][11] 分区从 30GB 缩小到 20GB 已经成功。也显示 10GB 未分配的磁盘空间。 + ![][12] -最后点击 `Apply` 按钮来执行下面剩余的操作。 +最后点击 “Apply” 按钮来执行下面剩余的操作。 + ![][13] - * **`e2fsck`** e2fsck 是一个文件系统检查实用程序，自动修复文件系统中与 HDD 相关的坏扇道，I/O 错误。 - * **`resize2fs`** resize2fs 程序将重新调整 ext2 ，ext3，或 ext4 文件系统的大小。它可以被用于扩大或缩小一个位于设备上的未挂载的文件系统。 - * **`e2image`** e2image 程序将保存位于设备上的关键的 ext2 ，ext3 ，或 ext4 文件系统元数据到一个由镜像文件规定是文件中。 +`e2fsck` 是一个文件系统检查实用程序，自动修复文件系统中与 HDD 相关的坏扇道、I/O 错误。 - - -**`e2fsck`** 是一个文件系统检查实用程序，自动修复文件系统中与 HDD 相关的坏扇道，I/O 错误。 ![][14] -**`resize2fs`** resize2fs 程序将重新调整 ext2 ，ext3，或 ext4 文件系统的大小。它可以被用于扩大或缩小一个位于设备上的未挂载的文件系统。 +`resize2fs` 程序将重新调整 ext2、ext3 或 ext4 文件系统的大小。它可以被用于扩大或缩小一个位于设备上的未挂载的文件系统。 + ![][15] -**`e2image`** e2image 程序将保存位于设备上的关键的 ext2 ，ext3 ，或 ext4 文件系统元数据到一个由镜像文件规定是文件中。 +`e2image` 程序将保存位于设备上的关键的 ext2、ext3 或 ext4 文件系统的元数据到一个指定文件中。 + ![][16] 所有的操作完成，关闭对话框。 + ![][17] -现在，我们可以看到未分配的 **10GB** 磁盘分区。 +现在，我们可以看到未分配的 “10GB” 磁盘分区。 + ![][18] 重启系统来检查这一结果。 + ![][19] -### 10) 检查剩余空间 +#### 10) 检查剩余空间 + +重新登录系统，并使用 `fdisk` 命令来查看在分区中可用的空间。是的，我可以看到这个分区上未分配的 “10GB” 磁盘空间。 -重新登陆系统，并使用 fdisk 命令来查看在分区中可用的空间。是的，我可以看到这个分区上未分配的 **10GB** 磁盘空间。 ``` $ sudo parted /dev/sda print free -[sudo] password for daygeek: +[sudo] password for daygeek: Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 32.2GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos -Disk Flags: - -Number Start End Size Type File system Flags - 32.3kB 10.7GB 10.7GB Free Space - 1 10.7GB 32.2GB 21.5GB primary ext4 boot +Disk Flags: +Number Start End Size Type File system Flags + 32.3kB 10.7GB 10.7GB Free Space + 1 10.7GB 32.2GB 21.5GB primary ext4 boot ``` -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -154,7 +164,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-resize-active-primary-root-partition-in-lin 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d7550e3e17ec4e96ccaab862aabd060a2f834b18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 15:17:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0339/1265] PUB:20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md @robsean https://linux.cn/article-10978-1.html --- ... Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md b/published/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md rename to published/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md From 3a0d8d52b205a00057aa7deac48f6f198618bf92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 16:27:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0340/1265] Revert "Revert "Update 20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md"" This reverts commit 265bb0d87458b2275669dafe87f2b1a2a8c91739. --- ... 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 32 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md index 725f3bcccb..06dbc19f3e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -1,19 +1,23 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (qfzy1233) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity) -[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity) -[#]: author: (Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen) +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "qfzy1233" +[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " +[#]: subject: "Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity" +[#]: via: "https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity" +[#]: author: "Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen" -Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity +五个最具生产力的 Linux 发行版 ====== ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_main.jpg?itok=2IKyg_7_) +必须承认的是，这样一个热门的话题其实很难被总结出来。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在设计层面就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于她极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得工作的开展变得简易化。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是普通办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这一问题变得复杂起来了。 + I have to confess, this particular topic is a tough one to address. Why? First off, Linux is a productive operating system by design. Thanks to an incredibly reliable and stable platform, getting work done is easy. Second, to gauge effectiveness, you have to consider what type of work you need a productivity boost for. General office work? Development? School? Data mining? Human resources? You see how this question can get somewhat complicated. +然而，这并不意味着 + That doesn’t mean, however, that some distributions aren’t able to do a better job of configuring and presenting that underlying operating system into an efficient platform for getting work done. Quite the contrary. Some distributions do a much better job of “getting out of the way,” so you don’t find yourself in a work-related hole, having to dig yourself out and catch up before the end of day. These distributions help strip away the complexity that can be found in Linux, thereby making your workflow painless. Let’s take a look at the distros I consider to be your best bet for productivity. To help make sense of this, I’ve divided them into categories of productivity. That task itself was challenging, because everyone’s productivity varies. For the purposes of this list, however, I’ll look at: @@ -149,22 +153,22 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productiv [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://www.ubuntu.com/ [2]: /files/images/productivity1jpg -[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w (GNOME Clipboard) +[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w "GNOME Clipboard" [4]: /licenses/category/used-permission [5]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/en/design-suite/ [6]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Design_Suite/Tutorials [7]: /files/images/productivity2jpg -[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH (Fedora Design Suite Favorites) +[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH "Fedora Design Suite Favorites" [9]: https://system76.com/ [10]: https://system76.com/pop [11]: /files/images/productivity3jpg-0 -[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD (Pop!_OS) +[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD "Pop!_OS" [13]: https://www.debian.org/ [14]: /files/images/productivity4jpg -[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 (Debian) +[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 "Debian" [16]: https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e [17]: /files/images/productivity5jpg -[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT (Education) +[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT "Education" [19]: https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:KIWI-LTSP [20]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:KIWI-LTSP_quick_start [21]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux From 609c1babb4845e21eddc42ff29d9e17f5590477d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 16:27:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0341/1265] Revert "Update 20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md" This reverts commit 17d9ed28751c39b4427636e05d28e6a89568c3ce. --- ... 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 32 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md index 06dbc19f3e..725f3bcccb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -1,23 +1,19 @@ -[#]: collector: "lujun9972" -[#]: translator: "qfzy1233" -[#]: reviewer: " " -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " -[#]: subject: "Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity" -[#]: via: "https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity" -[#]: author: "Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen" +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (qfzy1233) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity) +[#]: author: (Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen) -五个最具生产力的 Linux 发行版 +Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity ====== ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_main.jpg?itok=2IKyg_7_) -必须承认的是，这样一个热门的话题其实很难被总结出来。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在设计层面就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于她极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得工作的开展变得简易化。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是普通办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这一问题变得复杂起来了。 - I have to confess, this particular topic is a tough one to address. Why? First off, Linux is a productive operating system by design. Thanks to an incredibly reliable and stable platform, getting work done is easy. Second, to gauge effectiveness, you have to consider what type of work you need a productivity boost for. General office work? Development? School? Data mining? Human resources? You see how this question can get somewhat complicated. -然而，这并不意味着 - That doesn’t mean, however, that some distributions aren’t able to do a better job of configuring and presenting that underlying operating system into an efficient platform for getting work done. Quite the contrary. Some distributions do a much better job of “getting out of the way,” so you don’t find yourself in a work-related hole, having to dig yourself out and catch up before the end of day. These distributions help strip away the complexity that can be found in Linux, thereby making your workflow painless. Let’s take a look at the distros I consider to be your best bet for productivity. To help make sense of this, I’ve divided them into categories of productivity. That task itself was challenging, because everyone’s productivity varies. For the purposes of this list, however, I’ll look at: @@ -153,22 +149,22 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productiv [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://www.ubuntu.com/ [2]: /files/images/productivity1jpg -[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w "GNOME Clipboard" +[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w (GNOME Clipboard) [4]: /licenses/category/used-permission [5]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/en/design-suite/ [6]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Design_Suite/Tutorials [7]: /files/images/productivity2jpg -[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH "Fedora Design Suite Favorites" +[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH (Fedora Design Suite Favorites) [9]: https://system76.com/ [10]: https://system76.com/pop [11]: /files/images/productivity3jpg-0 -[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD "Pop!_OS" +[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD (Pop!_OS) [13]: https://www.debian.org/ [14]: /files/images/productivity4jpg -[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 "Debian" +[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 (Debian) [16]: https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e [17]: /files/images/productivity5jpg -[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT "Education" +[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT (Education) [19]: https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:KIWI-LTSP [20]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:KIWI-LTSP_quick_start [21]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux From 2e80b1f9164e2f6d43af8123c0ea0aa3d85ae85a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 16:33:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0342/1265] Revert "Revert "Update 20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md"" This reverts commit 265bb0d87458b2275669dafe87f2b1a2a8c91739. --- ... 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 32 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md index 725f3bcccb..06dbc19f3e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -1,19 +1,23 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (qfzy1233) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity) -[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity) -[#]: author: (Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen) +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "qfzy1233" +[#]: reviewer: " " +[#]: publisher: " " +[#]: url: " " +[#]: subject: "Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity" +[#]: via: "https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity" +[#]: author: "Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen" -Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity +五个最具生产力的 Linux 发行版 ====== ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_main.jpg?itok=2IKyg_7_) +必须承认的是，这样一个热门的话题其实很难被总结出来。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在设计层面就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于她极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得工作的开展变得简易化。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是普通办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这一问题变得复杂起来了。 + I have to confess, this particular topic is a tough one to address. Why? First off, Linux is a productive operating system by design. Thanks to an incredibly reliable and stable platform, getting work done is easy. Second, to gauge effectiveness, you have to consider what type of work you need a productivity boost for. General office work? Development? School? Data mining? Human resources? You see how this question can get somewhat complicated. +然而，这并不意味着 + That doesn’t mean, however, that some distributions aren’t able to do a better job of configuring and presenting that underlying operating system into an efficient platform for getting work done. Quite the contrary. Some distributions do a much better job of “getting out of the way,” so you don’t find yourself in a work-related hole, having to dig yourself out and catch up before the end of day. These distributions help strip away the complexity that can be found in Linux, thereby making your workflow painless. Let’s take a look at the distros I consider to be your best bet for productivity. To help make sense of this, I’ve divided them into categories of productivity. That task itself was challenging, because everyone’s productivity varies. For the purposes of this list, however, I’ll look at: @@ -149,22 +153,22 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productiv [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://www.ubuntu.com/ [2]: /files/images/productivity1jpg -[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w (GNOME Clipboard) +[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w "GNOME Clipboard" [4]: /licenses/category/used-permission [5]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/en/design-suite/ [6]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Design_Suite/Tutorials [7]: /files/images/productivity2jpg -[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH (Fedora Design Suite Favorites) +[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH "Fedora Design Suite Favorites" [9]: https://system76.com/ [10]: https://system76.com/pop [11]: /files/images/productivity3jpg-0 -[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD (Pop!_OS) +[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD "Pop!_OS" [13]: https://www.debian.org/ [14]: /files/images/productivity4jpg -[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 (Debian) +[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 "Debian" [16]: https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e [17]: /files/images/productivity5jpg -[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT (Education) +[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT "Education" [19]: https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:KIWI-LTSP [20]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:KIWI-LTSP_quick_start [21]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux From 39c126158fd5244da7b453bfa214253d7f39d013 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LuMing <784315443@qq.com> Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 17:12:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0343/1265] translated --- ...eech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md | 131 ------------------ ...eech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md | 127 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 131 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md b/sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md deleted file mode 100644 index a817b6ff5e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,131 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (luuming) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems) -[#]: via: (https://fosspost.org/lists/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text) -[#]: author: (Simon James https://fosspost.org/author/simonjames) - -5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems -====== - -![](https://i0.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text.png?resize=1237%2C527&ssl=1) - -A speech-to-text (STT) system is as its name implies; A way of transforming the spoken words via sound into textual files that can be used later for any purpose. - -Speech-to-text technology is extremely useful. It can be used for a lot of applications such as a automation of transcription, writing books/texts using your own sound only, enabling complicated analyses on information using the generated textual files and a lot of other things. - -In the past, the speech-to-text technology was dominated by proprietary software and libraries; Open source alternatives didn’t exist or existed with extreme limitations and no community around. This is changing, today there are a lot of open source speech-to-text tools and libraries that you can use right now. - -Here we list 5 of them. - -### Open Source Speech Recognition Libraries - -#### Project DeepSpeech - -![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 15 open source speech recognition][1] - -This project is made by Mozilla; The organization behind the Firefox browser. It’s a 100% free and open source speech-to-text library that also implies the machine learning technology using TensorFlow framework to fulfill its mission. - -In other words, you can use it to build training models yourself to enhance the underlying speech-to-text technology and get better results, or even to bring it to other languages if you want. You can also easily integrate it to your other machine learning projects that you are having on TensorFlow. Sadly it sounds like the project is currently only supporting English by default. - -It’s also available in many languages such as Python (3.6); Which allows you to have it working in seconds: - -``` -pip3 install deepspeech -deepspeech --model models/output_graph.pbmm --alphabet models/alphabet.txt --lm models/lm.binary --trie models/trie --audio my_audio_file.wav -``` - -You can also install it using npm: - -``` -npm install deepspeech -``` - -For more information, refer to the [project’s homepage][2]. - -#### Kaldi - -![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 17 open source speech recognition][3] - -Kaldi is an open source speech recognition software written in C++, and is released under the Apache public license. It works on Windows, macOS and Linux. Its development started back in 2009. - -Kaldi’s main features over some other speech recognition software is that it’s extendable and modular; The community is providing tons of 3rd-party modules that you can use for your tasks. Kaldi also supports deep neural networks, and offers an [excellent documentation on its website][4]. - -While the code is mainly written in C++, it’s “wrapped” by Bash and Python scripts. So if you are looking just for the basic usage of converting speech to text, then you’ll find it easy to accomplish that via either Python or Bash. - -[Project’s homepage][5]. - -#### Julius - -![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 19 open source speech recognition][6] - -Probably one of the oldest speech recognition software ever; It’s development started in 1991 at the University of Kyoto, and then its ownership was transferred to an independent project team in 2005. - -Julius main features include its ability to perform real-time STT processes, low memory usage (Less than 64MB for 20000 words), ability to produce N-best/Word-graph output, ability to work as a server unit and a lot more. This software was mainly built for academic and research purposes. It is written in C, and works on Linux, Windows, macOS and even Android (on smartphones). - -Currently it supports both English and Japanese languages only. The software is probably availbale to install easily in your Linux distribution’s repository; Just search for julius package in your package manager. The latest version was [released][7] around one and half months ago. - -[Project’s homepage][8]. - -#### Wav2Letter++ - -![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 21 open source speech recognition][9] - -If you are looking for something modern, then this one is for you. Wav2Letter++ is an open source speech recognition software that was released by Facebook’s AI Research Team just 2 months ago. The code is released under the BSD license. - -Facebook is [describing][10] its library as “the fastest state-of-the-art speech recognition system available”. The concepts on which this tool is built makes it optimized for performance by default; Facebook’s also-new machine learning library [FlashLight][11] is used as the underlying core of Wav2Letter++. - -Wav2Letter++ needs you first to build a training model for the language you desire by yourself in order to train the algorithms on it. No pre-built support of any language (including English) is available; It’s just a machine-learning-driven tool to convert speech to text. It was written in C++, hence the name (Wav2Letter++). - -[Project’s homepage][12]. - -#### DeepSpeech2 - -![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 23 open source speech recognition][13] - -Researchers at the Chinese giant Baidu are also working on their own speech-to-text engine, called DeepSpeech2. It’s an end-to-end open source engine that uses the “PaddlePaddle” deep learning framework for converting both English & Mandarin Chinese languages speeches into text. The code is released under BSD license. - -The engine can be trained on any model and for any language you desire. The models are not released with the code; You’ll have to build them yourself, just like the other software. DeepSpeech2’s source code is written in Python; So it should be easy for you to get familiar with it if that’s the language you use. - -[Project’s homepage][14]. - -### Conclusion - -The speech recognition category is still mainly dominated by proprietary software giants like Google and IBM (which do provide their own closed-source commercial services for this), but the open source alternatives are promising. Those 5 open source speech recognition engines should get you going in building your application, all of them are still under heavy development by time. In few years, we expect open source to become the norm for those technologies just like in the other industries. - -If you have any other recommendations for this list, or comments in general, we’d love to hear them below! - -** - -Shares - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fosspost.org/lists/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text - -作者：[Simon James][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fosspost.org/author/simonjames -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://i0.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/hero_speech-machine-learning2.png?resize=820%2C280&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 16 open source speech recognition) -[2]: https://github.com/mozilla/DeepSpeech -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Screenshot-at-2019-02-19-1134.png?resize=591%2C138&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 18 open source speech recognition) -[4]: http://kaldi-asr.org/doc/index.html -[5]: http://kaldi-asr.org -[6]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/mic_web.png?resize=385%2C100&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 20 open source speech recognition) -[7]: https://github.com/julius-speech/julius/releases -[8]: https://github.com/julius-speech/julius -[9]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/fully_convolutional_ASR.png?resize=850%2C177&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 22 open source speech recognition) -[10]: https://code.fb.com/ai-research/wav2letter/ -[11]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/flashlight -[12]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/wav2letter -[13]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ds2.png?resize=850%2C313&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 24 open source speech recognition) -[14]: https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/DeepSpeech diff --git a/translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md b/translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0067324e41 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (luuming) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems) +[#]: via: (https://fosspost.org/lists/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text) +[#]: author: (Simon James https://fosspost.org/author/simonjames) + +5 款不错的开源语音识别/语音文字转换系统 + +====== + +![](https://i0.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text.png?resize=1237%2C527&ssl=1) + +语音文字转换speech-to-text（STT）系统就像它名字所蕴含的那样，是一种将说出的单词转换为文本文件以供后续用途的方式。 + +语音文字转换技术非常有用。它可以用到许多应用中，例如自动转录，使用自己的声音写书籍或文本，用生成的文本文件和其他工具做复杂的分析等。 + +在过去，语音文字转换技术以专有软件和库为主导，开源替代品并不存在或是有严格的限制并且没有社区。这一点正在发生改变，当今有许多开源语音文字转换工具和库可以让你立即使用。 + +这里我列出了 5 个。 + +### 开源语音识别库 + +#### DeepSpeech 项目 + +![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 15 open source speech recognition][1] + +该项目由 Firefox 浏览器背后的组织 Mozilla 团队开发。它 100% 自由并且使用 TensorFlow 机器学习框架实现。 + +换句话说，你可以用它训练自己的模型获得更好的效果，甚至可以用它转换其它的语言。你也可以轻松的将它集成到自己的 Tensorflow 机器学习项目中。可惜的是项目当前默认仅支持英语。 + +它也支持许多编程语言，例如 Python（3.6）。可以让你在数秒之内获取： + +``` +pip3 install deepspeech +deepspeech --model models/output_graph.pbmm --alphabet models/alphabet.txt --lm models/lm.binary --trie models/trie --audio my_audio_file.wav +``` + +你也可以通过 npm 安装它： + +``` +npm install deepspeech +``` + +想要获得更多信息，请参考[项目主页][2]。 + +#### Kaldi + +![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 17 open source speech recognition][3] + +Kaldi 是一个用 C++ 写的开源语音识别软件，并且在 Apache 公共许可下发布。它可以运行在 Windows，macOS 和 Linux 上。它的开发始于 2009。 + +Kaldi 超过其他语音识别软件的主要特点是可扩展和模块化。社区提供了大量的三方模块可以用来完成你的任务。Kaldi 也支持深度神经网络，并且在它的网站上提供了[出色的文档][4]。 + +虽然代码主要由 C++ 完成，但它通过 Bash 和 Python 脚本进行了封装。因此，如果你仅仅想使用基本的语音到文字转换功能，你就会发现通过 Python 或 Bash 能够轻易的完成。 + +[Project’s homepage][5]. + +#### Julius + +![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 19 open source speech recognition][6] + +可能是有史以来最古老的语音识别软件之一。它的发展始于 1991 年的京都大学，之后在 2005 年将所有权转移到了一个独立的项目组。 + +Julius 的主要特点包括了执行实时 STT 的能力，低内存占用（20000 单词少于 64 MB），输出最优词N-best word/词图Word-graph的能力，当作服务器单元运行的能力和很多东西。这款软件主要为学术和研究所设计。由 C 语言写成，并且可以运行在 Linux，Windows，macOS 甚至 Android（在智能手机上）。 + +它当前仅支持英语和日语。软件或许易于从 Linux 发行版的仓库中安装。只要在软件包管理器中搜索 julius 即可。最新的版本[发布][7]于大约一个半月之前。 + +[Project’s homepage][8]. + +#### Wav2Letter++ + +![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 21 open source speech recognition][9] + +如果你在寻找一个更加时髦的，那么这款一定适合。Wav2Letter++ 是一款由 Facebook 的 AI 研究团队于 2 个月之前发布的开源语言识别软件。代码在 BSD 许可下发布。 + +Facebook 描述它的库是“最快最先进state-of-the-art的语音识别系统”。构建它时的想法使其能在默认情况下对性能进行优化。Facebook 最新的机器学习库 [FlashLight][11] 也被用作 Wav2Letter++ 的底层核心。 + +Wav2Letter++ 需要你先为所描述的语言建立一个模型来训练算法。没有任何一种语言（包括英语）的预训练模型，它仅仅是个机器学习驱动的文本语音转换工具，它用 C++ 写成，因此命名为 Wav2Letter++。 + +[Project’s homepage][12]. + +#### DeepSpeech2 + +![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 23 open source speech recognition][13] + +中国巨头百度的研究人员也在开发他们自己的语音文字转换引擎，叫做“DeepSpeech2”。它是一个端对端的开源引擎，使用“PaddlePaddle”深度学习框架进行英语或汉语的文字转换。代码在 BSD 许可下发布。 + +引擎可以训练在任何模型之上，并且可以用于任何想要的语言。模型并未随代码一同发布。你要像其他软件那样自己建立模型。DeepSpeech2 的源代码由 Python 写成，如果你使用过就会非常容易上手。 + +[Project’s homepage][14]. + +### 总结 + +语音识别领域仍然主要地由专有软件巨头所占据，比如 Google 和 IBM（它们为此提供了闭源商业服务），但是开源同类软件很有前途。这 5 款开源语音识别引擎应当能够帮助你构建应用，随着时间推移，它们会不断地发展。在几年之后，我们希望开源成为这些技术中的常态，就像其他行业那样。 + +如果你对清单有其他的建议或评论，我们很乐意在下面听到。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fosspost.org/lists/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text + +作者：[Simon James][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/LuuMing) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fosspost.org/author/simonjames +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://i0.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/hero_speech-machine-learning2.png?resize=820%2C280&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 16 open source speech recognition) +[2]: https://github.com/mozilla/DeepSpeech +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Screenshot-at-2019-02-19-1134.png?resize=591%2C138&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 18 open source speech recognition) +[4]: http://kaldi-asr.org/doc/index.html +[5]: http://kaldi-asr.org +[6]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/mic_web.png?resize=385%2C100&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 20 open source speech recognition) +[7]: https://github.com/julius-speech/julius/releases +[8]: https://github.com/julius-speech/julius +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/fully_convolutional_ASR.png?resize=850%2C177&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 22 open source speech recognition) +[10]: https://code.fb.com/ai-research/wav2letter/ +[11]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/flashlight +[12]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/wav2letter +[13]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ds2.png?resize=850%2C313&ssl=1 (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 24 open source speech recognition) +[14]: https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/DeepSpeech From 2e0a2191cf78f0b747475e537fb7958ced0ecddb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 17:35:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0344/1265] APL:20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md --- sources/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md b/sources/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md index 8d60ec9fe6..2564ece628 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/life-log-message 作者：[Josef Karásek][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 47a8f6c5c884945fa8b327f8df8765286744fe58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 19:13:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0345/1265] TSL:20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md (#14084) --- ...0914 A day in the life of a log message.md | 57 ------------------- ...0914 A day in the life of a log message.md | 56 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md b/sources/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2564ece628..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,57 +0,0 @@ -A day in the life of a log message -====== - -Navigating a modern distributed system from the perspective of a log message. - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/plane_travel_world_international.png?itok=jG3sYPty) - -Chaotic systems tend to be unpredictable. This is especially evident when architecting something as complex as a distributed system. Left unchecked, this unpredictability can waste boundless amounts of time. This is why every single component of a distributed system, no matter how small, must be designed to fit together in a streamlined way. - -[Kubernetes][1] provides a promising model for abstracting compute resources—but even it must be reconciled with other distributed platforms such as [Apache Kafka][2] to ensure reliable data delivery. If someone were to integrate these two platforms, how would it work? Furthermore, if you were to trace something as simple as a log message through such a system, what would it look like? This article will focus on how a log message from an application running inside [OKD][3], the Origin Community Distribution of Kubernetes that powers Red Hat OpenShift, gets to a data warehouse through Kafka. - -### OKD-defined environment - -Such a journey begins in OKD, since the container platform completely overlays the hardware it abstracts. This means that the log message waits to be written to **stdout** or **stderr** streams by an application residing in a container. From there, the log message is redirected onto the node's filesystem by a container engine such as [CRI-O][4]. - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/logmessagepathway.png) - -ithin OpenShift, one or more containers are encapsulated within virtual compute nodes known as pods. In fact, all applications running within OKD are abstracted as pods. This allows the applications to be manipulated in a uniform way. This also greatly simplifies communication between distributed components, since pods are systematically addressable through IP addresses and [load-balanced services][5] . So when the log message is taken from the node's filesystem by a log-collector application, it can easily be delivered to another pod running within OpenShift. - -### Two peas in a pod - -To ensure ubiquitous dispersal of the log message throughout the distributed system, the log collector needs to deliver the log message into a Kafka cluster data hub running within OpenShift. Through Kafka, the log message can be delivered to the consuming applications in a reliable and fault-tolerant way with low latency. However, in order to reap the benefits of Kafka within an OKD-defined environment, Kafka needs to be fully integrated into OKD. - -Running a [Strimzi operator][6] will instantiate all Kafka components as pods and integrate them to run within an OKD environment. This includes Kafka brokers for queuing log messages, Kafka connectors for reading and writing from Kafka brokers, and Zookeeper nodes for managing the Kafka cluster state. Strimzi can also instantiate the log collector to double as a Kafka connector, allowing the log collector to feed the log messages directly into a Kafka broker pod running within OKD. - -### Kafka inside OKD - -When the log-collector pod delivers the log message to a Kafka broker, the collector writes to a single broker partition, appending the message to the end of the partition. One of the advantages of using Kafka is that it decouples the log collector from the log's final destination. Thanks to the decoupling, the log collector doesn't care whether the logs end up in [Elasticsearch][7], Hadoop, Amazon S3, or all of them at the same time. Kafka is well-connected to all infrastructure, so the Kafka connectors can take the log message wherever it needs to go. - -Once written to a Kafka broker's partition, the log message is replicated across the broker partitions within the Kafka cluster. This is a very powerful concept on its own; combined with the self-healing features of the platform, it creates a very resilient distributed system. For example, when a node becomes unavailable, the applications running on the node are almost instantaneously spawned on healthy node(s). So even if a node with the Kafka broker is lost or damaged, the log message is guaranteed to survive as many deaths as it was replicated and a new Kafka broker will quickly take the original's place. - -### Off to storage - -After it is committed to a Kafka topic, the log message waits to be consumed by a Kafka connector sink, which relays the log message to either an analytics engine or logging warehouse. Upon delivery to its final destination, the log message could be studied for anomaly detection, queried for immediate root-cause analysis, or used for other purposes. Either way, the log message is delivered by Kafka to its destination in a safe and reliable manner. - -OKD and Kafka are powerful distributed platforms that are evolving rapidly. It is vital to create systems that can abstract the complicated nature of distributed computing without compromising performance. After all, how can we boast of systemwide efficiency if we cannot simplify the journey of a single log message? - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/life-log-message - -作者：[Josef Karásek][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jkarasek -[1]: https://kubernetes.io/ -[2]: https://kafka.apache.org/ -[3]: https://www.okd.io/ -[4]: http://cri-o.io/ -[5]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/ -[6]: http://strimzi.io/ -[7]: https://www.elastic.co/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md b/translated/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..07b1c3b1fa --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +日志消息的一日之旅 +====== + +> 从一条日志消息的角度来巡览现代分布式系统。 + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/plane_travel_world_international.png?itok=jG3sYPty) + +混沌系统往往是不可预测的。在构建像分布式系统这样复杂的东西时，这一点尤其明显。如果不加以控制，这种不可预测性会无止境的浪费时间。这就是为什么分布式系统的每个组件，无论多小，都必须设计成以简化的方式组合在一起。 + +[Kubernetes][1] 为抽象计算资源提供了一个很有前景的模型 —— 但即使是它也必须与 [Apache Kafka][2] 等其他分布式平台协调一致，以确保可靠的数据传输。如果有人要整合这两个平台，它会如何运作？此外，如果你通过这样的系统跟踪像日志消息这么简单的东西，它会是什么样子？本文将重点介绍来自[OKD][3] 内运行的应用程序的日志消息如何通过 Kafka 进入数据仓库（OKD 是为 Red Hat OpenShift 提供支持的 Kubernetes 的原初社区发行版）。 + +### OKD 定义的环境 + +这样的旅程始于 OKD，因为该容器平台完全覆盖了它抽象的硬件。这意味着日志消息等待由驻留在容器中的应用程序写入 stdout 或 stderr 流。从那里，日志消息被容器引擎（例如 [CRI-O][4]）重定向到节点的文件系统。 + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/logmessagepathway.png) + +在 OpenShift 中，一个或多个容器封装在称为 pod 的虚拟计算节点中。实际上，在 OKD 中运行的所有应用程序都被抽象为 pod（豆荚）。这允许应用程序以统一的方式操纵。这也大大简化了分布式组件之间的通信，因为 pod 可以通过 IP 地址和[负载均衡服务][5]系统地寻址。因此，当日志消息由日志收集器应用程序从节点的文件系统获取时，它可以很容易地传递到在 OpenShift 中运行的另一个 pod。 + +### 在豆荚里的两个豌豆 + +为了确保可以在整个分布式系统中无处不在地传播日志消息，日志收集器需要将日志消息传递到在 OpenShift 中运行的 Kafka 集群数据中心。通过 Kafka，日志消息可以以可靠且容错的方式低延迟传递给消费应用程序。但是，为了在 OKD 定义的环境中获得 Kafka 的好处，Kafka 需要完全集成到 OKD 中。 + +运行 [Strimzi 操作子][6]将实例化所有 Kafka 组件为 pod，并将它们集成在 OKD 环境中运行。 这包括用于排队日志消息的 Kafka 代理，用于从 Kafka 代理读取和写入的 Kafka 连接器，以及用于管理 Kafka 集群状态的 Zookeeper 节点。Strimzi 还可以将日志收集器双实例化作为 Kafka 连接器，允许日志收集器将日志消息直接提供给在 OKD 中运行的 Kafka 代理 pod。 + +### 在 OKD 内的 Kafka + +当日志收集器 pod 将日志消息传递给 Kafka 代理时，收集器会写到单个代理分区，并将日志消息附加到该分区的末尾。使用 Kafka 的一个优点是它将日志收集器与日志的最终目标分离。由于解耦，日志收集器不关心日志最后是放在 [Elasticsearch][7]、Hadoop、Amazon S3 中的某个还是全都。Kafka 与所有基础设施连接良好，因此 Kafka 连接器可以在任何需要的地方获取日志消息。 + +一旦写入 Kafka 代理的分区，该日志消息就会在 Kafka 集群内的代理分区中复制。这是它的一个非常强大的概念；结合平台的自愈功能，它创建了一个非常灵活的分布式系统。例如，当节点变得不可用时，节点上运行的应用程序几乎立即在健康节点上生成。因此，即使带有 Kafka 代理的节点丢失或损坏，日志消息也能保证存活在必要多的节点上，并且新的 Kafka 代理将快速原位取代。 + +### 存储起来 + +在日志消息被提交到 Kafka 主题后，它将等待 Kafka 连接器接收器使用它，该接收器将日志消息中继到分析引擎或日志记录仓库。在传递到其最终目的地时，可以分析日志消息以进行异常检测，可以查询日志以立即进行根本原因分析，或用于其他目的。无论哪种方式，日志消息都由 Kafka 以安全可靠的方式传送到目的地。 + +OKD 和 Kafka 是正在迅速发展的功能强大的分布式平台。创建能够在不影响性能的情况下抽象出分布式计算的复杂特性的系统至关重要。毕竟，如果我们不能简化单条日志消息的旅程，我们怎么能夸耀全系统的效率呢？ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/life-log-message + +作者：[Josef Karásek][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jkarasek +[1]: https://kubernetes.io/ +[2]: https://kafka.apache.org/ +[3]: https://www.okd.io/ +[4]: http://cri-o.io/ +[5]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/ +[6]: http://strimzi.io/ +[7]: https://www.elastic.co/ From cd6c7ee1f38ba08b3680c6604e34e63faf9a5770 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 20:36:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0346/1265] APL:20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6 --- ...going Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md b/sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md index 3674b73954..7deb28c67c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 8ae6c84d339869252ad640dd477e3c2c2870b46c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LuMing <784315443@qq.com> Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 22:51:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0347/1265] translating --- ...0190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md index 3306793c9f..c42d417e9e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (luuming) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 6a7c8e2ae174a64f8c04cf2f4db18f3005d8d7ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 22:56:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0348/1265] TSL:20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md --- ...e State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md | 120 ------------------ ...e State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md | 100 +++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 100 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md b/sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7deb28c67c..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,120 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) [Part 6]) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/) -[#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) - -Blockchain 2.0 – Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) [Part 6] -====== - -![The State Of Smart Contracts Now][1] - -Continuing from our [**earlier post on smart contracts**][2], this post aims to discuss the state of Smart contracts, highlight some current projects and companies currently undertaking developments in the area. Smart contracts as discussed in the previous article of the series are programs that exist and execute themselves on a blockchain network. We explored how smart contracts work and why they are superior to traditional digital platforms. Companies described here operate in a wide variety of industries however most of them deal with identity management systems, financial services, crowd funding systems etc., as these are the areas thought to be most suitable for switching to blockchain based data base systems. - -### Open platforms - -Platforms such as **Counterparty** [1] and **Solidity(Ethereum)** are fully public building blocks for developers to create their own smart contracts. Wide spread developer participation in such projects have allowed these to become de facto standards for developing smart contracts, designing your own cryptocurrency token systems, and creating protocols for the blockchains to function. Many commendable projects have derived from them. **Quorum** , by JP Morgan, derived from Ethereum, is an example. **Ripple** is another example for the same. - -### Managing financial transactions - -Transferring cryptocurrencies over the internet is touted to be the norm in the coming years. The shortfalls with the same are: - - * Identities and wallet addresses are anonymous. The payer doesn’t have any first recourse if the receiver does not honor the transaction. - * Erroneous transactions if any will cannot be traced. - * Cryptographically generated hash keys are difficult to work with for humans and human errors are a prime concern. - - - -Having someone else take in the transaction momentarily and settle it with the receiver after due diligence is preferred in this case. - -**EscrowMyEther** [3] and **PAYFAIR** [4] are two such escrow platforms. Basically, the escrow company takes the agreed upon amount and sends a token to the receiver. Once the receiver delivers what the payer wants via the same escrow platform, both confirm and the final payment is released. These are used extensively by freelancers and hobbyist collectors online. - -### Financial services - -Developments in micro-financing and micro-insurance projects will improve the banking infrastructure for much of the world’s poor and unbanked. Involving the poorer “unbanked” sections of the society is estimated to increase revenues for banks and institutions involved by **$380 billion** [5]. This amount supersedes the savings in operational expenses that can be expected by switching to blockchain DLT for banks. - -**BankQu Inc.** based in Midwest United States goes by the slogan “Dignity through identity”. Their platform allows for individuals to setup their own digital identity record where all their transactions will be vetted and processed real time on the blockchain. Overtime the underlying code records and builds a unique online identity for its users allowing for ultra-quick transactions and settlements. The BankQu case studies exploring more about how they’re helping individuals and companies this way is available [here][3]. - -**Stratumn** is helping insurance companies offer better insurance services by automating tasks which were earlier micromanaged by humans. By automation, end to end traceability, and efficient data privacy methods they’ve radically changed how insurance claims are settled. Improved customer experience along with significant cost reductions present a win-win situation for clients as well as firms involved[6]. - -A similar endeavor is being run on a trial basis currently by the French Insurance firm, **AXA**. The product _**“fizzy”**_ allows users to subscribe to its service for a small fee and enter their flight details. In case, the flight gets delayed or comes across some other issue, the program automatically scours online databases, checks with the insurance terms and credits the insurance amount to the user’s account. This eliminates the need for the user or the customer to file a claim after checking with the terms manually and in the long-run once such systems become mainstream, increase accountability from airlines[7][8]. - -### Keeping track of ownership rights - -It is theoretically possible to track media from creation to end user consumption utilizing timestamped blocks of data in a DLT. Companies **Peertracks** and **Mycelia** are currently helping musicians publish content without worrying about their content being stolen or misused. They help artists sell directly to fans and clients while getting paid for their work without having to go through rights and record labels[9]. - -### Identity management platforms - -Blockchain based identity management platforms store your identity on a distributed ledger. Once an account is setup, it is securely encrypted and sent to all the participating nodes after. However, as the owner of the data block only the user has access to the data. Once your identity is established on the network and you begin transactions, an automated program within the network will verify all previous transactions associated with your account, send it for regulatory filings after checking requirements and execute the settlement automatically provided the program deems the transaction legitimate. The upside here being that since the data on the blockchain is tamper-proof and the smart contract checks the input with zero bias (or subjectivity), the transaction doesn’t, as previously mentioned, require oversight or approval from anyone and is taken care of instantaneously. - -Start-ups like **ShoCard** , **Credits** , and **OneName** are currently rolling out similar services and are currently in talks with government and social institutions for integrating them into mainstream use. - -Other independent projects by developers like **Chris Ellis** and **David Duccini** have respectively developed or proposed alternative identity management systems such as **“[World Citizenship][4]”** , and **[IDCoin][5]** , respectively. Mr Ellis even demonstrated the capabilities of his work by creating passports on the a blockchain network[10][11] [12][5]. - -### Resource sharing - -**Share & Charge (Slock.It)** is a European blockchain start-up. Their mobile app allows homeowners and other individuals who’ve invested their money in setting up a charging station share their resource with other individuals who’re looking for a quick. This not only allows owners to get back some of their investment, but also allows EV drivers to access significantly more charging points in their near-by geographical area allowing for suppliers to meet demands in a convenient manner. Once a “customer” is done charging their vehicle, the hardware associated creates a secure time stamped block consisting of the data and a smart contract working on the platform automatically credits the corresponding amount of money into the owners account. A track of all such transactions is recorded and proper security verifications kept in place. Interested readers can take a look [here][6], to know the technical angle behind their product[13][14]. The company’s platforms will gradually enable users to share other products and services with individuals in need and earn a passive income from the same. - -The companies we’ve looked at here, comprise a very short list of ongoing projects that make use of smart contracts and blockchain database systems. Platform such as these help in building a secure “box” full of information to be accessed only by the users themselves and the overlying code or the smart contract. The information is vetted in real time based on a trigger, examined, and the algorithm is executed by the system. Such platforms with minimal human oversight, a much-needed step in the right direction with respect to secure digital automation, something which has never been thought of at this scale previously. - -The next post will shed some light on the **different types of blockchains**. Click the following link to know more about this topic. - - * [**Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison**][7] - - - -**References:** - - * **[1][About | Counterparty][8]** - * **[2] [Quorum | J.P. Morgan][9] -** - * **[3][Escrow My Ether][10]** - * **[4][PayFair][11]** - * **[5] B. Pani, “Blockchain Powered Financial Inclusion,” 2016.** - * **[6][STRATUMN | Insurance Claim Automation Across Europe][12]** - * **[7][fizzy][13]** - * **[8][AXA goes blockchain with fizzy | AXA][14]** - * **[9] M. Gates, “Blockchain. Ultimate guide to understanding blockchain bitcoin cryptocurrencies smart-contracts and the future of money.pdf.” 2017.** - * **[10][ShoCard Is A Digital Identity Card On The Blockchain | TechCrunch][15]** - * **[11][J. Biggs, “Your Next Passport Could Be On The Blockchain | TechCrunch][16]** - * **[12][OneName – Namecoin Wiki][17]** - * **[13][Share&Charge launches its app, on-boards over 1,000 charging stations on the blockchain][18]** - * **[14][slock.it – Landing][19]** - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/ - -作者：[editor][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/State-Of-Smart-Contracts-720x340.png -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/ -[3]: https://banqu.co/case-study/ -[4]: https://github.com/MrChrisJ/World-Citizenship -[5]: https://github.com/IDCoin/IDCoin -[6]: https://blog.slock.it/share-charge-smart-contracts-the-technical-angle-58b93ce80f15 -[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/ -[8]: https://counterparty.io/platform/ -[9]: https://www.jpmorgan.com/global/Quorum -[10]: http://escrowmyether.com/ -[11]: https://payfair.io/ -[12]: https://stratumn.com/business-case/insurance-claim-automation-across-europe/ -[13]: https://fizzy.axa/en-gb/ -[14]: https://group.axa.com/en/newsroom/news/axa-goes-blockchain-with-fizzy -[15]: https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/shocard-is-a-digital-identity-card-on-the-blockchain/ -[16]: https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/31/your-next-passport-could-be-on-the-blockchain/ -[17]: https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=OneName -[18]: https://blog.slock.it/share-charge-launches-its-app-on-boards-over-1-000-charging-stations-on-the-blockchain-ba8275390309 -[19]: https://slock.it/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md b/translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3748d28dd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) [Part 6]) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/) +[#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) + +区块链 2.0：智能合约如今的发展（六） +====== + +![The State Of Smart Contracts Now][1] + +继续我们的[前面的关于智能合约的文章][2]，这篇文章旨在讨论智能合约的形势，重点介绍目前正在该领域进行开发的一些项目和公司。如本系列前一篇文章中讨论的，智能合约是在区块链网络上存在并执行的程序。我们探讨了智能合约的工作原理以及它们优于传统数字平台的原因。这里描述的公司分布于各种各样的行业中，但是大多涉及到身份管理系统、金融服务、众筹系统等，因为这些是被认为最适合切换到基于区块链的数据库系统的领域。 + +### 开放平台 + +诸如 [Counterparty][8] 和 Solidity（以太坊）等平台是完全公用的构建模块，开发者可以以之创建自己的智能合约。大量的开发人员参与此类项目使这些项目成为开发智能合约、设计自己的加密货币令牌系统以及为区块链创建协议以实现功能的事实标准。许多值得称赞的项目都来源于它们。摩根大通派生自以太坊的 [Quorum][9]，就是一个例子。而瑞波是另一个例子。 + +### 管理金融交易 + +通过互联网转账加密货币被吹捧为在未来几年的常态。与此相关的不足之处是： + +* 身份和钱包地址是匿名的。如果接收方不履行交易，则付款人没有任何第一追索权。 +* 错误交易（如果无法追踪任何交易）。 +* 密码生成的哈希密钥很难用于人类，人为错误是主要关注点。 + +在这种情况下，可以让其他人暂时接受该交易并在接受尽职调查后与接收方结算。 + +[EscrowMyEther][10] 和 [PAYFAIR][11] 是两个这样的托管平台。基本上，托管公司采用商定的金额并向接收方发送令牌。一旦接收方通过相同的托管平台提供付款人想要的内容，两者都会确认并最终付款。 这些得到了自由职业者和业余爱好者收藏家广泛在线使用。 + +### 金融服务 + +小额融资和小额保险项目的发展将改善世界上大多数贫穷或没有银行账户的人的银行金融服务。据估计，社会中较贫穷的“无银行账户”人群可以为银行和机构的增加 3800 亿美元收入 [^5]。这一金额取代了通过银行切换到区块链 DLT 预期可以节省的运营费用。 + +位于美国中西部的 BankQu Inc. 的口号是“通过身份而尊严”。他们的平台允许个人设置他们自己的数字身份记录，其中所有交易将在区块链上实时审查和处理。在底层代码上记录并为其用户构建唯一的在线标识，从而实现超快速的交易和结算。BankQu 案例研究探讨了他们如何以这种方式帮助个人和公司，可以在[这里][3]看到。 + +[Stratumn][12] 正在帮助保险公司通过自动执行早期由人类微观管理的任务来提供更好的保险服务。通过自动化、端到端可追溯性和高效的数据隐私方法，他们彻底改变了保险索赔的结算方式。改善客户体验以及显著降低成本，为客户和相关公司带来双赢局面。 + +法国保险公司 [AXA][14] 目前正在试行类似的努力。其产品 [fizzy][13] 允许用户以少量费用订阅其服务并输入他们的航班详细信息。如果航班延误或遇到其他问题，该程序会自动搜索在线数据库，检查保险条款并将保险金额记入用户的帐户。这样就消除了用户或客户在手动检查条款后提出索赔的要求，并且一旦这样的系统成为主流，就不需要长期提出索赔，增加了航空公司的责任。 + +### 跟踪所有权 + +理论上可以利用 DLT 中的带时间戳的数据块来跟踪从创建到最终用户消费的媒体。Peertracks 公司 和 Mycelia 公司目前正在帮助音乐家发布内容，而不必担心其内容被盗或被滥用。他们帮助艺术家直接向粉丝和客户销售，同时获得工作报酬，而无需通过权利和唱片公司 [^9]。 + +### 身份管理平台 + +基于区块链的身份管理平台可以将你的身份存储在分布式分类帐本中。设置帐户后，会对其进行安全加密，然后将其发送给所有参与节点。但是，作为数据块的所有者，只有该用户才能访问该数据。一旦你在网络上建立身份并开始交易，网络中的自动程序将验证与你的帐户关联的先前所有的交易，在检查要求后将其发送给监管备案，并在程序认为交易合法时自动执行结算。这里的好处是，由于区块链上的数据是防篡改的，而智能合约以零偏差（或主观性）检查输入，如前所述，交易不需要任何人的监督或批准，并且需要小心是即刻生效的。 + +像 [ShoCard][15] 、[Credits][16] 和 [OneName][17] 这样的初创公司目前正在推出类似的服务，目前正在与政府和社会机构进行谈判，以便将它们整合到主流用途中。 + +开发商的其他独立项目如 Chris Ellis 和 David Duccini 分别开发或提出了替代的身份管理系统，分别是 “[世界公民][4]”和 [IDCoin][5]。Ellis 先生甚至通过在区块链网络上创建护照来证明他的工作能力。 + +### 资源共享 + +[Share & Charge][18] ([Slock.It][19]) 是一家欧洲的区块链初创公司。他们的移动应用程序允许房主和其他个人投入资金建立充电站与其他正在寻找快速充电的人分享他们的资源。这不仅使业主能够收回他们的一些投资，而且还允许 EV 司机在其近地域获得更多的充电点，从而允许供应商以方便的方式满足需求。一旦“客户”完成对其车辆的充电，相关的硬件就会创建一个由数据组成的安全时间戳块，并且在该平台上工作的智能合约会自动将相应的金额记入所有者账户。记录所有此类交易的跟踪并保持适当的安全验证。有兴趣的读者可以看一下[这里][6]，了解他们产品背后的技术角度。该公司的平台将逐步使用户能够与有需要的个人分享其他产品和服务，并从中获得被动收入。 + +我们在这里看到的公司，以及一个很短的正在进行中的项目的清单，这些项目利用智能合约和区块链数据库系统。诸如此类的平台有助于构建一个安全的“盒子”，其中包含仅由用户自己和上面的代码或智能合约访问的信息。基于触发器对信息进行实时审查、检查，并且算法由系统执行。这样的平台具有最小化的人为监督，这是在安全数字自动化方面朝着正确方向迈出的急需的一步，这在以前从未被考虑过如此规模。 + +下一篇文章将阐述不同类型的区块链。单击以下链接以了解有关此主题的更多信息。 + +* [区块链 2.0：公有链与私有链的比较][7] + + +[^5]: B. Pani, “Blockchain Powered Financial Inclusion,” 2016. +[^9]: M. Gates, “Blockchain. Ultimate guide to understanding blockchain bitcoin cryptocurrencies smart-contracts and the future of money.pdf.” 2017. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/ + +作者：[editor][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/State-Of-Smart-Contracts-720x340.png +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10956-1.html +[3]: https://banqu.co/case-study/ +[4]: https://github.com/MrChrisJ/World-Citizenship +[5]: https://github.com/IDCoin/IDCoin +[6]: https://blog.slock.it/share-charge-smart-contracts-the-technical-angle-58b93ce80f15 +[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/ +[8]: https://counterparty.io/platform/ +[9]: https://www.jpmorgan.com/global/Quorum +[10]: http://escrowmyether.com/ +[11]: https://payfair.io/ +[12]: https://stratumn.com/business-case/insurance-claim-automation-across-europe/ +[13]: https://fizzy.axa/en-gb/ +[14]: https://group.axa.com/en/newsroom/news/axa-goes-blockchain-with-fizzy +[15]: https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/shocard-is-a-digital-identity-card-on-the-blockchain/ +[16]: https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/31/your-next-passport-could-be-on-the-blockchain/ +[17]: https://wiki.namecoin.org/index.php?title=OneName +[18]: https://blog.slock.it/share-charge-launches-its-app-on-boards-over-1-000-charging-stations-on-the-blockchain-ba8275390309 +[19]: https://slock.it/ From 73ad7ac9de722ac0fba5f5e9190b4d8e9e57ce3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt-bot Date: Sat, 15 Jun 2019 17:00:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 0349/1265] =?UTF-8?q?Revert=20"=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91"?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit This reverts commit d22a18c30bfff4517a6b6f894f670c75569fe4a3. --- ...0190411 How do you contribute to open source without code.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190411 How do you contribute to open source without code.md b/sources/tech/20190411 How do you contribute to open source without code.md index 40c2a89842..659fd9064e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190411 How do you contribute to open source without code.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190411 How do you contribute to open source without code.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (warmfrog) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From dd9dc4b389bc44902fb7ed2eaa74cabbb6a31681 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 11:00:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0350/1265] PRF:20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md @robsean --- ...ate A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md | 143 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md b/translated/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md index 94bc351f7f..c16f90cfad 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md @@ -1,72 +1,72 @@ -BootISO – 一个简单的 Bash 脚本来安全地从 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备 +BootISO：从 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备 ====== -为操作系统安装，我们中的大多数人(包括我)非常经常地从 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备。 -为达到这个目的，在 Linux 中有很多自由可用的应用程序。甚至在过去我们写了几个实用程序。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/16/110109qq0b7atyaped3ij2.jpg) -每个人使用不同的应用程序，每个应用程序有它们自己的特色和功能。 +为了安装操作系统，我们中的大多数人（包括我）经常从 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备。为达到这个目的，在 Linux 中有很多自由可用的应用程序。甚至在过去我们写了几篇介绍这种实用程序的文章。 -在这些应用程序中，一些应用程序属于 CLI ，一些应用程序与 GUI 关联。 +每个人使用不同的应用程序，每个应用程序有它们自己的特色和功能。在这些应用程序中，一些应用程序属于 CLI 程序，一些应用程序则是 GUI 的。 -今天，我们将讨论相同类型的称为 BootISO 的实用程序。它是一个简单的 bash 脚本，允许用户来从 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备。 +今天，我们将讨论名为 BootISO 的实用程序类似工具。它是一个简单的 bash 脚本，允许用户来从 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备。 -很多 Linux 管理员使用 dd 命令开创建可启动的 ISO ，它是一个本地的且著名的方法，但是与此同时，它也是一个非常危险的命令。因此，小心，当你执行一些带有 dd 命令的动作。 +很多 Linux 管理员使用 `dd` 命令开创建可启动的 ISO ，它是一个著名的原生方法，但是与此同时，它也是一个非常危险的命令。因此，小心，当你用 `dd` 命令执行一些动作时。 -**建议阅读：** -**(#)** [Etcher – 简单的方法来从一个 ISO 镜像中创建一个可启动的 USB 驱动器 & SD 卡][1] +建议阅读： -**(#)** [在 Linux 上使用 dd 命令来从一个 ISO 镜像中创建一个可启动的 USB 驱动器][2] +- [Etcher：从一个 ISO 镜像中创建一个可启动的 USB 驱动器 & SD 卡的简单方法][1] +- [在 Linux 上使用 dd 命令来从一个 ISO 镜像中创建一个可启动的 USB 驱动器][2] ### BootISO 是什么 -[BootIOS][3] 是一个简单的 bash 脚本，允许用户来安全的从一个 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备，它是用 bash 编写的。 +[BootISO][3] 是一个简单的 bash 脚本，允许用户来安全的从一个 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备，它是用 bash 编写的。 -它不提供任何图形用户界面，但是与此同时，它有大量的选项，允许初学者在 Linux 上来创建一个可启动的 USB 设备，而没有任何问题。因为它是一个智能工具，自动地选择是否一些 USB 设备被连接到系统上。 +它不提供任何图形用户界面而是提供了大量的选项，可以让初学者顺利地在 Linux 上来创建一个可启动的 USB 设备。因为它是一个智能工具，能自动地选择连接到系统上的 USB 设备。 -当系统有多个 USB 设备连接，它将打印列表。当你手动选择另一个硬盘而不是 USB ，在这种情况下，它将安全地退出，而不在硬盘上写任何东西。 +当系统有多个 USB 设备连接，它将打印出列表。当你手动选择了另一个硬盘而不是 USB 时，在这种情况下，它将安全地退出，而不会在硬盘上写入任何东西。 -这个脚本也将检查依赖关系，并提示用户安装，它与所有的软件包管理器一起工作，例如 apt-get，yum，dnf，pacman 和 zypper。 +这个脚本也将检查依赖关系，并提示用户安装，它可以与所有的软件包管理器一起工作，例如 apt-get、yum、dnf、pacman 和 zypper。 -### BootISO 特色 +### BootISO 的功能 - * 它检查选择的 ISO 是否是正确的 mime 类型。如果不是，那么退出。. - * 如果你选择除 USB 设备以外的任何其它的磁盘(本地硬盘)，BootISO 将自动地退出。 - * 当你有多个驱动器时，BootISO 允许用户选择想要的 USB 驱动器。 - * 在擦除和分区 USB 设备前，BootISO 提示用户确认。 - * BootISO 将正确地处理来自一个命令的任何失灵，并退出。 - * BootISO 在退出陷阱时将调用一个清理例行程序。 + * 它检查选择的 ISO 是否是正确的 mime 类型。如果不是，那么退出。 + * 如果你选择除 USB 设备以外的任何其它的磁盘（本地硬盘），BootISO 将自动地退出。 + * 当你有多个驱动器时，BootISO 允许用户选择想要使用的 USB 驱动器。 + * 在擦除和分区 USB 设备前，BootISO 会提示用户确认。 + * BootISO 将正确地处理来自一个命令的任何错误，并退出。 + * BootISO 在遇到问题退出时将调用一个清理例行程序。 - - -### 如果在 Linux 中安装 BootISO +### 如何在 Linux 中安装 BootISO 在 Linux 中安装 BootISO 有几个可用的方法，但是，我建议用户使用下面的方法安装。 + ``` $ curl -L https://git.io/bootiso -O $ chmod +x bootiso $ sudo mv bootiso /usr/local/bin/ - ``` 一旦 BootISO 已经安装，运行下面的命令来列出可用的 USB 设备。 + ``` $ bootiso -l Listing USB drives available in your system: -NAME HOTPLUG SIZE STATE TYPE -sdd 1 32G running disk - +NAME HOTPLUG SIZE STATE TYPE +sdd 1 32G running disk ``` 如果你仅有一个 USB 设备，那么简单地运行下面的命令来从一个 ISO 文件中创建一个可启动的 USB 设备。 + ``` $ bootiso /path/to/iso file +``` +``` $ bootiso /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso Granting root privileges for bootiso. Listing USB drives available in your system: -NAME HOTPLUG SIZE STATE TYPE -sdd 1 32G running disk +NAME HOTPLUG SIZE STATE TYPE +sdd 1 32G running disk Autoselecting `sdd' (only USB device candidate) The selected device `/dev/sdd' is connected through USB. Created ISO mount point at `/tmp/iso.vXo' @@ -75,85 +75,84 @@ Are you sure you want to proceed? (y/n)>y Erasing contents of /dev/sdd... Creating FAT32 partition on `/dev/sdd1'... Created USB device mount point at `/tmp/usb.0j5' -Copying files from ISO to USB device with `rsync' -Synchronizing writes on device `/dev/sdd' +Copying files from ISO to USB device with `rsync' +Synchronizing writes on device `/dev/sdd' `bootiso' took 250 seconds to write ISO to USB device with `rsync' method. ISO succesfully unmounted. USB device succesfully unmounted. USB device succesfully ejected. You can safely remove it ! - ``` -提到你的设备名称，当你有多个 USB 设备时，使用 `--device` 选项。 +当你有多个 USB 设备时，可以使用 `--device` 选项指明你的设备名称。 + ``` $ bootiso -d /dev/sde /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso - ``` 默认情况下，BootISO 使用 `rsync` 命令来执行所有的动作，如果你想使用 `dd` 命令代替它，使用下面的格式。 + ``` $ bootiso --dd -d /dev/sde /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso - ``` -如果你想跳过 `mime-type` 检查，BootISO 实用程序带有下面的选项。 +如果你想跳过 mime 类型检查，BootISO 实用程序带有下面的选项。 + ``` $ bootiso --no-mime-check -d /dev/sde /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso - ``` 为 BootISO 添加下面的选项来跳过在擦除和分区 USB 设备前的用户确认。 + ``` $ bootiso -y -d /dev/sde /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso - ``` -连同 -y 选项一起，启用自动选择 USB 设备。 +连同 `-y` 选项一起，启用自动选择 USB 设备。 + ``` $ bootiso -y -a /opt/iso_images/archlinux-2018.05.01-x86_64.iso - ``` -为知道更多全部可用的 BootISO 选项，运行下面的命令。 +为知道更多的 BootISO 选项，运行下面的命令。 + ``` $ bootiso -h Create a bootable USB from any ISO securely. -Usage: bootiso [...] +Usage: bootiso [...] Options --h, --help, help Display this help message and exit. --v, --version Display version and exit. --d, --device Select block file as USB device. - If is not connected through USB, `bootiso' will fail and exit. - Device block files are usually situated in /dev/sXX or /dev/hXX. - You will be prompted to select a device if you don't use this option. --b, --bootloader Install a bootloader with syslinux (safe mode) for non-hybrid ISOs. Does not work with `--dd' option. --y, --assume-yes `bootiso' won't prompt the user for confirmation before erasing and partitioning USB device. - Use at your own risks. --a, --autoselect Enable autoselecting USB devices in conjunction with -y option. - Autoselect will automatically select a USB drive device if there is exactly one connected to the system. - Enabled by default when neither -d nor --no-usb-check options are given. --J, --no-eject Do not eject device after unmounting. --l, --list-usb-drives List available USB drives. --M, --no-mime-check `bootiso' won't assert that selected ISO file has the right mime-type. --s, --strict-mime-check Disallow loose application/octet-stream mime type in ISO file. --- POSIX end of options. ---dd Use `dd' utility instead of mounting + `rsync'. - Does not allow bootloader installation with syslinux. ---no-usb-check `bootiso' won't assert that selected device is a USB (connected through USB bus). - Use at your own risks. +-h, --help, help Display this help message and exit. +-v, --version Display version and exit. +-d, --device Select block file as USB device. + If is not connected through USB, `bootiso' will fail and exit. + Device block files are usually situated in /dev/sXX or /dev/hXX. + You will be prompted to select a device if you don't use this option. +-b, --bootloader Install a bootloader with syslinux (safe mode) for non-hybrid ISOs. Does not work with `--dd' option. +-y, --assume-yes `bootiso' won't prompt the user for confirmation before erasing and partitioning USB device. + Use at your own risks. +-a, --autoselect Enable autoselecting USB devices in conjunction with -y option. + Autoselect will automatically select a USB drive device if there is exactly one connected to the system. + Enabled by default when neither -d nor --no-usb-check options are given. +-J, --no-eject Do not eject device after unmounting. +-l, --list-usb-drives List available USB drives. +-M, --no-mime-check `bootiso' won't assert that selected ISO file has the right mime-type. +-s, --strict-mime-check Disallow loose application/octet-stream mime type in ISO file. +-- POSIX end of options. +--dd Use `dd' utility instead of mounting + `rsync'. + Does not allow bootloader installation with syslinux. +--no-usb-check `bootiso' won't assert that selected device is a USB (connected through USB bus). + Use at your own risks. Readme - Bootiso v2.5.2. - Author: Jules Samuel Randolph - Bugs and new features: https://github.com/jsamr/bootiso/issues - If you like bootiso, please help the community by making it visible: - * star the project at https://github.com/jsamr/bootiso - * upvote those SE post: https://goo.gl/BNRmvm https://goo.gl/YDBvFe - + Bootiso v2.5.2. + Author: Jules Samuel Randolph + Bugs and new features: https://github.com/jsamr/bootiso/issues + If you like bootiso, please help the community by making it visible: + * star the project at https://github.com/jsamr/bootiso + * upvote those SE post: https://goo.gl/BNRmvm https://goo.gl/YDBvFe ``` -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -163,7 +162,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/bootiso-a-simple-bash-script-to-securely-create-a- 作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a7a1da6495cc93ea2e5ac7fbe727493e2de0679f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 11:01:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0351/1265] PUB:20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md @robsean https://linux.cn/article-10980-1.html --- ...ript To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md b/published/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md rename to published/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md From f3f608ef030ef5a63a8defc2c75e8859ab2de09f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hopefully2333 <787016457@qq.com> Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 11:09:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0352/1265] translating by hopefully2333 translating by hopefully2333 --- ...190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md b/sources/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md index f8db1bfab5..cc90793305 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md +++ b/sources/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (hopefully2333) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 406b3929331a2b7663194b21a76acce6beb9ee7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 11:56:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0353/1265] PRF:20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @chen-ni 翻译的很好~ --- ...laces Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md | 97 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md b/translated/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md index 2a2e102967..527e68d0aa 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers) @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ 可以买到 Linux 电脑的 10 个地方 ====== -_**你在找 Linux 笔记本吗? 这里列出一些出售 Linux 电脑或者是专注于 Linux 系统的电商。**_ +> 你在找 Linux 笔记本吗? 这里列出一些出售 Linux 电脑或者是专注于 Linux 系统的电商。 如今市面上几乎所有的电脑（苹果除外）都预装了 Windows 系统。Linux 使用者的惯常做法就是买一台这样的电脑，然后要么删除 Windows 系统并安装 Linux，要么[安装 Linux 和 Windows 的双系统][1]。 @@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ _**你在找 Linux 笔记本吗? 这里列出一些出售 Linux 电脑或者是 在揭晓这个提供预装 Linux 电脑的商家的清单之前，需要先声明一下。 -请根据你的独立决策购买。我在这里只是简单地列出一些售卖 Linux 电脑的商家，并不保证他们的产品质量，售后服务等等这些事情。 +请根据你的独立决策购买。我在这里只是简单地列出一些售卖 Linux 电脑的商家，并不保证他们的产品质量、售后服务等等这些事情。 这也并不是一个排行榜。清单并不是按照某个特定次序排列的，每一项前面的数字只是为了方便计数，而并不代表名次。 让我们看看你可以在哪儿买到预装 Linux 的台式机或者笔记本吧。 -#### 1\. 戴尔 +#### 1、戴尔 ![戴尔 XPS Ubuntu | 图片所有权: Lifehacker][3] @@ -50,15 +50,15 @@ _**你在找 Linux 笔记本吗? 这里列出一些出售 Linux 电脑或者是 所以，去戴尔的官网上搜索关键字 “Ubuntu” 来获取预装 Ubuntu 的产品的信息吧。 -**支持范围** : 世界上大部分地区。 +**支持范围**：世界上大部分地区。 -[戴尔][5] +- [戴尔][5] -#### 2\. System76 +#### 2、System76 [System76][6] 是 Linux 计算机世界里的一个响亮的名字。这家总部设在美国的企业专注于运行 Linux 的高端技术设备。他们的目标用户群体是软件开发者。 -最初，System76 在自己的机器上提供的是 Ubuntu 系统。2017 年，他们发布了属于自己的 Linux 发行版，基于 Ubuntu 的 [Pop!_OS][7]。从此以后，Pop!_OS 就是他们机器上的默认操作系统了，但是仍然保留了 Ubuntu 这个选择。 +最初，System76 在自己的机器上提供的是 Ubuntu 系统。2017 年，他们发布了属于自己的 Linux 发行版，基于 Ubuntu 的 [Pop!\_OS][7]。从此以后，Pop!\_OS 就是他们机器上的默认操作系统了，但是仍然保留了 Ubuntu 这个选择。 除了性能之外，System76 还格外重视设计。他们的 [Thelio 系列台式机][8] 采用纯手工木制设计。 @@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ _**你在找 Linux 笔记本吗? 这里列出一些出售 Linux 电脑或者是 值得一提的是，System76 在美国制造他们的电脑，而没有使用中国大陆或者台湾这种常规的选择。也许是出于这个原因，他们产品的售价较为高昂。 -**支持范围** : 美国以及其它 60 个国家。在美国境外可能会有额外的关税。更多信息见[这里][13]. +**支持范围**：美国以及其它 60 个国家。在美国境外可能会有额外的关税。更多信息见[这里][13]. -[System76][6] +- [System76][6] -#### 3\. Purism +#### 3、Purism Purism 是一个总部设在美国的企业，以提供确保数据安全和隐私的产品和服务为荣。这就是为什么 Purism 称自己为 “效力社会的公司”。 @@ -84,65 +84,65 @@ Purism 是从一个众筹项目开始的，该项目旨在创造一个几乎没 后来 Purism 发布了一个 13 英寸的版本 [Librem 13][18]。Purism 还开发了一个自己的 Linux 发行版 [Pure OS][19]，该发行版非常注重隐私和安全问题。 -[Pure OS 在台式设备和移动设备上都可以运行][20]，并且是 Librem 笔记本和[Librem 5 Linux 手机] 的默认操纵系统。 +[Pure OS 在台式设备和移动设备上都可以运行][20]，并且是 Librem 笔记本和[Librem 5 Linux 手机][21] 的默认操纵系统。 -Purism 的零部件来自中国大陆、台湾、日本以及美国，并在美国完成组装。他们的所有设备都有可以用来关闭麦克风、摄像头、无线连接或者是蓝牙的硬件开关。 +Purism 的零部件来自中国大陆、台湾、日本以及美国，并在美国完成组装。他们的所有设备都有可以直接关闭的硬件开关，用来关闭麦克风、摄像头、无线连接或者是蓝牙。 -**支持范围** : 全世界范围国际免邮。可能需要支付额外的关税。 +**支持范围**：全世界范围国际免邮。可能需要支付额外的关税。 -[Purism][22] +- [Purism][22] -#### 4\. Slimbook +#### 4、Slimbook -Slimbook 是一个总部设在西班牙的 Linux 电脑销售商. Slimbook 在发行了 [第一款 KDE 品牌笔记本][23]之后成为了人们关注的焦点。 +Slimbook 是一个总部设在西班牙的 Linux 电脑销售商。Slimbook 在发行了 [第一款 KDE 品牌笔记本][23]之后成为了人们关注的焦点。 -他们的产品不仅限于KDE Neon。他们还提供 Ubuntu，Kubuntu，Ubuntu MATE，Linux Mint 以及包括 [Lliurex][24] 和 [Max][25]在内的西班牙发行版。您也可以选择 Windows（需要额外付费）或者不预装任何操作系统。 +他们的产品不仅限于 KDE Neon。他们还提供 Ubuntu、Kubuntu、Ubuntu MATE、Linux Mint 以及包括 [Lliurex][24] 和 [Max][25] 这样的西班牙发行版。你也可以选择 Windows（需要额外付费）或者不预装任何操作系统。 -Slimbook 有众多 Linux 笔记本，台式机和迷你电脑可供选择。他们另外一个非常不错的产品是一个类似于 iMac 的 24 英寸 [拥有内置 CPU 的曲面显示屏][26]。 +Slimbook 有众多 Linux 笔记本、台式机和迷你电脑可供选择。他们另外一个非常不错的产品是一个类似于 iMac 的 24 英寸 [拥有内置 CPU 的曲面显示屏][26]。 ![Slimbook Kymera Aqua 水冷 Linux 电脑][27] 想要一台水冷 Linux 电脑吗？Slimbook 的 [Kymera Aqua][28] 是合适之选。 -**支持范围** : 全世界范围，不过在邮费和关税上都可能产生额外费用。 +**支持范围**：全世界范围，不过在邮费和关税上都可能产生额外费用。 -[Slimbook][29] +- [Slimbook][29] -#### 5\. TUXEDO +#### 5、TUXEDO 作为这个 Linux 电脑销售商清单里的另一个欧洲成员，[TUXEDO][30] 总部设在德国，主要服务德国用户，其次是欧洲用户。 -TUXEDO 只使用 Linux 系统，产品都是“德国制造”，并且提供 5 年保修和终身售后支持。 +TUXEDO 只使用 Linux 系统，产品都是“德国制造”，并且提供 5 年保修和终生售后支持。 TUXEDO 在 Linux 系统的硬件适配上下了很大功夫。并且如果你遇到了麻烦或者是想从头开始，可以通过系统恢复选项，自动恢复出厂设置。 ![Tuxedo 电脑支持众多发行版][31] -TUXEDO 有许多 Linux 笔记本、台式机和迷你电脑产品可供选择。他们还同时拥有 Intel 和 AMD 的处理器。 除了电脑，TUXEDO 还提供一系列 Linux 支持的附件，比如扩展坞、DVD和蓝光刻录机、移动电源以及其它外围设备。 +TUXEDO 有许多 Linux 笔记本、台式机和迷你电脑产品可供选择。他们还同时支持 Intel 和 AMD 的处理器。除了电脑，TUXEDO 还提供一系列 Linux 支持的附件，比如扩展坞、DVD 和蓝光刻录机、移动电源以及其它外围设备。 -**支持范围** : 150 欧元以上的订单在德国和欧洲范围内免邮。欧洲外国家会有额外的运费和关税。更多信息见 [这里][32]. +**支持范围**：150 欧元以上的订单在德国和欧洲范围内免邮。欧洲外国家会有额外的运费和关税。更多信息见 [这里][32]. -[TUXEDO][33] +- [TUXEDO][33] -#### 6\. Vikings +#### 6、Vikings [Vikings][34] 的总部设在德国（而不是斯堪的纳维亚半岛，哈哈）。Vikings 拥有[自由软件基金会][35]的认证，专注于自由友好的硬件。 ![Vikings 的产品经过了自由软件基金会认证][36] -Vikings 的 Linux 笔记本和台式机使用的是 [coreboot][37] 或者 [Libreboot][38]，而不是像 BIOS 和 UEFI 这样的专有启动系统。你还可以购买 [服务器硬件][39]，这款产品不运行任何专有软件。 +Vikings 的 Linux 笔记本和台式机使用的是 [coreboot][37] 或者 [Libreboot][38]，而不是像 BIOS 和 UEFI 这样的专有启动系统。你还可以购买不运行任何专有软件的 [硬件服务器][39]。 Vikings 还有包括路由器、扩展坞等在内的其它配件。他们的产品都是在德国组装完成的。 -**支持范围** : 全世界（除了朝鲜）。非欧洲国家可能会有额外关税费用。更多信息见[这里][40]. +**支持范围**：全世界（除了朝鲜）。非欧洲国家可能会有额外关税费用。更多信息见[这里][40]。 -[Vikings][41] +- [Vikings][41] -#### 7\. Ubuntushop.be +#### 7、Ubuntushop.be -不！尽管名字里有Ubuntu，但这不是官方的 Ubuntu 商店。Ubuntushop 总部位于比利时，最初是销售安装了 Ubuntu 的电脑。 +不不！尽管名字里有 Ubuntu，但这不是官方的 Ubuntu 商店。Ubuntushop 总部位于比利时，最初是销售安装了 Ubuntu 的电脑。 -如今，你可以买到预装了包括 Mint、Manjaro、 elementrayOS 在内的 Linux 发行版的笔记本电脑。你还可以要求所购买的设备上安装你所选择的发行版。 +如今，你可以买到预装了包括 Mint、Manjaro、elementrayOS 在内的 Linux 发行版的笔记本电脑。你还可以要求所购买的设备上安装你所选择的发行版。 ![][42] @@ -152,15 +152,15 @@ Ubuntushop 的一个独特之处在于，它的所有电脑都带有默认的 Ta 和此列表中的许多其他重要玩家不同，我觉得 Ubuntushop 所提供的更像是一种“家庭工艺”。商家手动组装一个电脑，安装 Linux 然后卖给你。不过他们也在一些可选项上下了功夫，比如说轻松的重装系统，拥有自己的云服务器等等。 -你可以找一台旧电脑快递给他们，同时在他们的网站上买一台新的 Linux 电脑，他们就会在你的旧电脑上安装 [轻量级 Linux][45] 系统然后快递回来，这样你这台旧电脑就可以重新投入使用了。 +你可以找一台旧电脑快递给他们，就可以变成一台新安装 Linux 的电脑，他们就会在你的旧电脑上安装 [轻量级 Linux][45] 系统然后快递回来，这样你这台旧电脑就可以重新投入使用了。 -**支持范围** : 比利时以及欧洲的其它地区。 +**支持范围**：比利时以及欧洲的其它地区。 -[Ubuntushop.be][46] +- [Ubuntushop.be][46] -#### 8\. Minifree +#### 8、Minifree -[Minifree][47]，自由部门的缩写，是一家注册在英格兰的公司。 +[Minifree][47]，是自由部门Ministry of Freedom的缩写，他们是一家注册在英格兰的公司。 你可以猜到 Minifree 非常注重自由。他们提供安全以及注重隐私的电脑，预装 [Libreboot][38] 而不是 BIOS 或者 UEFI。 @@ -170,15 +170,15 @@ Minifree 的设备经过了 [自由软件基金会][48] 的认证，所以你可 和这个清单中许多其它 Linux 笔记本销售商不同，Minifree 的电脑并不是特别贵。花 200 欧元就可以买到一台预装了 Libreboot 和 [Trisquel GNU/Linux][50] 的 Linux 电脑。 -除了笔记本以外，Minifree 还有一系列的配件，比如 Libre 路由器、平板电、扩展坞、电池、键盘、鼠标等等。 +除了笔记本以外，Minifree 还有一系列的配件，比如 Libre 路由器、平板电脑、扩展坞、电池、键盘、鼠标等等。 如果你和 [Richard Stallman][51] 一样，希望只运行 100% 自由的软件的话，Minifree 就再适合不过了。 -**支持范围** : 全世界。运费信息见 [这里][52]。 +**支持范围**：全世界。运费信息见 [这里][52]。 -[Minifree][47] +- [Minifree][47] -#### 9\. Entroware +#### 9、Entroware [Entroware][53] 是另一个总部设在英国的销售商，专注基于 Linux 系统的笔记本、台式机和服务器。 @@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ Minifree 的设备经过了 [自由软件基金会][48] 的认证，所以你可 支持范围: 英国、爱尔兰、法国、德国、意大利、西班牙。 -[Entroware][58] +- [Entroware][58] -#### 10\. Juno +#### 10、Juno 这是我们清单上的一个新的 Linux 笔记本销售商。Juno 的总部同样设在英国，提供预装 Linux 的电脑。可选择的 Linux 发行版包括 elementary OS、Ubuntu 和 Solus OS。 @@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ Juno 的主要特色是 Juve，一款售价 299 美元的 Chromebook 的低成 支持范围：英国、美国、加拿大、墨西哥、南美和欧洲的大部分地区、新西兰、亚洲和非洲的某些地区。更多信息见 [这里][62]。 -[Juno Computers][63] +- [Juno Computers][63] #### 荣誉奖 @@ -216,10 +216,9 @@ Juno 的主要特色是 Juve，一款售价 299 美元的 Chromebook 的低成 * [Linux Certified][67] * [Think Penguin][68] - 包括宏碁和联想在内的其它主流电脑生产商可能也有基于 Linux 系统的产品，所以你不妨也查看一下他们的产品目录吧。 -你有没有买过一台 Linux 电脑？在哪儿买的？使用体验怎么样？Linux 笔记本值不值得买？分享一下你的想法吧。 +你有没有买过 Linux 电脑？在哪儿买的？使用体验怎么样？Linux 笔记本值不值得买？分享一下你的想法吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -227,8 +226,8 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/get-linux-laptops/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/chen-ni) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 78da13b5b076220cf7605c81fcbf4501731b97d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 11:57:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0354/1265] PUB:20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-10982-1.html --- .../20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md b/published/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md rename to published/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md index 527e68d0aa..8897eaa7a4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md +++ b/published/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10982-1.html) [#]: subject: (10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/get-linux-laptops/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) From d7ec51cd947e46ea4f9dd782b8f69af8fe7b8090 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BC=A0=E6=95=A6=E9=94=8B?= <289716347@qq.com> Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 12:21:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0355/1265] translated --- ...essential values for the DevOps mindset.md | 85 ------------------- ...essential values for the DevOps mindset.md | 83 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md b/sources/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md deleted file mode 100644 index e9dafbd673..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,85 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (arrowfeng) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 essential values for the DevOps mindset) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/values-devops-mindset) -[#]: author: (Brent Aaron Reed https://opensource.com/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/cobiacomm/users/marcobravo/users/brentaaronreed) - -5 essential values for the DevOps mindset -====== -People and process take more time but are more important than any -technology "silver bullet" in solving business problems. -![human head, brain outlined with computer hardware background][1] - -Many IT professionals today struggle with adapting to change and disruption. Are you struggling with just trying to keep the lights on, so to speak? Do you feel overwhelmed? This is not uncommon. Today, the status quo is not enough, so IT constantly tries to re-invent itself. - -With over 30 years of combined IT experience, we have witnessed how important people and relationships are to IT's ability to be effective and help the business thrive. However, most of the time, our conversations about IT solutions start with technology rather than people and process. The propensity to look for a "silver bullet" to address business and IT challenges is far too common. But you can't just buy innovation, DevOps, or effective teams and ways of working; they need to be nurtured, supported, and guided. - -With disruption so prevalent and there being such a critical demand for speed of change, we need both discipline and guardrails. The five essential values for the DevOps mindset, described below, will support the practices that will get us there. These values are not new ideas; they are refactored as we've learned from our experience. Some of the values may be interchangeable, they are flexible, and they guide overall principles that support (like a pillar) these five values. - -![5 essential values for the DevOps mindset][2] - -### 1\. Feedback from stakeholders is essential - -How do we know if we are creating more value for us than for our stakeholders? We need persistent quality data to analyze, inform, and drive better decisions. Relevant information from trusted sources is vital for any business to thrive. We need to listen to and understand what our stakeholders are saying—and not saying—and we need to implement changes in a way that enables us to adjust our thinking—and our processes and technologies—and adapt them as needed to delight our stakeholders. Too often, we see little change, or lots of change for the wrong reasons, because of incorrect information (data). Therefore, aligning change to our stakeholders' feedback is an essential value and helps us focus on what is most important to making our company successful. - -> Focus on our stakeholders and their feedback rather than simply changing for the sake of change. - -### 2\. Improve beyond the limits of today's processes - -We want our products and services to continuously delight our customers—our most important stakeholders—therefore, we need to improve continually. This is not only about quality; it could also mean costs, availability, relevance, and many other goals and factors. Creating repeatable processes or utilizing a common framework is great—they can improve governance and a host of other issues—however, that should not be our end goal. As we look for ways to improve, we must adjust our processes, complemented by the right tech and tools. There may be reasons to throw out a "so-called" framework because not doing so could add waste—or worse, simply "cargo culting" (doing something with of no value or purpose). - -> Strive to always innovate and improve beyond repeatable processes and frameworks. - -### 3\. No new silos to break down silos - -Silos and DevOps are incompatible. We see this all the time: an IT director brings in so-called "experts" to implement agile and DevOps, and what do they do? These "experts" create a new problem on top of the existing problem, which is another silo added to an IT department and a business riddled with silos. Creating "DevOps" titles goes against the very principles of agile and DevOps, which are based on the concept of breaking down silos. In both agile and DevOps, teamwork is essential, and if you don't work in a self-organizing team, you're doing neither of them. - -> Inspire and share collaboratively instead of becoming a hero or creating a silo. - -### 4\. Knowing your customer means cross-organization collaboration - -No part of the business is an independent entity because they all have stakeholders, and the primary stakeholder is always the customer. "The customer is always right" (or the king, as I like to say). The point is, without the customer, there really is no business, and to stay in business today, we need to "differentiate" from our competitors. We also need to know how our customers feel about us and what they want from us. Knowing what the customer wants is imperative and requires timely feedback to ensure the business addresses these primary stakeholders' needs and concerns quickly and responsibly. - -![Minimize time spent with build-measure-learn process][3] - -Whether it comes from an idea, a concept, an assumption, or direct stakeholder feedback, we need to identify and measure the feature or service our product delivers by using the explore, build, test, deliver lifecycle. Fundamentally, this means that we need to be "plugged into" our organization across the organization. There are no borders in continuous innovation, learning, and DevOps. Thus when we measure across the enterprise, we can understand the whole and take actionable, meaningful steps to improve. - -> Measure performance across the organization, not just in a line of business. - -### 5\. Inspire adoption through enthusiasm - -Not everyone is driven to learn, adapt, and change; however, just like smiles can be infectious, so can learning and wanting to be part of a culture of change. Adapting and evolving within a culture of learning provides a natural mechanism for a group of people to learn and pass on information (i.e., cultural transmission). Learning styles, attitudes, methods, and processes continually evolve so we can improve upon them. The next step is to apply what was learned and improved and share the information with colleagues. Learning does not happen automatically; it takes effort, evaluation, discipline, awareness, and especially communication; unfortunately these are things that tools and automation alone will not provide. Review your processes, automation, tool strategies, and implementation work, make it transparent, and collaborate with your colleagues on reuse and improvement. - -> Promote a culture of learning through lean quality deliverables, not just tools and automation. - -### Summary - -![Continuous goals of DevOps mindset][4] - -As our companies adopt DevOps, we continue to champion these five values over any book, website, or automation software. It takes time to adopt this mindset, and this is very different than what we used to do as sysadmins. It's a wholly new way of working that will take many years to mature. Do these principles align with your own? Share them in the comments or on our website, [Agents of chaos][5]. - -* * * - -Can you really do DevOps without sharing scripts or code? DevOps manifesto proponents value cross-... - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/values-devops-mindset - -作者：[Brent Aaron Reed][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/cobiacomm/users/marcobravo/users/brentaaronreed -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/brain_data.png?itok=RH6NA32X (human head, brain outlined with computer hardware background) -[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_mindset_values.png (5 essential values for the DevOps mindset) -[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_mindset_minimze-time.jpg (Minimize time spent with build-measure-learn process) -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_mindset_continuous.png (Continuous goals of DevOps mindset) -[5]: http://agents-of-chaos.org diff --git a/translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md b/translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..70bb11278d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (arrowfeng) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 essential values for the DevOps mindset) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/values-devops-mindset) +[#]: author: (Brent Aaron Reed https://opensource.com/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/cobiacomm/users/marcobravo/users/brentaaronreed) + +关于 DevOps 思维模式所需具备的5个基本价值观 +====== +人和流程比在解决的业务问题的任何技术“银弹”更重要，且需要花更多的时间。 +![human head, brain outlined with computer hardware background][1] + +今天的许多 IT 专业人士都在努力适应变化和扰动。您是否正在努力适应变化，可以这么说？ 你觉得不堪重负吗？这并不罕见。今天，IT 的现状还不够好，所以需要不断尝试重新自我演进。 + +凭借30多年的IT综合经验，我们见证了人们和人际关系的重要性，它有让 IT有效和帮助业务蓬勃发展的能力。但是，在大多数情况下，我们关于IT解决方案的对话始于技术而非人员和流程。寻找“银弹”来解决业务和IT挑战的倾向非常普遍。但你不能只关心创新，DevOps或有效的团队和工作方式;他们需要得到培养，支持和引导。 + +由于扰动如此普遍，并且对变革速度存在如此迫切的需求，我们需要纪律和围栏。下面描述的 DevOps 思维模式的五个基本价值观将支持将我们带到那里的实践。这些价值观不是新观念;我们从经验中学到了它们并重构它们。一些值可以互换，它们是灵活的，并且它们指导支持（如支柱）这五个价值观的整体原则。 + +![5 essential values for the DevOps mindset][2] + +### 1\. 利益相关方的反馈至关重要 + +我们如何知道我们是否为我们创造了比利益相关者更多的价值？ 我们需要持久的质量数据来分析，通知并推动更好的决策。 来自可靠来源的相关信息对于任何业务的蓬勃发展至关重要。 我们需要倾听并理解我们的利益相关者所说的，而不是说我们需要以一种方式实施变革，使我们能够调整我们的思维、我们的流程和技术，并根据需要对其进行调整以使我们的利益相关者满意。由于信息（数据）不正确，我们常常看到很少的变化，或者由于错误的原因而发生的很多变化。因此，将变更与利益相关方的反馈结合起来是一项重要的价值，并有助我们专注于使公司成功最重要的事情。 + + +> 关注我们的利益相关者及其反馈，而不仅仅是为了改变而改变。 + +### 2\. 超越当今流程的极限 + +我们希望我们的产品和服务能够不断让客户满意——我们最重要的利益相关者。因此，我们需要不断改进。这不仅仅是关于质量;它还可能意味着成本，可用性，相关性以及许多其他目标和因素。创建可重复的流程或使用通用框架是非常棒的，它们可以改善治理和许多其他问题。但是，这不应该是我们的最终目标。在寻找改进方法时，我们必须调整我们的流程，并辅以正确的技术和工具。可能有理由抛弃“所谓的”框架，因为不这样做可能会增加浪费,更糟糕的是只是“货物结果”（做一些没有价值或目的的东西）。 + +> 力争始终创新并改进可重复的流程和框架。 + +### 3\. 无需新的筒仓来打破旧的筒仓 + +筒仓和DevOps是不兼容的。我们始终看到这一点：IT 主管带来了所谓的“专家”来实施敏捷和DevOps，他们做了什么？这些“专家”在现有问题的基础上创建了一个新问题，这是另一个加入 IT 部门的筒仓和一个充满筒仓的企业。创建“DevOps”标题违背了敏捷和DevOps的原则，这些原则基于打破筒仓的概念。在敏捷和DevOps中，团队合作是必不可少的，如果你不在自组织团队中工作，那么你就不会做任何事情。 + +> 相互激励和共享，而不是成为英雄或创建一个筒仓。 + +### 4\. 了解您的客户意味着跨组织协作 + +业务的任何部分都不是一个独立的实体，因为它们都有利益相关者，主要利益相关者始终是客户。“客户永远是对的”（正如我想说的那样，或者是国王）。关键是，没有客户，真的没有业务，而且为了保持业务，如今我们需要与竞争对手“区别对待”。我们还需要了解客户对我们的看法以及他们对我们的期望。了解客户的需求势在必行，需要及时反馈，以确保业务能够快速，负责地满足这些主要利益相关者的需求和关注。 + +![Minimize time spent with build-measure-learn process][3] + +无论是想法，概念，假设还是直接的利益相关者反馈，我们都需要通过使用探索，构建，测试和交付生命周期来识别和衡量我们的产品提供的功能或服务。从根本上说，这意味着我们需要在整个组织中“插入”我们的组织。在持续创新，学习和DevOps方面没有任何边界。因此，当我们在整个企业中进行衡量时，我们可以理解整体并采取可行的，有意义的步骤来改进。 + +> 衡量整个组织的绩效，而不仅仅是在业务范围内。 + +### 5\. 热情鼓舞采纳 + +不是每个人都被驱使去学习，适应和改变;然而，就像微笑可能具有传染性一样，学习和意愿成为变革文化的一部分也是如此。在学习文化中适应和演化为一群人提供了学习和传递信息（即文化传播）的自然机制。学习风格，态度，方法和过程不断演化，因此我们可以改进它们。下一步是应用所学和改进的内容并与同事分享信息。学习不会自动发生;它需要努力，评估，纪律，意识，特别是沟通;遗憾的是，这些都是工具和自动化无法提供的。检查您的流程，自动化，工具策略和实施工作，使其透明化，并与您的同事协作重复使用和改进。 + +> 通过精益质量的可交付成果促进学习文化，而不仅仅是工具和自动化。 + +### 总结 + +![Continuous goals of DevOps mindset][4] + +随着我们的公司采用DevOps，我们继续在任何书籍，网站或自动化软件上支持这五个价值观。采用这种思维方式需要时间，这与我们以前作为系统管理员所做的完全不同。这是一种全新的工作方式，需要很多年才能成熟。这些原则是否与您自己的原则一致？在评论或我们的网站上分享。[混乱特工] + +* * * + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/values-devops-mindset + +作者：[Brent Aaron Reed][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/arrowfeng) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/cobiacomm/users/marcobravo/users/brentaaronreed +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/brain_data.png?itok=RH6NA32X (human head, brain outlined with computer hardware background) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_mindset_values.png (5 essential values for the DevOps mindset) +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_mindset_minimze-time.jpg (Minimize time spent with build-measure-learn process) +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_mindset_continuous.png (Continuous goals of DevOps mindset) +[5]: http://agents-of-chaos.org From 8fc09bf59ab33c8bd51645cee179ad65a0fbcffa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MurphyZhao Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 16:30:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0356/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E5=A2=9E=E5=8A=A0=E3=80=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87=2020190610=20Welcoming=20Blockchain=203.0.md?= =?UTF-8?q?=20=E3=80=90=E7=A7=BB=E9=99=A4=E3=80=91=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87=20201?= =?UTF-8?q?90610=20Welcoming=20Blockchain=203.0.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Signed-off-by: MurphyZhao --- .../tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md | 113 ------------------ .../tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md | 105 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 113 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7c8579cd92..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,113 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (murphyzhao) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Welcoming Blockchain 3.0) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/) -[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) - -Welcoming Blockchain 3.0 -====== - -![Welcoming blockchain 3.0][1] - -Image credit : - -The series of posts [**“Blockchain 2.0”**][2] discussed about the evolution of blockchain technology since the advent of cryptocurrencies since the Bitcoin in 2008. This post will seek to explore the future of blockchains. Lovably called **blockchain 3.0** , this new wave of DLT evolution will answer the issues faced with blockchains currently (each of which will be summarized here). The next version of the tech standard will also bring new applications and use cases. At the end of the post we will also look at a few examples of these principles currently applied. - -Few of the shortcomings of blockchain platforms in existence are listed below with some proposed solutions to those answered afterward. - -### Problem 1: Scalability[1] - -This is seen as the first major hurdle to mainstream adoption. As previously discussed, a lot of limiting factors contribute to the blockchain’s in-capacity to process a lot of transactions at the same time. Existing networks such as [**Ethereum**][3] are capable of measly 10-15 transactions per second (TPS) whereas mainstream networks such as those employed by Visa for instance are capable of more than 2000 TPS. **Scalability** is an issue that plagues all modern database systems. Improved consensus algorithms and better blockchain architecture designs are improving it though as we see here. - -**Solving scalability** - -Implementing leaner and more efficient consensus algorithms have been proposed for solving issues of scalability without disturbing the primary structure of the blockchain. While most cryptocurrencies and blockchain platforms use resource intensive PoW algorithms (For instance, Bitcoin & Ethereum) to generate blocks, newer DPoS and PoET algorithms exist to solve this issue. DPoS and PoET algorithms (there are some more in development) require less resources to maintain the blockchain and have shown to have throughputs ranging up to 1000s of TPS rivalling that of popular non-blockchain systems. - -The second solution to scalability is altering the blockchain structure[1] and functionality altogether. We won’t get into finer details of this, but alternative architectures such as **Directed Acyclic Graph** ( **DAG** ) have been proposed to handle this issue. Essentially, the assumption for this to work is that not all network nodes need to have a copy of the entire blockchain for the blockchain to work or the participants to reap the benefits of a DLT system. The system does not require transactions to be validated by the entirety of the participants and simply requires the transactions to happen in a common frame of reference and be linked to each other. - -The DAG[2] approach is implemented in the Bitcoin system using an implementation called the **Lightning network** and Ethereum implements the same using their **Sharding** [3] protocol. At its heart a DAG implementation is not technically a blockchain. It’s more like a tangled maze, but still retains the peer to peer and distributed database properties of the blockchain. We will explore DAG and Tangle networks in a separate post later. - -### Problem 2: Interoperability[4][5] - -**Interoperability** is called cross-chain interaction is basically different blockchains being able to talk to each other to exchange metrics and information. With so many platforms that is hard to keep a count on at the moment and different companies coming up with proprietary systems for all the myriad of applications, interoperability between platforms is key. For instance, at the moment, someone who owns digital identities on one platform will not be able to exploit features presented by other platforms because the individual blockchains do not understand or know each other. Problems pertaining to lack of credible verifications, token exchange etc. still persist. A global roll out of [**smart contracts**][4] is also not viable without platforms being able to communicate with each other. - -**Solving Interoperability** - -There are protocols and platforms designed just for enabling interoperability at the moment. Such platforms implement atomic swaps protocols and provide open stages for different blockchain systems to communicate and exchange information between them. An example would be **“0x (ZRX)”** which is described later on. - -### Problem 3: Governance[6] - -Not a limitation in its own, **governance** in a public blockchain needs to act as a community moral compass where everyone’s opinion is taken into account on the operation of the blockchain. Combined and seen with scale this presents a problem where in either the protocols change far too frequently or the protocols are changed at the whims of a “central” authority who holds the most tokens. This is not an issue that most public blockchains are working to avoid right now since the scale at their operating in and the nature of their operations don’t require stricter supervision. - -**Solving Governance issues** - -The Tangled framework or the DAG mentioned above would almost eliminate the need and use for global (platform wide) governance laws. Instead a program can automatically oversee the transaction and user type and decide on the laws that need to be implemented. - -### Problem 4: Sustainability - -**Sustainability** builds on the scalability issue again. Current blockchains and cryptocurrencies are notorious for being not sustainable in the long run owing to the significant oversight that is still required and the amount of resources required to keep the systems running. If you’ve read reports of how “mining cryptocurrencies” have not been so profitable lately, this is what it was. The amount of resources required to keep up existing platforms running is simply not practical at a global scale with mainstream use. - -**Solving non-sustainability** - -From a resources or economic point of view the answer to sustainability would be similar to the one for scalability. However, for the system to be implemented on a global scale, laws and regulations need to endorse it. This however depends on the governments of the world. Favourable moves from the American and European governments have however renewed hopes in this aspect. - -### Problem 5: User adoption[7] - -Currently a hindrance to widespread consumer adoption of blockchain based applications is consumer unfamiliarity with the platform and the tech underneath it. The fact that most applications require some sort of a tech and computing background to figure out how they work does not help in this aspect either. The third wave of blockchain developments seek to lessen the gap between consumer knowledge and platform usability. - -**Solving the user adoption issue** - -The internet took a lot of time to be the way it is now. A lot of work has been done on developing a standardized internet technology stack over the years that has allowed the web to function the way it is now. Developers are working on user facing front end distributed applications that should act as a layer on top of existing web 3.0 technology while being supported by blockchains and open protocols underneath. Such [**distributed applications**][5] will make the underlying technology more familiar to users, hence increasing mainstream adoption. - -We’ve discussed about the solutions to the above issues theoretically, and now we proceed to show these being applied in the present scenario. - -**[0x][6]** – is a decentralized token exchange where users from different platforms can exchange tokens without the need of a central authority to vet the same. Their breakthrough comes in how they’ve designed the system to record and vet the blocks only after transactions are settled and not in between (to verify context, blocks preceding the transaction order is also verified normally) as is normally done. This allows for a more liquid faster exchange of digitized assets online. - -**[Cardano][7]** – founded by one of the co-founders of Ethereum, Cardano boasts of being a truly “scientific” platform with multiple reviews and strict protocols for the developed code and algorithms. Everything out of Cardano is assumed to be mathematically as optimized as possible. Their consensus algorithm called **Ouroboros** , is a modified Proof of Stake algorithm. Cardano is developed in [**Haskell**][8] and the smart contract engine uses a derivative of Haskell called **Plutus** for operating. Both are functional programming languages which guarantee secure transactions without compromising efficiency. - -**EOS** – We’ve already described EOS here in [**this post**][9]. - -**[COTI][10]** – a rather obscure architecture, COTI entails no mining, and next to zero power consumption in operating. It also stores assets in offline wallets localized on user’s devices rather than a pure peer to peer network. They also follow a DAG based architecture and claim of processing throughputs of up to 10000 TPS. Their platform allows enterprises to build their own cryptocurrency and digitized currency wallets without exploiting a blockchain. - -**References:** - - * [1] **A. P. Paper, K. Croman, C. Decker, I. Eyal, A. E. Gencer, and A. Juels, “On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains | SpringerLink,” 2018.** - * [2] [**Going Beyond Blockchain with Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)**][11] - * [3] [**Ethreum/wiki – On sharding blockchains**][12] - * [4] [**Why is blockchain interoperability important**][13] - * [5] [**The Importance of Blockchain Interoperability**][14] - * [6] **R. Beck, C. Müller-Bloch, and J. L. King, “Governance in the Blockchain Economy: A Framework and Research Agenda,” J. Assoc. Inf. Syst., pp. 1020–1034, 2018.** - * [7] **J. M. Woodside, F. K. A. Jr, W. Giberson, F. K. J. Augustine, and W. Giberson, “Blockchain Technology Adoption Status and Strategies,” J. Int. Technol. Inf. Manag., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 65–93, 2017.** - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/ - -作者：[sk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/blockchain-720x340.jpg -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-what-is-ethereum/ -[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/ -[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-distributed-computing-and-distributed-applications/ -[6]: https://0x.org/ -[7]: https://www.cardano.org/en/home/ -[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-haskell-programming-language/ -[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-eos-io-is-building-infrastructure-for-developing-dapps/ -[10]: https://coti.io/ -[11]: https://cryptoslate.com/beyond-blockchain-directed-acylic-graphs-dag/ -[12]: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Sharding-FAQ#introduction -[13]: https://www.capgemini.com/2019/02/can-the-interoperability-of-blockchains-change-the-world/ -[14]: https://medium.com/wanchain-foundation/the-importance-of-blockchain-interoperability-b6a0bbd06d11 diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cdd7060a10 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ + +欢迎区块链 3.0 +====== + +![欢迎区块链 3.0][1] + +图片来源： + +“Blockchain 2.0” 系列文章讨论了自 2008 年比特币等加密货币问世以来区块链技术的发展。本文将探讨区块链的未来发展。本文将未来的区块链形态亲切地称作 **区块链 3.0**，这一新的 DLT（Distributed Ledger Technology：分布式分类帐技术）技术演进浪潮将回答当前区块链所面临的问题（每一个问题都会在这里总结）。下一版本的技术标准也将带来全新的应用和使用案例。在本文的最后，我们也会看一些当前使用这些原则的案例。 + +以下是现有区块链平台的几个缺点，并针对这些缺点给出了建议的解决方案。 + +### 问题 1：可扩展性[1] + +这个问题是被普遍认为的第一个主要障碍。正如之前所讨论的，很多因素限制了区块链同时处理大量交易的能力。诸如 [**以太坊**][3] 之类的现有网络每秒能够进行 10-15 次交易（TPS），而像 Visa 所使用的主流网络每秒能够进行超过 2000 次交易。**可伸缩性**是困扰所有现代数据库系统的问题。正如我们在这里看到的那样，改进的共识算法和更好的区块链架构设计正在改进它。 + +**解决可扩展性** + +已经提出了更精简、更有效的一致性算法来解决可伸缩性问题，并且不会影响区块链的主要结构。虽然大多数加密货币和区块链平台使用资源密集型的 PoW 算法（例如，比特币和以太坊）来生成区块，但是存在更新的 DPoS 和 PoET 算法来解决这个问题。DPoS 和 PoET 算法（还有一些正在开发中）需要更少的资源来维持区块链，并且已显示具有高达 1000 TPS 的吞吐量，可与流行的非区块链系统相媲美。 + +可伸缩性问题的第二个解决方案是完全改变区块链结构[1]和功能。我们不会详细介绍这一点，但已经提出了诸如**有向无环图**（**DAG**）之类的替代架构来处理这个问题。从本质上讲，这项工作假设并非所有网络节点都需要整个区块链的副本才能使区块链正常工作，或者并非所有的参与者需要从 DLT 系统获得好处。系统不要求整个参与者验证交易，只需要交易发生在共同的参考框架中并相互链接。系统不要求通过所有的参与者验证交易，只需要交易发生在共同的参考框架中并相互链接。 + +在比特币系统中使用 **Lightning network** 来实现 DAG[2]，而以太坊使用他们的 **Sharding** [3] 协议来实现 DAG。本质上，从技术上来看 DAG 实现并不是区块链。它更像是一个错综复杂的迷宫，只是仍然保留了区块链的点对点和分布式数据库属性。稍后我们将在另一篇文章中探讨 DAG 和 Tangle 网络。 + +### 问题 2：互通性[4][5] + +**互通性**被称为跨链访问，是不同区块链之间能够彼此相互通信以交换指标和信息的基础。由于目前很难平衡众多的平台，不同公司为所有无数应用提供专有系统，平台之间的互操作性就至关重要。例如，目前，在一个平台上拥有数字身份的人无法利用其他平台提供的功能，因为各个区块链不理解或了解彼此。这是由于缺乏可靠的验证、令牌交换等有关的问题仍然存在。如果平台之间不能够相互通信，全球推出 [**智能合约**][4] 也是不可行的。 + +**解决互通性** + +有一些协议和平台专为实现互操作性而设计。这些平台实现了原子交换协议，并向不同的区块链系统提供开放，以便在它们之间进行通信和交换信息。**“0x (ZRX)”** 就是其中的一个例子，稍后将对进行描述。 + +### 问题 3：治理[6] + +公共区块链中的治理不是自身的限制，而是需要像社区道德指罗盘一样，在区块链的运作中考虑每个人的意见。结合规模，能预见这样一个问题，即要么协议更改太频繁，要么协议被拥有最多代币的“中央”权威一时冲动下修改。不过这不是大多数公共区块链目前正在努力避免的问题，因为其运营规模和运营性质不需要更严格的监管。 + +**解决治理问题** + +上面提到的复杂的框架或 DAG 几乎可以消除对全球（平台范围）治理法的需要和使用。相反，程序可以自动监督事务和用户类型，并决定需要执行的法律。 + +### 问题 4：可持续发展 + +可持续性再次建立在可扩展性问题的基础上。当前的区块链和加密货币因长期不可持续而臭名昭著，这是由于仍然需要大量的监督和保持系统运行所需的资源。如果你读过 `最近“挖掘加密货币”已经没有这么大利润` 的相关报道，你就知道“挖矿”图利就是它的本来面目。在主流使用的全球范围内，保持现有平台运行所需的资源量是不现实。 + +**解决非可持续性问题** + +从资源或经济角度来看，可持续性的答案与可扩展性的答案类似。但是，要在全球范围内实施这一制度，法律和法规必须予以认可。然而，这取决于世界各国政府。来自美国和欧洲政府的有利举措重新燃起了对这方面的希望。 + +### 问题 5：用户采用[7] + +目前，阻止消费者广泛采用基于区块链的应用程序的一个障碍是消费者对平台及其下的技术不熟悉。事实上，大多数应用程序都需要某种技术和计算背景来弄清楚它们是如何工作的，这在这方面也没有帮助。第三波区块链开发旨在缩小消费者知识与平台可用性之间的差距。 + +**解决用户采用问题** + +互联网花了很长的时间才发展成现在的样子。多年来，人们在开发标准化互联网技术栈方面做了大量的工作，使网络能够像现在这样运作。开发人员正在开发面向用户的前端分布式应用程序，这些应用程序应作为现有 Web 3.0 技术之上的一层，同时受到下面的区块链和开放协议的支持。这样的 [**分布式应用**][5] 将使用户更熟悉底层技术，从而增加主流采用。 + +我们已经从理论上讨论了上述问题的解决方法，现在我们将继续展示这些方法在当前场景中的应用。 + +**[0x][6]** – 是一种去中心化的令牌交换，不同平台的用户可以在不需要中央权威机构审查的情况下交换令牌。他们的突破在于，他们如何设计系统使得仅在交易结算后才记录和审查数据块而不是之间（为了验证上下文，通常也会验证交易之前的数据块）。这使在线数字资产交换更快速。 + +**[Cardano][7]** – 由以太坊的联合创始人之一创建，Cardano 自诩为一个真正的“科学”平台，拥有大量的审查和严格的协议，用于他们开发的代码和算法。假设 Cardano 的所有内容都在数学上尽可能优化。他们的共识算法叫做 **Ouroboros**，是一种改进的权益证明算法（PoS：Proof of Stake）。Cardano 是在 [**haskell**][8] 开发的，智能合约引擎使用 haskell 的衍生工具 **plutus** 进行操作。这两者都是函数式编程语言，可以保证安全交易而不会影响效率。 + +**EOS** – 我们已经在 [**这篇文章**][9] 中描述了 EOS。 + +**[COTI][10]** – 一个鲜为人知的架构，COTI 不需要挖矿，而且在运行过程中趋近于零功耗。它还将资产存储在本地用户设备上的离线钱包中，而不是纯粹的对等网络。它们也遵循基于 DAG 的架构，并声称处理吞吐量高达 10000 TPS。他们的平台允许企业在不利用区块链的情况下建立自己的加密货币和数字化货币钱包。 + +**参考:** + + * [1] **A. P. Paper, K. Croman, C. Decker, I. Eyal, A. E. Gencer, and A. Juels, “On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains | SpringerLink,” 2018.** + * [2] [**Going Beyond Blockchain with Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)**][11] + * [3] [**Ethreum/wiki – On sharding blockchains**][12] + * [4] [**Why is blockchain interoperability important**][13] + * [5] [**The Importance of Blockchain Interoperability**][14] + * [6] **R. Beck, C. Müller-Bloch, and J. L. King, “Governance in the Blockchain Economy: A Framework and Research Agenda,” J. Assoc. Inf. Syst., pp. 1020–1034, 2018.** + * [7] **J. M. Woodside, F. K. A. Jr, W. Giberson, F. K. J. Augustine, and W. Giberson, “Blockchain Technology Adoption Status and Strategies,” J. Int. Technol. Inf. Manag., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 65–93, 2017.** + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[murphyzhao](https://github.com/murphyzhao) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/blockchain-720x340.jpg +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-what-is-ethereum/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-distributed-computing-and-distributed-applications/ +[6]: https://0x.org/ +[7]: https://www.cardano.org/en/home/ +[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-haskell-programming-language/ +[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-eos-io-is-building-infrastructure-for-developing-dapps/ +[10]: https://coti.io/ +[11]: https://cryptoslate.com/beyond-blockchain-directed-acylic-graphs-dag/ +[12]: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Sharding-FAQ#introduction +[13]: https://www.capgemini.com/2019/02/can-the-interoperability-of-blockchains-change-the-world/ +[14]: https://medium.com/wanchain-foundation/the-importance-of-blockchain-interoperability-b6a0bbd06d11 From ce79af0e6e071f36244749bf056f800151884ba5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MurphyZhao Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 16:52:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0357/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0=E3=80=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E3=80=82?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit `Lovably called **blockchain 3.0** , this new wave of DLT evolution will answer the issues faced with blockchains currently (each of which will be summarized here).` 的翻译不是特别拿得准，请注意审查，谢谢。 Signed-off-by: MurphyZhao --- translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md index cdd7060a10..9130f0c073 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ 图片来源： -“Blockchain 2.0” 系列文章讨论了自 2008 年比特币等加密货币问世以来区块链技术的发展。本文将探讨区块链的未来发展。本文将未来的区块链形态亲切地称作 **区块链 3.0**，这一新的 DLT（Distributed Ledger Technology：分布式分类帐技术）技术演进浪潮将回答当前区块链所面临的问题（每一个问题都会在这里总结）。下一版本的技术标准也将带来全新的应用和使用案例。在本文的最后，我们也会看一些当前使用这些原则的案例。 +“Blockchain 2.0” 系列文章讨论了自 2008 年比特币等加密货币问世以来区块链技术的发展。本文将探讨区块链的未来发展。**区块链 3.0** 这一新的 DLT（Distributed Ledger Technology：分布式分类帐技术）技术演进浪潮将回答当前区块链所面临的问题（每一个问题都会在这里总结）。下一版本的技术标准也将带来全新的应用和使用案例。在本文的最后，我们也会看一些当前使用这些原则的案例。 以下是现有区块链平台的几个缺点，并针对这些缺点给出了建议的解决方案。 From e01845f137c5580aa78d777ade0acbbd9f70c4d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 23:24:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0358/1265] PRF:20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md @geekpi --- ...nexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md | 42 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md index 3c4f3418c0..9cf35e2e46 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/expand-and-unexpand-commands-tutorial-with-examples/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) -expand 与 unexpand 命令教程与示例 +expand 与 unexpand 命令实例教程 ====== ![Expand And Unexpand Commands Explained][1] -本指南通过实际的例子解释两个 Linux 命令，即 **expand** 和 **unexpand**。对于好奇的人，expand 和 unexpand 命令用于将文件中的 TAB 字符替换为空格，反之亦然。在 MS-DOS 中也有一个名为 “expand” 的命令，它用于解压压缩文件。但 Linux expand 命令只是将 tab 转换为空格。这两个命令是 **GNU coreutils** 的一部分，由 **David MacKenzie** 编写。 +本指南通过实际的例子解释两个 Linux 命令，即 `expand` 和 `unexpand`。对于好奇的人，`expand` 和 `unexpand` 命令用于将文件中的 `TAB` 字符替换为空格，反之亦然。在 MS-DOS 中也有一个名为 `expand` 的命令，它用于解压压缩文件。但 Linux 的 `expand` 命令只是将 `TAB` 转换为空格。这两个命令是 GNU coreutils 包的一部分，由 David MacKenzie 编写。 -为了演示，我将在本文使用名为 “ostechnix.txt” 的文本文件。下面给出的所有命令都在 Arch Linux 中进行测试。 +为了演示，我将在本文使用名为 `ostechnix.txt` 的文本文件。下面给出的所有命令都在 Arch Linux 中进行测试。 ### expand 命令示例 -与我之前提到的一样，expand 命令使用空格替换文件中的 TAB 字符。 +与我之前提到的一样，`expand` 命令使用空格替换文件中的 `TAB` 字符。 -现在，让我们将ostechnix.txt 中的 tab 转换为空格，并将结果写入标准输出： +现在，让我们将 `ostechnix.txt` 中的 `TAB` 转换为空格，并将结果写入标准输出： ``` $ expand ostechnix.txt @@ -32,28 +32,27 @@ $ expand ostechnix.txt $ expand ostechnix.txt>output.txt ``` -我们还可以将标准输入中的 tab 转换为空格。为此，只需运行 “expand” 命令而不带文件名： +我们还可以将标准输入中的 `TAB` 转换为空格。为此，只需运行 `expand` 命令而不带文件名： ``` $ expand ``` -只需输入文本并按回车键就能将 tab 转换为空格。按 **CTRL+C** 退出。 +只需输入文本并按回车键就能将 `TAB` 转换为空格。按 `CTRL+C` 退出。 - -如果你不想在非空白符后转换 tab，请使用 **-i** 标记，如下所示。 +如果你不想转换非空白字符后的 `TAB`，请使用 `-i` 标记，如下所示。 ``` $ expand -i ostechnix.txt ``` -我们还可以设置每个 tab 为指定数字的宽度，而不是 8（默认值）。 +我们还可以设置每个 `TAB` 为指定数字的宽度，而不是 `8`（默认值）。 ``` $ expand -t=5 ostechnix.txt ``` -我们甚至可以使用逗号分隔指定多个 tab 位置，如下所示 +我们甚至可以使用逗号分隔指定多个 `TAB` 位置，如下所示。 ``` $ expand -t 5,10,15 ostechnix.txt @@ -73,9 +72,9 @@ $ man expand ### unexpand 命令示例 -正如你可能已经猜到的那样，**unexpand** 命令将执行与 expand 命令相反的操作。即它会将空格转换为 TAB。让我向你展示一些例子，以了解如何使用 unexpand 命令。 +正如你可能已经猜到的那样，`unexpand` 命令将执行与 `expand` 命令相反的操作。即它会将空格转换为 `TAB`。让我向你展示一些例子，以了解如何使用 `unexpand` 命令。 -要将文件中的空白（当然是空格）转换为 tab 并将输出写入标准输出，请执行以下操作： +要将文件中的空白（当然是空格）转换为 `TAB` 并将输出写入标准输出，请执行以下操作： ``` $ unexpand ostechnix.txt @@ -93,25 +92,25 @@ $ unexpand ostechnix.txt>output.txt $ unexpand ``` -默认情况下，unexpand 命令仅转换初始的空格。如果你想转换所有空格而不是只是初始空格，请使用 **-a** 标志： +默认情况下，`unexpand` 命令仅转换初始的空格。如果你想转换所有空格而不是只是一行开头的空格，请使用 `-a` 标志： ``` $ unexpand -a ostechnix.txt ``` -仅转换开头的空白（请注意它会覆盖 **-a**）： +仅转换一行开头的空格（请注意它会覆盖 `-a`）： ``` $ unexpand --first-only ostechnix.txt ``` -使多少个空格替换成一个 tab，而不是 **8**（启用 **-a** ）： +使多少个空格替换成一个 `TAB`，而不是 `8`（会启用 `-a`）： ``` $ unexpand -t 5 ostechnix.txt ``` -相似地，我们可以使用逗号分隔指定多个tab的位置。 +相似地，我们可以使用逗号分隔指定多个 `TAB` 的位置。 ``` $ unexpand -t 5,10,15 ostechnix.txt @@ -129,8 +128,7 @@ $ unexpand -t "5 10 15" ostechnix.txt $ man unexpand ``` - -在处理大量文件时，expand 和 unexpand 命令对于用空格替换不需要的 TAB 时非常有用，反之亦然。 +在处理大量文件时，`expand` 和 `unexpand` 命令对于用空格替换不需要的 `TAB` 时非常有用，反之亦然。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -139,10 +137,10 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/expand-and-unexpand-commands-tutorial-with-exampl 作者：[sk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Expand-And-Unexpand-Commands-720x340.png \ No newline at end of file +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Expand-And-Unexpand-Commands-720x340.png From 95ec464746140e4ebb344374858cc5c54bc3fc73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 23:25:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0359/1265] PUB:20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10983-1.html --- ...610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md b/published/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md rename to published/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md index 9cf35e2e46..38d9c91ba4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md +++ b/published/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10983-1.html) [#]: subject: (Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/expand-and-unexpand-commands-tutorial-with-examples/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) From 3c5e3bdc17a07eae48381039fc6a73c590a0b346 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 23:31:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0360/1265] PRF:20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md --- .../20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md | 4 ---- 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/published/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md b/published/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md index 8897eaa7a4..92a334f37d 100644 --- a/published/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md +++ b/published/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md @@ -76,8 +76,6 @@ Purism 是一个总部设在美国的企业，以提供确保数据安全和隐私的产品和服务为荣。这就是为什么 Purism 称自己为 “效力社会的公司”。 -[][14] - Purism 是从一个众筹项目开始的，该项目旨在创造一个几乎没有任何专有软件的高端开源笔记本。2015年，从这个 [成功的 25 万美元的众筹项目][15] 中诞生了 [Librem 15][16] 笔记本。 ![Purism Librem 13][17] @@ -148,8 +146,6 @@ Vikings 还有包括路由器、扩展坞等在内的其它配件。他们的产 Ubuntushop 的一个独特之处在于，它的所有电脑都带有默认的 Tails OS live 选项。即使你安装了某个其它的 Linux 发行版作为日常使用的系统，也随时可以选择启动到 Tails OS（不需要使用 live USB）。[Tails OS][43] 是一个基于 Debian 的发行版，它在用户注销后会删除所有使用痕迹，并且在默认情况下使用 Tor 网络。 -[][44] - 和此列表中的许多其他重要玩家不同，我觉得 Ubuntushop 所提供的更像是一种“家庭工艺”。商家手动组装一个电脑，安装 Linux 然后卖给你。不过他们也在一些可选项上下了功夫，比如说轻松的重装系统，拥有自己的云服务器等等。 你可以找一台旧电脑快递给他们，就可以变成一台新安装 Linux 的电脑，他们就会在你的旧电脑上安装 [轻量级 Linux][45] 系统然后快递回来，这样你这台旧电脑就可以重新投入使用了。 From 021f9df90b3b87c66760d919673927658fe9601f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 23:52:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0361/1265] APL:Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers --- .../20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md b/sources/tech/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md index 2eb3c66c6b..1eee546eae 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 0ae2e22e38a0a58f009b1159e5e125bb14d40323 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 00:37:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0362/1265] TSL:20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md --- ...ng LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md | 68 ------------------- ...ng LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md | 64 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md b/sources/tech/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1eee546eae..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,68 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3386876/running-leds-in-reverse-could-cool-computers.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) - -Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers -====== - -### The miniaturization of electronics is reaching its limits in part because of heat management. Many are now aggressively trying to solve the problem. A kind of reverse-running LED is one avenue being explored. - -![monsitj / Getty Images][1] - -The quest to find more efficient methods for cooling computers is almost as high on scientists’ agendas as the desire to discover better battery chemistries. - -More cooling is crucial for reducing costs. It would also allow for more powerful processing to take place in smaller spaces, where limited processing should be crunching numbers instead of making wasteful heat. It would stop heat-caused breakdowns, thereby creating longevity in components, and it would promote eco-friendly data centers — less heat means less impact on the environment. - -Removing heat from microprocessors is one angle scientists have been exploring, and they think they have come up with a simple, but unusual and counter-intuitive solution. They say that running a variant of a Light Emitting Diode (LED) with its electrodes reversed forces the component to act as if it were at an unusually low temperature. Placing it next to warmer electronics, then, with a nanoscale gap introduced, causes the LED to suck out the heat. - -**[ Read also:[IDC’s top 10 data center predictions][2] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][3] ]** - -“Once the LED is reverse biased, it began acting as a very low temperature object, absorbing photons,” says Edgar Meyhofer, professor of mechanical engineering at University of Michigan, in a [press release][4] announcing the breakthrough. “At the same time, the gap prevents heat from traveling back, resulting in a cooling effect.” - -The researchers say the LED and the adjacent electrical device (in this case a calorimeter, usually used for measuring heat energy) have to be extremely close. They say they’ve been able to demonstrate cooling of six watts per meter-squared. That’s about the power of sunshine on the earth’s surface, they explain. - -Internet of things (IoT) devices and smartphones could be among those electronics that would ultimately benefit from the LED modification. Both kinds of devices require increasing computing power to be squashed into smaller spaces. - -“Removing the heat from the microprocessor is beginning to limit how much power can be squeezed into a given space,” the University of Michigan announcement says. - -### Materials Science and cooling computers - -[I’ve written before about new forms of computer cooling][5]. Exotic materials, derived from Materials Science, are among ideas being explored. Sodium bismuthide (Na3Bi) could be used in transistor design, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory says. The new substance carries a charge and is importantly tunable; however, it doesn’t need to be chilled as superconductors currently do. - -In fact, that’s a problem with superconductors. They unfortunately need more cooling than most electronics — electrical resistance with the technology is expelled through extreme cooling. - -Separately, [researchers in Germany at the University of Konstanz][6] say they soon will have superconductor-driven computers without waste heat. They plan to use electron spin — a new physical dimension in electrons that could create efficiency gains. The method “significantly reduces the energy consumption of computing centers,” the university said in a press release last year. - -Another way to reduce heat could be [to replace traditional heatsinks with spirals and mazes][7] embedded on microprocessors. Miniscule channels printed on the chip itself could provide paths for coolant to travel, again separately, scientists from Binghamton University say. - -“The miniaturization of the semiconductor technology is approaching its physical limits,” the University of Konstanz says. Heat management is very much on scientists’ agenda now. It’s “one of the big challenges in miniaturization." - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][8] and [LinkedIn][9] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3386876/running-leds-in-reverse-could-cool-computers.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/big_data_center_server_racks_storage_binary_analytics_by_monsitj_gettyimages-944444446_3x2-100787357-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3242807/data-center/top-10-data-center-predictions-idc.html#nww-fsb -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html#nww-fsb -[4]: https://news.umich.edu/running-an-led-in-reverse-could-cool-future-computers/ -[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3326831/computers-could-soon-run-cold-no-heat-generated.html -[6]: https://www.uni-konstanz.de/en/university/news-and-media/current-announcements/news/news-in-detail/Supercomputer-ohne-Abwaerme/ -[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322956/chip-cooling-breakthrough-will-reduce-data-center-power-costs.html -[8]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[9]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md b/translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5cfa95b4fd --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3386876/running-leds-in-reverse-could-cool-computers.html#tk.rss_all) +[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) + +反向运行 LED 能够冷却计算机 +====== + +> 电子产品的小型化正在触及其极限，部分原因在于热量管理。许多人现在都在积极地尝试解决这个问题。其中一种正在探索的途径是反向运行的 LED。 + +![monsitj / Getty Images][1] + +寻找更有效的冷却计算机的方法，几乎与渴望发现更好的电池化学成分一样，在科学家的研究日程中也处于重要位置。 + +更多的冷却手段对于降低成本至关重要。冷却技术也使得在较小的空间中可以进行更强大的处理，其有限的处理能力应该是进行计算而不是浪费热量。冷却技术可以阻止热量引起的故障，从而延长部件的使用寿命，并且可以促进环保的数据中心 —— 更少的热量意味着对环境的影响更小。 + +如何从微处理器中消除热量是科学家们一直在探索的一个方向，他们认为他们已经提出了一个简单而不寻常、且反直觉的解决方案。他们说可以运行一个发光二极管（LED）的变体，其电极反转可以迫使该元件表现得像处于异常低温下工作一样。如果将其置于较热的电子设备旁边，然后引入纳米级间隙，可以使 LED 吸收热量。 + +“一旦 LED 反向偏置，它就会像一个非常低温的物体一样，吸收光子，”密歇根大学机械工程教授埃德加·梅霍夫在宣布了这一突破的[新闻稿][4]中说。 “与此同时，该间隙可防止热量返回，从而产生冷却效果。” + +研究人员表示，LED 和相邻的电子设备（在这种情况下是热量计，通常用于测量热能）必须非常接近。他们说他们已经能够证明达到了每平方米 6 瓦的冷却功率。他们解释说，这是差不多是地球表面所接受到的阳光的能量。 + +物联网（IoT）设备和智能手机可能是最终将受益于这种 LED 改造的电子产品。这两种设备都需要在更小的空间中容纳更多的计算功率。 + +“从微处理器中可以移除的热量开始限制在给定空间内容纳的功率，”密歇根大学的公告说。 + +### 材料科学和冷却计算机 + +[我之前写过关于新形式的计算机冷却的文章][5]。源自材料科学的外来材料是正在探索的想法之一。美国能源部劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室表示，钠铋（Na3Bi）可用于晶体管设计。这种新物质带电荷，重要的是具有可调节性；但是，它不需要像超导体那样进行冷却。 + +事实上，这是超导体的一个问题。不幸的是，它们比大多数电子设备需要更多的冷却 —— 通过极端冷却消除电阻。 + +另外，[康斯坦茨大学的德国研究人员][6]表示他们很快将拥有超导体驱动的计算机，没有废热。他们计划使用电子自旋 —— 一种新的电子物理维度，可以提高效率。该大学去年在一份新闻稿中表示，这种方法“显著降低了计算中心的能耗”。 + +另一种减少热量的方法可能是用嵌入在微处理器上的[螺旋和回路来取代传统的散热器][7]。宾汉姆顿大学的科学家们表示，印在芯片上的微小通道可以为冷却剂提供单独的通道。 + +康斯坦茨大学说：“半导体技术的小型化正在接近其物理极限。”热管理现在被科学家提上了议事日程。这是“小型化的一大挑战”。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3386876/running-leds-in-reverse-could-cool-computers.html#tk.rss_all + +作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/big_data_center_server_racks_storage_binary_analytics_by_monsitj_gettyimages-944444446_3x2-100787357-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3242807/data-center/top-10-data-center-predictions-idc.html#nww-fsb +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html#nww-fsb +[4]: https://news.umich.edu/running-an-led-in-reverse-could-cool-future-computers/ +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3326831/computers-could-soon-run-cold-no-heat-generated.html +[6]: https://www.uni-konstanz.de/en/university/news-and-media/current-announcements/news/news-in-detail/Supercomputer-ohne-Abwaerme/ +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322956/chip-cooling-breakthrough-will-reduce-data-center-power-costs.html +[8]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[9]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From b41bbbae887f9da57b10266c50fe4ccaf93e2d98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 00:46:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0363/1265] PRF:20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md @wxy --- .../20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md b/translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md index 5cfa95b4fd..a3c11e9cbe 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md +++ b/translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers) @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3386876/running-leds-in-reverse-could- 作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 407373063cb7a5ebce570e7bb102a4cd9a1df4ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 00:47:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0364/1265] PUB:20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10984-1.html --- .../20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md b/published/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md rename to published/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md index a3c11e9cbe..b3ebbed273 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md +++ b/published/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10984-1.html) [#]: subject: (Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3386876/running-leds-in-reverse-could-cool-computers.html#tk.rss_all) [#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) From bb5aa72f7808c59ac85d432f9b8b0e44a52fdb70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt-bot Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2019 17:00:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 0365/1265] Revert "Update 20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md" This reverts commit fd7c2ff6434e3b0e895c19751b30497fec42b8e9. --- ...Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md b/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md index 0fb3c6469d..5e5f4df763 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md +++ b/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (ninifly) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From fbf1e45cfd83b126b0998d044e923608fbac5880 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 08:50:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0366/1265] translated --- ...n- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md | 94 ------------------- ...n- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md | 89 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 94 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2349f8b1c7..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,94 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Graviton: A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/graviton-code-editor/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) - -Graviton: A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor -====== - -[Graviton][1] is a free and open source, cross-platform code editor in development. The sixteen years old developer, Marc Espin, emphasizes that it is a ‘minimalist’ code editor. I am not sure about that but it does have a clean user interface like other [modern code editors like Atom][2]. - -![Graviton Code Editor Interface][3] - -The developer also calls it a lightweight code editor despite the fact that Graviton is based on [Electron][4]. - -Graviton comes with features you expect in any standard code editors like syntax highlighting, auto-completion etc. Since Graviton is still in the beta phase of development, more features will be added to it in the future releases. - -![Graviton Code Editor with Syntax Highlighting][5] - -### Feature of Graviton code editor - -Some of the main highlights of Graviton features are: - - * Syntax highlighting for a number of programming languages using [CodeMirrorJS][6] - * Autocomplete - * Support for plugins and themes. - * Available in English, Spanish and a few other European languages. - * Available for Linux, Windows and macOS. - - - -I had a quick look at Graviton and it might not be as feature-rich as [VS Code][7] or [Brackets][8], but for some simple code editing, it’s not a bad tool. - -### Download and install Graviton - -![Graviton Code Editor][9] - -As mentioned earlier, Graviton is a cross-platform code editor available for Linux, Windows and macOS. It is still in beta stages which means that you more features will be added in future and you may encounter some bugs. - -You can find the latest version of Graviton on its release page. Debian and [Ubuntu users can install it from .deb file][10]. [AppImage][11] has been provided so that it could be used in other distributions. DMG and EXE files are also available for macOS and Windows respectively. - -[Download Graviton][12] - -If you are interested, you can find the source code of Graviton on its GitHub repository: - -[Graviton Source Code on GitHub][13] - -If you decided to use Graviton and find some issues, please open a bug report [here][14]. If you use GitHub, you may want to star the Graviton project. This boosts the morale of the developer as he would know that more users are appreciating his efforts. - -[][15] - -Suggested read Get Windows Style Sticky Notes For Ubuntu with Indicator Stickynotes - -I believe you know [how to install a software from source code][16] if you are taking that path. - -**In the end…** - -Sometimes, simplicity itself becomes a feature and the Graviton’s focus on being minimalist could help it form a niche for itself in the already crowded segment of code editors. - -At It’s FOSS, we try to highlight open source software. If you know some interesting open source software that you would like more people to know about, [do send us a note][17]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/graviton-code-editor/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://graviton.ml/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/ -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/graviton-code-editor-interface.jpg?resize=800%2C571&ssl=1 -[4]: https://electronjs.org/ -[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/graviton-code-editor-interface-2.jpg?resize=800%2C522&ssl=1 -[6]: https://codemirror.net/ -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-visual-studio-code-ubuntu/ -[8]: https://itsfoss.com/install-brackets-ubuntu/ -[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/graviton-code-editor-800x473.jpg?resize=800%2C473&ssl=1 -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/ -[12]: https://github.com/Graviton-Code-Editor/Graviton-App/releases -[13]: https://github.com/Graviton-Code-Editor/Graviton-App -[14]: https://github.com/Graviton-Code-Editor/Graviton-App/issues -[15]: https://itsfoss.com/indicator-stickynotes-windows-like-sticky-note-app-for-ubuntu/ -[16]: https://itsfoss.com/install-software-from-source-code/ -[17]: https://itsfoss.com/contact-us/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..698606489d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Graviton: A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/graviton-code-editor/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +Graviton：极简的开源代码编辑器 +====== + +[Graviton][1]是一款开发中的免费开源跨平台代码编辑器。这位 16 岁的开发人员 Marc Espin 强调说，它是一个“极简”的代码编辑器。我不确定这点，但它确实有一个干净的用户界面，就像其他的[现代代码编辑器，如 Atom][2]。 + +![Graviton Code Editor Interface][3] + +开发者还将其称为轻量级代码编辑器，尽管 Graviton 基于 [Electron][4]。 + +Graviton 拥有你在任何标准代码编辑器中所期望的功能，如语法高亮、自动补全等。由于 Graviton 仍处于测试阶段，因此未来版本中将添加更多功能。 + +![Graviton Code Editor with Syntax Highlighting][5] + +### Graviton 代码编辑器的特性 + +Graviton 一些值得一说的特性有： + + * 使用 [CodeMirrorJS][6] 为多种编程语言提供语法高亮 +  * 自动补全 +  * 支持插件和主题。 +  * 提供英语、西班牙语和一些其他欧洲语言。 +  * 适用于 Linux、Windows 和 macOS。 + + + +我快速看来一下 Graviton，它可能不像 [VS Code][7] 或 [Brackets][8] 那样功能丰富，但对于一些简单的代码编辑来说，它并不是一个糟糕的工具。 + +### 下载并安装 Graviton + +![Graviton Code Editor][9] + +如上所述，Graviton 是一个可用于 Linux、Windows 和 macOS 的跨平台代码编辑器。它仍处于测试阶段，这意味着将来会添加更多功能，并且你可能会遇到一些 bug。 + +你可以在其发布页面上找到最新版本的 Graviton。Debian 和 [Ubuntu 用户可以使用 .deb 安装][10]。它已提供 [AppImage][11]，以便可以在其他发行版中使用它。DMG 和 EXE 文件也分别可用于 macOS 和 Windows。 + +[下载 Graviton][12] + +如果你有兴趣，你可以在 GitHub 仓库中找到 Graviton 的源代码： + +[GitHub 中 Graviton 的源码][13] + +如果你决定使用 Graviton 并发现了一些问题，请在[此处][14]写一份错误报告。如果你使用 GitHub，你可能想为 Graviton 项目加星。这可以提高开发者的士气，因为他知道有更多的用户欣赏他的努力。 + +如果你看到现在，我相信你了解[如何从源码安装软件][16] + +**写在最后** + +有时，简单本身就成了一个特性，而 Graviton 专注于极简可以帮助它在已经拥挤的代码编辑器世界中获取一席之地。 + +并且它是 FOSS 软件，我们尝试突出开源软件。如果你知道一些有趣的开源软件，并且想要更多的人知道，[请给我们留言][17] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/graviton-code-editor/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://graviton.ml/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/graviton-code-editor-interface.jpg?resize=800%2C571&ssl=1 +[4]: https://electronjs.org/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/graviton-code-editor-interface-2.jpg?resize=800%2C522&ssl=1 +[6]: https://codemirror.net/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-visual-studio-code-ubuntu/ +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/install-brackets-ubuntu/ +[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/graviton-code-editor-800x473.jpg?resize=800%2C473&ssl=1 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/ +[12]: https://github.com/Graviton-Code-Editor/Graviton-App/releases +[13]: https://github.com/Graviton-Code-Editor/Graviton-App +[14]: https://github.com/Graviton-Code-Editor/Graviton-App/issues +[16]: https://itsfoss.com/install-software-from-source-code/ +[17]: https://itsfoss.com/contact-us/ From 4ce064b9640d72916a1a3692bd7ffe978ee1fbb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 08:54:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0367/1265] translated --- ...Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md index dd0c986e72..f640f2a2d5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 9c6970a26e9ed32a3f39dc1a6c6b667b75e314ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LazyWolf Lin Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 11:19:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0368/1265] Translating --- sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md b/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md index eb3125c19b..b49618fc2b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (LazyWolfLin) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 1cd742bca3095150effdb706ffe0b6d42e8a44d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:03:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0369/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190613=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=20Kylin:=20The=20Official=20Chinese=20Version=20of=20Ubuntu?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/tech/20190613=20Ubuntu=20Kylin-=20The=20Official=20C?= =?UTF-8?q?hinese=20Version=20of=20Ubuntu.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md | 125 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 125 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4c89208db6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Ubuntu Kylin: The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/) +[#]: author: (Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/) + +Ubuntu Kylin: The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu +====== + +[_**Ubuntu has several official flavors**_][1] _**and Kylin is one of them. In this article, you’ll learn about Ubuntu Kylin, what it is, why it was created and what features it offers.**_ + +Kylin was originally developed in 2001 by academicians at the [National University of Defense Technology][2] in the People’s Republic of China. The name is derived from [Qilin][3], a beast from Chinese mythology. + +The first versions of Kylin were based on [FreeBSD][4] and were intended for use by the Chinese military and other government organizations. Kylin 3.0 was purely based on the Linux kernel, and a version called [NeoKylin][5] which was announced in December 2010. + +In 2013, [Canonical][6] (parent company of Ubuntu) reached an agreement with the [Ministry of Industry and Information Technology][7] of the People’s Republic of China to co-create and release an Ubuntu-based OS with features targeted at the Chinese market. + +![Ubuntu Kylin][8] + +### What is Ubuntu Kylin? + +Following the 2013 agreement mentioned above, Ubuntu Kylin is now the official Chinese version of Ubuntu. It is much more than just language localisation. In fact, it is determined to serve the Chinese market the same way as Ubuntu serves the global market. + +The first version of [Ubuntu Kylin][9] came with Ubuntu 13.04. Like Ubuntu, Kylin too has LTS (long term support) and non-LTS versions. + +Currently, Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 LTS implements the [UKUI][10] desktop environment with revised boot up animation, log-in/screen-lock program and OS theme. To offer a more friendly experience for users, it has fixed bugs, has a file preview function, timer log out, the latest [WPS office suite][11] and [Sogou][12] put-in methods integrated within. + +Kylin 4.0.2 is a community edition based on Ubuntu Kylin 16.04 LTS. It includes several third-party applications with long term and stable support. It’s perfect for both server and desktop usage for daily office work and welcomed by the developers to [download][13]. The Kylin forums are actively available to provide feedback and also troubleshooting to find solutions. + +[][14] + +Suggested read Solve Ubuntu Error: Failed to download repository information Check your Internet connection. + +#### UKUI: The desktop environment by Ubuntu Kylin + +![Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 with UKUI Desktop][15] + +[UKUI][16] is designed and developed by the Ubuntu Kylin team and has some great features and provisions: + + * Windows-like interactive functions to bring more friendly user experiences. The Setup Wizard is user-friendly so that users can get started with Ubuntu Kylin quickly. + * Control Center has new settings for theme and window. Updated components such as Start Menu, taskbar, notification bar, file manager, window manager and others. + * Available separately on both Ubuntu and Debian repositories to provide a new desktop environment for users of Debian/Ubuntu distributions and derivatives worldwide. + * New login and lock programs, which is more stable and with many functions. + * Includes a feedback program convenient for feedback and questions. + + + +#### Kylin Software Center + +![Kylin Software Center][17] + +Kylin has a software center similar to Ubuntu software center and is called Ubuntu Kylin Software Center. It’s part of the Ubuntu Kylin Software Store that also includes Ubuntu Kylin Developer Platform and Ubuntu Kylin Repository with a simple interface and powerful function. It supports both Ubuntu and Ubuntu Kylin Repositories and is especially convenient for quick installation of Chinese characteristic software developed by Ubuntu Kylin team! + +#### Youker: A series of tools + +Ubuntu Kylin has also a series of tools named as Youker. Typing in “Youker” in the Kylin start menu will bring up the Kylin assistant. If you press the “Windows” key on the keyboard, you’d get a response exactly like you would on Windows. It will fire-up the Kylin start menu. + +![Kylin Assistant][18] + +Other Kylin branded applications include Kylin Video (player), Kylin Burner, Youker Weather and Youker Fcitx which supports better office work and personal entertainment. + +![Kylin Video][19] + +#### Special focus on Chinese characters + +In cooperation with Kingsoft, Ubuntu Kylin developers also work on Sogou Pinyin for Linux, Kuaipan for Linux and Kingsoft WPS for Ubuntu Kylin, and also address issues with smart pinyin, cloud storage service and office applications. [Pinyin][20] is romanization system for Chinese characters. With this, user inputs with English keyboard but Chinese characters are displayed on the screen. + +[][21] + +Suggested read How to Remove Older Linux Kernel Versions in Ubuntu + +#### Fun Fact: Ubuntu Kylin runs on Chinese supercomputers + +![Tianhe-2 Supercomputer. Photo by O01326 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45399546][22] + +It’s already in public knowledge that the [world’s top 500 fastest supercomputers run Linux][23]. Chinese supercomputers [Tianhe-1][24] and [Tianhe-2][25] both use the 64-bit version of Kylin Linux, dedicated to high-performance [parallel computing][26] optimization, power management and high-performance [virtual computing][27]. + +#### Summary + +I hope you liked this introduction in the world of Ubuntu Kylin. You can get either of Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 or the community edition based on Ubuntu 16.04 from its [official website][28]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/ + +作者：[Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/ +[2]: https://english.nudt.edu.cn +[3]: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-qilin-195005 +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/freebsd-12-release/ +[5]: https://thehackernews.com/2015/09/neokylin-china-linux-os.html +[6]: https://www.canonical.com/ +[7]: http://english.gov.cn/state_council/2014/08/23/content_281474983035940.htm +[8]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Ubuntu-Kylin.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[9]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com/ +[10]: http://ukui.org +[11]: https://www.wps.com/ +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin +[13]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com/downloads/show.php?lang=en&id=122 +[14]: https://itsfoss.com/solve-ubuntu-error-failed-to-download-repository-information-check-your-internet-connection/ +[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ubuntu-Kylin-19-04-desktop.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[16]: http://www.ukui.org/ +[17]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-software-center.jpg?resize=800%2C496&ssl=1 +[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-assistant.jpg?resize=800%2C535&ssl=1 +[19]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-video.jpg?resize=800%2C533&ssl=1 +[20]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/remove-old-kernels-ubuntu/ +[22]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/tianhe-2.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[23]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-top-supercomputers/ +[24]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-1 +[25]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-2 +[26]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing +[27]: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/how-virtual-computing-works.htm +[28]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com From 8099d9f02e274054c77fa2bf2dd5f061ef5af28d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:03:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0370/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190614=20What?= =?UTF-8?q?=20is=20a=20Java=20constructor=3F=20sources/tech/20190614=20Wha?= =?UTF-8?q?t=20is=20a=20Java=20constructor.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20190614 What is a Java constructor.md | 158 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 158 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190614 What is a Java constructor.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190614 What is a Java constructor.md b/sources/tech/20190614 What is a Java constructor.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..66cd30110d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190614 What is a Java constructor.md @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (What is a Java constructor?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-java-constructor) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/ashleykoree) + +What is a Java constructor? +====== +Constructors are powerful components of programming. Use them to unlock +the full potential of Java. +![][1] + +Java is (disputably) the undisputed heavyweight in open source, cross-platform programming. While there are many [great][2] [cross-platform][2] [frameworks][3], few are as unified and direct as [Java][4]. + +Of course, Java is also a pretty complex language with subtleties and conventions all its own. One of the most common questions about Java relates to **constructors** : What are they and what are they used for? + +Put succinctly: a constructor is an action performed upon the creation of a new **object** in Java. When your Java application creates an instance of a class you have written, it checks for a constructor. If a constructor exists, Java runs the code in the constructor while creating the instance. That's a lot of technical terms crammed into a few sentences, but it becomes clearer when you see it in action, so make sure you have [Java installed][5] and get ready for a demo. + +### Life without constructors + +If you're writing Java code, you're already using constructors, even though you may not know it. All classes in Java have a constructor because even if you haven't created one, Java does it for you when the code is compiled. For the sake of demonstration, though, ignore the hidden constructor that Java provides (because a default constructor adds no extra features), and take a look at life without an explicit constructor. + +Suppose you're writing a simple Java dice-roller application because you want to produce a pseudo-random number for a game. + +First, you might create your dice class to represent a physical die. Knowing that you play a lot of [Dungeons and Dragons][6], you decide to create a 20-sided die. In this sample code, the variable **dice** is the integer 20, representing the maximum possible die roll (a 20-sided die cannot roll more than 20). The variable **roll** is a placeholder for what will eventually be a random number, and **rand** serves as the random seed. + + +``` +import java.util.Random; + +public class DiceRoller { +private int dice = 20; +private int roll; +private [Random][7] rand = new [Random][7](); +``` + +Next, create a function in the **DiceRoller** class to execute the steps the computer must take to emulate a die roll: Take an integer from **rand** and assign it to the **roll** variable, add 1 to account for the fact that Java starts counting at 0 but a 20-sided die has no 0 value, then print the results. + + +``` +public void Roller() { +roll = rand.nextInt(dice); +roll += 1; +[System][8].out.println (roll); +} +``` + +Finally, spawn an instance of the **DiceRoller** class and invoke its primary function, **Roller** : + + +``` +// main loop +public static void main ([String][9][] args) { +[System][8].out.printf("You rolled a "); + +DiceRoller App = new DiceRoller(); +App.Roller(); +} +} +``` + +As long as you have a Java development environment installed (such as [OpenJDK][10]), you can run your application from a terminal: + + +``` +$ java dice.java +You rolled a 12 +``` + +In this example, there is no explicit constructor. It's a perfectly valid and legal Java application, but it's a little limited. For instance, if you set your game of Dungeons and Dragons aside for the evening to play some Yahtzee, you would need 6-sided dice. In this simple example, it wouldn't be that much trouble to change the code, but that's not a realistic option in complex code. One way you could solve this problem is with a constructor. + +### Constructors in action + +The **DiceRoller** class in this example project represents a virtual dice factory: When it's called, it creates a virtual die that is then "rolled." However, by writing a custom constructor, you can make your Dice Roller application ask what kind of die you'd like to emulate. + +Most of the code is the same, with the exception of a constructor accepting some number of sides. This number doesn't exist yet, but it will be created later. + + +``` +import java.util.Random; + +public class DiceRoller { +private int dice; +private int roll; +private [Random][7] rand = new [Random][7](); + +// constructor +public DiceRoller(int sides) { +dice = sides; +} +``` + +The function emulating a roll remains unchanged: + + +``` +public void Roller() { +roll = rand.nextInt(dice); +roll += 1; +[System][8].out.println (roll); +} +``` + +The main block of code feeds whatever arguments you provide when running the application. Were this a complex application, you would parse the arguments carefully and check for unexpected results, but for this sample, the only precaution taken is converting the argument string to an integer type: + + +``` +public static void main ([String][9][] args) { +[System][8].out.printf("You rolled a "); +DiceRoller App = new DiceRoller( [Integer][11].parseInt(args[0]) ); +App.Roller(); +} +} +``` + +Launch the application and provide the number of sides you want your die to have: + + +``` +$ java dice.java 20 +You rolled a 10 +$ java dice.java 6 +You rolled a 2 +$ java dice.java 100 +You rolled a 44 +``` + +The constructor has accepted your input, so when the class instance is created, it is created with the **sides** variable set to whatever number the user dictates. + +Constructors are powerful components of programming. Practice using them to unlock the full potential of Java. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-java-constructor + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/ashleykoree +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/build_structure_tech_program_code_construction.png?itok=nVsiLuag +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/python +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/17/4/pyqt-versus-wxpython +[4]: https://opensource.com/resources/java +[5]: https://openjdk.java.net/install/index.html +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/free-rpg-day +[7]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+random +[8]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+system +[9]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+string +[10]: https://openjdk.java.net/ +[11]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+integer From 2ba6625e0abadf41cb6098e43f7753fc2dfbe6ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:04:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0371/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190614=20Lear?= =?UTF-8?q?ning=20by=20teaching,=20and=20speaking,=20in=20open=20source=20?= =?UTF-8?q?sources/tech/20190614=20Learning=20by=20teaching,=20and=20speak?= =?UTF-8?q?ing,=20in=20open=20source.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... teaching, and speaking, in open source.md | 75 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190614 Learning by teaching, and speaking, in open source.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190614 Learning by teaching, and speaking, in open source.md b/sources/tech/20190614 Learning by teaching, and speaking, in open source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b2bd11f7b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190614 Learning by teaching, and speaking, in open source.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Learning by teaching, and speaking, in open source) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/conference-proposal-tips) +[#]: author: (Lauren Maffeo https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo) + +Learning by teaching, and speaking, in open source +====== +Want to speak at an open source conference? Here are a few tips to get +started. +![photo of microphone][1] + +_"Everything good, everything magical happens between the months of June and August."_ + +When Jenny Han wrote these words, I doubt she had the open source community in mind. Yet, for our group of dispersed nomads, the summer brings a wave of conferences that allow us to connect in person. + +From [OSCON][2] in Portland to [Drupal GovCon][3] in Bethesda, and [Open Source Summit North America][4] in San Diego, there’s no shortage of ways to match faces with Twitter avatars. After months of working on open source projects via Slack and Google Hangouts, the face time that these summer conferences offer is invaluable. + +The knowledge attendees gain at open source conferences serves as the spark for new contributions. And speaking from experience, the best way to gain value from these conferences is for you to _speak_ at them. + +But, does the thought of speaking give you chills? Hear me out before closing your browser. + +Last August, I arrived at the Vancouver Convention Centre to give a lightning talk and speak on a panel at [Open Source Summit North America 2018][5]. It’s no exaggeration to say that this conference—and applying to speak at it—transformed my career. Nine months later, I’ve: + + * Become a Community Moderator for Opensource.com + * Spoken at two additional open source conferences ([All Things Open][6] and [DrupalCon North America][7]) + * Made my first GitHub pull request + * Taken "Intro to Python" and written my first lines of code in [React][8] + * Taken the first steps towards writing a book proposal + + + +I don’t discount how much time, effort, and money are [involved in conference speaking][9]. Regardless, I can say with certainty that nothing else has grown my career so drastically. In the process, I met strangers who quickly became friends and unofficial mentors. Their feedback, advice, and connections have helped me grow in ways that I hadn’t envisioned this time last year. + +Had I not boarded that flight to Canada, I would not be where I am today. + +So, have I convinced you to take the first step? It’s easier than you think. If you want to [apply to speak at an open source conference][10] but are stuck on what to discuss, ask yourself this question: **What do I want to learn?** + +You don’t have to be an expert on the topics that you pitch. You don’t have to know everything about JavaScript, [ML][11], or Linux to [write conference proposals][12] on these topics. + +Here’s what you _do_ need: A willingness to do the work of teaching yourself these topics. And like any self-directed task, you’ll be most willing to do this work if you're invested in the subject. + +As summer conference season draws closer, soak up all the knowledge you can. Then, ask yourself what you want to learn more about, and apply to speak about those subjects at fall/winter open source events. + +After all, one of the most effective ways to learn is by [teaching a topic to someone else][13]. So, what will the open source community learn from you? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/conference-proposal-tips + +作者：[Lauren Maffeo][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lmaffeo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/microphone_speak.png?itok=wW6elbl5 (photo of microphone) +[2]: https://conferences.oreilly.com/oscon/oscon-or +[3]: https://www.drupalgovcon.org +[4]: https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/open-source-summit-north-america-2019/ +[5]: https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/open-source-summit-north-america-2018/ +[6]: https://allthingsopen.org +[7]: https://lab.getapp.com/bias-in-ai-drupalcon-debrief/ +[8]: https://reactjs.org +[9]: https://twitter.com/venikunche/status/1130868572098572291 +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/public-speaking-resolutions +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML_(programming_language) +[12]: https://dev.to/aspittel/public-speaking-as-a-developer-2ihj +[13]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/learn-python-teaching From 55e9af7cfd0c29cc3095f9d10e2f91df675a53e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:04:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0372/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190614=20A=20?= =?UTF-8?q?data-centric=20approach=20to=20patching=20systems=20with=20Ansi?= =?UTF-8?q?ble=20sources/tech/20190614=20A=20data-centric=20approach=20to?= =?UTF-8?q?=20patching=20systems=20with=20Ansible.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...proach to patching systems with Ansible.md | 141 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 141 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190614 A data-centric approach to patching systems with Ansible.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190614 A data-centric approach to patching systems with Ansible.md b/sources/tech/20190614 A data-centric approach to patching systems with Ansible.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ade27106f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190614 A data-centric approach to patching systems with Ansible.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (A data-centric approach to patching systems with Ansible) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/patching-systems-ansible) +[#]: author: (Mark Phillips https://opensource.com/users/markp/users/markp) + +A data-centric approach to patching systems with Ansible +====== +Use data and variables in Ansible to control selective patching. +![metrics and data shown on a computer screen][1] + +When you're patching Linux machines these days, I could forgive you for asking, "How hard can it be?" Sure, a **yum update -y** will sort it for you in a flash. + +![Animation of updating Linux][2] + +But for those of us working with more than a handful of machines, it's not that simple. Sometimes an update can create unintended consequences across many machines, and you're left wondering how to put things back the way they were. Or you might think, "Should I have applied the critical patch on its own and saved myself a lot of pain?" + +Faced with these sorts of challenges in the past led me to build a way to cherry-pick the updates needed and automate their application. + +### A flexible idea + +Here's an overview of the process: + +![Overview of the Ansible patch process][3] + +This system doesn't permit machines to have direct access to vendor patches. Instead, they're selectively subscribed to repositories. Repositories contain only the patches that are required––although I'd encourage you to give this careful consideration so you don't end up with a proliferation (another management overhead you'll not thank yourself for creating). + +Now patching a machine comes down to 1) The repositories it's subscribed to and 2) Getting the "thumbs up" to patch. By using variables to control both subscription and permission to patch, we don't need to tamper with the logic (the plays); we only need to alter the data. + +Here is an [example Ansible role][4] that fulfills both requirements. It manages repository subscriptions and has a simple variable that controls running the patch command. + + +``` +\--- +# tasks file for patching + +\- name: Include OS version specific differences +include_vars: "{{ ansible_distribution }}-{{ ansible_distribution_major_version }}.yml" + +\- name: Ensure Yum repositories are configured +template: +src: template.repo.j2 +dest: "/etc/yum.repos.d/{{ item.label }}.repo" +owner: root +group: root +mode: 0644 +when: patching_repos is defined +loop: "{{ patching_repos }}" +notify: patching-clean-metadata + +\- meta: flush_handlers + +\- name: Ensure OS shipped yum repo configs are absent +file: +path: "/etc/yum.repos.d/{{ patching_default_repo_def }}" +state: absent + +# add flexibility of repos here +\- name: Patch this host +shell: 'yum update -y' +args: +warn: false +when: patchme|bool +register: result +changed_when: "'No packages marked for update' not in result.stdout" +``` + +### Scenarios + +In our fictitious, large, globally dispersed environment (of four hosts), we have: + + * Two web servers + * Two database servers + * An application comprising one of each server type + + + +OK, so this number of machines isn't "enterprise-scale," but remove the counts and imagine the environment as multiple, tiered, geographically dispersed applications. We want to patch elements of the stack across server types, application stacks, geographies, or the whole estate. + +![Example patch groups][5] + +Using only changes to variables, can we achieve that flexibility? Sort of. Ansible's [default behavior][6] for hashes is to overwrite. In our example, the **patching_repos** variable for the **db1** and **web1** hosts are overwritten because of their later occurrence in our inventory. Hmm, a bit of a pickle. There are two ways to manage this: + + 1. Multiple inventory files + 2. [Change the variable behavior][7] + + + +I chose number one because it maintains clarity. Once you start merging variables, it's hard to find where a hash appears and how it's put together. Using the default behavior maintains clarity, and it's the method I'd encourage you to stick with for your own sanity. + +### Get on with it then + +Let's run the play, focusing only on the database servers. + +Did you notice the final step— **Patch this host** —says **skipping**? That's because we didn't set [the controlling variable][8] to do the patching. What we have done is set up the repository subscriptions to be ready. + +So let's run the play again, limiting it to the web servers and tell it to do the patching. I ran this example with verbose output so you can see the yum updates happening. + +Patching an application stack requires another inventory file, as mentioned above. Let's rerun the play. + +Patching hosts in the European geography is the same scenario as the application stack, so another inventory file is required. + +Now that all the repository subscriptions are configured, let's just patch the whole estate. Note the **app1** and **emea** groups don't need the inventory here––they were only being used to separate the repository definition and setup. Now, **yum update -y** patches everything. If you didn't want to capture those repositories, they could be configured as **enabled=0**. + +### Conclusion + +The flexibility comes from how we group our hosts. Because of default hash behavior, we need to think about overlaps—the easiest way, to my mind at least, is with separate inventories. + +With regard to repository setup, I'm sure you've already said to yourself, "Ah, but the cherry-picking isn't that simple!" There is additional overhead in this model to download patches, test that they work together, and bundle them with dependencies in a repository. With complementary tools, you could automate the process, and in a large-scale environment, you'd have to. + +Part of me is drawn to just applying full patch sets as a simpler and easier way to go; skip the cherry-picking part and apply a full set of patches to a "standard build." I've seen this approach applied to both Unix and Windows estates with enforced quarterly updates. + +I’d be interested in hearing your experiences of patching regimes, and the approach proposed here, in the comments below or [via Twitter][9]. + +Many companies still have massive data centres full of hardware. Here's how Ansible can help. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/patching-systems-ansible + +作者：[Mark Phillips][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/markp/users/markp +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/metrics_data_dashboard_system_computer_analytics.png?itok=oxAeIEI- (metrics and data shown on a computer screen) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/quick_update.gif (Animation of updating Linux) +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/patch_process.png (Overview of the Ansible patch process) +[4]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-patching/blob/master/roles/patching/tasks/main.yml +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/patch_groups.png (Example patch groups) +[6]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.3/playbooks_variables.html#variable-precedence-where-should-i-put-a-variable +[7]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.3/intro_configuration.html#sts=hash_behaviour +[8]: https://github.com/phips/ansible-patching/blob/master/roles/patching/defaults/main.yml#L4 +[9]: https://twitter.com/thismarkp From 76bd1dd35a8bf149ae22b6542e7bb157689951e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:04:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0373/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190613=20Open?= =?UTF-8?q?=20hardware=20for=20musicians=20and=20music=20lovers:=20Headpho?= =?UTF-8?q?ne,=20amps,=20and=20more=20sources/tech/20190613=20Open=20hardw?= =?UTF-8?q?are=20for=20musicians=20and=20music=20lovers-=20Headphone,=20am?= =?UTF-8?q?ps,=20and=20more.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md | 93 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md b/sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..96b5a06100 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Open hardware for musicians and music lovers: Headphone, amps, and more) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/hardware-music) +[#]: author: (Michael Weinberg https://opensource.com/users/mweinberg) + +Open hardware for musicians and music lovers: Headphone, amps, and more +====== +From 3D-printed instruments to devices that pull sound out of the air, +there are plenty of ways to create music with open hardware projects. +![][1] + +The world is full of great [open source music players][2], but why stop at using open source just to _play_ music? You can also use open source hardware to make music. All of the instruments described in this article are [certified by the Open Source Hardware Association][3] (OSHWA). That means you are free to build upon them, remix them, or do anything else with them. + +### Open source instruments + +Instruments are always a good place to start when you want to make music. If your instrument choices lean towards the more traditional, the [F-F-Fiddle][4] may be the one for you. + +![F-f-fiddle][5] + +The F-F-Fiddle is a full-sized electric violin that you can make with a standard desktop 3D printer ([fused filament fabrication][6]—get it?). If you need to see it to believe it, here is a video of the F-F-Fiddle in action: + +Mastered the fiddle and interested in something a bit more exotic? How about the [Open Theremin][7]? + +![Open Theremin][8] + +Like all theremins, Open Theremin lets you play music without touching the instrument. It is, of course, especially good at making [creepy space sounds][9] for your next sci-fi video or space-themed party. + +The [Waft][10] operates similarly by allowing you to control sounds remotely. It uses [Lidar][11] to measure the distance of your hand from the sensor. Check it out: + +Is the Waft a theremin? I'm not sure—theremin pedants should weigh in below in the comments. + +If theremins are too well-known for you, [SIGNUM][12] may be just what you are looking for. In the words of its developers, SIGNUM "uncovers the encrypted codes of information and the language of man/machine communication" by turning invisible wireless communications into audible signals. + +![SIGNUM][13] + +Here is in action: + +### Inputs + +Regardless of what instrument you use, you will need to plug it into something. If you want that something to be a Raspberry Pi, try the [AudioSense-Pi][14], which allows you to connect multiple inputs and outputs to your Pi at once. + +![AudioSense-Pi][15] + +### Synths + +What about synthesizers? SparkFun's [SparkPunk Sound Kit][16] is a simple synth that gives you lots of room to play. + +![SparkFun SparkPunk Sound Kit][17] + +### Headphones + +Making all this music is great, but you also need to think about how you will listen to it. Fortunately, [EQ-1 headphones][18] are open source and 3D-printable. + +![EQ-1 headphones][19] + +Are you making music with open source hardware? Let us know in the comments! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/hardware-music + +作者：[Michael Weinberg][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mweinberg +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LIFE_musicinfinity.png?itok=7LkfjcS9 +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/audio-players-linux +[3]: https://certification.oshwa.org/ +[4]: https://certification.oshwa.org/us000010.html +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/f-f-fiddle.png (F-f-fiddle) +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_filament_fabrication +[7]: https://certification.oshwa.org/ch000001.html +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/open-theremin.png (Open Theremin) +[9]: https://youtu.be/p05ZSHRYXVA?t=771 +[10]: https://certification.oshwa.org/uk000005.html +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar +[12]: https://certification.oshwa.org/es000003.html +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/signum.png (SIGNUM) +[14]: https://certification.oshwa.org/in000007.html +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/audiosense-pi.png (AudioSense-Pi) +[16]: https://certification.oshwa.org/us000016.html +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/sparkpunksoundkit.png (SparkFun SparkPunk Sound Kit) +[18]: https://certification.oshwa.org/us000038.html +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/eq-1-headphones.png (EQ-1 headphones) From 5f1d40c6ee6ed4ac85a2b3a8dc520137d5dc7e07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:04:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0374/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190613=20IPyt?= =?UTF-8?q?hon=20is=20still=20the=20heart=20of=20Jupyter=20Notebooks=20for?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Python=20developers=20sources/tech/20190613=20IPython=20is?= =?UTF-8?q?=20still=20the=20heart=20of=20Jupyter=20Notebooks=20for=20Pytho?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20developers.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md b/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..be6a013f5a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/ipython-still-heart-jupyterlab) +[#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo) + +IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers +====== +Project Jupyter's origin in IPython remains significant for the magical +development experience it provides. +![I love Free Software FSFE celebration][1] + +I recently wrote about how I find Jupyter projects, especially JupyterLab, to be a [magical Python development experience][2]. In researching how the various projects are related to each other, I recapped how Jupyter began as a fork from IPython. As Project Jupyter's [The Big Split™ announcement][3] explained: + +> "If anyone has been confused by what Jupyter is[1], it's the exact same code that lived in IPython, developed by the same people, just in a new home under a new name." + +That [1] links to a footnote that further clarifies: + +> "I saw 'Jupyter is like IPython, but language agnostic' immediately after the announcement, which is a great illustration of why the project needs to not have Python in the name anymore, since it was already language agnostic at the time." + +The fact that Jupyter Notebook and IPython forked from the same source code made sense to me, but I got lost in the current state of the IPython project. Was it no longer needed after The Big Split™ or is it living on in a different way? + +I was surprised to learn that IPython's significance continues to add value to Pythonistas, and that it is an essential part of the Jupyter experience. Here's a portion of the Jupyter FAQ: + +> **Are any languages pre-installed?** +> +> Yes, installing the Jupyter Notebook will also install the IPython kernel. This allows working on notebooks using the Python programming language. + +I now understand that writing Python in JupyterLab (and Jupyter Notebook) relies on the continued development of IPython as its kernel. Not only that, IPython is the powerhouse default kernel, and it can act as a communication bus for other language kernels according to [the documentation][4], saving a lot of time and development effort. + +The question remains, what can I do with just IPython? + +### What IPython does today + +IPython provides both a powerful, interactive Python shell and a Jupyter kernel. After installing it, I can run **ipython** from any command line on its own and use it as a (much prettier than the default) Python shell: + + +``` +$ ipython +Python 3.7.3 (default, Mar 27 2019, 09:23:15) +Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information +IPython 7.4.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help. + +In [1]: import numpy as np +In [2]: example = np.array([5, 20, 3, 4, 0, 2, 12]) +In [3]: average = np.average(example) +In [4]: print(average) +6.571428571428571 +``` + +That brings us to the more significant issue: IPython's functionality gives JupyterLab the ability to execute the code in every project, and it also provides support for a whole bunch of functionality that's playfully called _magic_ (thank you, Nicholas Reith, for mentioning this in a comment on my previous article). + +### Getting magical, thanks to IPython + +JupyterLab and other frontends using the IPython kernel can feel like your favorite IDE or terminal emulator environment. I'm a huge fan of how [dotfiles][5] give me the power to use shortcuts, and magic has some dotfile-like behavior as well. For example, check out **[%bookmark][6]**. I've mapped my default development folder, **~/Develop** , to a shortcut I can run at any time and hop right into it. + +![Screenshot of commands from JupyterLab][7] + +The use of **%bookmark** and **%cd** , alongside the **!** operator (which I introduced in the previous article), are powered by IPython. As the [documentation][8] states: + +> To Jupyter users: Magics are specific to and provided by the IPython kernel. Whether Magics are available on a kernel is a decision that is made by the kernel developer on a per-kernel basis. + +### Wrapping up + +I, as a curious novice, was not quite sure if IPython remained relevant to the Jupyter ecosystem. I now have a new appreciation for the continuing development of IPython now that I realize it's the source of JupyterLab's powerful user experience. It's also a collection of talented contributors who are part of cutting edge research, so be sure to site them if you use Jupyter projects in your academic papers. They make it easy with this [ready-made citation entry][9]. + +Be sure to keep it in mind when you're thinking about open source projects to contribute to, and check out the [latest release notes][10] for a full list of magical features. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/ipython-still-heart-jupyterlab + +作者：[Matthew Broberg][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/ilovefs_free_sticker_fsfe_heart.jpg?itok=gLJtaieq (I love Free Software FSFE celebration) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/jupyterlab-python-developers-magic +[3]: https://blog.jupyter.org/the-big-split-9d7b88a031a7 +[4]: https://jupyter-client.readthedocs.io/en/latest/kernels.html +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_file_and_hidden_directory#Unix_and_Unix-like_environments +[6]: https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html?highlight=magic#magic-bookmark +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jupyterlab-commands-ipython.png (Screenshot of commands from JupyterLab) +[8]: https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html +[9]: https://ipython.org/citing.html +[10]: https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/whatsnew/index.html From 76e1c21fa7d2d02ecf12feb847af35805693fd77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:05:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0375/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190613=20Cont?= =?UTF-8?q?inuous=20integration=20testing=20for=20the=20Linux=20kernel=20s?= =?UTF-8?q?ources/tech/20190613=20Continuous=20integration=20testing=20for?= =?UTF-8?q?=20the=20Linux=20kernel.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ntegration testing for the Linux kernel.md | 98 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 98 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190613 Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel.md b/sources/tech/20190613 Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..baf8f9f51b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190613 Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/continuous-kernel-integration-linux) +[#]: author: (Major Hayden https://opensource.com/users/mhayden) + +Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel +====== +How this team works to prevent bugs from being merged into the Linux +kernel. +![Linux kernel source code \(C\) in Visual Studio Code][1] + +With 14,000 changesets per release from over 1,700 different developers, it's clear that the Linux kernel moves quickly, and brings plenty of complexity. Kernel bugs range from small annoyances to larger problems, such as system crashes and data loss. + +As the call for continuous integration (CI) grows for more and more projects, the [Continuous Kernel Integration (CKI)][2] team forges ahead with a single mission: prevent bugs from being merged into the kernel. + +### Linux testing problems + +Many Linux distributions test the Linux kernel when needed. This testing often occurs around release time, or when users find a bug. + +Unrelated issues sometimes appear, and maintainers scramble to find which patch in a changeset full of tens of thousands of patches caused the new, unrelated bug. Diagnosing the bug may require specialized hardware, a series of triggers, and specialized knowledge of that portion of the kernel. + +#### CI and Linux + +Most modern software repositories have some sort of automated CI testing that tests commits before they find their way into the repository. This automated testing allows the maintainers to find software quality issues, along with most bugs, by reviewing the CI report. Simpler projects, such as a Python library, come with tons of tools to make this process easier. + +Linux must be configured and compiled prior to any testing. Doing so takes time and compute resources. In addition, that kernel must boot in a virtual machine or on a bare metal machine for testing. Getting access to certain system architectures requires additional expense or very slow emulation. From there, someone must identify a set of tests which trigger the bug or verify the fix. + +#### How the CKI team works + +The CKI team at Red Hat currently follows changes from several internal kernels, as well as upstream kernels such as the [stable kernel tree][3]. We watch for two critical events in each repository: + + 1. When maintainers merge pull requests or patches, and the resulting commits in the repository change. + + 2. When developers propose changes for merging via patchwork or the stable patch queue. + + + + +As these events occur, automation springs into action and [GitLab CI pipelines][4] begin the testing process. Once the pipeline runs [linting][5] scripts, merges any patches, and compiles the kernel for multiple architectures, the real testing begins. We compile kernels in under six minutes for four architectures and submit feedback to the stable mailing list usually in two hours or less. Over 100,000 kernel tests run each month and over 11,000 GitLab pipelines have completed (since January 2019). + +Each kernel is booted on its native architecture, which includes: + +● [aarch64][6]: 64-bit [ARM][7], such as the [Cavium (now Marvell) ThunderX][8]. + +● [ppc64/ppc64le][9]: Big and little endian [IBM POWER][10] systems. + +● [s390x][11]: [IBM Zseries][12] mainframes. + +● [x86_64][13]: [Intel][14] and [AMD][15] workstations, laptops, and servers. + +Multiple tests run on these kernels, including the [Linux Test Project (LTP)][16], which contains a myriad of tests using a common test harness. My CKI team open-sourced over 44 tests with more on the way. + +### Get involved + +The upstream kernel testing effort grows day-by-day. Many companies provide test output for various kernels, including [Google][17], Intel, [Linaro][18], and [Sony][19]. Each effort is focused on bringing value to the upstream kernel as well as each company’s customer base. + +If you or your company want to join the effort, please come to the [Linux Plumbers Conference 2019][20] in Lisbon, Portugal. Join us at the Kernel CI hackfest during the two days after the conference, and drive the future of rapid kernel testing. + +For more details, [review the slides][21] from my Texas Linux Fest 2019 talk. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/continuous-kernel-integration-linux + +作者：[Major Hayden][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mhayden +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_kernel_clang_vscode.jpg?itok=fozZ4zrr (Linux kernel source code (C) in Visual Studio Code) +[2]: https://cki-project.org/ +[3]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/stable-kernel-rules.html +[4]: https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/pipelines.html +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_(software) +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture +[7]: https://www.arm.com/ +[8]: https://www.marvell.com/server-processors/thunderx-arm-processors/ +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ppc64 +[10]: https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/power +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_on_z_Systems +[12]: https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/z +[13]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64 +[14]: https://www.intel.com/ +[15]: https://www.amd.com/ +[16]: https://github.com/linux-test-project/ltp +[17]: https://www.google.com/ +[18]: https://www.linaro.org/ +[19]: https://www.sony.com/ +[20]: https://www.linuxplumbersconf.org/ +[21]: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1T0JaRA0wtDU0aTWTyASwwy_ugtzjUcw_ZDmC5KFzw-A/edit?usp=sharing From e1d92ad1669940ea33fc37ba1b52b52fef84b7e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:05:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0376/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20Why?= =?UTF-8?q?=20use=20GraphQL=3F=20sources/tech/20190612=20Why=20use=20Graph?= =?UTF-8?q?QL.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190612 Why use GraphQL.md | 97 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190612 Why use GraphQL.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190612 Why use GraphQL.md b/sources/tech/20190612 Why use GraphQL.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad0d3a0056 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190612 Why use GraphQL.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why use GraphQL?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/why-use-graphql) +[#]: author: (Zach Lendon https://opensource.com/users/zachlendon/users/goncasousa/users/patrickhousley) + +Why use GraphQL? +====== +Here's why GraphQL is gaining ground on standard REST API technology. +![][1] + +[GraphQL][2], as I wrote [previously][3], is a next-generation API technology that is transforming both how client applications communicate with backend systems and how backend systems are designed. + +As a result of the support that began with the organization that founded it, Facebook, and continues with the backing of other technology giants such as Github, Twitter, and AirBnB, GraphQL's place as a linchpin technology for application systems seems secure; both now and long into the future. + +### GraphQL's ascent + +The rise in importance of mobile application performance and organizational agility has provided booster rockets for GraphQL's ascent to the top of modern enterprise architectures. + +Given that [REST][4] is a wildly popular architectural style that already allows mechanisms for data interaction, what advantages does this new technology provide over [REST][4]? The ‘QL’ in GraphQL stands for query language, and that is a great place to start. + +The ease at which different client applications within an organization can query only the data they need with GraphQL usurps alternative REST approaches and delivers real-world application performance boosts. With traditional [REST][4] API endpoints, client applications interrogate a server resource, and receive a response containing all the data that matches the request. If a successful response from a [REST][4] API endpoint returns 35 fields, the client application receives 35 fields + +### Fetching problems + +[REST][4] APIs traditionally provide no clean way for client applications to retrieve or update only the data they care about. This is often described as the “over-fetching” problem. With the prevalence of mobile applications in people’s day to day lives, the over-fetching problem has real world consequences. Every request a mobile application needs to make, every byte it has to send and receive, has an increasingly negative performance impact for end users. Users with slower data connections are particularly affected by suboptimal API design choices. Customers who experience poor performance using mobile applications are more likely to not purchase products and use services. Inefficient API designs cost companies money. + +“Over-fetching” isn’t alone - it has a partner in crime - “under-fetching”. Endpoints that, by default, return only a portion of the data a client actually needs require clients to make additional calls to satisfy their data needs - which requires additional HTTP requests. Because of the over and under fetching problems and their impact on client application performance, an API technology that facilitates efficient fetching has a chance to catch fire in the marketplace - and GraphQL has boldly jumped in and filled that void. + +### REST's response + +[REST][4] API designers, not willing to go down without a fight, have attempted to counter the mobile application performance problem through a mix of: + + * “include” and “exclude” query parameters, allowing client applications to specify which fields they want through a potentially long query format. + * “Composite” services, which combine multiple endpoints in a way that allow client applications to be more efficient in the number of requests they make and the data they receive. + + + +While these patterns are a valiant attempt by the [REST][4] API community to address challenges mobile clients face, they fall short in a few key regards, namely: + + * Include and exclude query key/value pairs quickly get messy, in particular for deeper object graphs that require a nested dot notation syntax (or similar) to target data to include and exclude. Additionally, debugging issues with the query string in this model often requires manually breaking up a URL. + * Server implementations for include and exclude queries are often custom, as there is no standard way for server-based applications to handle the use of include and exclude queries, just as there is no standard way for include and exclude queries to be defined. + * The rise of composite services creates more tightly coupled back-end and front-end systems, requiring increasing coordination to deliver projects and turning once agile projects back to waterfall. This coordination and coupling has the painful side effect of slowing organizational agility. Additionally, composite services are by definition, not RESTful. + + + +### GraphQL's genesis + +For Facebook, GraphQL’s genesis was a response to pain felt and experiences learned from an HTML5-based version of their flagship mobile application back in 2011-2012. Understanding that improved performance was paramount, Facebook engineers realized that they needed a new API design to ensure peak performance. Likely taking the above [REST][4] limitations into consideration, and with needing to support different needs of a number of API clients, one can begin to understand the early seeds of what led co-creators Lee Byron and Dan Schaeffer, Facebook employees at the time, to create what has become known as GraphQL. + +With what is often a single GraphQL endpoint, through the GraphQL query language, client applications are able to reduce, often significantly, the number of network calls they need to make, and ensure that they only are retrieving the data they need. In many ways, this harkens back to earlier models of web programming, where client application code would directly query back-end systems - some might remember writing SQL queries with JSTL on JSPs 10-15 years ago for example! + +The biggest difference now is with GraphQL, we have a specification that is implemented across a variety of client and server languages and libraries. And with GraphQL being an API technology, we have decoupled the back-end and front-end application systems by introducing an intermediary GraphQL application layer that provides a mechanism to access organizational data in a manner that aligns with an organization’s business domain(s). + +Beyond solving technical challenges experienced by software engineering teams, GraphQL has also been a boost to organizational agility, in particular in the enterprise. GraphQL-enabled organizational agility increases are commonly attributable to the following: + + * Rather than creating new endpoints when 1 or more new fields are needed by clients, GraphQL API designers and developers are able to include those fields in existing graph implementations, exposing new capabilities in a fashion that requires less development effort and less change across application systems. + * By encouraging API design teams to focus more on defining their object graph and be less focused on what client applications are delivering, the speed at which front-end and back-end software teams deliver solutions for customers has increasingly decoupled. + + + +### Considerations before adoption + +Despite GraphQL’s compelling benefits, GraphQL is not without its implementation challenges. A few examples include: + + * Caching mechanisms around [REST][4] APIs are much more mature. + * The patterns used to build APIs using [REST][4] are much more well established. + * While engineers may be more attracted to newer technologies like GraphQL, the talent pool in the marketplace is much broader for building [REST][4]-based solutions vs. GraphQL. + + + +### Conclusion + +By providing both a boost to performance and organizational agility, GraphQL's adoption by companies has skyrocketed in the past few years. It does, however, have some maturing to do in comparison to the RESTful ecosystem of API design. + +One of the great benefits of GraphQL is that it’s not designed as a wholesale replacement for alternative API solutions. Instead, GraphQL can be implemented to complement or enhance existing APIs. As a result, companies are encouraged to explore incrementally adopting GraphQL where it makes the most sense for them - where they find it has the greatest positive impact on application performance and organizational agility. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/why-use-graphql + +作者：[Zach Lendon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/zachlendon/users/goncasousa/users/patrickhousley +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/metrics_graph_stats_blue.png?itok=OKCc_60D +[2]: https://graphql.org/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-is-graphql +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer From 939570ee12d5c7046b1cbc11add28b51b95d9b8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:05:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0377/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20bits=20and=20bytes=20of=20PKI=20sources/tech/20190612=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20bits=20and=20bytes=20of=20PKI.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20190612 The bits and bytes of PKI.md | 284 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 284 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190612 The bits and bytes of PKI.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190612 The bits and bytes of PKI.md b/sources/tech/20190612 The bits and bytes of PKI.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3cf9bd9c41 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190612 The bits and bytes of PKI.md @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The bits and bytes of PKI) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/bits-and-bytes-pki) +[#]: author: (Alex Wood https://opensource.com/users/awood) + +The bits and bytes of PKI +====== +Take a look under the public key infrastructure's hood to get a better +understanding of its format. +![Computer keyboard typing][1] + +In two previous articles— _[An introduction to cryptography and public key infrastructure][2]_ and _[How do private keys work in PKI and cryptography?][3]_ —I discussed cryptography and public key infrastructure (PKI) in a general way. I talked about how digital bundles called _certificates_ store public keys and identifying information. These bundles contain a lot of complexity, and it's useful to have a basic understanding of the format for when you need to look under the hood. + +### Abstract art + +Keys, certificate signing requests, certificates, and other PKI artifacts define themselves in a data description language called [Abstract Syntax Notation One][4] (ASN.1). ASN.1 defines a series of simple data types (integers, strings, dates, etc.) along with some structured types (sequences, sets). By using those types as building blocks, we can create surprisingly complex data formats. + +ASN.1 contains plenty of pitfalls for the unwary, however. For example, it has two different ways of representing dates: GeneralizedTime ([ISO 8601][5] format) and UTCTime (which uses a two-digit year). Strings introduce even more confusion. We have IA5String for ASCII strings and UTF8String for Unicode strings. ASN.1 also defines several other string types, from the exotic [T61String][6] and [TeletexString][7] to the more innocuous sounding—but probably not what you wanted—PrintableString (only a small subset of ASCII) and UniversalString (encoded in [UTF-32][8]). If you're writing or reading ASN.1 data, I recommend referencing the [specification][9]. + +ASN.1 has another data type worth special mention: the object identifier (OID). OIDs are a series of integers. Commonly they are shown with periods delimiting them. Each integer represents a node in what is basically a "tree of things." For example, [1.3.6.1.4.1.2312][10] is the OID for my employer, Red Hat, where "1" is the node for the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), "3" is for ISO-identified organizations, "6" is for the US Department of Defense (which, for historical reasons, is the parent to the next node), "1" is for the internet, "4" is for private organizations, "1" is for enterprises, and finally "2312," which is Red Hat's own. + +More commonly, OIDs are regularly used to identify specific algorithms in PKI objects. If you have a digital signature, it's not much use if you don't know what type of signature it is. The signature algorithm "sha256WithRSAEncryption" has the OID "1.2.840.113549.1.1.11," for example. + +### ASN.1 at work + +Suppose we own a factory that produces flying brooms, and we need to store some data about every broom. Our brooms have a model name, a serial number, and a series of inspections that have been made to ensure flight-worthiness. We could store this information using ASN.1 like so: + + +``` +BroomInfo ::= SEQUENCE { +model UTF8String, +serialNumber INTEGER, +inspections SEQUENCE OF InspectionInfo +} + +InspectionInfo ::= SEQUENCE { +inspectorName UTF8String, +inspectionDate GeneralizedTime +} +``` + +The example above defines the model name as a UTF8-encoded string, the serial number as an integer, and our inspections as a series of InspectionInfo items. Then we see that each InspectionInfo item comprises two pieces of data: the inspector's name and the time of the inspection. + +An actual instance of BroomInfo data would look something like this in ASN.1's value assignment syntax: + + +``` +broom BroomInfo ::= { +model "Nimbus 2000", +serialNumber 1066, +inspections { +{ +inspectorName "Harry", +inspectionDate "201901011200Z" +} +{ +inspectorName "Hagrid", +inspectionDate "201902011200Z" +} +} +} +``` + +Don't worry too much about the particulars of the syntax; for the average developer, having a basic grasp of how the pieces fit together is sufficient. + +Now let's look at a real example from [RFC 8017][11] that I have abbreviated somewhat for clarity: + + +``` +RSAPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE { +version Version, +modulus INTEGER, -- n +publicExponent INTEGER, -- e +privateExponent INTEGER, -- d +prime1 INTEGER, -- p +prime2 INTEGER, -- q +exponent1 INTEGER, -- d mod (p-1) +exponent2 INTEGER, -- d mod (q-1) +coefficient INTEGER, -- (inverse of q) mod p +otherPrimeInfos OtherPrimeInfos OPTIONAL +} + +Version ::= INTEGER { two-prime(0), multi(1) } +(CONSTRAINED BY +{-- version must be multi if otherPrimeInfos present --}) + +OtherPrimeInfos ::= SEQUENCE SIZE(1..MAX) OF OtherPrimeInfo + +OtherPrimeInfo ::= SEQUENCE { +prime INTEGER, -- ri +exponent INTEGER, -- di +coefficient INTEGER -- ti +} +``` + +The ASN.1 above defines the PKCS #1 format used to store RSA keys. Looking at this, we can see the RSAPrivateKey sequence starts with a version type (either 0 or 1) followed by a bunch of integers and then an optional type called OtherPrimeInfos. The OtherPrimeInfos sequence contains one or more pieces of OtherPrimeInfo. And each OtherPrimeInfo is just a sequence of integers. + +Let's look at an actual instance by asking OpenSSL to generate an RSA key and then pipe it into [asn1parse][12], which will print it out in a more human-friendly format. (By the way, the **genrsa** command I'm using here has been superseded by **genpkey** ; we'll see why a little later.) + + +``` +% openssl genrsa 4096 2> /dev/null | openssl asn1parse +0:d=0 hl=4 l=2344 cons: SEQUENCE +4:d=1 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00 +7:d=1 hl=4 l= 513 prim: INTEGER :B80B0C2443... +524:d=1 hl=2 l= 3 prim: INTEGER :010001 +529:d=1 hl=4 l= 512 prim: INTEGER :59C609C626... +1045:d=1 hl=4 l= 257 prim: INTEGER :E8FC43002D... +1306:d=1 hl=4 l= 257 prim: INTEGER :CA39222DD2... +1567:d=1 hl=4 l= 256 prim: INTEGER :25F6CD181F... +1827:d=1 hl=4 l= 256 prim: INTEGER :38CCE374CB... +2087:d=1 hl=4 l= 257 prim: INTEGER :C80430E810... +``` + +Recall that RSA uses a modulus, _n_ ; a public exponent, _e_ ; and a private exponent, _d_. Now let's look at the sequence. First, we see the version set to 0 for a two-prime RSA key (what **genrsa** generates), an integer for the modulus, _n_ , and then 0x010001 for the public exponent, _e_. If we convert to decimal, we'll see our public exponent is 65537, a number [commonly][13] used as an RSA public exponent. Following the public exponent, we see the integer for the private exponent, _e_ , and then some other integers that are used to speed up decryption and signing. Explaining how this optimization works is beyond the scope of this article, but if you like math, there's a [good video on the subject][14]. + +What about that other stuff on the left side of the output? What does "h=4" and "l=513" mean? We'll cover that shortly. + +### DERangement + +We've seen the "abstract" part of Abstract Syntax Notation One, but how does this data get encoded and stored? For that, we turn to a binary format called Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) defined in the [X.690][15] specification. DER is a stricter version of its parent, Basic Encoding Rules (BER), in that for any given data, there is only one way to encode it. If we're going to be digitally signing data, it makes things a lot easier if there is only one possible encoding that needs to be signed instead of dozens of functionally equivalent representations. + +DER uses a [tag-length-value][16] (TLV) structure. The encoding of a piece of data begins with an identifier octet defining the data's type. ("Octet" is used rather than "byte" since the standard is very old and some early architectures didn't use 8 bits for a byte.) Next are the octets that encode the length of the data, and finally, there is the data. The data can be another TLV series. The left side of the **asn1parse** output makes a little more sense now. The first number indicates the absolute offset from the beginning. The "d=" tells us the depth of that item in the structure. The first line is a sequence, which we descend into on the next line (the depth _d_ goes from 0 to 1) whereupon **asn1parse** begins enumerating all the elements in that sequence. The "hl=" is the header length (the sum of the identifier and length octets), and the "l=" tells us the length of that particular piece of data. + +How is header length determined? It's the sum of the identifier byte and the bytes encoding the length. In our example, the top sequence is 2344 octets long. If it were less than 128 octets, the length would be encoded in a single octet in the "short form": bit 8 would be a zero and bits 7 to 1 would hold the length value ( **2 7-1=127**). A value of 2344 needs more space, so the "long" form is used. The first octet has bit 8 set to one, and bits 7 to 1 contain the length of the length. In our case, a value of 2344 can be encoded in two octets (0x0928). Combined with the first "length of the length" octet, we have three octets total. Add the one identifier octet, and that gives us our total header length of four. + +As a side exercise, let's consider the largest value we could possibly encode. We've seen that we have up to 127 octets to encode a length. At 8 bits per octet, we have a total of 1008 bits to use, so we can hold a number equal to **2 1008-1**. That would equate to a content length of **2.743062*10 279** yottabytes, staggeringly more than the estimated **10 80** atoms in the observable universe. If you're interested in all the details, I recommend reading "[A Layman's Guide to a Subset of ASN.1, BER, and DER][17]." + +What about "cons" and "prim"? Those indicate whether the value is encoded with "constructed" or "primitive" encoding. Primitive encoding is used for simple types like "INTEGER" or "BOOLEAN," while constructed encoding is used for structured types like "SEQUENCE" or "SET." The actual difference between the two encoding methods is whether bit 6 in the identifier octet is a zero or one. If it's a one, the parser knows that the content octets are also DER-encoded and it can descend. + +### PEM pals + +While useful in a lot of cases, a binary format won't pass muster if we need to display the data as text. Before the [MIME][18] standard existed, attachment support was spotty. Commonly, if you wanted to attach data, you put it in the body of the email, and since SMTP only supported ASCII, that meant converting your binary data (like the DER of your public key, for example) into ASCII characters. + +Thus, the PEM format emerged. PEM stands for "Privacy-Enhanced Email" and was an early standard for transmitting and storing PKI data. The standard never caught on, but the format it defined for storage did. PEM-encoded objects are just DER objects that are [base64][19]-encoded and wrapped at 64 characters per line. To describe the type of object, a header and footer surround the base64 string. You'll see **\-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----** or **\-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----** , for example. + +Often you'll see files with the ".pem" extension. I don't find this suffix useful. The file could contain a certificate, a key, a certificate signing request, or several other possibilities. Imagine going to a sushi restaurant and seeing a menu that described every item as "fish and rice"! Instead, I prefer more informative extensions like ".crt", ".key", and ".csr". + +### The PKCS zoo + +Earlier, I showed an example of a PKCS #1-formatted RSA key. As you might expect, formats for storing certificates and signing requests also exist in various IETF RFCs. For example, PKCS #8 can be used to store private keys for many different algorithms (including RSA!). Here's some of the ASN.1 from [RFC 5208][20] for PKCS #8. (RFC 5208 has been obsoleted by RFC 5958, but I feel that the ASN.1 in RFC 5208 is easier to understand.) + + +``` +PrivateKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE { +version Version, +privateKeyAlgorithm PrivateKeyAlgorithmIdentifier, +privateKey PrivateKey, +attributes [0] IMPLICIT Attributes OPTIONAL } + +Version ::= INTEGER + +PrivateKeyAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier + +PrivateKey ::= OCTET STRING + +Attributes ::= SET OF Attribute +``` + +If you store your RSA private key in a PKCS #8, the PrivateKey element will actually be a DER-encoded PKCS #1! Let's prove it. Remember earlier when I used **genrsa** to generate a PKCS #1? OpenSSL can generate a PKCS #8 with the **genpkey** command, and you can specify RSA as the algorithm to use. + + +``` +% openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA | openssl asn1parse +0:d=0 hl=4 l= 629 cons: SEQUENCE +4:d=1 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00 +7:d=1 hl=2 l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE +9:d=2 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :rsaEncryption +20:d=2 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL +22:d=1 hl=4 l= 607 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:3082025B... +``` + +You may have spotted the "OBJECT" in the output and guessed that was related to OIDs. You'd be correct. The OID "1.2.840.113549.1.1.1" is assigned to RSA encryption. OpenSSL has a built-in list of common OIDs and translates them into a human-readable form for you. + + +``` +% openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA | openssl asn1parse -strparse 22 +0:d=0 hl=4 l= 604 cons: SEQUENCE +4:d=1 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00 +7:d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER :CA6720E706... +139:d=1 hl=2 l= 3 prim: INTEGER :010001 +144:d=1 hl=3 l= 128 prim: INTEGER :05D0BEBE44... +275:d=1 hl=2 l= 65 prim: INTEGER :F215DC6B77... +342:d=1 hl=2 l= 65 prim: INTEGER :D6095CED7E... +409:d=1 hl=2 l= 64 prim: INTEGER :402C7562F3... +475:d=1 hl=2 l= 64 prim: INTEGER :06D0097B2D... +541:d=1 hl=2 l= 65 prim: INTEGER :AB266E8E51... +``` + +In the second command, I've told **asn1parse** via the **-strparse** argument to move to octet 22 and begin parsing the content's octets there as an ASN.1 object. We can clearly see that the PKCS #8's PrivateKey looks just like the PKCS #1 that we examined earlier. + +You should favor using the **genpkey** command. PKCS #8 has some features that PKCS #1 does not: PKCS #8 can store private keys for multiple different algorithms (PKCS #1 is RSA-specific), and it provides a mechanism to encrypt the private key using a passphrase and a symmetric cipher. + +Encrypted PKCS #8 objects use a different ASN.1 syntax that I'm not going to dive into, but let's take a look at an actual example and see if anything stands out. Encrypting a private key with **genpkey** requires that you specify the symmetric encryption algorithm to use. I'll use AES-256-CBC for this example and a password of "hello" (the "pass:" prefix is the way of telling OpenSSL that the password is coming in from the command line). + + +``` +% openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -aes-256-cbc -pass pass:hello | openssl asn1parse +0:d=0 hl=4 l= 733 cons: SEQUENCE +4:d=1 hl=2 l= 87 cons: SEQUENCE +6:d=2 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :PBES2 +17:d=2 hl=2 l= 74 cons: SEQUENCE +19:d=3 hl=2 l= 41 cons: SEQUENCE +21:d=4 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :PBKDF2 +32:d=4 hl=2 l= 28 cons: SEQUENCE +34:d=5 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:17E6FE554E85810A +44:d=5 hl=2 l= 2 prim: INTEGER :0800 +48:d=5 hl=2 l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE +50:d=6 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :hmacWithSHA256 +60:d=6 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL +62:d=3 hl=2 l= 29 cons: SEQUENCE +64:d=4 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :aes-256-cbc +75:d=4 hl=2 l= 16 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:91E9536C39... +93:d=1 hl=4 l= 640 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]:98007B264F... + +% openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -aes-256-cbc -pass pass:hello | head -n 1 +\-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY----- +``` + +There are a couple of interesting items here. We see our encryption algorithm is recorded with an OID starting at octet 64. There's an OID for "PBES2" (Password-Based Encryption Scheme 2), which defines a standard process for encryption and decryption, and an OID for "PBKDF2" (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2), which defines a standard process for creating encryption keys from passwords. Helpfully, OpenSSL uses the header "ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY" in the PEM output. + +OpenSSL will let you encrypt a PKCS #1, but it's done in a non-standard way via a series of headers inserted into the PEM: + + +``` +% openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout pass:hello 4096 +\-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- +Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED +DEK-Info: AES-256-CBC,5B2C64DC05B7C0471A278C76562FD776 +... +``` + +### In conclusion + +There's a final PKCS format you need to know about: [PKCS #12][21]. The PKCS #12 format allows for storing multiple objects all in one file. If you have a certificate and its corresponding key or a chain of certificates, you can store them together in one PKCS #12 file. Individual entries in the file can be protected with password-based encryption. + +Beyond the PKCS formats, there are other storage methods such as the Java-specific JKS format and the NSS library from Mozilla, which uses file-based databases (SQLite or Berkeley DB, depending on the version). Luckily, the PKCS formats are a lingua franca that can serve as a start or reference if you need to deal with other formats. + +If this all seems confusing, that's because it is. Unfortunately, the PKI ecosystem has a lot of sharp edges between tools that generate enigmatic error messages (looking at you, OpenSSL) and standards that have grown and evolved over the past 35 years. Having a basic understanding of how PKI objects are stored is critical if you're doing any application development that will be accessed over SSL/TLS. + +I hope this article has shed a little light on the subject and might save you from spending fruitless hours in the PKI wilderness. + +* * * + +_The author would like to thank Hubert Kario for providing a technical review._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/bits-and-bytes-pki + +作者：[Alex Wood][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/awood +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/keyboaord_enter_writing_documentation.jpg?itok=kKrnXc5h (Computer keyboard typing) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/cryptography-pki +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/private-keys +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Syntax_Notation_One +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601 +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_T.61 +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletex +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32 +[9]: https://www.itu.int/itu-t/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=X.680 +[10]: https://www.alvestrand.no/objectid/1.3.6.1.4.1.2312.html +[11]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8017 +[12]: https://linux.die.net/man/1/asn1parse +[13]: https://www.johndcook.com/blog/2018/12/12/rsa-exponent/ +[14]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NcPdiPrY_g8 +[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.690 +[16]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-length-value +[17]: http://luca.ntop.org/Teaching/Appunti/asn1.html +[18]: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/mar/26/ather-of-the-email-attachment +[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64 +[20]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5208 +[21]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7292 From aca0b0e80509b5f17b35b3e77ea34be0f98c065a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:05:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0378/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20write=20a=20loop=20in=20Bash=20sources/tech/20190612=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20to=20write=20a=20loop=20in=20Bash.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20190612 How to write a loop in Bash.md | 282 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 282 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190612 How to write a loop in Bash.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190612 How to write a loop in Bash.md b/sources/tech/20190612 How to write a loop in Bash.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f63bff9cd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190612 How to write a loop in Bash.md @@ -0,0 +1,282 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to write a loop in Bash) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/how-write-loop-bash) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/goncasousa/users/howtopamm/users/howtopamm/users/seth/users/wavesailor/users/seth) + +How to write a loop in Bash +====== +Automatically perform a set of actions on multiple files with for loops +and find commands. +![bash logo on green background][1] + +A common reason people want to learn the Unix shell is to unlock the power of batch processing. If you want to perform some set of actions on many files, one of the ways to do that is by constructing a command that iterates over those files. In programming terminology, this is called _execution control,_ and one of the most common examples of it is the **for** loop. + +A **for** loop is a recipe detailing what actions you want your computer to take _for_ each data object (such as a file) you specify. + +### The classic for loop + +An easy loop to try is one that analyzes a collection of files. This probably isn't a useful loop on its own, but it's a safe way to prove to yourself that you have the ability to handle each file in a directory individually. First, create a simple test environment by creating a directory and placing some copies of some files into it. Any file will do initially, but later examples require graphic files (such as JPEG, PNG, or similar). You can create the folder and copy files into it using a file manager or in the terminal: + + +``` +$ mkdir example +$ cp ~/Pictures/vacation/*.{png,jpg} example +``` + +Change directory to your new folder, then list the files in it to confirm that your test environment is what you expect: + + +``` +$ cd example +$ ls -1 +cat.jpg +design_maori.png +otago.jpg +waterfall.png +``` + +The syntax to loop through each file individually in a loop is: create a variable ( **f** for file, for example). Then define the data set you want the variable to cycle through. In this case, cycle through all files in the current directory using the ***** wildcard character (the ***** wildcard matches _everything_ ). Then terminate this introductory clause with a semicolon ( **;** ). + + +``` +`$ for f in * ;` +``` + +Depending on your preference, you can choose to press **Return** here. The shell won't try to execute the loop until it is syntactically complete. + +Next, define what you want to happen with each iteration of the loop. For simplicity, use the **file** command to get a little bit of data about each file, represented by the **f** variable (but prepended with a **$** to tell the shell to swap out the value of the variable for whatever the variable currently contains): + + +``` +`do file $f ;` +``` + +Terminate the clause with another semi-colon and close the loop: + + +``` +`done` +``` + +Press **Return** to start the shell cycling through _everything_ in the current directory. The **for** loop assigns each file, one by one, to the variable **f** and runs your command: + + +``` +$ for f in * ; do +> file $f ; +> done +cat.jpg: JPEG image data, EXIF standard 2.2 +design_maori.png: PNG image data, 4608 x 2592, 8-bit/color RGB, non-interlaced +otago.jpg: JPEG image data, EXIF standard 2.2 +waterfall.png: PNG image data, 4608 x 2592, 8-bit/color RGB, non-interlaced +``` + +You can also write it this way: + + +``` +$ for f in *; do file $f; done +cat.jpg: JPEG image data, EXIF standard 2.2 +design_maori.png: PNG image data, 4608 x 2592, 8-bit/color RGB, non-interlaced +otago.jpg: JPEG image data, EXIF standard 2.2 +waterfall.png: PNG image data, 4608 x 2592, 8-bit/color RGB, non-interlaced +``` + +Both the multi-line and single-line formats are the same to your shell and produce the exact same results. + +### A practical example + +Here's a practical example of how a loop can be useful for everyday computing. Assume you have a collection of vacation photos you want to send to friends. Your photo files are huge, making them too large to email and inconvenient to upload to your [photo-sharing service][2]. You want to create smaller web-versions of your photos, but you have 100 photos and don't want to spend the time reducing each photo, one by one. + +First, install the **ImageMagick** command using your package manager on Linux, BSD, or Mac. For instance, on Fedora and RHEL: + + +``` +`$ sudo dnf install ImageMagick` +``` + +On Ubuntu or Debian: + + +``` +`$ sudo apt install ImageMagick` +``` + +On BSD, use **ports** or [pkgsrc][3]. On Mac, use [Homebrew][4] or [MacPorts][5]. + +Once you install ImageMagick, you have a set of new commands to operate on photos. + +Create a destination directory for the files you're about to create: + + +``` +`$ mkdir tmp` +``` + +To reduce each photo to 33% of its original size, try this loop: + + +``` +`$ for f in * ; do convert $f -scale 33% tmp/$f ; done` +``` + +Then look in the **tmp** folder to see your scaled photos. + +You can use any number of commands within a loop, so if you need to perform complex actions on a batch of files, you can place your whole workflow between the **do** and **done** statements of a **for** loop. For example, suppose you want to copy each processed photo straight to a shared photo directory on your web host and remove the photo file from your local system: + + +``` +$ for f in * ; do +convert $f -scale 33% tmp/$f +scp -i seth_web tmp/$f [seth@example.com][6]:~/public_html +trash tmp/$f ; +done +``` + +For each file processed by the **for** loop, your computer automatically runs three commands. This means if you process just 10 photos this way, you save yourself 30 commands and probably at least as many minutes. + +### Limiting your loop + +A loop doesn't always have to look at every file. You might want to process only the JPEG files in your example directory: + + +``` +$ for f in *.jpg ; do convert $f -scale 33% tmp/$f ; done +$ ls -m tmp +cat.jpg, otago.jpg +``` + +Or, instead of processing files, you may need to repeat an action a specific number of times. A **for** loop's variable is defined by whatever data you provide it, so you can create a loop that iterates over numbers instead of files: + + +``` +$ for n in {0..4}; do echo $n ; done +0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +``` + +### More looping + +You now know enough to create your own loops. Until you're comfortable with looping, use them on _copies_ of the files you want to process and, as often as possible, use commands with built-in safeguards to prevent you from clobbering your data and making irreparable mistakes, like accidentally renaming an entire directory of files to the same name, each overwriting the other. + +For advanced **for** loop topics, read on. + +### Not all shells are Bash + +The **for** keyword is built into the Bash shell. Many similar shells use the same keyword and syntax, but some shells, like [tcsh][7], use a different keyword, like **foreach** , instead. + +In tcsh, the syntax is similar in spirit but more strict than Bash. In the following code sample, do not type the string **foreach?** in lines 2 and 3. It is a secondary prompt alerting you that you are still in the process of building your loop. + + +``` +$ foreach f (*) +foreach? file $f +foreach? end +cat.jpg: JPEG image data, EXIF standard 2.2 +design_maori.png: PNG image data, 4608 x 2592, 8-bit/color RGB, non-interlaced +otago.jpg: JPEG image data, EXIF standard 2.2 +waterfall.png: PNG image data, 4608 x 2592, 8-bit/color RGB, non-interlaced +``` + +In tcsh, both **foreach** and **end** must appear alone on separate lines, so you cannot create a **for** loop on one line as you can with Bash and similar shells. + +### For loops with the find command + +In theory, you could find a shell that doesn't provide a **for** loop function, or you may just prefer to use a different command with added features. + +The **find** command is another way to implement the functionality of a **for** loop, as it offers several ways to define the scope of which files to include in your loop as well as options for [Parallel][8] processing. + +The **find** command is meant to help you find files on your hard drives. Its syntax is simple: you provide the path of the location you want to search, and **find** finds all files and directories: + + +``` +$ find . +. +./cat.jpg +./design_maori.png +./otago.jpg +./waterfall.png +``` + +You can filter the search results by adding some portion of the name: + + +``` +$ find . -name "*jpg" +./cat.jpg +./otago.jpg +``` + +The great thing about **find** is that each file it finds can be fed into a loop using the **-exec** flag. For instance, to scale down only the PNG photos in your example directory: + + +``` +$ find . -name "*png" -exec convert {} -scale 33% tmp/{} \; +$ ls -m tmp +design_maori.png, waterfall.png +``` + +In the **-exec** clause, the bracket characters **{}** stand in for whatever item **find** is processing (in other words, any file ending in PNG that has been located, one at a time). The **-exec** clause must be terminated with a semicolon, but Bash usually tries to use the semicolon for itself. You "escape" the semicolon with a backslash ( **\;** ) so that **find** knows to treat that semicolon as its terminating character. + +The **find** command is very good at what it does, and it can be too good sometimes. For instance, if you reuse it to find PNG files for another photo process, you will get a few errors: + + +``` +$ find . -name "*png" -exec convert {} -flip -flop tmp/{} \; +convert: unable to open image `tmp/./tmp/design_maori.png': +No such file or directory @ error/blob.c/OpenBlob/2643. +... +``` + +It seems that **find** has located all the PNG files—not only the ones in your current directory ( **.** ) but also those that you processed before and placed in your **tmp** subdirectory. In some cases, you may want **find** to search the current directory plus all other directories within it (and all directories in _those_ ). It can be a powerful recursive processing tool, especially in complex file structures (like directories of music artists containing directories of albums filled with music files), but you can limit this with the **-maxdepth** option. + +To find only PNG files in the current directory (excluding subdirectories): + + +``` +`$ find . -maxdepth 1 -name "*png"` +``` + +To find and process files in the current directory plus an additional level of subdirectories, increment the maximum depth by 1: + + +``` +`$ find . -maxdepth 2 -name "*png"` +``` + +Its default is to descend into all subdirectories. + +### Looping for fun and profit + +The more you use loops, the more time and effort you save, and the bigger the tasks you can tackle. You're just one user, but with a well-thought-out loop, you can make your computer do the hard work. + +You can and should treat looping like any other command, keeping it close at hand for when you need to repeat a single action or two on several files. However, it's also a legitimate gateway to serious programming, so if you have to accomplish a complex task on any number of files, take a moment out of your day to plan out your workflow. If you can achieve your goal on one file, then wrapping that repeatable process in a **for** loop is relatively simple, and the only "programming" required is an understanding of how variables work and enough organization to separate unprocessed from processed files. With a little practice, you can move from a Linux user to a Linux user who knows how to write a loop, so get out there and make your computer work for you! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/how-write-loop-bash + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/goncasousa/users/howtopamm/users/howtopamm/users/seth/users/wavesailor/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bash_command_line.png?itok=k4z94W2U (bash logo on green background) +[2]: http://nextcloud.com +[3]: http://pkgsrc.org +[4]: http://brew.sh +[5]: https://www.macports.org +[6]: mailto:seth@example.com +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcsh +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/gnu-parallel From b015a4eac68f7bfc740940e9270ac1c39e7b46eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:06:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0379/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190611=20What?= =?UTF-8?q?=20is=20a=20Linux=20user=3F=20sources/tech/20190611=20What=20is?= =?UTF-8?q?=20a=20Linux=20user.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190611 What is a Linux user.md | 56 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190611 What is a Linux user.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190611 What is a Linux user.md b/sources/tech/20190611 What is a Linux user.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f5f71758fa --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190611 What is a Linux user.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (What is a Linux user?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-linux-user) +[#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva/users/petercheer/users/ansilva/users/greg-p/users/ansilva/users/ansilva/users/bcotton/users/ansilva/users/seth/users/ansilva/users/don-watkins/users/ansilva/users/seth) + +What is a Linux user? +====== +The definition of who is a "Linux user" has grown to be a bigger tent, +and it's a great change. +![][1] + +> _Editor's note: this article was updated on Jun 11, 2019, at 1:15:19 PM to more accurately reflect the author's perspective on an open and inclusive community of practice in the Linux community._ + +In only two years, the Linux kernel will be 30 years old. Think about that! Where were you in 1991? Were you even born? I was 13! Between 1991 and 1993 a few Linux distributions were created, and at least three of them—Slackware, Debian, and Red Hat–provided the [backbone][2] the Linux movement was built on. + +Getting a copy of a Linux distribution and installing and configuring it on a desktop or server was very different back then than today. It was hard! It was frustrating! It was an accomplishment if you got it running! We had to fight with incompatible hardware, configuration jumpers on devices, BIOS issues, and many other things. Even if the hardware was compatible, many times, you still had to compile the kernel, modules, and drivers to get them to work on your system. + +If you were around during those days, you are probably nodding your head. Some readers might even call them the "good old days," because choosing to use Linux meant you had to learn about operating systems, computer architecture, system administration, networking, and even programming, just to keep the OS functioning. I am not one of them though: Linux being a regular part of everyone's technology experience is one of the most amazing changes in our industry! + +Almost 30 years later, Linux has gone far beyond the desktop and server. You will find Linux in automobiles, airplanes, appliances, smartphones… virtually everywhere! You can even purchase laptops, desktops, and servers with Linux preinstalled. If you consider cloud computing, where corporations and even individuals can deploy Linux virtual machines with the click of a button, it's clear how widespread the availability of Linux has become. + +With all that in mind, my question for you is: **How do you define a "Linux user" today?** + +If you buy your parent or grandparent a Linux laptop from System76 or Dell, log them into their social media and email, and tell them to click "update system" every so often, they are now a Linux user. If you did the same with a Windows or MacOS machine, they would be Windows or MacOS users. It's incredible to me that, unlike the '90s, Linux is now a place for anyone and everyone to compute. + +In many ways, this is due to the web browser becoming the "killer app" on the desktop computer. Now, many users don't care what operating system they are using as long as they can get to their app or service. + +How many people do you know who use their phone, desktop, or laptop regularly but can't manage files, directories, and drivers on their systems? How many can't install a binary that isn't attached to an "app store" of some sort? How about compiling an application from scratch?! For me, it's almost no one. That's the beauty of open source software maturing along with an ecosystem that cares about accessibility. + +Today's Linux user is not required to know, study, or even look up information as the Linux user of the '90s or early 2000s did, and that's not a bad thing. The old imagery of Linux being exclusively for bearded men is long gone, and I say good riddance. + +There will always be room for a Linux user who is interested, curious, _fascinated_ about computers, operating systems, and the idea of creating, using, and collaborating on free software. There is just as much room for creative open source contributors on Windows and MacOS these days as well. Today, being a Linux user is being anyone with a Linux system. And that's a wonderful thing. + +### The change to what it means to be a Linux user + +When I started with Linux, being a user meant knowing how to the operating system functioned in every way, shape, and form. Linux has matured in a way that allows the definition of "Linux users" to encompass a much broader world of possibility and the people who inhabit it. It may be obvious to say, but it is important to say clearly: anyone who uses Linux is an equal Linux user. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-linux-user + +作者：[Anderson Silva][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva/users/petercheer/users/ansilva/users/greg-p/users/ansilva/users/ansilva/users/bcotton/users/ansilva/users/seth/users/ansilva/users/don-watkins/users/ansilva/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_penguin_green.png?itok=ENdVzW22 +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution#/media/File:Linux_Distribution_Timeline.svg From 0e2674f98c86332e2a25122c5609ca3b9ad8402f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:07:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0380/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190614=20Repo?= =?UTF-8?q?rt:=20Mirai=20tries=20to=20hook=20its=20tentacles=20into=20SD-W?= =?UTF-8?q?AN=20sources/talk/20190614=20Report-=20Mirai=20tries=20to=20hoo?= =?UTF-8?q?k=20its=20tentacles=20into=20SD-WAN.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN.md | 71 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190614 Report- Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190614 Report- Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN.md b/sources/talk/20190614 Report- Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d4a3a9a927 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190614 Report- Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Report: Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403016/report-mirai-tries-to-hook-its-tentacles-into-sd-wan.html) +[#]: author: (Jon Gold https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/) + +Report: Mirai tries to hook its tentacles into SD-WAN +====== + +Mirai – the software that has hijacked hundreds of thousands of internet-connected devices to launch massive DDoS attacks – now goes beyond recruiting just IoT products; it also includes code that seeks to exploit a vulnerability in corporate SD-WAN gear. + +That specific equipment – VMware’s SDX line of SD-WAN appliances – now has an updated software version that fixes the vulnerability, but by targeting it Mirai’s authors show that they now look beyond enlisting security cameras and set-top boxes and seek out any vulnerable connected devices, including enterprise networking gear. + +**More about SD-WAN** + + * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][1] + * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][2] + * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][3] + * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][4] + + + +“I assume we’re going to see Mirai just collecting as many devices as it can,” said Jen Miller-Osborn, deputy director of threat research at Palo Alto Networks’ Unit 42, which recently issued [a report][5] about Mirai. + +### Exploiting SD-WAN gear is new + +While the exploit against the SD-WAN appliances was a departure for Mirai, it doesn’t represent a sea-change in the way its authors are approaching their work, according Miller-Osborn. + +The idea, she said, is simply to add any devices to the botnet, regardless of what they are. The fact that SD-WAN devices were targeted is more about those particular devices having a vulnerability than anything to do with their SD-WAN capabilities. + +### Responsible disclosure headed off execution of exploits + +[The vulnerability][6] itself was discovered last year by independent researchers who responsibly disclosed it to VMware, which then fixed it in a later software version. But the means to exploit the weakness nevertheless is included in a recently discovered new variant of Mirai, according to the Unit 42 report. + +The authors behind Mirai periodically update the software to add new targets to the list, according to Unit 42, and the botherders’ original tactic of simply targeting devices running default credentials has given way to a strategy that also exploits vulnerabilities in a wide range of different devices. The updated variant of the malicious software includes a total of eight new-to-Mirai exploits. + +**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][7] ]** + +The remediated version of the VMware SD-WAN is SD-WAN Edge 3.1.2. The vulnerability still affects SD-WAN Edge 3.1.1 and earlier, [according to a VMware security advisory][8]. After the Unit 42 report came out VMware posted [a blog][9] that says it is conducting its own investigation into the matter. + +Detecting whether a given SD-WAN implementation has been compromised depends heavily on the degree of monitoring in place on the network. Any products that give IT staff the ability to notice unusual traffic to or from an affected appliance could flag that activity. Otherwise, it could be difficult to tell if anything’s wrong, Miller-Osborne said. “You honestly might not notice it unless you start seeing a hit in performance or an outside actor notifies you about it.” + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][10] and [LinkedIn][11] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403016/report-mirai-tries-to-hook-its-tentacles-into-sd-wan.html + +作者：[Jon Gold][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true +[5]: https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/new-mirai-variant-adds-8-new-exploits-targets-additional-iot-devices/ +[6]: https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44959 +[7]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr +[8]: https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2018-0011.html +[9]: https://blogs.vmware.com/security/2019/06/vmsa-2018-0011-revisited.html +[10]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From a76ce9151297d782558809911c3748130ddd1f49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:07:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0381/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190614=20West?= =?UTF-8?q?ern=20Digital=20launches=20open-source=20zettabyte=20storage=20?= =?UTF-8?q?initiative=20sources/talk/20190614=20Western=20Digital=20launch?= =?UTF-8?q?es=20open-source=20zettabyte=20storage=20initiative.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...pen-source zettabyte storage initiative.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190614 Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190614 Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative.md b/sources/talk/20190614 Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9c31358d47 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190614 Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402318/western-digital-launches-open-source-zettabyte-storage-initiative.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +Western Digital launches open-source zettabyte storage initiative +====== +Western Digital's Zoned Storage initiative leverages new technology to create more efficient zettabyte-scale data storage for data centers by improving how data is organized when it is stored. +![monsitj / Getty Images][1] + +Western Digital has announced a project called the Zoned Storage initiative that leverages new technology to create more efficient zettabyte-scale data storage for data centers by improving how data is organized when it is stored. + +As part of this, the company also launched a [developer site][2] that will host open-source, standards-based tools and other resources. + +The Zoned Storage architecture is designed for Western Digital hardware and its shingled magnetic recording (SMR) HDDs, which hold up to 15TB of data, as well as the emerging zoned namespaces (ZNS) standard for NVMe SSDs, designed to deliver better endurance and predictability. + +**[ Now read:[What is quantum computing (and why enterprises should care)][3] ]** + +This initiative is not being retrofitted for non-SMR drives or non-NVMe SSDs. Western Digital estimates that by 2023, half of all its HDD shipments are expected to be SMR. And that will be needed because IDC predicts data will be generated at a rate of 103 zettabytes a year by 2023. + +With this project Western Digital is targeting cloud and hyperscale providers and anyone building a large data center who has to manage a large amount of data, according to Eddie Ramirez, senior director of product marketing for Western Digital. + +Western Digital is changing how data is written and stored from the traditional random 4K block writes to large blocks of sequential data, like Big Data workloads and video streams, which are rapidly growing in size and use in the digital age. + +“We are now looking at a one-size-fits-all architecture that leaves a lot of TCO [total cost of ownership] benefits on the table if you design for a single architecture,” Ramirez said. “We are looking at workloads that don’t rely on small block randomization of data but large block sequential write in nature.” + +Because drives use 4k write blocks, that leads to overprovisioning of storage, especially around SSDs. This is true of consumer and enterprise SSDs alike. My 1TB SSD drive has only 930GB available. And that loss scales. An 8TB SSD has only 6.4TB available, according to Ramirez. SSDs also have to be built with DRAM for caching of small block random writes. You need about 1GB of DRAM per 1TB of NAND to act as a buffer, according to Ramirez. + +### The benefits of Zoned Storage + +Zoned Storage allows for 15-20% more storage on a HDD the than traditional storage mechanism. It eliminates the overprovisioning of SSDs, so you get all the NAND flash the drive has and you need far fewer DRAM chips on an SSD. Additionally, Western Digital promises you will need up to one-eighth as much DRAM to act as a cache in future SSD drives, lowering the cost. + +Ramirez also said quality of service will improve, not necessarily that peak performance is better, but it will manage latency from outliers better. + +Western Digital has not disclosed what if any pricing is associated with the project. It plans to work with the open-source community, customers, and industry players to help accelerate application development around Zoned Storage through its website. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402318/western-digital-launches-open-source-zettabyte-storage-initiative.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/big_data_center_server_racks_storage_binary_analytics_by_monsitj_gettyimages-951389152_3x2-100787358-large.jpg +[2]: http://ZonedStorage.io +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3275367/what-s-quantum-computing-and-why-enterprises-need-to-care.html +[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 459e6706de8c3baa8795e1bba297407f3034f88d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:07:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0382/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190614=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20send=20email=20from=20the=20Linux=20command=20line=20so?= =?UTF-8?q?urces/tech/20190614=20How=20to=20send=20email=20from=20the=20Li?= =?UTF-8?q?nux=20command=20line.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... send email from the Linux command line.md | 171 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 171 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md b/sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b164436bba --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to send email from the Linux command line) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +How to send email from the Linux command line +====== +Linux offers several commands that allow you to send email from the command line. Here's look at some that offer interesting options. +![Molnia/iStock][1] + +There are several ways to send email from the Linux command line. Some are very simple and others more complicated, but offer some very useful features. The choice depends on what you want to do -– whether you want to get a quick message off to a co-worker or send a more complicated message with an attachment to a large group of people. Here's a look at some of the options: + +### mail + +The easiest way to send a simple message from the Linux command line is to use the **mail** command. Maybe you need to remind your boss that you're leaving a little early that day. You could use a command like this one: + +``` +$ echo "Reminder: Leaving at 4 PM today" | mail -s "early departure" myboss +``` + +**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]** + +Another option is to grab your message text from a file that contains the content you want to send: + +``` +$ mail -s "Reminder:Leaving early" myboss < reason4leaving +``` + +In both cases, the -s options allows you to provide a subject line for your message. + +### sendmail + +Using **sendmail** , you can send a quick message (with no subject) using a command like this (replacing "recip" with your intended recipient: + +``` +$ echo "leaving now" | sendmail recip +``` + +You can send just a subject line (with no message content) with a command like this: + +``` +$ echo "Subject: leaving now" | sendmail recip +``` + +You can also use sendmail on the command line to send a message complete with a subject line. However, when using this approach, you would add your subject line to the file you intend to send as in this example file: + +``` +Subject: Requested lyrics +I would just like to say that, in my opinion, longer hair and other flamboyant +affectations of appearance are nothing more ... +``` + +Then you would send the file like this (where the lyrics file contains your subject line and text): + +``` +$ sendmail recip < lyrics +``` + +Sendmail can be quite verbose in its output. If you're desperately curious and want to see the interchange between the sending and receiving systems, add the -v (verbose) option: + +``` +$ sendmail -v recip@emailsite.com < lyrics +``` + +### mutt + +An especially nice tool for command line emailing is the **mutt** command, though you will likely have to install it first. Mutt has a convenient advantage in that it can allow you to include attachments. + +To use mutt to send a quick messsage: + +``` +$ echo "Please check last night's backups" | mutt -s "backup check" recip +``` + +To get content from a file: + +``` +$ mutt -s "Agenda" recip < agenda +``` + +To add an attachment with mutt, use the -a option. You can even add more than one – as shown in this command: + +``` +$ mutt -s "Agenda" recip -a agenda -a speakers < msg +``` + +In the command above, the "msg" file includes content for the email. If you don't have any additional content to provide, you can do this instead: + +``` +$ echo "" | mutt -s "Agenda" recip -a agenda -a speakers +``` + +The other useful option that you have with mutt is that it provides a way to send carbon copies (using the -c option) and blind carbon copies (using the -b option). + +``` +$ mutt -s "Minutes from last meeting" recip@somesite.com -c myboss < mins +``` + +### telnet + +If you want to get deep into the details of sending email, you can use **telnet** to carry on the email exchange operation, but you'll need to, as they say, "learn the lingo." Mail servers expect a sequence of commands that include things like introducing yourself ( **EHLO** command), providing the email sender ( **MAIL FROM** command), specifying the email recipient ( **RCPT TO** command), and then adding the message ( **DATA** ) and ending the message with a "." as the only character on the line. Not every email server will respond to these requests. This approach is generally used only for troubleshooting. + +``` +$ telnet emailsite.org 25 +Trying 192.168.0.12... +Connected to emailsite. +Escape character is '^]'. +220 localhost ESMTP Sendmail 8.15.2/8.15.2/Debian-12; Wed, 12 Jun 2019 16:32:13 -0400; (No UCE/UBE) logging access from: mysite(OK)-mysite [192.168.0.12] +EHLO mysite.org <== introduce yourself +250-localhost Hello mysite [127.0.0.1], pleased to meet you +250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES +250-PIPELINING +250-EXPN +250-VERB +250-8BITMIME +250-SIZE +250-DSN +250-ETRN +250-AUTH DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 +250-DELIVERBY +250 HELP +MAIL FROM: me@mysite.org <== specify sender +250 2.1.0 shs@mysite.org... Sender ok +RCPT TO: recip <== specify recipient +250 2.1.5 recip... Recipient ok +DATA <== start message +354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself +This is a test message. Please deliver it for me. +. <== end message +250 2.0.0 x5CKWDds029287 Message accepted for delivery +quit <== end exchange +``` + +### Sending email to multiple recipients + +If you want to send email from the Linux command line to a large group of recipients, you can always use a loop to make the job easier as in this example using mutt. + +``` +$ for recip in `cat recips` +do + mutt -s "Minutes from May meeting" $recip < May_minutes +done +``` + +### Wrap-up + +There are quite a few ways to send email from the Linux command line. Some tools provide quite a few options. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2017/08/email_image_blue-100732096-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua +[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 013a05486ee5558a547ed82599e5c52b6a180479 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:08:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0383/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190613=20Orac?= =?UTF-8?q?le=20updates=20Exadata=20at=20long=20last=20with=20AI=20and=20m?= =?UTF-8?q?achine=20learning=20abilities=20sources/talk/20190613=20Oracle?= =?UTF-8?q?=20updates=20Exadata=20at=20long=20last=20with=20AI=20and=20mac?= =?UTF-8?q?hine=20learning=20abilities.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... with AI and machine learning abilities.md | 68 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190613 Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190613 Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities.md b/sources/talk/20190613 Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..280cfd1a4a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190613 Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402559/oracle-updates-exadata-at-long-last-with-ai-and-machine-learning-abilities.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +Oracle updates Exadata at long last with AI and machine learning abilities +====== +Oracle to update the Oracle Exadata Database Machine X8 server line to include artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning capabilities, plus support for hybrid cloud. +![Magdalena Petrova][1] + +After a rather [long period of silence][2], Oracle announced an update to its server line, the Oracle Exadata Database Machine X8, which features hardware and software enhancements that include artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning capabilities, as well as support for hybrid cloud. + +Oracle acquired a hardware business nine years ago with the purchase of Sun Microsystems. It steadily whittled down the offerings, getting out of the commodity hardware business in favor of high-end mission-critical hardware. Whereas the Exalogic line is more of a general-purpose appliance running Oracle’s own version of Linux, Exadata is a purpose-built database server, and they really made some upgrades. + +The Exadata X8 comes with the latest Intel Xeon Scalable processors and PCIe NVME flash technology to drive performance improvements, which Oracle promises a 60% increase in I/O throughput for all-Flash storage and a 25% increase in IOPS per storage server compared to Exadata X7. The X8 offers a 60% performance improvement over the previous generation for analytics with up to 560GB per second throughput. It can scan a 1TB table in under two seconds. + +**[ Also read:[What is quantum computing (and why enterprises should care)][3] ]** + +The company also enhanced the storage server to offload Oracle Database processing, and the X8 features 60% more cores and 40% higher capacity disk drives over the X7. + +But the real enhancements come on the software side. With Exadata X8, Oracle introduces new machine-learning capabilities, such as Automatic Indexing, which continuously learns and tunes the database as usage patterns change. The Indexing technology originated with the Oracle Autonomous Database, the cloud-based software designed to automate management of Oracle databases. + +And no, MySQL is not included in the stack. This is for Oracle databases only. + +“We’re taking code from Autonomous Database and making it available on prem for our customers,” said Steve Zivanic, vice president for converged infrastructure at Oracle’s Cloud Business Group. “That enables companies rather than doing manual indexing for various Oracle databases to automate it with machine learning.” + +In one test, it took a 15-year-old Netsuite database with over 9,000 indexes built up over the lifespan of the database, and in 24 hours, its AI indexer rebuilt the indexes with just 6,000, reducing storage space and greatly increasing performance of the database, since the number of indexes to search were smaller. + +### Performance improvements with Exadata + +Zivanic cited several examples of server consolidation done with Exadata but would not identify companies by name. He told of a large healthcare company that achieved a 10-fold performance improvement over IBM Power servers and consolidated 600 Power servers with 50 Exadata systems. + +A financial services company replaced 4,000 Dell servers running Red Hat Linux and VMware with 100 Exadata systems running 6,000 production Oracle databases. Not only did it reduce its power footprint, but patching was down 99%. An unnamed retailer with 28 racks of hardware from five vendors went from installing 1,400 patches per year to 16 patches on four Exadata racks. + +Because Oracle owns the entire stack, from hardware to OS to middleware and database, Exadata can roll all of its patch components – 640 in all – into a single bundle. + +“The trend we’ve noticed is you see these [IT hardware] companies who try to maintain an erector set mentality,” said Zivanic. “And you have people saying why are we trying to build pods? Why don’t we buy finished goods and focus on our core competency rather than build erector sets?” + +### Oracle Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance X8 now available + +Oracle also announced the availability of the Oracle Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance X8, its database backup appliance, which offers up to 10 times faster data recovery of an Oracle Database than conventional data deduplication appliances while providing sub-second recoverability of all transactions. + +The new Oracle Recovery Appliance X8 now features 30% larger capacity, nearly a petabyte in a single rack, for the same price, Oracle says. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402559/oracle-updates-exadata-at-long-last-with-ai-and-machine-learning-abilities.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2017/03/vid-still-79-of-82-100714308-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3317564/is-oracles-silence-on-its-on-premises-servers-cause-for-concern.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3275367/what-s-quantum-computing-and-why-enterprises-need-to-care.html +[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 9cfedac17d1252de689582f2edc14bc87fcabcad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:08:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0384/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190613=20Data?= =?UTF-8?q?=20centers=20should=20sell=20spare=20UPS=20capacity=20to=20the?= =?UTF-8?q?=20grid=20sources/talk/20190613=20Data=20centers=20should=20sel?= =?UTF-8?q?l=20spare=20UPS=20capacity=20to=20the=20grid.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...uld sell spare UPS capacity to the grid.md | 59 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 59 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190613 Data centers should sell spare UPS capacity to the grid.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190613 Data centers should sell spare UPS capacity to the grid.md b/sources/talk/20190613 Data centers should sell spare UPS capacity to the grid.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..69b4356661 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190613 Data centers should sell spare UPS capacity to the grid.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Data centers should sell spare UPS capacity to the grid) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402039/data-centers-should-sell-spare-ups-capacity-to-the-grid.html) +[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) + +Data centers should sell spare UPS capacity to the grid +====== +Distributed Energy is gaining traction, providing an opportunity for data centers to sell excess power in data center UPS batteries to the grid. +![Getty Images][1] + +The energy storage capacity in uninterruptable power supply (UPS) batteries, languishing often dormant in data centers, could provide new revenue streams for those data centers, says Eaton, a major electrical power management company. + +Excess, grid-generated power, created during times of low demand, should be stored on the now-proliferating lithium-backup power systems strewn worldwide in data centers, Eaton says. Then, using an algorithm tied to grid-demand, electricity should be withdrawn as necessary for grid use. It would then be slid back onto the backup batteries when not needed. + +**[ Read also:[How server disaggregation can boost data center efficiency][2] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][3] ]** + +The concept is called Distributed Energy and has been gaining traction in part because electrical generation is changing—emerging green power, such as wind and solar, being used now at the grid-level have considerations that differ from the now-retiring, fossil-fuel power generation. You can generate solar only in daylight, yet much demand takes place on dark evenings, for example. + +Coal, gas, and oil deliveries have always been, to a great extent, pre-planned, just-in-time, and used for electrical generation in real time. Nowadays, though, fluctuations between supply, storage, and demand are kicking in. Electricity storage on the grid is required. + +Eaton says that by piggy-backing on existing power banks, electricity distribution could be evened out better. The utilities would deliver power more efficiently, despite the peaks and troughs in demand—with the data center UPS, in effect, acting like a quasi-grid-power storage battery bank, or virtual power plant. + +The objective of this UPS use case, called EnergyAware, is to regulate frequency in the grid. That’s related to the tolerances needed to make the grid work—the cycles per second, or hertz, inherent in electrical current can’t deviate too much. Abnormalities happen if there’s a suddent spike in demand but no power on hand to supply the surge. + +### How the Distributed Energy concept works + +The distributed energy resource (DER), which can be added to any existing lithium-ion battery bank, in any building, allows for the consumption of energy, or the distribution of it, based on a Frequency Regulation grid-demand algorithm. It charges or discharges the backup battery, connected to the grid, thus balancing the grid frequency. + +Often, not much power will need to be removed, just “micro-bursts of energy,” explains Sean James, director of Energy Research at Microsoft, in an Eaton-published promotional video. Microsoft Innovation Center in Virginia has been working with Eaton on the project. Those bursts are enough to get the frequency tolerances back on track, but the UPS still functions as designed. + +Eaton says data centers should start participating in energy markets. That could mean bidding, as a producer of power, to those who need to buy it—the electricity market, also known as the grid. Data centers could conceivably even switch on generators to operate the data halls if the price for its battery-stored power was particularly lucrative at certain times. + +“A data center in the future wouldn’t just be a huge load on the grid,” James says. “In the future, you don’t have a data center or a power plant. It’s something in the middle. A data plant,” he says on the Eaton [website][4]. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402039/data-centers-should-sell-spare-ups-capacity-to-the-grid.html + +作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/10/business_continuity_server-100777720-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3266624/how-server-disaggregation-could-make-cloud-datacenters-more-efficient.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[4]: https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/products/backup-power-ups-surge-it-power-distribution/backup-power-ups/dual-purpose-ups-technology.html +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 691fe3a7ccb4016bde14fad086b32499241dbbc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:08:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0385/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20When?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20use=205G,=20when=20to=20use=20Wi-Fi=206=20sources/talk/?= =?UTF-8?q?20190612=20When=20to=20use=205G,=20when=20to=20use=20Wi-Fi=206.?= =?UTF-8?q?md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...612 When to use 5G, when to use Wi-Fi 6.md | 83 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 83 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190612 When to use 5G, when to use Wi-Fi 6.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190612 When to use 5G, when to use Wi-Fi 6.md b/sources/talk/20190612 When to use 5G, when to use Wi-Fi 6.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a2271052c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190612 When to use 5G, when to use Wi-Fi 6.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (When to use 5G, when to use Wi-Fi 6) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402316/when-to-use-5g-when-to-use-wi-fi-6.html) +[#]: author: (Lee Doyle ) + +When to use 5G, when to use Wi-Fi 6 +====== +5G is a cellular service, and Wi-Fi 6 is a short-range wireless access technology, and each has attributes that make them useful in specific enterprise roles. +![Thinkstock][1] + +We have seen hype about whether [5G][2] cellular or [Wi-Fi 6][3] will win in the enterprise, but the reality is that the two are largely complementary with an overlap for some use cases, which will make for an interesting competitive environment through the early 2020s. + +### The potential for 5G in enterprises + +The promise of 5G for enterprise users is higher speed connectivity with lower latency. Cellular technology uses licensed spectrum which largely eliminates potential interference that may occur with unlicensed Wi-Fi spectrum. Like current 4G LTE technologies, 5G can be supplied by cellular wireless carriers or built as a private network . + +The architecture for 5G requires many more radio access points and can suffer from poor or no connectivity indoors. So, the typical organization needs to assess its [current 4G and potential 5G service][4] for its PCs, routers and other devices. Deploying indoor microcells, repeaters and distributed antennas can help solve indoor 5G service issues. As with 4G, the best enterprise 5G use case is for truly mobile connectivity such as public safety vehicles and in non-carpeted environments like mining, oil and gas extraction, transportation, farming and some manufacturing. + +In addition to broad mobility, 5G offers advantages in terms of authentication while roaming and speed of deployment as might be needed to provide WAN connectivity to a pop-up office or retail site. 5G will have the capacity to offload traffic in cases of data congestion such as live video. As 5G standards mature, the technology will improve its options for low-power IoT connectivity. + +5G will gradually roll out over the next four to five years starting in large cities and specific geographies; 4G technology will remain prevalent for a number of years. Enterprise users will need new devices, dongles and routers to connect to 5G services. For example, Apple iPhones are not expected to support 5G until 2020, and IoT devices will need specific cellular compatibility to connect to 5G. + +Doyle Research expects the 1Gbps and higher bandwidth promised by 5G will have a significant impact on the SD-WAN market. 4G LTE already enables cellular services to become a primary WAN link. 5G is likely to be cost competitive or cheaper than many wired WAN options such as MPLS or the internet. 5G gives enterprise WAN managers more options to provide increased bandwidth to their branch sites and remote users – potentially displacing MPLS over time. + +### The potential for Wi-Fi 6 in enterprises + +Wi-Fi is nearly ubiquitous for connecting mobile laptops, tablets and other devices to enterprise networks. Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) is the latest version of Wi-Fi and brings the promise of increased speed, low latency, improved aggregate bandwidth and advanced traffic management. While it has some similarities with 5G (both are based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access), Wi-Fi 6 is less prone to interference, requires less power (which prolongs device battery life) and has improved spectral efficiency. + +**[[Take this mobile device management course from PluralSight and learn how to secure devices in your company without degrading the user experience.][5] ]** + +As is typical for Wi-Fi, early [vendor-specific versions of Wi-Fi 6][6] are currently available from many manufacturers. The Wi-Fi alliance plans for certification of Wi-Fi 6-standard gear in 2020. Most enterprises will upgrade to Wi-Fi 6 along standard access-point life cycles of three years or so unless they have specific performance/latency requirements that prompt an upgrade sooner. + +Wi-Fi access points continue to be subject to interference, and it can be challenging to design and site APs to provide appropriate coverage. Enterprise LAN managers will continue to need vendor-supplied tools and partners to configure optimal Wi-Fi coverage for their organizations. Wi-Fi 6 solutions must be integrated with wired campus infrastructure. Wi-Fi suppliers need to do a better job at providing unified network management across wireless and wired solutions in the enterprise. + +### Need for wired backhaul + +For both technologies, wireless is combined with wired-network infrastructure to deliver high-speed communications end-to-end. In the enterprise, Wi-Fi is typically paired with wired Ethernet switches for campus and larger branches. Some devices are connected via cable to the switch, others via Wi-Fi – and laptops may use both methods. Wi-Fi access points are connected via Ethernet inside the enterprise and to the WAN or internet by fiber connections. + +The architecture for 5G makes extensive use of fiber optics to connect the distributed radio access network back to the core of the 5G network. Fiber is typically required to provide the high bandwidth needed to connect 5G endpoints to SaaS-based applications, and to provide live video and high-speed internet access. Private 5G networks will also have to meet high-speed wired-connectivity requirements. + +### Handoff issues + +Enterprise IT managers need to be concerned with handoff challenges as phones switch between 5G and Wi-Fi 6. These issues can affect performance and user satisfaction. Several groups are working towards standards to promote better interoperability between Wi-Fi 6 and 5G. As the architectures of Wi-Fi 6 align with 5G, the experience of moving between cellular and Wi-Fi networks should become more seamless. + +### 5G vs Wi-Fi 6 depends on locations, applications and devices + +Wi-Fi 6 and 5G are competitive with each other for specific situations in the enterprise environment that depend on location, application and device type. IT managers should carefully evaluate their current and emerging connectivity requirements. Wi-Fi will continue to dominate indoor environments and cellular wins for broad outdoor coverage. + +Some of the overlap cases occur in stadiums, hospitality and other large event spaces with many users competing for bandwidth. Government applications, including aspect of smart cities, can be applicable to both Wi-Fi and cellular. Health care facilities have many distributed medical devices and users that need connectivity. Large distributed manufacturing environments share similar characteristics. The emerging IoT deployments are perhaps the most interesting “competitive” environment with many overlapping use cases. + +### Recommendations for IT Leaders + +While the wireless technologies enabling them are converging, Wi-Fi 6 and 5G are fundamentally distinct networks – both of which have their role in enterprise connectivity. Enterprise IT leaders should focus on how Wi-Fi and cellular can complement each other, with Wi-Fi continuing as the in-building technology to connect PCs and laptops, offload phone and tablet data, and for some IoT connectivity. + +4G LTE moving to 5G will remain the truly mobile technology for phone and tablet connectivity, an option (via dongle) for PC connections, and increasingly popular for connecting some IoT devices. 5G WAN links will increasingly become standard as a backup for improved SD-WAN reliability and as primary links for remote offices. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402316/when-to-use-5g-when-to-use-wi-fi-6.html + +作者：[Lee Doyle][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2017/07/wi-fi_wireless_communication_network_abstract_thinkstock_610127984_1200x800-100730107-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203489/what-is-5g-how-is-it-better-than-4g.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3330603/5g-versus-4g-how-speed-latency-and-application-support-differ.html +[5]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fcourses%2Fmobile-device-management-big-picture +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3309439/80211ax-preview-access-points-and-routers-that-support-the-wi-fi-6-protocol-on-tap.html +[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 795f452b5688b320fe63183e338344190d09740f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:08:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0386/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20Dell?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20Cisco=20extend=20VxBlock=20integration=20with=20new=20?= =?UTF-8?q?features=20sources/talk/20190612=20Dell=20and=20Cisco=20extend?= =?UTF-8?q?=20VxBlock=20integration=20with=20new=20features.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...d VxBlock integration with new features.md | 72 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 72 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190612 Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190612 Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features.md b/sources/talk/20190612 Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..30e225de98 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190612 Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402036/dell-and-cisco-extend-vxblock-integration-with-new-features.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +Dell and Cisco extend VxBlock integration with new features +====== +Dell EMC and Cisco took another step in their alliance, announcing plans to expand VxBlock 1000 integration across servers, networking, storage, and data protection. +![Dell EMC][1] + +Just two months ago [Dell EMC and Cisco renewed their converged infrastructure][2] vows, and now the two have taken another step in the alliance. At this year’s at [Cisco Live][3] event taking place in San Diego, the two announced plans to expand VxBlock 1000 integration across servers, networking, storage, and data protection. + +This is done through support of NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF), which allows enterprise SSDs to talk to each other directly through a high-speed fabric. NVMe is an important advance because SATA and PCI Express SSDs could never talk directly to other drives before until NVMe came along. + +To leverage NVMe-oF to its fullest extent, Dell EMC has unveiled a new integrated Cisco compute (UCS) and storage (MDS) 32G options, extending PowerMax capabilities to deliver NVMe performance across the VxBlock stack. + +**More news from Cisco Live 2019:** + + * [Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources][4] + * [Cisco software to make networks smarter, safer, more manageable][5] + * [Cisco launches a developer-community cert program][6] + + + +Dell EMC said this will enhance the architecture, high-performance consistency, availability, and scalability of VxBlock and provide its customers with high-performance, end-to-end mission-critical workloads that can deliver microsecond responses. + +These new compute and storage options will be available to order sometime later this month. + +### Other VxBlock news from Dell EMC + +Dell EMC also announced it is extending its factory-integrated on-premise integrated protection solutions for VxBlock to hybrid and multi-cloud environments, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS). This update will offer to help protect VMware workloads and data via the company’s Data Domain Virtual Edition and Cloud Disaster Recovery software options. This will be available in July. + +The company also plans to release VxBlock Central 2.0 software next month. VxBlock Central is designed to help customers simplify CI administration through converged awareness, automation, and analytics. + +New to version 2.0 is modular licensing that matches workflow automation, advanced analytics, and life-cycle management/upgrade options to your needs. + +VxBlock Central 2.0 has a variety of license features, including the following: + +**Base** – Free with purchase of a VxBlock, the base license allows you to manage your system and improve compliance with inventory reporting and alerting. **Workflow Automation** – Provision infrastructure on-demand using engineered workflows through vRealize Orchestrator. New workflows available with this package include Cisco UCS server expansion with Unity and XtremIO storage arrays. **Advanced Analytics** – View capacity and KPIs to discover deeper actionable insights through vRealize Operations. **Lifecycle Management** (new, available later in 2019) – Apply “guided path” software upgrades to optimize system performance. + + * Lifecycle Management includes a new multi-tenant, cloud-based database based on Cloud IQ that will collect and store the CI component inventory structured by the customer, extending the value and ease of use of the cloud-based analytics monitoring. + * This feature extends the value and ease of use of the cloud-based analytics monitoring Cloud IQ already provides for individual Dell EMC storage arrays. + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402036/dell-and-cisco-extend-vxblock-integration-with-new-features.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/04/dell-emc-vxblock-1000-100794721-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391071/dell-emc-and-cisco-renew-converged-infrastructure-alliance.html +[3]: https://www.ciscolive.com/global/ +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402079/cisco-offers-cloud-based-security-for-sd-wan-resources.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401523/cisco-software-to-make-networks-smarter-safer-more-manageable.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401524/cisco-launches-a-developer-community-cert-program.html +[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From b08aaa7b3ed8a7a8816dfd0972f368ed34b9d8d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:09:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0387/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20Soft?= =?UTF-8?q?ware=20Defined=20Perimeter=20(SDP):=20Creating=20a=20new=20netw?= =?UTF-8?q?ork=20perimeter=20sources/talk/20190612=20Software=20Defined=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Perimeter=20(SDP)-=20Creating=20a=20new=20network=20perimeter.m?= =?UTF-8?q?d?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...(SDP)- Creating a new network perimeter.md | 121 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 121 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190612 Software Defined Perimeter (SDP)- Creating a new network perimeter.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190612 Software Defined Perimeter (SDP)- Creating a new network perimeter.md b/sources/talk/20190612 Software Defined Perimeter (SDP)- Creating a new network perimeter.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..88a540e875 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190612 Software Defined Perimeter (SDP)- Creating a new network perimeter.md @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Software Defined Perimeter (SDP): Creating a new network perimeter) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402258/software-defined-perimeter-sdp-creating-a-new-network-perimeter.html) +[#]: author: (Matt Conran https://www.networkworld.com/author/Matt-Conran/) + +Software Defined Perimeter (SDP): Creating a new network perimeter +====== +Considering the way networks work today and the change in traffic patterns; both internal and to the cloud, this limits the effect of the fixed perimeter. +![monsitj / Getty Images][1] + +Networks were initially designed to create internal segments that were separated from the external world by using a fixed perimeter. The internal network was deemed trustworthy, whereas the external was considered hostile. However, this is still the foundation for most networking professionals even though a lot has changed since the inception of the design. + +More often than not the fixed perimeter consists of a number of network and security appliances, thereby creating a service chained stack, resulting in appliance sprawl. Typically, the appliances that a user may need to pass to get to the internal LAN may vary. But generally, the stack would consist of global load balancers, external firewall, DDoS appliance, VPN concentrator, internal firewall and eventually LAN segments. + +The perimeter approach based its design on visibility and accessibility. If an entity external to the network can’t see an internal resource, then access cannot be gained. As a result, external entities were blocked from coming in, yet internal entities were permitted to passage out. However, it worked only to a certain degree. Realistically, the fixed network perimeter will always be breachable; it's just a matter of time. Someone with enough skill will eventually get through. + +**[ Related:[MPLS explained – What you need to know about multi-protocol label switching][2]** + +### Environmental changes – the cloud and mobile workforce + +Considering the way networks work today and the change in traffic patterns; both internal and to the cloud, this limits the effect of the fixed perimeter. Nowadays, we have a very fluid network perimeter with many points of entry. + +Imagine a castle with a portcullis that was used to gain access. To gain entry into the portcullis was easy as we just needed to pass one guard. There was only one way in and one way out. But today, in this digital world, we have so many small doors and ways to enter, all of which need to be individually protected. + +This boils down to the introduction of cloud-based application services and changing the location of the perimeter. Therefore, the existing networking equipment used for the perimeter is topologically ill-located. Nowadays, everything that is important is outside the perimeter, such as, remote access workers, SaaS, IaaS and PaaS-based applications. + +Users require access to the resources in various cloud services regardless of where the resources are located, resulting in complex-to-control multi-cloud environments. Objectively, the users do not and should not care where the applications are located. They just require access to the application. Also, the increased use of mobile workforce that demands anytime and anywhere access from a variety of devices has challenged the enterprises to support this dynamic workforce. + +There is also an increasing number of devices, such as, BYOD, on-site contractors, and partners that will continue to grow internal to the network. This ultimately leads to a world of over-connected networks. + +### Over-connected networks + +Over-connected networks result in complex configurations of network appliances. This results in large and complex policies without any context. + +They provide a level of coarse-grained access to a variety of services where the IP address does not correspond to the actual user. Traditional appliances that use static configurations to limit the incoming and outgoing traffic are commonly based on information in the IP packet and the port number. + +Essentially, there is no notion of policy and explanation of why a given source IP address is on the list. This approach fails to take into consideration any notion of trust and dynamically adjust access in relation to the device, users and application request events. + +### Problems with IP addresses + +Back in the early 1990s, RFC 1597 declared three IP ranges reserved for private use: 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16. If an end host was configured with one of these addresses, it was considered more secure. However, this assumption of trust was shattered with the passage of time and it still haunts us today. + +Network Address Translation (NAT) also changed things to a great extent. NAT allowed internal trusted hosts to communicate directly with the external untrusted hosts. However, since Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is bidirectional, it allows the data to be injected by the external hosts while connecting back to the internal hosts. + +Also, there is no contextual information regarding the IP addresses as the sole purpose revolved around connectivity. If you have the IP address of someone, you can connect to them. The authentication was handled higher up in the stack. + +Not only do user’s IP addresses change regularly, but there’s also not a one-to-one correspondence between the users and IP addresses. Anyone can communicate from any IP address they please and also insert themselves between you and the trusted resource. + +Have you ever heard of the 20-year old computer that responds to an internet control message protocol (ICMP) request, yet no one knows where it is? But this would not exist on a zero trust network as the network is dark until the administrator turns the lights on with a whitelist policy rule set. This is contrary to the legacy black policy rule set. You can find more information on zero trust in my course: [Zero Trust Networking: The Big Picture][3]. + +Therefore, we can’t just rely on the IP addresses and expect them to do much more other than connect. As a result, we have to move away from the IP addresses and network location as the proxy for access trust. The network location can longer be the driver of network access levels. It is not fully equipped to decide the trust of a device, user or application. + +### Visibility – a major gap + +When we analyze networking and its flaws, visibility is a major gap in today’s hybrid environments. By and large, enterprise networks are complex beasts. More than often networking pros do not have accurate data or insights into who or what is accessing the network resource. + +I.T does not have the visibility in place to detect, for example, insecure devices, unauthorized users and potentially harmful connections that could propagate malware or perform data exfiltration. + +Also, once you know how network elements connect, how do you ensure that they don’t reconnect through a broader definition of connectivity? For this, you need contextual visibility. You need full visibility into the network to see who, what, when, and how they are connecting with the device. + +### What’s the workaround? + +A new approach is needed that enables the application owners to protect the infrastructure located in a public or private cloud and on-premise data center. This new network architecture is known as [software-defined perimeter][4] (SDP). Back in 2013, Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) launched the SDP initiative, a project designed to develop the architecture for creating more robust networks. + +The principles behind SDPs are not entirely new. Organizations within the DoD and Intelligence Communities (IC) have implemented a similar network architecture that is based on authentication and authorization prior to network access. + +Typically, every internal resource is hidden behind an appliance. And a user must authenticate before visibility of the authorized services is made available and access is granted. + +### Applying the zero trust framework + +SDP is an extension to [zero trust][5] which removes the implicit trust from the network. The concept of SDP started with Google’s BeyondCorp, which is the general direction that the industry is heading to right now. + +Google’s BeyondCorp puts forward the idea that the corporate network does not have any meaning. The trust regarding accessing an application is set by a static network perimeter containing a central appliance. This appliance permits the inbound and outbound access based on a very coarse policy. + +However, access to the application should be based on other parameters such as who the user is, the judgment of the security stance of the device, followed by some continuous assessment of the session. Rationally, only then should access be permitted. + +Let’s face it, the assumption that internal traffic can be trusted is flawed and zero trust assumes that all hosts internal to the network are internet facing, thereby hostile. + +### What is software-defined perimeter (SDP)? + +The SDP aims to deploy perimeter functionality for dynamically provisioned perimeters meant for clouds, hybrid environments, and on-premise data center infrastructures. There is often a dynamic tunnel that automatically gets created during the session. That is a one-to-one mapping between the requesting entity and the trusted resource. The important point to note here is that perimeters are formed not solely to obey a fixed location already design by the network team. + +SDP relies on two major pillars and these are the authentication and authorization stages. SDPs require endpoints to authenticate and be authorized first before obtaining network access to the protected entities. Then, encrypted connections are created in real-time between the requesting systems and application infrastructure. + +Authenticating and authorizing the users and their devices before even allowing a single packet to reach the target service, enforces what's known as least privilege at the network layer. Essentially, the concept of least privilege is for an entity to be granted only the minimum privileges that it needs to get its work done. Within a zero trust network, privilege is more dynamic than it would be in traditional networks since it uses many different attributes of activity to determine the trust score. + +### The dark network + +Connectivity is based on a need-to-know model. Under this model, no DNS information, internal IP addresses or visible ports of internal network infrastructure are transmitted. This is the reason why SDP assets are considered as “dark”. As a result, SDP isolates any concerns about the network and application. The applications and users are considered abstract, be it on-premise or in the cloud, which becomes irrelevant to the assigned policy. + +Access is granted directly between the users and their devices to the application and resource, regardless of the underlying network infrastructure. There simply is no concept of inside and outside of the network. This ultimately removes the network location point as a position of advantage and also eliminates the excessive implicit trust that IP addresses offer. + +**This article is published as part of the IDG Contributor Network.[Want to Join?][6]** + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402258/software-defined-perimeter-sdp-creating-a-new-network-perimeter.html + +作者：[Matt Conran][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Matt-Conran/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/03/sdn_software-defined-network_architecture-100791938-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2297171/sd-wan/network-security-mpls-explained.html +[3]: http://pluralsight.com/courses/zero-trust-networking-big-picture +[4]: https://network-insight.net/2018/09/software-defined-perimeter-zero-trust/ +[5]: https://network-insight.net/2018/10/zero-trust-networking-ztn-want-ghosted/ +[6]: /contributor-network/signup.html +[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From bd7a94ed4b9bbe4c234020de53af8f1728bcaceb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:09:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0388/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20Cisc?= =?UTF-8?q?o=20offers=20cloud-based=20security=20for=20SD-WAN=20resources?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/talk/20190612=20Cisco=20offers=20cloud-based=20secur?= =?UTF-8?q?ity=20for=20SD-WAN=20resources.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...oud-based security for SD-WAN resources.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 95 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190612 Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190612 Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources.md b/sources/talk/20190612 Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a6cd0c73b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190612 Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402079/cisco-offers-cloud-based-security-for-sd-wan-resources.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Cisco offers cloud-based security for SD-WAN resources +====== +Cisco adds support for its cloud-based security gateway Umbrella to SD-WAN software +![Thinkstock][1] + +SAN DIEGO— As many companies look to [SD-WAN][2] technology to reduce costs, improve connectivity and streamline branch office access, one of the key requirements will be solid security technologies to protect corporate resources. + +At its Cisco Live customer event here this week, the company took aim at that need by telling customers it added support for the its cloud-based security gateway – known as Umbrella – to its SD-WAN software offerings. + +**More about SD-WAN** + + * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][3] + * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][4] + * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][5] + * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][6] + + + +At its most basic, SD-WAN lets companies aggregate a variety of network connections – including MPLS, 4G LTE and DSL – into a branch or network-edge location and provides a management software that can turn up new sites, prioritize traffic and set security policies. SD-WAN's driving principle is to simplify the way big companies turn up new links to branch offices, better manage the way those links are utilized – for data, voice or video – and potentially save money in the process. + +According to Cisco, Umbrella can provide the first line of defense against threats on the internet. By analyzing and learning from internet activity patterns, Umbrella automatically uncovers attacker infrastructure and proactively blocks requests to malicious destinations before a connection is even established — without adding latency for users. With Umbrella, customers can stop phishing and malware infections earlier, identify already infected devices faster and prevent data exfiltration, Cisco says. + +Branch offices and roaming users are more vulnerable to attacks, and attackers are looking to exploit them, said Gee Rittenhouse, senior vice president and general manager of Cisco's Security Business Group. He pointed to Enterprise Strategy Group research that says 68 percent of branch offices and roaming users were the source of compromise in recent attacks. And as organizations move to more direct internet access, this becomes an even greater risk, Rittenhouse said. + +“Scaling security at every location often means more appliances to ship and manage, more policies to separately maintain, which translates into more money and resources needed – but Umbrella offers an alternative to all that," he said. "Umbrella provides simple deployment and management, and in a single cloud platform, it unifies multiple layers of security, ncluding DNS, secure web gateway, firewall and cloud-access security,” Rittenhouse said. + +“It also acts as your secure onramp to the internet by offering secure internet access and controlled SaaS usage across all locations and roaming users.” + +Basically users can set up Umbrella support via the SD-WAN dashboard vManage, and the system automatically creates a secure tunnel to the cloud.** ** Once the SD-WAN traffic is pointed at the cloud, firewall and other security policies can be set. Customers can then see traffic and collect information about patterns or set policies and respond to anomalies, Rittenhouse said. + +Analysts said the Umbrella offering is another important security option offered by Cisco for SD-WAN customers. + +“Since it is cloud-based, using Umbrella is a great option for customers with lots of branch or SD-WAN locations who don’t want or need to have a security gateway on premises,” said Rohit Mehra, vice president of Network Infrastructure at IDC. “One of the largest requirements for large customers going forward will be the need for all manner of security technologies for the SD-WAN environment, and Cisco has a big menu of offerings that can address those requirements.” + +IDC says the SD-WAN infrastructure market will hit $4.5 billion by 2022, growing at a more than 40 percent yearly clip between now and then. + +The Umbrella announcement is on top of other recent SD-WAN security enhancements the company has made. In May [Cisco added support for Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) to its million-plus ISR/ASR edge routers][7] in an effort to reinforce branch- and core-network malware protection across the SD-WAN. + +“Together with Cisco Talos [Cisco’s security-intelligence arm], AMP imbues your SD-WAN branch, core and campuses locations with threat intelligence from millions of worldwide users, honeypots, sandboxes and extensive industry partnerships,” Cisco said. + +In total, AMP identifies more than 1.1 million unique malware samples a day and when AMP in Cisco SD-WAN platform spots malicious behavior it automatically blocks it, Cisco said. + +Last year Cisco added its [Viptela SD-WAN technology to the IOS XE][8] version 16.9.1 software that runs its core ISR/ASR routers such as the ISR models 1000, 4000 and ASR 1000, in use by organizations worldwide. Cisco bought Viptela in 2017. + +The release of Cisco IOS XE offered an instant upgrade path for creating cloud-controlled SD-WAN fabrics to connect distributed offices, people, devices and applications operating on the installed base, Cisco said. At the time Cisco said that Cisco SD-WAN on edge routers builds a secure virtual IP fabric by combining routing, segmentation, security, policy and orchestration. + +With the recent release of IOS-XE SD-WAN 16.11, Cisco has brought AMP and other enhancements to its SD-WAN. + +AMP support is added to a menu of security features already included in Cisco's SD-WAN software including support for URL filtering, Snort Intrusion Prevention, the ability to segment users across the WAN and embedded platform security, including the Cisco Trust Anchor module. + +The software also supports SD-WAN Cloud onRamp for CoLocation, which lets customers tie distributed multicloud applications back to a local branch office or local private data center. That way a cloud-to-branch link would be shorter, faster and possibly more secure that tying cloud-based applications directly to the data center. + +Also in May [Cisco and Teridion][9] said they would team to deliver faster enterprise software-defined WAN services. The integration links Cisco Meraki MX Security/SD-WAN appliances and its Auto VPN technology which lets users quickly bring up and configure secure sessions between branches and data centers with Teridion’s cloud-based WAN service. Teridion’s service promises customers better performance and control over traffic running from remote offices over the public internet to the data center. + +Teridion said the Meraki integration creates an IPSec connection from the Cisco Meraki MX to the Teridion edge. Customers create locations in the Teridion portal and apply the preconfigured Meraki template to them, or just upload a csv file if they have a lot of locations. Then, from each Meraki MX, they can create a third-party IPSec tunnel to the Teridion edge IP addresses that are generated as part of the Teridion configuration, the company stated. + +The combined Cisco Meraki and Teridion offering brings SD-WAN and security capabilities at the WAN edge that are tightly integrated with a WAN service delivered over cost-effective broadband or dedicated Internet access. Meraki’s MX family supports everything from SD-WAN and [Wi-Fi][10] features to next-generation [firewall][11] and intrusion prevention in a single package. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402079/cisco-offers-cloud-based-security-for-sd-wan-resources.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/10/cloud-security-ts-100622309-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3209131/what-sdn-is-and-where-its-going.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394597/cisco-adds-amp-to-sd-wan-for-israsr-routers.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3296007/cisco-upgrade-enables-sd-wan-in-1m-israsr-routers.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396628/cisco-ties-its-securitysd-wan-gear-with-teridions-cloud-wan-service.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3318119/what-to-expect-from-wi-fi-6-in-2019.html +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3230457/what-is-a-firewall-perimeter-stateful-inspection-next-generation.html +[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From e70314837e606421a17abc9c9ed7d11104c82fc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:09:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0389/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20IoT?= =?UTF-8?q?=20security=20vs.=20privacy:=20Which=20is=20a=20bigger=20issue?= =?UTF-8?q?=3F=20sources/talk/20190612=20IoT=20security=20vs.=20privacy-?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Which=20is=20a=20bigger=20issue.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ty vs. privacy- Which is a bigger issue.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 95 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190612 IoT security vs. privacy- Which is a bigger issue.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190612 IoT security vs. privacy- Which is a bigger issue.md b/sources/talk/20190612 IoT security vs. privacy- Which is a bigger issue.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2f06f6afc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190612 IoT security vs. privacy- Which is a bigger issue.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (IoT security vs. privacy: Which is a bigger issue?) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401522/iot-security-vs-privacy-which-is-a-bigger-issue.html) +[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) + +IoT security vs. privacy: Which is a bigger issue? +====== +When it comes to the internet of things (IoT), security has long been a key concern. But privacy issues could be an even bigger threat. +![Ring][1] + +If you follow the news surrounding the internet of things (IoT), you know that security issues have long been a key concern for IoT consumers, enterprises, and vendors. Those issues are very real, but I’m becoming increasingly convinced that related but fundamentally different _privacy_ vulnerabilities may well be an even bigger threat to the success of the IoT. + +In June alone, we’ve seen a flood of IoT privacy issues inundate the news cycle, and observers are increasingly sounding the alarm that IoT users should be paying attention to what happens to the data collected by IoT devices. + +**[ Also read:[It’s time for the IoT to 'optimize for trust'][2] and [A corporate guide to addressing IoT security][2] ]** + +Predictably, most of the teeth-gnashing has come on the consumer side, but that doesn’t mean enterprises users are immune to the issue. One the one hand, just like consumers, companies are vulnerable to their proprietary information being improperly shared and misused. More immediately, companies may face backlash from their own customers if they are seen as not properly guarding the data they collect via the IoT. Too often, in fact, enterprises shoot themselves in the foot on privacy issues, with practices that range from tone-deaf to exploitative to downright illegal—leading almost [two-thirds (63%) of consumers to describe IoT data collection as “creepy,”][3] while more than half (53%) “distrust connected devices to protect their privacy and handle information in a responsible manner.” + +### Ring becoming the poster child for IoT privacy issues + +As a case in point, let’s look at the case of [Ring, the IoT doorbell company now owned by Amazon][4]. Ring is [reportedly working with police departments to build a video surveillance network in residential neighborhoods][5]. Police in more than 50 cities and towns across the country are apparently offering free or discounted Ring doorbells, and sometimes requiring the recipients to share footage for use in investigations. (While [Ring touts the security benefits][6] of working with law enforcement, it has asked police departments to end the practice of _requiring_ users to hand over footage, as it appears to violate the devices’ terms of service.) + +Many privacy advocates are troubled by this degree of cooperation between police and Ring, but that’s only part of the problem. Last year, for example, [Ring workers in Ukraine reportedly watched customer feeds][7]. Amazingly, though, even that only scratches the surface of the privacy flaps surrounding Ring. + +### Guilty by video? + +According to [Motherboard][8], “Ring is using video captured by its doorbell cameras in Facebook advertisements that ask users to identify and call the cops on a woman whom local police say is a suspected thief.” While the police are apparently appreciative of the “additional eyes that may see this woman and recognize her,” the ad calls the woman a thief even though she has not been charged with a crime, much less convicted! + +Ring may be today’s poster child for IoT privacy issues, but IoT privacy complaints are widespread. In many cases, it comes down to what IoT users—or others nearby—are getting in return for giving up their privacy. According to the [Guardian][9], for example, Google’s Sidewalk Labs smart city project is little more than “surveillance capitalism.” And while car owners may get a discount on auto insurance in return for sharing their driving data, that relationship is hardly set in stone. It may not be long before drivers have to give up their data just to get insurance at all. + +**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][10] ]** + +And as the recent [data breach at the U.S. Customs and Border Protection][11] once again demonstrates, private data is “[a genie without a bottle][12].” No matter what legal or technical protections are put in place, the data may always be revealed or used in unforeseen ways. Heck, when you put it all together, it’s enough to make you wonder [whether doorbells really need to be smart][13] at all? + +**Read more about IoT:** + + * [Google’s biggest, craziest ‘moonshot’ yet][14] + * [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][15] + * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][16] + * [Most powerful internet of things companies][17] + * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][18] + * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][19] + * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][20] + * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][21] + * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][22] + * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][23] + * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][24] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][25] and [LinkedIn][26] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401522/iot-security-vs-privacy-which-is-a-bigger-issue.html + +作者：[Fredric Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/04/ringvideodoorbellpro-100794084-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269165/internet-of-things/a-corporate-guide-to-addressing-iot-security-concerns.html +[3]: https://www.cpomagazine.com/data-privacy/consumers-still-concerned-about-iot-security-and-privacy-issues/ +[4]: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/amazon-buys-ring-a-former-shark-tank-reject.html +[5]: https://www.cnet.com/features/amazons-helping-police-build-a-surveillance-network-with-ring-doorbells/ +[6]: https://blog.ring.com/2019/02/14/how-rings-neighbors-creates-safer-more-connected-communities/ +[7]: https://www.theinformation.com/go/b7668a689a +[8]: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pajm5z/amazon-home-surveillance-company-ring-law-enforcement-advertisements +[9]: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jun/06/toronto-smart-city-google-project-privacy-concerns +[10]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr +[11]: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/06/10/us-customs-border-protection-says-photos-travelers-into-out-country-were-recently-taken-data-breach/?utm_term=.0f3a38aa40ca +[12]: https://smartbear.com/blog/test-and-monitor/data-scientists-are-sexy-and-7-more-surprises-from/ +[13]: https://slate.com/tag/should-this-thing-be-smart +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3058036/google-s-biggest-craziest-moonshot-yet.html +[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[16]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[17]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html +[18]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html +[19]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html +[20]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html +[21]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html +[22]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html +[23]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html +[24]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html +[25]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[26]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 8acf7424a7551915f9b6905e1964eda911248718 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:12:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0390/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190611=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20carbon=20footprints=20of=20IT=20shops=20that=20train=20AI=20?= =?UTF-8?q?models=20are=20huge=20sources/talk/20190611=20The=20carbon=20fo?= =?UTF-8?q?otprints=20of=20IT=20shops=20that=20train=20AI=20models=20are?= =?UTF-8?q?=20huge.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... IT shops that train AI models are huge.md | 68 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190611 The carbon footprints of IT shops that train AI models are huge.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190611 The carbon footprints of IT shops that train AI models are huge.md b/sources/talk/20190611 The carbon footprints of IT shops that train AI models are huge.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b440b8d65b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190611 The carbon footprints of IT shops that train AI models are huge.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The carbon footprints of IT shops that train AI models are huge) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401919/the-carbon-footprints-of-it-shops-that-train-ai-models-are-huge.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +The carbon footprints of IT shops that train AI models are huge +====== +Artificial intelligence (AI) model training can generate five times more carbon dioxide than a car does in a lifetime, researchers at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst find. +![ipopba / Getty Images][1] + +A new research paper from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst looked at the carbon dioxide (CO2) generated over the course of training several common large artificial intelligence (AI) models and found that the process can generate nearly five times the amount as an average American car over its lifetime plus the process of making the car itself. + +The [paper][2] specifically examined the model training process for natural-language processing (NLP), which is how AI handles natural language interactions. The study found that during the training process, more than 626,000 pounds of carbon dioxide is generated. + +This is significant, since AI training is one IT process that has remained firmly on-premises and not moved to the cloud. Very expensive equipment is needed, as is large volumes of data, so the cloud isn’t right work for most AI training, and the report notes this. Plus, IT shops want to keep that kind of IP in house. So, if you are experimenting with AI, that power bill is going to go up. + +**[ Read also:[How to plan a software-defined data-center network][3] ]** + +While the report used carbon dioxide as a measure, that’s still the product of electricity generation. Training involves the use of the most powerful processors, typically Nvidia GPUs, and they are not known for being low-power draws. And as the paper notes, “model training also incurs a substantial cost to the environment due to the energy required to power this hardware for weeks or months at a time.” + +Training is the most processor-intensive portion of AI. It can take days, weeks, or even months to “learn” what the model needs to know. That means power-hungry Nvidia GPUs running at full utilization for the entire time. In this case, how to handle and process natural language questions rather than broken sentences of keywords like your typical Google search. + +The report said training one model with a neural architecture generated 626,155 pounds of CO2. By contrast, one passenger flying round trip between New York and San Francisco would generate 1,984 pounds of CO2, an average American would generate 11,023 pounds in one year, and a car would generate 126,000 pounds over the course of its lifetime. + +### How the researchers calculated the CO2 amounts + +The researchers used four models in the NLP field that have been responsible for the biggest leaps in performance. They are Transformer, ELMo, BERT, and GPT-2. They trained all of the models on a single Nvidia Titan X GPU, with the exception of ELMo which was trained on three Nvidia GTX 1080 Ti GPUs. Each model was trained for a maximum of one day. + +**[[Learn Java from beginning concepts to advanced design patterns in this comprehensive 12-part course!][4] ]** + +They then used the number of training hours listed in the model’s original papers to calculate the total energy consumed over the complete training process. That number was converted into pounds of carbon dioxide equivalent based on the average energy mix in the U.S. + +The big takeaway is that computational costs start out relatively inexpensive, but they mushroom when additional tuning steps were used to increase the model’s final accuracy. A tuning process known as neural architecture search ([NAS][5]) is the worst offender because it does so much processing. NAS is an algorithm that searches for the best neural network architecture. It is seriously advanced AI and requires the most processing time and power. + +The researchers suggest it would be beneficial to directly compare different models to perform a cost-benefit (accuracy) analysis. + +“To address this, when proposing a model that is meant to be re-trained for downstream use, such as re-training on a new domain or fine-tuning on a new task, authors should report training time and computational resources required, as well as model sensitivity to hyperparameters. This will enable direct comparison across models, allowing subsequent consumers of these models to accurately assess whether the required computational resources,” the authors wrote. + +They also say researchers who are cost-constrained should pool resources and avoid the cloud, as cloud compute time is more expensive. In an example, it said a GPU server with eight Nvidia 1080 Ti GPUs and supporting hardware is available for approximately $20,000. To develop the sample models used in their study, that hardware would cost $145,000, plus electricity to run the models, about half the estimated cost to use on-demand cloud GPUs. + +“Unlike money spent on cloud compute, however, that invested in centralized resources would continue to pay off as resources are shared across many projects. A government-funded academic compute cloud would provide equitable access to all researchers,” they wrote. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][6] and [LinkedIn][7] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401919/the-carbon-footprints-of-it-shops-that-train-ai-models-are-huge.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/ai-vendor-relationship-management_artificial-intelligence_hand-on-virtual-screen-100795246-large.jpg +[2]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02243 +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284352/data-center/how-to-plan-a-software-defined-data-center-network.html +[4]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fjava +[5]: https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/what-is-neural-architecture-search +[6]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From f702a613daf6269ac70b02478b64ce29e3745c93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:13:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0391/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190611=20Cisc?= =?UTF-8?q?o=20launches=20a=20developer-community=20cert=20program=20sourc?= =?UTF-8?q?es/talk/20190611=20Cisco=20launches=20a=20developer-community?= =?UTF-8?q?=20cert=20program.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ches a developer-community cert program.md | 66 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190611 Cisco launches a developer-community cert program.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190611 Cisco launches a developer-community cert program.md b/sources/talk/20190611 Cisco launches a developer-community cert program.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92ce486e6d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190611 Cisco launches a developer-community cert program.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cisco launches a developer-community cert program) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401524/cisco-launches-a-developer-community-cert-program.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Cisco launches a developer-community cert program +====== +Cisco has revamped some of its most critical certification and career-development programs in an effort to address the emerging software-oriented-network environment. +![Getty Images][1] + +SAN DIEGO – Cisco revamped some of its most critical certification and career-development tools in an effort to address the emerging software-oriented network environment. + +Perhaps one of the biggest additions – rolled out here at the company’s Cisco Live customer event – is the new set of professional certifications for developers utilizing Cisco’s growing DevNet developer community. + +**[ Also see[4 job skills that can boost networking salaries][2] and [20 hot jobs ambitious IT pros should shoot for][3].]** + +The Cisco Certified DevNet Associate, Specialist and Professional certifications will cover software development for applications, automation, DevOps, cloud and IoT. They will also target software developers and network engineers who develop software proficiency to develop applications and automated workflows for operational networks and infrastructure. + +“This certification evolution is the next step to reflect the critical skills network engineers must have to be at the leading edge of networked-enabled business disruption and delivering customer excellence,” said Mike Adams, vice president and general manager of Learning@Cisco. “To perform effectively in this new world, every IT professional needs skills that are broader, deeper and more agile than ever before. And they have to be comfortable working as a multidisciplinary team including infrastructure network engineers, DevOps and automation specialists, and software professionals.” + +Other Cisco Certifications changes include: + + * Streamlined certifications to validate engineering professionals with Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) and Cisco Specialist certifications as well as Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) and Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certifications in enterprise, data center, service provider, security and collaboration. + * For more senior professionals, the CCNP will give learners a choice of five tracks, covering enterprise technologies including infrastructure and wireless, service provider, data center, security and collaboration. Candidates will be able to further specialize in a particular focus area within those technologies. + * Cisco says it will eliminate pre-requisites for certifications, meaning engineers can change career options without having to take a defined path. + * Expansion of Cisco Networking Academy offerings to train entry level network professionals and software developers. Courses prepare students to earn CCNA and Certified DevNet Associate certifications, equipping them for high-demand jobs in IT. + + + +New network technologies such as intent-based networking, multi-domain networking, and programmability fundamentally change the capabilities of the network, giving network engineers the opportunity to architect solutions that utilize the programmable network in new and exciting ways, wrote Susie Wee senior vice president and chief technology officer of DevNet. + +“DevOps practices can be applied to the network, making the network more agile and enabling automation at scale. The new network provides more than just connectivity, it can now use policy and intent to securely connect applications, users, devices and data across multiple environments – from the data center and cloud, to the campus and branch, to the edge, and to the device,” Wee wrote. + +**[[Looking to upgrade your career in tech? This comprehensive online course teaches you how.][4] ]** + +She also announced the DevNet Automation Exchange, a community that will offer shared code, best practices and technology tools for users, developers or channel partners interested in developing automation apps. + +Wee said Cisco seeded the Automation Exchange with over 50 shared code repositories. + +“It is becoming increasingly clear that network ops can be handled much more efficiently with automation, and offering the tools to develop better applications is crucial going forward,” said Zeus Kerravala, founder and principal analyst with ZK Research. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401524/cisco-launches-a-developer-community-cert-program.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/01/run_digital-vanguard_business-executive-with-briefcase_career-growth-100786736-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3227832/lan-wan/4-job-skills-that-can-boost-networking-salaries.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276025/careers/20-hot-jobs-ambitious-it-pros-should-shoot-for.html +[4]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fupgrading-your-technology-career +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 2d8b573841772d9fdf3296abfd723040fd396fb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:13:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0392/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190611=20Cisc?= =?UTF-8?q?o=20software=20to=20make=20networks=20smarter,=20safer,=20more?= =?UTF-8?q?=20manageable=20sources/tech/20190611=20Cisco=20software=20to?= =?UTF-8?q?=20make=20networks=20smarter,=20safer,=20more=20manageable.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...etworks smarter, safer, more manageable.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190611 Cisco software to make networks smarter, safer, more manageable.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190611 Cisco software to make networks smarter, safer, more manageable.md b/sources/tech/20190611 Cisco software to make networks smarter, safer, more manageable.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7bdf5361ab --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190611 Cisco software to make networks smarter, safer, more manageable.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cisco software to make networks smarter, safer, more manageable) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401523/cisco-software-to-make-networks-smarter-safer-more-manageable.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Cisco software to make networks smarter, safer, more manageable +====== +Cisco software announced at Cisco Live embraces AI to help customers set consistent network and security policies across their domains and improve intent-based networking. +![bigstock][1] + +SAN DIEGO—Cisco injected a number of new technologies into its key networking control-point software that makes it easier to stretch networking from the data center to the cloud while making the whole environment smarter and easier to manage. + +At the company’s annual Cisco Live customer event here it rolled out software that lets customers more easily meld typically siloed domains across the enterprise and cloud to the wide area network. The software enables what Cisco calls multidomain integration that lets customers set policies to apply uniform access controls to users, devices and applications regardless of where they connect to the network, the company said. + +**More about SD-WAN** + + * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][2] + * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][3] + * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][4] + * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][5] + + + +The company also unveiled Cisco AI Network Analytics, a software package that uses [AI and machine learning techniques][6] to learn network traffic and security patterns that can help customers spot and fix problems proactively across the enterprise. + +All of the new software runs on Cisco’s DNA Center platform which is rapidly becoming an ever-more crucial component to the company’s intent-based networking plans. DNA Center has always been important since its introduction two years ago as it features automation capabilities, assurance setting, fabric provisioning and policy-based segmentation for enterprise networks. + +Beyond device management and configuration, Cisco DNA Center gives IT teams the ability to control access through policies using Software-Defined Access (SD-Access), automatically provision through Cisco DNA Automation, virtualize devices through Cisco Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), and lower security risks through segmentation and Encrypted Traffic Analysis. But experts say these software enhancements take it to a new level. + +“You can call it the rise of DNA Center and it’s important because it lets customers manage and control their entire network from one place – similar to what VMware does with its vCenter,” said Zeus Kerravala, founder and principal analyst with ZK Research. vCenter is VMware’s centralized platform for controlling its vSphere virtualized environments. + +“Cisco will likely roll more and more functionality into DNA Center in the future making it stronger,” Kerravala said. + +**[[Become a Microsoft Office 365 administrator in record time with this quick start course from PluralSight.][7] ]** + +Together the new software and DNA Center will help customers set consistent policies across their domains and collaborate with others for the benefit of the entire network. Customers can define a policy once, apply it everywhere, and monitor it systematically to ensure it is realizing its business intent, said Prashanth Shenoy, Cisco vice president of marketing for Enterprise Network and Mobility. It will help customers segment their networks to reduce congestion, improve security and compliance and contain network problems, he said. + +“In the campus, Cisco’s SD-Access solution uses this technology to group users and devices within the segments it creates according to their access privileges. Similarly, Cisco ACI creates groups of similar applications in the data center,” Shenoy said. “When integrated, SD-Access and ACI exchange their groupings and provide each other an awareness into their access policies. With this knowledge, each of the domains can map user groups with applications, jointly enforce policies, and block unauthorized access to applications.” + +In the Cisco world it basically means there now can be a unification of its central domain network controllers and they can work together and let customers drive policies across domains. + +Cisco also said that security capabilities can be spread across domains. + +Cisco Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) prevents breaches, monitors malicious behavior and detects and removes malware. Security constructs built into Cisco SD-WAN, and the recently announced SD-WAN onRamp for CoLocation, provide a full security stack that applies protection consistently from user to branch to clouds. Cisco Stealthwatch and Stealthwatch Cloud detect threats across the private network, public clouds, and in encrypted traffic. + +Analysts said Cisco’s latest efforts are an attempt to simplify what are fast becoming complex networks with tons of new devices and applications to support. + +Cisco’s initial efforts were product specific, but its latest announcements cross products and domains, said Lee Doyle principal analyst with Doyle Research. “Cisco is making a strong push to make its networks easier to use, manage and program.” + +That same strategy is behind the new AI Analytics program. + +“Trying to manually analyze and troubleshoot the traffic flowing through thousands of APs, switches and routers is a near impossible task, even for the most sophisticated NetOps team. In a wireless environment, onboarding and interference errors can crop up randomly and intermittently, making it even more difficult to determine probable causes,” said Anand Oswal, senior vice president, engineering for Cisco’s Enterprise Networking Business. + +Cisco has been integrating AI/ML into many operational and security components, with Cisco DNA Center the focal point for insights and actions, Oswal wrote in a [blog][8] about the AI announcement. AI Network Analytics collects massive amounts of network data from Cisco DNA Centers at participating customer sites, encrypts and anonymizes the data to ensure privacy, and collates all of it into the Cisco Worldwide Data Platform. In this cloud, the aggregated data is analyzed with deep machine learning to reveal patterns and anomalies such as: + + * Highly personalized network baselines with multiple levels of granularity that define “normal” for a given network, site, building and SSID. + + * Sudden changes in onboarding times for Wi-Fi devices, by individual APs, floor, building, campus +``` + +``` + and branch. + + * Simultaneous connectivity failures with numerous clients at a specific location + + * Changes in SaaS and Cloud application performance via SD-WAN direct internet connections or [Cloud OnRamps][9]. + + * Pattern-matching capabilities of ML will be used to spot anomalies in network behavior that might otherwise be missed. + + + + +“The intelligence of its large base of customers can help Cisco to derive important insights about how users can better manage their networks and solve problems and the power of MI/AI technology will continue to improve over time,” Doyle said. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][10] and [LinkedIn][11] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401523/cisco-software-to-make-networks-smarter-safer-more-manageable.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/11/intelligentnetwork-100780636-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400382/cisco-will-use-aiml-to-boost-intent-based-networking.html +[7]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fcourses%2Fadministering-office-365-quick-start +[8]: https://blogs.cisco.com/analytics-automation/cisco-ai-network-analytics-making-networks-smarter-simpler-and-more-secure +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3393232/cisco-boosts-sd-wan-with-multicloud-to-branch-access-system.html +[10]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 6fc5aa2c6e6f475e4eb6ffd3199f43abf6f6deff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 13:14:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0393/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190611=206=20?= =?UTF-8?q?ways=20to=20make=20enterprise=20IoT=20cost=20effective=20source?= =?UTF-8?q?s/talk/20190611=206=20ways=20to=20make=20enterprise=20IoT=20cos?= =?UTF-8?q?t=20effective.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...s to make enterprise IoT cost effective.md | 89 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 89 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190611 6 ways to make enterprise IoT cost effective.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190611 6 ways to make enterprise IoT cost effective.md b/sources/talk/20190611 6 ways to make enterprise IoT cost effective.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..492262c617 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190611 6 ways to make enterprise IoT cost effective.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (6 ways to make enterprise IoT cost effective) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401082/6-ways-to-make-enterprise-iot-cost-effective.html) +[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) + +6 ways to make enterprise IoT cost effective +====== +Rob Mesirow, a principal at PwC’s Connected Solutions unit, offers tips for successfully implementing internet of things (IoT) projects without breaking the bank. +![DavidLeshem / Getty][1] + +There’s little question that the internet of things (IoT) holds enormous potential for the enterprise, in everything from asset tracking to compliance. + +But enterprise uses of IoT technology are still evolving, and it’s not yet entirely clear which use cases and practices currently make economic and business sense. So, I was thrilled to trade emails recently with [Rob Mesirow][2], a principal at [PwC’s Connected Solutions][3] unit, about how to make enterprise IoT implementations as cost effective as possible. + +“The IoT isn’t just about technology (hardware, sensors, software, networks, communications, the cloud, analytics, APIs),” Mesirow said, “though tech is obviously essential. It also includes ensuring cybersecurity, managing data governance, upskilling the workforce and creating a receptive workplace culture, building trust in the IoT, developing interoperability, and creating business partnerships and ecosystems—all part of a foundation that’s vital to a successful IoT implementation.” + +**[ Also read:[Enterprise IoT: Companies want solutions in these 4 areas][4] ]** + +Yes, that sounds complicated—and a lot of work for a still-hard-to-quantify return. Fortunately, though, Mesirow offered up some tips on how companies can make their IoT implementations as cost effective as possible. + +### 1\. Don’t wait for better technology + +Mesirow advised against waiting to implement IoT projects until you can deploy emerging technology such as [5G networks][5]. That makes sense, as long as your implementation doesn’t specifically require capabilities available only in the new technology. + +### 2\. Start with the basics, and scale up as needed + +“Companies need to start with the basics—building one app/task at a time—instead of jumping ahead with enterprise-wide implementations and ecosystems,” Mesirow said. + +“There’s no need to start an IoT initiative by tackling a huge, expensive ecosystem. Instead, begin with one manageable use case, and build up and out from there. The IoT can inexpensively automate many everyday tasks to increase effectiveness, employee productivity, and revenue.” + +After you pick the low-hanging fruit, it’s time to become more ambitious. + +“After getting a few successful pilots established, businesses can then scale up as needed, building on the established foundation of business processes, people experience, and technology," Mesirow said, + +### 3\. Make dumb things smart + +Of course, identifying the ripest low-hanging fruit isn’t always easy. + +“Companies need to focus on making dumb things smart, deploying infrastructure that’s not going to break the bank, and providing enterprise customers the opportunity to experience what data intelligence can do for their business,” Mesirow said. “Once they do that, things will take off.” + +### 4\. Leverage lower-cost networks + +“One key to building an IoT inexpensively is to use low-power, low-cost networks (Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN)) to provide IoT services, which reduces costs significantly,” Mesirow said. + +Naturally, he mentioned that PwC has three separate platforms with some 80 products that hang off those platforms, which he said cost “a fraction of traditional IoT offerings, with security and privacy built in.” + +Despite the product pitch, though, Mesirow is right to call out the efficiencies involved in using low-cost, low-power networks instead of more expensive existing cellular. + +### 5\. Balance security vs. cost + +Companies need to plan their IoT network with costs vs. security in mind, Mesirow said. “Open-source networks will be less expensive, but there may be security concerns,” he said. + +That’s true, of course, but there may be security concerns in _any_ network, not just open-source solutions. Still, Mesirow’s overall point remains valid: Enterprises need to carefully consider all the trade-offs they’re making in their IoT efforts. + +### 6\. Account for _all_ the value IoT provides + +Finally, Mesirow pointed out that “much of the cost-effectiveness comes from the _value_ the IoT provides,” and its important to consider the return, not just the investment. + +“For example,” Mesirow said, the IoT “increases productivity by enabling the remote monitoring and control of business operations. It saves on energy costs by automatically turning off lights and HVAC when spaces are vacant, and predictive maintenance alerts lead to fewer machine repairs. And geolocation can lead to personalized marketing to customer smartphones, which can increase sales to nearby stores.” + +**[ Now read this:[5 reasons the IoT needs its own networks][6] ]** + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401082/6-ways-to-make-enterprise-iot-cost-effective.html + +作者：[Fredric Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/money_financial_salary_growth_currency_by-davidleshem-100787975-large.jpg +[2]: https://twitter.com/robmesirow +[3]: https://digital.pwc.com/content/pwc-digital/en/products/connected-solutions.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3396128/the-state-of-enterprise-iot-companies-want-solutions-for-these-4-areas.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203489/what-is-5g-how-is-it-better-than-4g.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284506/5-reasons-the-iot-needs-its-own-networks.html +[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 3992f874393954d19fbda3c8f4459a0576ada42c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 18:35:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0394/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190617=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20To=20Check=20Linux=20Package=20Version=20Before=20Installing?= =?UTF-8?q?=20It=20sources/tech/20190617=20How=20To=20Check=20Linux=20Pack?= =?UTF-8?q?age=20Version=20Before=20Installing=20It.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ux Package Version Before Installing It.md | 281 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 281 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190617 How To Check Linux Package Version Before Installing It.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190617 How To Check Linux Package Version Before Installing It.md b/sources/tech/20190617 How To Check Linux Package Version Before Installing It.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0ce1a510ac --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190617 How To Check Linux Package Version Before Installing It.md @@ -0,0 +1,281 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Check Linux Package Version Before Installing It) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-check-linux-package-version-before-installing-it/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +How To Check Linux Package Version Before Installing It +====== + +![Check Linux Package Version][1] + +Most of you will know how to [**find the version of an installed package**][2] in Linux. But, what would you do to find the packages’ version which are not installed in the first place? No problem! This guide describes how to check Linux package version before installing it in Debian and its derivatives like Ubuntu. This small tip might be helpful for those wondering what version they would get before installing a package. + +### Check Linux Package Version Before Installing It + +There are many ways to find a package’s version even if it is not installed already in DEB-based systems. Here I have given a few methods. + +##### Method 1 – Using Apt + +The quick and dirty way to check a package version, simply run: + +``` +$ apt show +``` + +**Example:** + +``` +$ apt show vim +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +Package: vim +Version: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 +Priority: optional +Section: editors +Origin: Ubuntu +Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email protected]> +Original-Maintainer: Debian Vim Maintainers <[email protected]> +Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug +Installed-Size: 2,852 kB +Provides: editor +Depends: vim-common (= 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1), vim-runtime (= 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1), libacl1 (>= 2.2.51-8), libc6 (>= 2.15), libgpm2 (>= 1.20.7), libpython3.6 (>= 3.6.5), libselinux1 (>= 1.32), libtinfo5 (>= 6) +Suggests: ctags, vim-doc, vim-scripts +Homepage: https://vim.sourceforge.io/ +Task: cloud-image, server +Supported: 5y +Download-Size: 1,152 kB +APT-Sources: http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages +Description: Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor + Vim is an almost compatible version of the UNIX editor Vi. + . + Many new features have been added: multi level undo, syntax + highlighting, command line history, on-line help, filename + completion, block operations, folding, Unicode support, etc. + . + This package contains a version of vim compiled with a rather + standard set of features. This package does not provide a GUI + version of Vim. See the other vim-* packages if you need more + (or less). + +N: There is 1 additional record. Please use the '-a' switch to see it +``` + +As you can see in the above output, “apt show” command displays, many important details of the package such as, + + 1. package name, + 2. version, + 3. origin (from where the vim comes from), + 4. maintainer, + 5. home page of the package, + 6. dependencies, + 7. download size, + 8. description, + 9. and many. + + + +So, the available version of Vim package in the Ubuntu repositories is **8.0.1453**. This is the version I get if I install it on my Ubuntu system. + +Alternatively, use **“apt policy”** command if you prefer short output: + +``` +$ apt policy vim +vim: + Installed: (none) + Candidate: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 + Version table: + 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 500 + 500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages + 500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/main amd64 Packages + 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1 500 + 500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages +``` + +Or even shorter: + +``` +$ apt list vim +Listing... Done +vim/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 +N: There is 1 additional version. Please use the '-a' switch to see it +``` + +**Apt** is the default package manager in recent Ubuntu versions. So, this command is just enough to find the detailed information of a package. It doesn’t matter whether given package is installed or not. This command will simply list the given package’s version along with all other details. + +##### Method 2 – Using Apt-get + +To find a package version without installing it, we can use **apt-get** command with **-s** option. + +``` +$ apt-get -s install vim +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +NOTE: This is only a simulation! + apt-get needs root privileges for real execution. + Keep also in mind that locking is deactivated, + so don't depend on the relevance to the real current situation! +Reading package lists... Done +Building dependency tree +Reading state information... Done +Suggested packages: + ctags vim-doc vim-scripts +The following NEW packages will be installed: + vim +0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 45 not upgraded. +Inst vim (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +Conf vim (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +``` + +Here, -s option indicates **simulation**. As you can see in the output, It performs no action. Instead, It simply performs a simulation to let you know what is going to happen when you install the Vim package. + +You can substitute “install” option with “upgrade” option to see what will happen when you upgrade a package. + +``` +$ apt-get -s upgrade vim +``` + +##### Method 3 – Using Aptitude + +**Aptitude** is an ncurses and commandline-based front-end to APT package manger in Debian and its derivatives. + +To find the package version with Aptitude, simply run: + +``` +$ aptitude versions vim +p 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1 bionic 500 +p 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 bionic-security,bionic-updates 500 +``` + +You can also use simulation option ( **-s** ) to see what would happen if you install or upgrade package. + +``` +$ aptitude -V -s install vim +The following NEW packages will be installed: + vim [2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1] +0 packages upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 45 not upgraded. +Need to get 1,152 kB of archives. After unpacking 2,852 kB will be used. +Would download/install/remove packages. +``` + +Here, **-V** flag is used to display detailed information of the package version. + +Similarly, just substitute “install” with “upgrade” option to see what would happen if you upgrade a package. + +``` +$ aptitude -V -s upgrade vim +``` + +Another way to find the non-installed package’s version using Aptitude command is: + +``` +$ aptitude search vim -F "%c %p %d %V" +``` + +Here, + + * **-F** is used to specify which format should be used to display the output, + * **%c** – status of the given package (installed or not installed), + * **%p** – name of the package, + * **%d** – description of the package, + * **%V** – version of the package. + + + +This is helpful when you don’t know the full package name. This command will list all packages that contains the given string (i.e vim). + +Here is the sample output of the above command: + +``` +[...] +p vim Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor 2:8.0.1453-1ub +p vim-tlib Some vim utility functions 1.23-1 +p vim-ultisnips snippet solution for Vim 3.1-3 +p vim-vimerl Erlang plugin for Vim 1.4.1+git20120 +p vim-vimerl-syntax Erlang syntax for Vim 1.4.1+git20120 +p vim-vimoutliner script for building an outline editor on top of Vim 0.3.4+pristine +p vim-voom Vim two-pane outliner 5.2-1 +p vim-youcompleteme fast, as-you-type, fuzzy-search code completion engine for Vim 0+20161219+git +``` + +##### Method 4 – Using Apt-cache + +**Apt-cache** command is used to query APT cache in Debian-based systems. It is useful for performing many operations on APT’s package cache. One fine example is we can [**list installed applications from a certain repository/ppa**][3]. + +Not just installed applications, we can also find the version of a package even if it is not installed. For instance, the following command will find the version of Vim package: + +``` +$ apt-cache policy vim +``` + +Sample output: + +``` +vim: + Installed: (none) + Candidate: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 + Version table: + 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 500 + 500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages + 500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/main amd64 Packages + 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1 500 + 500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages +``` + +As you can see in the above output, Vim is not installed. If you wanted to install it, you would get version **8.0.1453**. It also displays from which repository the vim package is coming from. + +##### Method 5 – Using Apt-show-versions + +**Apt-show-versions** command is used to list installed and available package versions in Debian and Debian-based systems. It also displays the list of all upgradeable packages. It is quite handy if you have a mixed stable/testing environment. For instance, if you have enabled both stable and testing repositories, you can easily find the list of applications from testing and also you can upgrade all packages in testing. + +Apt-show-versions is not installed by default. You need to install it using command: + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install apt-show-versions +``` + +Once installed, run the following command to find the version of a package,for example Vim: + +``` +$ apt-show-versions -a vim +vim:amd64 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1 bionic archive.ubuntu.com +vim:amd64 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 bionic-security security.ubuntu.com +vim:amd64 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 bionic-updates archive.ubuntu.com +vim:amd64 not installed +``` + +Here, **-a** switch prints all available versions of the given package. + +If the given package is already installed, you need not to use **-a** option. In that case, simply run: + +``` +$ apt-show-versions vim +``` + +And, that’s all. If you know any other methods, please share them in the comment section below. I will check and update this guide. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-check-linux-package-version-before-installing-it/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Check-Linux-Package-Version-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/find-package-version-linux/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/list-installed-packages-certain-repository-linux/ From 571d6cd1e0161c68914648b53f20a85f217d42f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 18:37:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0395/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190617=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20To=20Find=20Linux=20System=20Details=20Using=20inxi=20source?= =?UTF-8?q?s/tech/20190617=20How=20To=20Find=20Linux=20System=20Details=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Using=20inxi.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md | 608 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 608 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190617 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190617 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md b/sources/tech/20190617 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0acb049b91 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190617 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md @@ -0,0 +1,608 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-your-system-details-using-inxi/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi +====== + +![find Linux system details using inxi][1] + +**Inxi** is a free, open source, and full featured command line system information tool. It shows system hardware, CPU, drivers, Xorg, Desktop, Kernel, GCC version(s), Processes, RAM usage, and a wide variety of other useful information. Be it a hard disk or CPU, mother board or the complete detail of the entire system, inxi will display it more accurately in seconds. Since it is CLI tool, you can use it in Desktop or server edition. Inxi is available in the default repositories of most Linux distributions and some BSD systems. + +### Install inxi + +**On Arch Linux and derivatives:** + +To install inxi in Arch Linux or its derivatives like Antergos, and Manajaro Linux, run: + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S inxi +``` + +Just in case if Inxi is not available in the default repositories, try to install it from AUR (It varies year to year) using any AUR helper programs. + +Using [**Yay**][2]: + +``` +$ yay -S inxi +``` + +**On Debian / Ubuntu and derivatives:** + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install inxi +``` + +**On Fedora / RHEL / CentOS / Scientific Linux:** + +inxi is available in the Fedora default repositories. So, just run the following command to install it straight away. + +``` +$ sudo dnf install inxi +``` + +In RHEL and its clones like CentOS and Scientific Linux, you need to add the EPEL repository and then install inxi. + +To install EPEL repository, just run: + +``` +$ sudo yum install epel-release +``` + +After installing EPEL repository, install inxi using command: + +``` +$ sudo yum install inxi +``` + +**On SUSE/openSUSE:** + +``` +$ sudo zypper install inxi +``` + +### Find Linux System Details Using inxi + +inxi will require some additional programs to operate properly. They will be installed along with inxi. However, in case if they are not installed automatically, you need to find and install them. + +To list all required programs, run: + +``` +$ inxi --recommends +``` + +If you see any missing programs, then install them before start using inxi. + +Now, let us see how to use it to reveal the Linux system details. inxi usage is pretty simple and straight forward. + +Open up your Terminal and run the following command to print a short summary of CPU, memory, hard drive and kernel information: + +``` +$ inxi +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +CPU: Dual Core Intel Core i3-2350M (-MT MCP-) speed/min/max: 798/800/2300 MHz +Kernel: 5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH x86_64 Up: 1h 31m Mem: 2800.5/7884.2 MiB (35.5%) +Storage: 465.76 GiB (80.8% used) Procs: 163 Shell: bash 5.0.7 inxi: 3.0.34 +``` + +[![Find Linux System Details Using inxi][1]][3] + +Find Linux System Details Using inxi + +As you can see, Inxi displays the following details of my Arch Linux desktop: + + 1. CPU type, + 2. CPU speed, + 3. Kernel details, + 4. Uptime, + 5. Memory details (Total and used memory), + 6. Hard disk size along with current usage, + 7. Procs, + 8. Default shell details, + 9. Inxi version. + + + +To display full summary, use **“-F”** switch as shown below. + +``` +$ inxi -F +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +System: Host: sk Kernel: 5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH x86_64 bits: 64 Desktop: Deepin 15.10.1 Distro: Arch Linux +Machine: Type: Portable System: Dell product: Inspiron N5050 v: N/A serial: + Mobo: Dell model: 01HXXJ v: A05 serial: BIOS: Dell v: A05 date: 08/03/2012 +Battery: ID-1: BAT0 charge: 39.0 Wh condition: 39.0/48.8 Wh (80%) +CPU: Topology: Dual Core model: Intel Core i3-2350M bits: 64 type: MT MCP L2 cache: 3072 KiB + Speed: 798 MHz min/max: 800/2300 MHz Core speeds (MHz): 1: 798 2: 798 3: 798 4: 798 +Graphics: Device-1: Intel 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics driver: i915 v: kernel + Display: x11 server: X.Org 1.20.4 driver: modesetting unloaded: vesa resolution: 1366x768~60Hz + Message: Unable to show advanced data. Required tool glxinfo missing. +Audio: Device-1: Intel 6 Series/C200 Series Family High Definition Audio driver: snd_hda_intel + Sound Server: ALSA v: k5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH +Network: Device-1: Realtek RTL810xE PCI Express Fast Ethernet driver: r8169 + IF: enp5s0 state: down mac: 45:c8:gh:89:b6:45 + Device-2: Qualcomm Atheros AR9285 Wireless Network Adapter driver: ath9k + IF: wlp9s0 state: up mac: c3:11:96:22:87:3g + Device-3: Qualcomm Atheros AR3011 Bluetooth type: USB driver: btusb +Drives: Local Storage: total: 465.76 GiB used: 376.31 GiB (80.8%) + ID-1: /dev/sda vendor: Seagate model: ST9500325AS size: 465.76 GiB +Partition: ID-1: / size: 456.26 GiB used: 376.25 GiB (82.5%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda2 + ID-2: /boot size: 92.8 MiB used: 62.9 MiB (67.7%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda1 + ID-3: swap-1 size: 2.00 GiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%) fs: swap dev: /dev/sda3 +Sensors: System Temperatures: cpu: 58.0 C mobo: N/A + Fan Speeds (RPM): cpu: 3445 +Info: Processes: 169 Uptime: 1h 38m Memory: 7.70 GiB used: 2.94 GiB (38.2%) Shell: bash inxi: 3.0.34 +``` + +Inxi used on IRC automatically filters out your network device MAC address, WAN and LAN IP, your /home username directory in partitions, and a few other items in order to maintain basic privacy and security. You can also trigger this filtering with the **-z** option like below. + +``` +$ inxi -Fz +``` + +To override the IRC filter, use the **-Z** option. + +``` +$ inxi -FZ +``` + +This can be useful in debugging network connection issues online in a private chat, for example. Please be very careful while using -Z option. It will display your MAC addresses. You shouldn’t share the results got with -Z option in public forums. + +##### Displaying device-specific details + +When running inxi without any options, you will get basic details of your system, such as CPU, Memory, Kernel, Uptime, harddisk etc. + +You can, of course, narrow down the result to show specific device details using various options. Inxi has numerous options (both uppercase and lowercase). + +First, we will see example commands for all uppercase options in alphabetical order. Some commands may require root/sudo privileges to get actual data. + +####### **Uppercase options** + +**1\. Display Audio/Sound card details** + +To show your audio and sound card(s) information with sound card driver, use **-A** option. + +``` +$ inxi -A +Audio: Device-1: Intel 6 Series/C200 Series Family High Definition Audio driver: snd_hda_intel + Sound Server: ALSA v: k5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH +``` + +**2\. Display Battery details** + +To show battery details of your system with current charge and condition, use **-B** option. + +``` +$ inxi -B +Battery: ID-1: BAT0 charge: 39.0 Wh condition: 39.0/48.8 Wh (80%) +``` + +**3\. Display CPU details** + +To show complete CPU details including no of cores, CPU model, CPU cache, CPU clock speed, CPU min/max speed etc., use **-C** option. + +``` +$ inxi -C +CPU: Topology: Dual Core model: Intel Core i3-2350M bits: 64 type: MT MCP L2 cache: 3072 KiB + Speed: 798 MHz min/max: 800/2300 MHz Core speeds (MHz): 1: 798 2: 798 3: 798 4: 798 +``` + +**4\. Display hard disk details** + +To show information about your hard drive, such as Disk type, vendor, device ID, model, disk size, total disk space, used percentage etc., use **-D** option. + +``` +$ inxi -D +Drives: Local Storage: total: 465.76 GiB used: 376.31 GiB (80.8%) + ID-1: /dev/sda vendor: Seagate model: ST9500325AS size: 465.76 GiB +``` + +**5\. Disply Graphics details** + +To show details about the graphics card, including details of grahics card, driver, vendor, display server, resolution etc., use **-G** option. + +``` +$ inxi -G +Graphics: Device-1: Intel 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics driver: i915 v: kernel + Display: x11 server: X.Org 1.20.4 driver: modesetting unloaded: vesa resolution: 1366x768~60Hz + Message: Unable to show advanced data. Required tool glxinfo missing. +``` + +**6\. Display details about processes, uptime, memory, inxi version** + +To show information about no of processes, total uptime, total memory with used memory, Shell details and inxi version etc., use **-I** option. + +``` +$ inxi -I +Info: Processes: 170 Uptime: 5h 47m Memory: 7.70 GiB used: 3.27 GiB (42.4%) Shell: bash inxi: 3.0.34 +``` + +**7\. Display Motherboard details** + +To show information about your machine details, manufacturer, motherboard, BIOS, use **-M** option. + +``` +$ inxi -M +Machine: Type: Portable System: Dell product: Inspiron N5050 v: N/A serial: + Mobo: Dell model: 034ygt v: A018 serial: BIOS: Dell v: A001 date: 09/04/2015 +``` + +**8\. Display network card details** + +To show information about your network card, including vendor, card driver and no of network interfaces etc., use **-N** option. + +``` +$ inxi -N +Network: Device-1: Realtek RTL810xE PCI Express Fast Ethernet driver: r8169 + Device-2: Qualcomm Atheros AR9285 Wireless Network Adapter driver: ath9k + Device-3: Qualcomm Atheros AR3011 Bluetooth type: USB driver: btusb +``` + +If you want to show the advanced details of the network cards, such as MAC address, speed and state of nic, use **-n** option. + +``` +$ inxi -n +``` + +Please careful sharing this details on public forum. + +**9\. Display Partition details** + +To display basic partition information, use **-P** option. + +``` +$ inxi -P +Partition: ID-1: / size: 456.26 GiB used: 376.25 GiB (82.5%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda2 + ID-2: /boot size: 92.8 MiB used: 62.9 MiB (67.7%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda1 + ID-3: swap-1 size: 2.00 GiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%) fs: swap dev: /dev/sda3 +``` + +To show full partition information including mount points, use **-p** option. + +``` +$ inxi -p +``` + +**10\. Display RAID details** + +To show RAID info, use **-R** option. + +``` +$ inxi -R +``` + +**11\. Display system details** + +To show Linux system information such as hostname, kernel, DE, OS version etc., use **-S** option. + +``` +$ inxi -S +System: Host: sk Kernel: 5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH x86_64 bits: 64 Desktop: Deepin 15.10.1 Distro: Arch Linux +``` + +**12\. Displaying weather details** + +Inixi is not just for finding hardware details. It is useful for getting other stuffs too. + +For example, you can display the weather details of a given location. To do so, run inxi with **-W** option like below. + +``` +$ inxi -W 95623,us +Weather: Temperature: 21.1 C (70 F) Conditions: Scattered clouds Current Time: Tue 11 Jun 2019 04:34:35 AM PDT + Source: WeatherBit.io +``` + +Please note that you should use only ASCII letters in city/state/country names to get valid results. + +####### Lowercase options + +**1\. Display basic system details** + +To show only the basic summary of your system details, use **-b** option. + +``` +$ inxi -b +``` + +Alternatively, you can use this command: + +Both servers the same purpose. + +``` +$ inxi -v 2 +``` + +**2\. Set color scheme** + +We can set different color schemes for inxi output using **-c** option. Yu can set color scheme number from **0** to **42**. If no scheme number is supplied, **0** is assumed. + +Here is inxi output with and without **-c** option. + +[![inxi output without color scheme][1]][4] + +inxi output without color scheme + +As you can see, when we run inxi with -c option, the color scheme is disabled. The -c option is useful to turnoff colored output when redirecting clean output without escape codes to a text file. + +Similarly, we can use other color scheme values. + +``` +$ inxi -c10 + +$ inxi -c42 +``` + +**3\. Display optical drive details** + +We can show the optical drive data details along with local hard drive details using **-d** option. + +``` +$ inxi -d +Drives: Local Storage: total: 465.76 GiB used: 376.31 GiB (80.8%) + ID-1: /dev/sda vendor: Seagate model: ST9500325AS size: 465.76 GiB + Optical-1: /dev/sr0 vendor: PLDS model: DVD+-RW DS-8A8SH dev-links: cdrom + Features: speed: 24 multisession: yes audio: yes dvd: yes rw: cd-r,cd-rw,dvd-r,dvd-ram +``` + +**4\. Display all CPU flags** + +To show all CPU flags used, run: + +``` +$ inxi -f +``` + +**5\. Display IP details** + +To show WAN and local ip address along network card details such as device vendor, driver, mac, state etc., use **-i** option. + +``` +$ inxi -i +``` + +**6\. Display partition labels** + +If you have set labels for the partitions, you can view them using **-l** option. + +``` +$ inxi -l +``` + +You can also view the labels of all partitions along with mountpoints using command: + +``` +$ inxi -pl +``` + +**7\. Display Memory details** + +We can display memory details such as total size of installed RAM, how much memory is used, no of available DIMM slots, total size of supported RAM, how much RAM is currently installed in each slots etc., using **-m** option. + +``` +$ sudo inxi -m +[sudo] password for sk: +Memory: RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.26 GiB (29.3%) + Array-1: capacity: 16 GiB slots: 2 EC: None + Device-1: DIMM_A size: 4 GiB speed: 1067 MT/s + Device-2: DIMM_B size: 4 GiB speed: 1067 MT/s +``` + +**8\. Display unmounted partition details** + +To show unmounted partition details, use **-o** option. + +``` +$ inxi -o +``` + +If there were no unmounted partitions in your system, you will see an output something like below. + +``` +Unmounted: Message: No unmounted partitions found. +``` + +**9\. Display list of repositories** + +To display the the list of repositories in your system, use **-r** option. + +``` +$ inxi -r +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +Repos: Active apt sources in file: /etc/apt/sources.list +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse +deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main restricted +deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security universe +deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security multiverse +``` + +* * * + +**Suggested read:** + + * [**How To Find The List Of Installed Repositories From Commandline In Linux**][5] + + + +* * * + +**10\. Show system temperature, fan speed details** + +Inxi is capable to find motherboard/CPU/GPU temperatures and fan speed. + +``` +$ inxi -s +Sensors: System Temperatures: cpu: 60.0 C mobo: N/A + Fan Speeds (RPM): cpu: 3456 +``` + +Please note that Inxi requires sensors to find the system temperature. Make sure **lm_sensors** is installed and correctly configured in your system. For more details about lm_sensors, check the following guide. + + * [**How To View CPU Temperature On Linux**][6] + + + +**11\. Display details about processes** + +To show the list processes top 5 processes which are consuming most CPU and Memory, simply run: + +``` +$ inxi -t +Processes: CPU top: 5 + 1: cpu: 14.3% command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: cpu: 10.5% command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: cpu: 7.1% command: firefox pid: 15062 + 4: cpu: 3.1% command: xorg pid: 13493 + 5: cpu: 3.0% command: firefox pid: 14954 + System RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.99 GiB (38.8%) + Memory top: 5 + 1: mem: 1115.8 MiB (14.1%) command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: mem: 606.6 MiB (7.6%) command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: mem: 339.3 MiB (4.3%) command: firefox pid: 13630 + 4: mem: 303.1 MiB (3.8%) command: firefox pid: 18617 + 5: mem: 260.1 MiB (3.2%) command: firefox pid: 15062 +``` + +We can also sort this output by either CPU usage or Memory usage. + +For instance, to find the which top 5 processes are consuming most memory, use the following command: + +``` +$ inxi -t m +Processes: System RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.73 GiB (35.4%) + Memory top: 5 + 1: mem: 966.1 MiB (12.2%) command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: mem: 468.2 MiB (5.9%) command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: mem: 347.9 MiB (4.4%) command: firefox pid: 13708 + 4: mem: 306.7 MiB (3.8%) command: firefox pid: 13630 + 5: mem: 247.2 MiB (3.1%) command: firefox pid: 15062 +``` + +To sort the top 5 processes based on CPU usage, run: + +``` +$ inxi -t c +Processes: CPU top: 5 + 1: cpu: 14.9% command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: cpu: 10.6% command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: cpu: 7.0% command: firefox pid: 15062 + 4: cpu: 3.1% command: xorg pid: 13493 + 5: cpu: 2.9% command: firefox pid: 14954 +``` + +Bydefault, Inxi will display the top 5 processes. You can change the number of processes, for example 10, like below. + +``` +$ inxi -t cm10 +Processes: CPU top: 10 + 1: cpu: 14.9% command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: cpu: 10.6% command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: cpu: 7.0% command: firefox pid: 15062 + 4: cpu: 3.1% command: xorg pid: 13493 + 5: cpu: 2.9% command: firefox pid: 14954 + 6: cpu: 2.8% command: firefox pid: 13630 + 7: cpu: 1.8% command: firefox pid: 18325 + 8: cpu: 1.4% command: firefox pid: 18617 + 9: cpu: 1.3% command: firefox pid: 13708 + 10: cpu: 0.8% command: firefox pid: 14427 + System RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.92 GiB (37.9%) + Memory top: 10 + 1: mem: 1160.9 MiB (14.7%) command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: mem: 475.1 MiB (6.0%) command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: mem: 353.4 MiB (4.4%) command: firefox pid: 13708 + 4: mem: 308.0 MiB (3.9%) command: firefox pid: 13630 + 5: mem: 269.6 MiB (3.4%) command: firefox pid: 15062 + 6: mem: 249.3 MiB (3.1%) command: firefox pid: 14427 + 7: mem: 238.5 MiB (3.0%) command: firefox pid: 14954 + 8: mem: 208.2 MiB (2.6%) command: firefox pid: 18325 + 9: mem: 194.0 MiB (2.4%) command: firefox pid: 18617 + 10: mem: 143.6 MiB (1.8%) command: firefox pid: 23960 +``` + +The above command will display the top 10 processes that consumes the most CPU and Memory. + +To display only top10 based on memory usage, run: + +``` +$ inxi -t m10 +``` + +**12\. Display partition UUID details** + +To show partition UUIDs ( **U** niversally **U** nique **Id** entifier), use **-u** option. + +``` +$ inxi -u +``` + +There are much more options are yet to be covered. But, these are just enough to get almost all details of your Linux box. + +For more details and options, refer the man page. + +``` +$ man inxi +``` + +* * * + +**Related read:** + + * **[Neofetch – Display your Linux system’s information][7]** + + + +* * * + +The primary purpose of Inxi tool is to use in IRC or forum support. If you are looking for any help via a forum or website where someone is asking the specification of your system, just run this command, and copy/paste the output. + +**Resources:** + + * [**Inxi GitHub Repository**][8] + * [**Inxi home page**][9] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-your-system-details-using-inxi/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ +[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Find-Linux-System-Details-Using-inxi.png +[4]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/inxi-output-without-color-scheme.png +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/find-list-installed-repositories-commandline-linux/ +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/view-cpu-temperature-linux/ +[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/ +[8]: https://github.com/smxi/inxi +[9]: http://smxi.org/docs/inxi.htm From 0b51c7a72336e12021afbad0e01dff5a788c7bd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 18:43:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0396/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190611=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20To=20Find=20Linux=20System=20Details=20Using=20inxi=20source?= =?UTF-8?q?s/tech/20190611=20How=20To=20Find=20Linux=20System=20Details=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Using=20inxi.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md | 608 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 608 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190611 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190611 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md b/sources/tech/20190611 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4fc24fd137 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190611 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md @@ -0,0 +1,608 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-your-system-details-using-inxi/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi +====== + +![find Linux system details using inxi][1] + +**Inxi** is a free, open source, and full featured command line system information tool. It shows system hardware, CPU, drivers, Xorg, Desktop, Kernel, GCC version(s), Processes, RAM usage, and a wide variety of other useful information. Be it a hard disk or CPU, mother board or the complete detail of the entire system, inxi will display it more accurately in seconds. Since it is CLI tool, you can use it in Desktop or server edition. Inxi is available in the default repositories of most Linux distributions and some BSD systems. + +### Install inxi + +**On Arch Linux and derivatives:** + +To install inxi in Arch Linux or its derivatives like Antergos, and Manajaro Linux, run: + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S inxi +``` + +Just in case if Inxi is not available in the default repositories, try to install it from AUR (It varies year to year) using any AUR helper programs. + +Using [**Yay**][2]: + +``` +$ yay -S inxi +``` + +**On Debian / Ubuntu and derivatives:** + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install inxi +``` + +**On Fedora / RHEL / CentOS / Scientific Linux:** + +inxi is available in the Fedora default repositories. So, just run the following command to install it straight away. + +``` +$ sudo dnf install inxi +``` + +In RHEL and its clones like CentOS and Scientific Linux, you need to add the EPEL repository and then install inxi. + +To install EPEL repository, just run: + +``` +$ sudo yum install epel-release +``` + +After installing EPEL repository, install inxi using command: + +``` +$ sudo yum install inxi +``` + +**On SUSE/openSUSE:** + +``` +$ sudo zypper install inxi +``` + +### Find Linux System Details Using inxi + +inxi will require some additional programs to operate properly. They will be installed along with inxi. However, in case if they are not installed automatically, you need to find and install them. + +To list all required programs, run: + +``` +$ inxi --recommends +``` + +If you see any missing programs, then install them before start using inxi. + +Now, let us see how to use it to reveal the Linux system details. inxi usage is pretty simple and straight forward. + +Open up your Terminal and run the following command to print a short summary of CPU, memory, hard drive and kernel information: + +``` +$ inxi +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +CPU: Dual Core Intel Core i3-2350M (-MT MCP-) speed/min/max: 798/800/2300 MHz +Kernel: 5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH x86_64 Up: 1h 31m Mem: 2800.5/7884.2 MiB (35.5%) +Storage: 465.76 GiB (80.8% used) Procs: 163 Shell: bash 5.0.7 inxi: 3.0.34 +``` + +![][3] + +Find Linux System Details Using inxi + +As you can see, Inxi displays the following details of my Arch Linux desktop: + + 1. CPU type, + 2. CPU speed, + 3. Kernel details, + 4. Uptime, + 5. Memory details (Total and used memory), + 6. Hard disk size along with current usage, + 7. Procs, + 8. Default shell details, + 9. Inxi version. + + + +To display full summary, use **“-F”** switch as shown below. + +``` +$ inxi -F +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +System: Host: sk Kernel: 5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH x86_64 bits: 64 Desktop: Deepin 15.10.1 Distro: Arch Linux +Machine: Type: Portable System: Dell product: Inspiron N5050 v: N/A serial: + Mobo: Dell model: 01HXXJ v: A05 serial: BIOS: Dell v: A05 date: 08/03/2012 +Battery: ID-1: BAT0 charge: 39.0 Wh condition: 39.0/48.8 Wh (80%) +CPU: Topology: Dual Core model: Intel Core i3-2350M bits: 64 type: MT MCP L2 cache: 3072 KiB + Speed: 798 MHz min/max: 800/2300 MHz Core speeds (MHz): 1: 798 2: 798 3: 798 4: 798 +Graphics: Device-1: Intel 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics driver: i915 v: kernel + Display: x11 server: X.Org 1.20.4 driver: modesetting unloaded: vesa resolution: 1366x768~60Hz + Message: Unable to show advanced data. Required tool glxinfo missing. +Audio: Device-1: Intel 6 Series/C200 Series Family High Definition Audio driver: snd_hda_intel + Sound Server: ALSA v: k5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH +Network: Device-1: Realtek RTL810xE PCI Express Fast Ethernet driver: r8169 + IF: enp5s0 state: down mac: 45:c8:gh:89:b6:45 + Device-2: Qualcomm Atheros AR9285 Wireless Network Adapter driver: ath9k + IF: wlp9s0 state: up mac: c3:11:96:22:87:3g + Device-3: Qualcomm Atheros AR3011 Bluetooth type: USB driver: btusb +Drives: Local Storage: total: 465.76 GiB used: 376.31 GiB (80.8%) + ID-1: /dev/sda vendor: Seagate model: ST9500325AS size: 465.76 GiB +Partition: ID-1: / size: 456.26 GiB used: 376.25 GiB (82.5%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda2 + ID-2: /boot size: 92.8 MiB used: 62.9 MiB (67.7%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda1 + ID-3: swap-1 size: 2.00 GiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%) fs: swap dev: /dev/sda3 +Sensors: System Temperatures: cpu: 58.0 C mobo: N/A + Fan Speeds (RPM): cpu: 3445 +Info: Processes: 169 Uptime: 1h 38m Memory: 7.70 GiB used: 2.94 GiB (38.2%) Shell: bash inxi: 3.0.34 +``` + +Inxi used on IRC automatically filters out your network device MAC address, WAN and LAN IP, your /home username directory in partitions, and a few other items in order to maintain basic privacy and security. You can also trigger this filtering with the **-z** option like below. + +``` +$ inxi -Fz +``` + +To override the IRC filter, use the **-Z** option. + +``` +$ inxi -FZ +``` + +This can be useful in debugging network connection issues online in a private chat, for example. Please be very careful while using -Z option. It will display your MAC addresses. You shouldn’t share the results got with -Z option in public forums. + +##### Displaying device-specific details + +When running inxi without any options, you will get basic details of your system, such as CPU, Memory, Kernel, Uptime, harddisk etc. + +You can, of course, narrow down the result to show specific device details using various options. Inxi has numerous options (both uppercase and lowercase). + +First, we will see example commands for all uppercase options in alphabetical order. Some commands may require root/sudo privileges to get actual data. + +####### **Uppercase options** + +**1\. Display Audio/Sound card details** + +To show your audio and sound card(s) information with sound card driver, use **-A** option. + +``` +$ inxi -A +Audio: Device-1: Intel 6 Series/C200 Series Family High Definition Audio driver: snd_hda_intel + Sound Server: ALSA v: k5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH +``` + +**2\. Display Battery details** + +To show battery details of your system with current charge and condition, use **-B** option. + +``` +$ inxi -B +Battery: ID-1: BAT0 charge: 39.0 Wh condition: 39.0/48.8 Wh (80%) +``` + +**3\. Display CPU details** + +To show complete CPU details including no of cores, CPU model, CPU cache, CPU clock speed, CPU min/max speed etc., use **-C** option. + +``` +$ inxi -C +CPU: Topology: Dual Core model: Intel Core i3-2350M bits: 64 type: MT MCP L2 cache: 3072 KiB + Speed: 798 MHz min/max: 800/2300 MHz Core speeds (MHz): 1: 798 2: 798 3: 798 4: 798 +``` + +**4\. Display hard disk details** + +To show information about your hard drive, such as Disk type, vendor, device ID, model, disk size, total disk space, used percentage etc., use **-D** option. + +``` +$ inxi -D +Drives: Local Storage: total: 465.76 GiB used: 376.31 GiB (80.8%) + ID-1: /dev/sda vendor: Seagate model: ST9500325AS size: 465.76 GiB +``` + +**5\. Disply Graphics details** + +To show details about the graphics card, including details of grahics card, driver, vendor, display server, resolution etc., use **-G** option. + +``` +$ inxi -G +Graphics: Device-1: Intel 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics driver: i915 v: kernel + Display: x11 server: X.Org 1.20.4 driver: modesetting unloaded: vesa resolution: 1366x768~60Hz + Message: Unable to show advanced data. Required tool glxinfo missing. +``` + +**6\. Display details about processes, uptime, memory, inxi version** + +To show information about no of processes, total uptime, total memory with used memory, Shell details and inxi version etc., use **-I** option. + +``` +$ inxi -I +Info: Processes: 170 Uptime: 5h 47m Memory: 7.70 GiB used: 3.27 GiB (42.4%) Shell: bash inxi: 3.0.34 +``` + +**7\. Display Motherboard details** + +To show information about your machine details, manufacturer, motherboard, BIOS, use **-M** option. + +``` +$ inxi -M +Machine: Type: Portable System: Dell product: Inspiron N5050 v: N/A serial: + Mobo: Dell model: 034ygt v: A018 serial: BIOS: Dell v: A001 date: 09/04/2015 +``` + +**8\. Display network card details** + +To show information about your network card, including vendor, card driver and no of network interfaces etc., use **-N** option. + +``` +$ inxi -N +Network: Device-1: Realtek RTL810xE PCI Express Fast Ethernet driver: r8169 + Device-2: Qualcomm Atheros AR9285 Wireless Network Adapter driver: ath9k + Device-3: Qualcomm Atheros AR3011 Bluetooth type: USB driver: btusb +``` + +If you want to show the advanced details of the network cards, such as MAC address, speed and state of nic, use **-n** option. + +``` +$ inxi -n +``` + +Please careful sharing this details on public forum. + +**9\. Display Partition details** + +To display basic partition information, use **-P** option. + +``` +$ inxi -P +Partition: ID-1: / size: 456.26 GiB used: 376.25 GiB (82.5%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda2 + ID-2: /boot size: 92.8 MiB used: 62.9 MiB (67.7%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda1 + ID-3: swap-1 size: 2.00 GiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%) fs: swap dev: /dev/sda3 +``` + +To show full partition information including mount points, use **-p** option. + +``` +$ inxi -p +``` + +**10\. Display RAID details** + +To show RAID info, use **-R** option. + +``` +$ inxi -R +``` + +**11\. Display system details** + +To show Linux system information such as hostname, kernel, DE, OS version etc., use **-S** option. + +``` +$ inxi -S +System: Host: sk Kernel: 5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH x86_64 bits: 64 Desktop: Deepin 15.10.1 Distro: Arch Linux +``` + +**12\. Displaying weather details** + +Inixi is not just for finding hardware details. It is useful for getting other stuffs too. + +For example, you can display the weather details of a given location. To do so, run inxi with **-W** option like below. + +``` +$ inxi -W 95623,us +Weather: Temperature: 21.1 C (70 F) Conditions: Scattered clouds Current Time: Tue 11 Jun 2019 04:34:35 AM PDT + Source: WeatherBit.io +``` + +Please note that you should use only ASCII letters in city/state/country names to get valid results. + +####### Lowercase options + +**1\. Display basic system details** + +To show only the basic summary of your system details, use **-b** option. + +``` +$ inxi -b +``` + +Alternatively, you can use this command: + +Both servers the same purpose. + +``` +$ inxi -v 2 +``` + +**2\. Set color scheme** + +We can set different color schemes for inxi output using **-c** option. Yu can set color scheme number from **0** to **42**. If no scheme number is supplied, **0** is assumed. + +Here is inxi output with and without **-c** option. + +![][4] + +inxi output without color scheme + +As you can see, when we run inxi with -c option, the color scheme is disabled. The -c option is useful to turnoff colored output when redirecting clean output without escape codes to a text file. + +Similarly, we can use other color scheme values. + +``` +$ inxi -c10 + +$ inxi -c42 +``` + +**3\. Display optical drive details** + +We can show the optical drive data details along with local hard drive details using **-d** option. + +``` +$ inxi -d +Drives: Local Storage: total: 465.76 GiB used: 376.31 GiB (80.8%) + ID-1: /dev/sda vendor: Seagate model: ST9500325AS size: 465.76 GiB + Optical-1: /dev/sr0 vendor: PLDS model: DVD+-RW DS-8A8SH dev-links: cdrom + Features: speed: 24 multisession: yes audio: yes dvd: yes rw: cd-r,cd-rw,dvd-r,dvd-ram +``` + +**4\. Display all CPU flags** + +To show all CPU flags used, run: + +``` +$ inxi -f +``` + +**5\. Display IP details** + +To show WAN and local ip address along network card details such as device vendor, driver, mac, state etc., use **-i** option. + +``` +$ inxi -i +``` + +**6\. Display partition labels** + +If you have set labels for the partitions, you can view them using **-l** option. + +``` +$ inxi -l +``` + +You can also view the labels of all partitions along with mountpoints using command: + +``` +$ inxi -pl +``` + +**7\. Display Memory details** + +We can display memory details such as total size of installed RAM, how much memory is used, no of available DIMM slots, total size of supported RAM, how much RAM is currently installed in each slots etc., using **-m** option. + +``` +$ sudo inxi -m +[sudo] password for sk: +Memory: RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.26 GiB (29.3%) + Array-1: capacity: 16 GiB slots: 2 EC: None + Device-1: DIMM_A size: 4 GiB speed: 1067 MT/s + Device-2: DIMM_B size: 4 GiB speed: 1067 MT/s +``` + +**8\. Display unmounted partition details** + +To show unmounted partition details, use **-o** option. + +``` +$ inxi -o +``` + +If there were no unmounted partitions in your system, you will see an output something like below. + +``` +Unmounted: Message: No unmounted partitions found. +``` + +**9\. Display list of repositories** + +To display the the list of repositories in your system, use **-r** option. + +``` +$ inxi -r +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +Repos: Active apt sources in file: /etc/apt/sources.list +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse +deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse +deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main restricted +deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security universe +deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security multiverse +``` + +* * * + +**Suggested read:** + + * [**How To Find The List Of Installed Repositories From Commandline In Linux**][5] + + + +* * * + +**10\. Show system temperature, fan speed details** + +Inxi is capable to find motherboard/CPU/GPU temperatures and fan speed. + +``` +$ inxi -s +Sensors: System Temperatures: cpu: 60.0 C mobo: N/A + Fan Speeds (RPM): cpu: 3456 +``` + +Please note that Inxi requires sensors to find the system temperature. Make sure **lm_sensors** is installed and correctly configured in your system. For more details about lm_sensors, check the following guide. + + * [**How To View CPU Temperature On Linux**][6] + + + +**11\. Display details about processes** + +To show the list processes top 5 processes which are consuming most CPU and Memory, simply run: + +``` +$ inxi -t +Processes: CPU top: 5 + 1: cpu: 14.3% command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: cpu: 10.5% command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: cpu: 7.1% command: firefox pid: 15062 + 4: cpu: 3.1% command: xorg pid: 13493 + 5: cpu: 3.0% command: firefox pid: 14954 + System RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.99 GiB (38.8%) + Memory top: 5 + 1: mem: 1115.8 MiB (14.1%) command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: mem: 606.6 MiB (7.6%) command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: mem: 339.3 MiB (4.3%) command: firefox pid: 13630 + 4: mem: 303.1 MiB (3.8%) command: firefox pid: 18617 + 5: mem: 260.1 MiB (3.2%) command: firefox pid: 15062 +``` + +We can also sort this output by either CPU usage or Memory usage. + +For instance, to find the which top 5 processes are consuming most memory, use the following command: + +``` +$ inxi -t m +Processes: System RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.73 GiB (35.4%) + Memory top: 5 + 1: mem: 966.1 MiB (12.2%) command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: mem: 468.2 MiB (5.9%) command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: mem: 347.9 MiB (4.4%) command: firefox pid: 13708 + 4: mem: 306.7 MiB (3.8%) command: firefox pid: 13630 + 5: mem: 247.2 MiB (3.1%) command: firefox pid: 15062 +``` + +To sort the top 5 processes based on CPU usage, run: + +``` +$ inxi -t c +Processes: CPU top: 5 + 1: cpu: 14.9% command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: cpu: 10.6% command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: cpu: 7.0% command: firefox pid: 15062 + 4: cpu: 3.1% command: xorg pid: 13493 + 5: cpu: 2.9% command: firefox pid: 14954 +``` + +Bydefault, Inxi will display the top 5 processes. You can change the number of processes, for example 10, like below. + +``` +$ inxi -t cm10 +Processes: CPU top: 10 + 1: cpu: 14.9% command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: cpu: 10.6% command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: cpu: 7.0% command: firefox pid: 15062 + 4: cpu: 3.1% command: xorg pid: 13493 + 5: cpu: 2.9% command: firefox pid: 14954 + 6: cpu: 2.8% command: firefox pid: 13630 + 7: cpu: 1.8% command: firefox pid: 18325 + 8: cpu: 1.4% command: firefox pid: 18617 + 9: cpu: 1.3% command: firefox pid: 13708 + 10: cpu: 0.8% command: firefox pid: 14427 + System RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.92 GiB (37.9%) + Memory top: 10 + 1: mem: 1160.9 MiB (14.7%) command: firefox pid: 15989 + 2: mem: 475.1 MiB (6.0%) command: firefox pid: 13487 + 3: mem: 353.4 MiB (4.4%) command: firefox pid: 13708 + 4: mem: 308.0 MiB (3.9%) command: firefox pid: 13630 + 5: mem: 269.6 MiB (3.4%) command: firefox pid: 15062 + 6: mem: 249.3 MiB (3.1%) command: firefox pid: 14427 + 7: mem: 238.5 MiB (3.0%) command: firefox pid: 14954 + 8: mem: 208.2 MiB (2.6%) command: firefox pid: 18325 + 9: mem: 194.0 MiB (2.4%) command: firefox pid: 18617 + 10: mem: 143.6 MiB (1.8%) command: firefox pid: 23960 +``` + +The above command will display the top 10 processes that consumes the most CPU and Memory. + +To display only top10 based on memory usage, run: + +``` +$ inxi -t m10 +``` + +**12\. Display partition UUID details** + +To show partition UUIDs ( **U** niversally **U** nique **Id** entifier), use **-u** option. + +``` +$ inxi -u +``` + +There are much more options are yet to be covered. But, these are just enough to get almost all details of your Linux box. + +For more details and options, refer the man page. + +``` +$ man inxi +``` + +* * * + +**Related read:** + + * **[Neofetch – Display your Linux system’s information][7]** + + + +* * * + +The primary purpose of Inxi tool is to use in IRC or forum support. If you are looking for any help via a forum or website where someone is asking the specification of your system, just run this command, and copy/paste the output. + +**Resources:** + + * [**Inxi GitHub Repository**][8] + * [**Inxi home page**][9] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-your-system-details-using-inxi/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/inxi-520x245-1-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ +[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Find-Linux-System-Details-Using-inxi.png +[4]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/inxi-output-without-color-scheme.png +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/find-list-installed-repositories-commandline-linux/ +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/view-cpu-temperature-linux/ +[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/ +[8]: https://github.com/smxi/inxi +[9]: http://smxi.org/docs/inxi.htm From 43c90fb5cb89f6ec58376b423876d53fcfa0bdee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 18:44:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0397/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190610=20Neof?= =?UTF-8?q?etch=20=E2=80=93=20Display=20Linux=20system=20Information=20In?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Terminal=20sources/tech/20190610=20Neofetch=20-=20Display=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Linux=20system=20Information=20In=20Terminal.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ay Linux system Information In Terminal.md | 229 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 229 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..28b349492e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,229 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Neofetch – Display Linux system Information In Terminal) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Neofetch – Display Linux system Information In Terminal +====== + +![Display Linux system information using Neofetch][1] + +**Neofetch** is a simple, yet useful command line system information utility written in **Bash**. It gathers information about your system’s software and hardware and displays the result in the Terminal. By default, the system information will be displayed alongside your operating system’s logo. However, you can further customize it to use an **ascii image** or any image of your choice instead of the OS logo. You can also configure Neofetch to display which information, where and when that information should be displayed. Neofetch is mainly developed to be used in screenshots of your system information. It supports Linux, BSD, Mac OS X, iOS, and Windows operating systems. In this brief tutorial, let us see how to display Linux system information using Neofetch. + +### Install Neofetch + +Neofetch is available in the default repositories of most Linux distributions. + +On Arch Linux and its variants, install it using command: + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S netofetch +``` + +On Debian (Stretch / Sid): + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install neofetch +``` + +On Fedora 27: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install neofetch +``` + +On RHEL, CentOS: + +Enable EPEL Repository: + +``` +# yum install epel-relase +``` + +Fetch the neofetch repository: + +``` +# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/konimex-neofetch-epel-7.repo +https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/konimex/neofetch/repo/epel-7/konimex-neofetch-epel-7.repo +``` + +Then, install Neofetch: + +``` +# yum install neofetch +``` + +On Ubuntu 17.10 and newer versions: + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install neofetch +``` + +On Ubuntu 16.10 and lower versions: + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dawidd0811/neofetch + +$ sudo apt update + +$ sudo apt install neofetch +``` + +On NixOS: + +``` +$ nix-env -i neofetch +``` + +### Display Linux system Information Using Neofetch + +Neofetch is pretty easy and straightforward. Let us see some examples. + +Open up your Terminal, and run the following command: + +``` +$ neofetch +``` + +**Sample output:** + +![][2] + +Display Linux system Information Using Neofetch + +As you can see in the above output, Neofetch is displaying the following details of my Arch Linux system: + + * Name of the installed operating system, + * Laptop model, + * Kernel details, + * System uptime, + * Number of installed packages by default and other package managers, + * Default Shell, + * Screen resolution, + * Desktop environment, + * Window manager, + * Window manager’s theme, + * System theme, + * System Icons, + * Default Terminal, + * CPU type, + * GPU type, + * Installed memory. + + + +Neofetch has plenty of other options too. We will see some of them. + +##### How to use custom imagess in Neofetch output? + +By default, Neofetch will display your OS logo along with the system information. You can, of course, change the image as you wish. + +In order to display images, your Linux system should have the following dependencies installed: + + 1. **w3m-img** (It is required to display images. w3m-img is sometimes bundled together with **w3m** package), + 2. **Imagemagick** (required for thumbnail creation), + 3. A terminal that supports **\033[14t** or **xdotool** or **xwininfo + xprop** or **xwininfo + xdpyinfo**. + + + +W3m-img and ImageMagick packages are available in the default repositories of most Linux distributions. So you can install them using your distribution’s default package manager. + +For instance, run the following command to install w3m-img and ImageMagick on Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint: + +``` +$ sudo apt install w3m-img imagemagick +``` + +Here is the list of Terminal Emulators with **w3m-img** support: + + 1. Gnome-terminal, + 2. Konsole, + 3. st, + 4. Terminator, + 5. Termite, + 6. URxvt, + 7. Xfce4-Terminal, + 8. Xterm + + + +If you have **kitty** , **Terminology** and **iTerm** terminal emulators on your system, you don’t need to install w3m-img. + +Now, run the following command to display your system’s information with a custom image: + +``` +$ neofetch --w3m /home/sk/Pictures/image.png +``` + +Or, + +``` +$ neofetch --w3m --source /home/sk/Pictures/image.png +``` + +Sample output: + +![][3] + +Neofetch output with custom logo + +Replace the image path in the above command with your own. + +Alternatively, you can point a directory that contains the images like below. + +``` +$ neofetch --w3m +``` + +##### Configure Neofetch + +When we run the Neofetch for the first time, It will create a per-user configuration file at **$HOME/.config/neofetch/config.conf** by default. It also creates a system-wide neofetch config file at **$HOME/.config/neofetch/config**. You can tweak this file to tell Neofetch which details should be displayed, removed and/or modified. + +You can also keep this configuration file between versions. Meaning – just customize it once as per your liking and use the same settings after upgrading to newer version. You can even share this file to your friends and colleagues to have the same settings as yours. + +To view Neofetch help section, run: + +``` +$ neofetch --help +``` + +As far as I tested Neofetch, It worked perfectly in my Arch Linux system as expected. It is a nice handy tool to easily and quickly print the details of your system in the Terminal. + +* * * + +**Related read:** + + * [**How to find Linux System details using inxi**][4] + + + +* * * + +**Resource:** + + * [**Neofetch on GitHub**][5] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/neofetch-1-720x340.png +[2]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Neofetch-1.png +[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Neofetch-with-custom-logo.png +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-your-system-details-using-inxi/ +[5]: https://github.com/dylanaraps/neofetch From 16654872271a2bdfc7780eddd2649ede9ae3b177 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 21:47:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0398/1265] PRF:20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md @Modrisco --- ...6 How Linux can help with your spelling.md | 58 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md b/translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md index 8c842a797e..a6ed812326 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Modrisco) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How Linux can help with your spelling) @@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ 如何用 Linux 帮助你拼写 ====== -无论你在处理一个难以理解的单词，还是在将报告发给老板之前再检查一遍，Linux 都可以帮助你解决拼写问题。 -![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] + +> 无论你是纠结一个难以理解的单词，还是在将报告发给老板之前再检查一遍，Linux 都可以帮助你解决拼写问题。 + +![Sandra Henry-Stocker](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/17/214715jayk1k1kbiatkido.jpg) Linux 为数据分析和自动化提供了各种工具，它也帮助我们解决了一个一直都在纠结的问题 —— 拼写！无论在写每周报告时努力拼出一个单词，还是在提交商业计划书之前想要借助计算机的“眼睛”来找出你的拼写错误。现在我们来看一下它是如何帮助你的。 ### look -**look** 是其中一款工具。如果你知道一个单词是怎么开始拼的，你就可以用这个命令来获取以这些字母开头的单词列表。除非提供了替代词源，否则 look 将使用 **/usr/share/dict/words** 中的内容来为你标识单词。这个文件有数十万个单词，可以满足我们日常使用的大多数英语单词的需要，但是它可能不包含我们计算机领域中的一些人倾向于使用的更加生僻的单词，如 zettabyte。 +`look` 是其中一款工具。如果你知道一个单词的开头，你就可以用这个命令来获取以这些字母开头的单词列表。除非提供了替代词源，否则 `look` 将使用 `/usr/share/dict/words` 中的内容来为你标识单词。这个文件有数十万个单词，可以满足我们日常使用的大多数英语单词的需要，但是它可能不包含我们计算机领域中的一些人倾向于使用的更加生僻的单词，如 zettabyte。 -**[ 两分钟的Linux技巧：[在这些两分钟的视频教程中学习如何掌握一系列 Linux 命令][2] ]**（Youtube 源） - -look 命令的语法非常简单。输入 `look word` ，它将遍历单词文件中的所有单词并找到匹配项。 +`look` 命令的语法非常简单。输入 `look word` ，它将遍历单词文件中的所有单词并找到匹配项。 ``` $ look amelio @@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ $ look zetta $ ``` -如果你没有看到你所希望出现的单词，不要绝望。你可以在你的单词文件中添加单词，甚至引用一个完全不同的单词列表，在网上找一个或者干脆自己创建一个。你甚至不必将添加的单词放在按字母顺序排列的正确位置；只需将其添加到文件的末尾即可。但是，你必须以 root 用户身份执行此操作。例如(要注意 **> >**!)： +如果你没有看到你所希望出现的单词，也不要绝望。你可以在你的单词文件中添加单词，甚至引用一个完全不同的单词列表，在网上找一个或者干脆自己创建一个。你甚至不必将添加的单词放在按字母顺序排列的正确位置；只需将其添加到文件的末尾即可。但是，你必须以 root 用户身份执行此操作。例如（要注意 `>>`！）： ``` # echo “zettabyte” >> /usr/share/dict/words ``` -当使用不同的单词列表时，例如这个例子中的 “jargon” ，你只需要添加文件的名称。如果文件不是默认值，请使用完整路径。 +当使用不同的单词列表时，例如这个例子中的 “jargon” ，你只需要添加文件的名称。如果不采用默认文件时，请使用完整路径。 ``` $ look nybble /usr/share/dict/jargon @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ nybble nybbles ``` -look 命令大小写不敏感，因此你不必关心要查找的单词是否应该大写。 +`look` 命令大小写不敏感，因此你不必关心要查找的单词是否应该大写。 ``` $ look zet @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Zetland Zetta ``` -当然，不是所有的单词列表都是一样的。一些 Linux 发行版在单词文件中提供了 _多得多_ 的内容。你的文件中可能有十万或者更多倍的单词。 +当然，不是所有的单词列表都是一样的。一些 Linux 发行版在单词文件中提供了*多得多*的内容。你的文件中可能有十万或者更多倍的单词。 在我的一个 Linux 系统中： @@ -95,14 +95,13 @@ $ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words 479828 /usr/share/dict/words ``` -请记住，look 命令只适用于单词的开头，但如果你不想从单词的开头开始，还可以使用其他选项。 +请记住，`look` 命令只适用于通过单词开头查找，但如果你不想从单词的开头查找，还可以使用其他选项。 ### grep -我们深爱的 **grep** 命令像其他工具一样可以从一个单词文件中选出单词。如果你正在找以某些字母开头或结尾的单词，使用 grep 命令是自然而然的事情。它可以通过单词的开头，结尾或中间部分来匹配单词。系统中的单词文件可以像使用 look 命令时在 grep 命令中轻松使用。不过唯一的缺点是你需要指定文件，这一点与 look 不尽相同。 +我们深爱的 `grep` 命令像其他工具一样可以从一个单词文件中选出单词。如果你正在找以某些字母开头或结尾的单词，使用 `grep` 命令是自然而然的事情。它可以通过单词的开头、结尾或中间部分来匹配单词。系统中的单词文件可以像使用 `look` 命令时在 `grep` 命令中轻松使用。不过唯一的缺点是你需要指定文件，这一点与 `look` 不尽相同。 - -在单词的开头前加上 ^： +在单词的开头前加上 `^`： ``` $ grep ^terra /usr/share/dict/words @@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ terrarium's terrariums ``` -在单词的结尾后加上 $: +在单词的结尾后加上 `$`： ``` $ grep bytes$ /usr/share/dict/words @@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ megabytes terabytes ``` -使用 grep 时，你需要考虑大小写，不过 grep 命令也提供了一些选项。 +使用 `grep` 时，你需要考虑大小写，不过 `grep` 命令也提供了一些选项。 ``` $ grep ^[Zz]et /usr/share/dict/words @@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ zettabytye ### aspell -aspell 命令提供了一种不同的方式。它提供了一种方法来检查你提供给它的任何文件或文本的拼写。你可以通过管道将文本传递给它，然后它会告诉你哪些单词看起来有拼写错误。如果所有单词都拼写正确，则不会有任何输出。 +`aspell` 命令提供了一种不同的方式。它提供了一种方法来检查你提供给它的任何文件或文本的拼写。你可以通过管道将文本传递给它，然后它会告诉你哪些单词看起来有拼写错误。如果所有单词都拼写正确，则不会有任何输出。 ``` $ echo Did I mispell that? | aspell list @@ -184,15 +183,15 @@ $ echo Did I misspell anything? | aspell list $ ``` -“list” 参数告诉 aspell 为标准输入单词提供拼写错误的单词列表。 +`list` 参数告诉 `aspell` 为标准输入单词提供拼写错误的单词列表。 -你还可以使用 aspell 来定位和更正文本文件中的单词。如果它发现一个拼写错误的单词，它将为你提供一个相似（但拼写正确的）单词列表来替换这个单词。你也可以将单词加入个人词库（~/.aspell.en.pws）来接收并忽略拼写错误。或者完全中止进程（使文件保持启动前的状态）。 +你还可以使用 `aspell` 来定位和更正文本文件中的单词。如果它发现一个拼写错误的单词，它将为你提供一个相似（但拼写正确的）单词列表来替换这个单词，你也可以将该单词加入个人词库（`~/.aspell.en.pws`）并忽略拼写错误，或者完全中止进程（使文件保持处理前的状态）。 ``` $ aspell -c mytext ``` -一旦 aspell 发现一个单词出现了拼写错误，它将会为不正确的 “mispell” 提供一个选项列表： +一旦 `aspell` 发现一个单词出现了拼写错误，它将会为不正确的 “mispell” 提供一个选项列表： ``` 1) mi spell 6) misplay @@ -206,23 +205,23 @@ a) Add l) Add Lower b) Abort x) Exit ``` -请注意，备选单词和拼写是数字编号的，而其他选项是由字母选项表示的。你可以选择备选拼写中的一项或者自己输入替换项。“Abort” 选项将使文件保持不变，即使你已经为某些单词选择了替换。你选择添加的单词将被插入到本地文件中（例如 ~/.aspell.en.pws）。 +请注意，备选单词和拼写是数字编号的，而其他选项是由字母选项表示的。你可以选择备选拼写中的一项或者自己输入替换项。“Abort” 选项将使文件保持不变，即使你已经为某些单词选择了替换。你选择添加的单词将被插入到本地单词文件中（例如 `~/.aspell.en.pws`）。 -### 其他单词列表 +#### 其他单词列表 -厌倦了英语？ aspell 命令可以在其他语言中使用，只要你添加了相关语言的单词列表。例如，在 Debian 系统中添加法语的词库，你可以这样做： +厌倦了英语？ `aspell` 命令可以在其他语言中使用，只要你添加了相关语言的单词列表。例如，在 Debian 系统中添加法语的词库，你可以这样做： ``` $ sudo apt install aspell-fr ``` -这个新的词库文件会被安装为 /usr/share/dict/French。为了使用它，你只需要简单地告诉 aspell 你想要使用替换的单词列表： +这个新的词库文件会被安装为 `/usr/share/dict/French`。为了使用它，你只需要简单地告诉 `aspell` 你想要使用替换的单词列表： ``` $ aspell --lang=fr -c mytext ``` -这种情况下，当 aspell 读到单词 “one” 时，你可能会看到下面的情况： +这种情况下，当 `aspell` 读到单词 “one” 时，你可能会看到下面的情况： ``` 1) once 6) orné @@ -236,13 +235,12 @@ a) Add l) Add Lower b) Abort x) Exit ``` -你也可以通过 [GNU][3] 来获取其他语言的词库。 +你也可以从 [GNU 官网][3]获取其他语言的词库。 ### 总结 -即使你是全国拼字比赛的冠军，你可能偶尔也会需要一点拼写方面的帮助，哪怕只是为了找出你手滑打错的单词。aspell 工具，加上 look 和 grep 命令已经准备来助你一臂之力了。 +即使你是全国拼字比赛的冠军，你可能偶尔也会需要一点拼写方面的帮助，哪怕只是为了找出你手滑打错的单词。`aspell` 工具，加上 `look` 和 `grep` 命令已经准备来助你一臂之力了。 -加入[Facebook][4] 和 [LinkedIn][5] 的 Network World 社区，评论热点话题。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -251,7 +249,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-s 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8144cfc0781460c73ffcedb5a2aad11d05df084c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 21:47:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0399/1265] PUB:20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md @Modrisco https://linux.cn/article-10986-1.html --- .../20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md b/published/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md rename to published/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md index a6ed812326..abb26b7f91 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md +++ b/published/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Modrisco) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10986-1.html) [#]: subject: (How Linux can help with your spelling) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From 8013e3cf5894259408b5da0333590a59d3e86f3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 23:04:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0400/1265] PRF:20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @murphyzhao 恭喜你完成了第一篇翻译！ --- .../tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md | 80 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md index 9130f0c073..ef15287eeb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md @@ -1,79 +1,71 @@ -欢迎区块链 3.0 +迎接区块链 3.0 ====== ![欢迎区块链 3.0][1] -图片来源： - -“Blockchain 2.0” 系列文章讨论了自 2008 年比特币等加密货币问世以来区块链技术的发展。本文将探讨区块链的未来发展。**区块链 3.0** 这一新的 DLT（Distributed Ledger Technology：分布式分类帐技术）技术演进浪潮将回答当前区块链所面临的问题（每一个问题都会在这里总结）。下一版本的技术标准也将带来全新的应用和使用案例。在本文的最后，我们也会看一些当前使用这些原则的案例。 +“[区块链 2.0][2]” 系列文章讨论了自 2008 年比特币等加密货币问世以来区块链技术的发展。本文将探讨区块链的未来发展。**区块链 3.0** 这一新的 DLT（分布式分类帐本技术Distributed Ledger Technology）演进浪潮将回答当前区块链所面临的问题（每一个问题都会在这里总结）。下一版本的技术标准也将带来全新的应用和使用案例。在本文的最后，我们也会看一些当前使用这些原则的案例。 以下是现有区块链平台的几个缺点，并针对这些缺点给出了建议的解决方案。 -### 问题 1：可扩展性[1] +### 问题 1：可扩展性 -这个问题是被普遍认为的第一个主要障碍。正如之前所讨论的，很多因素限制了区块链同时处理大量交易的能力。诸如 [**以太坊**][3] 之类的现有网络每秒能够进行 10-15 次交易（TPS），而像 Visa 所使用的主流网络每秒能够进行超过 2000 次交易。**可伸缩性**是困扰所有现代数据库系统的问题。正如我们在这里看到的那样，改进的共识算法和更好的区块链架构设计正在改进它。 +这个问题 [^1]被视为普遍采用该技术的第一个主要障碍。正如之前所讨论的，很多因素限制了区块链同时处理大量交易的能力。诸如 [以太坊][3] 之类的现有网络每秒能够进行 10-15 次交易（TPS），而像 Visa 所使用的主流网络每秒能够进行超过 2000 次交易。**可扩展性**是困扰所有现代数据库系统的问题。正如我们在这里看到的那样，改进的共识算法和更好的区块链架构设计正在改进它。 -**解决可扩展性** +#### 解决可扩展性 -已经提出了更精简、更有效的一致性算法来解决可伸缩性问题，并且不会影响区块链的主要结构。虽然大多数加密货币和区块链平台使用资源密集型的 PoW 算法（例如，比特币和以太坊）来生成区块，但是存在更新的 DPoS 和 PoET 算法来解决这个问题。DPoS 和 PoET 算法（还有一些正在开发中）需要更少的资源来维持区块链，并且已显示具有高达 1000 TPS 的吞吐量，可与流行的非区块链系统相媲美。 +已经提出了更精简、更有效的一致性算法来解决可扩展性问题，并且不会影响区块链的主要结构。虽然大多数加密货币和区块链平台使用资源密集型的 PoW 算法（例如，比特币和以太坊）来生成区块，但是存在更新的 DPoS 和 PoET 算法来解决这个问题。DPoS 和 PoET 算法（还有一些正在开发中）需要更少的资源来维持区块链，并且已显示具有高达 1000 TPS 的吞吐量，可与流行的非区块链系统相媲美。 -可伸缩性问题的第二个解决方案是完全改变区块链结构[1]和功能。我们不会详细介绍这一点，但已经提出了诸如**有向无环图**（**DAG**）之类的替代架构来处理这个问题。从本质上讲，这项工作假设并非所有网络节点都需要整个区块链的副本才能使区块链正常工作，或者并非所有的参与者需要从 DLT 系统获得好处。系统不要求整个参与者验证交易，只需要交易发生在共同的参考框架中并相互链接。系统不要求通过所有的参与者验证交易，只需要交易发生在共同的参考框架中并相互链接。 +可扩展性问题的第二个解决方案是完全改变区块链结构和功能。我们不会详细介绍这一点，但已经提出了诸如有向无环图Directed Acyclic Graph（DAG）之类的替代架构来处理这个问题。从本质上讲，这项工作假设并非所有网络节点都需要整个区块链的副本才能使区块链正常工作，或者并非所有的参与者需要从 DLT 系统获得好处。系统不要求所有参与者验证交易，只需要交易发生在共同的参考框架中并相互链接。 -在比特币系统中使用 **Lightning network** 来实现 DAG[2]，而以太坊使用他们的 **Sharding** [3] 协议来实现 DAG。本质上，从技术上来看 DAG 实现并不是区块链。它更像是一个错综复杂的迷宫，只是仍然保留了区块链的点对点和分布式数据库属性。稍后我们将在另一篇文章中探讨 DAG 和 Tangle 网络。 +在比特币系统中使用[闪电网络][11]Lightning network来实现 DAG，而以太坊使用他们的[切片][12]Sharding 协议来实现 DAG。本质上，从技术上来看 DAG 实现并不是区块链。它更像是一个错综复杂的迷宫，只是仍然保留了区块链的点对点和分布式数据库属性。稍后我们将在另一篇文章中探讨 DAG 和 Tangle 网络。 -### 问题 2：互通性[4][5] +### 问题 2：互通性 -**互通性**被称为跨链访问，是不同区块链之间能够彼此相互通信以交换指标和信息的基础。由于目前很难平衡众多的平台，不同公司为所有无数应用提供专有系统，平台之间的互操作性就至关重要。例如，目前，在一个平台上拥有数字身份的人无法利用其他平台提供的功能，因为各个区块链不理解或了解彼此。这是由于缺乏可靠的验证、令牌交换等有关的问题仍然存在。如果平台之间不能够相互通信，全球推出 [**智能合约**][4] 也是不可行的。 +**互通性**[^4] [^5] 被称为跨链访问，基本上就是指不同区块链之间彼此相互通信以交换指标和信息。由于目前有数不清的众多平台，不同公司为各种应用提供了各种专有系统，平台之间的互操作性就至关重要。例如，目前在一个平台上拥有数字身份的人无法利用其他平台提供的功能，因为各个区块链彼此之间互不了解、不能沟通。这是由于缺乏可靠的验证、令牌交换等有关的问题仍然存在。如果平台之间不能够相互通信，面向全球推出[智能合约][4]也是不可行的。 -**解决互通性** +#### 解决互通性 -有一些协议和平台专为实现互操作性而设计。这些平台实现了原子交换协议，并向不同的区块链系统提供开放，以便在它们之间进行通信和交换信息。**“0x (ZRX)”** 就是其中的一个例子，稍后将对进行描述。 +有一些协议和平台专为实现互操作性而设计。这些平台实现了原子交换协议，并向不同的区块链系统提供开放场景，以便在它们之间进行通信和交换信息。**“0x (ZRX)”** 就是其中的一个例子，稍后将对进行描述。 -### 问题 3：治理[6] +### 问题 3：治理 -公共区块链中的治理不是自身的限制，而是需要像社区道德指罗盘一样，在区块链的运作中考虑每个人的意见。结合规模，能预见这样一个问题，即要么协议更改太频繁，要么协议被拥有最多代币的“中央”权威一时冲动下修改。不过这不是大多数公共区块链目前正在努力避免的问题，因为其运营规模和运营性质不需要更严格的监管。 +公有链中的治理 [^6] 本身不是限制，而是需要像社区道德指南针一样，在区块链的运作中考虑每个人的意见。结合起来并规模性地看，能预见这样一个问题，即要么协议更改太频繁，要么协议被拥有最多令牌的“中央”权威一时冲动下修改。不过这不是大多数公共区块链目前正在努力避免的问题，因为其运营规模和运营性质不需要更严格的监管。 -**解决治理问题** +#### 解决治理问题 -上面提到的复杂的框架或 DAG 几乎可以消除对全球（平台范围）治理法的需要和使用。相反，程序可以自动监督事务和用户类型，并决定需要执行的法律。 +上面提到的复杂的框架或 DAG 几乎可以消除对全球（平台范围）治理法规的需要和使用。相反，程序可以自动监督事务和用户类型，并决定需要执行的法律。 -### 问题 4：可持续发展 +### 问题 4：可持续性 -可持续性再次建立在可扩展性问题的基础上。当前的区块链和加密货币因长期不可持续而臭名昭著，这是由于仍然需要大量的监督和保持系统运行所需的资源。如果你读过 `最近“挖掘加密货币”已经没有这么大利润` 的相关报道，你就知道“挖矿”图利就是它的本来面目。在主流使用的全球范围内，保持现有平台运行所需的资源量是不现实。 +可持续性再次建立在可扩展性问题的基础上。当前的区块链和加密货币因不可长期持续而倍遭批评，这是由于仍然需要大量的监督，并且需要大量资源保持系统运行。如果你读过最近“挖掘加密货币”已经没有这么大利润的相关报道，你就知道“挖矿”图利就是它的本来面目。保持现有平台运行所需的资源量在全球范围和主流使用方面根本不实用。 -**解决非可持续性问题** +#### 解决不可持续性问题 从资源或经济角度来看，可持续性的答案与可扩展性的答案类似。但是，要在全球范围内实施这一制度，法律和法规必须予以认可。然而，这取决于世界各国政府。来自美国和欧洲政府的有利举措重新燃起了对这方面的希望。 -### 问题 5：用户采用[7] +### 问题 5：用户采用 -目前，阻止消费者广泛采用基于区块链的应用程序的一个障碍是消费者对平台及其下的技术不熟悉。事实上，大多数应用程序都需要某种技术和计算背景来弄清楚它们是如何工作的，这在这方面也没有帮助。第三波区块链开发旨在缩小消费者知识与平台可用性之间的差距。 +目前，阻止消费者广泛采用 [^7] 基于区块链的应用程序的一个障碍是消费者对平台及其底层的技术不熟悉。事实上，大多数应用程序都需要某种技术和计算背景来弄清楚它们是如何工作的，这在这方面也没有帮助。区块链开发的第三次浪潮旨在缩小消费者知识与平台可用性之间的差距。 -**解决用户采用问题** +#### 解决用户采用问题 -互联网花了很长的时间才发展成现在的样子。多年来，人们在开发标准化互联网技术栈方面做了大量的工作，使网络能够像现在这样运作。开发人员正在开发面向用户的前端分布式应用程序，这些应用程序应作为现有 Web 3.0 技术之上的一层，同时受到下面的区块链和开放协议的支持。这样的 [**分布式应用**][5] 将使用户更熟悉底层技术，从而增加主流采用。 +互联网花了很长的时间才发展成现在的样子。多年来，人们在开发标准化互联网技术栈方面做了大量的工作，使 Web 能够像现在这样运作。开发人员正在开发面向用户的前端分布式应用程序，这些应用程序应作为现有 Web 3.0 技术之上的一层，同时由下面的区块链和开放协议的支持。这样的[分布式应用][5]将使用户更熟悉底层技术，从而增加主流采用。 + +### 在当前场景中的应用 我们已经从理论上讨论了上述问题的解决方法，现在我们将继续展示这些方法在当前场景中的应用。 -**[0x][6]** – 是一种去中心化的令牌交换，不同平台的用户可以在不需要中央权威机构审查的情况下交换令牌。他们的突破在于，他们如何设计系统使得仅在交易结算后才记录和审查数据块而不是之间（为了验证上下文，通常也会验证交易之前的数据块）。这使在线数字资产交换更快速。 - -**[Cardano][7]** – 由以太坊的联合创始人之一创建，Cardano 自诩为一个真正的“科学”平台，拥有大量的审查和严格的协议，用于他们开发的代码和算法。假设 Cardano 的所有内容都在数学上尽可能优化。他们的共识算法叫做 **Ouroboros**，是一种改进的权益证明算法（PoS：Proof of Stake）。Cardano 是在 [**haskell**][8] 开发的，智能合约引擎使用 haskell 的衍生工具 **plutus** 进行操作。这两者都是函数式编程语言，可以保证安全交易而不会影响效率。 - -**EOS** – 我们已经在 [**这篇文章**][9] 中描述了 EOS。 - -**[COTI][10]** – 一个鲜为人知的架构，COTI 不需要挖矿，而且在运行过程中趋近于零功耗。它还将资产存储在本地用户设备上的离线钱包中，而不是纯粹的对等网络。它们也遵循基于 DAG 的架构，并声称处理吞吐量高达 10000 TPS。他们的平台允许企业在不利用区块链的情况下建立自己的加密货币和数字化货币钱包。 - -**参考:** - - * [1] **A. P. Paper, K. Croman, C. Decker, I. Eyal, A. E. Gencer, and A. Juels, “On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains | SpringerLink,” 2018.** - * [2] [**Going Beyond Blockchain with Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)**][11] - * [3] [**Ethreum/wiki – On sharding blockchains**][12] - * [4] [**Why is blockchain interoperability important**][13] - * [5] [**The Importance of Blockchain Interoperability**][14] - * [6] **R. Beck, C. Müller-Bloch, and J. L. King, “Governance in the Blockchain Economy: A Framework and Research Agenda,” J. Assoc. Inf. Syst., pp. 1020–1034, 2018.** - * [7] **J. M. Woodside, F. K. A. Jr, W. Giberson, F. K. J. Augustine, and W. Giberson, “Blockchain Technology Adoption Status and Strategies,” J. Int. Technol. Inf. Manag., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 65–93, 2017.** +- [0x][6] – 是一种去中心化的令牌交换，不同平台的用户可以在不需要中央权威机构审查的情况下交换令牌。他们的突破在于，他们如何设计系统使得仅在交易结算后才记录和审查数据块，而不是通常的在交易之间进行（为了验证上下文，通常也会验证交易之前的数据块）。这使在线数字资产交换更快速。 +- [Cardano][7] – 由以太坊的联合创始人之一创建，Cardano 自诩为一个真正“科学”的平台，和采用了严格的协议，对开发的代码和算法进行了多次审查。Cardano 的所有内容都在数学上尽可能的进行了优化。他们的共识算法叫做 **Ouroboros**，是一种改进的权益证明Proof of Stake（PoS）算法。Cardano 是用 [**haskell**][8] 开发的，智能合约引擎使用 haskell 的衍生工具 **plutus** 进行操作。这两者都是函数式编程语言，可以保证安全交易而不会影响效率。 +- EOS – 我们已经在 [这篇文章][9] 中描述了 EOS。 +- [COTI][10] – 一个鲜为人知的架构，COTI 不需要挖矿，而且在运行过程中趋近于零功耗。它还将资产存储在本地用户设备上的离线钱包中，而不是存储在纯粹的对等网络上。它们也遵循基于 DAG 的架构，并声称处理吞吐量高达 10000 TPS。他们的平台允许企业在不利用区块链的情况下建立自己的加密货币和数字化货币钱包。 +[^1]: A. P. Paper, K. Croman, C. Decker, I. Eyal, A. E. Gencer, and A. Juels, “On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains | SpringerLink,” 2018. +[^4]: [Why is blockchain interoperability important][13] +[^5]: [The Importance of Blockchain Interoperability][14] +[^6]: R. Beck, C. Müller-Bloch, and J. L. King, “Governance in the Blockchain Economy: A Framework and Research Agenda,” J. Assoc. Inf. Syst., pp. 1020–1034, 2018. +[^7]: J. M. Woodside, F. K. A. Jr, W. Giberson, F. K. J. Augustine, and W. Giberson, “Blockchain Technology Adoption Status and Strategies,” J. Int. Technol. Inf. Manag., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 65–93, 2017. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -83,14 +75,14 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/ 作者：[sk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[murphyzhao](https://github.com/murphyzhao) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/blockchain-720x340.jpg -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10650-1.html [3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-what-is-ethereum/ [4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-smart-contracts-and-its-types/ [5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-explaining-distributed-computing-and-distributed-applications/ From d7ea4f0eeab956972261eafa2a4078c584bb3cfc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 23:06:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0401/1265] PRF:20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @murphyzhao 但是切记不要删除头部的这些元信息。 --- translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md | 8 ++++++++ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md index ef15287eeb..3b5d3479bf 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md @@ -1,3 +1,11 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (murphyzhao) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Welcoming Blockchain 3.0) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) 迎接区块链 3.0 ====== From 2aede18d0305ca4b0d53c958424c51779831aaad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 23:07:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0402/1265] PUB:20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @murphyzhao 本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-10987-1.html 你的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/murphyzhao 请注册以领取 LCCN：https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- .../tech => published}/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md b/published/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md rename to published/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md index 3b5d3479bf..0bd9086504 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md +++ b/published/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (murphyzhao) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10987-1.html) [#]: subject: (Welcoming Blockchain 3.0) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/welcoming-blockchain-3-0/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) From 9ab9667d5d22d0123ad03acce30b74f35691556b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 23:38:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0403/1265] PRF:20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md @geekpi --- ...on- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md | 18 +++++++----------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md index 698606489d..f08d9c384b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Graviton: A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor) @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Graviton：极简的开源代码编辑器 ====== -[Graviton][1]是一款开发中的免费开源跨平台代码编辑器。这位 16 岁的开发人员 Marc Espin 强调说，它是一个“极简”的代码编辑器。我不确定这点，但它确实有一个干净的用户界面，就像其他的[现代代码编辑器，如 Atom][2]。 +[Graviton][1]是一款开发中的自由开源的跨平台代码编辑器。他的开发者 16 岁的 Marc Espin 强调说，它是一个“极简”的代码编辑器。我不确定这点，但它确实有一个清爽的用户界面，就像其他的[现代代码编辑器，如 Atom][2]。 ![Graviton Code Editor Interface][3] @@ -30,9 +30,7 @@ Graviton 一些值得一说的特性有：   * 提供英语、西班牙语和一些其他欧洲语言。   * 适用于 Linux、Windows 和 macOS。 - - -我快速看来一下 Graviton，它可能不像 [VS Code][7] 或 [Brackets][8] 那样功能丰富，但对于一些简单的代码编辑来说，它并不是一个糟糕的工具。 +我快速看来一下 Graviton，它可能不像 [VS Code][7] 或 [Brackets][8] 那样功能丰富，但对于一些简单的代码编辑来说，它还算不错的工具。 ### 下载并安装 Graviton @@ -42,22 +40,20 @@ Graviton 一些值得一说的特性有： 你可以在其发布页面上找到最新版本的 Graviton。Debian 和 [Ubuntu 用户可以使用 .deb 安装][10]。它已提供 [AppImage][11]，以便可以在其他发行版中使用它。DMG 和 EXE 文件也分别可用于 macOS 和 Windows。 -[下载 Graviton][12] +- [下载 Graviton][12] 如果你有兴趣，你可以在 GitHub 仓库中找到 Graviton 的源代码： -[GitHub 中 Graviton 的源码][13] +- [GitHub 中 Graviton 的源码][13] 如果你决定使用 Graviton 并发现了一些问题，请在[此处][14]写一份错误报告。如果你使用 GitHub，你可能想为 Graviton 项目加星。这可以提高开发者的士气，因为他知道有更多的用户欣赏他的努力。 如果你看到现在，我相信你了解[如何从源码安装软件][16] -**写在最后** +### 写在最后 有时，简单本身就成了一个特性，而 Graviton 专注于极简可以帮助它在已经拥挤的代码编辑器世界中获取一席之地。 -并且它是 FOSS 软件，我们尝试突出开源软件。如果你知道一些有趣的开源软件，并且想要更多的人知道，[请给我们留言][17] - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://itsfoss.com/graviton-code-editor/ @@ -65,7 +61,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/graviton-code-editor/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 68cbc1f67e091f20533b3e5307f2064741480e32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 23:39:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0404/1265] PUB:20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10988-1.html --- ...20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md b/published/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md rename to published/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md index f08d9c384b..395f0f5687 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md +++ b/published/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10988-1.html) [#]: subject: (Graviton: A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/graviton-code-editor/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) From acdac5fae132fd77c2623f493b759f305afe6abd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 07:16:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0405/1265] Translating --- ...0613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md index 4c89208db6..146ee056e2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7b828b6fb48d7e23a60820544de141d30b1872d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 07:18:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0406/1265] Translating --- ...o Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md index 9d5df1605a..12d8fe588b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From d634b4e0b6d64d3a2a5b4b93da0134ce748451a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 08:52:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0407/1265] translated --- ...pImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md | 91 ------------------- ...pImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md | 91 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md deleted file mode 100644 index f640f2a2d5..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,91 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/search-linux-applications-on-appimage-flathub-and-snapcraft-platforms/) -[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) - -Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms -====== - -![Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft][1] - -Linux is evolving day by day. In the past, the developers had to build applications separately for different Linux distributions. Since there are several Linux variants exists, building apps for all distributions became tedious task and quite time consuming. Then some developers invented package converters and builders such as [**Checkinstall**][2], [**Debtap**][3] and [**Fpm**][4]. But they didn’t completely solved the problem. All of these tools will simply convert one package format to another. We still need to find and install the required dependencies the app needs to run. - -Well, the time has changed. We have now universal Linux apps. Meaning – we can install these applications on most Linux distributions. Be it Arch Linux, Debian, CentOS, Redhat, Ubuntu or any popular Linux distribution, the Universal apps will work just fine out of the box. These applications are packaged with all necessary libraries and dependencies in a single bundle. All we have to do is to download and run them on any Linux distributions of our choice. The popular universal app formats are **AppImages** , [**Flatpaks**][5] and [**Snaps**][6]. - -The AppImages are created and maintained by **Simon peter**. Many popular applications, like Gimp, Firefox, Krita and a lot more, are available in these formats and available directly on their download pages.Just download them, make it executable and run it in no time. You don’t even root permissions to run AppImages. - -The developer of Flatpak is **Alexander Larsson** (a RedHat employee). The Flatpak apps are hosted in a central repository (store) called **“Flathub”**. If you’re a developer, you are encouraged to build your apps in Flatpak format and distribute them to the users via Flathub. - -The **Snaps** are created mainly for Ubuntu, by **Canonical**. However, the developers of other Linux distributions are started to contribute to Snap packing format. So, Snaps will work on other Linux distributions as well. The Snaps can be downloaded either directly from application’s download page or from **Snapcraft** store. - -Many popular Companies and developers have released their applications in AppImage, Flatpak and Snap formats. If you ever looking for an app, just head over to the respective store and grab the application of your choice and run it regardless of the Linux distribution you use. - -There is also a command line universal app search tool called **“Chob”** is available to easily search Linux Applications on AppImage, Flathub and Snapcraft platforms. This tool will only search for the given application and display official link in your default browser. It won’t install them. This guide will explain how to install Chob and use it to search AppImages, Flatpaks and Snaps on Linux. - -### Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms Using Chob - -Download the latest Chob binary file from the [**releases page**][7]. As of writing this guide, the latest version was **0.3.5**. - -``` -$ wget https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob/releases/download/0.3.5/chob-linux -``` - -Make it executable: - -``` -$ chmod +x chob-linux -``` - -Finally, search the applications you want. For example, I am going to search applications related to **Vim**. - -``` -$ ./chob-linux vim -``` - -Chob will search for the given application (and related) on AppImage, Flathub and Snapcraft platforms and display the results. - -![][8] - -Search Linux applications Using Chob - -Just choose the application you want by typing the appropriate number to open the official link of the selected app in your default web browser where you can read the details of the app. - -![][9] - -View Linux application’s Details In Browser - -For more details, have a look at the Chob official GitHub page given below. - -**Resource:** - - * [**Chob GitHub Repository**][10] - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/search-linux-applications-on-appimage-flathub-and-snapcraft-platforms/ - -作者：[sk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/chob-720x340.png -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/build-packages-source-using-checkinstall/ -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/convert-deb-packages-arch-linux-packages/ -[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/build-linux-packages-multiple-platforms-easily/ -[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/flatpak-new-framework-desktop-applications-linux/ -[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/introduction-ubuntus-snap-packages/ -[7]: https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob/releases -[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Search-Linux-applications-Using-Chob.png -[9]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/View-Linux-applications-Details.png -[10]: https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bc75f37b4b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/search-linux-applications-on-appimage-flathub-and-snapcraft-platforms/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +在 AppImage、Flathub 和 Snapcraft 平台上搜索 Linux 应用 +====== + +![Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft][1] + +Linux 一直在发展。过去，开发人员必须分别为不同的 Linux 发行版构建应用。由于存在多种 Linux 变体，因此为所有发行版构建应用变得很繁琐，而且非常耗时。接着一些开发人员发明了包转换器和构建器，如 [**Checkinstall**][2]、[**Debtap**][3] 和 [**Fpm**][4]。但他们没有完全解决问题。所有这些工具都只是将一种包格式转换为另一种包格式。我们仍然需要找到并安装应用运行所需的依赖项。 + +好吧，时代已经变了。我们现在有了通用的 Linux 应用。这意味着我们可以在大多数 Linux 发行版上安装这些应用。无论是 Arch Linux、Debian、CentOS、Redhat、Ubuntu 还是任何流行的 Linux 发行版，通用应用都可以正常使用。这些应用与所有必需的库和依赖项打包在一个包中。我们所要做的就是在我们使用的任何 Linux 发行版上下载并运行它们。流行的通用应用格式有 **AppImages**、[**Flatpaks**][5] 和 [**Snaps**][6]。 + +AppImages 由 **Simon peter** 创建和维护。许多流行的应用，如 Gimp、Firefox、Krita 等等，都有这些格式，并可直接在下载页面下载。只需下载它们，使其可执行并立即运行它。你甚至无需 root 权限来运行 AppImages。 + +Flatpak 的开发人员是 **Alexander Larsson**（RedHat 员工）。 Flatpak 应用托管在名为 **“Flathub”** 的中央仓库（商店）中。如果你是开发人员，建议你使用 Flatpak 格式构建应用，并通过 Flathub 将其分发给用户。 + +**Snaps** 由 **Canonical** 而建，主要用于 Ubuntu。但是，其他 Linux 发行版的开发人员开始为 Snap 打包格式做出贡献。因此，Snaps 也开始适用于其他 Linux 发行版。Snaps 可以直接从应用的下载页面下载，也可以从 **Snapcraft** 商店下载。 + +许多受欢迎的公司和开发人员已经发布了 AppImage、Flatpak 和 Snap 格式的应用。如果你在寻找一款应用，只需进入相应的商店并获取你选择的应用并运行它，而不用管你使用何种 Linux 发行版。 + +还有一个名为 **“Chob”** 的命令行通用应用搜索工具可在 AppImage、Flathub 和 Snapcraft 平台上轻松搜索 Linux 应用。此工具仅搜索给定的应用并在默认浏览器中显示官方链接。它不会安装它们。本指南将解释如何安装 Chob 并使用它来搜索 Linux 上的 AppImages、Flatpaks 和 Snaps。 + +### 使用 Chob 在 AppImage、Flathub 和 Snapcraft 平台上搜索 Linux 应用 + +从[**发布页面**][7]下载最新的 Chob 二进制文件。在编写本指南时，最新版本为 **0.3.5**。 + +``` +$ wget https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob/releases/download/0.3.5/chob-linux +``` + +使其可执行： + +``` +$ chmod +x chob-linux +``` + +最后，搜索你想要的应用。例如，我将搜索与 **Vim** 相关的应用。 + +``` +$ ./chob-linux vim +``` + +Chob 将在 AppImage、Flathub 和 Snapcraft 平台上搜索给定的应用（和相关应用）并显示结果。 + +![][8] + +使用 Chob 搜索 Linux 应用 + +只需要输入你想要应用前面的数字就可在默认浏览器中打开它的官方链接，并可在其中阅读应用的详细信息。 + +![][9] + +在浏览器中查看 Linux 应用的详细信息 + +有关更多详细信息，请查看下面的 Chob 官方 GitHub 页面。 + +**资源：** + + * [**Chob 的 GitHub 仓库**][10] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/search-linux-applications-on-appimage-flathub-and-snapcraft-platforms/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/chob-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/build-packages-source-using-checkinstall/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/convert-deb-packages-arch-linux-packages/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/build-linux-packages-multiple-platforms-easily/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/flatpak-new-framework-desktop-applications-linux/ +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/introduction-ubuntus-snap-packages/ +[7]: https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob/releases +[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Search-Linux-applications-Using-Chob.png +[9]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/View-Linux-applications-Details.png +[10]: https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob From 58efc6282d185075a98e9042cdc373f876b3facc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 08:56:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0408/1265] translated --- ...0 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md index 28b349492e..b09442ed83 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 76f96618b432bb230be2cb76b071482a4c08cab0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 09:25:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0409/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md | 78 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md b/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md index cb242f5e1f..757c0631cb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md @@ -7,39 +7,36 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/primer-assemblers-compilers-interpreters) [#]: author: (Erik O'Shaughnessy https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny/users/shawnhcorey/users/jnyjny/users/jnyjny) -A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters +浅谈汇编器，编译器和解释器 ====== -A gentle introduction to the historical evolution of programming -practices. +简单介绍一下编程方式的历史演变 ![keyboard with connected dots][1] -In the early days of computing, hardware was expensive and programmers were cheap. In fact, programmers were so cheap they weren't even called "programmers" and were in fact usually mathematicians or electrical engineers. Early computers were used to solve complex mathematical problems quickly, so mathematicians were a natural fit for the job of "programming." +在计算机诞生不久的早期年代，硬件非常昂贵，而程序员比较廉价。这些廉价程序员甚至都没有“程序员”这个头衔，并且常常是由数学家或者电气工程师来充当这个角色的。早期的计算机被用来在短时间内解决复杂的数学问题，所以数学家天然就适合“编程”工作。 -### What is a program? - -First, a little background. Computers can't do anything by themselves, so they require programs to drive their behavior. Programs can be thought of as very detailed recipes that take an input and produce an output. The steps in the recipe are composed of instructions that operate on data. While that sounds complicated, you probably know how this statement works: +### 什么是程序？ +首先来看一点背景知识。计算机自己是做不了任何事情的，它们的任何行为都需要程序来引导。你可以把程序看成是非常精确的菜谱，这种菜谱读取一个输入，然后生成对应的输出。菜谱里的各个步骤由操作数据的指令构成。听上去有点儿复杂，不过你或许知道下面这个语句是什么意思： ``` `1 + 2 = 3` ``` -The plus sign is the "instruction" while the numbers 1 and 2 are the data. Mathematically, the equal sign indicates that both sides of an equation are "equivalent," however most computer languages use some variant of equals to mean "assignment." If a computer were executing that statement, it would store the results of the addition (the "3") somewhere in memory. +其中的加号是“指令”，而数字 1 和 2 是数据。数学上的等号意味着等式两边的部分是“等价”的，不过在大部分编程语言中等号（或者它的变形）都是“赋值”的意思。如果计算机执行上面这个语句，它会把这个加法的结果（也就是“3”）储存在内存中的某个地方。 -Computers know how to do math with numbers and move data around the machine's memory hierarchy. I won't say too much about memory except that it generally comes in two different flavors: fast/small and slow/big. CPU registers are very fast, very small and act as scratch pads. Main memory is typically very big and not nearly as fast as register memory. CPUs shuffle the data they are working with from main memory to registers and back again while a program executes. +计算机知道如何使用数字进行数学运算，以及如何在内存结构中移动数据。在这里就不对内存进行展开了，你只需要知道内存一般分为两大类：“速度快/空间小”和“速度慢/空间大”。CPU 寄存器的读写速度非常快，但是空间非常小，相当于一个速记便签。主存储器通常有很大的空间，但是读写速度就比寄存器差远了。在程序运行的时候，CPU 不断将它所需要用到的数据从主存储器挪动到寄存器，然后再把结果放回到主存储器。 -### Assemblers +### 汇编器 -Computers were very expensive and people were cheap. Programmers spent endless hours translating hand-written math into computer instructions that the computer could execute. The very first computers had terrible user interfaces, some only consisting of toggle switches on the front panel. The switches represented 1s and 0s in a single "word" of memory. The programmer would configure a word, indicate where to store it, and commit the word to memory. It was time-consuming and error-prone. +当时的计算机很贵，而人力比较便宜。程序员需要耗费很多时间把手写的数学表达式翻译成计算机可以执行的指令。最初的计算机只有非常糟糕的用户界面，有些甚至只有前面板上的拨动开关。这些开关就代表一个内存“单元”里的一个个 “0” 和 “1”。程序员需要配置一个内存单元，选择好储存位置，然后把这个单元提交到内存里。这是一个既耗时又容易出错的过程。 ![Programmers operate the ENIAC computer][2] -_Programmers[Betty Jean Jennings][3] (left) and [Fran Bilas][4] (right) operate [ENIAC's][5] main control panel._ +_程序员[Betty Jean Jennings][3] (左) 和 [Fran Bilas][4] (右) 在操作 [ENIAC][5] 的主控制面板._ -Eventually, an [electrical engineer][6] decided his time wasn't cheap and wrote a program with input written as a "recipe" expressed in terms people could read that output a computer-readable version. This was the first "assembler" and it was very controversial. The people that owned the expensive machines didn't want to "waste" compute time on a task that people were already doing; albeit slowly and with errors. Over time, people came to appreciate the speed and accuracy of the assembler versus a hand-assembled program, and the amount of "real work" done with the computer increased. - -While assembler programs were a big step up from toggling bit patterns into the front panel of a machine, they were still pretty specialized. The addition example above might have looked something like this: +后来有一名 [电气工程师][6] 认为自己的时间很宝贵，就写了一个能够把人们可以读懂的“菜谱”一样的程序转换成计算机可以读懂的版本的程序。这就是最初的“汇编器”，在当时引起了不小的争议。这些昂贵机器的主人不希望把计算资源浪费在人们已经在做的任务上（虽然又慢又容易出错）。不过随着时间的推移，人们逐渐发现使用汇编器在速度和准确性上都胜于人工编写机器语言，并且计算机完成的“实际工作量”增加了。 +尽管汇编器相比在机器面板上切换比特的状态已经是很大的进步了，这种编程方式仍然非常专业。上面加法的例子在汇编语言中看起来差不多是这样的： ``` 01 MOV R0, 1 @@ -49,66 +46,63 @@ While assembler programs were a big step up from toggling bit patterns into the 05 STO R2, R0 ``` -Each line is a computer instruction, beginning with a shorthand name of the instruction followed by the data the instruction works on. This little program will first "move" the value 1 into a register called R0, then 2 into register R1. Line 03 adds the contents of registers R0 and R1 and stores the resulting value into register R2. Finally, lines 04 and 05 identify where the result should be stored in main memory (address 64). Managing where data is stored in memory is one of the most time-consuming and error-prone parts of writing computer programs. +每一行都是一个计算机指令，前面是一个指令的简写，后面是指令所操作的数据。这个小小的程序会将数值 1 “移动”到寄存器 R0，然后把 2 移动到寄存器 R1。03 行把 R0 和 R1 两个寄存器里的数值相加，然后将结果储存在 R2 寄存器里。最后，04 行和 05 行决定结果应该被放在主存储器里的什么位置（在这里是地址 64）。管理内存中存储数据的位置是编程过程中最耗时也最容易出错的部分之一。 -### Compilers +### 编译器 -Assembly was much better than writing computer instructions by hand; however, early programmers yearned to write programs like they were accustomed to writing mathematical formulae. This drove the development of higher-level compiled languages, some of which are historical footnotes and others are still in use today. [ALGO][7] is one such footnote, while real problems continue to be solved today with languages like [Fortran][8] and [C][9]. +汇编器已经比手写计算机指令要好太多了，不过早期的程序员还是渴望能够按照他们所习惯的方式，像书写数学公式一样地去写程序。这种需求驱动了更高级别编译语言的发展，其中有一些已经成为历史，另一些如今还在使用。比如[ALGO][7] 就已经成为历史了，但是像 [Fortran][8] 和 [C][9] 这样的语言仍然在不断解决实际问题。 ![Genealogy tree of ALGO and Fortran][10] -Genealogy tree of ALGO and Fortran programming languages - -The introduction of these "high-level" languages allowed programmers to write their programs in simpler terms. In the C language, our addition assembly program would be written: +ALGO 和 Fortran 编程语言的谱系树 +这些“高级”语言使得程序员可以用更简单的方式编写程序。在 C 语言中，我们的加法程序就变成了这样： ``` int x; x = 1 + 2; ``` -The first statement describes a piece of memory the program will use. In this case, the memory should be the size of an integer and its name is **x** The second statement is the addition, although written "backward." A C programmer would read that as "X is assigned the result of one plus two." Notice the programmer doesn't need to say where to put **x** in memory, as the compiler takes care of that. +第一个语句描述了该程序将要使用的一块内存。在这个例子中，这块内存应该占一个整数的大小，名字是 **x**。第二个语句是加法，虽然是倒着写的。一个 C 语言的程序员会说这是 "X 被赋值为 1 加 2 的结果"。需要注意的是，程序员并不需要决定在内存的什么位置储存 **x**，这个任务交给编译器了。 -A new type of program called a "compiler" would turn the program written in a high-level language into an assembly language version and then run it through the assembler to produce a machine-readable version of the program. This composition of programs is often called a "toolchain," in that one program's output is sent directly to another program's input. +这种被称为“编译器”的新程序可以把用高级语言写的程序转换成汇编语言，再使用汇编器把汇编语言转换成机器可读的程序。这种程序的组合常常被称为“工具链”，因为一个程序的输出就直接成为另一个程序的输入。 -The huge advantage of compiled languages over assembly language programs was porting from one computer model or brand to another. In the early days of computing, there was an explosion of different types of computing hardware from companies like IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation, Texas Instruments, UNIVAC, Hewlett Packard, and others. None of these computers shared much in common besides needing to be plugged into an electrical power supply. Memory and CPU architectures differed wildly, and it often took man-years to translate programs from one computer to another. +编译语言相比汇编语言的优势体现在从一台计算机迁移到不同型号或者品牌的另一台计算机上的时候。在计算机的早期岁月里，包括 IBM，Digital Equipment Corporation，德州仪器，UNIVAC 以及惠普在内的很多公司都在尝试不同类型的计算机硬件。这些计算机除了都需要连接电源之外就没有太多共同点了。它们在内存和 CPU 架构上的差异相当大，当时经常需要人们花费数年来将一台计算机的程序翻译成另一台计算机的程序。 -With high-level languages, the compiler toolchain only had to be ported to the new platform. Once the compiler was available, high-level language programs could be recompiled for a new computer with little or no modification. Compilation of high-level languages was truly revolutionary. +有了高级语言，我们只需要把编译器工具链迁移到新的平台就行了。只要有可用的编译器，高级语言写的程序最多只需要经过小幅修改就可以在新的计算机上被重新编译。高级语言的编译是一个真正的革命性成果。 ![IBM PC XT][11] +1983 发布的 IBM PC XT 是硬件价格下降的早期例子。 -IBM PC XT released in 1983, is an early example of the decreasing cost of hardware. +程序员们的生活得到了很好的改善。相比之下，通过高级语言表达他们想要解决的问题让事情变得轻松很多。由于半导体技术的进步以及集成芯片的发明，计算机硬件的价格急剧下降。计算机的速度越来越快，能力也越来越强，并且还便宜了很多。从某个时点往后（也许是 80 年代末期吧），事情发生了转变，程序员变得比他们所使用的硬件更值钱了。 -Life became very good for programmers. It was much easier to express the problems they wanted to solve using high-level languages. The cost of computer hardware was falling dramatically due to advances in semiconductors and the invention of integrated chips. Computers were getting faster and more capable, as well as much less expensive. At some point, possibly in the late '80s, there was an inversion and programmers became more expensive than the hardware they used. +### 解释器 -### Interpreters +随着时间的推移，一种新的编程方式兴起了。一种被称为“解释器”的特殊程序可以将程序直接转换成可以立即执行的计算机指令。和编译器差不多，解释器读取程序并将它转换成一个中间形态。但和编译器不同的是，解释器直接执行程序的这个中间形态。解释型语言在每一次执行的时候都要经历这个过程；而编译程序只需要编译一次，之后计算机每次只需要执行编译好的机器指令就可以了。 -Over time, a new programming model rose where a special program called an "interpreter" would read a program and turn it into computer instructions to be executed immediately. The interpreter takes the program as input and interprets it into an intermediate form, much like a compiler. Unlike a compiler, the interpreter then executes the intermediate form of the program. This happens every time an interpreted program runs, whereas a compiled program is compiled just one time and the computer executes the machine instructions "as written." +顺便说一句，这个特性就是导致人们感觉解释型程序运行得比较慢的原因。不过现代计算机的性能出奇地强大，以至于大多数人无法区分编译型程序和解释型程序。 -As a side note, when people say "interpreted programs are slow," this is the main source of the perceived lack of performance. Modern computers are so amazingly capable that most people can't tell the difference between compiled and interpreted programs. - -Interpreted programs, sometimes called "scripts," are even easier to port to different hardware platforms. Because the script doesn't contain any machine-specific instructions, a single version of a program can run on many different computers without changes. The catch, of course, is the interpreter must be ported to the new machine to make that possible. - -One example of a very popular interpreted language is [perl][12]. A complete perl expression of our addition problem would be: +解释型程序（有时也被成为“脚本”）甚至更容易被迁移到不同的硬件平台上。因为脚本并不包含任何机器特有的指令，同一个版本的程序可以不经过任何修改就直接在很多不同的计算机上运行。不过当然了，解释器必须得先迁移到新的机器上才行。 +一个很流行的解释型语言是 [perl][12]。用 perl 完整地表达我们的加法问题会是这样的： ``` `$x = 1 + 2` ``` -While it looks and acts much like the C version, it lacks the variable initialization statement. There are other differences (which are beyond the scope of this article), but you can see that we can write a computer program that is very close to how a mathematician would write it by hand with pencil and paper. +虽然这个程序看起来和 C 语言的版本差不多，运行上也没有太大区别，但却缺少了初始化变量的语句。其实还有一些其它的区别（超出这篇文章的范围了），但你应该已经注意到，我们写计算机程序的方式已经和数学家用纸笔手写数学表达式非常接近了。 -### Virtual Machines +### 虚拟机 -The latest craze in programming models is the virtual machine, often abbreviated as VM. There are two flavors of virtual machine; system virtual machines and process virtual machines. Both types of VMs provide a level of abstraction from the "real" computing hardware, though they have different scopes. A system virtual machine is software that offers a substitute for the physical hardware, while a process virtual machine is designed to execute a program in a system-independent manner. So in this case, a process virtual machine (virtual machine from here on) is similar in scope to an interpreter in that a program is first compiled into an intermediated form before the virtual machine executes it. +最新潮的编程方式要数虚拟机（经常简称 VM）了。虚拟机分为两大类：系统虚拟机和进程虚拟机。这两种虚拟机都提供一种对“真实的”计算硬件的不同级别的抽象，不过他们的作用域不同。系统虚拟机是一个提供物理硬件的替代的软件，而进程虚拟机则被设计用来以一种“系统独立”的方式执行程序。所以在这个例子里，进程虚拟机（往后我所说的虚拟机都是指这个类型）的作用域和解释器的比较类似，因为也是先将程序编译成一个中间形态，然后虚拟机再执行这个中间形态。 -The main difference between an interpreter and a virtual machine is the virtual machine implements an idealized CPU accessed through its virtual instruction set. This abstraction makes it possible to write front-end language tools that compile programs written in different languages and target the virtual machine. Probably the most popular and well known virtual machine is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM was initially only for the Java programming language back in the 1990s, but it now hosts [many][13] popular computer languages: Scala, Jython, JRuby, Clojure, and Kotlin to list just a few. There are other examples that may not be common knowledge. I only recently learned that my favorite language, [Python][14], is not an interpreted language, but a [language hosted on a virtual machine][15]! +虚拟机和解释器的主要区别在于，虚拟机创造了一个虚拟的 CPU，以及一套虚拟的指令集。有了这层抽象，我们就可以编写前端工具来把不同语言的程序编译成虚拟机可以接受的程序了。也许最流行也最知名的虚拟机就是 Java 虚拟机（JVM）了。JVM 最初在 1990 年代只支持 Java 语言，但是如今却可以运行 [许多][13] 流行的编程语言，包括 Scala，Jython，JRuby，Clojure，以及 Kotlin 等等。还有其它一些不太常见的例子，在这里就不说了。我也是最近才知道，我最喜欢的语言 Python 并不是一个解释型语言，而是一个 [运行在虚拟机上的语言][15]! -Virtual machines continue the historical trend of reducing the amount of platform-specific knowledge a programmer needs to express their problem in a language that supports their domain-specific needs. +虚拟机仍然在延续这样一个历史趋势：让程序员在使用特定领域的编程语言解决问题的时候，所需要的对特定计算平台的了解变得越来越少了。 -### That's a wrap +### 就是这样了 -I hope you enjoy this primer on some of the less visible parts of software. Are there other topics you want me to dive into next? Let me know in the comments. +希望你喜欢这篇简单介绍软件背后运行原理的短文。有什么其它话题是你想让我接下来讨论的吗？在评论里告诉我吧。 * * * @@ -120,7 +114,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/primer-assemblers-compilers-interpreter 作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/chen-ni) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From dab9d01598e248c55f023bf50f4f664acb7194e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 09:27:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0410/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E5=88=B0=20transla?= =?UTF-8?q?ted?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md b/translated/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md rename to translated/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md From 8fe9291c9f3a17011cf4af9265446eafaa8b2ed1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 11:55:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0411/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190614=20Pers?= =?UTF-8?q?onal=20assistant=20with=20Mycroft=20and=20Fedora=20sources/tech?= =?UTF-8?q?/20190614=20Personal=20assistant=20with=20Mycroft=20and=20Fedor?= =?UTF-8?q?a.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...sonal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f7f0edebfc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/personal-assistant-with-mycroft-and-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/) + +Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora +====== + +![][1] + +Looking for an open source personal assistant ? [Mycroft][2] is allowing you to run an open source service which gives you better control of your data. + +### Install Mycroft on Fedora + +Mycroft is currently not available in the official package collection, but it can be easily installed from the project source. The first step is to download the source from Mycroft’s GitHub repository. + +``` +$ git clone https://github.com/MycroftAI/mycroft-core.git +``` + +Mycroft is a Python application and the project provides a script that takes care of creating a virtual environment before installing Mycroft and its dependencies. + +``` +$ cd mycroft-core +$ ./dev_setup.sh +``` + +The installation script prompts the user to help him with the installation process. It is recommended to run the stable version and get automatic updates. + +When prompted to install locally the Mimic text-to-speech engine, answer No. Since as described in the installation process this can take a long time and Mimic is available as an rpm package in Fedora so it can be installed using dnf. + +``` +$ sudo dnf install mimic +``` + +### Starting Mycroft + +After the installation is complete, the Mycroft services can be started using the following script. + +``` +$ ./start-mycroft.sh all +``` + +In order to start using Mycroft the device running the service needs to be registered. To do that an account is needed and can be created at . + +Once the account created, it is possible to add a new device at the following address [https://account.mycroft.ai/devices.][3] Adding a new device requires a pairing code that will be spoken to you by your device after starting all the services. + +![][4] + +The device is now ready to be used. + +### Using Mycroft + +Mycroft provides a set of [skills][5] that are enabled by default or can be downloaded from the [Marketplace][5]. To start you can simply ask Mycroft how is doing, or what the weather is. + +``` +Hey Mycroft, how are you ? + +Hey Mycroft, what's the weather like ? +``` + +If you are interested in how things works, the _start-mycroft.sh_ script provides a _cli_ option that lets you interact with the services using the command line. It is also displaying logs which is really useful for debugging. + +Mycroft is always trying to learn new skills, and there are many way to help by [contributing][6] the Mycroft community. + +* * * + +Photo by [Przemyslaw Marczynski][7] on [Unsplash][8] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/personal-assistant-with-mycroft-and-fedora/ + +作者：[Clément Verna][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/mycroft-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://mycroft.ai/ +[3]: https://account.mycroft.ai/devices +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Screenshot_2019-06-14-Account.png +[5]: https://market.mycroft.ai/skills +[6]: https://mycroft.ai/contribute/ +[7]: https://unsplash.com/@pemmax?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText +[8]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/ai?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText From 8cb6bdf7ca7b3f1eb88cdcd3a83ef4e3c9b34f64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 11:56:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0412/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20Inst?= =?UTF-8?q?alling=20alternative=20versions=20of=20RPMs=20in=20Fedora=20sou?= =?UTF-8?q?rces/tech/20190612=20Installing=20alternative=20versions=20of?= =?UTF-8?q?=20RPMs=20in=20Fedora.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md | 133 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 133 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3e43304488 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/) + +Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora +====== + +![][1] + +[Modularity][2] enables Fedora to provide alternative versions of RPM packages in the repositories. Several different applications, language runtimes, and tools are available in multiple versions, build natively for each Fedora release. + +The Fedora Magazine has already covered [Modularity in Fedora 28 Server Edition][3] about a year ago. Back then, it was just an optional repository with additional content, and as the title hints, only available to the Server Edition. A lot has changed since then, and now **Modularity is a core part of the Fedora distribution**. And some packages have moved to modules completely. At the time of writing — out of the 49,464 binary RPM packages in Fedora 30 — 1,119 (2.26%) come from a module ([more about the numbers][4]). + +### Modularity basics + +Because having too many packages in multiple versions could feel overwhelming (and hard to manage), packages are grouped into **modules** that represent an application, a language runtime, or any other sensible group. + +Modules often come in multiple **streams** — usually representing a major version of the software. Available in parallel, but only one stream of each module can be installed on a given system. + +And not to overwhelm users with too many choices, each Fedora release comes with a set of **defaults** — so decisions only need to be made when desired. + +Finally, to simplify installation, modules can be optionally installed using pre-defined **profiles** based on a use case. A database module, for example, could be installed as a client, a server, or both. + +### Modularity in practice + +When you install an RPM package on your Fedora system, chances are it comes from a module stream. The reason why you might not have noticed is one of the core principles of Modularity — remaining invisible until there is a reason to know about it. + +Let’s compare the following two situations. First, installing the popular _i3_ tiling window manager, and second, installing the minimalist _dwm_ window manager: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install i3 +... +Done! +``` + +As expected, the above command installs the _i3_ package and its dependencies on the system. Nothing else happened here. But what about the other one? + +``` +$ sudo dnf install dwm +... +Enabling module streams: + dwm 6.1 +... +Done! +``` + +It feels the same, but something happened in the background — the default _dwm_ module stream ( _6.1_ ) got enabled, and the _dwm_ package from the module got installed. + +To be transparent, there is a message about the module auto-enablement in the output. But other than that, the user doesn’t need to know anything about Modularity in order to use their system the way they always did. + +But what if they do? Let’s see how a different version of _dwm_ could have been installed instead. + +Use the following command to see what module streams are available: + +``` +$ sudo dnf module list +... +dwm latest ... +dwm 6.0 ... +dwm 6.1 [d] ... +dwm 6.2 ... +... +Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled +``` + +The output shows there are four streams of the _dwm_ module, _6.1_ being the default. + +To install the _dwm_ package in a different version — from the _6.2_ stream for example — enable the stream and then install the package by using the two following commands: + +``` +$ sudo dnf module enable dwm:6.2 +... +Enabling module streams: + dwm 6.2 +... +Done! +$ sudo dnf install dwm +... +Done! +``` + +Finally, let’s have a look at profiles, with PostgreSQL as an example. + +``` +$ sudo dnf module list +... +postgresql 9.6 client, server ... +postgresql 10 client, server ... +postgresql 11 client, server ... +... +``` + +To install PostgreSQL 11 as a server, use the following command: + +``` +$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/server +``` + +Note that — apart from enabling — modules can be installed with a single command when a profile is specified. + +It is possible to install multiple profiles at once. To add the client tools, use the following command: + +``` +$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/client +``` + +There are many other modules with multiple streams available to choose from. At the time of writing, there were 83 module streams in Fedora 30. That includes two versions of MariaDB, three versions of Node.js, two versions of Ruby, and many more. + +Please refer to the [official user documentation for Modularity][5] for a complete set of commands including switching from one stream to another. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/ + +作者：[Adam Šamalík][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/modularity-f30-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://docs.pagure.org/modularity +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/modularity-fedora-28-server-edition/ +[4]: https://blog.samalik.com/2019/06/12/counting-modularity-packages.html +[5]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/modularity/using-modules/ From 4a2245ea5768045cfdae8ad6abcecf78c8fab994 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 11:56:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0413/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190617=20KIT?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Scenarist=20is=20a=20Powerful=20Tool=20for=20Creating=20Scre?= =?UTF-8?q?enplays=20sources/tech/20190617=20KIT=20Scenarist=20is=20a=20Po?= =?UTF-8?q?werful=20Tool=20for=20Creating=20Screenplays.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Powerful Tool for Creating Screenplays.md | 101 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 101 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190617 KIT Scenarist is a Powerful Tool for Creating Screenplays.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190617 KIT Scenarist is a Powerful Tool for Creating Screenplays.md b/sources/tech/20190617 KIT Scenarist is a Powerful Tool for Creating Screenplays.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..65f492420d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190617 KIT Scenarist is a Powerful Tool for Creating Screenplays.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (KIT Scenarist is a Powerful Tool for Creating Screenplays) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/kit-scenarist/) +[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) + +KIT Scenarist is a Powerful Tool for Creating Screenplays +====== + +Did you ever wish that there was an open source tool for all your screenplay writing needs? Well, you are in luck. Today, we will be looking at an application that will do just that. Today, we will be looking at KIT Scenarist. + +### KIT Scenarist: An Open Source tool for writing screenplays + +[KIT Scenarist][1] is a program designed to be your one-stop-shop to create the next great screenplay. KIT Scenarist’s tools are split up into four modules: Research, Cards, Script, and Statistics. When you load KIT Scenarist for the first time after installing it, you will be asked if you want to enable each of these modules. You can also disable any of the modules from the setting menu. + +![Scenarist][2] + +The Research module gives you a place to store your story ideas, as well as, ideas and information for both characters and locations. You can also add images for a character or location to give you inspiration. + +The Cards module shows you the scenes that you have written or sketched out like cards on a cord board. You can drag these scenes around on the board to rearrange them. You can also jump to a certain scene or mark a scene as done. + +The Script module is where the actual writing takes place. It has a widget that tells you approximately how long your screenplay will take to perform. Like a word processor, you can tell KIT Scenarist what parts of the script are the actions, character, dialogue, etc and it will format it correctly. + +![Scenarist Research module][3] + +The Statistics module gives you all kinds of reports and graphs about your screenplay. The scene report shows how long each act is and what characters are in it. The location report shows how much time is spent at each location and in which acts. The cast report shows how many scenes each character is in and how much dialogue they have. There is even a report that lists all of the dialogue for each character. + +[][4] + +Suggested read Tilix: Advanced Tiling Terminal Emulator for Power Users + +Like all well-designed apps, KIT Scenarist has both a light and dark theme. The dark theme is the default. + +![Scenarist Statistics module][5] + +KIT Scenarist stores your projects in `.kitsp` files. These files are essentially SQLite database files with a different extension. This means that if you ever run into issues with KIT Scenarist, you can retrieve your information with an SQLite viewer. + +This application also allows you to import scripts from a wide range of script writing applications. You can import the following file formats: Final Draft Screenplay (.fdx), Final Draft Template (.fdxt), Trelby Screenplay (.trelby), [Fountain Text][6] (.foundation), Celtx Project (.celtx), .odt, . doc and .docx. You can export your outline and script to .docx, .pdf, .fdx. or .Fountain. + +The desktop version of KIT Scenarist is free, but they also have a couple of [Pro options][7]. They have a cloud service to collaborate with others or sync your work to other devices. The cloud service costs $4.99 for a month or $52.90 for a year. They have other subscription lengths. KIT Scenarist is available in the iOS app store or the Google Play store, but cost money there. Finally, if you are an organization who wants to use KIT Scenarist but it is missing a feature you want, they will add it if you finance the work. + +![Scenarist Cards module][8] + +### How to Install Scenarist + +Currently, the only repo that Scenarist is available for downloading is the [Arch User Repository][9]. (Arch rulez :D) + +Otherwise, you have to [download][10] a package installer from the website. They have packages available for Linux (both .deb and .rpm), Windows, and macOS. As I stated above, there are also versions available for both Android and iOS, but they are not free. You can find the source code of KIT Scenarist on GitHub. + +[KIT Scenarist on GitHub][11] + +If KIT Scenarist won’t start on your Linux system, try installing the `libxcb-xinerama0` package. + +![Scenarist Script][12] + +### Final Thoughts on KIT Scenarist + +KIT Scenarist offers the full script writing experience. All your information is stored in one place, so you don’t need to look everywhere for your information. It does everything. Now, the creator just needs to add a feature to submit your script directly to the person who will make you the next famous playwright. + +[][13] + +Suggested read Bookworm: A Simple yet Magnificent eBook Reader for Linux + +If KIT Scenarist looks too overwhelming and you want to try something simpler, I would recommend trying [Trelby][14]. If you are into writing, you may read my list of [useful open source tools for writers][15]. + +Have you every used KIT Scenarist? What is your favorite open source screenwriting tool? Please let us know in the comments below. + +If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News or [Reddit][16]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/kit-scenarist/ + +作者：[John Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://kitscenarist.ru/en/index.html +[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/scenarist-about.png?fit=800%2C469&ssl=1 +[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/scenarist-research.png?fit=800%2C371&ssl=1 +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/tilix-terminal-emulator/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/scenarist-statistics.png?fit=800%2C467&ssl=1 +[6]: https://www.fountain.io/ +[7]: https://kitscenarist.ru/en/pricing.html +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/scenarist-cards.png?fit=800%2C470&ssl=1 +[9]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/scenarist +[10]: https://kitscenarist.ru/en/download.html +[11]: https://github.com/dimkanovikov/kitscenarist +[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/scenarist-script.png?fit=800%2C468&ssl=1 +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/bookworm-ebook-reader-linux/ +[14]: https://www.trelby.org/ +[15]: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-tools-writers/ +[16]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup From 8de8fd0d5ac16f79a430c87dcf8f3426f1264f15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 11:58:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0414/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190617=20Expl?= =?UTF-8?q?oring=20/run=20on=20Linux=20sources/tech/20190617=20Exploring?= =?UTF-8?q?=20-run=20on=20Linux.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md | 124 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 124 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e2b497930c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Exploring /run on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403023/exploring-run-on-linux.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +Exploring /run on Linux +====== +There's been a small but significant change in how Linux systems work with respect to runtime data. +![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] + +If you haven’t been paying close attention, you might not have noticed a small but significant change in how Linux systems work with respect to runtime data. A re-arrangement of how and where it’s accessible in the file system started taking hold about eight years ago. And while this change might not have been big enough of a splash to wet your socks, it provides some additional consistency in the Linux file system and is worthy of some exploration. + +To get started, cd your way over to /run. If you use df to check it out, you’ll see something like this: + +``` +$ df -k . +Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on +tmpfs 609984 2604 607380 1% /run +``` + +Identified as a “tmpfs” (temporary file system), we know that the files and directories in /run are not stored on disk but only in volatile memory. They represent data kept in memory (or disk-based swap) that takes on the appearance of a mounted file system to allow it to be more accessible and easier to manage. + +**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]** + +/run is home to a wide assortment of data. For example, if you take a look at /run/user, you will notice a group of directories with numeric names. + +``` +$ ls /run/user +1000 1002 121 +``` + +A long file listing will clarify the significance of these numbers. + +``` +$ ls -l +total 0 +drwx------ 5 shs shs 120 Jun 16 12:44 1000 +drwx------ 5 dory dory 120 Jun 16 16:14 1002 +drwx------ 8 gdm gdm 220 Jun 14 12:18 121 +``` + +This allows us to see that each directory is related to a user who is currently logged in or to the display manager, gdm. The numbers represent their UIDs. The content of each of these directories are files that are used by running processes. + +The /run/user files represent only a very small portion of what you’ll find in /run. There are lots of other files, as well. A handful contain the process IDs for various system processes. + +``` +$ ls *.pid +acpid.pid atopacctd.pid crond.pid rsyslogd.pid +atd.pid atop.pid gdm3.pid sshd.pid +``` + +As shown below, that sshd.pid file listed above contains the process ID for the ssh daemon (sshd). + +``` +$ cat sshd.pid +1148 +$ ps -ef | grep sshd +root 1148 1 0 Jun14 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd -D <== +root 10784 1148 0 12:44 ? 00:00:00 sshd: shs [priv] +shs 10922 10784 0 12:44 ? 00:00:00 sshd: shs@pts/0 +root 18109 1148 0 16:13 ? 00:00:00 sshd: dory [priv] +dory 18232 18109 0 16:14 ? 00:00:00 sshd: dory@pts/1 +shs 19276 10923 0 16:50 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto sshd +``` + +Some of the subdirectories within /run can only be accessed with root authority such as /run/sudo. Running as root, for example, we can see some files related to real or attempted sudo usage: + +``` +/run/sudo/ts# ls -l +total 8 +-rw------- 1 root dory 112 Jun 16 16:37 dory +-rw------- 1 root shs 168 Jun 17 08:33 shs +``` + +In keeping with the shift to using /run, some of the old locations for runtime data are now symbolic links. /var/run is now a pointer to /run and /var/lock a pointer to /run/lock, allowing old references to work as expected. + +``` +$ ls -l /var +total 52 +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 17 07:36 backups +drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Apr 18 13:46 cache +drwxrwsrwt 2 root whoopsie 4096 Jun 13 07:39 crash +drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Jun 9 15:14 lib +drwxrwsr-x 2 root staff 4096 Oct 16 2017 local +lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 May 14 2018 lock -> /run/lock +drwxrwxr-x 17 root syslog 4096 Jun 17 00:00 log +drwxrwsrwt 2 root mail 4096 Jun 13 12:10 mail +drwxrwsrwt 2 root whoopsie 4096 Jan 5 2018 metrics +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 5 2018 opt +lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 May 14 2018 run -> /run +drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 Jun 16 2018 snap +drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 4096 Jun 9 15:14 spool +drwxrwxrwt 8 root root 4096 Jun 17 00:00 tmp +drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 19 12:14 www +``` + +While minor as far as technical changes go, the transition to using /run simply allows for a better organization of runtime data in the Linux file system. + +**[ Now read this:[Invaluable tips and tricks for troubleshooting Linux][3] ]** + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403023/exploring-run-on-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/exploring_run-100799398-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3242170/linux/invaluable-tips-and-tricks-for-troubleshooting-linux.html +[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From c9d8fc727dce9f476b2c6c96508a76171496d1bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 12:02:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0415/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190617=205=20?= =?UTF-8?q?transferable=20higher-education=20skills=20sources/talk/2019061?= =?UTF-8?q?7=205=20transferable=20higher-education=20skills.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... 5 transferable higher-education skills.md | 64 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190617 5 transferable higher-education skills.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190617 5 transferable higher-education skills.md b/sources/talk/20190617 5 transferable higher-education skills.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..db0f584aaf --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190617 5 transferable higher-education skills.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 transferable higher-education skills) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/5-transferable-higher-education-skills) +[#]: author: (Stephon Brown https://opensource.com/users/stephb) + +5 transferable higher-education skills +====== +If you're moving from the Ivory Tower to the Matrix, you already have +the foundation for success in the developer role. +![Two hands holding a resume with computer, clock, and desk chair ][1] + +My transition from a higher-education professional into the tech realm was comparable to moving from a pond into an ocean. There was so much to learn, and after learning, there was still so much more to learn! + +Rather than going down the rabbit hole and being overwhelmed by what I did not know, in the last two to three months, I have been able to take comfort in the realization that I was not entirely out of my element as a developer. The skills I acquired during my six years as a university professional gave me the foundation to be successful in the developer role. + +These skills are transferable in any direction you plan to go within or outside tech, and it's valuable to reflect on how they apply to your new position. + +### 1\. Composition and documentation + +Higher education is replete with opportunities to develop skills related to composition and communication. In most cases, clear writing and communication are mandatory requirements for university administrative and teaching positions. Although you may not yet be well-versed in deep technical concepts, learning documentation and writing your progress may be two of the strongest skills you bring as a former higher education administrator. All of those "In response to…" emails will finally come in handy when describing the inner workings of a class or leaving succinct comments for other developers to follow what you have implemented. + +### 2\. Problem-solving and critical thinking + +Whether you've been an adviser who sits with students and painstakingly develops class schedules for graduation or a finance buff who balances government funds, you will not leave critical thinking behind as you transition into a developer role. Although your critical thinking may have seemed specialized for your work, the skill of turning problems into opportunities is not lost when contributing to code. The experience gained while spending long days and nights revising recruitment strategies will be necessary when composing algorithms and creative ways of delivering data. Continue to foster a passion for solving problems, and you will not have any trouble becoming an efficient and skillful developer. + +### 3\. Communication + +Though it may seem to overlap with writing (above), communication spans verbal and written disciplines. When you're interacting with clients and leadership, you may have a leg up over your peers because of your higher-education experience. Being approachable and understanding how to manage interactions are skills that some software practitioners may not have fostered to an impactful level. Although you will experience days of staring at a screen and banging your head against the keyboard, you can rest well in knowing you can describe technical concepts and interact with a wide range of audiences, from clients to peers. + +### 4\. Leadership + +Sitting on that panel; planning that event; leading that workshop. All of those experiences provide you with the grounding to plan and lead smaller projects as a new developer. Leadership is not limited to heading up large and small teams; its essence lies in taking initiative. This can be volunteering to do research on a new feature or do more extensive unit tests for your code. However you use it, your foundation as an educator will allow you to go further in technology development and maintenance. + +### 5\. Research + +You can Google with the best of them. Being able to clearly truncate your query into the idea you are searching for is characteristic of a higher-education professional. Most administrator or educator jobs focus on solving problems in a defined process for qualitative, quantitative, or mixed results; therefore, cultivating your scientific mind is valuable when providing software solutions. Your research skills also open opportunities for branching into data science and machine learning. + +### Bonus: Collaboration + +Being able to reach across various offices and fields for event planning and program implementation fit well within team collaboration—both within your new team and across development teams. This may leak into the project management realm, but being able to plan and divide work between teams and establish accountability will allow you as a new developer to understand the software development lifecycle process a little more intimately because of your past related experience. + +### Summary + +As a developer jumping head-first into technology after years of walking students through the process of navigating higher education, [imposter syndrome][2] has been a constant fear since moving into technology. However, I have been able to take heart in knowing my experience as an educator and an administrator has not gone in vain. If you are like me, be encouraged in knowing that these transferable skills, some of which fall into the soft-skills and other categories, will continue to benefit you as a developer and a professional. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/5-transferable-higher-education-skills + +作者：[Stephon Brown][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/stephb +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/resume_career_document_general.png?itok=JEaFL2XI (Two hands holding a resume with computer, clock, and desk chair ) +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impostor_syndrome From 234fe8fe1808648d7debf209bdba73e60955c7f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 12:02:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0416/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190617=20Use?= =?UTF-8?q?=20ImageGlass=20to=20quickly=20view=20JPG=20images=20as=20a=20s?= =?UTF-8?q?lideshow=20sources/talk/20190617=20Use=20ImageGlass=20to=20quic?= =?UTF-8?q?kly=20view=20JPG=20images=20as=20a=20slideshow.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... quickly view JPG images as a slideshow.md | 53 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190617 Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190617 Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow.md b/sources/talk/20190617 Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..31820a380b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190617 Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/use-imageglass-view-jpg-images-slideshow-windows-10) +[#]: author: (Jeff Macharyas https://opensource.com/users/jeffmacharyas) + +Use ImageGlass to quickly view JPG images as a slideshow +====== +Want to view images from a folder one-by-one in a slideshow on Windows +10? Open source to the rescue. +![Looking back with binoculars][1] + +Welcome to today’s episode of "How Can I Make This Work?" In my case, I was trying to view a folder of JPG images as a slideshow on Windows 10. As often happens, I turned to open source to solve the issue. + +On a Mac, viewing a folder of JPG images as a slideshow is a simple matter of selecting all the images in a folder ( **Command-A** ), and then pressing **Option-Command-Y**. From there, you can advance the images with the arrow key. Of course, you can do a similar thing on Windows by selecting the first image, then clicking on the window frame's yellow **Manage** bar, then selecting **Slide Show**. There, you can control the speed, but only to a point: slow, medium, and fast. + +I wanted to advance the images in Windows the same way I do it on a Mac. Naturally, I fired up the Googler and searched for a solution. There, I found the [ImageGlass][2] open source app, [licensed GPL 3.0][3], and it did the trick perfectly. Here's what it looks like: + +![Viewing an image in ImageGlass.][4] + +### About ImageGlass + +ImageGlass was developed by Dương Diệu Pháp, a Vietnamese developer who works on the front end for Chainstack, according to his website. He collaborates with US-based [Kevin Routley][5], who "develops new features for ImageGlass." The source code is available on [GitHub][6]. + +ImageGlass supports most common image formats, including JPG, GIF, PNG, WEBP, SVG, and RAW. Users can customize this extension list easily. + +My specific problem was needing to find an image for a catalog cover. Unfortunately, it was in a folder containing dozens of photos. Navigating through the slideshow in ImageGlass, stopping on the image I wanted, and downloading it into my project folder turned out to be easy. Open source to the rescue yet again, and the app took only seconds to download and use. + +ImageGlass was featured as a Picasa alternative in Jason Baker’s article [9 open source alternatives to][7] [Picasa][7] from March 10, 2016. There are some other interesting image-related open source tools in there as well if you are in need. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/use-imageglass-view-jpg-images-slideshow-windows-10 + +作者：[Jeff Macharyas][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jeffmacharyas +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/look-binoculars-sight-see-review.png?itok=NOw2cm39 (Looking back with binoculars) +[2]: https://imageglass.org/ +[3]: https://github.com/d2phap/ImageGlass/blob/master/LICENSE +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/imageglass-screenshot.png (Viewing an image in ImageGlass.) +[5]: https://github.com/fire-eggs +[6]: https://github.com/d2phap/ImageGlass +[7]: https://opensource.com/alternatives/picasa From 1b90541d351b3889671b4a19552ee0c1e1ec3f19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 12:04:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0417/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190618=20Cylo?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20=E2=80=93=20The=20Arch=20Linux=20Maintenance=20Program=20Fo?= =?UTF-8?q?r=20Newbies=20sources/tech/20190618=20Cylon=20-=20The=20Arch=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Linux=20Maintenance=20Program=20For=20Newbies.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...h Linux Maintenance Program For Newbies.md | 257 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 257 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190618 Cylon - The Arch Linux Maintenance Program For Newbies.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190618 Cylon - The Arch Linux Maintenance Program For Newbies.md b/sources/tech/20190618 Cylon - The Arch Linux Maintenance Program For Newbies.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6843910f91 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190618 Cylon - The Arch Linux Maintenance Program For Newbies.md @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cylon – The Arch Linux Maintenance Program For Newbies) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/cylon-arch-linux-maintenance-program/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Cylon – The Arch Linux Maintenance Program For Newbies +====== + +![Cylon is an Arch Linux Maintenance Program][1] + +Recently switched to Arch Linux as your daily driver? Great! I’ve got a good news for you. Meet **Cylon** , a maintenance program for Arch Linux and derivatives. It is a menu-driven **Bash** script which provides updates, maintenance, backups and system checks for Arch Linux and its derivatives such as Manjaro Linux etc. Cylon is mainly a CLI program, and also has a basic dialog GUI. In this guide, we will see how to install and use Cylon in Arch Linux. + +### Cylon – The Arch Linux Maintenance Program + +##### Install Cylon + +Cylon is available in the [**AUR**][2]. You can install it using any AUR helpers, for example [**Yay**][3]. + +``` +$ yay -S cylon +``` + +##### Usage + +Please note that Cylon _**will not install all tools**_ by default. Some functions require various dependencies packages to be installed. There are three dependencies and the rest are optional dependencies. The optional dependencies are left to user discretion. When you perform a function, it will display the missing packages if there are any. All missing packages will be shown as **n/a** (not available) in menus. You need to install the missing packages by yourself before using such functions. + +To launch Cylon, type _**cylon**_ in the Terminal: + +``` +$ cylon +``` + +Sample output from my Arch linux system: + +![][4] + +Default interface of Cylon, the Arch Linux maintenance program + +You can also launch Cylon from the Menu. It usually found under **Applications > System Tools**. + +As you see in the above screenshot, there are **14** menu entries in Cylon main menu to perform different functions. To go to each entry, type the respective number. Also, as you see in the screenshot, there is **n/a** besides the 2 and 3 menu entries which means **auracle** and [**Trizen**][5] are not installed. You need to install them first before performing those functions. + +Let us see what each menu entry does. + +**1\. Pacman** + +Under [**Pacman**][6] section, you can do various package management operations such as install, update, upgrade, verify, remove packages, display package information, view Arch Linux news feed and many. Just type a number to perform the respective action. + +![][7] + +You can go back to main menu by typing the number **21**. + +**2. auracle +** + +The **auracle** is an AUR helper program that can be used to perform various AUR actions such as install, update, download, search, remove AUR packages in your Arch linux box. + +**3\. trizen** + +It is same as above section. + +**4\. System Update** + +As the name says, this section is dedicated to perform Arch Linux update. Here you can update both the official and AUR packages. Cylon gives you the following four options in this section. + + 1. Update Arch Main Repos only, + 2. Update AUR only, + 3. Update All repos, + 4. No Update and exit. + + + +![][8] + +**5\. System Maintenance** + +In this section, you can do the following maintenance tasks. + + 1. Failed Systemd Services and status, + 2. Check Journalctl log for Errors, + 3. Check Journalctl for fstrim SSD trim, + 4. Analyze system boot-up performance, + 5. Check for Broken Symlinks, + 6. Find files where no group or User corresponds to file’s numeric ID, + 7. lostfiles, + 8. Diskspace usage, + 9. Find 200 of the biggest files, + 10. Find inodes usage, + 11. Old configuration files scan, + 12. Print sensors information, + 13. Clean journal files, + 14. Delete core dumps /var/lib/systemd/coredump/, + 15. Delete files, + 16. bleachbit n/a, + 17. rmlint n/a, + 18. List All Open Files, + 19. DMI table decoder, + 20. Return. + + + +The non-installed packages will be shown with letters n/a besides that applications. You need to install them first before choosing that particular action. + +** **Recommended Download** – [**Free Video: “Penetration Testing Methodologies Training Course (a $99 value!) FREE”**][9] + +**6\. System backup** + +This section provides backup utilities such as **rsync** to backup your Arch Linux system. Also, there is a custom backup options which allows you to manually backup files/folders to a user-specified location. + +![][10] + +**7\. System Security** + +Cylon provides various security tools including the following: + + 1. ccrypt – Encrypt/decrypt files, + 2. clamav – Antivirus, + 3. rkhunter – RootKit hunter scan, + 4. lynis – System audit tool, + 5. Password generator, + 6. List the password aging info of a user, + 7. Audit SUID/SGID Files. + + + +Remember you need to install them yourself in order to use them. Cylon will not help you to install the missing packages. + +**8\. Network Maintenance** + +This section is for network related functions. Here, you can: + + 1. See wifi link quality continuously on screen, + 2. Use speedtest-cli -testing internet bandwidth, + 3. Check if website up with netcat and ping, + 4. Display all interfaces which are currently available, + 5. Display kernal routing table, + 6. Check the status of UFW, Uncomplicated Firewall, + 7. Network Time Synchronization status check, + 8. traceroute print route packets trace to network host, + 9. tracepath traces path to a network host, + 10. View all open ports + + + +**9\. xterm terminal** + +Here, you can launch xterm terminal at output folder path in new window. + +**10\. View/Edit config file** + +View and edit the configuration files if necessary. + +**11\. System information** + +This is most useful feature of Cylon utlity. This section provides your Arch Linux system’s information such as, + + * Uptime, + * Kernel details, + * OS architecture, + * Username, + * Default Shell, + * Screen resolution, + * CPU, + * RAM (used/total), + * Editor variable, + * Location of pacman cache folder, + * Hold packages, + * Number of orphan packages, + * Total number of installed packages, + * Number of all explicitly installed packages, + * All foreign installed packages, + * All foreign explicitly installed packages, + * All packages installed as dependencies, + * Top 5 largest packages, + * 5 newest updated packages, + * Packages Installed size by repositories. + + + +![][11] + +**12\. Cylon information** + +It will display the information about Cylon program. It also performs the dependencies installation check and display the list of installed non-installed dependencies. + +![][12] + +**13\. Weather** + +It displays the 3 day weather forecast by **wttr.in** utility. + +* * * + +**Related Read:** + + * **[How To Check Weather Details From Command Line In Linux][13]** + + + +* * * + +**14\. Exit** + +Type **14** to exit Cylon. + +For more details, type **cylon -h** in the Terminal to print cylon information. + +* * * + +**Recommended read:** + + * [**Cylon-deb : The Debian Linux Maintenance Program**][14] + + + +* * * + +Cylon script offers a lot of tools and features to maintain your Arch Linux system. If you’re new to Arch Linux, give it a try and see if it helps. + +**Resource:** + + * [**Cylon GitHub page**][15] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/cylon-arch-linux-maintenance-program/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Cylon-The-Arch-Linux-Maintenance-Program-720x340.png +[2]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/cylon/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ +[4]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cylon-interface.png +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/trizen-lightweight-aur-package-manager-arch-based-systems/ +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-pacman/ +[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Cylon-pacman.png +[8]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Cylon-system-update.png +[9]: https://ostechnix.tradepub.com/free/w_cybf03/prgm.cgi +[10]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Cylon-system-backup.png +[11]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Cylon-system-information.png +[12]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Cylon-information.png +[13]: https://www.ostechnix.com/check-weather-details-command-line-linux/ +[14]: https://www.ostechnix.com/cylon-deb-debian-linux-maintenance-program/ +[15]: https://github.com/gavinlyonsrepo/cylon From 429290251d78637ccb1ccc61baacf079b2e7e200 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 13:55:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0418/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md b/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md index f877964b5f..c62664da90 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 282bd926b8026b3eb809ce5a604ab58770ee171e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 14:50:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0419/1265] =?UTF-8?q?Revert=20"=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190?= =?UTF-8?q?617=20How=20To=20Find=20Linux=20System=20Details=20Using=20inxi?= =?UTF-8?q?"?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md | 608 ------------------ 1 file changed, 608 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190617 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190617 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md b/sources/tech/20190617 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0acb049b91..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190617 How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,608 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-your-system-details-using-inxi/) -[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) - -How To Find Linux System Details Using inxi -====== - -![find Linux system details using inxi][1] - -**Inxi** is a free, open source, and full featured command line system information tool. It shows system hardware, CPU, drivers, Xorg, Desktop, Kernel, GCC version(s), Processes, RAM usage, and a wide variety of other useful information. Be it a hard disk or CPU, mother board or the complete detail of the entire system, inxi will display it more accurately in seconds. Since it is CLI tool, you can use it in Desktop or server edition. Inxi is available in the default repositories of most Linux distributions and some BSD systems. - -### Install inxi - -**On Arch Linux and derivatives:** - -To install inxi in Arch Linux or its derivatives like Antergos, and Manajaro Linux, run: - -``` -$ sudo pacman -S inxi -``` - -Just in case if Inxi is not available in the default repositories, try to install it from AUR (It varies year to year) using any AUR helper programs. - -Using [**Yay**][2]: - -``` -$ yay -S inxi -``` - -**On Debian / Ubuntu and derivatives:** - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install inxi -``` - -**On Fedora / RHEL / CentOS / Scientific Linux:** - -inxi is available in the Fedora default repositories. So, just run the following command to install it straight away. - -``` -$ sudo dnf install inxi -``` - -In RHEL and its clones like CentOS and Scientific Linux, you need to add the EPEL repository and then install inxi. - -To install EPEL repository, just run: - -``` -$ sudo yum install epel-release -``` - -After installing EPEL repository, install inxi using command: - -``` -$ sudo yum install inxi -``` - -**On SUSE/openSUSE:** - -``` -$ sudo zypper install inxi -``` - -### Find Linux System Details Using inxi - -inxi will require some additional programs to operate properly. They will be installed along with inxi. However, in case if they are not installed automatically, you need to find and install them. - -To list all required programs, run: - -``` -$ inxi --recommends -``` - -If you see any missing programs, then install them before start using inxi. - -Now, let us see how to use it to reveal the Linux system details. inxi usage is pretty simple and straight forward. - -Open up your Terminal and run the following command to print a short summary of CPU, memory, hard drive and kernel information: - -``` -$ inxi -``` - -**Sample output:** - -``` -CPU: Dual Core Intel Core i3-2350M (-MT MCP-) speed/min/max: 798/800/2300 MHz -Kernel: 5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH x86_64 Up: 1h 31m Mem: 2800.5/7884.2 MiB (35.5%) -Storage: 465.76 GiB (80.8% used) Procs: 163 Shell: bash 5.0.7 inxi: 3.0.34 -``` - -[![Find Linux System Details Using inxi][1]][3] - -Find Linux System Details Using inxi - -As you can see, Inxi displays the following details of my Arch Linux desktop: - - 1. CPU type, - 2. CPU speed, - 3. Kernel details, - 4. Uptime, - 5. Memory details (Total and used memory), - 6. Hard disk size along with current usage, - 7. Procs, - 8. Default shell details, - 9. Inxi version. - - - -To display full summary, use **“-F”** switch as shown below. - -``` -$ inxi -F -``` - -**Sample output:** - -``` -System: Host: sk Kernel: 5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH x86_64 bits: 64 Desktop: Deepin 15.10.1 Distro: Arch Linux -Machine: Type: Portable System: Dell product: Inspiron N5050 v: N/A serial: - Mobo: Dell model: 01HXXJ v: A05 serial: BIOS: Dell v: A05 date: 08/03/2012 -Battery: ID-1: BAT0 charge: 39.0 Wh condition: 39.0/48.8 Wh (80%) -CPU: Topology: Dual Core model: Intel Core i3-2350M bits: 64 type: MT MCP L2 cache: 3072 KiB - Speed: 798 MHz min/max: 800/2300 MHz Core speeds (MHz): 1: 798 2: 798 3: 798 4: 798 -Graphics: Device-1: Intel 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics driver: i915 v: kernel - Display: x11 server: X.Org 1.20.4 driver: modesetting unloaded: vesa resolution: 1366x768~60Hz - Message: Unable to show advanced data. Required tool glxinfo missing. -Audio: Device-1: Intel 6 Series/C200 Series Family High Definition Audio driver: snd_hda_intel - Sound Server: ALSA v: k5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH -Network: Device-1: Realtek RTL810xE PCI Express Fast Ethernet driver: r8169 - IF: enp5s0 state: down mac: 45:c8:gh:89:b6:45 - Device-2: Qualcomm Atheros AR9285 Wireless Network Adapter driver: ath9k - IF: wlp9s0 state: up mac: c3:11:96:22:87:3g - Device-3: Qualcomm Atheros AR3011 Bluetooth type: USB driver: btusb -Drives: Local Storage: total: 465.76 GiB used: 376.31 GiB (80.8%) - ID-1: /dev/sda vendor: Seagate model: ST9500325AS size: 465.76 GiB -Partition: ID-1: / size: 456.26 GiB used: 376.25 GiB (82.5%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda2 - ID-2: /boot size: 92.8 MiB used: 62.9 MiB (67.7%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda1 - ID-3: swap-1 size: 2.00 GiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%) fs: swap dev: /dev/sda3 -Sensors: System Temperatures: cpu: 58.0 C mobo: N/A - Fan Speeds (RPM): cpu: 3445 -Info: Processes: 169 Uptime: 1h 38m Memory: 7.70 GiB used: 2.94 GiB (38.2%) Shell: bash inxi: 3.0.34 -``` - -Inxi used on IRC automatically filters out your network device MAC address, WAN and LAN IP, your /home username directory in partitions, and a few other items in order to maintain basic privacy and security. You can also trigger this filtering with the **-z** option like below. - -``` -$ inxi -Fz -``` - -To override the IRC filter, use the **-Z** option. - -``` -$ inxi -FZ -``` - -This can be useful in debugging network connection issues online in a private chat, for example. Please be very careful while using -Z option. It will display your MAC addresses. You shouldn’t share the results got with -Z option in public forums. - -##### Displaying device-specific details - -When running inxi without any options, you will get basic details of your system, such as CPU, Memory, Kernel, Uptime, harddisk etc. - -You can, of course, narrow down the result to show specific device details using various options. Inxi has numerous options (both uppercase and lowercase). - -First, we will see example commands for all uppercase options in alphabetical order. Some commands may require root/sudo privileges to get actual data. - -####### **Uppercase options** - -**1\. Display Audio/Sound card details** - -To show your audio and sound card(s) information with sound card driver, use **-A** option. - -``` -$ inxi -A -Audio: Device-1: Intel 6 Series/C200 Series Family High Definition Audio driver: snd_hda_intel - Sound Server: ALSA v: k5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH -``` - -**2\. Display Battery details** - -To show battery details of your system with current charge and condition, use **-B** option. - -``` -$ inxi -B -Battery: ID-1: BAT0 charge: 39.0 Wh condition: 39.0/48.8 Wh (80%) -``` - -**3\. Display CPU details** - -To show complete CPU details including no of cores, CPU model, CPU cache, CPU clock speed, CPU min/max speed etc., use **-C** option. - -``` -$ inxi -C -CPU: Topology: Dual Core model: Intel Core i3-2350M bits: 64 type: MT MCP L2 cache: 3072 KiB - Speed: 798 MHz min/max: 800/2300 MHz Core speeds (MHz): 1: 798 2: 798 3: 798 4: 798 -``` - -**4\. Display hard disk details** - -To show information about your hard drive, such as Disk type, vendor, device ID, model, disk size, total disk space, used percentage etc., use **-D** option. - -``` -$ inxi -D -Drives: Local Storage: total: 465.76 GiB used: 376.31 GiB (80.8%) - ID-1: /dev/sda vendor: Seagate model: ST9500325AS size: 465.76 GiB -``` - -**5\. Disply Graphics details** - -To show details about the graphics card, including details of grahics card, driver, vendor, display server, resolution etc., use **-G** option. - -``` -$ inxi -G -Graphics: Device-1: Intel 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics driver: i915 v: kernel - Display: x11 server: X.Org 1.20.4 driver: modesetting unloaded: vesa resolution: 1366x768~60Hz - Message: Unable to show advanced data. Required tool glxinfo missing. -``` - -**6\. Display details about processes, uptime, memory, inxi version** - -To show information about no of processes, total uptime, total memory with used memory, Shell details and inxi version etc., use **-I** option. - -``` -$ inxi -I -Info: Processes: 170 Uptime: 5h 47m Memory: 7.70 GiB used: 3.27 GiB (42.4%) Shell: bash inxi: 3.0.34 -``` - -**7\. Display Motherboard details** - -To show information about your machine details, manufacturer, motherboard, BIOS, use **-M** option. - -``` -$ inxi -M -Machine: Type: Portable System: Dell product: Inspiron N5050 v: N/A serial: - Mobo: Dell model: 034ygt v: A018 serial: BIOS: Dell v: A001 date: 09/04/2015 -``` - -**8\. Display network card details** - -To show information about your network card, including vendor, card driver and no of network interfaces etc., use **-N** option. - -``` -$ inxi -N -Network: Device-1: Realtek RTL810xE PCI Express Fast Ethernet driver: r8169 - Device-2: Qualcomm Atheros AR9285 Wireless Network Adapter driver: ath9k - Device-3: Qualcomm Atheros AR3011 Bluetooth type: USB driver: btusb -``` - -If you want to show the advanced details of the network cards, such as MAC address, speed and state of nic, use **-n** option. - -``` -$ inxi -n -``` - -Please careful sharing this details on public forum. - -**9\. Display Partition details** - -To display basic partition information, use **-P** option. - -``` -$ inxi -P -Partition: ID-1: / size: 456.26 GiB used: 376.25 GiB (82.5%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda2 - ID-2: /boot size: 92.8 MiB used: 62.9 MiB (67.7%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda1 - ID-3: swap-1 size: 2.00 GiB used: 0 KiB (0.0%) fs: swap dev: /dev/sda3 -``` - -To show full partition information including mount points, use **-p** option. - -``` -$ inxi -p -``` - -**10\. Display RAID details** - -To show RAID info, use **-R** option. - -``` -$ inxi -R -``` - -**11\. Display system details** - -To show Linux system information such as hostname, kernel, DE, OS version etc., use **-S** option. - -``` -$ inxi -S -System: Host: sk Kernel: 5.1.2-arch1-1-ARCH x86_64 bits: 64 Desktop: Deepin 15.10.1 Distro: Arch Linux -``` - -**12\. Displaying weather details** - -Inixi is not just for finding hardware details. It is useful for getting other stuffs too. - -For example, you can display the weather details of a given location. To do so, run inxi with **-W** option like below. - -``` -$ inxi -W 95623,us -Weather: Temperature: 21.1 C (70 F) Conditions: Scattered clouds Current Time: Tue 11 Jun 2019 04:34:35 AM PDT - Source: WeatherBit.io -``` - -Please note that you should use only ASCII letters in city/state/country names to get valid results. - -####### Lowercase options - -**1\. Display basic system details** - -To show only the basic summary of your system details, use **-b** option. - -``` -$ inxi -b -``` - -Alternatively, you can use this command: - -Both servers the same purpose. - -``` -$ inxi -v 2 -``` - -**2\. Set color scheme** - -We can set different color schemes for inxi output using **-c** option. Yu can set color scheme number from **0** to **42**. If no scheme number is supplied, **0** is assumed. - -Here is inxi output with and without **-c** option. - -[![inxi output without color scheme][1]][4] - -inxi output without color scheme - -As you can see, when we run inxi with -c option, the color scheme is disabled. The -c option is useful to turnoff colored output when redirecting clean output without escape codes to a text file. - -Similarly, we can use other color scheme values. - -``` -$ inxi -c10 - -$ inxi -c42 -``` - -**3\. Display optical drive details** - -We can show the optical drive data details along with local hard drive details using **-d** option. - -``` -$ inxi -d -Drives: Local Storage: total: 465.76 GiB used: 376.31 GiB (80.8%) - ID-1: /dev/sda vendor: Seagate model: ST9500325AS size: 465.76 GiB - Optical-1: /dev/sr0 vendor: PLDS model: DVD+-RW DS-8A8SH dev-links: cdrom - Features: speed: 24 multisession: yes audio: yes dvd: yes rw: cd-r,cd-rw,dvd-r,dvd-ram -``` - -**4\. Display all CPU flags** - -To show all CPU flags used, run: - -``` -$ inxi -f -``` - -**5\. Display IP details** - -To show WAN and local ip address along network card details such as device vendor, driver, mac, state etc., use **-i** option. - -``` -$ inxi -i -``` - -**6\. Display partition labels** - -If you have set labels for the partitions, you can view them using **-l** option. - -``` -$ inxi -l -``` - -You can also view the labels of all partitions along with mountpoints using command: - -``` -$ inxi -pl -``` - -**7\. Display Memory details** - -We can display memory details such as total size of installed RAM, how much memory is used, no of available DIMM slots, total size of supported RAM, how much RAM is currently installed in each slots etc., using **-m** option. - -``` -$ sudo inxi -m -[sudo] password for sk: -Memory: RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.26 GiB (29.3%) - Array-1: capacity: 16 GiB slots: 2 EC: None - Device-1: DIMM_A size: 4 GiB speed: 1067 MT/s - Device-2: DIMM_B size: 4 GiB speed: 1067 MT/s -``` - -**8\. Display unmounted partition details** - -To show unmounted partition details, use **-o** option. - -``` -$ inxi -o -``` - -If there were no unmounted partitions in your system, you will see an output something like below. - -``` -Unmounted: Message: No unmounted partitions found. -``` - -**9\. Display list of repositories** - -To display the the list of repositories in your system, use **-r** option. - -``` -$ inxi -r -``` - -**Sample output:** - -``` -Repos: Active apt sources in file: /etc/apt/sources.list -deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted -deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted -deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe -deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe -deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse -deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse -deb http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse -deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main restricted -deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security universe -deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security multiverse -``` - -* * * - -**Suggested read:** - - * [**How To Find The List Of Installed Repositories From Commandline In Linux**][5] - - - -* * * - -**10\. Show system temperature, fan speed details** - -Inxi is capable to find motherboard/CPU/GPU temperatures and fan speed. - -``` -$ inxi -s -Sensors: System Temperatures: cpu: 60.0 C mobo: N/A - Fan Speeds (RPM): cpu: 3456 -``` - -Please note that Inxi requires sensors to find the system temperature. Make sure **lm_sensors** is installed and correctly configured in your system. For more details about lm_sensors, check the following guide. - - * [**How To View CPU Temperature On Linux**][6] - - - -**11\. Display details about processes** - -To show the list processes top 5 processes which are consuming most CPU and Memory, simply run: - -``` -$ inxi -t -Processes: CPU top: 5 - 1: cpu: 14.3% command: firefox pid: 15989 - 2: cpu: 10.5% command: firefox pid: 13487 - 3: cpu: 7.1% command: firefox pid: 15062 - 4: cpu: 3.1% command: xorg pid: 13493 - 5: cpu: 3.0% command: firefox pid: 14954 - System RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.99 GiB (38.8%) - Memory top: 5 - 1: mem: 1115.8 MiB (14.1%) command: firefox pid: 15989 - 2: mem: 606.6 MiB (7.6%) command: firefox pid: 13487 - 3: mem: 339.3 MiB (4.3%) command: firefox pid: 13630 - 4: mem: 303.1 MiB (3.8%) command: firefox pid: 18617 - 5: mem: 260.1 MiB (3.2%) command: firefox pid: 15062 -``` - -We can also sort this output by either CPU usage or Memory usage. - -For instance, to find the which top 5 processes are consuming most memory, use the following command: - -``` -$ inxi -t m -Processes: System RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.73 GiB (35.4%) - Memory top: 5 - 1: mem: 966.1 MiB (12.2%) command: firefox pid: 15989 - 2: mem: 468.2 MiB (5.9%) command: firefox pid: 13487 - 3: mem: 347.9 MiB (4.4%) command: firefox pid: 13708 - 4: mem: 306.7 MiB (3.8%) command: firefox pid: 13630 - 5: mem: 247.2 MiB (3.1%) command: firefox pid: 15062 -``` - -To sort the top 5 processes based on CPU usage, run: - -``` -$ inxi -t c -Processes: CPU top: 5 - 1: cpu: 14.9% command: firefox pid: 15989 - 2: cpu: 10.6% command: firefox pid: 13487 - 3: cpu: 7.0% command: firefox pid: 15062 - 4: cpu: 3.1% command: xorg pid: 13493 - 5: cpu: 2.9% command: firefox pid: 14954 -``` - -Bydefault, Inxi will display the top 5 processes. You can change the number of processes, for example 10, like below. - -``` -$ inxi -t cm10 -Processes: CPU top: 10 - 1: cpu: 14.9% command: firefox pid: 15989 - 2: cpu: 10.6% command: firefox pid: 13487 - 3: cpu: 7.0% command: firefox pid: 15062 - 4: cpu: 3.1% command: xorg pid: 13493 - 5: cpu: 2.9% command: firefox pid: 14954 - 6: cpu: 2.8% command: firefox pid: 13630 - 7: cpu: 1.8% command: firefox pid: 18325 - 8: cpu: 1.4% command: firefox pid: 18617 - 9: cpu: 1.3% command: firefox pid: 13708 - 10: cpu: 0.8% command: firefox pid: 14427 - System RAM: total: 7.70 GiB used: 2.92 GiB (37.9%) - Memory top: 10 - 1: mem: 1160.9 MiB (14.7%) command: firefox pid: 15989 - 2: mem: 475.1 MiB (6.0%) command: firefox pid: 13487 - 3: mem: 353.4 MiB (4.4%) command: firefox pid: 13708 - 4: mem: 308.0 MiB (3.9%) command: firefox pid: 13630 - 5: mem: 269.6 MiB (3.4%) command: firefox pid: 15062 - 6: mem: 249.3 MiB (3.1%) command: firefox pid: 14427 - 7: mem: 238.5 MiB (3.0%) command: firefox pid: 14954 - 8: mem: 208.2 MiB (2.6%) command: firefox pid: 18325 - 9: mem: 194.0 MiB (2.4%) command: firefox pid: 18617 - 10: mem: 143.6 MiB (1.8%) command: firefox pid: 23960 -``` - -The above command will display the top 10 processes that consumes the most CPU and Memory. - -To display only top10 based on memory usage, run: - -``` -$ inxi -t m10 -``` - -**12\. Display partition UUID details** - -To show partition UUIDs ( **U** niversally **U** nique **Id** entifier), use **-u** option. - -``` -$ inxi -u -``` - -There are much more options are yet to be covered. But, these are just enough to get almost all details of your Linux box. - -For more details and options, refer the man page. - -``` -$ man inxi -``` - -* * * - -**Related read:** - - * **[Neofetch – Display your Linux system’s information][7]** - - - -* * * - -The primary purpose of Inxi tool is to use in IRC or forum support. If you are looking for any help via a forum or website where someone is asking the specification of your system, just run this command, and copy/paste the output. - -**Resources:** - - * [**Inxi GitHub Repository**][8] - * [**Inxi home page**][9] - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-your-system-details-using-inxi/ - -作者：[sk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7 -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/ -[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Find-Linux-System-Details-Using-inxi.png -[4]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/inxi-output-without-color-scheme.png -[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/find-list-installed-repositories-commandline-linux/ -[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/view-cpu-temperature-linux/ -[7]: http://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/ -[8]: https://github.com/smxi/inxi -[9]: http://smxi.org/docs/inxi.htm From 3f6a1fc6a49badcceb8f406046e2901f36974e4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LazyWolf Lin Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 15:08:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0420/1265] Translating Looking into Linux modules. --- .../20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md | 219 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 219 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md b/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e059000287 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (LazyWolfLin) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Looking into Linux modules) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391362/looking-into-linux-modules.html#tk.rss_all) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +深入学习 Linux 内核模块 +====== +The lsmod command can tell you which kernel modules are currently loaded on your system, along with some interesting details about their use. +![Rob Oo \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] + +### 什么是 Linux 内核模块？ + +Kernel modules are chunks of code that are loaded and unloaded into the kernel as needed, thus extending the functionality of the kernel without requiring a reboot. In fact, unless users inquire about modules using commands like **lsmod** , they won't likely know that anything has changed. + +One important thing to understand is that there are _lots_ of modules that will be in use on your Linux system at all times and that a lot of details are available if you're tempted to dive into the details. + +One of the prime ways that lsmod is used is to examine modules when a system isn't working properly. However, most of the time, modules load as needed and users don't need to be aware of how they are working. + +**[ Also see:[Must-know Linux Commands][2] ]** + +### 列出内核模块 + +The easiest way to list modules is with the **lsmod** command. While this command provides a lot of detail, this is the most user-friendly output. + +``` +$ lsmod +Module Size Used by +snd_hda_codec_realtek 114688 1 +snd_hda_codec_generic 77824 1 snd_hda_codec_realtek +ledtrig_audio 16384 2 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_realtek +snd_hda_codec_hdmi 53248 1 +snd_hda_intel 40960 2 +snd_hda_codec 131072 4 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel + ,snd_hda_codec_realtek +snd_hda_core 86016 5 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel + ,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_codec_realtek +snd_hwdep 20480 1 snd_hda_codec +snd_pcm 102400 4 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda + _core +snd_seq_midi 20480 0 +snd_seq_midi_event 16384 1 snd_seq_midi +dcdbas 20480 0 +snd_rawmidi 36864 1 snd_seq_midi +snd_seq 69632 2 snd_seq_midi,snd_seq_midi_event +coretemp 20480 0 +snd_seq_device 16384 3 snd_seq,snd_seq_midi,snd_rawmidi +snd_timer 36864 2 snd_seq,snd_pcm +kvm_intel 241664 0 +kvm 626688 1 kvm_intel +radeon 1454080 10 +irqbypass 16384 1 kvm +joydev 24576 0 +input_leds 16384 0 +ttm 102400 1 radeon +drm_kms_helper 180224 1 radeon +drm 475136 13 drm_kms_helper,radeon,ttm +snd 81920 15 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_seq,snd_seq_device,snd_hda + _codec_hdmi,snd_hwdep,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd + _hda_codec_realtek,snd_timer,snd_pcm,snd_rawmidi +i2c_algo_bit 16384 1 radeon +fb_sys_fops 16384 1 drm_kms_helper +syscopyarea 16384 1 drm_kms_helper +serio_raw 20480 0 +sysfillrect 16384 1 drm_kms_helper +sysimgblt 16384 1 drm_kms_helper +soundcore 16384 1 snd +mac_hid 16384 0 +sch_fq_codel 20480 2 +parport_pc 40960 0 +ppdev 24576 0 +lp 20480 0 +parport 53248 3 parport_pc,lp,ppdev +ip_tables 28672 0 +x_tables 40960 1 ip_tables +autofs4 45056 2 +raid10 57344 0 +raid456 155648 0 +async_raid6_recov 24576 1 raid456 +async_memcpy 20480 2 raid456,async_raid6_recov +async_pq 24576 2 raid456,async_raid6_recov +async_xor 20480 3 async_pq,raid456,async_raid6_recov +async_tx 20480 5 async_pq,async_memcpy,async_xor,raid456,async_raid6_re + cov +xor 24576 1 async_xor +raid6_pq 114688 3 async_pq,raid456,async_raid6_recov +libcrc32c 16384 1 raid456 +raid1 45056 0 +raid0 24576 0 +multipath 20480 0 +linear 20480 0 +hid_generic 16384 0 +psmouse 151552 0 +i2c_i801 32768 0 +pata_acpi 16384 0 +lpc_ich 24576 0 +usbhid 53248 0 +hid 126976 2 usbhid,hid_generic +e1000e 245760 0 +floppy 81920 0 +``` + +In the output above: + + * "Module" shows the name of each module + * "Size" shows the module size (not how much memory it is using) + * "Used by" shows each module's usage count and the referring modules + + + +Clearly, that's a _lot_ of modules. The number of modules loaded will depend on your system and distribution and what's running. We can count them like this: + +``` +$ lsmod | wc -l +67 +``` + +To see the number of modules available on the system (not just running), try this command: + +``` +$ modprobe -c | wc -l +41272 +``` + +### 与内核模块相关的其他命令 + +Linux provides several commands for listing, loading and unloading, examining, and checking the status of modules. + + * depmod -- generates modules.dep and map files + * insmod -- a simple program to insert a module into the Linux Kernel + * lsmod -- show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel + * modinfo -- show information about a Linux Kernel module + * modprobe -- add and remove modules from the Linux Kernel + * rmmod -- a simple program to remove a module from the Linux Kernel + + + +### 列出内置的内核模块 + +As mentioned above, the **lsmod** command is the most convenient command for listing modules. There are, however, other ways to examine them. The modules.builtin file lists all modules that are built into the kernel and is used by modprobe when trying to load one of these modules. Note that **$(uname -r)** in the commands below provides the name of the kernel release. + +``` +$ more /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.builtin | head -10 +kernel/arch/x86/crypto/crc32c-intel.ko +kernel/arch/x86/events/intel/intel-uncore.ko +kernel/arch/x86/platform/intel/iosf_mbi.ko +kernel/mm/zpool.ko +kernel/mm/zbud.ko +kernel/mm/zsmalloc.ko +kernel/fs/binfmt_script.ko +kernel/fs/mbcache.ko +kernel/fs/configfs/configfs.ko +kernel/fs/crypto/fscrypto.ko +``` + +You can get some additional detail on a module by using the **modinfo** command, though nothing that qualifies as an easy explanation of what service the module provides. The omitted details from the output below include a lengthy signature. + +``` +$ modinfo floppy | head -16 +filename: /lib/modules/5.0.0-13-generic/kernel/drivers/block/floppy.ko +alias: block-major-2-* +license: GPL +author: Alain L. Knaff +srcversion: EBEAA26742DF61790588FD9 +alias: acpi*:PNP0700:* +alias: pnp:dPNP0700* +depends: +retpoline: Y +intree: Y +name: floppy +vermagic: 5.0.0-13-generic SMP mod_unload +sig_id: PKCS#7 +signer: +sig_key: +sig_hashalgo: md4 +``` + +You can load or unload a module using the **modprobe** command. Using a command like the one below, you can locate the kernel object associated with a particular module: + +``` +$ find /lib/modules/$(uname -r) -name floppy* +/lib/modules/5.0.0-13-generic/kernel/drivers/block/floppy.ko +``` + +If you needed to load the module, you could use a command like this one: + +``` +$ sudo modprobe floppy +``` + +### 总结一下 + +Clearly the loading and unloading of modules is a big deal. It makes Linux systems considerably more flexible and efficient than if they ran with a one-size-fits-all kernel. It also means you can make significant changes — including adding hardware — without rebooting. + +**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][3] ]** + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391362/looking-into-linux-modules.html#tk.rss_all + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[LazyWolfLin](https://github.com/LazyWolfLin) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/04/modules-100794941-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391029/must-know-linux-commands.html +[3]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua +[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 4fe42163ddd83d181b6a2263651dbcdea2674790 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lingxu Meng Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 20:26:08 +1000 Subject: [PATCH 0421/1265] Update 20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md --- .../20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md b/sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md index b164436bba..7bdb9448f8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (Modrisco) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-lin 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/Modrisco) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1d33df0dfc31872dd6614f162d3e061d6c8ac722 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 19:30:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0422/1265] PRF:20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md @wxy --- ...0914 A day in the life of a log message.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md b/translated/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md index 07b1c3b1fa..3c86e1e815 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -日志消息的一日之旅 +一条日志消息的现代生活 ====== > 从一条日志消息的角度来巡览现代分布式系统。 -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/plane_travel_world_international.png?itok=jG3sYPty) +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/18/193030frxkcoccjhorz42o.jpg) -混沌系统往往是不可预测的。在构建像分布式系统这样复杂的东西时，这一点尤其明显。如果不加以控制，这种不可预测性会无止境的浪费时间。这就是为什么分布式系统的每个组件，无论多小，都必须设计成以简化的方式组合在一起。 +混沌系统往往是不可预测的。在构建像分布式系统这样复杂的东西时，这一点尤其明显。如果不加以控制，这种不可预测性会无止境的浪费时间。因此，分布式系统的每个组件，无论多小，都必须设计成以简化的方式组合在一起。 -[Kubernetes][1] 为抽象计算资源提供了一个很有前景的模型 —— 但即使是它也必须与 [Apache Kafka][2] 等其他分布式平台协调一致，以确保可靠的数据传输。如果有人要整合这两个平台，它会如何运作？此外，如果你通过这样的系统跟踪像日志消息这么简单的东西，它会是什么样子？本文将重点介绍来自[OKD][3] 内运行的应用程序的日志消息如何通过 Kafka 进入数据仓库（OKD 是为 Red Hat OpenShift 提供支持的 Kubernetes 的原初社区发行版）。 +[Kubernetes][1] 为抽象计算资源提供了一个很有前景的模型 —— 但即使是它也必须与其他分布式平台（如 [Apache Kafka][2]）协调一致，以确保可靠的数据传输。如果有人要整合这两个平台，它会如何运作？此外，如果你通过这样的系统跟踪像日志消息这么简单的东西，它会是什么样子？本文将重点介绍来自在 [OKD][3] 内运行的应用程序的日志消息如何通过 Kafka 进入数据仓库（OKD 是为 Red Hat OpenShift 提供支持的 Kubernetes 的原初社区发行版）。 ### OKD 定义的环境 @@ -15,25 +15,25 @@ ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/logmessagepathway.png) -在 OpenShift 中，一个或多个容器封装在称为 pod 的虚拟计算节点中。实际上，在 OKD 中运行的所有应用程序都被抽象为 pod（豆荚）。这允许应用程序以统一的方式操纵。这也大大简化了分布式组件之间的通信，因为 pod 可以通过 IP 地址和[负载均衡服务][5]系统地寻址。因此，当日志消息由日志收集器应用程序从节点的文件系统获取时，它可以很容易地传递到在 OpenShift 中运行的另一个 pod。 +在 OpenShift 中，一个或多个容器封装在称为 pod（豆荚）的虚拟计算节点中。实际上，在 OKD 中运行的所有应用程序都被抽象为 pod。这允许应用程序以统一的方式操纵。这也大大简化了分布式组件之间的通信，因为 pod 可以通过 IP 地址和[负载均衡服务][5]进行系统寻址。因此，当日志消息由日志收集器应用程序从节点的文件系统获取时，它可以很容易地传递到在 OpenShift 中运行的另一个 pod 中。 ### 在豆荚里的两个豌豆 -为了确保可以在整个分布式系统中无处不在地传播日志消息，日志收集器需要将日志消息传递到在 OpenShift 中运行的 Kafka 集群数据中心。通过 Kafka，日志消息可以以可靠且容错的方式低延迟传递给消费应用程序。但是，为了在 OKD 定义的环境中获得 Kafka 的好处，Kafka 需要完全集成到 OKD 中。 +为了确保可以在整个分布式系统中四处传播日志消息，日志收集器需要将日志消息传递到在 OpenShift 中运行的 Kafka 集群数据中心。通过 Kafka，日志消息可以以可靠且容错的方式低延迟传递给消费应用程序。但是，为了在 OKD 定义的环境中获得 Kafka 的好处，Kafka 需要完全集成到 OKD 中。 -运行 [Strimzi 操作子][6]将实例化所有 Kafka 组件为 pod，并将它们集成在 OKD 环境中运行。 这包括用于排队日志消息的 Kafka 代理，用于从 Kafka 代理读取和写入的 Kafka 连接器，以及用于管理 Kafka 集群状态的 Zookeeper 节点。Strimzi 还可以将日志收集器双实例化作为 Kafka 连接器，允许日志收集器将日志消息直接提供给在 OKD 中运行的 Kafka 代理 pod。 +运行 [Strimzi 操作子][6]将所有 Kafka 组件实例化为 pod，并将它们集成在 OKD 环境中运行。 这包括用于排队日志消息的 Kafka 代理，用于从 Kafka 代理读取和写入的 Kafka 连接器，以及用于管理 Kafka 集群状态的 Zookeeper 节点。Strimzi 还可以将日志收集器实例化兼做 Kafka 连接器，允许日志收集器将日志消息直接提供给在 OKD 中运行的 Kafka 代理 pod。 ### 在 OKD 内的 Kafka 当日志收集器 pod 将日志消息传递给 Kafka 代理时，收集器会写到单个代理分区，并将日志消息附加到该分区的末尾。使用 Kafka 的一个优点是它将日志收集器与日志的最终目标分离。由于解耦，日志收集器不关心日志最后是放在 [Elasticsearch][7]、Hadoop、Amazon S3 中的某个还是全都。Kafka 与所有基础设施连接良好，因此 Kafka 连接器可以在任何需要的地方获取日志消息。 -一旦写入 Kafka 代理的分区，该日志消息就会在 Kafka 集群内的代理分区中复制。这是它的一个非常强大的概念；结合平台的自愈功能，它创建了一个非常灵活的分布式系统。例如，当节点变得不可用时，节点上运行的应用程序几乎立即在健康节点上生成。因此，即使带有 Kafka 代理的节点丢失或损坏，日志消息也能保证存活在必要多的节点上，并且新的 Kafka 代理将快速原位取代。 +一旦写入 Kafka 代理的分区，该日志消息就会在 Kafka 集群内的跨代理分区复制。这是它的一个非常强大的概念；结合平台的自愈功能，它创建了一个非常有弹性的分布式系统。例如，当节点变得不可用时，（故障）节点上运行的应用程序几乎立即在健康节点上生成。因此，即使带有 Kafka 代理的节点丢失或损坏，日志消息也能保证存活在尽可能多的节点上，并且新的 Kafka 代理将快速原位取代。 ### 存储起来 -在日志消息被提交到 Kafka 主题后，它将等待 Kafka 连接器接收器使用它，该接收器将日志消息中继到分析引擎或日志记录仓库。在传递到其最终目的地时，可以分析日志消息以进行异常检测，可以查询日志以立即进行根本原因分析，或用于其他目的。无论哪种方式，日志消息都由 Kafka 以安全可靠的方式传送到目的地。 +在日志消息被提交到 Kafka 主题后，它将等待 Kafka 连接器使用它，该连接器将日志消息中继到分析引擎或日志记录仓库。在传递到其最终目的地时，可以分析日志消息以进行异常检测，也可以查询日志以立即进行根本原因分析，或用于其他目的。无论哪种方式，日志消息都由 Kafka 以安全可靠的方式传送到目的地。 -OKD 和 Kafka 是正在迅速发展的功能强大的分布式平台。创建能够在不影响性能的情况下抽象出分布式计算的复杂特性的系统至关重要。毕竟，如果我们不能简化单条日志消息的旅程，我们怎么能夸耀全系统的效率呢？ +OKD 和 Kafka 是正在迅速发展的功能强大的分布式平台。创建能够在不影响性能的情况下抽象出分布式计算的复杂特性的系统至关重要。毕竟，如果我们不能简化单一日志消息的旅程，我们怎么能夸耀全系统的效率呢？ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/life-log-message 作者：[Josef Karásek][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4a322155237deea2251575ed17547e70d536248b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 18 Jun 2019 19:30:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0423/1265] PUB:20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10990-1.html --- .../20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md b/published/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md rename to published/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md From 8be2e3258a80941f7caeea9f6c26d3f05d107cf0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 00:13:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0424/1265] APL:20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more --- ...for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md b/sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md index 96b5a06100..4bfb5f37f1 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 2f34c6f576ddf9bff3af6aa3b8456581e8ad8ddf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 00:40:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0425/1265] TSL:20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md --- ...music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md | 93 ------------------ ...music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 93 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md b/sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4bfb5f37f1..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,93 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Open hardware for musicians and music lovers: Headphone, amps, and more) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/hardware-music) -[#]: author: (Michael Weinberg https://opensource.com/users/mweinberg) - -Open hardware for musicians and music lovers: Headphone, amps, and more -====== -From 3D-printed instruments to devices that pull sound out of the air, -there are plenty of ways to create music with open hardware projects. -![][1] - -The world is full of great [open source music players][2], but why stop at using open source just to _play_ music? You can also use open source hardware to make music. All of the instruments described in this article are [certified by the Open Source Hardware Association][3] (OSHWA). That means you are free to build upon them, remix them, or do anything else with them. - -### Open source instruments - -Instruments are always a good place to start when you want to make music. If your instrument choices lean towards the more traditional, the [F-F-Fiddle][4] may be the one for you. - -![F-f-fiddle][5] - -The F-F-Fiddle is a full-sized electric violin that you can make with a standard desktop 3D printer ([fused filament fabrication][6]—get it?). If you need to see it to believe it, here is a video of the F-F-Fiddle in action: - -Mastered the fiddle and interested in something a bit more exotic? How about the [Open Theremin][7]? - -![Open Theremin][8] - -Like all theremins, Open Theremin lets you play music without touching the instrument. It is, of course, especially good at making [creepy space sounds][9] for your next sci-fi video or space-themed party. - -The [Waft][10] operates similarly by allowing you to control sounds remotely. It uses [Lidar][11] to measure the distance of your hand from the sensor. Check it out: - -Is the Waft a theremin? I'm not sure—theremin pedants should weigh in below in the comments. - -If theremins are too well-known for you, [SIGNUM][12] may be just what you are looking for. In the words of its developers, SIGNUM "uncovers the encrypted codes of information and the language of man/machine communication" by turning invisible wireless communications into audible signals. - -![SIGNUM][13] - -Here is in action: - -### Inputs - -Regardless of what instrument you use, you will need to plug it into something. If you want that something to be a Raspberry Pi, try the [AudioSense-Pi][14], which allows you to connect multiple inputs and outputs to your Pi at once. - -![AudioSense-Pi][15] - -### Synths - -What about synthesizers? SparkFun's [SparkPunk Sound Kit][16] is a simple synth that gives you lots of room to play. - -![SparkFun SparkPunk Sound Kit][17] - -### Headphones - -Making all this music is great, but you also need to think about how you will listen to it. Fortunately, [EQ-1 headphones][18] are open source and 3D-printable. - -![EQ-1 headphones][19] - -Are you making music with open source hardware? Let us know in the comments! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/hardware-music - -作者：[Michael Weinberg][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mweinberg -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LIFE_musicinfinity.png?itok=7LkfjcS9 -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/audio-players-linux -[3]: https://certification.oshwa.org/ -[4]: https://certification.oshwa.org/us000010.html -[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/f-f-fiddle.png (F-f-fiddle) -[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_filament_fabrication -[7]: https://certification.oshwa.org/ch000001.html -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/open-theremin.png (Open Theremin) -[9]: https://youtu.be/p05ZSHRYXVA?t=771 -[10]: https://certification.oshwa.org/uk000005.html -[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar -[12]: https://certification.oshwa.org/es000003.html -[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/signum.png (SIGNUM) -[14]: https://certification.oshwa.org/in000007.html -[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/audiosense-pi.png (AudioSense-Pi) -[16]: https://certification.oshwa.org/us000016.html -[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/sparkpunksoundkit.png (SparkFun SparkPunk Sound Kit) -[18]: https://certification.oshwa.org/us000038.html -[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/eq-1-headphones.png (EQ-1 headphones) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md b/translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d81d9e27d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Open hardware for musicians and music lovers: Headphone, amps, and more) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/hardware-music) +[#]: author: (Michael Weinberg https://opensource.com/users/mweinberg) + +音乐家和音乐爱好者的开放硬件：耳机、放大器等 +====== + +从 3D 打印乐器到将隔空播放声音的设备，有很多可以通过开放硬件项目来制造音乐的方法。 + +![][1] + +这个世界到处都是很棒的[开源音乐播放器][2]，但为什么只是将开源用在播放音乐上呢？你还可以使用开源硬件制造音乐。本文中描述的所有工具都是经过了[开源硬件协会][3]（OSHWA）认证的。这意味着你可以自由地构建它们，重新组合它们，或者用它们做任何其他事情。 + +### 开源乐器 + +当你想制作音乐时，乐器始终是一个好的起点。如果你更倾向于传统的的乐器，那么[F-F-Fiddle][4]可能适合你。 + +![F-f-fiddle][5] + +F-F-Fiddle 是一款全尺寸电子小提琴，你可以使用标准桌面 3D 打印机制作（[熔丝制造][6]）。如果你觉得眼见为真，那么这里有一个 F-F-Fiddle 的视频： https://youtu.be/8NDWVcJJS2Y + +精通小提琴，但还对一些更具异国情调的东西感兴趣？[开源特雷门琴][7]Open Theremin怎么样？ + +![Open Theremin][8] + +与所有特雷门琴一样，开源特雷门琴可让你在不触碰乐器的情况下播放音乐。当然，它特别擅长为你的下一个科幻视频或空间主题派对制作[令人毛骨悚然的空间声音][9]。 + +[Waft][10] 的操作类似，也可以远程控制声音。它使用[激光雷达][11]来测量手与传感器的距离。看看这个： https://vimeo.com/203705197 + +Waft 是特雷门琴吗？我不确定算不算，特雷门琴高手可以在下面的评论里发表一下看法。 + +如果特雷门琴对你来说太熟悉了，[SIGNUM][12]可能就是你想要的。用其开发人员的话说，SIGNUM 通过将不可见的无线通信转换为可听信号来“揭示加密的信息代码和人/机通信的语言”。 + +![SIGNUM][13] + +这是演示： https://vimeo.com/142831757 + + +### 输入 + +无论你使用什么乐器，都需要将其插入某些东西。如果你想要连接到树莓派，请尝试 [AudioSense-Pi][14]，它允许你一次将多个输入和输出连接到你的树莓派。 + +![AudioSense-Pi][15] + +### 合成器 + +合成器怎么样？SparkFun 的 [SparkPunk Sound Kit][16] 是一个简单的合成器，为你提供了很多音色。 + +![SparkFun SparkPunk Sound Kit][17] + +### 耳机 + +制作所有这些音乐很棒，但你还需要考虑如何听它。幸运的是，[EQ-1耳机][18]是开源和可以 3D 打印的。 + +![EQ-1 headphones][19] + +你用开源硬件制作音乐吗？让我们在评论中知道！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/hardware-music + +作者：[Michael Weinberg][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mweinberg +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LIFE_musicinfinity.png?itok=7LkfjcS9 +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/audio-players-linux +[3]: https://certification.oshwa.org/ +[4]: https://certification.oshwa.org/us000010.html +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/f-f-fiddle.png (F-f-fiddle) +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_filament_fabrication +[7]: https://certification.oshwa.org/ch000001.html +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/open-theremin.png (Open Theremin) +[9]: https://youtu.be/p05ZSHRYXVA?t=771 +[10]: https://certification.oshwa.org/uk000005.html +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar +[12]: https://certification.oshwa.org/es000003.html +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/signum.png (SIGNUM) +[14]: https://certification.oshwa.org/in000007.html +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/audiosense-pi.png (AudioSense-Pi) +[16]: https://certification.oshwa.org/us000016.html +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/sparkpunksoundkit.png (SparkFun SparkPunk Sound Kit) +[18]: https://certification.oshwa.org/us000038.html +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/eq-1-headphones.png (EQ-1 headphones) From 378d4bd251b3b7c9777c300dc2df5b546e63a22c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 08:40:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0426/1265] translated --- ...ay Linux system Information In Terminal.md | 229 ----------------- ...ay Linux system Information In Terminal.md | 230 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 230 insertions(+), 229 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md deleted file mode 100644 index b09442ed83..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,229 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Neofetch – Display Linux system Information In Terminal) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/) -[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) - -Neofetch – Display Linux system Information In Terminal -====== - -![Display Linux system information using Neofetch][1] - -**Neofetch** is a simple, yet useful command line system information utility written in **Bash**. It gathers information about your system’s software and hardware and displays the result in the Terminal. By default, the system information will be displayed alongside your operating system’s logo. However, you can further customize it to use an **ascii image** or any image of your choice instead of the OS logo. You can also configure Neofetch to display which information, where and when that information should be displayed. Neofetch is mainly developed to be used in screenshots of your system information. It supports Linux, BSD, Mac OS X, iOS, and Windows operating systems. In this brief tutorial, let us see how to display Linux system information using Neofetch. - -### Install Neofetch - -Neofetch is available in the default repositories of most Linux distributions. - -On Arch Linux and its variants, install it using command: - -``` -$ sudo pacman -S netofetch -``` - -On Debian (Stretch / Sid): - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install neofetch -``` - -On Fedora 27: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install neofetch -``` - -On RHEL, CentOS: - -Enable EPEL Repository: - -``` -# yum install epel-relase -``` - -Fetch the neofetch repository: - -``` -# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/konimex-neofetch-epel-7.repo -https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/konimex/neofetch/repo/epel-7/konimex-neofetch-epel-7.repo -``` - -Then, install Neofetch: - -``` -# yum install neofetch -``` - -On Ubuntu 17.10 and newer versions: - -``` -$ sudo apt-get install neofetch -``` - -On Ubuntu 16.10 and lower versions: - -``` -$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dawidd0811/neofetch - -$ sudo apt update - -$ sudo apt install neofetch -``` - -On NixOS: - -``` -$ nix-env -i neofetch -``` - -### Display Linux system Information Using Neofetch - -Neofetch is pretty easy and straightforward. Let us see some examples. - -Open up your Terminal, and run the following command: - -``` -$ neofetch -``` - -**Sample output:** - -![][2] - -Display Linux system Information Using Neofetch - -As you can see in the above output, Neofetch is displaying the following details of my Arch Linux system: - - * Name of the installed operating system, - * Laptop model, - * Kernel details, - * System uptime, - * Number of installed packages by default and other package managers, - * Default Shell, - * Screen resolution, - * Desktop environment, - * Window manager, - * Window manager’s theme, - * System theme, - * System Icons, - * Default Terminal, - * CPU type, - * GPU type, - * Installed memory. - - - -Neofetch has plenty of other options too. We will see some of them. - -##### How to use custom imagess in Neofetch output? - -By default, Neofetch will display your OS logo along with the system information. You can, of course, change the image as you wish. - -In order to display images, your Linux system should have the following dependencies installed: - - 1. **w3m-img** (It is required to display images. w3m-img is sometimes bundled together with **w3m** package), - 2. **Imagemagick** (required for thumbnail creation), - 3. A terminal that supports **\033[14t** or **xdotool** or **xwininfo + xprop** or **xwininfo + xdpyinfo**. - - - -W3m-img and ImageMagick packages are available in the default repositories of most Linux distributions. So you can install them using your distribution’s default package manager. - -For instance, run the following command to install w3m-img and ImageMagick on Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint: - -``` -$ sudo apt install w3m-img imagemagick -``` - -Here is the list of Terminal Emulators with **w3m-img** support: - - 1. Gnome-terminal, - 2. Konsole, - 3. st, - 4. Terminator, - 5. Termite, - 6. URxvt, - 7. Xfce4-Terminal, - 8. Xterm - - - -If you have **kitty** , **Terminology** and **iTerm** terminal emulators on your system, you don’t need to install w3m-img. - -Now, run the following command to display your system’s information with a custom image: - -``` -$ neofetch --w3m /home/sk/Pictures/image.png -``` - -Or, - -``` -$ neofetch --w3m --source /home/sk/Pictures/image.png -``` - -Sample output: - -![][3] - -Neofetch output with custom logo - -Replace the image path in the above command with your own. - -Alternatively, you can point a directory that contains the images like below. - -``` -$ neofetch --w3m -``` - -##### Configure Neofetch - -When we run the Neofetch for the first time, It will create a per-user configuration file at **$HOME/.config/neofetch/config.conf** by default. It also creates a system-wide neofetch config file at **$HOME/.config/neofetch/config**. You can tweak this file to tell Neofetch which details should be displayed, removed and/or modified. - -You can also keep this configuration file between versions. Meaning – just customize it once as per your liking and use the same settings after upgrading to newer version. You can even share this file to your friends and colleagues to have the same settings as yours. - -To view Neofetch help section, run: - -``` -$ neofetch --help -``` - -As far as I tested Neofetch, It worked perfectly in my Arch Linux system as expected. It is a nice handy tool to easily and quickly print the details of your system in the Terminal. - -* * * - -**Related read:** - - * [**How to find Linux System details using inxi**][4] - - - -* * * - -**Resource:** - - * [**Neofetch on GitHub**][5] - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/ - -作者：[sk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/neofetch-1-720x340.png -[2]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Neofetch-1.png -[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Neofetch-with-custom-logo.png -[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-your-system-details-using-inxi/ -[5]: https://github.com/dylanaraps/neofetch diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..13185e0794 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Neofetch – Display Linux system Information In Terminal) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Neofetch - 在终端中显示 Linux 系统信息 +====== + +![Display Linux system information using Neofetch][1] + +**Neofetch** 是一个简单但有用的命令行系统信息工具，它用 **Bash** 编写。它会收集有关系统软件和硬件的信息，并在终端中显示结果。默认情况下，系统信息将与操作系统的 logo 一起显示。但是，你可以进一步地使用 **ascii 图像**或其他任何图片来自定义。你还可以配置 Neofetch 显示的信息，信息的显示位置和时间。Neofetch 主要用于系统信息的截图。它支持 Linux、BSD、Mac OS X、iOS 和 Windows 操作系统。在这个简短的教程中，让我们看看如何使用 Neofetch 显示 Linux 系统信息。 + +### 安装 Neofetch + +Neofetch 可在大多数 Linux 发行版的默认仓库中找到。 + +在 Arch Linux 及其衍生版上，使用这个命令安装它： + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S netofetch +``` + +在 Debian（Stretch / Sid）上： + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install neofetch +``` + +在 Fedora 27 上： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install neofetch +``` + +在 RHEL、CentOS 上： + +启用 EPEL 仓库： + +``` +# yum install epel-relase +``` + +获取 neofetch 仓库： + +``` +# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/konimex-neofetch-epel-7.repo +https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/konimex/neofetch/repo/epel-7/konimex-neofetch-epel-7.repo +``` + +然后，安装 Neofetch： + +``` +# yum install neofetch +``` + +在 Ubuntu 17.10 和更新版本上： + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install neofetch +``` + +在 Ubuntu 16.10 和更低版本上： + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dawidd0811/neofetch + +$ sudo apt update + +$ sudo apt install neofetch +``` + +在 NixOS 上： + +``` +$ nix-env -i neofetch +``` + +### 使用 Neofetch 显示 Linux 系统信息 + +Neofetch 非常简单直接。让我们看一些例子。 + +打开终端，然后运行以下命令： + +``` +$ neofetch +``` + +**示例输出：** + +![][2] + +使用 Neofetch 显示 Linux 系统信息 + +正如你在上面的输出中所看到的，Neofetch 显示了我的 Arch Linux 系统的以下详细信息： + + * 已安装操作系统的名称， +  * 笔记本型号， +  * 内核详细信息， +  * 系统运行时间， +  * 默认和其他软件包管理器安装的软件数量 +  * 默认 shell， +  * 屏幕分辨率， +  * 桌面环境， +  * 窗口管理器， +  * 窗口管理器的主题， +  * 系统主题， +  * 系统图标， +  * 默认终端， +  * CPU 类型， +  * GPU 类型， +  * 已安装的内存。 + + + +Neofetch 还有很多其他选择。我们会看到其中一些。 + +##### 如何在 Neofetch 输出中使用自定义图像？ + +默认情况下，Neofetch 将显示你的操作系统 logo 以及系统信息。当然，你可以根据需要更改图像。 + +要显示图像，Linux 系统应该安装以下依赖项： + +1. **w3m-img**（用于显示图像。w3m-img 有时与 **w3m** 包捆绑在一起）， +  2. **Imagemagick**（用于创建缩略图）， +  3. 支持 **\033[14t** 或者 **xdotool** 或者 **xwininfo + xprop** 或者 **xwininfo + xdpyinfo** 的终端。 + + + +大多数 Linux 发行版的默认仓库中都提供了 W3m-img 和 ImageMagick 包。因此，你可以使用你的发行版的默认包管理器来安装它们。 + +例如，运行以下命令在 Debian、Ubuntu、Linux Mint 上安装 w3m-img 和 ImageMagick： + +``` +$ sudo apt install w3m-img imagemagick +``` + +以下是带 **w3m-img** 支持的终端列表： + + 1. Gnome-terminal， + 2. Konsole， + 3. st， + 4. Terminator， + 5. Termite， + 6. URxvt， + 7. Xfce4-Terminal， + 8. Xterm + + + +如果你的系统上已经有了 **kitty**、**Terminology** 和 **iTerm**，那么就无需安装 w3m-img。 + +现在，运行以下命令以使用自定义图像显示系统信息： + +``` +$ neofetch --w3m /home/sk/Pictures/image.png +``` + +或者 + +``` +$ neofetch --w3m --source /home/sk/Pictures/image.png +``` + +示例输出： + +![][3] + +使用自定义 logo 的 Neofetch 输出 + +使用你自己的图片替换上面图片的路径。 + +或者，你可以指向包含以下图像的目录。 + + +``` +$ neofetch --w3m +``` + +##### 配置 Neofetch + +当我们第一次运行 Neofetch 时，它默认会为每个用户在 **$HOME/.config/neofetch/config.conf** 中创建一个配置文件。它还会在 **$HOME/.config/neofetch/config** 中创建一个全局的 neofetch 配置文件。你可以调整此文件来告诉 neofetch 该显示、删除和/或修改哪些详细信息。 + +还可以在不同版本中保留此配置文件。这意味着你只需根据自己的喜好自定义一次，并在升级到更新版本后使用相同的设置。你甚至可以将此文件共享给你的朋友和同事，使他拥有与你相同的设置。 + +要查看Neofetch帮助部分，请运行： + +``` +$ neofetch --help +``` + +就我测试的 Neofetch 而言，它在我的 Arch Linux 系统中完美地工作。它是一个非常方便的工具，可以在终端中轻松快速地打印系统的详细信息。 + +* * * + +**相关阅读：** + + * [**如何使用 inxi 查看 Linux 系统详细信息**][4] + + + +* * * + +**资源：** + + * [**Neofetch 的 GitHub 页面**][5] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/neofetch-1-720x340.png +[2]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Neofetch-1.png +[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Neofetch-with-custom-logo.png +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-your-system-details-using-inxi/ +[5]: https://github.com/dylanaraps/neofetch From 3f404f2d3f53d1ffc750e6382b048cd0b962c349 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 08:43:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0427/1265] translating --- ...0190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md index 3e43304488..29b306d7e6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7c7f581395a4fbdd492ce0bbb7acbc30eb291cc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 10:33:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0428/1265] PRF:20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md @geekpi --- ...ay Linux system Information In Terminal.md | 90 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md index 13185e0794..fa7324d964 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Neofetch – Display Linux system Information In Terminal) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) -Neofetch - 在终端中显示 Linux 系统信息 +Neofetch：在终端中显示 Linux 系统信息 ====== ![Display Linux system information using Neofetch][1] -**Neofetch** 是一个简单但有用的命令行系统信息工具，它用 **Bash** 编写。它会收集有关系统软件和硬件的信息，并在终端中显示结果。默认情况下，系统信息将与操作系统的 logo 一起显示。但是，你可以进一步地使用 **ascii 图像**或其他任何图片来自定义。你还可以配置 Neofetch 显示的信息，信息的显示位置和时间。Neofetch 主要用于系统信息的截图。它支持 Linux、BSD、Mac OS X、iOS 和 Windows 操作系统。在这个简短的教程中，让我们看看如何使用 Neofetch 显示 Linux 系统信息。 +Neofetch 是一个简单但有用的命令行系统信息工具，它用 Bash 编写。它会收集有关系统软硬件的信息，并在终端中显示结果。默认情况下，系统信息将与操作系统的 logo 一起显示。但是，你可以进一步地自定义使用 ascii 图像或其他任何图片。你还可以配置 Neofetch 显示的信息、信息的显示位置和时间。Neofetch 主要用于系统信息的截图。它支持 Linux、BSD、Mac OS X、iOS 和 Windows 操作系统。在这个简短的教程中，让我们看看如何使用 Neofetch 显示 Linux 系统信息。 ### 安装 Neofetch @@ -89,46 +89,42 @@ Neofetch 非常简单直接。让我们看一些例子。 $ neofetch ``` -**示例输出：** +示例输出： ![][2] -使用 Neofetch 显示 Linux 系统信息 +*使用 Neofetch 显示 Linux 系统信息* 正如你在上面的输出中所看到的，Neofetch 显示了我的 Arch Linux 系统的以下详细信息： - * 已安装操作系统的名称， -  * 笔记本型号， -  * 内核详细信息， -  * 系统运行时间， -  * 默认和其他软件包管理器安装的软件数量 -  * 默认 shell， -  * 屏幕分辨率， -  * 桌面环境， -  * 窗口管理器， -  * 窗口管理器的主题， -  * 系统主题， -  * 系统图标， -  * 默认终端， -  * CPU 类型， -  * GPU 类型， -  * 已安装的内存。 +* 已安装操作系统的名称， +* 笔记本型号， +* 内核详细信息， +* 系统运行时间， +* 默认和其他软件包管理器安装的软件数量 +* 默认 shell， +* 屏幕分辨率， +* 桌面环境， +* 窗口管理器， +* 窗口管理器的主题， +* 系统主题， +* 系统图标， +* 默认终端， +* CPU 类型， +* GPU 类型， +* 已安装的内存。 +Neofetch 还有很多其他选项。我们会看到其中一些。 - -Neofetch 还有很多其他选择。我们会看到其中一些。 - -##### 如何在 Neofetch 输出中使用自定义图像？ +### 如何在 Neofetch 输出中使用自定义图像？ 默认情况下，Neofetch 将显示你的操作系统 logo 以及系统信息。当然，你可以根据需要更改图像。 要显示图像，Linux 系统应该安装以下依赖项： -1. **w3m-img**（用于显示图像。w3m-img 有时与 **w3m** 包捆绑在一起）， -  2. **Imagemagick**（用于创建缩略图）， -  3. 支持 **\033[14t** 或者 **xdotool** 或者 **xwininfo + xprop** 或者 **xwininfo + xdpyinfo** 的终端。 - - +1. w3m-img（用于显示图像。w3m-img 有时与 w3m 包捆绑在一起）， +2. Imagemagick（用于创建缩略图）， +3. 支持 `\033[14t` 或者 xdotool 或者 xwininfo + xprop 或者 xwininfo + xdpyinfo 的终端。 大多数 Linux 发行版的默认仓库中都提供了 W3m-img 和 ImageMagick 包。因此，你可以使用你的发行版的默认包管理器来安装它们。 @@ -138,7 +134,7 @@ Neofetch 还有很多其他选择。我们会看到其中一些。 $ sudo apt install w3m-img imagemagick ``` -以下是带 **w3m-img** 支持的终端列表： +以下是带 w3m-img 支持的终端列表： 1. Gnome-terminal， 2. Konsole， @@ -149,9 +145,7 @@ $ sudo apt install w3m-img imagemagick 7. Xfce4-Terminal， 8. Xterm - - -如果你的系统上已经有了 **kitty**、**Terminology** 和 **iTerm**，那么就无需安装 w3m-img。 +如果你的系统上已经有了 kitty、Terminology 和 iTerm，那么就无需安装 w3m-img。 现在，运行以下命令以使用自定义图像显示系统信息： @@ -159,7 +153,7 @@ $ sudo apt install w3m-img imagemagick $ neofetch --w3m /home/sk/Pictures/image.png ``` -或者 +或者， ``` $ neofetch --w3m --source /home/sk/Pictures/image.png @@ -169,24 +163,23 @@ $ neofetch --w3m --source /home/sk/Pictures/image.png ![][3] -使用自定义 logo 的 Neofetch 输出 +*使用自定义 logo 的 Neofetch 输出* 使用你自己的图片替换上面图片的路径。 或者，你可以指向包含以下图像的目录。 - ``` $ neofetch --w3m ``` -##### 配置 Neofetch +### 配置 Neofetch -当我们第一次运行 Neofetch 时，它默认会为每个用户在 **$HOME/.config/neofetch/config.conf** 中创建一个配置文件。它还会在 **$HOME/.config/neofetch/config** 中创建一个全局的 neofetch 配置文件。你可以调整此文件来告诉 neofetch 该显示、删除和/或修改哪些详细信息。 +当我们第一次运行 Neofetch 时，它默认会为每个用户在 `$HOME/.config/neofetch/config.conf` 中创建一个配置文件。它还会在 `$HOME/.config/neofetch/config` 中创建一个全局的 neofetch 配置文件。你可以调整此文件来告诉 neofetch 该显示、删除和/或修改哪些详细信息。 还可以在不同版本中保留此配置文件。这意味着你只需根据自己的喜好自定义一次，并在升级到更新版本后使用相同的设置。你甚至可以将此文件共享给你的朋友和同事，使他拥有与你相同的设置。 -要查看Neofetch帮助部分，请运行： +要查看 Neofetch 帮助部分，请运行： ``` $ neofetch --help @@ -194,20 +187,13 @@ $ neofetch --help 就我测试的 Neofetch 而言，它在我的 Arch Linux 系统中完美地工作。它是一个非常方便的工具，可以在终端中轻松快速地打印系统的详细信息。 -* * * +相关阅读： -**相关阅读：** + * [如何使用 inxi 查看 Linux 系统详细信息][4] - * [**如何使用 inxi 查看 Linux 系统详细信息**][4] - - - -* * * - -**资源：** - - * [**Neofetch 的 GitHub 页面**][5] +资源： + * [Neofetch 的 GitHub 页面][5] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -217,7 +203,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/ 作者：[sk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ce88af0a97491a6404e961b3be238fc6ad4322ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 10:33:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0429/1265] PUB:20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10991-1.html --- ...Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md b/published/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md rename to published/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md index fa7324d964..006ca80113 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md +++ b/published/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10991-1.html) [#]: subject: (Neofetch – Display Linux system Information In Terminal) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/neofetch-display-linux-systems-information/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) From e7d165b839d053852e60e1f453dd5a0a1d1c6aca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 11:15:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0430/1265] PRF:20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @arrowfeng 工具痕迹有点重。 --- ...essential values for the DevOps mindset.md | 50 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md b/translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md index 70bb11278d..3a86bf7114 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md @@ -1,67 +1,67 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (arrowfeng) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (5 essential values for the DevOps mindset) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/values-devops-mindset) [#]: author: (Brent Aaron Reed https://opensource.com/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/cobiacomm/users/marcobravo/users/brentaaronreed) -关于 DevOps 思维模式所需具备的5个基本价值观 +DevOps 思维模式的 5 个基本价值观 ====== -人和流程比在解决的业务问题的任何技术“银弹”更重要，且需要花更多的时间。 + +> 人和流程比在解决的业务问题的任何技术“银弹”更重要，且需要花更多的时间。 + ![human head, brain outlined with computer hardware background][1] -今天的许多 IT 专业人士都在努力适应变化和扰动。您是否正在努力适应变化，可以这么说？ 你觉得不堪重负吗？这并不罕见。今天，IT 的现状还不够好，所以需要不断尝试重新自我演进。 +今天的许多 IT 专业人士都在努力适应变化和扰动。这么说吧，你是否正在努力适应变化？你觉得不堪重负吗？这并不罕见。今天，IT 的现状还不够好，所以需要不断尝试重新自我演进。 -凭借30多年的IT综合经验，我们见证了人们和人际关系的重要性，它有让 IT有效和帮助业务蓬勃发展的能力。但是，在大多数情况下，我们关于IT解决方案的对话始于技术而非人员和流程。寻找“银弹”来解决业务和IT挑战的倾向非常普遍。但你不能只关心创新，DevOps或有效的团队和工作方式;他们需要得到培养，支持和引导。 +凭借 30 多年的IT综合经验，我们见证了人员与关系对于 IT 企业提高效率和帮助企业蓬勃发展的重要性。但是，在大多数情况下，我们关于 IT 解决方案的对话始于技术，而不是从人员和流程开始。寻找“银弹”来解决业务和 IT 挑战的倾向过于普遍。但你不能想着可以买到创新、DevOps 或有效的团队和工作方式；他们需要得到培养，支持和引导。 -由于扰动如此普遍，并且对变革速度存在如此迫切的需求，我们需要纪律和围栏。下面描述的 DevOps 思维模式的五个基本价值观将支持将我们带到那里的实践。这些价值观不是新观念;我们从经验中学到了它们并重构它们。一些值可以互换，它们是灵活的，并且它们指导支持（如支柱）这五个价值观的整体原则。 +由于扰动如此普遍，并且对变革速度存在如此迫切的需求，我们需要纪律和围栏。下面描述的 DevOps 思维模式的五个基本价值观将支持将我们的实践。这些价值观不是新观念；正如我们从经验中学到的那样，它们被重构了。一些价值观可以互换的，它们是灵活的，并且它们如支柱一样导向了支持这五个价值观的整体原则。 ![5 essential values for the DevOps mindset][2] -### 1\. 利益相关方的反馈至关重要 +### 1、利益相关方的反馈至关重要 -我们如何知道我们是否为我们创造了比利益相关者更多的价值？ 我们需要持久的质量数据来分析，通知并推动更好的决策。 来自可靠来源的相关信息对于任何业务的蓬勃发展至关重要。 我们需要倾听并理解我们的利益相关者所说的，而不是说我们需要以一种方式实施变革，使我们能够调整我们的思维、我们的流程和技术，并根据需要对其进行调整以使我们的利益相关者满意。由于信息（数据）不正确，我们常常看到很少的变化，或者由于错误的原因而发生的很多变化。因此，将变更与利益相关方的反馈结合起来是一项重要的价值，并有助我们专注于使公司成功最重要的事情。 +我们如何知道我们是否为我们创造了比利益相关方更多的价值？我们需要持久的质量数据来分析、通知并推动更好的决策。来自可靠来源的相关信息对于任何业务的蓬勃发展至关重要。我们需要倾听并理解我们的利益相关方所说的，而不是说我们需要以一种方式实施变革，使我们能够调整我们的思维、流程和技术，并根据需要对其进行调整以使我们的利益相关者满意。由于信息（数据）不正确，我们常常看到的变化过少，或者由于错误的原因而发生了很多变化。因此，将变更与利益相关方的反馈结合起来是一项基本价值观，并有助我们专注于使公司成功最重要的事情。 +> 关注我们的利益相关方及其反馈，而不仅仅是为了改变而改变。 -> 关注我们的利益相关者及其反馈，而不仅仅是为了改变而改变。 +### 2、超越当今流程的极限进行改进 -### 2\. 超越当今流程的极限 - -我们希望我们的产品和服务能够不断让客户满意——我们最重要的利益相关者。因此，我们需要不断改进。这不仅仅是关于质量;它还可能意味着成本，可用性，相关性以及许多其他目标和因素。创建可重复的流程或使用通用框架是非常棒的，它们可以改善治理和许多其他问题。但是，这不应该是我们的最终目标。在寻找改进方法时，我们必须调整我们的流程，并辅以正确的技术和工具。可能有理由抛弃“所谓的”框架，因为不这样做可能会增加浪费,更糟糕的是只是“货物结果”（做一些没有价值或目的的东西）。 +我们希望我们的产品和服务能够不断让客户满意，他们是我们最重要的利益相关方。因此，我们需要不断改进。这不仅仅是关系到质量；它还可能意味着成本、可用性、相关性以及许多其他目标和因素。创建可重复的流程或使用通用框架是非常棒的，它们可以改善治理和许多其他问题。但是，这不应该是我们的最终目标。在寻找改进方法时，我们必须调整我们的流程，并辅以正确的技术和工具。可能有理由抛出一个“所谓的”框架，因为不这样做可能会增加浪费，更糟糕的是只是“货物结果”（做一些没有价值或目的的东西）。 > 力争始终创新并改进可重复的流程和框架。 -### 3\. 无需新的筒仓来打破旧的筒仓 +### 3、不要用新的孤岛来打破旧的孤岛 -筒仓和DevOps是不兼容的。我们始终看到这一点：IT 主管带来了所谓的“专家”来实施敏捷和DevOps，他们做了什么？这些“专家”在现有问题的基础上创建了一个新问题，这是另一个加入 IT 部门的筒仓和一个充满筒仓的企业。创建“DevOps”标题违背了敏捷和DevOps的原则，这些原则基于打破筒仓的概念。在敏捷和DevOps中，团队合作是必不可少的，如果你不在自组织团队中工作，那么你就不会做任何事情。 +孤岛和 DevOps 是不兼容的。我们经常能看到：IT 主管带来了所谓的“专家”来实施敏捷和 DevOps，他们做了什么？这些“专家”在现有问题的基础上创建了一个新问题，这是 IT 部门和业务中又增加了一个孤岛。创造“DevOps”职位违背了敏捷和 DevOps 基于打破孤岛的原则。在敏捷和 DevOps 中，团队合作是必不可少的，如果你不在自组织团队中工作，那么你就不会做任何事情。 -> 相互激励和共享，而不是成为英雄或创建一个筒仓。 +> 相互激励和共享，而不是成为英雄或创建一个孤岛。 -### 4\. 了解您的客户意味着跨组织协作 +### 4、了解你的客户意味着跨组织协作 -业务的任何部分都不是一个独立的实体，因为它们都有利益相关者，主要利益相关者始终是客户。“客户永远是对的”（正如我想说的那样，或者是国王）。关键是，没有客户，真的没有业务，而且为了保持业务，如今我们需要与竞争对手“区别对待”。我们还需要了解客户对我们的看法以及他们对我们的期望。了解客户的需求势在必行，需要及时反馈，以确保业务能够快速，负责地满足这些主要利益相关者的需求和关注。 +企业的任何一个部分都不是一个独立的实体，因为它们都有利益相关方，主要利益相关方始终是客户。“客户永远是对的”（或国王，我喜欢这样说）。关键是，没有客户就真的没有业务，而且为了保持业务，如今我们需要与竞争对手“区别对待”。我们还需要了解客户对我们的看法以及他们对我们的期望。了解客户的需求势在必行，需要及时反馈，以确保业务能够快速、负责地满足这些主要利益相关者的需求和关注。 ![Minimize time spent with build-measure-learn process][3] -无论是想法，概念，假设还是直接的利益相关者反馈，我们都需要通过使用探索，构建，测试和交付生命周期来识别和衡量我们的产品提供的功能或服务。从根本上说，这意味着我们需要在整个组织中“插入”我们的组织。在持续创新，学习和DevOps方面没有任何边界。因此，当我们在整个企业中进行衡量时，我们可以理解整体并采取可行的，有意义的步骤来改进。 +无论是想法、概念、假设还是直接利益相关方的反馈，我们都需要通过使用探索、构建、测试和交付生命周期来识别和衡量我们的产品提供的功能或服务。从根本上说，这意味着我们需要在整个组织中“插入”我们的组织。在持续创新、学习和 DevOps 方面没有任何边界。因此，当我们在整个企业中进行衡量时，我们可以理解整体并采取可行的、有意义的步骤来改进。 > 衡量整个组织的绩效，而不仅仅是在业务范围内。 -### 5\. 热情鼓舞采纳 +### 5、通过热情鼓励采纳 -不是每个人都被驱使去学习，适应和改变;然而，就像微笑可能具有传染性一样，学习和意愿成为变革文化的一部分也是如此。在学习文化中适应和演化为一群人提供了学习和传递信息（即文化传播）的自然机制。学习风格，态度，方法和过程不断演化，因此我们可以改进它们。下一步是应用所学和改进的内容并与同事分享信息。学习不会自动发生;它需要努力，评估，纪律，意识，特别是沟通;遗憾的是，这些都是工具和自动化无法提供的。检查您的流程，自动化，工具策略和实施工作，使其透明化，并与您的同事协作重复使用和改进。 +不是每个人都要被驱使去学习、适应和改变；然而，就像微笑可能具有传染性一样，学习和意愿成为变革文化的一部分也是如此。在学习文化中适应和演化为一群人提供了学习和传递信息（即文化传播）的自然机制。学习风格、态度、方法和过程不断演化，因此我们可以改进它们。下一步是应用所学和改进的内容并与同事分享信息。学习不会自动发生；它需要努力、评估、纪律、意识，特别是沟通；遗憾的是，这些都是工具和自动化无法提供的。检查你的流程、自动化、工具策略和实施工作，使其透明化，并与你的同事协作重复使用和改进。 -> 通过精益质量的可交付成果促进学习文化，而不仅仅是工具和自动化。 +> 通过精益交付促进学习文化，而不仅仅是工具和自动化。 ### 总结 ![Continuous goals of DevOps mindset][4] -随着我们的公司采用DevOps，我们继续在任何书籍，网站或自动化软件上支持这五个价值观。采用这种思维方式需要时间，这与我们以前作为系统管理员所做的完全不同。这是一种全新的工作方式，需要很多年才能成熟。这些原则是否与您自己的原则一致？在评论或我们的网站上分享。[混乱特工] +随着我们的公司采用 DevOps，我们继续在各种书籍、网站或自动化软件上倡导这五个价值观。采用这种思维方式需要时间，这与我们以前作为系统管理员所做的完全不同。这是一种全新的工作方式，需要很多年才能成熟。这些原则是否与你自己的原则一致？在评论或我们的网站 [Agents of chaos][5] 上分享。 -* * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/values-devops-mindset 作者：[Brent Aaron Reed][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/arrowfeng) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[arrowfeng](https://github.com/arrowfeng) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 75bac7ed920d3b50ec42d11a8264fea581bfd0bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 11:15:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0431/1265] PUB:20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md @arrowfeng https://linux.cn/article-10992-1.html --- .../20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md b/published/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md rename to published/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md index 3a86bf7114..f3193a3d95 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md +++ b/published/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (arrowfeng) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10992-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 essential values for the DevOps mindset) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/values-devops-mindset) [#]: author: (Brent Aaron Reed https://opensource.com/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/cobiacomm/users/marcobravo/users/brentaaronreed) From ad26063622e862d91147a75f3f207fffe267fb05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 14:45:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0432/1265] PRF:20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md @geekpi --- ...pImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md | 27 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md index bc75f37b4b..981cb0b231 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms) @@ -12,23 +12,23 @@ ![Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft][1] -Linux 一直在发展。过去，开发人员必须分别为不同的 Linux 发行版构建应用。由于存在多种 Linux 变体，因此为所有发行版构建应用变得很繁琐，而且非常耗时。接着一些开发人员发明了包转换器和构建器，如 [**Checkinstall**][2]、[**Debtap**][3] 和 [**Fpm**][4]。但他们没有完全解决问题。所有这些工具都只是将一种包格式转换为另一种包格式。我们仍然需要找到并安装应用运行所需的依赖项。 +Linux 一直在发展。过去，开发人员必须分别为不同的 Linux 发行版构建应用。由于存在多种 Linux 变体，因此为所有发行版构建应用变得很繁琐，而且非常耗时。后来一些开发人员发明了包转换器和构建器，如 [Checkinstall][2]、[Debtap][3] 和 [Fpm][4]。但他们也没有完全解决问题。所有这些工具都只是将一种包格式转换为另一种包格式。我们仍然需要找到应用并安装运行所需的依赖项。 -好吧，时代已经变了。我们现在有了通用的 Linux 应用。这意味着我们可以在大多数 Linux 发行版上安装这些应用。无论是 Arch Linux、Debian、CentOS、Redhat、Ubuntu 还是任何流行的 Linux 发行版，通用应用都可以正常使用。这些应用与所有必需的库和依赖项打包在一个包中。我们所要做的就是在我们使用的任何 Linux 发行版上下载并运行它们。流行的通用应用格式有 **AppImages**、[**Flatpaks**][5] 和 [**Snaps**][6]。 +好吧，时代已经变了。我们现在有了通用的 Linux 应用。这意味着我们可以在大多数 Linux 发行版上安装这些应用。无论是 Arch Linux、Debian、CentOS、Redhat、Ubuntu 还是任何流行的 Linux 发行版，通用应用都可以正常使用。这些应用与所有必需的库和依赖项打包在一个包中。我们所要做的就是在我们使用的任何 Linux 发行版上下载并运行它们。流行的通用应用格式有 AppImage、[Flatpak][5] 和 [Snap][6]。 -AppImages 由 **Simon peter** 创建和维护。许多流行的应用，如 Gimp、Firefox、Krita 等等，都有这些格式，并可直接在下载页面下载。只需下载它们，使其可执行并立即运行它。你甚至无需 root 权限来运行 AppImages。 +AppImage 由 Simon peter 创建和维护。许多流行的应用，如 Gimp、Firefox、Krita 等等，都有这些格式，并可直接在下载页面下载。只需下载它们，使其可执行并立即运行它。你甚至无需 root 权限来运行 AppImage。 -Flatpak 的开发人员是 **Alexander Larsson**（RedHat 员工）。 Flatpak 应用托管在名为 **“Flathub”** 的中央仓库（商店）中。如果你是开发人员，建议你使用 Flatpak 格式构建应用，并通过 Flathub 将其分发给用户。 +Flatpak 的开发人员是 Alexander Larsson（RedHat 员工）。Flatpak 应用托管在名为 “Flathub” 的中央仓库（商店）中。如果你是开发人员，建议你使用 Flatpak 格式构建应用，并通过 Flathub 将其分发给用户。 -**Snaps** 由 **Canonical** 而建，主要用于 Ubuntu。但是，其他 Linux 发行版的开发人员开始为 Snap 打包格式做出贡献。因此，Snaps 也开始适用于其他 Linux 发行版。Snaps 可以直接从应用的下载页面下载，也可以从 **Snapcraft** 商店下载。 +Snap 由 Canonical 而建，主要用于 Ubuntu。但是，其他 Linux 发行版的开发人员开始为 Snap 打包格式做出贡献。因此，Snap 也开始适用于其他 Linux 发行版。Snap 可以直接从应用的下载页面下载，也可以从 Snapcraft 商店下载。 许多受欢迎的公司和开发人员已经发布了 AppImage、Flatpak 和 Snap 格式的应用。如果你在寻找一款应用，只需进入相应的商店并获取你选择的应用并运行它，而不用管你使用何种 Linux 发行版。 -还有一个名为 **“Chob”** 的命令行通用应用搜索工具可在 AppImage、Flathub 和 Snapcraft 平台上轻松搜索 Linux 应用。此工具仅搜索给定的应用并在默认浏览器中显示官方链接。它不会安装它们。本指南将解释如何安装 Chob 并使用它来搜索 Linux 上的 AppImages、Flatpaks 和 Snaps。 +还有一个名为 “Chob” 的命令行通用应用搜索工具可在 AppImage、Flathub 和 Snapcraft 平台上轻松搜索 Linux 应用。此工具仅搜索给定的应用并在默认浏览器中显示官方链接。它不会安装它们。本指南将解释如何安装 Chob 并使用它来搜索 Linux 上的 AppImage、Flatpak 和 Snap。 ### 使用 Chob 在 AppImage、Flathub 和 Snapcraft 平台上搜索 Linux 应用 -从[**发布页面**][7]下载最新的 Chob 二进制文件。在编写本指南时，最新版本为 **0.3.5**。 +从[发布页面][7]下载最新的 Chob 二进制文件。在编写本指南时，最新版本为 0.3.5。 ``` $ wget https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob/releases/download/0.3.5/chob-linux @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ $ wget https://github.com/MuhammedKpln/chob/releases/download/0.3.5/chob-linux $ chmod +x chob-linux ``` -最后，搜索你想要的应用。例如，我将搜索与 **Vim** 相关的应用。 +最后，搜索你想要的应用。例如，我将搜索与 Vim 相关的应用。 ``` $ ./chob-linux vim @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Chob 将在 AppImage、Flathub 和 Snapcraft 平台上搜索给定的应用（ ![][8] -使用 Chob 搜索 Linux 应用 +*使用 Chob 搜索 Linux 应用* 只需要输入你想要应用前面的数字就可在默认浏览器中打开它的官方链接，并可在其中阅读应用的详细信息。 @@ -60,10 +60,9 @@ Chob 将在 AppImage、Flathub 和 Snapcraft 平台上搜索给定的应用（ 有关更多详细信息，请查看下面的 Chob 官方 GitHub 页面。 -**资源：** - - * [**Chob 的 GitHub 仓库**][10] +资源： + * [Chob 的 GitHub 仓库][10] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/search-linux-applications-on-appimage-flathub-and 作者：[sk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 56cf986505e510db75d968784a9d18a665d61dfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 14:46:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0433/1265] PUB:20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10994-1.html --- ...plications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md b/published/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md rename to published/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md index 981cb0b231..0ba4d3469b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md +++ b/published/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10994-1.html) [#]: subject: (Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/search-linux-applications-on-appimage-flathub-and-snapcraft-platforms/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) From 9c8009e416ceb603282d1b9de6b8b8accb048dd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 14:51:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0434/1265] APL:20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive --- ...20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md b/sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md index 989d69e524..26de589b3f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 5bbc933c60bac93663d365d167b93ff615b338ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 15:27:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0435/1265] TSL:20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md --- ...eyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md | 86 ------------------- ...eyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md | 84 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md b/sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md deleted file mode 100644 index 26de589b3f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,86 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive/) -[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/) - -5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive -====== - -![][1] - -For some people, using GNOME Shell as a traditional desktop manager may be frustrating since it often requires more action of the mouse. In fact, GNOME Shell is also a [desktop manager][2] designed for and meant to be driven by the keyboard. Learn how to be more efficient with GNOME Shell with these 5 ways to use the keyboard instead of the mouse. - -### GNOME activities overview - -The activities overview can be easily opened using the **Super** key from the keyboard. (The **Super** key usually has a logo on it.) This is really useful when it comes to start an application. For example, it’s easy to start the Firefox web browser with the following key sequence **Super + f i r + Enter.** - -![][3] - -### Message tray - -In GNOME, notifications are available in the message tray. This is also the place where the calendar and world clocks are available. To open the message tray using the keyboard use the **Super+m** shortcut. To close the message tray simply use the same shortcut again. - - * ![][4] - - - -### Managing workspaces in GNOME - -Gnome Shell uses dynamic workspaces, meaning it creates additional workspaces as they are needed. A great way to be more productive using Gnome is to use one workspace per application or per dedicated activity, and then use the keyboard to navigate between these workspaces. - -Let’s look at a practical example. To open a Terminal in the current workspace press the following keys: **Super + t e r + Enter.** Then, to open a new workspace press **Super + PgDn**. Open Firefox ( **Super + f i r + Enter)**. To come back to the terminal, use **Super + PgUp**. - -![][5] - -### Managing an application window - -Using the keyboard it is also easy to manage the size of an application window. Minimizing, maximizing and moving the application to the left or the right of the screen can be done with only a few key strokes. Use **Super+**🠝 to maximize, **Super+**🠟 to minimize, **Super+**🠜 and **Super+**🠞 to move the window left and right. - -![][6] - -### Multiple windows from the same application - -Using the activities overview to start an application is very efficient. But trying to open a new window from an application already running only results in focusing on the open window. To create a new window, instead of simply hitting **Enter** to start the application, use **Ctrl+Enter**. - -So for example, to start a second instance of the terminal using the application overview, **Super + t e r + (Ctrl+Enter)**. - -![][7] - -Then you can use **Super+`** to switch between windows of the same application. - -![][8] - -As shown, GNOME Shell is a really powerful desktop environment when controlled from the keyboard. Learning to use these shortcuts and train your muscle memory to not use the mouse will give you a better user experience, and make you more productive when using GNOME. For other useful shortcuts, check out [this page on the GNOME wiki][9]. - -* * * - -_Photo by _[ _1AmFcS_][10]_ on _[_Unsplash_][11]_._ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive/ - -作者：[Clément Verna][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/5-gnome-keycombos-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/gnome-3-32-released-coming-to-fedora-30/ -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-10-50.gif -[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-11-01.gif -[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-12-57.gif -[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-06.gif -[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-19.gif -[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-22.gif -[9]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Design/OS/KeyboardShortcuts -[10]: https://unsplash.com/photos/MuTWth_RnEs?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText -[11]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/keyboard?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md b/translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6c15546636 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive/) +[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/) + +5 个提高效率的 GNOME 快捷键 +====== + +![][1] + +对于某些人来说，使用 GNOME Shell 作为传统的桌面管理器可能会感觉沮丧，因为它通常需要更多的鼠标操作。事实上，GNOME Shell 也是一个专为键盘操作而设计的[桌面管理器][2]。通过这五种使用键盘而不是鼠标的方法，了解如何使用 GNOME Shell 提高效率。 + +### GNOME 活动概述 + +可以使用键盘上的 `Super` 键轻松打开活动概述。（`Super` 键通常有一个标识——比如 Windows 徽标……。）这在启动应用程序时非常有用。例如，使用以下键序列 `Super + f i r + Enter` 可以轻松启动 Firefox Web 浏览器 + +![][3] + +### 消息托盘 + +在 GNOME 中，消息托盘中提供了通知。这也是日历和世界时钟出现的地方。要使用键盘打开信息托盘，请使用 `Super + m` 快捷键。要关闭消息托盘，只需再次使用相同的快捷方式。 + + * ![][4] + +### 在 GNOME 中管理工作空间 + +GNOME Shell 使用动态工作空间，这意味着它可以根据需要创建更多工作空间。使用 GNOME 提高工作效率的一个好方法是为每个应用程序或每个专用活动使用一个工作区，然后使用键盘在这些工作区之间导航。 + +让我们看一个实际的例子。要在当前工作区中打开终端，请按以下键：`Super + t e r + Enter`。然后，要打开新工作区，请按 `Super + PgDn`。 打开 Firefox（ `Super + f i r + Enter`）。 要返回终端（所在的工作空间），请使用 `Super + PgUp`。 + +![][5] + +### 管理应用窗口 + +使用键盘也可以轻松管理应用程序窗口的大小。最小化、最大化和将应用程序移动到屏幕的左侧或右侧只需几个击键即可完成。使用 `Super + ↑` 最大化、`Super + ↓` 最小化、`Super + ←` 和 `Super + →` 左右移动窗口。 + +![][6] + +### 同一个应用的多个窗口 + +使用活动概述启动应用程序非常有效。但是，尝试从已经运行的应用程序打开一个新窗口只能将焦点转移到已经打开的窗口。要创建一个新窗口，而不是简单地按 `Enter` 启动应用程序，请使用 `Ctrl + Enter`。 + +因此，例如，使用应用程序概述启动终端的第二个实例，`Super + t e r + (Ctrl + Enter)`。 + +![][7] + +然后你可以使用 `Super` + `在同一个应用程序的窗口之间切换。 + +![][8] + +如图所示，当用键盘控制时，GNOME Shell 是一个非常强大的桌面环境。学习使用这些快捷方式并训练你的肌肉记忆以不使用鼠标将为你提供更好的用户体验，并在使用 GNOME 时提高你的工作效率。有关其他有用的快捷方式，请查看 [GNOME wiki 上的此页面][9]。 + +* * * + +*图片来自 [1AmFcS][10]，[Unsplash][11]* + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive/ + +作者：[Clément Verna][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/5-gnome-keycombos-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/gnome-3-32-released-coming-to-fedora-30/ +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-10-50.gif +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-11-01.gif +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-12-57.gif +[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-06.gif +[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-19.gif +[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Peek-2019-05-23-13-22.gif +[9]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Design/OS/KeyboardShortcuts +[10]: https://unsplash.com/photos/MuTWth_RnEs?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText +[11]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/keyboard?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText From 4917370ca299d7f4c2f0adac9f86f1968398a5ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 16:43:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0436/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...hould release their code as open source.md | 40 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md b/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md index c62664da90..7c15465336 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md @@ -7,46 +7,44 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/startups-release-code) [#]: author: (Clément Flipo https://opensource.com/users/cl%C3%A9ment-flipo) -Why startups should release their code as open source +为什么初创公司应该将代码开源 ====== -Dokit wondered whether giving away its knowledge as open source was a -bad business decision, but that choice has been the foundation of its -success. +Dokit 曾经怀疑将自己的知识开源可能是一个失败的商业决策，然而正是这个选择奠定了它的成功。 ![open source button on keyboard][1] -It's always hard to recall exactly how a project started, but sometimes that can help you understand that project more clearly. When I think about it, our platform for creating user guides and documentation, [Dokit][2], came straight out of my childhood. Growing up in a house where my toys were Meccano and model airplane kits, the idea of making things, taking individual pieces and putting them together to create a new whole, was always a fundamental part of what it meant to play. My father worked for a DIY company, so there were always signs of building, repair, and instruction manuals around the house. When I was young, my parents sent me to join the Boy Scouts, where we made tables, tents and mud ovens, which helped foster my enjoyment of shared learning that I later found in the open source movement. +回想一个项目开展最初期的细节并不是一件容易的事情，但有时候可以帮助你更清晰地理解这个项目。如果让我来说，关于 [Dokit][2] 这个用来创建用户手册和文档的平台的最早的想法来自我的童年。小时候我家里都是 Meccano（译注：一种类似乐高的拼装玩具）和飞机模型之类的玩具，对于我来说，游戏中很重要的一部分就是动手制作，把独立的零件组装在一起来创造一个新的东西。我父亲在一家 DIY 公司工作，所以家里的很多东西也都和建筑、修理，以及使用说明书有关。小的时候父母还让我参加了童子军，在那里我们制作桌子和帐篷，还有泥巴做的烧烤炉，这些事情都培养了我在共同学习中感受到的乐趣，就像我在开源活动中感受到的一样。 -The art of repairing things and recycling products that I learned in childhood became part of what I did for a job. Then it became my ambition to take the reassuring feel of learning how to make and do and repair at home or in a group—but put it online. That inspired Dokit's creation. +在童年学到的修理东西和回收产品的艺术后来成为了我工作的一部分。后来我决心要用线上的方式，还原这种在家里或者小组里学习如何制作和修理东西时的那种非常棒的感觉。Dokit 就从这个想法中诞生了。 -### The first months +### 创业初期 -It hasn't always been easy, but since founding our company in 2017, I've realized that the biggest and most worthwhile goals are generally always difficult. If we were to achieve our plan to revolutionize the way [old-fashioned manuals and user guides are created and published][3], and maximize our impact in what we knew all along would be a niche market, we knew that a guiding mission was crucial to how we organized everything else. It was from there that we reached our first big decision: to [quickly launch a proof of concept using an existing open source framework][4], MediaWiki, and from there to release all of our code as open source. +事情并非一帆风顺，在我们的公司于 2017 年成立之后，我很快就意识到那些最庞大、最值得奋斗的目标一般来说也总是最困难的。如果想要实现我们的计划 —— 彻底改变 [人们旧有的编写和发行说明书和用户手册的方式][3]，并且在这个细分市场（我们非常清楚这一点）里取得最大的影响力 —— 那么确立一个主导任务就十分关键，它关乎项目的组织方式。我们据此做出了第一个重要决策：首先 [在短时间内使用一个已有的开源框架 MediaWiki 制作产品原型来验证我们的想法][4]，然后将我们的全部代码都作为开源项目发布。 -In retrospect, this decision was made easier by the fact that [MediaWiki][5] was already up and running. With 15,000 developers already active around the world and on a platform that included 90% of the features we needed to meet our minimum viable product (MVP), things would have no doubt been harder without support from the engine that made its name by powering Wikipedia. Confluence, a documentation platform in use by many enterprises, offers some good features, but in the end, it was an easy choice between the two. +当时 [MediaWiki][5] 已经在正常运作了，事后看来，这一点让我们的决策变得容易了许多。这个平台已经拥有我们设想的最小可用产品（MVP）所需要的 90% 的功能，并且在全世界范围内有 15000 名活跃的开发者。MediaWiki 因为是维基百科的驱动引擎而小有名气，如果没有来自它的支持，事情对我们来说无疑会困难很多。还有一个许多公司都在使用的文档平台 Confluence 也有一些不错的功能，但是最终还是不难在这两者之间做出选择。 -Placing our faith in the community, we put the first version of our platform straight onto GitHub. The excitement of watching the world's makers start using our platform, even before we'd done any real advertising, felt like an early indication that we were on the right track. Although the [maker and Fablab movements][6] encourage users to share instructions, and even sets out this expectation in the [Fablab charter][7] (as stated by MIT), in reality, there is a lack of real documentation. +出于对 Github 的信赖，我们把自己平台的初始版本完全放在了这个社区上。我们甚至还没有真正开始进行推广，就已经可以看到世界各地的制造者开始使用我们的平台，这种令人激动的感觉似乎说明我们的选择是正确的。尽管 [制造商以及 Fablab 运动][6]（译注： Fablab 是一种向个人提供包括 3D 打印在内的电子化制造服务的小型工坊）都在鼓励用户积极分享说明材料，并且在 [Fablab 契约][7] 中也写明了这一点，现实中像模像样的文档还是不太多见。 -The first and most significant reason people like using our platform is that it responds to the very real problem of poor documentation inside an otherwise great movement—one that we knew could be even better. To us, it felt a bit like we were repairing a gap in the community of makers and DIY. Within a year of our launch, Fablabs, [Wikifab][8], [Open Source Ecology][9], [Les Petits Debrouillards][10], [Ademe][11], and [Low-Tech Lab][12] had installed our tool on their servers for creating step-by-step tutorials. +人们喜欢使用我们这个平台的首要原因是它可以解决一个非常实在的问题：一个本来还不错的项目，却使用了非常糟糕的文档 —— 其实这个项目本来可以变得更好的。对我们来说，这有点儿像是在修复 DIY 以及动手爱好者社区里的一个裂缝。在我们的平台发布后的一年之内，Fablabs、[Wikifab][8]、[Open Source Ecology][9]、[Les Petits Debrouillards][10]、[Ademe][11] 以及 [Low-Tech Lab][12] 都在他们的服务器上安装了我们的工具，用来制作逐步引导的教程。 -Before even putting out a press release, one of our users, Wikifab, began to get praise in national media as "[the Wikipedia of DIY][13]." In just two years, we've seen hundreds of communities launched on their own Dokits, ranging from the fun to the funny to the more formal product guides. Again, the power of the community is the force we want to harness, and it's constantly amazing to see projects—ranging from wind turbines to pet feeders—develop engaging product manuals using the platform we started. +甚至在我们还没有发新闻稿之前，我们的其中一个用户 Wikifab 就开始在全国性媒体上收到“DIY 界的维基百科”这样的称赞了。仅仅两年之内，我们看到有数百的社区都在他们自己的 Dokits 上开展了项目，从有意思的、搞笑的，到那种很正式的产品手册都有。这种社区的力量正是我们想要驾驭的，并且有这么多的项目 —— 从风力涡轮机到宠物喂食器 —— 都在使用我们创建的平台编写非常有吸引力的产品手册，这件事情真的令我们赞叹不已。 -### Opening up open source +### 项目开源 -Looking back at such a successful first two years, it's clear to us that our choice to use open source was fundamental to how we got where we are as fast as we did. The ability to gather feedback in open source is second-to-none. If a piece of code didn't work, [someone could tell us right away][14]. Why wait on appointments with consultants if you can learn along with those who are already using the service you created? +回头看看前两年的成功，很明显选择开源是我们能迅速取得成果的关键因素。最有价值的事情就是在开源项目中获得反馈的能力了。如果一段代码无法正常运行，[会有人立刻告诉我们][14]。如果可以从这些已经在使用你提供的服务的人那里学到这么多东西，为什么还要需要等着和顾问们开会呢？ -The level of engagement from the community also revealed the potential (including the potential interest) in our market. [Paris has a good and growing community of developers][15], but open source took us from a pool of a few thousand locally, and brought us to millions of developers all around the world who could become a part of what we were trying to make happen. The open availability of our code also proved reassuring to our users and customers who felt safe that, even if our company went away, the code wouldn't. +Github 社区对我们这个项目的关注程度也反映出了这个市场的潜力（包括利润上的潜力）。[巴黎有非常好的、成长迅速的开发者社区][15]（译注：Dokit 是一家设立在巴黎的公司），但是开源将我们从一个只有数千当地人的小池子里带到了全世界数百万的开发者身边，他们都将成为我们的创作中的一部分。与此同时，代码的开放性也让我们的用户和客户更加放心，因为即使我们这个公司不在了，代码仍然会存续下去。 -If that was most of what we thought might happen as a result of using open source, there were also surprises along the way. By adopting an open method, we found ourselves gaining customers, reputation, and perfectly targeted advertising that we didn't have to pay for out of our limited startup budget. We found that the availability of our code helped improve our recruitment process because we were able to test candidates using our code before we made hires, and this also helped simplify the onboarding journey for those we did hire. +如果说上面这些都是在我们之前对开源的预期之中的话，其实这一路上也有不少惊喜。因为开源，我们获得了更多的客户、声望以及精准推广，这种推广本来以我们有限的预算是负担不起的，现在却不需要我们支付费用。开放代码还优化了我们的招聘流程，因为在雇佣之前就可以通过我们的代码来测试候选人，并且被雇佣之后的入职过程也会更加顺利。 -In what we see as a mixture of embarrassment and solidarity, the totally public nature of developers creating code in an open setting also helped drive up quality. People can share feedback with one another, but the public nature of the work also seems to encourage people to do their best. In the spirit of constant improvement and of continually building and rebuilding how Dokit works, supporting the community is something that we know we'd like to do more of and get better at in future. +开发者在完全公开的情况下写代码，既有一点尴尬，同时也很团结，这对我们提升产品质量很有帮助。人们可以互相发表意见和反馈，并且因为工作都是完全公开的，人们似乎会尽可能地想做到最好。为了不断优化、不断重构 Dokit 的运行方式，我们明白未来应该在对社区的支持上做得更好。 -### Where to next? +### 下一步是什么？ -Even with the faith we've always had in what we were doing, and seeing the great product manuals that have been developed using our software, it never stops being exciting to see our project grow, and we're certain that the future has good things in store. +尽管我们对正在做的事情一直都很有信念，并且看到很多出色的产品说明书都是用我们的软件制作出来的，我们还是会对这个项目的成长不断地感到兴奋，并且非常确信未来一定会很好。 -In the early days, we found ourselves living a lot under the fear of distributing our knowledge for free. In reality, it was the opposite—open source gave us the ability to very rapidly build a startup that was sustainable from the beginning. Dokit is a platform designed to give its users the confidence to build, assemble, repair, and create entirely new inventions with the support of a community. In hindsight, we found we were doing the same thing by using open source to build a platform. +在创业初期，我们对将自己的知识免费分发出去这件事还是非常担心的。事实证明正好相反 —— 正是开源让我们能够迅速构建起一个可持续的初创企业。Dokit 平台的设计初衷是通过社区的支持，让它的用户有信心去构建、组装、修理和创造全新的发明。事后看来，我们用开源的方式去构建了 Dokit 这个平台，这和 Dokit 本身想做的其实正好是同一件事情。 -Just like when doing a repair or assembling a physical product, it's only when you have confidence in your methods that things truly begin to feel right. Now, at the beginning of our third year, we're starting to see growing global interest as the industry responds to [new generations of customers who want to use, reuse, and assemble products][16] that respond to changing homes and lifestyles. By providing the support of an online community, we think we're helping to create circumstances in which people feel more confident in doing things for themselves. +如同修理或者组装一件实体产品一样，只有当你对自己的方法有信心的时候，事情才会越来越顺利。现在，在我们创业的第三个年头，我们开始注意到全世界对这个领域的兴趣在增加，因为它迎合了出于不断变化的居家和生活方式的需求而 [想要使用、重复利用以及组装产品的新一代客户][16]。我们正是在通过线上社区的支持，创造一个让大家能够在自己动手做东西的时候感到更加有信心的平台。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 4c0faea7eb44ad9f7d302936998bf2dcb350b7ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 16:45:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0437/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B7=BB=E5=8A=A0=E8=AF=91=E8=80=85?= =?UTF-8?q?=20ID?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md b/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md index 7c15465336..f5da2b2148 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/startups-release-code 作者：[Clément Flipo][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 64991fa3cb7ad518f2a228ed8d0e4b902549ca90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 16:45:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0438/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E5=88=B0=20transla?= =?UTF-8?q?ted?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...90508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md b/translated/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md rename to translated/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md From 23d7bdb3acc118b2b6f24891dfcfd4bdbcbc368c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 19:55:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0439/1265] Translated --- ... The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md | 125 ------------------ ... The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md | 125 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 125 insertions(+), 125 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md deleted file mode 100644 index 146ee056e2..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,125 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Ubuntu Kylin: The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/) -[#]: author: (Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/) - -Ubuntu Kylin: The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu -====== - -[_**Ubuntu has several official flavors**_][1] _**and Kylin is one of them. In this article, you’ll learn about Ubuntu Kylin, what it is, why it was created and what features it offers.**_ - -Kylin was originally developed in 2001 by academicians at the [National University of Defense Technology][2] in the People’s Republic of China. The name is derived from [Qilin][3], a beast from Chinese mythology. - -The first versions of Kylin were based on [FreeBSD][4] and were intended for use by the Chinese military and other government organizations. Kylin 3.0 was purely based on the Linux kernel, and a version called [NeoKylin][5] which was announced in December 2010. - -In 2013, [Canonical][6] (parent company of Ubuntu) reached an agreement with the [Ministry of Industry and Information Technology][7] of the People’s Republic of China to co-create and release an Ubuntu-based OS with features targeted at the Chinese market. - -![Ubuntu Kylin][8] - -### What is Ubuntu Kylin? - -Following the 2013 agreement mentioned above, Ubuntu Kylin is now the official Chinese version of Ubuntu. It is much more than just language localisation. In fact, it is determined to serve the Chinese market the same way as Ubuntu serves the global market. - -The first version of [Ubuntu Kylin][9] came with Ubuntu 13.04. Like Ubuntu, Kylin too has LTS (long term support) and non-LTS versions. - -Currently, Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 LTS implements the [UKUI][10] desktop environment with revised boot up animation, log-in/screen-lock program and OS theme. To offer a more friendly experience for users, it has fixed bugs, has a file preview function, timer log out, the latest [WPS office suite][11] and [Sogou][12] put-in methods integrated within. - -Kylin 4.0.2 is a community edition based on Ubuntu Kylin 16.04 LTS. It includes several third-party applications with long term and stable support. It’s perfect for both server and desktop usage for daily office work and welcomed by the developers to [download][13]. The Kylin forums are actively available to provide feedback and also troubleshooting to find solutions. - -[][14] - -Suggested read Solve Ubuntu Error: Failed to download repository information Check your Internet connection. - -#### UKUI: The desktop environment by Ubuntu Kylin - -![Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 with UKUI Desktop][15] - -[UKUI][16] is designed and developed by the Ubuntu Kylin team and has some great features and provisions: - - * Windows-like interactive functions to bring more friendly user experiences. The Setup Wizard is user-friendly so that users can get started with Ubuntu Kylin quickly. - * Control Center has new settings for theme and window. Updated components such as Start Menu, taskbar, notification bar, file manager, window manager and others. - * Available separately on both Ubuntu and Debian repositories to provide a new desktop environment for users of Debian/Ubuntu distributions and derivatives worldwide. - * New login and lock programs, which is more stable and with many functions. - * Includes a feedback program convenient for feedback and questions. - - - -#### Kylin Software Center - -![Kylin Software Center][17] - -Kylin has a software center similar to Ubuntu software center and is called Ubuntu Kylin Software Center. It’s part of the Ubuntu Kylin Software Store that also includes Ubuntu Kylin Developer Platform and Ubuntu Kylin Repository with a simple interface and powerful function. It supports both Ubuntu and Ubuntu Kylin Repositories and is especially convenient for quick installation of Chinese characteristic software developed by Ubuntu Kylin team! - -#### Youker: A series of tools - -Ubuntu Kylin has also a series of tools named as Youker. Typing in “Youker” in the Kylin start menu will bring up the Kylin assistant. If you press the “Windows” key on the keyboard, you’d get a response exactly like you would on Windows. It will fire-up the Kylin start menu. - -![Kylin Assistant][18] - -Other Kylin branded applications include Kylin Video (player), Kylin Burner, Youker Weather and Youker Fcitx which supports better office work and personal entertainment. - -![Kylin Video][19] - -#### Special focus on Chinese characters - -In cooperation with Kingsoft, Ubuntu Kylin developers also work on Sogou Pinyin for Linux, Kuaipan for Linux and Kingsoft WPS for Ubuntu Kylin, and also address issues with smart pinyin, cloud storage service and office applications. [Pinyin][20] is romanization system for Chinese characters. With this, user inputs with English keyboard but Chinese characters are displayed on the screen. - -[][21] - -Suggested read How to Remove Older Linux Kernel Versions in Ubuntu - -#### Fun Fact: Ubuntu Kylin runs on Chinese supercomputers - -![Tianhe-2 Supercomputer. Photo by O01326 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45399546][22] - -It’s already in public knowledge that the [world’s top 500 fastest supercomputers run Linux][23]. Chinese supercomputers [Tianhe-1][24] and [Tianhe-2][25] both use the 64-bit version of Kylin Linux, dedicated to high-performance [parallel computing][26] optimization, power management and high-performance [virtual computing][27]. - -#### Summary - -I hope you liked this introduction in the world of Ubuntu Kylin. You can get either of Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 or the community edition based on Ubuntu 16.04 from its [official website][28]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/ - -作者：[Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/ -[2]: https://english.nudt.edu.cn -[3]: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-qilin-195005 -[4]: https://itsfoss.com/freebsd-12-release/ -[5]: https://thehackernews.com/2015/09/neokylin-china-linux-os.html -[6]: https://www.canonical.com/ -[7]: http://english.gov.cn/state_council/2014/08/23/content_281474983035940.htm -[8]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Ubuntu-Kylin.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[9]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com/ -[10]: http://ukui.org -[11]: https://www.wps.com/ -[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin -[13]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com/downloads/show.php?lang=en&id=122 -[14]: https://itsfoss.com/solve-ubuntu-error-failed-to-download-repository-information-check-your-internet-connection/ -[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ubuntu-Kylin-19-04-desktop.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[16]: http://www.ukui.org/ -[17]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-software-center.jpg?resize=800%2C496&ssl=1 -[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-assistant.jpg?resize=800%2C535&ssl=1 -[19]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-video.jpg?resize=800%2C533&ssl=1 -[20]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin -[21]: https://itsfoss.com/remove-old-kernels-ubuntu/ -[22]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/tianhe-2.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 -[23]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-top-supercomputers/ -[24]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-1 -[25]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-2 -[26]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing -[27]: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/how-virtual-computing-works.htm -[28]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com diff --git a/translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md b/translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9fe02540d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (robsean) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Ubuntu Kylin: The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/) +[#]: author: (Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/) + +Ubuntu Kylin: Ubuntu 的官方中文版本 +====== + +[_**Ubuntu 有几个官方特色版本**_][1] _**并且 Kylin 是它们中的一个。在这篇文章中，你将学习 Ubuntu Kylin，它是什么，它为什么被创建，它提供的特色是什么。**_ + +Kylin 最初由中华人民共和国的[国防科技大学][2]的院士在2001年开发。名字来源于 [Qilin][3]，一种来自中国神话的神兽。 + +Kylin 的第一个版本基于 [FreeBSD][4]，计划用于中国军方和其它政府组织。Kylin 3.0 完全基于 Linux 内核，并且在2010年12月发布一个称为 [NeoKylin][5] 的版本。 + +在2013年，[Canonical][6] (Ubuntu 的母公司) reached an agreement with the 与中华人民共和国的[工业和信息化部][7] 达成共识，共同创建和发布一个针对中国市场特色的基于 Ubuntu 的操作系统。 + +![Ubuntu Kylin][8] + +### Ubuntu Kylin 是什么? + +根据上述2013年的共识，Ubuntu Kylin 现在是 Ubuntu 的官方中国版本。它不仅仅是语言本地化。事实上，它决心服务中国市场，像 Ubuntu 服务全球市场一样。 + +[Ubuntu Kylin][9] 的第一个版本与 Ubuntu 13.04 一起到来。像 Ubuntu 一样，Kylin 也有 LTS (长期支持)和非 LTS 版本。 + +当前，Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 LTS 实施带有修改启动动画，登录/锁屏程序和操作系统主题的 [UKUI][10] 桌面环境。为给用户提供更友好的体验，它修复错误，它有文件预览功能，有定时注销，最新的 [WPS 办公组件][11]和 [Sogou][12] 输入法集成在其中。 + +Kylin 4.0.2 是一个基于 Ubuntu Kylin 16.04 LTS 的社区版本。它包含一些带有长期稳定支持的第三方应用程序。它非常适合服务器和日常桌面办公使用，欢迎开发者[下载][13]。Kylin 论坛积极地获取来自提供的反馈以及解决问题来找到解决方案。 + +[][14] + +建议阅读解决 Ubuntu 错误：下载存储库信息失败，检查你的网络链接。 + +#### UKUI：Ubuntu Kylin 的桌面环境 + +![Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 with UKUI Desktop][15] + +[UKUI][16] 由 Ubuntu Kylin 开发小组设计和开发，有一些非常好的特色和预装软件： + + * 类似 Windows 的交互功能，带来更友好的用户体验。安装导向是用户友好的，所以，用户可以快速使用 Ubuntu Kylin 。 + * 控制中心有新的主题和窗口设置。更新像开始菜单，任务栏，文件管理器，窗口管理器和其它的组件。 + * 在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 存储库上都单独可用，为 Debian/Ubuntu 发行版和其全球衍生版的的用户提供一个新单独桌面环境。 + * 新的登录和锁定程序，它更稳定和具有很多功能。 + * 包括一个反馈问题的实用的反馈程序。 + + + +#### Kylin 软件中心 + +![Kylin Software Center][17] + +Kylin 有一个软件中心，类似于 Ubuntu 软件中，并被称为 Ubuntu Kylin 软件中心。它是 Ubuntu Kylin 软件商店的一部分，它也包含 Ubuntu Kylin 开发者平台和 Ubuntu Kylin 存储库，具有一个简单的用户界面，并功能强大。它同时支持 Ubuntu 和 Ubuntu Kylin 存储库，并特别适用于由 Ubuntu Kylin 小组开发的中文特有的软件的快速安装！ + +#### Youker: 一系列的工具 + +Ubuntu Kylin 也有一系列被命名为 Youker 的工具。在 Kylin 开始菜单中输入 “Youker” 将带来 Kylin 助手。如果你在键盘上按 “Windows” 按键，像你在 Windows 上一样，你将获得一个精确地响应。它将启动 Kylin 开始菜单。 + +![Kylin Assistant][18] + +其它 Kylin 品牌的应用程序包括 Kylin 影音(播放器)，Kylin 刻录，Youker 天气，Youker 企鹅，它们更好地支持办公工作和个人娱乐。 + +![Kylin Video][19] + +#### 特别专注于中文 + +与 Kingsoft 合作，Ubuntu Kylin 开发者也致力于 Linux 版本的搜狗拼音输入法，快盘，和 Ubuntu Kylin 版本的 Kingsoft WPS ，也解决智能拼音，云存储和办公应用程序。[Pinyin][20] 是中文字符的拉丁化系统。使用这个系统，用户用英文键盘输出，但在屏幕上将显示中文字符。 + +[][21] + +建议阅读如何在 Ubuntu 中移除旧的 Linux 内核版本 + +#### 有趣的事实：Ubuntu Kylin 运行在中国超级计算机上 + +![Tianhe-2 Supercomputer. Photo by O01326 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45399546][22] + +它已经在公知的[世界500强最快的运行 Linux 的超级计算机][23]中。中国超级计算机[天河-1][24]和[天河-2][25]都使用 Kylin Linux 的64位版本，致力于高性能的[并行计算][26]最优化，电源管理和高性能的[虚拟化计算][27]。 + +#### 总结 + +我希望你喜欢这篇 Ubuntu Kylin 世界的介绍。你可以从它的[官方网站][28]获得 Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 或基于 Ubuntu 16.04 的社区版本。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/ + +作者：[Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/ +[2]: https://english.nudt.edu.cn +[3]: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-qilin-195005 +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/freebsd-12-release/ +[5]: https://thehackernews.com/2015/09/neokylin-china-linux-os.html +[6]: https://www.canonical.com/ +[7]: http://english.gov.cn/state_council/2014/08/23/content_281474983035940.htm +[8]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Ubuntu-Kylin.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[9]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com/ +[10]: http://ukui.org +[11]: https://www.wps.com/ +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin +[13]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com/downloads/show.php?lang=en&id=122 +[14]: https://itsfoss.com/solve-ubuntu-error-failed-to-download-repository-information-check-your-internet-connection/ +[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ubuntu-Kylin-19-04-desktop.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[16]: http://www.ukui.org/ +[17]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-software-center.jpg?resize=800%2C496&ssl=1 +[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-assistant.jpg?resize=800%2C535&ssl=1 +[19]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kylin-video.jpg?resize=800%2C533&ssl=1 +[20]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/remove-old-kernels-ubuntu/ +[22]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/tianhe-2.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[23]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-runs-top-supercomputers/ +[24]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-1 +[25]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-2 +[26]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing +[27]: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/how-virtual-computing-works.htm +[28]: http://www.ubuntukylin.com From e7849823eae0756313176200c69019c82f0f6d64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 21:20:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0440/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md index 065b313c05..ca9db0c33f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 24365e60ff67abc48fdd76fc3224f0adf44fdec1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 21:23:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0441/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190619=20Get?= =?UTF-8?q?=20the=20latest=20Ansible=202.8=20in=20Fedora=20sources/tech/20?= =?UTF-8?q?190619=20Get=20the=20latest=20Ansible=202.8=20in=20Fedora.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...19 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..486ea44a30 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/get-the-latest-ansible-2-8-in-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/) + +Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora +====== + +![][1] + +Ansible is one of the most popular automation engines in the world. It lets you automate virtually anything, from setup of a local system to huge groups of platforms and apps. It’s cross platform, so you can use it with all sorts of operating systems. Read on for more information on how to get the latest Ansible in Fedora, some of its changes and improvements, and how to put it to use. + +### Releases and features + +Ansible 2.8 was recently released with many fixes, features, and enhancements. It was available in Fedora mere days afterward as an official update in Fedora 29 and 30, as well as EPEL. The follow-on version 2.8.1 released two weeks ago. Again, the new release was available within a few days in Fedora. + +Installation is, of course, easy to do from the official Fedora repositories [using sudo][2]: + +``` +$ sudo dnf -y install ansible +``` + +The 2.8 release has a long list of changes, and you can read them in the [Porting Guide for 2.8][3]. But they include some goodies, such as _Python interpreter discovery._ Ansible 2.8 now tries to figure out which Python is preferred by the platform it runs on. In cases where that fails, Ansible uses a fallback list. However, you can still use a variable _ansible_python_interpreter_ to set the Python interpreter. + +Another change makes Ansible more consistent across platforms. Since _sudo_ is more exclusive to UNIX/Linux, and other platforms don’t have it, _become_ is now used in more places. This includes command line switches. For example, _–ask-sudo-pass_ has become _–ask-become-pass_ , and the prompt is now _BECOME password:_ instead. + +There are many more features in the 2.8 and 2.8.1 releases. Do check out the [official changelog on GitHub][4] for all the details. + +### Using Ansible + +Maybe you’re not sure if Ansible is something you could really use. Don’t worry, you might not be alone in thinking that, because it’s so powerful. But it turns out that it’s not hard to use it even for simple or individual setups like a home with a couple computers (or even just one!). + +We covered this topic earlier in the Fedora magazine as well: + +> [Using Ansible to set up a workstation][5] + +Give Ansible a try and see what you think. The great part about it is that Fedora stays quite up to date with the latest releases. Happy automating! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/get-the-latest-ansible-2-8-in-fedora/ + +作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ansible28-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ +[3]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/porting_guides/porting_guide_2.8.html +[4]: https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/stable-2.8/changelogs/CHANGELOG-v2.8.rst +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-ansible-setup-workstation/ From 2fe208d120bcac5a1a1fbcfc6cb503a6bb1a2ffc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 21:23:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0442/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190619=2011?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Free=20and=20Open=20Source=20Video=20Editing=20Software=20so?= =?UTF-8?q?urces/tech/20190619=2011=20Free=20and=20Open=20Source=20Video?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Editing=20Software.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... and Open Source Video Editing Software.md | 327 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 327 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190619 11 Free and Open Source Video Editing Software.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 11 Free and Open Source Video Editing Software.md b/sources/tech/20190619 11 Free and Open Source Video Editing Software.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..57ad8a5358 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190619 11 Free and Open Source Video Editing Software.md @@ -0,0 +1,327 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (11 Free and Open Source Video Editing Software) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/open-source-video-editors/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +11 Free and Open Source Video Editing Software +====== + +We’ve already covered the [top video editors for Linux][1]. That list contained some non-open source software as well. This made us write this article to feature only open source video editors. We’ve also mentioned what platforms are supported by these software so that this list is helpful even if you are not using Linux. + +### Top Free and Open Source Video Editors + +![Best Open Source Video Editors][2] + +Just for your information, this list is not a ranking and the editors listed here are not in any specific order. I have not mentioned the installation procedure but you can find that information on the website of each project. + +#### 1\. Kdenlive + +![][3] + +**Key Features** : + + * Multi-track Video Editing + * All kinds of audio/video format supported with the help of FFmpeg libraries + * 2D Title maker + * Customizable Interface and shortcuts + * Proxy editing to make things faster + * Automatic backup + * Timeline preview + * Keyframeable effects + * Audiometer, Histogram, Waveform, etc. + + + +**Platforms available on:** Linux, macOS and Windows. + +Kdenlive is an open source video editor (and free) available for Windows, Mac OSX, and Linux distros. + +If you are on a Mac, you will have to manually compile and install it. However, if you are on Windows, you can download the EXE file and should have no issues installing it. + +[Kdenlive][4] + +#### 2\. LiVES + +![][5] + +**Key Features:** + + * Frame and sample accurate editing + * Edit video in real-time + * Can be controlled using MIDI, keyboard, Joystic + * Multi-track support + * VJ keyboard control during playback + * Plugins supported + * Compatible with various effects frameworks: projectM, LADSPA audio, and so on. + + + +**Platforms available on:** Linux and macOS. Support for Windows will be added soon. + +LiVES is an interesting open source video editor. You can find the code on [GitHub][6]. It is currently available for **Linux and macOS Leopard**. It will soon be available for Windows (hopefully by the end of 2019). + +[LiVES][7] + +#### 3\. OpenShot + +![][8] + +**Key Features:** + + * Almost all video/audio formats supported + * Key frame animation framework + * Multi-track support + * Desktop integration (drag and drop support) + * Video transition with real-time previews + * 3D animated titles and effects + * Advanced timeline with drag/drop support, panning, scrolling, zooming, and snapping. + + + +**Platforms available on:** Linux, macOS and Windows. + +OpenShot is a quite popular video editor and it is open source as well. Unlike others, OpenShot offers a DMG installer for Mac OSX. So, you don’t have to compile and install it manually. + +If you are a fan of open source solutions and you own a Mac, OpenShot seems like a very good option. + +[OpenShot][9] + +#### 4\. VidCutter + +![][10] + +**Key Features:** + + * Keyframes viewer + * Cut, Split, and add different clips + * Major audio/video formats supported + + + +[][11] + +Suggested read Install Windows Like Desktop Widgets In Ubuntu Linux With Screenlets + +**Platforms available on:** Linux, macOS and Windows. + +VidCutter is an open source video editor for basic tasks. It does not offer a plethora of features – but it works for all the common tasks like clipping or cutting. It’s under active development as well. + +For Linux, it is available on Flathub as well. And, for Windows and Mac OS, you do get EXE and DMG file packages in the latest releases. + +[VidCutter][12] + +#### 5\. Shotcut + +![][13] + +**Key Features:** + + * Supports almost all major audio/video formats with the help of FFmpeg libraries. + * Multiple dockable/undockable panels + * Intuitive UI + * JACK transport sync + * Stereo, mono, and 5.1 surround support + * Waveform, Histogram, etc. + * Easy to use with dual monitors + * Portable version available + + + +**Platforms available on:** Linux, macOS and Windows. + +Shotcut is yet another popular open source video editor available across multiple platforms. It features a nice interface to work on. + +When considering the features, it offers almost everything that you would ever need (from color correction to adding transitions). Also, it provides a portable version for Windows – which is an impressive thing. + +[Shotcut][14] + +#### 6\. Flowblade + +![][15] + +**Key Features:** + + * Advanced timeline control + * Multi-track editing + * [G’mic][16] tool + * All major audio/video formats supported with the help of FFMpeg libraries + + + +**Platforms available on:** Linux + +Flowblade is an intuitive open source video editor available only for Linux. Yes, it is a bummer that we do not have cross-platform support for this. + +However, if you are using a Linux distro, you can either download the .deb file and get it installed or use the source code on GitHub. + +[Flowblade][17] + +#### 7\. Avidemux + +![][18] + +**Key Features:** + + * Trim + * Cut + * Filter support + * Major video format supported + + + +**Platforms available on:** Linux, BSD, macOS and Windows. + +If you are looking for a basic cross-platform open source video editor – this will be one of our recommendations. You just get the ability to cut, save, add a filter, and perform some other basic editing tasks. Their official [SourceForge page][19] might look like it has been abandoned, but it is in active development. + +[Avidemux][19] + +#### 8\. Pitivi + +![][20] + +**Key Features:** + + * All major video formats supported using [GStreamer Multimedia Framework][21] + * Advanced timeline independent of frame rate + * Animated effects and transitions + * Audio waveforms + * Real-time trimming previews + + + +**Platforms available on:** Linux + +Yet another open source video editor that is available only for Linux. The UI is user-friendly and the features offered will help you perform some advanced edits as well. + +You can install it using Flatpak or look for the source code on their official website. It should be available in the repositories of most distributions as well. + +[Pitivi][22] + +#### 9\. Blender + +![][23] + +**Key Features:** + + * VFX + * Modeling tools + * Animation and Rigging tools + * Draw in 2D or 3D + + + +[][24] + +Suggested read 4 Best Modern Open Source Text Editors For Coding in Linux + +**Platforms available on:** Linux, macOS and Windows. + +Blender is an advanced 3D creation suite. And, it is surprising that you get all those powerful abilities for free (and while being open source). + +Of course, Blender is not a solution for every user – however, it is definitely one of the best open source tool available for Windows, macOS, and Linux. You can also find it on [Steam][25] to install it. + +[Blender][26] + +#### 10\. Cinelerra + +![][27] + +**Key Features:** + + * Advanced timeline + * Motion tracking support + * Video stabilization + * Audio mastering + * Color correction + + + +**Platforms available on:** Linux + +Cinelerra is a quite popular open source video editor. However, it has several branches to it (in other words – different versions). I am not sure if that is a good thing – but you get different features (and ability) on each of them. + +Cinelerra GG, CV, CVE, and HV are those variants catering to users with different preferences. Personally, I would recommend to check out [Cinelerra GG][28]. + +[Cinelerra][29] + +#### 11\. NATRON + +![][30] + +**Key Features:** + + * VFX + * Powerful Tracker + * Keying tools for production needs + * Shadertoy and G’mic tools + * OpenFX plugin support + + + +**Platforms available on** : Linux, macOS and Windows. + +If you are into VFX and motion graphics, NATRON is a good alternative to Blender. Of course, in order to compare them for your usage, you will have to give it a try yourself. + +You do have the installer available for Windows and the dmg package for Mac. So, it is quite easy to get it installed. You can always head to its [GitHub page][31] for more information. + +[Natron][32] + +**Wrapping Up** + +So, now that you know about some of the most popular open source video editors available out there – what do you think about them? + +Are they good enough for professional requirements? Or, did we miss any of your favorite open source video editor that deserved the mention? + +I am not an expert video editor and have only experience with simple editing tasks to create YouTube videos. If you are an experienced and professional video editor, I would like to hear your opinion on how good are these open source video editors for the experts. + +Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/open-source-video-editors/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-video-editing-software-linux/ +[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/best-open-source-video-editors-800x450.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/kdenlive-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg?ssl=1 +[4]: https://kdenlive.org/en/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/lives-video-editor.jpg?fit=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[6]: https://github.com/salsaman/LiVES +[7]: http://lives-video.com/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/openshot-free-video-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg?ssl=1 +[9]: https://www.openshot.org/ +[10]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/vidcutter.jpg?fit=800%2C585&ssl=1 +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/install-windows-desktop-widgets-linux/ +[12]: https://github.com/ozmartian/vidcutter +[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/shotcut-video-editor-linux.jpg?resize=800%2C503&ssl=1 +[14]: https://shotcut.org/ +[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/flowblade-movie-editor-on-ubuntu.jpg?ssl=1 +[16]: https://gmic.eu/ +[17]: https://jliljebl.github.io/flowblade/index.html +[18]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/avidemux.jpg?resize=800%2C697&ssl=1 +[19]: http://avidemux.sourceforge.net/ +[20]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/pitvi.jpg?resize=800%2C464&ssl=1 +[21]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer +[22]: http://www.pitivi.org/ +[23]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/blender-running-on-ubuntu-16.04.jpg?ssl=1 +[24]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/ +[25]: https://store.steampowered.com/app/365670/Blender/ +[26]: https://www.blender.org/ +[27]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cinelerra-screenshot.jpeg?ssl=1 +[28]: https://www.cinelerra-gg.org/ +[29]: http://cinelerra.org/ +[30]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/natron.jpg?fit=800%2C481&ssl=1 +[31]: https://github.com/NatronGitHub/Natron +[32]: https://natrongithub.github.io/ From 8246995d26a477d95b7dd1f81221a413d9942dad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 21:48:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0443/1265] PRF:20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md @robsean --- ... The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md | 66 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md b/translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md index 9fe02540d0..d640c0e770 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md @@ -1,86 +1,80 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Ubuntu Kylin: The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/) [#]: author: (Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/) -Ubuntu Kylin: Ubuntu 的官方中文版本 +优麒麟：Ubuntu 的官方中文版本 ====== -[_**Ubuntu 有几个官方特色版本**_][1] _**并且 Kylin 是它们中的一个。在这篇文章中，你将学习 Ubuntu Kylin，它是什么，它为什么被创建，它提供的特色是什么。**_ +> 让我们来看看国外是如何看优麒麟的。 -Kylin 最初由中华人民共和国的[国防科技大学][2]的院士在2001年开发。名字来源于 [Qilin][3]，一种来自中国神话的神兽。 +[Ubuntu 有几个官方特色版本][1]，优麒麟（Ubuntu Kylin）是它们中的一个。在这篇文章中，你将了解到优麒麟，它是什么，它为什么被创建，它的特色是什么。 -Kylin 的第一个版本基于 [FreeBSD][4]，计划用于中国军方和其它政府组织。Kylin 3.0 完全基于 Linux 内核，并且在2010年12月发布一个称为 [NeoKylin][5] 的版本。 +麒麟操作系统最初由中华人民共和国的[国防科技大学][2]的院士在 2001 年开发。名字来源于[麒麟][3]，这是一种来自中国神话的神兽。 -在2013年，[Canonical][6] (Ubuntu 的母公司) reached an agreement with the 与中华人民共和国的[工业和信息化部][7] 达成共识，共同创建和发布一个针对中国市场特色的基于 Ubuntu 的操作系统。 +麒麟操作系统的第一个版本基于 [FreeBSD][4]，计划用于中国军方和其它政府组织。麒麟 3.0 完全基于 Linux 内核，并且在 2010 年 12 月发布一个称为 [NeoKylin][5] 的版本。 + +在 2013 年，[Canonical][6] (Ubuntu 的母公司) 与中华人民共和国的[工业和信息化部][7] 达成共识，共同创建和发布一个针对中国市场特色的基于 Ubuntu 的操作系统。 ![Ubuntu Kylin][8] -### Ubuntu Kylin 是什么? +### 优麒麟是什么? -根据上述2013年的共识，Ubuntu Kylin 现在是 Ubuntu 的官方中国版本。它不仅仅是语言本地化。事实上，它决心服务中国市场，像 Ubuntu 服务全球市场一样。 +根据上述 2013 年的共识，优麒麟现在是 Ubuntu 的官方中国版本。它不仅仅是语言本地化。事实上，它决心服务中国市场，就像 Ubuntu 服务全球市场一样。 -[Ubuntu Kylin][9] 的第一个版本与 Ubuntu 13.04 一起到来。像 Ubuntu 一样，Kylin 也有 LTS (长期支持)和非 LTS 版本。 +[优麒麟][9]的第一个版本与 Ubuntu 13.04 一起到来。像 Ubuntu 一样，优麒麟也有 LTS （长期支持）和非 LTS 版本。 -当前，Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 LTS 实施带有修改启动动画，登录/锁屏程序和操作系统主题的 [UKUI][10] 桌面环境。为给用户提供更友好的体验，它修复错误，它有文件预览功能，有定时注销，最新的 [WPS 办公组件][11]和 [Sogou][12] 输入法集成在其中。 +当前，优麒麟 19.04 LTS 采用了 [UKUI][10] 桌面环境，修改了启动动画、登录/锁屏程序和操作系统主题。为给用户提供更友好的体验，它修复了一些错误，带有文件预览、定时注销等功能，最新的 [WPS 办公组件][11]和 [搜狗][12] 输入法集成于其中。 -Kylin 4.0.2 是一个基于 Ubuntu Kylin 16.04 LTS 的社区版本。它包含一些带有长期稳定支持的第三方应用程序。它非常适合服务器和日常桌面办公使用，欢迎开发者[下载][13]。Kylin 论坛积极地获取来自提供的反馈以及解决问题来找到解决方案。 +- [https://youtu.be/kZPtFMWsyv4](https://youtu.be/kZPtFMWsyv4) -[][14] +银河麒麟 4.0.2 是一个基于优麒麟 16.04 LTS 的社区版本。它包含一些带有长期稳定支持的第三方应用程序。它非常适合服务器和日常桌面办公使用，欢迎开发者[下载][13]。麒麟论坛积极地获取来自提供的反馈以及解决问题来找到解决方案。 -建议阅读解决 Ubuntu 错误：下载存储库信息失败，检查你的网络链接。 - -#### UKUI：Ubuntu Kylin 的桌面环境 +#### UKUI：优麒麟的桌面环境 ![Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 with UKUI Desktop][15] -[UKUI][16] 由 Ubuntu Kylin 开发小组设计和开发，有一些非常好的特色和预装软件： +[UKUI][16] 由优麒麟开发小组设计和开发，有一些非常好的特色和预装软件： - * 类似 Windows 的交互功能，带来更友好的用户体验。安装导向是用户友好的，所以，用户可以快速使用 Ubuntu Kylin 。 - * 控制中心有新的主题和窗口设置。更新像开始菜单，任务栏，文件管理器，窗口管理器和其它的组件。 - * 在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 存储库上都单独可用，为 Debian/Ubuntu 发行版和其全球衍生版的的用户提供一个新单独桌面环境。 + * 类似 Windows 的交互功能，带来更友好的用户体验。安装导向易于使用，用户可以快速使用优麒麟。 + * 控制中心对主题和窗口采用了新的设置。如开始菜单、任务栏、文件管理器、窗口管理器和其它的组件进行了更新。 + * 在 Ubuntu 和 Debian 存储库上都可用，为 Debian/Ubuntu 发行版和其全球衍生版的的用户提供一个新单独桌面环境。 * 新的登录和锁定程序，它更稳定和具有很多功能。 * 包括一个反馈问题的实用的反馈程序。 - - -#### Kylin 软件中心 +#### 麒麟软件中心 ![Kylin Software Center][17] -Kylin 有一个软件中心，类似于 Ubuntu 软件中，并被称为 Ubuntu Kylin 软件中心。它是 Ubuntu Kylin 软件商店的一部分，它也包含 Ubuntu Kylin 开发者平台和 Ubuntu Kylin 存储库，具有一个简单的用户界面，并功能强大。它同时支持 Ubuntu 和 Ubuntu Kylin 存储库，并特别适用于由 Ubuntu Kylin 小组开发的中文特有的软件的快速安装！ +麒麟有一个软件中心，类似于 Ubuntu 软件中心，并被称为优麒麟软件中心。它是优麒麟软件商店的一部分，该商店也包含优麒麟开发者平台和优麒麟存储库，具有一个简单的用户界面，并功能强大。它同时支持 Ubuntu 和优麒麟存储库，并特别适用于由优麒麟小组开发的中文特有的软件的快速安装！ -#### Youker: 一系列的工具 +#### 优客：一系列的工具 -Ubuntu Kylin 也有一系列被命名为 Youker 的工具。在 Kylin 开始菜单中输入 “Youker” 将带来 Kylin 助手。如果你在键盘上按 “Windows” 按键，像你在 Windows 上一样，你将获得一个精确地响应。它将启动 Kylin 开始菜单。 +优麒麟也有一系列被命名为优客的工具。在麒麟开始菜单中输入 “Youker” 将带来麒麟助手。如果你在键盘上按 “Windows” 按键，像你在 Windows 上一样，它将打开麒麟开始菜单。 ![Kylin Assistant][18] -其它 Kylin 品牌的应用程序包括 Kylin 影音(播放器)，Kylin 刻录，Youker 天气，Youker 企鹅，它们更好地支持办公工作和个人娱乐。 +其它麒麟品牌的应用程序包括麒麟影音（播放器）、麒麟刻录，优客天气、优客 Fcitx 输入法，它们更好地支持办公工作和个人娱乐。 ![Kylin Video][19] #### 特别专注于中文 -与 Kingsoft 合作，Ubuntu Kylin 开发者也致力于 Linux 版本的搜狗拼音输入法，快盘，和 Ubuntu Kylin 版本的 Kingsoft WPS ，也解决智能拼音，云存储和办公应用程序。[Pinyin][20] 是中文字符的拉丁化系统。使用这个系统，用户用英文键盘输出，但在屏幕上将显示中文字符。 +通过与金山软件合作，优麒麟开发者也致力于 Linux 版本的搜狗拼音输入法、快盘和优麒麟版本的金山 WPS，并解决了智能拼音、云存储和办公应用程序方面的问题。[拼音][20] 是中文字符的拉丁化系统。使用这个系统，用户用英文键盘输入，但在屏幕上将显示中文字符。 -[][21] - -建议阅读如何在 Ubuntu 中移除旧的 Linux 内核版本 - -#### 有趣的事实：Ubuntu Kylin 运行在中国超级计算机上 +#### 有趣的事实：优麒麟运行在中国超级计算机上 ![Tianhe-2 Supercomputer. Photo by O01326 – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45399546][22] -它已经在公知的[世界500强最快的运行 Linux 的超级计算机][23]中。中国超级计算机[天河-1][24]和[天河-2][25]都使用 Kylin Linux 的64位版本，致力于高性能的[并行计算][26]最优化，电源管理和高性能的[虚拟化计算][27]。 +众所周知[世界上最快的超级计算机 500 强都在运行 Linux][23]。中国超级计算机[天河-1][24]和[天河-2][25]都使用优麒麟的 64 位版本，致力于高性能的[并行计算][26]优化、电源管理和高性能的[虚拟化计算][27]。 -#### 总结 +### 总结 -我希望你喜欢这篇 Ubuntu Kylin 世界的介绍。你可以从它的[官方网站][28]获得 Ubuntu Kylin 19.04 或基于 Ubuntu 16.04 的社区版本。 +我希望你喜欢这篇优麒麟世界的介绍。你可以从它的[官方网站][28]获得优麒麟 19.04 或基于 Ubuntu 16.04 的社区版本（银河麒麟）。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -89,7 +83,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/ 作者：[Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e9f8967d4e2824784032987456901404af2cb54d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 21:49:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0444/1265] PUB:20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md @robsean https://linux.cn/article-10995-1.html --- ...13 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md b/published/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md rename to published/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md index d640c0e770..fe9c2a13a6 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md +++ b/published/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10995-1.html) [#]: subject: (Ubuntu Kylin: The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-kylin/) [#]: author: (Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay https://itsfoss.com/author/avimanyu/) From d7591ac6ffe0d1ce4267877e6ebbd235d7cc8671 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 22:44:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0445/1265] PRF:20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md PART 2 --- translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md b/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md index 37b1bef541..56d961cf6b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ ### 1983 -仅仅是上周，你在电视上看到 [Commodore 64 广告][3] ，现在 M*A*S*H 结束了，在星期一晚上，你正在市场上采购没做过的一些东西。这个 Commodore 64 甚至看起来比 Apple II 更好，鲁迪（译者注：应该是拥有 Apple II 的人）的家人在他们的地下室。而且，广告承诺新的计算机将一会携带朋友们“击倒”你的门。你知道一些在学校的人们只要他们能在这里玩 Zork，他们宁愿在你的家里过把瘾，也不愿呆在鲁迪的家里。 +就在上周，你在电视上看到 [Commodore 64 广告][3] ，现在 M\*A\*S\*H 播完了（LCTT 译注： 这是一部上世纪 70 年代初的电视剧），在星期一晚上，你正在市场上找一些没玩过的新东西。这个 Commodore 64 甚至看起来比鲁迪（LCTT 译注：应该是拥有 Apple II 的人）的家人放在地下室的 Apple II 更好。而且，广告吹牛说新的计算机会让你的朋友们“挤破”你家的大门。你在学校里认识的几个家伙宁愿挤在你的家里，也不愿去鲁迪的家里，只要他们能在这里玩 Zork 就行。 所以，你说服你的父母去买一台.你的妈妈说，她们可以考虑它，如果有一台家庭电脑，意味着你离开娱乐厅。你勉强同意。你的爸爸想，他可以开始在 MultiPlan （译注：电子表格程序）中跟踪家庭的资金。 MultiPlan 是他曾听到过的电子表格程序， 这是为什么计算机放在客厅的原因。然而，一年后，你将是唯一仍然使用它的人。你最终被允许把它放到你的卧室中的桌子上，正好在你的警察海报下面。 From fe4dd753e3bf4b2672e376366d862e054705e0bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: yuqi Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 23:09:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0446/1265] translating 20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win --- sources/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md b/sources/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md index c1697f3cae..995d678073 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (oneforalone) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e7917bbdff82447bf8d66817699d6d741df7ecc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 23:19:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0447/1265] PRF:20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md @wxy --- ...OME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md | 14 ++++++-------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md b/translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md index 6c15546636..08bba53038 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive) @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ ### GNOME 活动概述 -可以使用键盘上的 `Super` 键轻松打开活动概述。（`Super` 键通常有一个标识——比如 Windows 徽标……。）这在启动应用程序时非常有用。例如，使用以下键序列 `Super + f i r + Enter` 可以轻松启动 Firefox Web 浏览器 +可以使用键盘上的 `Super` 键轻松打开活动概述。（`Super` 键通常有一个标识——比如 Windows 徽标……）这在启动应用程序时非常有用。例如，使用以下键序列 `Super + f i r + Enter` 可以轻松启动 Firefox Web 浏览器 ![][3] @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ 在 GNOME 中，消息托盘中提供了通知。这也是日历和世界时钟出现的地方。要使用键盘打开信息托盘，请使用 `Super + m` 快捷键。要关闭消息托盘，只需再次使用相同的快捷方式。 - * ![][4] +![][4] ### 在 GNOME 中管理工作空间 @@ -42,20 +42,18 @@ GNOME Shell 使用动态工作空间，这意味着它可以根据需要创建 ### 同一个应用的多个窗口 -使用活动概述启动应用程序非常有效。但是，尝试从已经运行的应用程序打开一个新窗口只能将焦点转移到已经打开的窗口。要创建一个新窗口，而不是简单地按 `Enter` 启动应用程序，请使用 `Ctrl + Enter`。 +使用活动概述启动应用程序非常有效。但是，尝试从已经运行的应用程序打开一个新窗口只能将焦点转移到已经打开的窗口。要创建一个新窗口，就不是简单地按 `Enter` 启动应用程序，请使用 `Ctrl + Enter`。 因此，例如，使用应用程序概述启动终端的第二个实例，`Super + t e r + (Ctrl + Enter)`。 ![][7] -然后你可以使用 `Super` + `在同一个应用程序的窗口之间切换。 +然后你可以使用 `Super` + ` 在同一个应用程序的窗口之间切换。 ![][8] 如图所示，当用键盘控制时，GNOME Shell 是一个非常强大的桌面环境。学习使用这些快捷方式并训练你的肌肉记忆以不使用鼠标将为你提供更好的用户体验，并在使用 GNOME 时提高你的工作效率。有关其他有用的快捷方式，请查看 [GNOME wiki 上的此页面][9]。 -* * * - *图片来自 [1AmFcS][10]，[Unsplash][11]* -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -65,7 +63,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive 作者：[Clément Verna][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5148aa34c9db352cb88321bf28b33ee03b0e5c8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 19 Jun 2019 23:19:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0448/1265] PUB:20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10997-1.html --- ...190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md b/published/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md rename to published/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md index 08bba53038..9ba4bc2d57 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md +++ b/published/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10997-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive/) [#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/) From 7df2d4fd13e082938c641a8ba8dbbf2506d3c8f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 08:57:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0449/1265] translated --- ... alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md | 133 ------------------ ... alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md | 133 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 133 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md deleted file mode 100644 index 29b306d7e6..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,133 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/) -[#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/) - -Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora -====== - -![][1] - -[Modularity][2] enables Fedora to provide alternative versions of RPM packages in the repositories. Several different applications, language runtimes, and tools are available in multiple versions, build natively for each Fedora release. - -The Fedora Magazine has already covered [Modularity in Fedora 28 Server Edition][3] about a year ago. Back then, it was just an optional repository with additional content, and as the title hints, only available to the Server Edition. A lot has changed since then, and now **Modularity is a core part of the Fedora distribution**. And some packages have moved to modules completely. At the time of writing — out of the 49,464 binary RPM packages in Fedora 30 — 1,119 (2.26%) come from a module ([more about the numbers][4]). - -### Modularity basics - -Because having too many packages in multiple versions could feel overwhelming (and hard to manage), packages are grouped into **modules** that represent an application, a language runtime, or any other sensible group. - -Modules often come in multiple **streams** — usually representing a major version of the software. Available in parallel, but only one stream of each module can be installed on a given system. - -And not to overwhelm users with too many choices, each Fedora release comes with a set of **defaults** — so decisions only need to be made when desired. - -Finally, to simplify installation, modules can be optionally installed using pre-defined **profiles** based on a use case. A database module, for example, could be installed as a client, a server, or both. - -### Modularity in practice - -When you install an RPM package on your Fedora system, chances are it comes from a module stream. The reason why you might not have noticed is one of the core principles of Modularity — remaining invisible until there is a reason to know about it. - -Let’s compare the following two situations. First, installing the popular _i3_ tiling window manager, and second, installing the minimalist _dwm_ window manager: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install i3 -... -Done! -``` - -As expected, the above command installs the _i3_ package and its dependencies on the system. Nothing else happened here. But what about the other one? - -``` -$ sudo dnf install dwm -... -Enabling module streams: - dwm 6.1 -... -Done! -``` - -It feels the same, but something happened in the background — the default _dwm_ module stream ( _6.1_ ) got enabled, and the _dwm_ package from the module got installed. - -To be transparent, there is a message about the module auto-enablement in the output. But other than that, the user doesn’t need to know anything about Modularity in order to use their system the way they always did. - -But what if they do? Let’s see how a different version of _dwm_ could have been installed instead. - -Use the following command to see what module streams are available: - -``` -$ sudo dnf module list -... -dwm latest ... -dwm 6.0 ... -dwm 6.1 [d] ... -dwm 6.2 ... -... -Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled -``` - -The output shows there are four streams of the _dwm_ module, _6.1_ being the default. - -To install the _dwm_ package in a different version — from the _6.2_ stream for example — enable the stream and then install the package by using the two following commands: - -``` -$ sudo dnf module enable dwm:6.2 -... -Enabling module streams: - dwm 6.2 -... -Done! -$ sudo dnf install dwm -... -Done! -``` - -Finally, let’s have a look at profiles, with PostgreSQL as an example. - -``` -$ sudo dnf module list -... -postgresql 9.6 client, server ... -postgresql 10 client, server ... -postgresql 11 client, server ... -... -``` - -To install PostgreSQL 11 as a server, use the following command: - -``` -$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/server -``` - -Note that — apart from enabling — modules can be installed with a single command when a profile is specified. - -It is possible to install multiple profiles at once. To add the client tools, use the following command: - -``` -$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/client -``` - -There are many other modules with multiple streams available to choose from. At the time of writing, there were 83 module streams in Fedora 30. That includes two versions of MariaDB, three versions of Node.js, two versions of Ruby, and many more. - -Please refer to the [official user documentation for Modularity][5] for a complete set of commands including switching from one stream to another. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/ - -作者：[Adam Šamalík][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/modularity-f30-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://docs.pagure.org/modularity -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/modularity-fedora-28-server-edition/ -[4]: https://blog.samalik.com/2019/06/12/counting-modularity-packages.html -[5]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/modularity/using-modules/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..23f95600d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/) + +在 Fedora 中安装替代版本的 RPM +====== + +![][1] + +[模块化][2]（Modularity）使 Fedora 能够在仓库中提供替代版本的 RPM 软件包。为每个 Fedroa 版本原生构建了多个不同的应用、语言运行时和工具版本。 + +Fedora Magazine 大约一年前就写了 [Fedora 28 服务器版的模块化][3]。那时，它只是一个有附加内容的可选仓库，并且明确只支持服务器版。到目前为止，它已经发生了很多变化，现在**模块化是 Fedora 发行版的核心部分**。一些软件包已完全变成模块。在编写本文时，Fedora 30 的 49,464 个二进制 RPM 软件包中的 1,119（2.26％）来自一个模块（[关于这个数字的更多信息][4]）。 + +### 模块化基础知识 + +由于许多软件包有不同的版本会让人难以承受（并且难以管理），所以包被分组为**模块**，这代表一个应用程序、一个语言运行时或任何其他合理的组。 + +模块通常有多个**流**，这通常代表软件的主要版本。它可以并行使用，但在给定系统上只能安装每个模块的一个流。 + +为了不让用户因为太多选择而难以承受，每个 Fedora 版本都有一组**默认**，因此只需要在需要时做出决定。 + +最后，为了简化安装，可以根据用例使用预定义的 **profile** 选择性地安装模块。例如，数据库模块可以作为客户端，服务端或同时安装。 + +### 实际使用模块化 + +当你在 Fedora 系统上安装 RPM 软件包时，它很可能它来自模块流。你可能没有注意到的原因之一是模块化的核心原则之一是在你要了解之前保持不可见。 + +让我们比较以下两种情况。首先，安装流行的 _i3_ 平铺窗口管理器，然后安装极简化的 _dwm_ 窗口管理器： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install i3 +... +Done! +``` + +正如所料，上面的命令会在系统上安装 _i3_ 包及其依赖项。这里没有其他事情发生。但另一个会怎么样？ + +``` +$ sudo dnf install dwm +... +Enabling module streams: + dwm 6.1 +... +Done! +``` + +感觉是一样的，但后台发生了一些事情 。它启用了默认的 _dwm_ 模块流 （_6.1_），并且安装了模块中的 _dwm_ 包。 + +为了保持透明，输出中有一条关于模块自动启用的消息。但除此之外，用户不需要了解模块化的任何信息，以便按照他们一贯的方式使用他们的系统。 + +但如果他们使用模块化方式呢？让我们看看如何安装不同版本的 _dwm_。 + +使用以下命令查看可用的模块流： + +``` +$ sudo dnf module list +... +dwm latest ... +dwm 6.0 ... +dwm 6.1 [d] ... +dwm 6.2 ... +... +Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled +``` + +输出显示 _dwm_ 模块有四个流，_6.1_ 是默认值。 + +要安装不同版本的 _dwm_ 包，例如，安装 _6.2_ 的流。启用他，然后使用以下两个命令安装软件包： + +``` +$ sudo dnf module enable dwm:6.2 +... +Enabling module streams: + dwm 6.2 +... +Done! +$ sudo dnf install dwm +... +Done! +``` + +最后，让我们看下配置，以 PostgreSQL 为例。 + +``` +$ sudo dnf module list +... +postgresql 9.6 client, server ... +postgresql 10 client, server ... +postgresql 11 client, server ... +... +``` + +要安装 PostgreSQL 11 服务端，使用以下命令： + +``` +$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/server +``` + +请注意，除了启用流之外，我们可以指定配置从而使用一条命令安装模块。 + +可以立即安装多个版本。要添加客户端工具，使用下面的命令： + +``` +$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/client +``` + +还有许多其他带有多个流的模块可供选择。在编写本文时，Fedora 30 中有 83 个模块流。包括两个版本的 MariaDB、三个版本的 Node.js、两个版本的 Ruby 等等。 + +有关完整的命令集（包括从一个流切换到另一个流），请参阅[模块化的官方用户文档][5]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/ + +作者：[Adam Šamalík][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/modularity-f30-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://docs.pagure.org/modularity +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/modularity-fedora-28-server-edition/ +[4]: https://blog.samalik.com/2019/06/12/counting-modularity-packages.html +[5]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/modularity/using-modules/ From 7b6e2724cb773ab86d498feb0b9439059528a44f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 08:59:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0450/1265] translating --- sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md index 486ea44a30..7feffbf41b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 720ea19b7f8275515acb30668047564c0d228bc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 11:06:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0451/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020170320=20An?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Ubuntu=20User=E2=80=99s=20Review=20Of=20Dell=20XPS=2013=20Ub?= =?UTF-8?q?untu=20Edition=20sources/talk/20170320=20An=20Ubuntu=20User-s?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Review=20Of=20Dell=20XPS=2013=20Ubuntu=20Edition.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...-s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition.md | 199 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 199 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20170320 An Ubuntu User-s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20170320 An Ubuntu User-s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition.md b/sources/talk/20170320 An Ubuntu User-s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..61a4c4993c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20170320 An Ubuntu User-s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition.md @@ -0,0 +1,199 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (An Ubuntu User’s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/dell-xps-13-ubuntu-review) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +An Ubuntu User’s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition +====== + +_**Brief: Sharing my feel and experience about Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition after using it for over three months.**_ + +During Black Friday sale last year, I took the bullet and ordered myself a [Dell XPS 13][1] with the new [Intel Kaby Lake processor][2]. It got delivered in the second week of December and if you [follow It’s FOSS on Facebook][3], you might have seen the [live unboxing][4]. + +Though I was tempted to do the review of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition almost at the same time, I knew it won’t be fair. A brand new system will, of course, feel good and work smooth. + +But that’s not the real experience. The real experience of any system comes after weeks, if not months, of use. That’s the reason I hold myself back and waited three months to review Dell XPS Kobylake Ubuntu edition. + +### Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition Review + +Before we saw what’s hot and what’s not in the latest version of Dell XPS 13, I should tell you that I was using an Acer R13 ultrabook book before this. So I may compare the new Dell system with the older Acer one. + +![Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition System Settings][5]![Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition System Settings][5] + +Dell XPS 13 has several versions based on processor. The one I am reviewing is Dell XPS13 MLK (9360). It has i5-7200U 7th generation processor. Since I hardly used the touch screen in Acer Aspire R13, I chose to go with the non-touch version of XPS. This decision also saved me a couple of hundreds of Euro. + +It has 8 GB of LPDDR3 1866MHz RAM and 256 GB SSD PCIe. Graphics is Intel HD. On connectivity side, it’s got Killer 1535 Wi-Fi 802.11ac 2×2 and Bluetooth 4.1. Screen is InfinityEdge Full HD (1 920 x 1080). + +Now, you know what kind of hardware we’ve got here, let’s see what works and what sucks. + +#### Look and feel + +![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu Edition][6]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu Edition][6] + +At 13.3″, Dell XPS 13 looks even smaller than a regular 13.3″ laptop, thanks to its non-existent bezel which is the specialty of the infinite display. It is light as a feather with weight just under 1.23 Kg. + +The outer surface is metallic, not very shiny but a decent aluminum look. On the interior, the palm rest is made of carbon fiber which is very comfortable at the rest. Unlike the MacBook Air that uses metallic palm rests, the carbon fiber ones are more friendly, especially in winters. + +It is almost centimeter and a half high at it’s thickest part (around hinges). This also adds a plus point to the elegance of XPS 13. + +Overall, Dell XPS 13 has a compact body and an elegant body. + +#### Keyboard and touchpad + +The keyboard and touchpad mix well with the carbon fiber interiors. The keys are smooth with springs in the back (perhaps) and give a rich feel while typing. All of the important keys are present and are not tiny in size, something you might be worried of, considering the overall tiny size of XPS13. + +Oh! the keyboards have backlit support. Which adds to the rich feel of this expensive laptop. + +While the keyboard is a great experience, the same cannot be said about the touchpad. In fact, the touchpad is the weakest part which mars the overall good experience of XPS 13. + +The touchpad has a cheap feeling because it makes an irritating sound while tapping on the right side as if it’s hollow underneath. This is [something that has been noticed in the earlier versions of XPS 13][7] but hasn’t been given enough consideration to fix it. This is something you do not expect from a product at such a price. + +Also, the touchpad scroll on websites is hideous. It is also not suitable for pixel works because of difficulty in moving little adjustments. + +#### Ports + +Dell XPS 13 has two USB 3.0 ports, one of them with PowerShare. If you did not know, [USB 3.0 PowerShare][8] ports allow you to charge external devices even when your system is turned off. + +![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][9]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][9] + +It also has a [Thunderbolt][10] (doubles up as [USB Type-C port][11]). It doesn’t have HDMI port, Ethernet port or VGA port. However, all of these three can be used via the Thunderbolt port and external adapters (sold separately). + +![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][12]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][12] + +It also has an SD card reader and a headphone jack. In addition to all these, there is an [anti-theft slot][13] (a common security practice in enterprises). + +#### Display + +The model I have packs 1920x1080px. It’s full HD and display quality is at par. It perfectly displays the high definition pictures and 1080p video files. + +I cannot compare it with the [qHD model][14] as I never used it. But considering that there are not enough 4K contents for now, full HD display should be sufficient for next few years. + +#### Sound + +Compared to Acer R13, XPS 13 has better audio quality. Even the max volume is louder than that of Acer R13. The dual speakers give a nice stereo effect. + +#### Webcam + +The weirdest part of Dell XPS 13 review comes now. We all have been accustomed of seeing the webcam at the top-middle position on any laptop. But this is not the case here. + +XPS 13 puts the webcam on the bottom left corner of the laptop. This is done to keep the bezel as thin as possible. But this creates a problem. + +![Image captured with laptop screen at 90 degree][15] + +When you video chat with someone, it is natural to look straight up. With the top-middle webcam, your face is in direct line with the camera. But with the bottom left position of web cam, it looks like those weird accidental selfies you take with the front camera of your smartphone. Heck, people on the other side might see inside of your nostrils. + +#### Battery + +Battery life is the strongest point of Dell XPS 13. While Dell claims an astounding 21-hour battery life, but in my experience, it smoothly gives a battery life of 8-10 hours. This is when I watch movies, browse the internet and other regular stuff. + +There is one strange thing that I noticed, though. It charges pretty quick until 90% but the charging slows down afterward. And it almost never goes beyond 98%. + +The battery indicator turns red when the battery status falls below 30% and it starts displaying notifications if the battery goes below 10%. There is small light indicator under the touchpad that turns yellow when the battery is low and it turns white when the charger is plugged in. + +#### Overheating + +I have previously written about ways to [reduce laptop overheating in Linux][16]. Thankfully, so far, I didn’t need to employ those tricks. + +Dell XPS 13 remains surprisingly cool when you are using it on battery, even in long runs. The bottom does get heated a little when you use it while charging. + +Overall, XPS 13 manages overheating very well. + +#### The Ubuntu experience with Dell XPS 13 + +So far we have seen pretty generic things about the Dell XPS 13. Let’s talk about how good a Linux laptop it is. + +Until now, I used to manually [install Linux on Windows laptop][17]. This is the first Linux laptop I ever bought. I would also like to mention the awesome first boot animation of Dell’s Ubuntu laptop. Here’s a YouTube video of the same: + +One thing I would like to mention here is that Dell never displays Ubuntu laptops on its website. You’ll have to search the website with Ubuntu then you’ll see the Ubuntu editions. Also, Ubuntu edition is cheaper just by 50 Euro in comparison to its Windows counterpart whereas I was expecting it to be at least 100 Euro less than that of Windows. + +Despite being an Ubuntu preloaded laptop, the super key still comes with Windows logo on it. It’s trivial but I would have loved to see the Ubuntu logo on it. + +Now talking about Ubuntu experience, the first thing I noticed was that there was no hardware issue. Even the function and media keys work perfectly in Ubuntu, which is a pleasant surprise. + +Dell has also added its own repository in the software sources to provide for some Dell specific tools. You can see the footprints of Dell in the entire system. + +You might be interested to see how Dell partitioned the 256Gb of disk space. Let me show that to you. + +![Default disk partition by Dell][18] + +As you can see, there is 524MB reserved for [EFI][19]. Then there is 3.2 GB of factory restore image perhaps. + +Dell is using 17Gb of Swap partition, which is more than double of the RAM size. It seems Dell didn’t put enough thought here because this is simply waste of disk space, in my opinion. I would have used not [more than 11 GB of Swap partition][20] here. + +As I mentioned before, Dell adds a “restore to factory settings” option in the Grub menu. This is a nice little feature to have. + +One thing which I don’t like in the XPS 13 Ubuntu edition is the long boot time. It takes entire 23 seconds to reach the login screen after pressing the power button. I would expect it to be faster considering that it uses SSD PCIe. + +If it interests you, the XPS 13 had Chromium and Google Chrome browsers installed by default instead of Firefox. + +As far my experience goes, I am fairly impressed with Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition. It gives a smooth Ubuntu experience. The laptop seems to be a part of Ubuntu. Though it is an expensive laptop, I would say it is definitely worth the money. + +To summarize, let’s see the good, the bad and the ugly of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition. + +#### The Good + + * Ultralight weight + * Compact + * Keyboard + * Carbon fiber palm rest + * Full hardware support for Ubuntu + * Factory restore option for Ubuntu + * Nice display and sound quality + * Good battery life + + + +#### The bad + + * Poor touchpad + * A little pricey + * Long boot time for SSD powered laptop + * Windows key still present :P + + + +#### The ugly + + * Weird webcam placement + + + +How did you like the **Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition review** from an Ubuntu user’s point of view? Do you find it good enough to spend over a thousand bucks? Do share your views in the comment below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/dell-xps-13-ubuntu-review + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://amzn.to/2ImVkCV +[2]: http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/processors/kaby-lake-intel-core-processor-7th-gen-cpu-news-rumors-and-release-date-1325782 +[3]: https://www.facebook.com/itsfoss/ +[4]: https://www.facebook.com/itsfoss/videos/810293905778045/ +[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-Edition-spec.jpg?resize=540%2C337&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-review.jpeg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 +[7]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yt5SkI0c3lM +[8]: http://www.dell.com/support/article/fr/fr/frbsdt1/SLN155147/usb-powershare-feature?lang=EN +[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-Ubuntu-XPS-13-Kaby-Lake-ports-1.jpg?resize=800%2C435&ssl=1 +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface) +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-C +[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-Ubuntu-XPS-13-Kaby-Lake-ports-2.jpg?resize=800%2C325&ssl=1 +[13]: http://accessories.euro.dell.com/sna/productdetail.aspx?c=ie&l=en&s=dhs&cs=iedhs1&sku=461-10169 +[14]: https://recombu.com/mobile/article/quad-hd-vs-qhd-vs-4k-ultra-hd-what-does-it-all-mean_M20472.html +[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-webcam-issue.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[16]: https://itsfoss.com/reduce-overheating-laptops-linux/ +[17]: https://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/ +[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-Edition-disk-partition.jpeg?resize=800%2C448&ssl=1 +[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFI_system_partition +[20]: https://itsfoss.com/swap-size/ From 47ab8854cc64e0ddb076b3b4c21b4c8d1424f95f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 11:22:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0452/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190619=20Code?= =?UTF-8?q?think=20open=20sources=20part=20of=20onboarding=20process=20sou?= =?UTF-8?q?rces/tech/20190619=20Codethink=20open=20sources=20part=20of=20o?= =?UTF-8?q?nboarding=20process.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...open sources part of onboarding process.md | 42 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md b/sources/tech/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..537ded948b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Codethink open sources part of onboarding process) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/codethink-onboarding-process) +[#]: author: (Laurence Urhegyi https://opensource.com/users/laurence-urhegyi) + +Codethink open sources part of onboarding process +====== +In other words, how to Git going in FOSS. +![Teacher or learner?][1] + +Here at [Codethink][2], we’ve recently focused our energy into enhancing the onboarding process we use for all new starters at the company. As we grow steadily in size, it’s important that we have a well-defined approach to both welcoming new employees into the company, and introducing them to the organization’s culture. + +As part of this overall onboarding effort, we’ve created [_How to Git going in FOSS_][3]: an introductory guide to the world of free and open source software (FOSS), and some of the common technologies, practices, and principles associated with free and open source software. + +This guide was initially aimed at work experience students and summer interns. However, the document is in fact equally applicable to anyone who is new to free and open source software, no matter their prior experience in software or IT in general. _How to Git going in FOSS_ is hosted on GitLab and consists of several repositories, each designed to be a self-guided walk through. + +Our guide begins with a general introduction to FOSS, including explanations of the history of GNU/Linux, how to use [Git][4] (as well as Git hosting services such as GitLab), and how to use a text editor. The document then moves on to exercises that show the reader how to implement some of the things they’ve just learned. + +_How to Git going in FOSS_ is fully public and available for anyone to try. If you’re new to FOSS or know someone who is, then please have a read-through, and see what you think. If you have any feedback, feel free to raise an issue on GitLab. And, of course, we also welcome contributions. We’re keen to keep improving the guide however possible. One future improvement we plan to make is an additional exercise that is more complex than the existing two, such as potentially introducing the reader to [Continuous Integration][5]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/codethink-onboarding-process + +作者：[Laurence Urhegyi][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/laurence-urhegyi +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc-lead-teacher-learner.png?itok=rMJqBN5G (Teacher or learner?) +[2]: https://www.codethink.co.uk/about.html +[3]: https://gitlab.com/ct-starter-guide +[4]: https://git-scm.com +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration From 4b3fe220de1dfe261584c203a127a55da79a2cf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 11:22:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0453/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190619=20Lead?= =?UTF-8?q?ing=20in=20the=20Python=20community=20sources/tech/20190619=20L?= =?UTF-8?q?eading=20in=20the=20Python=20community.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0190619 Leading in the Python community.md | 68 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md b/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..98fa8c5dba --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Leading in the Python community) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/naomi-ceder-python-software-foundation) +[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) + +Leading in the Python community +====== +A chat with Naomi Ceder, current Python Software Foundation board chair. +![Hands together around the word trust][1] + +Like many other leaders in the open source software world, [Naomi Ceder][2], board chair of the [Python Software Foundation][3] (PSF), took a non-traditional path into the Python world. As the title of her 2017 [keynote][4] at PyCon España explains, she came for the language and stayed for the community. In a recent conversation with her, she shared how she became a Python community leader and offered some insight into what makes Python special. + +### From teaching to coding + +Naomi began her career in the Classics; she earned a PhD in Latin and Ancient Greek with a minor in Indo-European Linguistics, as she says, "several decades ago." While teaching Latin at a private school, she began tinkering with computers, learning to code and to take machines apart to do upgrades and repairs. She started working with open source software in 1995 with [Yggdrasil Linux][5] and helped launch the Fort Wayne, Indiana, [Linux User Group][6]. + +A teacher at heart, Naomi believes teaching coding in middle and high school is essential because, by the time most people get to college, they are already convinced that coding and technology careers are not for them. Starting earlier can help increase the supply of technical talent and the diversity and breadth of experience in our talent pools to meet the industry's needs, she says. + +Somewhere around 2001, she decided to switch from studying human languages to researching computer languages, as well as teaching computer classes and managing the school's IT. Her interest in Python was sparked at Linux World 2001 when she attended PSF president Guido Van Rossum's day-long tutorial on Python. Back then, it was an obscure language, but she liked it so well that she began teaching Python and using it to track student records and do sysadmin duties at her school. + +### Leading the Python community + +Naomi says, "community is the key factor behind Python's success. The whole idea behind open source software is sharing. Few people really want to just sit alone, writing code, and staring at their screens. The real satisfaction comes in trading ideas and building something with others." + +She started giving talks at the first [PyCon][7] in 2003 has been a consistent attendee and leader since then. She has organized birds-of-a-feather sessions and founded the PyCon and PyCon UK poster sessions, the education summit, and the Spanish language track, [Charlas][8]. + +She is also the author of _[The Quick Python Book][9]_ and co-founded [Trans*Code][10], "the UK's only hack event series focused solely on drawing attention to transgender issues and opportunities." Naomi says, "as technology offers growing opportunities, being sure these opportunities are equally accessible to traditionally marginalized groups grows ever more important." + +### Contributing through the PSF + +As board chair of the PSF, Naomi contributes actively to the organization's work to support the Python language and the people working with it. In addition to sponsoring PyCon, the PSF funds grants for meetups, conferences, and workshops around the world. In 2018, the organization gave almost $335,000 in grants, most of them in the $500 to $5,000 range. + +The PSF's short-term goals are to become a sustainable, stable, and mature non-profit organization with professional staff. Its long-term goals include developing resources that offer meaningful support to development efforts for Python and expanding the organization's support for educational efforts in Python around the world. + +This work depends on having financial support from the community. Naomi says the PSF's "largest current source of funding is PyCon. To ensure the PSF's sustainability, we are also focusing on [sponsorships][11] from companies using Python, which is our fastest-growing segment." Supporting memberships are $99 per year, and [donations and fundraisers][12] also help sustain the organization's work. + +You can learn much more about the PSF's work in its [Annual Report][13]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/naomi-ceder-python-software-foundation + +作者：[Don Watkins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BIZ_HighTrust_1110_A.png?itok=EF5Tmcdk (Hands together around the word trust) +[2]: https://www.naomiceder.tech/pages/about/ +[3]: https://www.python.org/psf/ +[4]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayQK6app_wA +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil_Linux/GNU/X +[6]: http://fortwaynelinux.org/about +[7]: http://pycon.org/ +[8]: https://twitter.com/pyconcharlas?lang=en +[9]: https://www.manning.com/books/the-quick-python-book-third-edition +[10]: https://www.trans.tech/ +[11]: https://www.python.org/psf/sponsorship/ +[12]: https://www.python.org/psf/donations/ +[13]: https://www.python.org/psf/annual-report/2019/ From cef7af871e2e2dc5e98ea26cfc1a7473238a33a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 11:22:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0454/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190618=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20use=20MapTool=20to=20build=20an=20interactive=20dungeon?= =?UTF-8?q?=20RPG=20sources/tech/20190618=20How=20to=20use=20MapTool=20to?= =?UTF-8?q?=20build=20an=20interactive=20dungeon=20RPG.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ool to build an interactive dungeon RPG.md | 231 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 231 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190618 How to use MapTool to build an interactive dungeon RPG.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190618 How to use MapTool to build an interactive dungeon RPG.md b/sources/tech/20190618 How to use MapTool to build an interactive dungeon RPG.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..94aaf47de2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190618 How to use MapTool to build an interactive dungeon RPG.md @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to use MapTool to build an interactive dungeon RPG) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/how-use-maptools) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +How to use MapTool to build an interactive dungeon RPG +====== +By using MapTool, most of a game master's work is done well before a +role-playing game begins. +![][1] + +In my previous article on MapTool, I explained how to download, install, and configure your own private, [open source virtual tabletop][2] so you and your friends can play a role-playing game (RPG) together. [MapTool][3] is a complex application with lots of features, and this article demonstrates how a game master (GM) can make the most of it. + +### Update JavaFX + +MapTool requires JavaFX, but Java maintainers recently stopped bundling it in Java downloads. This means that, even if you have Java installed, you might not have JavaFX installed. + +Some Linux distributions have a JavaFX package available, so if you try to run MapTool and get an error about JavaFX, download the latest self-contained version: + + * For [Ubuntu and other Debian-based systems][4] + * For [Fedora and Red Hat-based systems][5] + + + +### Build a campaign + +The top-level file in MapTool is a campaign (.cmpgn) file. A campaign can contain all of the maps required by the game you're running. As your players progress through the campaign, everyone changes to the appropriate map and plays. + +For that to go smoothly, you must do a little prep work. + +First, you need the digital equivalents of miniatures: _tokens_ in MapTool terminology. Tokens are available from various sites, but the most prolific is [immortalnights.com/tokensite][6]. If you're still just trying out virtual tabletops and aren't ready to invest in digital art yet, you can get a stunning collection of starter tokens from immortalnights.com for $0. + +You can add starter content to MapTool quickly and easily using its built-in resource importer. Go to the **File** menu and select **Add Resource to Library**. + +In the **Add Resource to Library** dialogue box, select the RPTools tab, located at the bottom-left. This lists all the free art packs available from the RPTools server, tokens and maps alike. Click to download and import. + +![Add Resource to Library dialogue][7] + +You can import assets you already have on your computer by selecting files from the file system, using the same dialogue box. + +MapTool resources appear in the Library panel. If your MapTool window has no Library panel, select **Library** in the **Window** menu to add one. + +### Gather your maps + +The next step in preparing for your game is to gather maps. Depending on what you're playing, that might mean you need to draw your maps, purchase a map pack, or just open a map bundled with a game module. If all you need is a generic dungeon, you can also download free maps from within MapTool's **Add Resource to Library**. + +If you have a set of maps you intend to use often, you can import them as resources. If you are building a campaign you intend to use just once, you can quickly add any PNG or JPEG file as a **New Map** in the **Map** menu. + +![Creating a new map][8] + +Set the **Background** to a texture that roughly matches your map or to a neutral color. + +Set the **Map** to your map graphics file. + +Give your new map a unique **Name**. The map name is visible to your players, so keep it free of spoilers. + +To switch between maps, click the **Select Map** button in the top-right corner of the MapTool window, and choose the map name in the drop-down menu that appears. + +![Select a map][9] + +Before you let your players loose on your map, you still have some important prep work to do. + +### Adjust the grid size + +Since most RPGs govern how far players can move during their turn, especially during combat, game maps are designed to a specific scale. The most common scale is one map square for every five feet. Most maps you download already have a grid drawn on them; if you're designing a map, you should draw on graph paper to keep your scale consistent. Whether your map graphic has a grid or not, MapTool doesn't know about it, but you can adjust the digital grid overlay so that your player tokens are constrained into squares along the grid. + +MapTool doesn't show the grid by default, so go to the **Map** menu and select **Adjust grid**. This displays MapTool's grid lines, and your goal is to make MapTool's grid line up with the grid drawn onto your map graphic. If your map graphic doesn't have a grid, it may indicate its scale; a common scale is one inch per five feet, and you can usually assume 72 pixels is one inch (on a 72 DPI screen). While adjusting the grid, you can change the color of the grid lines for your own reference. Set the cell size in pixels. Click and drag to align MapTool's grid to your map's grid. + +![Adjusting the grid][10] + +If your map has no grid and you want the grid to remain visible after you adjust it, go to the **View** menu and select **Show Grid**. + +### Add players and NPCs + +To add a player character (PC), non-player character (NPC), or monster to your map, find an appropriate token in your **Library** panel, then drag and drop one onto your map. In the **New Token** dialogue box that appears, give the token a name and set it as an NPC or a PC, then click the OK button. + +![Adding a player character to the map][11] + +Once a token is on the map, try moving it to see how its movements are constrained to the grid you've designated. Make sure **Interaction Tools** , located in the toolbar just under the **File** menu, is selected. + +![A token moving within the grid][12] + +Each token added to a map has its own set of properties, including the direction it's facing, a light source, player ownership, conditions (such as incapacitated, prone, dead, and so on), and even class attributes. You can set as many or as few of these as you want, but at the very least you should right-click on each token and assign it ownership. Your players must be logged into your MapTool server for tokens to be assigned to them, but you can assign yourself NPCs and monsters in advance. + +The right-click menu provides access to all important token-related functions, including setting which direction it's facing, setting a health bar and health value, a copy and paste function (enabling you and your players to move tokens from map to map), and much more. + +![The token menu unlocks great, arcane power][13] + +### Activate fog-of-war effects + +If you're using maps exclusively to coordinate combat, you may not need a fog-of-war effect. But if you're using maps to help your players visualize a dungeon they're exploring, you probably don't want them to see the whole map before they've made significant moves, like opening locked doors or braving a decaying bridge over a pit of hot lava. + +The fog-of-war effect is an invaluable tool for the GM, and it's essential to set it up early so that your players don't accidentally get a sneak peek at all the horrors your dungeon holds for them. + +To activate fog-of-war on a map, go to the **Map** and select **Fog-of-War**. This blackens the entire screen for your players, so your next step is to reveal some portion of the map so that your players aren't faced with total darkness when they switch to the map. Fog-of-war is a subtractive process; it starts 100% dark, and as the players progress, you reveal new portions of the map using fog-of-war drawing tools available in the **FOG** toolbar, just under the **View** menu. + +You can reveal sections of the map in rectangle blocks, ovals, polygons, diamonds, and freehand shapes. Once you've selected the shape, click and release on the map, drag to define an area to reveal, and then click again. + +![Fog-of-war as experienced by a playe][14] + +If you're accidentally overzealous with what you reveal, you have two ways to reverse what you've done: You can manually draw new fog, or you can reset all fog. The quicker method is to reset all fog with **Ctrl+Shift+A**. The more elegant solution is to press **Shift** , then click and release, draw an area of fog, and then click again. Instead of exposing an area of the map, it restores fog. + +### Add lighting effects + +Fog-of-war mimics the natural phenomenon of not being able to see areas of the world other than where you are, but lighting effects mimic the visibility player characters might experience in light and dark. For games like Pathfinder and Dungeons and Dragons 5e, visibility is governed by light sources matched against light conditions. + +First, activate lighting by clicking on the **Map** menu, selecting **Vision** , and then choosing either Daylight or Night. Now lighting effects are active, but none of your players have light sources, so they have no visibility. + +To assign light sources to players, right-click on the appropriate token and choose **Light Source**. Definitions exist for the D20 system (candle, lantern, torch, and so on) and in generic measurements. + +With lighting effects active, players can expose portions of fog-of-war as their light sources get closer to unexposed fog. That's a great effect, but it doesn't make much sense when players can illuminate the next room right through a solid wall. To prevent that, you have to help MapTool differentiate between empty space and solid objects. + +#### Define solid objects + +Defining walls and other solid objects through which light should not pass is easier than it sounds. MapTool's **Vision Blocking Layer** (VBL) tools are basic and built to minimize prep time. There are several basic shapes available, including a basic rectangle and an oval. Draw these shapes over all the solid walls, doors, pillars, and other obstructions, and you have instant rudimentary physics. + +![Setting up obstructions][15] + +Now your players can move around the map with light sources without seeing what lurks in the shadows of a nearby pillar or behind an innocent-looking door… until it's too late! + +![Lighting effects][16] + +### Track initiative + +Eventually, your players are going to stumble on something that wants to kill them, and that means combat. In most RPG systems, combat is played in rounds, with the order of turns decided by an _initiative_ roll. During combat, each player (in order of their initiative roll, from greatest to lowest) tries to defeat their foe, ideally dealing enough damage until their foe is left with no health points (HP). It's usually the most paperwork a GM has to do during a game because it involves tracking whose turn it is, how much damage each monster has taken, what amount of damage each monster's attack deals, what special abilities each monster has, and more. Luckily, MapTool can help with that—and better yet, you can extend it with a custom macro to do even more. + +MapTool's basic initiative panel helps you keep track of whose turn it is and how many rounds have transpired so far. To view the initiative panel, go to the **Window** menu and select **Initiative**. + +To add characters to the initiative order, right-click a token and select **Add To Initiative**. As you add each, the token and its label appear in the initiative panel in the order that you add them. If you make a mistake or someone holds their action and changes the initiative order, click and drag the tokens in the initiative panel to reorder them. + +During combat, click the **Next** button in the top-left of the initiative panel to progress to the next character. As long as you use the **Next** button, the **Round** counter increments, helping you track how many rounds the combat has lasted (which is helpful when you have spells or effects that last only for a specific number of rounds). + +Tracking combat order is helpful, but it's even better to track health points. Your players should be tracking their own health, but since everyone's staring at the same screen, it doesn't hurt to track it publicly in one place. An HP property and a graphical health bar (which you can activate) are assigned to each token, so that's all the infrastructure you need to track HP in MapTool, but doing it manually takes a lot of clicking around. Since MapTool can be extended with macros, it's trivial to bring all these components together for a smooth GM experience. + +The first step is to activate graphical health bars for your tokens. To do this, right-click on each token and select **Edit**. In the **Edit Token** dialog box, click on the **State** tab and deselect the radio button next to **Hide**. + +![Don't hide the health bar][17] + +Do this for each token whose health you want to expose. + +#### Write a macro + +Macros have access to all token properties, so each token's HP can be tracked by reading and writing whatever value exists in the token's HP property. The graphical health bar, however, bases its state on a percentage, so for the health bars to be meaningful, your tokens also must have some value that represents 100% of its HP. + +Go to the **Edit** menu and select **Campaign Properties** to globally add properties to tokens. In the **Campaign Properties** window, select the **Token Properties** tab and then click the **Basic** category in the left column. Under ***@HP** , add ***@MaxHP** and click the **Update** button. Click the **OK** button to close the window. + +![Adding a property to all tokens][18] + +Now right-click a token and select **Edit**. In the **Edit Token** window, select the **State** tab and enter a value for the token's maximum HP (from the player's character sheet). + +To create a new macro, reveal the **Campaign** panel in the **Window** menu. + +In the **Campaign** panel, right-click and select **Add New Macro**. A button labeled **New** appears in the panel. Right-click on the **New** button and select **Edit**. + +Enter this code in the macro editor window: + + +``` +[h:status = input( +"hpAmount|0|Points", +"hpType|Damage,Healing|Damage or heal?|RADIO|SELECT=0")] +[h:abort(status)] + +[if(hpType == 0),CODE: { +[h:HP = HP - hpAmount] +[h:bar.Health = HP / MaxHP] +[r:token.name] takes [r:hpAmount] damage.}; +{ +[h:diff = MaxHP - HP] +[h:HP = min(HP+hpAmount, MaxHP)] +[h:bar.Health = HP / MaxHP] +[r:token.name] gains [r:min(diff,hpAmount)] HP. };] +``` + +You can find full documentation of functions available in MapTool macros and their syntax from the [RPTools wiki][19]. + +In the **Details** tab, enable **Include Label** and **Apply to Selected Tokens** , and leave all other values at their default. Give your macro a better name than **New** , such as **HPTracker** , then click **Apply** and **OK**. + +![Macro editing][20] + +Your campaign now has a new ability! + +Select a token and click your **HPTracker** button. Enter the number of points to deduct from the token, click **OK** , and watch the health bar change to reflect the token's new state. + +It may seem like a simple change, but in the heat of battle, this is a GM's greatest weapon. + +### During the game + +There's obviously a lot you can do with MapTool, but with a little prep work, most of your work is done well before you start playing. You can even create a template campaign by creating an empty campaign with only the macros and settings you want, so all you have to do is import maps and stat out tokens. + +During the game, your workflow is mostly about revealing areas from fog-of-war and managing combat. The players can manage their own tokens, and your prep work takes care of everything else. + +MapTool makes digital gaming easy and fun, and most importantly, it keeps it open source and self-contained. Level-up today by learning MapTool and using it for your games. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/how-use-maptools + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/dice-keys_0.jpg?itok=PGEs3ZXa +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/maptool +[3]: https://github.com/RPTools/maptool +[4]: https://github.com/RPTools/maptool/releases +[5]: https://klaatu.fedorapeople.org/RPTools/maptool/ +[6]: https://immortalnights.com/tokensite/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/maptool-resources.png (Add Resource to Library dialogue) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/map-properties.png (Creating a new map) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/map-select.jpg (Select a map) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/grid-adjust.jpg (Adjusting the grid) +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/token-new.png (Adding a player character to the map) +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/token-move.jpg (A token moving within the grid) +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/token-menu.jpg (The token menu unlocks great, arcane power) +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/fog-of-war.jpg (Fog-of-war as experienced by a playe) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vbl.jpg (Setting up obstructions) +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/map-light.jpg (Lighting effects) +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/token-edit.jpg (Don't hide the health bar) +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/campaign-properties.jpg (Adding a property to all tokens) +[19]: https://lmwcs.com/rptools/wiki/Main_Page +[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/macro-detail.jpg (Macro editing) From 4ef28a17d95a30ea0ead82ceb3d3273e7ddc5b44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 11:22:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0455/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190618=20A=20?= =?UTF-8?q?beginner's=20guide=20to=20Linux=20permissions=20sources/tech/20?= =?UTF-8?q?190618=20A=20beginner-s=20guide=20to=20Linux=20permissions.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md | 118 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 118 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md b/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..470545c291 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (A beginner's guide to Linux permissions) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/understanding-linux-permissions) +[#]: author: (Bryant Son https://opensource.com/users/brson/users/greg-p/users/tj) + +A beginner's guide to Linux permissions +====== +Linux security permissions designate who can do what with a file or +directory. +![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1] + +One of the main benefits of Linux systems is that they are known to be less prone to security vulnerabilities and exploits than other systems. Linux definitely gives users more flexibility and granular controls over its file systems' security permissions. This may imply that it's critical for Linux users to understand security permissions. That isn't necessarily true, but it's still wise for beginning users to understand the basics of Linux permissions. + +### View Linux security permissions + +To start learning about Linux permissions, imagine we have a newly created directory called **PermissionDemo**. Run **cd** inside the directory and use the **ls -l** command to view the Linux security permissions. If you want to sort them by time modified, add the **-t** option. + + +``` +`ls -lt` +``` + +Since there are no files inside this new directory, this command returns nothing. + +![No output from ls -l command][2] + +To learn more about the **ls** option, access its man page by entering **man ls** on the command line. + +![ls man page][3] + +Now, let's create two files: **cat.txt** and **dog.txt** with empty content; this is easy to do using the **touch** command. Let's also create an empty directory called **Pets** with the **mkdir** command. We can use the **ls -l** command again to see the permissions for these new files. + +![Creating new files and directory][4] + +We need to pay attention to two sections of output from this command. + +### Who has permission? + +The first thing to examine indicates _who_ has permission to access the file/directory. Note the section highlighted in the red box below. The first column refers to the _user_ who has access, while the second column refers to the _group_ that has access. + +![Output from -ls command][5] + +There are three main types of users: **user** , **group** ; and **other** (essentially neither a user nor a group). There is one more: **all** , which means practically everyone. + +![User types][6] + +Because we are using **root** as the user, we can access any file or directory because **root** is the superuser. However, this is generally not the case, and you will probably be restricted to your username. A list of all users is stored in the **/etc/passwd** file. + +![/etc/passwd file][7] + +Groups are maintained in the **/etc/group** file. + +![/etc/passwd file][8] + +### What permissions do they have? + +The other section of the output from **ls -l** that we need to pay attention to relates to enforcing permissions. Above, we confirmed that the owner and group permissions for the files dog.txt and cat.txt and the directory Pets we created belong to the **root** account. We can use that information about who owns what to enforce permissions for the different user ownership types, as highlighted in the red box below. + +![Enforcing permissions for different user ownership types][9] + +We can dissect each line into five bits of information. The first part indicates whether it is a file or a directory; files are labeled with a **-** (hyphen), and directories are labeled with **d**. The next three parts refer to permissions for **user** , **group** , and **other** , respectively. The last part is a flag for the [**access-control list**][10] (ACL), a list of permissions for an object. + +![Different Linux permissions][11] + +Linux permission levels can be identified with letters or numbers. There are three privilege types: + + * **read** : r or 4 + * **write:** w or 2 + * **executable:** e or 1 + + + +![Privilege types][12] + +The presence of each letter symbol ( **r** , **w** , or **x** ) means that the permission exists, while **-** indicates it does not. In the example below, the file is readable and writeable by the owner, only readable if the user belongs to the group, and readable and executable by anyone else. Converted to numeric notation, this would be 645 (see the image below for an explanation of how this is calculated). + +![Permission type example][13] + +Here are a few more examples: + +![Permission type examples][14] + +Test your knowledge by going through the following exercises. + +![Permission type examples][15] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/understanding-linux-permissions + +作者：[Bryant Son][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brson/users/greg-p/users/tj +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1_3.jpg (No output from ls -l command) +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1_man.jpg (ls man page) +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/2_6.jpg (Creating new files and directory) +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/3_2.jpg (Output from -ls command) +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/4_0.jpg (User types) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linuxpermissions_4_passwd.jpg (/etc/passwd file) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linuxpermissions_4_group.jpg (/etc/passwd file) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linuxpermissions_5.jpg (Enforcing permissions for different user ownership types) +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access-control_list +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linuxpermissions_6.jpg (Different Linux permissions) +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linuxpermissions_7.jpg (Privilege types) +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linuxpermissions_8.jpg (Permission type example) +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linuxpermissions_9.jpg (Permission type examples) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linuxpermissions_10.jpg (Permission type examples) From c8f0dcd1ac2779a020f33185f0e34de102a6589b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 11:23:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0456/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190618=20Why?= =?UTF-8?q?=20your=20workplace=20arguments=20aren't=20as=20effective=20as?= =?UTF-8?q?=20you'd=20like=20sources/tech/20190618=20Why=20your=20workplac?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20arguments=20aren-t=20as=20effective=20as=20you-d=20like.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md | 144 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 144 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md b/sources/tech/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..54a0cca26f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why your workplace arguments aren't as effective as you'd like) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/barriers-productive-arguments) +[#]: author: (Ron McFarland https://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarland/users/ron-mcfarland) + +Why your workplace arguments aren't as effective as you'd like +====== +Open organizations rely on open conversations. These common barriers to +productive argument often get in the way. +![Arrows pointing different directions][1] + +Transparent, frank, and often contentious arguments are part of life in an open organization. But how can we be sure those conversations are _productive_ —not _destructive_? + +This is the second installment of a two-part series on how to argue and actually achieve something. In the [first article][2], I mentioned what arguments are (and are not), according to author Sinnott-Armstrong in his book _Think Again: How to Reason and Argue._ I also offered some suggestions for making arguments as productive as possible. + +In this article, I'll examine three barriers to productive arguments that Sinnott-Armstrong elaborates in his book: incivility, polarization, and language issues. Finally, I'll explain his suggestions for addressing those barriers. + +### Incivility + +"Incivility" has become a social concern in recent years. Consider this: As a tactic in arguments, incivility _can_ have an effect in certain situations—and that's why it's a common strategy. Sinnott-Armstrong notes that incivility: + + * **Attracts attention:** Incivility draws people's attention in one direction, sometimes to misdirect attention from or outright obscure other issues. It redirects people's attention to shocking statements. Incivility, exaggeration, and extremism can increase the size of an audience. + + * **Energizes:** Sinnott-Armstrong writes that seeing someone being uncivil on a topic of interest can generate energy from a state of powerlessness. + + * **Stimulates memory:** Forgetting shocking statements is difficult; they stick in our memory more easily than statements that are less surprising to us. + + * **Excites the powerless:** The groups most likely to believe and invest in someone being uncivil are those that feel they're powerless and being treated unfairly. + + + + +Unfortunately, incivility as a tactic in arguments has its costs. One such cost is polarization. + +### Polarization + +Sinnott-Armstrong writes about five forms of polarization: + + * **Distance:** If two people's or groups' views are far apart according to some relevant scale, have significant disagreements and little common ground, then they're polarized. + + * **Differences:** If two people or groups have fewer values and beliefs _in common_ than they _don't have in common_ , then they're polarized. + + * **Antagonism:** Groups are more polarized the more they feel hatred, disdain, fear, or other negative emotions toward other people or groups. + + * **Incivility:** Groups tend to be more polarized when they talk more negatively about people of the other groups. + + * **Rigidity:** Groups tend to be more polarized when they treat their values as indisputable and will not compromise. + + * **Gridlock:** Groups tend to be more polarized when they're unable to cooperate and work together toward common goals. + + + + +And I'll add one more form of polarization to Sinnott-Armstrong's list: + + * **Non-disclosure:** Groups tend to be more polarized when one or both of the groups refuses to share valid, verifiable information—or when they distract each other with useless or irrelevant information. One of the ways people polarize is by not talking to each other and withhold information. Similarly, they talk on subjects that distract us from the issue at hand. Some issues are difficult to talk about, but by doing so solutions can be explored. + + + +### Language issues + +Identifying discussion-stoppers like these can help you avoid shutting down a discussion that would otherwise achieve beneficial outcomes. + +Language issues can be argument-stoppers Sinnott-Armstrong says. In particular, he outlines some of the following language-related barriers to productive argument. + + * **Guarding:** Using words like "all" can make a statement unbelievable; words like "sometimes" can make a statement too vague. + + * **Assuring:** Simply stating "trust me, I know what I'm talking about," without offering evidence that this is the case, can impede arguments. + + * **Evaluating:** Offering an evaluation of something—like saying "It is good"―without any supporting reasoning. + + * **Discounting:** This involves anticipating what the another person will say and attempting to weaken it as much as possible by framing an argument in a negative way. (Contrast these two sentences, for example: "Ramona is smart but boring" and "Ramona is boring but smart." The difference is subtle, but you'd probably want to spend less time with Ramona if you heard the first statement about her than if you heard the second.) + + + + +Identifying discussion-stoppers like these can help you avoid shutting down a discussion that would otherwise achieve beneficial outcomes. In addition, Sinnott-Armstrong specifically draws readers' attention to two other language problems that can kill productive debates: vagueness and ambiguity. + + * **Vagueness:** This occurs when a word or sentence is not precise enough and having many ways to interpret its true meaning and intent, which leads to confusion. Consider the sentence "It is big." "It" must be defined if it's not already obvious to everyone in the conversation. And a word like "big" must be clarified through comparison to something that everyone has agreed upon. + + * **Ambiguity:** This occurs when a sentence could have two distinct meanings. For example: "Police killed man with axe." Who was holding the axe, the man or the police? "My neighbor had a friend for dinner." Did your neighbor invite a friend to share a meal—or did she eat her friend? + + + + +### Overcoming barriers + +To help readers avoid these common roadblocks to productive arguments, Sinnott-Armstrong recommends a simple, four-step process for evaluating another person's argument. + + 1. **Observation:** First, observe a stated opinion and its related evidence to determine the precise nature of the claim. This might require you to ask some questions for clarification (you'll remember I employed this technique when arguing with my belligerent uncle, which I described [in the first article of this series][2]). + + 2. **Hypothesis:** Develop some hypothesis about the argument. In this case, the hypothesis should be an inference based on generally acceptable standards (for more on the structure of arguments themselves, also see [the first part of this series][2]). + + 3. **Comparison:** Compare that hypothesis with others and evaluate which is more accurate. More important issues will require you to conduct more comparisons. In other cases, premises are so obvious that no further explanation is required. + + 4. **Conclusion:** From the comparison analysis, reach a conclusion about whether your hypothesis about a competing argument is correct. + + + + +In many cases, the question is not whether a particular claim is _correct_ or _incorrect_ , but whether it is _believable._ So Sinnott-Armstrong also offers a four-step "believability test" for evaluating claims of this type. + + 1. **Expertise:** Does the person presenting the argument have authority in an appropriate field? Being a specialist is one field doesn't necessarily make that person an expert in another. + + 2. **Motive:** Would self-interest or other personal motives compel a person to withhold information or make false statements? To confirm one's statements, it might be wise to seek a totally separate, independent authority for confirmation. + + 3. **Sources:** Are the sources the person offers as evidence of a claim recognized experts? Do those sources have the expertise on the specific issue addressed? + + 4. **Agreement:** Is there agreement among many experts within the same specialty? + + + + +### Let's argue + +If you really want to strengthen your ability to argue, find someone that totally disagrees with you but wants to learn and understand your beliefs. + +When I was a university student, I would usually sit toward the front of the classroom. When I didn't understand something, I would start asking questions for clarification. Everyone else in the class would just sit silently, saying nothing. After class, however, other students would come up to me and thank me for asking those questions—because everyone else in the room was confused, too. + +Clarification is a powerful act—not just in the classroom, but during arguments anywhere. Building an organizational culture in which people feel empowered to ask for clarification is critical for productive arguments (I've [given presentations on this topic][3] before). If members have the courage to clarify premises, and they can do so in an environment where others don't think they're being belligerent, then this might be the key to a successful and productive argument. + +If you really want to strengthen your ability to argue, find someone that totally disagrees with you but wants to learn and understand your beliefs. Then, practice some of Sinnott-Armstrong's suggestions. Arguing productively will enhance [transparency, inclusivity, and collaboration][4] in your organization—leading to a more open culture. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/barriers-productive-arguments + +作者：[Ron McFarland][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarland/users/ron-mcfarland +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/directions-arrows.png?itok=EE3lFewZ (Arrows pointing different directions) +[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/5/productive-arguments +[3]: https://www.slideshare.net/RonMcFarland1/argue-successfully-achieve-something +[4]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/open-org-definition From cd6a9ebf78b95a7d12a56af22e9ddb34a7492d8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 11:28:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0457/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190619=20Cisc?= =?UTF-8?q?o=20connects=20with=20IBM=20in=20to=20simplify=20hybrid=20cloud?= =?UTF-8?q?=20deployment=20sources/talk/20190619=20Cisco=20connects=20with?= =?UTF-8?q?=20IBM=20in=20to=20simplify=20hybrid=20cloud=20deployment.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment.md | 85 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190619 Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment.md b/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b3344c5eb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403363/cisco-connects-with-ibm-in-to-simplify-hybrid-cloud-deployment.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment +====== +Cisco and IBM are working todevelop a hybrid-cloud architecture that meld Cisco’s data-center, networking and analytics platforms with IBM’s cloud offerings. +![Ilze Lucero \(CC0\)][1] + +Cisco and IBM said the companies would meld their [data-center][2] and cloud technologies to help customers more easily and securely build and support on-premises and [hybrid-cloud][3] applications. + +Cisco, IBM Cloud and IBM Global Technology Services (the professional services business of IBM) said they will work to develop a hybrid-cloud architecture that melds Cisco’s data-center, networking and analytics platforms with IBM’s cloud offerings. IBM's contribution includea a heavy emphasis on Kubernetes-based offerings such as Cloud Foundry and Cloud Private as well as a catalog of [IBM enterprise software][4] such as Websphere and open source software such as Open Whisk, KNative, Istio and Prometheus. + +**[ Read also:[How to plan a software-defined data-center network][5] ]** + +Cisco said customers deploying its Virtual Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) technologies can now extend that network fabric from on-premises to the IBM Cloud. ACI is Cisco’s [software-defined networking (SDN)][6] data-center package, but it also delivers the company’s Intent-Based Networking technology, which brings customers the ability to automatically implement network and policy changes on the fly and ensure data delivery. + +[IBM said Cisco ACI Virtual Pod][7] (vPOD) software can now run on IBM Cloud bare-metal servers. “vPOD consists of virtual spines and leafs and supports up to eight instances of ACI Virtual Edge. These elements are often deployed on VMware services on the IBM Cloud to support hybrid deployments from on-premises environments to the IBM Cloud," the company stated. + +“Through a new relationship with IBM’s Global Technology Services team, customers can implement Virtual ACI on their IBM Cloud,” Cisco’s Kaustubh Das, vice president of strategy and product development wrote in a [blog][8] about the agreement. “Virtual ACI is a software-only solution that you can deploy wherever you have at least two servers on which you can run the VMware ESXi hypervisor. In the future, the ability to deploy IBM Cloud Pak for Applications in a Cisco ACI environment will also be supported,” he stated. + +IBM’s prepackaged Cloud Paks include a secured Kubernetes container and containerized IBM middleware designed to let customers quickly spin-up enterprise-ready containers, Big Blue said. + +Additionally IBM said it would add support for its IBM Cloud Private, which manages Kubernetes and other containers, on Cisco HyperFlex and HyperFlex Edge hyperconverged infrastructure (HCI) systems. HyperFlex is Cisco's HCI that offers computing, networking and storage resources in a single system. The package can be managed via Cisco’s Intersight software-as-a-service cloud management platform that offers a central dashboard of HyperFlex operations. + +IBM said it was adding Hyperflex support to its IBM Cloud Pak for Applications as well. + +The paks include IBM Multicloud Manager which is a Kubernetes-based platform that runs on the company’s [IBM Cloud Private][9] platform and lets customers manage and integrate workloads on clouds from other providers such as Amazon, Red Hat and Microsoft. + +At the heart of the Multi-cloud Manager is a dashboard interface for managing thousands of Kubernetes applications and huge volumes of data regardless of where in the organization they are located. + +The idea is that Multi-cloud Manager lets operations and development teams get visibility of Kubernetes applications and components across the different clouds and clusters via a single control pane. + +“With IBM Multicloud Manager, enterprises can have a single place to manage multiple clusters running across multiple on-premises, public and private cloud environments, providing consistent visibility, governance and automation from on-premises to the edge, wrote IBM’s Evaristus Mainsah, general manager of IBM Cloud Private Ecosystem in a [blog][7] about the relationship. + +Distributed workloads can be pushed out and managed directly at the device at a much larger scale across multiple public clouds and on-premises locations. Visibility, compliance and governance are provided with extended MCM capabilities that will be available at the lightweight device layer, with a connection back to the central server/gateway, Mainsah stated. + +In addition, Cisco’s AppDynamics\can be tied in to monitor infrastructure and business performance, Cisco stated. Cisco recently added [AppDynamics for Kubernetes][10], which Cisco said will reduce the time it takes to identify and troubleshoot performance issues across Kubernetes clusters. + +The companies said the hybrid-cloud architecture they envision will help reduce the complexity of setting up and managing hybrid-cloud environments. + +Cisco and IBM are both aggressively pursuing cloud customers. Cisco[ ramped up][11] its own cloud presence in 2018 with all manner of support stemming from an [agreement with Amazon Web Services][12] (AWS) that will offer enterprise customers an integrated platform to help them more simply build, secure and connect [Kubernetes][13] clusters across private [data centers][14] and the AWS cloud. + +Cisco and Google in [April expanded their joint cloud-development][15] activities to help customers more easily build secure multicloud and hybrid applications everywhere from on-premises data centers to public clouds. + +IBM is waiting to close [its $34 billion Red Hat deal][16] that it expects will give it a huge presence in the hotly contested hybrid-cloud arena and increase its inroads to competitors – Google, Amazon and Microsoft among others. Gartner says that market will be worth $240 billion by next year. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][17] and [LinkedIn][18] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403363/cisco-connects-with-ibm-in-to-simplify-hybrid-cloud-deployment.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/03/cubes_blocks_squares_containers_ilze_lucero_cc0_via_unsplash_1200x800-100752172-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3233132/what-is-hybrid-cloud-computing.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3340043/ibm-marries-on-premises-private-and-public-cloud-data.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284352/data-center/how-to-plan-a-software-defined-data-center-network.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3209131/what-sdn-is-and-where-its-going.html +[7]: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2019/06/18/ibm-cisco-collaborating-hybrid-cloud-modern-enterprise/ +[8]: https://blogs.cisco.com/datacenter/cisco-and-ibm-cloud-announce-hybrid-cloud-partnership +[9]: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/private +[10]: https://blog.appdynamics.com/product/kubernetes-monitoring-with-appdynamics/ +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322937/lan-wan/what-will-be-hot-for-cisco-in-2019.html?nsdr=true +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3319782/cloud-computing/cisco-aws-marriage-simplifies-hybrid-cloud-app-development.html?nsdr=true +[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269848/cloud-computing/cisco-embraces-kubernetes-pushing-container-software-into-mainstream.html +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/data-center/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html +[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388218/cisco-google-reenergize-multicloudhybrid-cloud-joint-development.html +[16]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3316960/ibm-says-buying-red-hat-makes-it-the-biggest-in-hybrid-cloud.html +[17]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[18]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 3aacaf9d455789509fe65c4c362e7b9e21a6864e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 11:28:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0458/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190619=20Cisc?= =?UTF-8?q?o=20issues=20critical=20security=20warnings=20on=20SD-WAN,=20DN?= =?UTF-8?q?A=20Center=20sources/talk/20190619=20Cisco=20issues=20critical?= =?UTF-8?q?=20security=20warnings=20on=20SD-WAN,=20DNA=20Center.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center.md | 111 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 111 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190619 Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center.md b/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..187e883706 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190619 Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403349/cisco-issues-critical-security-warnings-on-sd-wan-dna-center.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Cisco issues critical security warnings on SD-WAN, DNA Center +====== +Vulnerabilities to Cisco's SD-WAN and DNA Center software top a list of nearly 30 security advisories issued by the company. +![zajcsik \(CC0\)][1] + +Cisco has released two critical warnings about security issues with its SD-WAN and DNA Center software packages. + +The worse, with a Common Vulnerability Scoring System rating of 9.3 out of 10, is a vulnerability in its [Digital Network Architecture][2] (DNA) Center software that could let an unauthenticated attacker connect an unauthorized network device to the subnet designated for cluster services. + +**More about SD-WAN** + + * [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][3] + * [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][4] + * [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][5] + * [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][6] + + + +A successful exploit could let an attacker reach internal services that are not hardened for external access, Cisco [stated][7]. The vulnerability is due to insufficient access restriction on ports necessary for system operation, and the company discovered the issue during internal security testing, Cisco stated. + +Cisco DNA Center gives IT teams the ability to control access through policies using Software-Defined Access, automatically provision through Cisco DNA Automation, virtualize devices through Cisco Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), and lower security risks through segmentation and Encrypted Traffic Analysis. + +This vulnerability affects Cisco DNA Center Software releases prior to 1.3, and it is fixed in version 1.3 and releases after that. + +Cisco wrote that system updates are available from the Cisco cloud but not from the [Software Center][8] on Cisco.com. To upgrade to a fixed release of Cisco DNA Center Software, administrators can use the “System Updates” feature of the software. + +A second critical warning – with a CVVS score of 7.8 – is a weakness in the command-line interface of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution that could let an authenticated local attacker elevate lower-level privileges to the root user on an affected device. + +Cisco [wrote][9] that the vulnerability is due to insufficient authorization enforcement. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to the targeted device and executing commands that could lead to elevated privileges. A successful exploit could let the attacker make configuration changes to the system as the root user, the company stated. + +This vulnerability affects a range of Cisco products running a release of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution prior to Releases 18.3.6, 18.4.1, and 19.1.0 including: + + * vBond Orchestrator Software + * vEdge 100 Series Routers + * vEdge 1000 Series Routers + * vEdge 2000 Series Routers + * vEdge 5000 Series Routers + * vEdge Cloud Router Platform + * vManage Network Management Software + * vSmart Controller Software + + + +Cisco said it has released free [software updates][10] that address the vulnerability described in this advisory. Cisco wrote that it fixed this vulnerability in Release 18.4.1 of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution. + +The two critical warnings were included in a dump of [nearly 30 security advisories][11]. + +There were two other “High” impact rated warnings involving the SD-WAN software. + +One, a vulnerability in the vManage web-based UI (Web UI) of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution could let an authenticated, remote attacker gain elevated privileges on an affected vManage device, Cisco [wrote][12]. + +The vulnerability is due to a failure to properly authorize certain user actions in the device configuration. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by logging in to the vManage Web UI and sending crafted HTTP requests to vManage. A successful exploit could let attackers gain elevated privileges and make changes to the configuration that they would not normally be authorized to make, Cisco stated. + +Another vulnerability in the vManage web-based UI could let an authenticated, remote attacker inject arbitrary commands that are executed with root privileges. + +This exposure is due to insufficient input validation, Cisco [wrote][13]. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating to the device and submitting crafted input to the vManage Web UI. + +Both vulnerabilities affect Cisco vManage Network Management Software that is running a release of the Cisco SD-WAN Solution prior to Release 18.4.0 and Cisco has released free [software updates][10] to correct them. + +Other high-rated vulnerabilities Cisco disclosed included: + + * A [vulnerability][14] in the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) implementation for the Cisco TelePresence Codec (TC) and Collaboration Endpoint (CE) Software could allow an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker to inject arbitrary shell commands that are executed by the device. + * A [weakness][15] in the internal packet-processing functionality of the Cisco StarOS operating system running on virtual platforms could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause an affected device to stop processing traffic, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition. + * A [vulnerability][16] in the web-based management interface of the Cisco RV110W Wireless-N VPN Firewall, Cisco RV130W Wireless-N Multifunction VPN Router, and Cisco RV215W Wireless-N VPN Router could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause a reload of an affected device, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition. + + + +Cisco has [released software][10] fixes for those advisories as well. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][17] and [LinkedIn][18] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403349/cisco-issues-critical-security-warnings-on-sd-wan-dna-center.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/04/lightning_storm_night_gyorgy_karoly_toth_aka_zajcsik_cc0_via_pixabay_1200x800-100754504-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3401523/cisco-software-to-make-networks-smarter-safer-more-manageable.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html?nsdr=true +[7]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-dnac-bypass +[8]: https://software.cisco.com/download/home +[9]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-sdwan-privesca +[10]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/security_vulnerability_policy.html#fixes +[11]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/publicationListing.x?product=Cisco&sort=-day_sir&limit=50#~Vulnerabilities +[12]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-sdwan-privilescal +[13]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-sdwan-cmdinj +[14]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-tele-shell-inj +[15]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-staros-asr-dos +[16]: https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190619-rvrouters-dos +[17]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[18]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 12d2e4474fc6cead6164973c49b6be21489c2a08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 11:28:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0459/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190619=20With?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Tableau,=20SaaS=20king=20Salesforce=20becomes=20a=20hybrid?= =?UTF-8?q?=20cloud=20company=20sources/talk/20190619=20With=20Tableau,=20?= =?UTF-8?q?SaaS=20king=20Salesforce=20becomes=20a=20hybrid=20cloud=20compa?= =?UTF-8?q?ny.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...lesforce becomes a hybrid cloud company.md | 67 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 67 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190619 With Tableau, SaaS king Salesforce becomes a hybrid cloud company.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190619 With Tableau, SaaS king Salesforce becomes a hybrid cloud company.md b/sources/talk/20190619 With Tableau, SaaS king Salesforce becomes a hybrid cloud company.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d0d1d24cb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190619 With Tableau, SaaS king Salesforce becomes a hybrid cloud company.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (With Tableau, SaaS king Salesforce becomes a hybrid cloud company) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403442/with-tableau-saas-king-salesforce-becomes-a-hybrid-cloud-company.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +With Tableau, SaaS king Salesforce becomes a hybrid cloud company +====== +Once dismissive of software, Salesforce acknowledges the inevitability of the hybrid cloud. +![Martyn Williams/IDGNS][1] + +I remember a time when people at Salesforce events would hand out pins that read “Software” inside a red circle with a slash through it. The High Priest of SaaS (a.k.a. CEO Marc Benioff) was so adamant against installed, on-premises software that his keynotes were always comical. + +Now, Salesforce is prepared to [spend $15.7 billion to acquire Tableau Software][2], the leader in on-premises data analytics. + +On the hell-freezes-over scale, this is up there with Microsoft embracing Linux or Apple PR people returning a phone call. Well, we know at least one of those has happened. + +**[ Also read:[Hybrid Cloud: The time for adoption is upon us][3] | Stay in the know: [Subscribe and get daily newsletter updates][4] ]** + +So, why would a company that is so steeped in the cloud, so anti-on-premises software, make such a massive purchase? + +Partly it is because Benioff and company are finally coming to the same conclusion as most everyone else: The hybrid cloud, a mix of on-premises systems and public cloud, is the wave of the future, and pure cloud plays are in the minority. + +The reality is that data is hybrid and does not sit in a single location, and Salesforce is finally acknowledging this, said Tim Crawford, president of Avoa, a strategic CIO advisory firm. + +“I see the acquisition of Tableau by Salesforce as less about getting into the on-prem game as it is a reality of the world we live in. Salesforce needed a solid analytics tool that went well beyond their existing capability. Tableau was that tool,” he said. + +**[[Become a Microsoft Office 365 administrator in record time with this quick start course from PluralSight.][5] ]** + +Salesforce also understands that they need a better understanding of customers and those data insights that drive customer decisions. That data is both on-prem and in the cloud, Crawford noted. It is in Salesforce, other solutions, and the myriad of Excel spreadsheets spread across employee systems. Tableau crosses the hybrid boundaries and brings a straightforward way to visualize data. + +Salesforce had analytics features as part of its SaaS platform, but it was geared around their own platform, whereas everyone uses Tableau and Tableau supports all manner of analytics. + +“There’s a huge overlap between Tableau customers and Salesforce customers,” Crawford said. “The data is everywhere in the enterprise, not just in Salesforce. Salesforce does a great job with its own data, but Tableau does great with data in a lot of places because it’s not tied to one platform. So, it opens up where the data comes from and the insights you get from the data.” + +Crawford said that once the deal is done and Tableau is under some deeper pockets, the organization may be able to innovate faster or do things they were unable to do prior. That hardly indicates Tableau was struggling, though. It pulled in [$1.16 billion in revenue][6] in 2018. + +Crawford also expects Salesforce to push Tableau to open up new possibilities for customer insights by unlocking customer data inside and outside of Salesforce. One challenge for the two companies is to maintain that neutrality so that they don’t lose the ability to use Tableau for non-customer centric activities. + +“It’s a beautiful way to visualize large sets of data that have nothing to do with customer centricity,” he said. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403442/with-tableau-saas-king-salesforce-becomes-a-hybrid-cloud-company.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/150914-salesforce-dreamforce-2-100614575-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.cio.com/article/3402026/how-salesforces-tableau-acquisition-will-impact-it.html +[3]: http://www.networkworld.com/article/2172875/cloud-computing/hybrid-cloud--the-year-of-adoption-is-upon-us.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[5]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fcourses%2Fadministering-office-365-quick-start +[6]: https://www.geekwire.com/2019/tableau-hits-841m-annual-recurring-revenue-41-transition-subscription-model-continues/ +[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From f5c0608cde5e3ea07ec22545520dff74e2a107f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 11:29:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0460/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190618=2017?= =?UTF-8?q?=20predictions=20about=205G=20networks=20and=20devices=20source?= =?UTF-8?q?s/talk/20190618=2017=20predictions=20about=205G=20networks=20an?= =?UTF-8?q?d=20devices.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...edictions about 5G networks and devices.md | 82 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190618 17 predictions about 5G networks and devices.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190618 17 predictions about 5G networks and devices.md b/sources/talk/20190618 17 predictions about 5G networks and devices.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d8833f9887 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190618 17 predictions about 5G networks and devices.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (17 predictions about 5G networks and devices) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403358/17-predictions-about-5g-networks-and-devices.html) +[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) + +17 predictions about 5G networks and devices +====== +Not surprisingly, the new Ericsson Mobility Report is bullish on the potential of 5G technology. Here’s a quick look at the most important numbers. +![Vertigo3D / Getty Images][1] + +_“As market after market switches on 5G, we are at a truly momentous point in time. No previous generation of mobile technology has had the potential to drive economic growth to the extent that 5G promises. It goes beyond connecting people to fully realizing the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Fourth Industrial Revolution.”_ —The opening paragraph of the [June 2019 Ericsson Mobility Report][2] + +Almost every significant technology advancement now goes through what [Gartner calls the “hype cycle.”][3] These days, Everyone expects new technologies to be met with gushing optimism and dreamy visions of how it’s going to change the world in the blink of an eye. After a while, we all come to expect the vendors and the press to go overboard with excitement, at least until reality and disappointment set in when things don’t pan out exactly as expected. + +**[ Also read:[The time of 5G is almost here][4] ]** + +Even with all that in mind, though, Ericsson’s whole-hearted embrace of 5G in its Internet Mobility Report is impressive. The optimism is backed up by lots of numbers, but they can be hard to tease out of the 36-document. So, let’s recap some of the most important top-line predictions (with my comments at the end). + +### Worldwide 5G growth projections + + 1. “More than 10 million 5G subscriptions are projected worldwide by the end of 2019.” + 2. “[We] now expect there to be 1.9 billion 5G subscriptions for enhanced mobile broadband by the end of 2024. This will account for over 20 percent of all mobile subscriptions at that time. The peak of LTE subscriptions is projected for 2022, at around 5.3 billion subscriptions, with the number declining slowly thereafter.” + 3. “In 2024, 5G networks will carry 35 percent of mobile data traffic globally.” + 4. “5G can cover up to 65 percent of the world’s population in 2024.” + 5. ”NB-IoT and Cat-M technologies will account for close to 45 percent of cellular IoT connections in 2024.” + 6. “By the end of 2024, nearly 35 percent of cellular IoT connections will be Broadband IoT, with 4G connecting the majority.” But 5G connections will support more advanced use cases. + 7. “Despite challenging 5G timelines, device suppliers are expected to be ready with different band and architecture support in a range of devices during 2019.” + 8. “Spectrum sharing … chipsets are currently in development and are anticipated to be in 5G commercial devices in late 2019." + 9. “[VoLTE][5] is the foundation for enabling voice and communication services on 5G devices. Subscriptions are expected to reach 2.1 billion by the end of 2019. … The number of VoLTE subscriptions is projected to reach 5.9 billion by the end of 2024, accounting for more than 85 percent of combined LTE and 5G subscriptions.” + + + +![][6] + +### Regional 5G projections + + 1. “In North America, … service providers have already launched commercial 5G services, both for fixed wireless access and mobile. … By the end of 2024, we anticipate close to 270 million 5G subscriptions in the region, accounting for more than 60 percent of mobile subscriptions.” + 2. “In Western Europe … The momentum for 5G in the region was highlighted by the first commercial launch in April. By the end of 2024, 5G is expected to account for around 40 percent of mobile subscriptions. + 3. In Central and Eastern Europe, … The first 5G subscriptions are expected in 2019, and will make up 15 percent of subscriptions in 2024.” + 4. “In North East Asia, … the region’s 5G subscription penetration is projected to reach 47 percent [by the end of 2024]. + 5. “[In India,] 5G subscriptions are expected to become available in 2022 and will represent 6 percent of mobile subscriptions at the end of 2024.” + 6. “In the Middle East and North Africa, we anticipate commercial 5G deployments with leading communications service providers during 2019, and significant volumes in 2021. … Around 60 million 5G subscriptions are forecast for the end of 2024, representing 3 percent of total mobile subscriptions.” + 7. “Initial 5G commercial devices are expected in the [South East Asia and Oceania] region during the first half of 2019. By the end of 2024, it is anticipated that almost 12 percent of subscriptions in the region will be for 5G.]” + 8. “In Latin America … the first 5G deployments will be possible in the 3.5GHz band during 2019. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico are anticipated to be the first countries in the region to deploy 5G, with increased subscription uptake forecast from 2020. By the end of 2024, 5G is set to make up 7 percent of mobile subscriptions.” + + + +### Is 5G really so inevitable? + +Considered individually, these predictions all seem perfectly reasonable. Heck, 10 million 5G subscriptions is only a drop in the global bucket. And rumors are already flying that Apple’s next round of iPhones will include 5G capability. Also, 2024 is still five years in the future, so why wouldn’t the faster connections drive impressive traffic stats? Similarly, North America and North East Asia will experience the fastest 5G penetration. + +But when you look at them all together, these numbers project a sense of 5G inevitability that could well be premature. It will take a _lot_ of spending, by a lot of different parties—carriers, chip makers, equipment vendors, phone manufacturers, and consumers—to make this kind of growth a reality. + +I’m not saying 5G won’t take over the world. I’m just saying that when so many things have to happen in a relatively short time, there are a lot of opportunities for the train to jump the tracks. Don’t be surprised if it takes longer than expected for 5G to turn into the worldwide default standard Ericsson—and everyone else—seems to think it will inevitably become. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403358/17-predictions-about-5g-networks-and-devices.html + +作者：[Fredric Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/5g_wireless_technology_network_connections_by_credit-vertigo3d_gettyimages-1043302218_3x2-100787550-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/mobility-report/documents/2019/ericsson-mobility-report-june-2019.pdf +[3]: https://www.gartner.com/en/research/methodologies/gartner-hype-cycle +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3354477/mobile-world-congress-the-time-of-5g-is-almost-here.html +[5]: https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/technology/volte/ +[6]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/ericsson-mobility-report-june-2019-graph-100799481-large.jpg +[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From fa50cc6f7147cd41e42744160b6859296738d067 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 12:21:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0461/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190617=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20Use=20VLAN=20tagged=20NIC=20(Ethernet=20Card)=20on=20Ce?= =?UTF-8?q?ntOS=20and=20RHEL=20Servers=20sources/tech/20190617=20How=20to?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Use=20VLAN=20tagged=20NIC=20(Ethernet=20Card)=20on=20CentOS?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20RHEL=20Servers.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...hernet Card) on CentOS and RHEL Servers.md | 173 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 173 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190617 How to Use VLAN tagged NIC (Ethernet Card) on CentOS and RHEL Servers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190617 How to Use VLAN tagged NIC (Ethernet Card) on CentOS and RHEL Servers.md b/sources/tech/20190617 How to Use VLAN tagged NIC (Ethernet Card) on CentOS and RHEL Servers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1a6f5988e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190617 How to Use VLAN tagged NIC (Ethernet Card) on CentOS and RHEL Servers.md @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Use VLAN tagged NIC (Ethernet Card) on CentOS and RHEL Servers) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/vlan-tagged-nic-ethernet-card-centos-rhel-servers/) +[#]: author: (Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) + +How to Use VLAN tagged NIC (Ethernet Card) on CentOS and RHEL Servers +====== + +There are some scenarios where we want to assign multiple IPs from different **VLAN** on the same Ethernet card (nic) on Linux servers ( **CentOS** / **RHEL** ). This can be done by enabling VLAN tagged interface. But for this to happen first we must make sure multiple VLANs are attached to port on switch or in other words we can say we should configure trunk port by adding multiple VLANs on switch. + + + +Let’s assume we have a Linux Server, there we have two Ethernet cards (enp0s3 & enp0s8), first NIC ( **enp0s3** ) will be used for data traffic and second NIC ( **enp0s8** ) will be used for control / management traffic. For Data traffic I will using multiple VLANs (or will assign multiple IPs from different VLANs on data traffic ethernet card). + +I am assuming the port from switch which is connected to my server data NIC is configured as trunk port by mapping the multiple VLANs to it. + +Following are the VLANs which is mapped to data traffic Ethernet Card (NIC): + + * VLAN ID (200), VLAN N/W = 172.168.10.0/24 + * VLAN ID (300), VLAN N/W = 172.168.20.0/24 + + + +To use VLAN tagged interface on CentOS 7 / RHEL 7 / CentOS 8 /RHEL 8 systems, [kernel module][1] **8021q** must be loaded. + +Use the following command to load the kernel module “8021q” + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# lsmod | grep -i 8021q +[root@linuxtechi ~]# modprobe --first-time 8021q +[root@linuxtechi ~]# lsmod | grep -i 8021q +8021q 29022 0 +garp 14384 1 8021q +mrp 18542 1 8021q +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Use below modinfo command to display information about kernel module “8021q” + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# modinfo 8021q +filename: /lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/net/8021q/8021q.ko +version: 1.8 +license: GPL +alias: rtnl-link-vlan +rhelversion: 7.2 +srcversion: 2E63BD725D9DC11C7DA6190 +depends: mrp,garp +intree: Y +vermagic: 3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 SMP mod_unload modversions +signer: CentOS Linux kernel signing key +sig_key: 79:AD:88:6A:11:3C:A0:22:35:26:33:6C:0F:82:5B:8A:94:29:6A:B3 +sig_hashalgo: sha256 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Now tagged (or mapped) the VLANs 200 and 300 to NIC enp0s3 using the [ip command][2] + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ip link add link enp0s3 name enp0s3.200 type vlan id 200 +``` + +Bring up the interface using below ip command: + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ip link set dev enp0s3.200 up +``` + +Similarly mapped the VLAN 300 to NIC enp0s3 + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ip link add link enp0s3 name enp0s3.300 type vlan id 300 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ip link set dev enp0s3.300 up +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Now view the tagged interface status using ip command: + +[![tagged-interface-ip-command][3]][4] + +Now we can assign the IP address to tagged interface from their respective VLANs using beneath ip command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ip addr add 172.168.10.51/24 dev enp0s3.200 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ip addr add 172.168.20.51/24 dev enp0s3.300 +``` + +Use below ip command to see whether IP is assigned to tagged interface or not. + +![ip-address-tagged-nic][5] + +All the above changes via ip commands will not be persistent across the reboot. These tagged interfaces will not be available after reboot and after network service restart + +So, to make tagged interfaces persistent across the reboot then use interface **ifcfg files** + +Edit interface (enp0s3) file “ **/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3** ” and add the following content, + +Note: Replace the interface name that suits to your env, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3 +TYPE=Ethernet +DEVICE=enp0s3 +BOOTPROTO=none +ONBOOT=yes +``` + +Save & exit the file + +Create tagged interface file for VLAN id 200 as “ **/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3.200** ” and add the following contents to it. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3.200 +DEVICE=enp0s3.200 +BOOTPROTO=none +ONBOOT=yes +IPADDR=172.168.10.51 +PREFIX=24 +NETWORK=172.168.10.0 +VLAN=yes +``` + +Save & exit the file + +Similarly create interface file for VLAN id 300 as “/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3.300” and add the following contents to it + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3.300 +DEVICE=enp0s3.300 +BOOTPROTO=none +ONBOOT=yes +IPADDR=172.168.20.51 +PREFIX=24 +NETWORK=172.168.20.0 +VLAN=yes +``` + +Save and exit file and then restart network services using the beneath command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# systemctl restart network +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Now verify whether tagged interface are configured and up & running using the ip command, + +![tagged-interface-status-ip-command-linux-server][6] + +That’s all from this article, I hope you got an idea how to configure and enable VLAN tagged interface on CentOS 7 / 8 and RHEL 7 /8 Severs. Please do share your feedback and comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/vlan-tagged-nic-ethernet-card-centos-rhel-servers/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/how-to-manage-kernel-modules-in-linux/ +[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/ip-command-examples-for-linux-users/ +[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/tagged-interface-ip-command-1024x444.jpg +[4]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/tagged-interface-ip-command.jpg +[5]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ip-address-tagged-nic-1024x343.jpg +[6]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/tagged-interface-status-ip-command-linux-server-1024x656.jpg From e6666ef71f092d22be16f8214eb720e5fa2499a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 12:21:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0462/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190611=20Step?= =?UTF-8?q?=20by=20Step=20Zorin=20OS=2015=20Installation=20Guide=20with=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Screenshots=20sources/tech/20190611=20Step=20by=20Step=20Zorin?= =?UTF-8?q?=20OS=2015=20Installation=20Guide=20with=20Screenshots.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... 15 Installation Guide with Screenshots.md | 204 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 204 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190611 Step by Step Zorin OS 15 Installation Guide with Screenshots.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190611 Step by Step Zorin OS 15 Installation Guide with Screenshots.md b/sources/tech/20190611 Step by Step Zorin OS 15 Installation Guide with Screenshots.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..79d0b9e1a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190611 Step by Step Zorin OS 15 Installation Guide with Screenshots.md @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Step by Step Zorin OS 15 Installation Guide with Screenshots) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/zorin-os-15-installation-guide-screenshots/) +[#]: author: (Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) + +Step by Step Zorin OS 15 Installation Guide with Screenshots +====== + +Good News for all the Zorin users out there! Zorin has launched its latest version (Zorin OS 15) of its Ubuntu based Linux distro. This version is based on Ubuntu 18.04.2, since its launch in July 2009, it is estimated that this popular distribution has reached more than 17 million downloads. Zorin is renowned for creating a distribution for beginner level users and the all new Zorin OS 15 comes packed with a lot of goodies that surely will make Zorin OS lovers happy. Let’s see some of the major enhancements made in the latest version. + +### New Features of Zorin OS 15 + +Zorin OS has always amazed users with different set of features when every version is released Zorin OS 15 is no exception as it comes with a lot of new features as outlined below: + +**Enhanced User Experience** + +The moment you look at the Zorin OS 15, you will ask whether it is a Linux distro because it looks more like a Windows OS. According to Zorin, it wanted Windows users to get ported to Linux in a more user-friendly manner. And it features a Windows like Start menu, quick app launchers, a traditional task bar section, system tray etc. + +**Zorin Connect** + +Another major highlight of Zorin OS 15 is the ability to integrate your Android Smartphones seamlessly with your desktop using the Zorin Connect application. With your phone connected, you can share music, videos and other files between your phone and desktop. You can even use your phone as a mouse to control the desktop. You can also easily control the media playback in your desktop from your phone itself. Quickly reply to all your messages and notifications sent to your phone from your desktop. + +**New GTK Theme** + +Zorin OS 15 ships with an all new GTK Theme that has been exclusively built for this distro and the theme is available in 6 different colors along with the hugely popular dark theme. Another highlight is that the OS automatically detects the time of the day and changes the desktop theme accordingly. Say for example, during sunset it switches to a dark theme whereas in the morning it switches to bright theme automatically. + +**Other New Features:** + +Zorin OS 15 comes packed with a lot of new features including: + + * Compatible with Thunderbolt 3.0 devices + * Supports color emojis + * Comes with an upgraded Linux Kernel 4.18 + * Customized settings available for application menu and task bar + * System font changed to Inter + * Supports renaming bulk files + + + +### Minimum system requirements for Zorin OS 15 (Core): + + * Dual Core 64-bit (1GHZ) + * 2 GB RAM + * 10 GB free disk space + * Internet Connection Optional + * Display (800×600) + + + +### Step by Step Guide to Install Zorin OS 15 (Core) + +Before you start installing Zorin OS 15, ensure you have a copy of the Zorin OS 15 downloaded in your system. If not download then refer official website of [Zorin OS 15][1]. Remember this Linux distribution is available in 4 versions including: + + * Ultimate (Paid Version) + * Core (Free Version) + * Lite (Free Version) + * Education (Free Version) + + + +Note: In this article I will demonstrate Zorin OS 15 Core Installation Steps + +### Step 1) Create Zorin OS 15 Bootable USB Disk + +Once you have downloaded Zorin OS 15, copy the ISO into an USB disk and create a bootable disk. Change our system settings to boot using an USB disk and restart your system. Once you restart your system, you will see the screen as shown below. Click “ **Install or Try Zorin OS** ” + + + +### Step 2) Choose Install Zorin OS + +In the next screen, you will be shown option to whether install Zorin OS 15 or to try Zorin OS. Click “ **Install Zorin OS** ” to continue the installation process. + + + +### Step 3) Choose Keyboard Layout + +Next step is to choose your keyboard layout. By default, English (US) is selected and if you want to choose a different language, then choose it and click “ **Continue** ” + + + +### Step 4) Download Updates and Other Software + +In the next screen, you will be asked whether you need to download updates while you are installing Zorin OS and install other 3rd party applications. In case your system is connected to internet then you can select both of these options, but by doing so your installation time increases considerably, or if you don’t want to install updates and third party software during the installation then untick both these options and click “Continue” + + + +### Step 5) Choose Zorin OS 15 Installation Method + +If you are new to Linux and want fresh installation and don’t want to customize partitions, then better choose option “ **Erase disk and install Zorin OS** ” + +If you want to create customize partitions for Zorin OS then choose “ **Something else** “, In this tutorial I will demonstrate how to create customize partition scheme for Zorin OS 15 installation, + +So, choose “ **Something else** ” option and then click on Continue + + + + + +As we can see we have around 42 GB disk available for Zorin OS, We will be creating following partitions, + + * /boot = 2 GB (ext4 file system) + * /home = 20 GB (ext4 file system) + * / = 10 GB (ext4 file system) + * /var = 7 GB (ext4 file system) + * Swap = 2 GB (ext4 file system) + + + +To start creating partitions, first click on “ **New Partition Table** ” and it will show it is going to create empty partition table, click on continue + + + +In the next screen we will see that we have now 42 GB free space on disk (/dev/sda), so let’s create our first partition as /boot, + +Select the free space, then click on + symbol and then specify the partition size as 2048 MB, file system type as ext4 and mount point as /boot, + + + +Click on OK + +Now create our next partition /home of size 20 GB (20480 MB), + + + +Similarly create our next two partition / and /var of size 10 and 7 GB respectively, + + + + + +Let’s create our last partition as swap of size 2 GB + + + +Click on OK + +Choose “ **Install Now** ” option in next window, + + + +In next window, choose “Continue” to write changes to disk and to proceed with installation + + + +### Step 6) Choose Your Preferred Location + +In the next screen, you will be asked to choose your location and click “Continue” + + + +### Step 7) Provide User Credentials + +In the next screen, you’ll be asked to enter the user credentials including your name, computer name, + +Username and password. Once you are done, click “Continue” to proceed with the installation process. + + + +### Step 8) Installing Zorin OS 15 + +Once you click continue, you can see that the Zorin OS 15 starts installing and it may take some time to complete the installation process. + + + +### Step 9) Restart your system after Successful Installation + +Once the installation process is completed, it will ask to restart your computer. Hit “ **Restart Now** ” + + + +### Step 10) Login to Zorin OS 15 + +Once the system restarts, you will be asked to login into the system using the login credentials provided earlier. + +Note: Don’t forget to change the boot medium from bios so that system boots up with disk. + + + +### Step 11) Zorin OS 15 Welcome Screen + +Once your login is successful, you can see the Zorin OS 15 welcome screen. Now you can start exploring all the incredible features of Zorin OS 15. + + + +That’s all from this tutorial, please do share feedback and comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/zorin-os-15-installation-guide-screenshots/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://zorinos.com/download/ From f039f8cef34f4b49acc2a81f5c9a77686a45decd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 12:21:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0463/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190609=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20set=20ulimit=20and=20file=20descriptors=20limit=20on=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Linux=20Servers=20sources/tech/20190609=20How=20to=20set=20ulim?= =?UTF-8?q?it=20and=20file=20descriptors=20limit=20on=20Linux=20Servers.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md | 227 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 227 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md b/sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1b732b566d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md @@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/set-ulimit-file-descriptors-limit-linux-servers/) +[#]: author: (Shashidhar Soppin https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/shashidhar/) + +How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers +====== + +**Introduction: ** Challenges like number of open files in any of the production environment has become common now a day. Since many applications which are Java based and Apache based, are getting installed and configured, which may lead to too many open files, file descriptors etc. If this exceeds the default limit that is set, then one may face access control problems and file opening challenges. Many production environments come to standstill kind of situations because of this. + + + +Luckily, we have “ **ulimit** ” command in any of the Linux based server, by which one can see/set/get number of files open status/configuration details. This command is equipped with many options and with this combination one can set number of open files. Following are step-by-step commands with examples explained in detail. + +### To see what is the present open file limit in any Linux System + +To get open file limit on any Linux server, execute the following command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max +146013 +``` + +The above number shows that user can open ‘146013’ file per user login session. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max +149219 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max +73906 +``` + +This clearly indicates that individual Linux operating systems have different number of open files. This is based on dependencies and applications which are running in respective systems. + +### ulimit command : + +As the name suggests, ulimit (user limit) is used to display and set resources limit for logged in user.When we run ulimit command with -a option then it will print all resources’ limit for the logged in user. Now let’s run “ **ulimit -a** ” on Ubuntu / Debian and CentOS systems, + +**Ubuntu / Debian System** , + +``` +root@linuxtechi ~}$ ulimit -a +core file size (blocks, -c) 0 +data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited +scheduling priority (-e) 0 +file size (blocks, -f) unlimited +pending signals (-i) 5731 +max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64 +max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited +open files (-n) 1024 +pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8 +POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200 +real-time priority (-r) 0 +stack size (kbytes, -s) 8192 +cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited +max user processes (-u) 5731 +virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited +file locks (-x) unlimited +``` + +**CentOS System** + +``` +root@linuxtechi ~}$ ulimit -a +core file size (blocks, -c) 0 +data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited +scheduling priority (-e) 0 +file size (blocks, -f) unlimited +pending signals (-i) 5901 +max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64 +max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited +open files (-n) 1024 +pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8 +POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200 +real-time priority (-r) 0 +stack size (kbytes, -s) 8192 +cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited +max user processes (-u) 5901 +virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited +file locks (-x) unlimited +``` + +As we can be seen here different OS have different limits set. All these limits can be configured/changed using “ulimit” command. + +To display the individual resource limit then pass the individual parameter in ulimit command, some of parameters are listed below: + + * ulimit -n –> It will display number of open files limit + * ulimit -c –> It display the size of core file + * umilit -u –> It will display the maximum user process limit for the logged in user. + * ulimit -f –> It will display the maximum file size that the user can have. + * umilit -m –> It will display the maximum memory size for logged in user. + * ulimit -v –> It will display the maximum memory size limit + + + +Use below commands check hard and soft limits for number of open file for the logged in user + +``` +root@linuxtechi ~}$ ulimit -Hn +1048576 +root@linuxtechi ~}$ ulimit -Sn +1024 +``` + +### How to fix the problem when limit on number of Maximum Files was reached ? + +Let’s assume our Linux server has reached the limit of maximum number of open files and want to extend that limit system wide, for example we want to set 100000 as limit of number of open files. + +Use sysctl command to pass fs.file-max parameter to kernel on the fly, execute beneath command as root user, + +``` +root@linuxtechi~]# sysctl -w fs.file-max=100000 +fs.file-max = 100000 +``` + +Above changes will be active until the next reboot, so to make these changes persistent across the reboot, edit the file **/etc/sysctl.conf** and add same parameter, + +``` +root@linuxtechi~]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf +fs.file-max = 100000 +``` + +save and exit file, + +Run the beneath command to make above changes into effect immediately without logout and reboot. + +``` +root@linuxtechi~]# sysctl -p +``` + +Now verify whether new changes are in effect or not. + +``` +root@linuxtechi~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max +100000 +``` + +Use below command to find out how many file descriptors are currently being utilized: + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# more /proc/sys/fs/file-nr +1216 0 100000 +``` + +Note:- Command “ **sysctl -p** ” is used to commit the changes without reboot and logout. + +### Set User level resource limit via limit.conf file + +“ **/etc/sysctl.conf** ” file is used to set resource limit system wide but if you want to set resource limit for specific user like Oracle, MariaDB and Apache then this can be achieved via “ **/etc/security/limits.conf** ” file. + +Sample Limit.conf is shown below, + +``` +root@linuxtechi~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max +``` + +![Limits-conf-linux-part1][1] + +![Limits-conf-linux-part2][2] + +Let’s assume we want to set hard and soft limit on number of open files for linuxtechi user and for oracle user set hard and soft limit on number of open process, edit the file “/etc/security/limits.conf” and add the following lines + +``` +# hard limit for max opened files for linuxtechi user +linuxtechi hard nofile 4096 +# soft limit for max opened files for linuxtechi user +linuxtechi soft nofile 1024 + +# hard limit for max number of process for oracle user +oracle hard nproc 8096 +# soft limit for max number of process for oracle user +oracle soft nproc 4096 +``` + +Save & exit the file. + +**Note:** In case you want to put resource limit on a group instead of users, then it can also be possible via limit.conf file, in place of user name , type **@ ** and rest of the items will be same, example is shown below, + +``` +# hard limit for max opened files for sysadmin group +@sysadmin hard nofile 4096 +# soft limit for max opened files for sysadmin group +@sysadmin soft nofile 1024 +``` + +Verify whether new changes are in effect or not, + +``` +~]# su - linuxtechi +~]$ ulimit -n -H +4096 +~]$ ulimit -n -S +1024 + +~]# su - oracle +~]$ ulimit -H -u +8096 +~]$ ulimit -S -u +4096 +``` + +Note: Other majorly used command is “[ **lsof**][3]” which is used for finding out “how many files are opened currently”. This command is very helpful for admins. + +**Conclusion:** + +As mentioned in the introduction section “ulimit” command is very powerful and helps one to configure and make sure application installations are smoother without any bottlenecks. This command helps in fixing many of the number of file limitations in Linux based servers. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/set-ulimit-file-descriptors-limit-linux-servers/ + +作者：[Shashidhar Soppin][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/shashidhar/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Limits-conf-linux-part1-1024x677.jpg +[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Limits-conf-linux-part2-1024x443.jpg +[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/lsof-command-examples-linux-geeks/ From bd1bad075805e6549b4ff0b495f74d394685ea98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 12:21:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0464/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190602=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20Install=20LEMP=20(Linux,=20Nginx,=20MariaDB,=20PHP)=20o?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20Fedora=2030=20Server=20sources/tech/20190602=20How=20to=20I?= =?UTF-8?q?nstall=20LEMP=20(Linux,=20Nginx,=20MariaDB,=20PHP)=20on=20Fedor?= =?UTF-8?q?a=2030=20Server.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ginx, MariaDB, PHP) on Fedora 30 Server.md | 200 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 200 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190602 How to Install LEMP (Linux, Nginx, MariaDB, PHP) on Fedora 30 Server.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190602 How to Install LEMP (Linux, Nginx, MariaDB, PHP) on Fedora 30 Server.md b/sources/tech/20190602 How to Install LEMP (Linux, Nginx, MariaDB, PHP) on Fedora 30 Server.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e3a533b3b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190602 How to Install LEMP (Linux, Nginx, MariaDB, PHP) on Fedora 30 Server.md @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Install LEMP (Linux, Nginx, MariaDB, PHP) on Fedora 30 Server) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/install-lemp-stack-fedora-30-server/) +[#]: author: (Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) + +How to Install LEMP (Linux, Nginx, MariaDB, PHP) on Fedora 30 Server +====== + +In this article, we’ll be looking at how to install **LEMP** stack on Fedora 30 Server. LEMP Stands for: + + * L -> Linux + * E -> Nginx + * M -> Maria DB + * P -> PHP + + + +I am assuming **[Fedora 30][1]** is already installed on your system. + +![LEMP-Stack-Fedora30][2] + +LEMP is a collection of powerful software setup that is installed on a Linux server to help in developing popular development platforms to build websites, LEMP is a variation of LAMP wherein instead of **Apache** , **EngineX (Nginx)** is used as well as **MariaDB** used in place of **MySQL**. This how-to guide is a collection of separate guides to install Nginx, Maria DB and PHP. + +### Install Nginx, PHP 7.3 and PHP-FPM on Fedora 30 Server + +Let’s take a look at how to install Nginx and PHP along with PHP FPM on Fedora 30 Server. + +### Step 1) Switch to root user + +First step in installing Nginx in your system is to switch to root user. Use the following command : + +``` +root@linuxtechi ~]$ sudo -i +[sudo] password for pkumar: +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +### Step 2) Install Nginx, PHP 7.3 and PHP FPM using dnf command + +Install Nginx using the following dnf command: + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# dnf install nginx php php-fpm php-common -y +``` + +### Step 3) Install Additional PHP modules + +The default installation of PHP only comes with the basic and the most needed modules installed. If you need additional modules like GD, XML support for PHP, command line interface Zend OPCache features etc, you can always choose your packages and install everything in one go. See the sample command below: + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# sudo dnf install php-opcache php-pecl-apcu php-cli php-pear php-pdo php-pecl-mongodb php-pecl-redis php-pecl-memcache php-pecl-memcached php-gd php-mbstring php-mcrypt php-xml -y +``` + +### Step 4) Start & Enable Nginx and PHP-fpm Service + +Start and enable Nginx service using the following command + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# systemctl start nginx && systemctl enable nginx +Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service. +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Use the following command to start and enable PHP-FPM service + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# systemctl start php-fpm && systemctl enable php-fpm +Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/php-fpm.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service. +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +**Verify Nginx (Web Server) and PHP installation,** + +**Note:** In case OS firewall is enabled and running on your Fedora 30 system, then allow 80 and 443 ports using beneath commands, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http +success +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +[root@linuxtechi ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https +success +[root@linuxtechi ~]# firewall-cmd --reload +success +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Open the web browser, type the following URL: http:// + +[![Test-Page-HTTP-Server-Fedora-30][3]][4] + +Above screen confirms that NGINX is installed successfully. + +Now let’s verify PHP installation, create a test php page(info.php) using the beneath command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# echo "" > /usr/share/nginx/html/info.php +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Type the following URL in the web browser, + +http:///info.php + +[![Php-info-page-fedora30][5]][6] + +Above page confirms that PHP 7.3.5 has been installed successfully. Now let’s install MariaDB database server. + +### Install MariaDB on Fedora 30 + +MariaDB is a great replacement for MySQL DB as it is works much similar to MySQL and also compatible with MySQL steps too. Let’s look at the steps to install MariaDB on Fedora 30 Server + +### Step 1) Switch to Root User + +First step in installing MariaDB in your system is to switch to root user or you can use a local user who has root privilege. Use the following command below: + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# sudo -i +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +### Step 2) Install latest version of MariaDB (10.3) using dnf command + +Use the following command to install MariaDB on Fedora 30 Server + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# dnf install mariadb-server -y +``` + +### Step 3) Start and enable MariaDB Service + +Once the mariadb is installed successfully in step 2), next step is to start the MariaDB service. Use the following command: + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service ; systemctl enable mariadb.service +``` + +### Step 4) Secure MariaDB Installation + +When we install MariaDB server, so by default there is no root password, also anonymous users are created in database. So, to secure MariaDB installation, run the beneath “mysql_secure_installation” command + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# mysql_secure_installation +``` + +Next you will be prompted with some question, just answer the questions as shown below: + +![Secure-MariaDB-Installation-Part1][7] + +![Secure-MariaDB-Installation-Part2][8] + +### Step 5) Test MariaDB Installation + +Once you have installed, you can always test if MariaDB is successfully installed on the server. Use the following command: + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# mysql -u root -p +Enter password: +``` + +Next you will be prompted for a password. Enter the password same password that you have set during MariaDB secure installation, then you can see the MariaDB welcome screen. + +``` +Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. +Your MariaDB connection id is 17 +Server version: 10.3.12-MariaDB MariaDB Server + +Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. + +Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. + +MariaDB [(none)]> +``` + +And finally, we’ve completed everything to install LEMP (Linux, Nginx, MariaDB and PHP) on your server successfully. Please post all your comments and suggestions in the feedback section below and we’ll respond back at the earliest. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/install-lemp-stack-fedora-30-server/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/fedora-30-workstation-installation-guide/ +[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/LEMP-Stack-Fedora30.jpg +[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Test-Page-HTTP-Server-Fedora-30-1024x732.jpg +[4]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Test-Page-HTTP-Server-Fedora-30.jpg +[5]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Php-info-page-fedora30-1024x732.jpg +[6]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Php-info-page-fedora30.jpg +[7]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Secure-MariaDB-Installation-Part1.jpg +[8]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Secure-MariaDB-Installation-Part2.jpg From 4c3ede985d2da95f349fccadcebebeb0c90b8d8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 12:22:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0465/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190522=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20Download=20and=20Use=20Ansible=20Galaxy=20Roles=20in=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Ansible=20Playbook=20sources/tech/20190522=20How=20to=20Downloa?= =?UTF-8?q?d=20and=20Use=20Ansible=20Galaxy=20Roles=20in=20Ansible=20Playb?= =?UTF-8?q?ook.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nsible Galaxy Roles in Ansible Playbook.md | 193 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 193 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190522 How to Download and Use Ansible Galaxy Roles in Ansible Playbook.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190522 How to Download and Use Ansible Galaxy Roles in Ansible Playbook.md b/sources/tech/20190522 How to Download and Use Ansible Galaxy Roles in Ansible Playbook.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3bb9e39184 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190522 How to Download and Use Ansible Galaxy Roles in Ansible Playbook.md @@ -0,0 +1,193 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Download and Use Ansible Galaxy Roles in Ansible Playbook) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/use-ansible-galaxy-roles-ansible-playbook/) +[#]: author: (Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) + +How to Download and Use Ansible Galaxy Roles in Ansible Playbook +====== + +**Ansible** is tool of choice these days if you must manage multiple devices, be it Linux, Windows, Mac, Network Devices, VMware and lot more. What makes Ansible popular is its agent less feature and granular control. If you have worked with python or have experience with **yaml** , you will feel at home with Ansible. To see how you can install [Ansible][1] click here. + + + +Ansible core modules will let you manage almost anything should you wish to write playbooks, however often there is someone who has already written a role for a problem you are trying to solve. Let’s take an example, you wish to manage NTP clients on the Linux machines, you have 2 choices either write a role which can be applied to the nodes or use **ansible-galaxy** to download an existing role someone has already written/tested for you. Ansible galaxy has roles for almost all the domains and these caters different problems. You can visit to get an idea on domains and popular roles it has. Each role published on galaxy repository is thoroughly tested and has been rated by the users, so you get an idea on how other people who have used it liked it. + +To keep moving with the NTP idea, here is how you can search and install an NTP role from galaxy. + +Firstly, lets run ansible-galaxy with the help flag to check what options does it give us + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ansible-galaxy --help +``` + +![ansible-galaxy-help][2] + +As you can see from the output above there are some interesting options been shown, since we are looking for a role to manage ntp clients lets try the search option to see how good it is finding what we are looking for. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ansible-galaxy search ntp +``` + +Here is the truncated output of the command above. + +![ansible-galaxy-search][3] + +It found 341 matches based on our search, as you can see from the output above many of these roles are not even related to NTP which means our search needs some refinement however, it has managed to pull some NTP roles, lets dig deeper to see what these roles are. But before that let me tell you the naming convention being followed here. The name of a role is always preceded by the author name so that it is easy to segregate roles with the same name. So, if you have written an NTP role and have published it to galaxy repo, it does not get mixed up with someone else repo with the same name. + +With that out of the way, lets continue with our job of installing a NTP role for our Linux machines. Let’s try **bennojoy.ntp** for this example, but before using this we need to figure out couple of things, is this role compatible with the version of ansible I am running. Also, what is the license status of this role. To figure out these, let’s run below ansible-galaxy command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ansible-galaxy info bennojoy.ntp +``` + +![ansible-galaxy-info][4] + +ok so this says the minimum version is 1.4 and the license is BSD, lets download it + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ansible-galaxy install bennojoy.ntp +- downloading role 'ntp', owned by bennojoy +- downloading role from https://github.com/bennojoy/ntp/archive/master.tar.gz +- extracting bennojoy.ntp to /etc/ansible/roles/bennojoy.ntp +- bennojoy.ntp (master) was installed successfully +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ansible-galaxy list +- bennojoy.ntp, master +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Let’s find the newly installed role. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# cd /etc/ansible/roles/bennojoy.ntp/ +[root@linuxtechi bennojoy.ntp]# ls -l +total 4 +drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 21 May 21 22:38 defaults +drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 21 May 21 22:38 handlers +drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 48 May 21 22:38 meta +-rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 1328 Apr 20 2016 README.md +drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 21 May 21 22:38 tasks +drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 24 May 21 22:38 templates +drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 55 May 21 22:38 vars +[root@linuxtechi bennojoy.ntp]# +``` + +I am going to run this newly downloaded role on my Elasticsearch CentOS node. Here is my hosts file + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# cat hosts +[CentOS] +elastic7-01 ansible_host=192.168.1.15 ansibel_port=22 ansible_user=linuxtechi +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Let’s try to ping the node using below ansible ping module, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ansible -m ping -i hosts elastic7-01 +elastic7-01 | SUCCESS => { + "changed": false, + "ping": "pong" +} +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Here is what the current ntp.conf looks like on elastic node. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# head -30 /etc/ntp.conf +``` + +![Current-ntp-conf][5] + +Since I am in India, lets add server **in.pool.ntp.org** to ntp.conf. I would have to edit the variables in default directory of the role. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# vi /etc/ansible/roles/bennojoy.ntp/defaults/main.yml +``` + +Change NTP server address in “ntp_server” parameter, after updating it should look like below. + +![Update-ansible-ntp-role][6] + +The last thing now is to create my playbook which would call this role. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# vi ntpsite.yaml +--- + - name: Configure NTP on CentOS/RHEL/Debian System + become: true + hosts: all + roles: + - {role: bennojoy.ntp} +``` + +save and exit the file + +We are ready to run this role now, use below command to run ntp playbook, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ansible-playbook -i hosts ntpsite.yaml +``` + +Output of above ntp ansible playbook should be something like below, + +![ansible-playbook-output][7] + +Let’s check updated file now. go to elastic node and view the contents of ntp.conf file + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# cat /etc/ntp.conf +#Ansible managed + +driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift +server in.pool.ntp.org + +restrict -4 default kod notrap nomodify nopeer noquery +restrict -6 default kod notrap nomodify nopeer noquery +restrict 127.0.0.1 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Just in case you do not find a role fulfilling your requirement ansible-galaxy can help you create a directory structure for your custom roles. This helps your playbooks along with the variables, handlers, templates etc assembled in a standardized file structure. Let’s create our own role, its always a good practice to let ansible-galaxy create the structure for you. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ansible-galaxy init pk.backup +- pk.backup was created successfully +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Verify the structure of your role using the tree command, + +![createing-roles-ansible-galaxy][8] + +Let me quickly explain what each of these directories and files are for, each of these serves a purpose. + +The very first one is the **defaults** directory which contains the files containing variables with takes the lowest precedence, if the same variables are assigned in var directory it will be take precedence over default. The **handlers** directory hosts the handlers. The **file** and **templates** keep any files your role may need to copy and **jinja templates** to be used in playbooks respectively. The **tasks** directory is where your playbooks containing the tasks are kept. The var directory consists of all the files that hosts the variables used in role. The test directory consists of a sample inventory and test playbooks which can be used to test the role. The **meta directory** consists of any dependencies on other roles along with the authorship information. + +Finally, **README.md** file simply consists of some general information like description and minimum version of ansible this role is compatible with. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/use-ansible-galaxy-roles-ansible-playbook/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/install-and-use-ansible-in-centos-7/ +[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ansible-galaxy-help-1024x294.jpg +[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ansible-galaxy-search-1024x552.jpg +[4]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ansible-galaxy-info-1024x557.jpg +[5]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Current-ntp-conf.jpg +[6]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Update-ansible-ntp-role.jpg +[7]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ansible-playbook-output-1024x376.jpg +[8]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/createing-roles-ansible-galaxy.jpg From 9e68157669c3cb10ccae4786187da2dc17a0bd83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 12:22:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0466/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190516=20Moni?= =?UTF-8?q?tor=20and=20Manage=20Docker=20Containers=20with=20Portainer.io?= =?UTF-8?q?=20(GUI=20tool)=20=E2=80=93=20Part-2=20sources/tech/20190516=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Monitor=20and=20Manage=20Docker=20Containers=20with=20Portainer?= =?UTF-8?q?.io=20(GUI=20tool)=20-=20Part-2.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...s with Portainer.io (GUI tool) - Part-2.md | 244 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 244 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190516 Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) - Part-2.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190516 Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) - Part-2.md b/sources/tech/20190516 Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) - Part-2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..58a9459a41 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190516 Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) - Part-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) – Part-2) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/monitor-manage-docker-containers-portainer-io-part-2/) +[#]: author: (Shashidhar Soppin https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/shashidhar/) + +Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) – Part-2 +====== + +As a continuation of Part-1, this part-2 has remaining features of Portainer covered and as explained below. + +### Monitoring docker container images + +``` +root@linuxtechi ~}$ docker ps -a +CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES +9ab9aa72f015 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 14 seconds ago Exited (0) 12 seconds ago suspicious_shannon +305369d3b2bb centos "/bin/bash" 24 seconds ago Exited (0) 22 seconds ago admiring_mestorf +9a669f3dc4f6 portainer/portainer "/portainer" 7 minutes ago Up 7 minutes 0.0.0.0:9000->9000/tcp trusting_keller +``` + +Including the portainer(which is a docker container image), all the exited and present running docker images are displayed. Below screenshot from Portainer GUI displays the same. + +[![Docker_status][1]][2] + +### Monitoring events + +Click on the “Events” option from the portainer webpage as shown below. + +Various events that are generated and created based on docker-container activity, are captured and displayed in this page + +[![Container-Events-Poratiner-GUI][3]][4] + +Now to check and validate how the “ **Events** ” section works. Create a new docker-container image redis as explained below, check the docker ps –a status at docker command-line. + +``` +root@linuxtechi ~}$ docker ps -a +CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES +cdbfbef59c31 redis "docker-entrypoint.s…" About a minute ago Up About a minute 6379/tcp angry_varahamihira +9ab9aa72f015 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 10 minutes ago Exited (0) 10 minutes ago suspicious_shannon +305369d3b2bb centos "/bin/bash" 11 minutes ago Exited (0) 11 minutes ago admiring_mestorf +9a669f3dc4f6 portainer/portainer "/portainer" 17 minutes ago Up 17 minutes 0.0.0.0:9000->9000/tcp trusting_keller +``` + +Click the “Event List” on the top to refresh the events list, + +[![events_updated][5]][6] + +Now the event’s page also updated with this change, + +### Host status + +Below is the screenshot of the portainer displaying the host status. This is a simple window showing-up. This shows the basic info like “CPU”, “hostname”, “OS info” etc of the host linux machine. Instead of logging- into the host command-line, this page provides very useful info on for quick glance. + +[![Host-names-Portainer][7]][8] + +### Dashboard in Portainer + +Until now we have seen various features of portainer based under “ **Local”** section. Now jump on to the “ **Dashboard** ” section of the selected Docker Container image. + +When “ **EndPoint** ” option is clicked in the GUI of Portainer, the following window appears, + +[![End_Point_Settings][9]][10] + +This Dashboard has many statuses and options, for a host container image. + +**1) Stacks:** Clicking on this option, provides status of any stacks if any. Since there are no stacks, this displays zero. + +**2) Images:** Clicking on this option provides host of container images that are available. This option will display all the live and exited container images + +[![Docker-Container-Images-Portainer][11]][12] + +For example create one more “ **Nginx”** container and refresh this list to see the updates. + +``` +root@linuxtechi ~}$ sudo docker run nginx +Unable to find image 'nginx:latest' locally +latest: Pulling from library/nginx +27833a3ba0a5: Pull complete +ea005e36e544: Pull complete +d172c7f0578d: Pull complete +Digest: sha256:e71b1bf4281f25533cf15e6e5f9be4dac74d2328152edf7ecde23abc54e16c1c +Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest +``` + +The following is the image after refresh, + +[![Nginx_Image_creation][13]][14] + +Once the Nginx image is stopped/killed and docker container image will be moved to unused status. + +**Note** :-One can see all the image details here are very clear with memory usage, creation date and time. As compared to command-line option, maintaining and monitoring containers from here it will be very easy. + +**3) Networks:** this option is used for network operations. Like assigning IP address, creating subnets, providing IP address range, access control (admin and normal user) . The following window provides the details of various options possible. Based on your need these options can be explored further. + +[![Conatiner-Network-Portainer][15]][16] + +Once all the various networking parameters are entered, “ **create network** ” button is clicked for creating the network. + +**4) Container:** (click on container) This option will provide the container status. This list will provide details on live and not running container statuses. This output is similar to docker ps command option. + +[![Containers-Status-Portainer][17]][18] + +From this window only the containers can be stopped and started as need arises by checking the check box and selecting the above buttons. One example is provided as below, + +Example, Both “CentOS” and “Ubuntu” containers which are in stopped state, they are started now by selecting check boxes and hitting “Start” button. + +[![start_containers1][19]][20] + +[![start_containers2][21]][22] + +**Note:** Since both are Linux container images, they will not be started. Portainer tries to start and stops later. Try “Nginx” instead and you can see it coming to “running”status. + +[![start_containers3][23]][24] + +**5) Volume:** Described in Part-I of Portainer Article + +### Setting option in Portainer + +Until now we have seen various features of portainer based under “ **Local”** section. Now jump on to the “ **Setting”** section of the selected Docker Container image. + +When “Settings” option is clicked in the GUI of Portainer, the following further configuration options are available, + +**1) Extensions** : This is a simple Portainer CE subscription process. The details and uses can be seen from the attached window. This is mainly used for maintaining the license and subscription of the respective version. + +[![Extensions][25]][26] + +**2) Users:** This option is used for adding “users” with or without administrative privileges. Following example provides the same. + +Enter the selected user name “shashi” in this case and your choice of password and hit “ **Create User** ” button below. + +[![create_user_portainer][27]][28] + +[![create_user2_portainer][29]][30] + +[![Internal-user-Portainer][31]][32] + +Similarly the just now created user “shashi” can be removed by selecting the check box and hitting remove button. + +[![user_remove_portainer][33]][34] + +**3) Endpoints:** this option is used for Endpoint management. Endpoints can be added and removed as shown in the attached windows. + +[![Endpoint-Portainer-GUI][35]][36] + +The new endpoint “shashi” is created using the various default parameters as shown below, + +[![Endpoint2-Portainer-GUI][37]][38] + +Similarly this endpoint can be removed by clicking the check box and hitting remove button. + +**4) Registries:** this option is used for registry management. As docker hub has registry of various images, this feature can be used for similar purposes. + +[![Registry-Portainer-GUI][39]][40] + +With the default options the “shashi-registry” can be created. + +[![Registry2-Portainer-GUI][41]][42] + +Similarly this can be removed if not required. + +**5) Settings:** This option is used for the following various options, + + * Setting-up snapshot interval + * For using custom logo + * To create external templates + * Security features like- Disable and enable bin mounts for non-admins, Disable/enable privileges for non-admins, Enabling host management features + + + +Following screenshot shows some options enabled and disabled for demonstration purposes. Once all done hit on “Save Settings” button to save all these options. + +[![Portainer-GUI-Settings][43]][44] + +Now one more option pops-up on “Authentication settings” for LDAP, Internal or OAuth extension as shown below” + +[![Authentication-Portainer-GUI-Settings][45]][46] + +Based on what level of security features we want for our environment, respective option is chosen. + +That’s all from this article, I hope these Portainer GUI articles helps you to manage and monitor containers more efficiently. Please do share your feedback and comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/monitor-manage-docker-containers-portainer-io-part-2/ + +作者：[Shashidhar Soppin][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/shashidhar/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Docker_status-1024x423.jpg +[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Docker_status.jpg +[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Events-1024x404.jpg +[4]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Events.jpg +[5]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/events_updated-1024x414.jpg +[6]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/events_updated.jpg +[7]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Host_names-1024x408.jpg +[8]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Host_names.jpg +[9]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/End_Point_Settings-1024x471.jpg +[10]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/End_Point_Settings.jpg +[11]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Images-1024x398.jpg +[12]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Images.jpg +[13]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Nginx_Image_creation-1024x439.jpg +[14]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Nginx_Image_creation.jpg +[15]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Network-1024x463.jpg +[16]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Network.jpg +[17]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Containers-1024x364.jpg +[18]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Containers.jpg +[19]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/start_containers1-1024x432.jpg +[20]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/start_containers1.jpg +[21]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/start_containers2-1024x307.jpg +[22]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/start_containers2.jpg +[23]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/start_containers3-1024x435.jpg +[24]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/start_containers3.jpg +[25]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Extensions-1024x421.jpg +[26]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Extensions.jpg +[27]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/create_user-1024x350.jpg +[28]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/create_user.jpg +[29]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/create_user2-1024x372.jpg +[30]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/create_user2.jpg +[31]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Internal-user-Portainer-1024x257.jpg +[32]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Internal-user-Portainer.jpg +[33]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/user_remove-1024x318.jpg +[34]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/user_remove.jpg +[35]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Endpoint-1024x349.jpg +[36]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Endpoint.jpg +[37]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Endpoint2-1024x379.jpg +[38]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Endpoint2.jpg +[39]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Registry-1024x420.jpg +[40]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Registry.jpg +[41]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Registry2-1024x409.jpg +[42]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Registry2.jpg +[43]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-GUI-Settings-1024x418.jpg +[44]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-GUI-Settings.jpg +[45]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Authentication-Portainer-GUI-Settings-1024x344.jpg +[46]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Authentication-Portainer-GUI-Settings.jpg From 890a24c9bf3434a9cbe735599249cb7532dbfa8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 12:22:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0467/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190512=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20Setup=20Local=20Yum/DNF=20Repository=20on=20RHEL=208=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Server=20Using=20DVD=20or=20ISO=20File=20sources/tech/20190512?= =?UTF-8?q?=20How=20to=20Setup=20Local=20Yum-DNF=20Repository=20on=20RHEL?= =?UTF-8?q?=208=20Server=20Using=20DVD=20or=20ISO=20File.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... on RHEL 8 Server Using DVD or ISO File.md | 164 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 164 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190512 How to Setup Local Yum-DNF Repository on RHEL 8 Server Using DVD or ISO File.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190512 How to Setup Local Yum-DNF Repository on RHEL 8 Server Using DVD or ISO File.md b/sources/tech/20190512 How to Setup Local Yum-DNF Repository on RHEL 8 Server Using DVD or ISO File.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c136a83deb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190512 How to Setup Local Yum-DNF Repository on RHEL 8 Server Using DVD or ISO File.md @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Setup Local Yum/DNF Repository on RHEL 8 Server Using DVD or ISO File) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/setup-local-yum-dnf-repository-rhel-8/) +[#]: author: (Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) + +How to Setup Local Yum/DNF Repository on RHEL 8 Server Using DVD or ISO File +====== + +Recently Red Hat has released its most awaited operating system “ **RHEL 8** “, in case you have installed RHEL 8 Server on your system and wondering how to setup local yum or dnf repository using installation DVD or ISO file then refer below steps and procedure. + + + +In RHEL 8, we have two package repositories: + + * BaseOS + * Application Stream + + + +BaseOS repository have all underlying OS packages where as Application Stream repository have all application related packages, developer tools and databases etc. Using Application stream repository, we can have multiple of versions of same application and Database. + +### Step:1) Mount RHEL 8 ISO file / Installation DVD + +To mount RHEL 8 ISO file inside your RHEL 8 server use the beneath mount command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# mount -o loop rhel-8.0-x86_64-dvd.iso /opt/ +``` + +**Note:** I am assuming you have already copied RHEL 8 ISO file inside your system, + +In case you have RHEL 8 installation DVD, then use below mount command to mount it, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /opt +``` + +### Step:2) Copy media.repo file from mounted directory to /etc/yum.repos.d/ + +In our case RHEL 8 Installation DVD or ISO file is mounted under /opt folder, use cp command to copy media.repo file to /etc/yum.repos.d/ directory, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# cp -v /opt/media.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel8.repo +'/opt/media.repo' -> '/etc/yum.repos.d/rhel8.repo' +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Set “644” permission on “ **/etc/yum.repos.d/rhel8.repo** ” + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# chmod 644 /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel8.repo +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +### Step:3) Add repository entries in “/etc/yum.repos.d/rhel8.repo” file + +By default, **rhel8.repo** file will have following content, + + + +Edit rhel8.repo file and add the following contents, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel8.repo +[InstallMedia-BaseOS] +name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 - BaseOS +metadata_expire=-1 +gpgcheck=1 +enabled=1 +baseurl=file:///opt/BaseOS/ +gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release + +[InstallMedia-AppStream] +name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 - AppStream +metadata_expire=-1 +gpgcheck=1 +enabled=1 +baseurl=file:///opt/AppStream/ +gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release +``` + +rhel8.repo should look like above once we add the content, In case you have mounted the Installation DVD or ISO on different folder then change the location and folder name in base url line for both repositories and rest of parameter leave as it is. + +### Step:4) Clean Yum / DNF and Subscription Manager Cache + +Use the following command to clear yum or dnf and subscription manager cache, + +``` +root@linuxtechi ~]# dnf clean all +[root@linuxtechi ~]# subscription-manager clean +All local data removed +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +### Step:5) Verify whether Yum / DNF is getting packages from Local Repo + +Use dnf or yum repolist command to verify whether these commands are getting packages from Local repositories or not. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# dnf repolist +Updating Subscription Management repositories. +Unable to read consumer identity +This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register. +Last metadata expiration check: 1:32:44 ago on Sat 11 May 2019 08:48:24 AM BST. +repo id repo name status +InstallMedia-AppStream Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 - AppStream 4,672 +InstallMedia-BaseOS Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 - BaseOS 1,658 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +**Note :** You can use either dnf or yum command, if you use yum command then its request is redirecting to DNF itself because in RHEL 8 yum is based on DNF command. + +If you have noticed the above command output carefully, we are getting warning message “ **This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management**. **You can use subscription-manager to register”** , if you want to suppress or prevent this message while running dnf / yum command then edit the file “/etc/yum/pluginconf.d/subscription-manager.conf”, changed the parameter “enabled=1” to “enabled=0” + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# vi /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/subscription-manager.conf +[main] +enabled=0 +``` + +save and exit the file. + +### Step:6) Installing packages using DNF / Yum + +Let’s assume we want to install nginx web server then run below dnf command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# dnf install nginx +``` + +![][1] + +Similarly if you want to install **LEMP** stack on your RHEL 8 system use the following dnf command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# dnf install nginx mariadb php -y +``` + +[![][2]][3] + +This confirms that we have successfully configured Local yum / dnf repository on our RHEL 8 server using Installation DVD or ISO file. + +In case these steps help you technically, please do share your feedback and comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/setup-local-yum-dnf-repository-rhel-8/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/dnf-install-nginx-rhel8-1024x376.jpg +[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/LEMP-Stack-Install-RHEL8-1024x540.jpg +[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/LEMP-Stack-Install-RHEL8.jpg From 0c4e96c20ea52a495b78cfc16caea15387039640 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 12:22:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0468/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190509=20Red?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Hat=20Enterprise=20Linux=20(RHEL)=208=20Installation=20Steps?= =?UTF-8?q?=20with=20Screenshots=20sources/tech/20190509=20Red=20Hat=20Ent?= =?UTF-8?q?erprise=20Linux=20(RHEL)=208=20Installation=20Steps=20with=20Sc?= =?UTF-8?q?reenshots.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...) 8 Installation Steps with Screenshots.md | 256 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 256 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190509 Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 Installation Steps with Screenshots.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190509 Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 Installation Steps with Screenshots.md b/sources/tech/20190509 Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 Installation Steps with Screenshots.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0b2d9e55c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190509 Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 Installation Steps with Screenshots.md @@ -0,0 +1,256 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 Installation Steps with Screenshots) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/rhel-8-installation-steps-screenshots/) +[#]: author: (Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) + +Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 8 Installation Steps with Screenshots +====== + +Red Hat has released its most awaited OS **RHEL 8** on 7th May 2019. RHEL 8 is based on **Fedora 28** distribution and Linux **kernel version 4.18**. One of the important key features in RHEL 8 is that it has introduced “ **Application Streams** ” which allows developers tools, frameworks and languages to be updated frequently without impacting the core resources of base OS. In other words, application streams will help to segregate the users space packages from OS Kernel Space. + +Apart from this, there are many new features which are noticed in RHEL 8 like: + + * XFS File system supports copy-on-write of file extents + * Introduction of Stratis filesystem, Buildah, Podman, and Skopeo + * Yum utility is based on DNF + * Chrony replace NTP. + * Cockpit is the default Web Console tool for Server management. + * OpenSSL 1.1.1 & TLS 1.3 support + * PHP 7.2 + * iptables replaced by nftables + + + +### Minimum System Requirements for RHEL 8: + + * 4 GB RAM + * 20 GB unallocated disk space + * 64-bit x86 or ARM System + + + +**Note:** RHEL 8 supports the following architectures: + + * AMD or Intel x86 64-bit + * 64-bit ARM + * IBM Power Systems, Little Endian & IBM Z + + + +In this article we will demonstrate how to install RHEL 8 step by step with screenshots. + +### RHEL 8 Installation Steps with Screenshots + +### Step:1) Download RHEL 8.0 ISO file + +Download RHEL 8 iso file from its official web site, + + + +I am assuming you have the active subscription if not then register yourself for evaluation and then download ISO file + +### Step:2) Create Installation bootable media (USB or DVD) + +Once you have downloaded RHEL 8 ISO file, make it bootable by burning it either into a USB drive or DVD. Reboot the target system where you want to install RHEL 8 and then go to its bios settings and set the boot medium as USB or DVD, + +### Step:3) Choose “Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.0” option + +When the system boots up with installation media (USB or DVD), we will get the following screen, choose “ **Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.0** ” and hit enter, + + + +### Step:4) Choose your preferred language for RHEL 8 installation + +In this step, you need to choose a language that you want to use for RHEL 8 installation, so make a selection that suits to your setup. + + + +Click on Continue + +### Step:5) Preparing RHEL 8 Installation + +In this step we will decide the installation destination for RHEL 8, apart from this we can configure the followings: + + * Time Zone + * Kdump (enabled/disabled) + * Software Selection (Packages) + * Networking and Hostname + * Security Policies & System purpose + + + + + +By default, installer will automatically pick time zone and will enable the **kdump** , if wish to change the time zone then click on “ **Time & Date**” option and set your preferred time zone and then click on Done. + + + +To configure IP address and Hostname click on “ **Network & Hostname**” option from installation summary screen, + +If your system is connected to any switch or modem, then it will try to get IP from DHCP server otherwise we can configure IP manually. + +Mention the hostname that you want to set and then click on “ **Apply”**. Once you are done with IP address and hostname configuration click on “Done” + + + +To define the installation disk and partition scheme for RHEL 8, click on “ **Installation Destination** ” option, + + + +Click on Done + +As we can see I have around 60 GB free disk space on sda drive, I will be creating following customize lvm based partitions on this disk, + + * /boot = 2GB (xfs file system) + * / = 20 GB (xfs file system) + * /var = 10 GB (xfs file system) + * /home = 15 GB (xfs file system) + * /tmp = 5 GB (xfs file system) + * Swap = 2 GB (xfs file system) + + + +**Note:** If you don’t want to create manual partitions then select “ **Automatic** ” option from Storage Configuration Tab + + + +Let’s create our first partition as /boot of size 2 GB, Select LVM as mount point partitioning scheme and then click on + “plus” symbol, + + + +Click on “ **Add mount point** ” + + + +To create next partition as / of size 20 GB, click on + symbol and specify the details as shown below, + + + +Click on “Add mount point” + + + +As we can see installer has created the Volume group as “ **rhel_rhel8** “, if you want to change this name then click on Modify option and specify the desired name and then click on Save + + + +Now onward all partitions will be part of Volume Group “ **VolGrp** ” + +Similarly create next three partitions **/home** , **/var** and **/tmp** of size 15GB, 10 GB and 5 GB respectively + +**/home partition:** + + + +**/var partition:** + + + +**/tmp partition:** + + + +Now finally create last partition as swap of size of 2 GB, + + + +Click on “Add mount point” + +Once you are done with partition creations, click on Done on Next screen, example is shown below + + + +In the next window, choose “ **Accept Changes** ” + + + +### Step:6) Select Software Packages and Choose Security Policy and System purpose + +After accepting the changes in above step, we will be redirected to installation summary window. + +By default, installer will select “ **Server with GUI”** as software packages and if you want to change it then click on “ **Software Selection** ” option and choose your preferred “ **Basic Environment** ” + + + +Click on Done + +If you want to set the security policies during the installation, the choose the required profile from Security polices option else you can leave as it is. + +From “ **System Purpose** ” option specify the Role, Red Hat Service Level Agreement and Usage. Though You can leave this option as it is. + + + +Click on Done to proceed further. + +### Step:7) Choose “Begin Installation” option to start installation + +From the Installation summary window click on “Begin Installation” option to start the installation, + + + +As we can see below RHEL 8 Installation is started & is in progress + + + +Set the root password, + + + +Specify the local user details like its Full Name, user name and its password, + + + +Once the installation is completed, installer will prompt us to reboot the system, + + + +Click on “Reboot” to restart your system and don’t forget to change boot medium from bios settings so that system boots up with hard disk. + +### Step:8) Initial Setup after installation + +When the system is rebooted first time after the successful installation then we will get below window there we need to accept the license (EULA), + + + +Click on Done, + +In the next Screen click on “ **Finish Configuration** ” + + + +### Step:8) Login Screen of RHEL 8 Server after Installation + +As we have installed RHEL 8 Server with GUI, so we will get below login screen, use the same user name and password that we created during the installation + + + +After the login we will get couple of Welcome Screen and follow the screen instructions and then finally we will get the following screen, + + + +Click on “Start Using Red Hat Enterprise Linux” + + + +This confirms that we have successfully installed RHEL 8, that’s all from this article. We will be writing articles on RHEL 8 in the coming future till then please do share your feedback and comments on this article. + +Read Also :** [How to Setup Local Yum/DNF Repository on RHEL 8 Server Using DVD or ISO File][1]** + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/rhel-8-installation-steps-screenshots/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/setup-local-yum-dnf-repository-rhel-8/ From da43fe1df1d02716b7bdea06fef87c6ac353aa83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 12:23:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0469/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190504=20Fedo?= =?UTF-8?q?ra=2030=20Workstation=20Installation=20Guide=20with=20Screensho?= =?UTF-8?q?ts=20sources/tech/20190504=20Fedora=2030=20Workstation=20Instal?= =?UTF-8?q?lation=20Guide=20with=20Screenshots.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ion Installation Guide with Screenshots.md | 207 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 207 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190504 Fedora 30 Workstation Installation Guide with Screenshots.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190504 Fedora 30 Workstation Installation Guide with Screenshots.md b/sources/tech/20190504 Fedora 30 Workstation Installation Guide with Screenshots.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e0ebd4381 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190504 Fedora 30 Workstation Installation Guide with Screenshots.md @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Fedora 30 Workstation Installation Guide with Screenshots) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/fedora-30-workstation-installation-guide/) +[#]: author: (Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) + +Fedora 30 Workstation Installation Guide with Screenshots +====== + +If you are a **Fedora distribution** lover and always try the things at Fedora Workstation and Servers, then it is good news for you as Fedora has released its latest OS edition as **Fedora 30** for the Workstation and Server. One of the important updates in Fedora 30 from its previous release is that it has introduced **Fedora CoreOS** as a replacement of Fedora Atomic host. + +Some other noticeable updates in Fedora 30 are listed beneath: + + * Updated Desktop Gnome 3.32 + * New Linux Kernel 5.0.9 + * Updated Bash Version 5.0, PHP 7.3 & GCC 9 + * Updated Python 3.7.3, JDK12, Ruby 2.6 Mesa 19.0.2 and Golang 1.12 + * Improved DNF (Default Package Manager) + + + +In this article we will walk through the Fedora 30 workstation Installation steps for laptop or desktop. + +**Following are the minimum system requirement for Fedora 30 workstation,** + + * 1GHz Processor (Recommended 2 GHz Dual Core processor) + * 2 GB RAM + * 15 GB unallocated Hard Disk + * Bootable Media (USB / DVD) + * nternet Connection (Optional) + + + +Let’s Jump into Installation steps, + +### Step:1) Download Fedora 30 Workstation ISO File + +Download the Fedora 30 Workstation ISO file on your system from its Official Web Site + + + +Once the ISO file is downloaded, then burn it either in USB drive or DVD and make it bootable. + +### Step:2) Boot Your Target System with Bootable media (USB Drive or DVD) + +Reboot your target machine (i.e. machine where you want to install Fedora 30), Set the boot medium as USB or DVD from Bios settings so system boots up with bootable media. + +### Step:3) Choose Start Fedora-Workstation-30 Live + +When the system boots up with bootable media then we will get the following screen, to begin with installation on your system’s hard disk, choose “ **Start Fedora-Workstation-30 Live** “, + + + +### Step:4) Select Install to Hard Drive Option + +Select “ **Install to Hard Drive** ” option to install Fedora 30 on your system’s hard disk, you can also try Fedora on your system without installing it, for that select “ **Try Fedora** ” Option + + + +### Step:5) Choose appropriate language for your Fedora 30 Installation + +In this step choose your language which will be used during Fedora 30 Installation, + + + +Click on Continue + +### Step:6) Choose Installation destination and partition Scheme + +In the next window we will be present the following screen, here we will choose our installation destination, means on which hard disk we will do installation + + + +In the next screen we will see the local available hard disk, select the disk that suits your installation and then choose how you want to create partitions on it from storage configuration tab. + +If you choose “ **Automatic** ” partition scheme, then installer will create the necessary partition for your system automatically but if you want to create your own customize partition scheme then choose “ **Custom** ” option, + + + +Click on Done + +In this article I will demonstrate how to create [**LVM**][1] based custom partitions, in my case I have around 40 GB unallocated hard drive, so I will be creating following partitions on it, + + * /boot = 2 GB (ext4 file system) + * /home = 15 GB (ext4 file system) + * /var = 10 GB (ext4 file system) + * / = 10 GB (ext4 file system) + * Swap = 2 GB + + + + + +Select “ **LVM** ” as partitioning scheme and then click on plus (+) symbol, + +Specify the mount point as /boot and partition size as 2 GB and then click on “Add mount point” + + + + + +Now create next partition as /home of size 15 GB, Click on + symbol + + + +Click on “ **Add mount point** ” + + + +If you might have noticed, /home partition is created as LVM partition under default Volume Group, if you wish to change default Volume Group name then click on “ **Modify** ” option from Volume Group Tab, + +Mention the Volume Group name you want to set and then click on Save. Now onward all the LVM partition will be part of fedora30 volume group. + + + +Similarly create the next two partitions **/var** and **/** of size 10 GB respectively, + +**/var partition:** + + + +**/ (slash) partition:** + + + +Now create the last partition as swap of size 2 GB, + + + +In the next window, click on Done + + + +In the next screen, choose “ **Accept Changes** ” + + + +Now we will get Installation Summary window, here you can also change the time zone that suits to your installation and then click on “ **Begin Installation** ” + + + +### Step:7) Fedora 30 Installation started + +In this step we can see Fedora 30 Installation has been started and it is in progress, + + + +Once the Installation is completed, you will be prompted to restart your system + + + +Click on Quit and reboot your system. + +Don’t forget the Change boot medium from Bios settings so your system boots up with hard disk. + +### Step:8) Welcome message and login Screen after reboot + +When we first time reboot Fedora 30 system after the successful installation, we will get below welcome screen, + + + +Click on Next + +In the next screen you can Sync your online accounts or else you can skip, + + + +In the next window you will be required to specify the local account (user name) and its password, later this account will be used to login to the system + + + + + +Click on Next + +And finally, we will get below screen which confirms that we are ready to use Fedora 30, + + + +Click on “ **Start Using Fedora** ” + + + +Above Gnome Desktop Screen confirms that we have successfully installed Fedora 30 Workstation, now explore it and have fun 😊 + +In Fedora 30 workstation, if you want to install any packages or software from command line use DNF command. + +Read More On: **[26 DNF Command Examples for Package Management in Fedora Linux][2]** + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/fedora-30-workstation-installation-guide/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/lvm-good-way-to-utilize-disks-space/ +[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/dnf-command-examples-rpm-management-fedora-linux/ From 34d92e80e443cbfed0ea64e9418908fe16425adc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 12:23:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0470/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190501=20Moni?= =?UTF-8?q?tor=20and=20Manage=20Docker=20Containers=20with=20Portainer.io?= =?UTF-8?q?=20(GUI=20tool)=20=E2=80=93=20Part-1=20sources/tech/20190501=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Monitor=20and=20Manage=20Docker=20Containers=20with=20Portainer?= =?UTF-8?q?.io=20(GUI=20tool)=20-=20Part-1.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...s with Portainer.io (GUI tool) - Part-1.md | 247 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 247 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190501 Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) - Part-1.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190501 Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) - Part-1.md b/sources/tech/20190501 Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) - Part-1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..27bf04eb05 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190501 Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) - Part-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) – Part-1) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/monitor-manage-docker-containers-portainer-part1/) +[#]: author: (Shashidhar Soppin https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/shashidhar/) + +Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) – Part-1 +====== + +As **Docker** usage and adoption is growing faster and faster, monitoring **Docker container** images is becoming more challenging. As multiple Docker container images are getting created day-by-day, monitoring them is very important. There are already some in built tools and technologies, but configuring them is little complex. As micro-services based architecture is becoming the de-facto standard in coming days, learning such tool adds one more arsenal to your tool-set. + +Based on the above scenarios, there was in need of one light weight and robust tool requirement was growing. So Portainer.io addressed this. “ **Portainer.io** “,(Latest version is 1.20.2) the tool is very light weight(with 2-3 commands only one can configure it) and has become popular among Docker users. + +**This tool has advantages over other tools; some of these are as below** , + + * Light weight (requires only 2-3 commands to be required to run to install this tool) {Also installation image is only around 26-30MB of size) + * Robust and easy to use + * Can be used for Docker monitor and Build + * This tool provides us a detailed overview of your Docker environments + * This tool allows us to manage your containers, images, networks and volumes. + * Portainer is simple to deploy – this requires just one Docker command (can be run from anywhere.) + * Complete Docker-container environment can be monitored easily + + + +**Portainer is also equipped with** , + + * Community support + * Enterprise support + * Has professional services available(along with partner OEM services) + + + +**Functionality and features of Portainer tool are,** + + 1. It comes-up with nice Dashboard, easy to use and monitor. + 2. Many in-built templates for ease of operation and creation + 3. Support of services (OEM, Enterprise level) + 4. Monitoring of Containers, Images, Networks, Volume and configuration at almost real-time. + 5. Also includes Docker-Swarm monitoring + 6. User management with many fancy capabilities + + + +**Read Also :[How to Install Docker CE on Ubuntu 16.04 / 18.04 LTS System][1]** + +### How to install and configure Portainer.io on Ubuntu Linux / RHEL / CentOS + +**Note:** This installation is done on Ubuntu 18.04 but the installation on RHEL & CentOS would be same. We are assuming Docker CE is already installed on your system. + +``` +root@linuxtechi:~$ lsb_release -a +No LSB modules are available. +Distributor ID: Ubuntu +Description: Ubuntu 18.04 LTS +Release: 18.04 +Codename: bionic +root@linuxtechi:~$ +``` + +Create the Volume for portainer + +``` +root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo docker volume create portainer_data +portainer_data +root@linuxtechi:~$ +``` + +Launch and start Portainer Container using the beneath docker command, + +``` +root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo docker run -d -p 9000:9000 -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock -v portainer_data:/data portainer/portainer +Unable to find image 'portainer/portainer:latest' locally +latest: Pulling from portainer/portainer +d1e017099d17: Pull complete +0b1e707a06d2: Pull complete +Digest: sha256:d6cc2c20c0af38d8d557ab994c419c799a10fe825e4aa57fea2e2e507a13747d +Status: Downloaded newer image for portainer/portainer:latest +35286de9f2e21d197309575bb52b5599fec24d4f373cc27210d98abc60244107 +root@linuxtechi:~$ +``` + +Once the complete installation is done, use the ip of host or Docker using port 9000 of the Docker engine where portainer is running using your browser. + +**Note:** If OS firewall is enabled on your Docker host then make sure 9000 port is allowed else its GUI will not come up. + +In my case, IP address of my Docker Host / Engine is “192.168.1.16” so URL will be, + + + +[![Portainer-Login-User-Name-Password][2]][3] + +Please make sure that you enter 8-character passwords. Let the admin be the user as it is and then click “Create user”. + +Now the following screen appears, in this select “Local” rectangle box. + +[![Connect-Portainer-Local-Docker][4]][5] + +Click on “Connect” + +Nice GUI with admin as user home screen appears as below, + +[![Portainer-io-Docker-Monitor-Dashboard][6]][7] + +Now Portainer is ready to launch and manage your Docker containers and it can also be used for containers monitoring. + +### Bring-up container image on Portainer tool + +[![Portainer-Endpoints][8]][9] + +Now check the present status, there are two container images are already running, if you create one more that appears instantly. + +From your command line kick-start one or two containers as below, + +``` +root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo docker run --name test -it debian +Unable to find image 'debian:latest' locally +latest: Pulling from library/debian +e79bb959ec00: Pull complete +Digest: sha256:724b0fbbda7fda6372ffed586670573c59e07a48c86d606bab05db118abe0ef5 +Status: Downloaded newer image for debian:latest +root@linuxtechi:/# +``` + +Now click Refresh button (Are you sure message appears, click “continue” on this) in Portainer GUI, you will now see 3 container images as highlighted below, + +[![Portainer-io-new-container-image][10]][11] + +Click on the “ **containers** ” (in which it is red circled above), next window appears with “ **Dashboard Endpoint summary** ” + +[![Portainer-io-Docker-Container-Dash][12]][13] + +In this page, click on “ **Containers** ” as highlighted in red color. Now you are ready to monitor your container image. + +### Simple Docker container image monitoring + +From the above step, it appears that a fancy and nice looking “Container List” page appears as below, + +[![Portainer-Container-List][14]][15] + +All the container images can be controlled from here (stop, start, etc) + +**1)** Now from this page, stop the earlier started {“test” container (this was the debian image that we started earlier)} + +To do this select the check box in front of this image and click stop button from above, + +[![Stop-Container-Portainer-io-dashboard][16]][17] + +From the command line option, you will see that this image has been stopped or exited now, + +``` +root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo docker container ls -a +CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES +d45902e717c0 debian "bash" 21 minutes ago Exited (0) 49 seconds ago test +08b96eddbae9 centos:7 "/bin/bash" About an hour ago Exited (137) 9 minutes ago mycontainer2 +35286de9f2e2 portainer/portainer "/portainer" 2 hours ago Up About an hour 0.0.0.0:9000->9000/tcp compassionate_benz +root@linuxtechi:~$ +``` + +**2)** Now start the stopped containers (test & mycontainer2) from Portainer GUI, + +Select the check box in front of stopped containers, and the click on Start + +[![Start-Containers-Portainer-GUI][18]][19] + +You will get a quick window saying, “ **Container successfully started** ” and with running state + +[![Conatiner-Started-successfully-Portainer-GUI][20]][21] + +### Various other options and features are explored as below step-by-step + +**1)** Click on “ **Images** ” which is highlighted, you will get the below window, + +[![Docker-Container-Images-Portainer-GUI][22]][23] + +This is the list of container images that are available but some may not running. These images can be imported, exported or uploaded to various locations, below screen shot shows the same, + +[![Upload-Docker-Container-Image-Portainer-GUI][24]][25] + +**2)** Click on “ **volumes”** which is highlighted, you will get the below window, + +[![Volume-list-Portainer-io-gui][26]][27] + +**3)** Volumes can be added easily with following option, click on add volume button, below window appears, + +Provide the name as “ **myvol** ” in the name box and click on “ **create the volume** ” button. + +[![Volume-Creation-Portainer-io-gui][28]][29] + +The newly created volume appears as below, (with unused state) + +[![Volume-unused-Portainer-io-gui][30]][31] + +#### Conclusion: + +As from the above installation steps, configuration and playing around with various options you can see how easy and fancy looking is Portainer.io tool is. This provides multiple features and options to explore on building, monitoring docker container. As explained this is very light weight tool, so doesn’t add any overload to host system. Next set-of options will be explored in part-2 of this series. + +Read Also: **[Monitor and Manage Docker Containers with Portainer.io (GUI tool) – Part-2][32]** + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/monitor-manage-docker-containers-portainer-part1/ + +作者：[Shashidhar Soppin][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/shashidhar/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/how-to-setup-docker-on-ubuntu-server-16-04/ +[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-Login-User-Name-Password-1024x681.jpg +[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-Login-User-Name-Password.jpg +[4]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Connect-Portainer-Local-Docker-1024x538.jpg +[5]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Connect-Portainer-Local-Docker.jpg +[6]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-io-Docker-Monitor-Dashboard-1024x544.jpg +[7]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-io-Docker-Monitor-Dashboard.jpg +[8]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-Endpoints-1024x252.jpg +[9]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-Endpoints.jpg +[10]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-io-new-container-image-1024x544.jpg +[11]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-io-new-container-image.jpg +[12]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-io-Docker-Container-Dash-1024x544.jpg +[13]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-io-Docker-Container-Dash.jpg +[14]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-Container-List-1024x538.jpg +[15]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Portainer-Container-List.jpg +[16]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Stop-Container-Portainer-io-dashboard-1024x447.jpg +[17]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Stop-Container-Portainer-io-dashboard.jpg +[18]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Start-Containers-Portainer-GUI-1024x449.jpg +[19]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Start-Containers-Portainer-GUI.jpg +[20]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Conatiner-Started-successfully-Portainer-GUI-1024x538.jpg +[21]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Conatiner-Started-successfully-Portainer-GUI.jpg +[22]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Docker-Container-Images-Portainer-GUI-1024x544.jpg +[23]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Docker-Container-Images-Portainer-GUI.jpg +[24]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Upload-Docker-Container-Image-Portainer-GUI-1024x544.jpg +[25]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Upload-Docker-Container-Image-Portainer-GUI.jpg +[26]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Volume-list-Portainer-io-gui-1024x544.jpg +[27]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Volume-list-Portainer-io-gui.jpg +[28]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Volume-Creation-Portainer-io-gui-1024x544.jpg +[29]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Volume-Creation-Portainer-io-gui.jpg +[30]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Volume-unused-Portainer-io-gui-1024x544.jpg +[31]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Volume-unused-Portainer-io-gui.jpg +[32]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/monitor-manage-docker-containers-portainer-io-part-2/ From 523a8f6f081a7caf1d916faa62c929390dd948e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 16:35:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0471/1265] Update 20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md --- .../20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md index 06dbc19f3e..4fa47c7b9b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_main.jpg?itok=2IKyg_7_) -必须承认的是，这样一个热门的话题其实很难被总结出来。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在设计层面就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于她极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得工作的开展变得简易化。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是普通办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这一问题变得复杂起来了。 +必须承认的是，这样一个热门的话题其实很难被总结出来。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在设计层面就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于它极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得工作的开展变得简易化。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是普通办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这一问题变得复杂起来了。 I have to confess, this particular topic is a tough one to address. Why? First off, Linux is a productive operating system by design. Thanks to an incredibly reliable and stable platform, getting work done is easy. Second, to gauge effectiveness, you have to consider what type of work you need a productivity boost for. General office work? Development? School? Data mining? Human resources? You see how this question can get somewhat complicated. -然而，这并不意味着 +然而，这并不意味着那些 That doesn’t mean, however, that some distributions aren’t able to do a better job of configuring and presenting that underlying operating system into an efficient platform for getting work done. Quite the contrary. Some distributions do a much better job of “getting out of the way,” so you don’t find yourself in a work-related hole, having to dig yourself out and catch up before the end of day. These distributions help strip away the complexity that can be found in Linux, thereby making your workflow painless. @@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ And because you can select which desktop you want (from GNOME, Xfce, KDE, Cinnam ### Education +如果你是一名老师或者学生，抑或是其他从事与教育相关工作的人士，你需要适当的工具来变得更具创造力。之前，有 Edubuntu 这样的版本。这一版本从未跌出教育类相关发行版排名的前列。然而，自从 Ubuntu 14.04 版之后这一发行版就再也没有更新。幸运的是，现在有一款基于 openSUSE 的新的以教育为基础的发行版有望夺摘得桂冠。这一改版叫做 [openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e][16] (Linux For Education - Figure 5), 它基于 openSUSE Leap 42.1 （所以它可能稍微有一点过时）。 + If you are a teacher or student, or otherwise involved in education, you need the right tools to be productive. Once upon a time, there existed the likes of Edubuntu. That distribution never failed to be listed in the top of education-related lists. However, that distro hasn’t been updated since it was based on Ubuntu 14.04. Fortunately, there’s a new education-based distribution ready to take that title, based on openSUSE. This spin is called [openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e][16] (Linux For Education - Figure 5), and is based on openSUSE Leap 42.1 (so it is slightly out of date). openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e includes tools like: From 0699a8d3bea45767f6153edb8eddb8c6df498e69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:01:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0472/1265] Update 20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md --- ... 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 34 +++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md index 4fa47c7b9b..d73c26ee09 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -93,11 +93,39 @@ Figure 4: SSH’ing into a remote server on Debian. And because you can select which desktop you want (from GNOME, Xfce, KDE, Cinnamon, MATE, LXDE), you can be sure to have the interface that best matches your work habits. -### Education +### 教育 -如果你是一名老师或者学生，抑或是其他从事与教育相关工作的人士，你需要适当的工具来变得更具创造力。之前，有 Edubuntu 这样的版本。这一版本从未跌出教育类相关发行版排名的前列。然而，自从 Ubuntu 14.04 版之后这一发行版就再也没有更新。幸运的是，现在有一款基于 openSUSE 的新的以教育为基础的发行版有望夺摘得桂冠。这一改版叫做 [openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e][16] (Linux For Education - Figure 5), 它基于 openSUSE Leap 42.1 （所以它可能稍微有一点过时）。 +如果你是一名老师或者学生，抑或是其他从事与教育相关工作的人士，你需要适当的工具来变得更具创造力。之前，有 Edubuntu 这样的版本。这一版本从未跌出教育类相关发行版排名的前列。然而，自从 Ubuntu 14.04 版之后这一发行版就再也没有更新。还好，现在有一款基于 openSUSE 的新的以教育为基础的发行版有望夺摘得桂冠。这一改版叫做 [openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e][16] (Linux For Education - Figure 5), 它基于 openSUSE Leap 42.1 （所以它可能稍微有一点过时）。 -If you are a teacher or student, or otherwise involved in education, you need the right tools to be productive. Once upon a time, there existed the likes of Edubuntu. That distribution never failed to be listed in the top of education-related lists. However, that distro hasn’t been updated since it was based on Ubuntu 14.04. Fortunately, there’s a new education-based distribution ready to take that title, based on openSUSE. This spin is called [openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e][16] (Linux For Education - Figure 5), and is based on openSUSE Leap 42.1 (so it is slightly out of date). +openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 包含了一下工具： + + * Brain Workshop（大脑工坊） - 一种基于 dual n-back 模式的大脑训练软件（译注：dual n-back 训练是一种科学的智力训练方法，可以改善人的工作记忆和流体智力） + + * GCompris - 一种针对青少年的教育软件包 + + * gElemental - 一款元素周期表查看工具 + + * iGNUit - 一款通用的记忆卡片工具 + + * Little Wizard - 基于 Pascal 语言的少儿编程开发环境 + + * Stellarium - 天文模拟器 + + * TuxMath - 数学入门游戏 + + * TuxPaint - 一款少儿绘画软件 + + * TuxType - 一款为少儿准备的打字入门软件 + + * wxMaxima - A cross platform GUI for the computer algebra system + + * Inkscape - Vector graphics program + + * GIMP - Graphic image manipulation program + + * Pencil - GUI prototyping tool + + * Hugin - Panorama photo stitching and HDR merging program openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e includes tools like: From 917a1ac963e6a9a7d97b10c98468425addd997eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:40:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0473/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190519=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20three=20Rs=20of=20remote=20work=20sources/tech/20190519=20Th?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20three=20Rs=20of=20remote=20work.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20190519 The three Rs of remote work.md | 65 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190519 The three Rs of remote work.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190519 The three Rs of remote work.md b/sources/tech/20190519 The three Rs of remote work.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f40f8b652e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190519 The three Rs of remote work.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The three Rs of remote work) +[#]: via: (https://dave.cheney.net/2019/05/19/the-three-rs-of-remote-work) +[#]: author: (Dave Cheney https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney) + +The three Rs of remote work +====== + +I started working remotely in 2012. Since then I’ve worked for big companies and small, organisations with outstanding remote working cultures, and others that probably would have difficulty spelling the word without predictive text. I broadly classify my experiences into three tiers; + +### Little r remote + +The first kind of remote work I call _little r_ remote. + +Your company has an office, but it’s not convenient or you don’t want to work from there. It could be the commute is too long, or its in the next town over, or perhaps a short plane flight away. Sometimes you might go into the office for a day or two a week, and should something serious arise you could join your co-workers onsite for an extended period of time. + +If you often hear people say they are going to work from home to get some work done, that’s little r remote. + +### Big R remote + +The next category I call _Big R_ remote. Big R remote differs mainly from little r remote by the tyranny of distance. It’s not impossible to visit your co-workers in person, but it is inconvenient. Meeting face to face requires a day’s flying. Passports and boarder crossings are frequently involved. The expense and distance necessitates week long sprints and commensurate periods of jetlag recuperation. + +Because of timezone differences meetings must be prearranged and periods of overlap closely guarded. Communication becomes less spontaneous and care must be taken to avoid committing to unsustainable working hours. + +### Gothic ℜ remote + +The final category is basically Big R remote working on hard mode. Everything that was hard about Big R remote, timezone, travel schedules, public holidays, daylight savings, video call latency, cultural and language barriers is multiplied for each remote worker. + +In person meetings are so rare that without a focus on written asynchronous communication progress can repeatedly stall for days, if not weeks, as miscommunication leads to disillusionment and loss of trust. + +In my experience, for knowledge workers, little r remote work offers many benefits over [the open office hell scape][1] du jour. Big R remote takes a serious commitment by all parties and if you are the first employee in that category you will bare most of the cost to making Big R remote work for you. + +Gothic ℜ remote working should probably be avoided unless all those involved have many years of working in that style _and_ the employer is committed to restructuring the company as a remote first organisation. It is not possible to succeed in a Gothic ℜ remote role without a culture of written communication and asynchronous decision making mandated, _and consistently enforced,_ by the leaders of the company. + +#### Related posts: + + 1. [How to dial remote SSL/TLS services in Go][2] + 2. [How does the go build command work ?][3] + 3. [Why Slack is inappropriate for open source communications][4] + 4. [The office coffee model of concurrent garbage collection][5] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/05/19/the-three-rs-of-remote-work + +作者：[Dave Cheney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://twitter.com/davecheney/status/761693088666357760 +[2]: https://dave.cheney.net/2010/10/05/how-to-dial-remote-ssltls-services-in-go (How to dial remote SSL/TLS services in Go) +[3]: https://dave.cheney.net/2013/10/15/how-does-the-go-build-command-work (How does the go build command work ?) +[4]: https://dave.cheney.net/2017/04/11/why-slack-is-inappropriate-for-open-source-communications (Why Slack is inappropriate for open source communications) +[5]: https://dave.cheney.net/2018/12/28/the-office-coffee-model-of-concurrent-garbage-collection (The office coffee model of concurrent garbage collection) From 9311c36c56c6785cbaed67ecdb3df004af83124f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:40:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0474/1265] add done: 20190519 The three Rs of remote work.md --- sources/tech/20190610 Constant Time.md | 281 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 281 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Constant Time.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Constant Time.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Constant Time.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f19207fb58 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190610 Constant Time.md @@ -0,0 +1,281 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Constant Time) +[#]: via: (https://dave.cheney.net/2019/06/10/constant-time) +[#]: author: (Dave Cheney https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney) + +Constant Time +====== + +This essay is a derived from my [dotGo 2019 presentation][1] about my favourite feature in Go. + +* * * + +Many years ago Rob Pike remarked, + +> “Numbers are just numbers, you’ll never see `0x80ULL` in a `.go` source file”. + +—Rob Pike, [The Go Programming Language][2] + +Beyond this pithy observation lies the fascinating world of Go’s constants. Something that is perhaps taken for granted because, as Rob noted, is Go numbers–constants–just work. +In this post I intend to show you a few things that perhaps you didn’t know about Go’s `const` keyword. + +## What’s so great about constants? + +To kick things off, why are constants good? Three things spring to mind: + + * _Immutability_. Constants are one of the few ways we have in Go to express immutability to the compiler. + * _Clarity_. Constants give us a way to extract magic numbers from our code, giving them names and semantic meaning. + * _Performance_. The ability to express to the compiler that something will not change is key as it unlocks optimisations such as constant folding, constant propagation, branch and dead code elimination. + + + +But these are generic use cases for constants, they apply to any language. Let’s talk about some of the properties of Go’s constants. + +### A Challenge + +To introduce the power of Go’s constants let’s try a little challenge: declare a _constant_ whose value is the number of bits in the natural machine word. + +We can’t use `unsafe.SizeOf` as it is not a constant expression. We could use a build tag and laboriously record the natural word size of each Go platform, or we could do something like this: + +``` +const uintSize = 32 << (^uint(0) >> 32 & 1) +``` + +There are many versions of this expression in Go codebases. They all work roughly the same way. If we’re on a 64 bit platform then the exclusive or of the number zero–all zero bits–is a number with all bits set, sixty four of them to be exact. + +``` +1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 +``` + +If we shift that value thirty two bits to the right, we get another value with thirty two ones in it. + +``` +0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 +``` + +Anding that with a number with one bit in the final position give us, the same thing, `1`, + +``` +0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 & 1 = 1 +``` + +Finally we shift the number thirty two one place to the right, giving us 641. + +``` +32 << 1 = 64 +``` + +This expression is an example of a _constant expression_. All of these operations happen at compile time and the result of the expression is itself a constant. If you look in the in runtime package, in particular the garbage collector, you’ll see how constant expressions are used to set up complex invariants based on the word size of the machine the code is compiled on. + +So, this is a neat party trick, but most compilers will do this kind of constant folding at compile time for you. Let’s step it up a notch. + +## Constants are values + +In Go, constants are values and each value has a type. In Go, user defined types can declare their own methods. Thus, a constant value can have a method set. If you’re surprised by this, let me show you an example that you probably use every day. + +``` +const timeout = 500 * time.Millisecond +fmt.Println("The timeout is", timeout) // 500ms +``` + +In the example the untyped literal constant `500` is multiplied by `time.Millisecond`, itself a constant of type `time.Duration`. The rule for assignments in Go are, unless otherwise declared, the type on the left hand side of the assignment operator is inferred from the type on the right.`500` is an untyped constant so it is converted to a `time.Duration` then multiplied with the constant `time.Millisecond`. + +Thus `timeout` is a constant of type `time.Duration` which holds the value `500000000`. +Why then does `fmt.Println` print `500ms`, not `500000000`? + +The answer is `time.Duration` has a `String` method. Thus any `time.Duration` value, even a constant, knows how to pretty print itself. + +Now we know that constant values are typed, and because types can declare methods, we can derive that _constant values can fulfil interfaces_. In fact we just saw an example of this. `fmt.Println` doesn’t assert that a value has a `String` method, it asserts the value implements the `Stringer` interface. + +Let’s talk a little about how we can use this property to make our Go code better, and to do that I’m going to take a brief digression into the Singleton pattern. + +## Singletons + +I’m generally not a fan of the singleton pattern, in Go or any language. Singletons complicate testing and create unnecessary coupling between packages. I feel the singleton pattern is often used _not_ to create a singular instance of a thing, but instead to create a place to coordinate registration. `net/http.DefaultServeMux` is a good example of this pattern. + +``` +package http + +// DefaultServeMux is the default ServeMux used by Serve. +var DefaultServeMux = &defaultServeMux + +var defaultServeMux ServeMux +``` + +There is nothing singular about `http.defaultServerMux`, nothing prevents you from creating another `ServeMux`. In fact the `http` package provides a helper that will create as many `ServeMux`‘s as you want. + +``` +// NewServeMux allocates and returns a new ServeMux. +func NewServeMux() *ServeMux { return new(ServeMux) } +``` + +`http.DefaultServeMux` is not a singleton. Never the less there is a case for things which are truely singletons because they can only represent a single thing. A good example of this are the file descriptors of a process; 0, 1, and 2 which represent stdin, stdout, and stderr respectively. + +It doesn’t matter what names you give them, `1` is always stdout, and there can only ever be one file descriptor `1`. Thus these two operations are identical: + +``` +fmt.Fprintf(os.Stdout, "Hello dotGo\n") +syscall.Write(1, []byte("Hello dotGo\n")) +``` + +So let’s look at how the `os` package defines `Stdin`, `Stdout`, and `Stderr`: + +``` +package os + +var ( + Stdin = NewFile(uintptr(syscall.Stdin), "/dev/stdin") + Stdout = NewFile(uintptr(syscall.Stdout), "/dev/stdout") + Stderr = NewFile(uintptr(syscall.Stderr), "/dev/stderr") +) +``` + +There are a few problems with this declaration. Firstly their type is `*os.File` not the respective `io.Reader` or `io.Writer` interfaces. People have long complained that this makes replacing them with alternatives problematic. However the notion of replacing these variables is precisely the point of this digression. Can you safely change the value of `os.Stdout` once your program is running without causing a data race? + +I argue that, in the general case, you cannot. In general, if something is unsafe to do, as programmers we shouldn’t let our users think that it is safe, [lest they begin to depend on that behaviour][3]. + +Could we change the definition of `os.Stdout` and friends so that they retain the observable behaviour of reading and writing, but remain immutable? It turns out, we can do this easily with constants. + +``` +type readfd int + +func (r readfd) Read(buf []byte) (int, error) { + return syscall.Read(int(r), buf) +} + +type writefd int + +func (w writefd) Write(buf []byte) (int, error) { + return syscall.Write(int(w), buf) +} + +const ( + Stdin = readfd(0) + Stdout = writefd(1) + Stderr = writefd(2) +) + +func main() { + fmt.Fprintf(Stdout, "Hello world") +} +``` + +In fact this change causes only one compilation failure in the standard library.2 + +## Sentinel error values + +Another case of things which look like constants but really aren’t, are sentinel error values. `io.EOF`, `sql.ErrNoRows`, `crypto/x509.ErrUnsupportedAlgorithm`, and so on are all examples of sentinel error values. They all fall into a category of _expected_ errors, and because they are expected, you’re expected to check for them. + +To compare the error you have with the one you were expecting, you need to import the package that defines that error. Because, by definition, sentinel errors are exported public variables, any code that imports, for example, the `io` package could change the value of `io.EOF`. + +``` +package nelson + +import "io" + +func init() { + io.EOF = nil // haha! +} +``` + +I’ll say that again. If I know the name of `io.EOF` I can import the package that declares it, which I must if I want to compare it to my error, and thus I could change `io.EOF`‘s value. Historically convention and a bit of dumb luck discourages people from writing code that does this, but technically there is nothing to prevent you from doing so. + +Replacing `io.EOF` is probably going to be detected almost immediately. But replacing a less frequently used sentinel error may cause some interesting side effects: + +``` +package innocent + +import "crypto/rsa" + +func init() { + rsa.ErrVerification = nil // 🤔 +} +``` + +If you were hoping the race detector will spot this subterfuge, I suggest you talk to the folks writing testing frameworks who replace `os.Stdout` without it triggering the race detector. + +## Fungibility + +I want to digress for a moment to talk about _the_ most important property of constants. Constants aren’t just immutable, its not enough that we cannot overwrite their declaration, +Constants are _fungible_. This is a tremendously important property that doesn’t get nearly enough attention. + +Fungible means identical. Money is a great example of fungibility. If you were to lend me 10 bucks, and I later pay you back, the fact that you gave me a 10 dollar note and I returned to you 10 one dollar bills, with respect to its operation as a financial instrument, is irrelevant. Things which are fungible are by definition equal and equality is a powerful property we can leverage for our programs. + +``` +var myEOF = errors.New("EOF") // io/io.go line 38 +fmt.Println(myEOF == io.EOF) // false +``` + +Putting aside the effect of malicious actors in your code base the key design challenge with sentinel errors is they behave like _singletons_ , not _constants_. Even if we follow the exact procedure used by the `io` package to create our own EOF value, `myEOF` and `io.EOF` are not equal. `myEOF` and `io.EOF` are not fungible, they cannot be interchanged. Programs can spot the difference. + +When you combine the lack of immutability, the lack of fungibility, the lack of equality, you have a set of weird behaviours stemming from the fact that sentinel error values in Go are not constant expressions. But what if they were? + +## Constant errors + +Ideally a sentinel error value should behave as a constant. It should be immutable and fungible. Let’s recap how the built in `error` interface works in Go. + +``` +type error interface { + Error() string +} +``` + +Any type with an `Error() string` method fulfils the `error` interface. This includes user defined types, it includes types derived from primitives like string, and it includes constant strings. With that background, consider this error implementation: + +``` +type Error string + +func (e Error) Error() string { + return string(e) +} +``` + +We can use this error type as a constant expression: + +``` +const err = Error("EOF") +``` + +Unlike `errors.errorString`, which is a struct, a compact struct literal initialiser is not a constant expression and cannot be used. + +``` +const err2 = errors.errorString{"EOF"} // doesn't compile +``` + +As constants of this `Error` type are not variables, they are immutable. + +``` +const err = Error("EOF") +err = Error("not EOF") // doesn't compile +``` + +Additionally, two constant strings are always equal if their contents are equal: + +``` +const str1 = "EOF" +const str2 = "EOF" +fmt.Println(str1 == str2) // true +``` + +which means two constants of a type derived from string with the same contents are also equal. + +``` +type Error string + +const err1 = Error("EOF") +const err2 = Error("EOF") + fmt.Println(err1 == err2) // true``` + +``` +Said another way, equal constant `Error` values are the same, in the way that the literal constant `1` is the same as every other literal constant `1`. + +Now we have all the pieces we need to make sentinel errors, like `io.EOF`, and `rsa.ErrVerfication`, immutable, fungible, constant expressions. +``` + + % git diff + diff --git a/src/io/io.go b/src/io/io.go + inde \ No newline at end of file From 550c61a6e7272f9f62be6e147603a188eb261b74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:40:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0475/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190514=20Why?= =?UTF-8?q?=20bother=20writing=20tests=20at=20all=3F=20sources/tech/201905?= =?UTF-8?q?14=20Why=20bother=20writing=20tests=20at=20all.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0190514 Why bother writing tests at all.md | 93 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190514 Why bother writing tests at all.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190514 Why bother writing tests at all.md b/sources/tech/20190514 Why bother writing tests at all.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2b80dbaf40 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190514 Why bother writing tests at all.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why bother writing tests at all?) +[#]: via: (https://dave.cheney.net/2019/05/14/why-bother-writing-tests-at-all) +[#]: author: (Dave Cheney https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney) + +Why bother writing tests at all? +====== + +In previous posts and presentations I talked about [how to test][1], and [when to test][2]. To conclude this series of I’m going to ask the question, _why test at all?_ + +### Even if you don’t, someone _will_ test your software + +I’m sure no-one reading this post thinks that software should be delivered without being tested first. Even if that were true, your customers are going to test it, or at least use it. If nothing else, it would be good to discover any issues with the code before your customers do. If not for the reputation of your company, at least for your professional pride. + +So, if we agree that software should be tested, the question becomes: _who_ should do that testing? + +### The majority of testing should be performed by development teams + +I argue that the majority of the testing should be done by development groups. Moreover, testing should be automated, and thus the majority of these tests should be unit style tests. + +To be clear, I am _not_ saying you shouldn’t write integration, functional, or end to end tests. I’m also _not_ saying that you shouldn’t have a QA group, or integration test engineers. However at a recent software conference, in a room of over 1,000 engineers, nobody raised their hand when I asked if they considered themselves in a pure quality assurance role. + +You might argue that the audience was self selecting, that QA engineers did not feel a software conference was relevant–or welcoming–to them. However, I think this proves my point, the days of [one developer to one test engineer][3] are gone and not coming back. + +If development teams aren’t writing the majority of tests, who is? + +### Manual testing should not be the majority of your testing because manual testing is O(n) + +Thus, if individual contributors are expected to test the software they write, why do we need to automate it? Why is a manual testing plan not good enough? + +Manual testing of software or manual verification of a defect is not sufficient because it does not scale. As the number of manual tests grows, engineers are tempted to skip them or only execute the scenarios they _think_ are could be affected. Manual testing is expensive in terms of time, thus dollars, and it is boring. 99.9% of the tests that passed last time are _expected_ to pass again. Manual testing is looking for a needle in a haystack, except you don’t stop when you find the first needle. + +This means that your first response when given a bug to fix or a feature to implement should be to write a failing test. This doesn’t need to be a unit test, but it should be an automated test. Once you’ve fixed the bug, or added the feature, now have the test case to prove it worked–and you can check them in together. + +### Tests are the critical component that ensure you can always ship your master branch + +As a development team, you are judged on your ability to deliver working software to the business. No, seriously, the business could care less about OOP vs FP, CI/CD, table tennis or limited run La Croix. + +Your super power is, at any time, anyone on the team should be confident that the master branch of your code is shippable. This means at any time they can deliver a release of your software to the business and the business can recoup its investment in your development R&D. + +I cannot emphasise this enough. If you want the non technical parts of the business to believe you are heros, you must never create a situation where you say “well, we can’t release right now because we’re in the middle of an important refactoring. It’ll be a few weeks. We hope.” + +Again, I’m not saying you cannot refactor, but at every stage your product must be shippable. Your tests have to pass. It may not have all the desired features, but the features that are there should work as described on the tin. + +### Tests lock in behaviour + +Your tests are the contract about what your software does and does not do. Unit tests should lock in the behaviour of the package’s API. Integration tests do the same for complex interactions. Tests describe, in code, what the program promises to do. + +If there is a unit test for each input permutation, you have defined the contract for what the code will do _in code_ , not documentation. This is a contract anyone on your team can assert by simply running the tests. At any stage you _know_ with a high degree of confidence that the behaviour people relied on before your change continues to function after your change. + +### Tests give you confidence to change someone else’s code + +Lastly, and this is the biggest one, for programmers working on a piece of code that has been through many hands. Tests give you the confidence to make changes. + +Even though we’ve never met, something I know about you, the reader, is you will eventually leave your current employer. Maybe you’ll be moving on to a new role, or perhaps a promotion, perhaps you’ll move cities, or follow your partner overseas. Whatever the reason, the succession of the maintenance of programs you write is key. + +If people cannot maintain our code then as you and I move from job to job we’ll leave behind programs which cannot be maintained. This goes beyond advocacy for a language or tool. Programs which cannot be changed, programs which are too hard to onboard new developers, or programs which feel like career digression to work on them will reach only one end state–they are a dead end. They represent a balance sheet loss for the business. They will be replaced. + +If you worry about who will maintain your code after you’re gone, write good tests. + +#### Related posts: + + 1. [Writing table driven tests in Go][4] + 2. [Prefer table driven tests][5] + 3. [Automatically run your package’s tests with inotifywait][6] + 4. [The value of TDD][7] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/05/14/why-bother-writing-tests-at-all + +作者：[Dave Cheney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/05/07/prefer-table-driven-tests +[2]: https://dave.cheney.net/paste/absolute-unit-test-london-gophers.pdf +[3]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/devops/learn/devops-at-microsoft/evolving-test-practices-microsoft +[4]: https://dave.cheney.net/2013/06/09/writing-table-driven-tests-in-go (Writing table driven tests in Go) +[5]: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/05/07/prefer-table-driven-tests (Prefer table driven tests) +[6]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/06/21/automatically-run-your-packages-tests-with-inotifywait (Automatically run your package’s tests with inotifywait) +[7]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/04/11/the-value-of-tdd (The value of TDD) From 5b8af4c927ecae18916d5878c734d6239bf262e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:40:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0476/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190507=20Pref?= =?UTF-8?q?er=20table=20driven=20tests=20sources/tech/20190507=20Prefer=20?= =?UTF-8?q?table=20driven=20tests.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20190507 Prefer table driven tests.md | 521 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 521 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190507 Prefer table driven tests.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190507 Prefer table driven tests.md b/sources/tech/20190507 Prefer table driven tests.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0a41860207 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190507 Prefer table driven tests.md @@ -0,0 +1,521 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Prefer table driven tests) +[#]: via: (https://dave.cheney.net/2019/05/07/prefer-table-driven-tests) +[#]: author: (Dave Cheney https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney) + +Prefer table driven tests +====== + +I’m a big fan of testing, specifically [unit testing][1] and TDD ([done correctly][2], of course). A practice that has grown around Go projects is the idea of a table driven test. This post explores the how and why of writing a table driven test. + +Let’s say we have a function that splits strings: + +``` +// Split slices s into all substrings separated by sep and +// returns a slice of the substrings between those separators. +func Split(s, sep string) []string { + var result []string + i := strings.Index(s, sep) + for i > -1 { + result = append(result, s[:i]) + s = s[i+len(sep):] + i = strings.Index(s, sep) + } + return append(result, s) +} +``` + +In Go, unit tests are just regular Go functions (with a few rules) so we write a unit test for this function starting with a file in the same directory, with the same package name, `strings`. + +``` +package split + +import ( + "reflect" + "testing" +) + +func TestSplit(t *testing.T) { + got := Split("a/b/c", "/") + want := []string{"a", "b", "c"} + if !reflect.DeepEqual(want, got) { + t.Fatalf("expected: %v, got: %v", want, got) + } +} +``` + +Tests are just regular Go functions with a few rules: + + 1. The name of the test function must start with `Test`. + 2. The test function must take one argument of type `*testing.T`. A `*testing.T` is a type injected by the testing package itself, to provide ways to print, skip, and fail the test. + + + +In our test we call `Split` with some inputs, then compare it to the result we expected. + +### Code coverage + +The next question is, what is the coverage of this package? Luckily the go tool has a built in branch coverage. We can invoke it like this: + +``` +% go test -coverprofile=c.out +PASS +coverage: 100.0% of statements +ok split 0.010s +``` + +Which tells us we have 100% branch coverage, which isn’t really surprising, there’s only one branch in this code. + +If we want to dig in to the coverage report the go tool has several options to print the coverage report. We can use `go tool cover -func` to break down the coverage per function: + +``` +% go tool cover -func=c.out +split/split.go:8: Split 100.0% +total: (statements) 100.0% +``` + +Which isn’t that exciting as we only have one function in this package, but I’m sure you’ll find more exciting packages to test. + +#### Spray some .bashrc on that + +This pair of commands is so useful for me I have a shell alias which runs the test coverage and the report in one command: + +``` +cover () { + local t=$(mktemp -t cover) + go test $COVERFLAGS -coverprofile=$t $@ \ + && go tool cover -func=$t \ + && unlink $t +} +``` + +### Going beyond 100% coverage + +So, we wrote one test case, got 100% coverage, but this isn’t really the end of the story. We have good branch coverage but we probably need to test some of the boundary conditions. For example, what happens if we try to split it on comma? + +``` +func TestSplitWrongSep(t *testing.T) { + got := Split("a/b/c", ",") + want := []string{"a/b/c"} + if !reflect.DeepEqual(want, got) { + t.Fatalf("expected: %v, got: %v", want, got) + } +} +``` + +Or, what happens if there are no separators in the source string? + +``` +func TestSplitNoSep(t *testing.T) { + got := Split("abc", "/") + want := []string{"abc"} + if !reflect.DeepEqual(want, got) { + t.Fatalf("expected: %v, got: %v", want, got) + } +} +``` + +We’re starting build a set of test cases that exercise boundary conditions. This is good. + +### Introducing table driven tests + +However the there is a lot of duplication in our tests. For each test case only the input, the expected output, and name of the test case change. Everything else is boilerplate. What we’d like to to set up all the inputs and expected outputs and feel them to a single test harness. This is a great time to introduce table driven testing. + +``` +func TestSplit(t *testing.T) { + type test struct { + input string + sep string + want []string + } + + tests := []test{ + {input: "a/b/c", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + {input: "a/b/c", sep: ",", want: []string{"a/b/c"}}, + {input: "abc", sep: "/", want: []string{"abc"}}, + } + + for _, tc := range tests { + got := Split(tc.input, tc.sep) + if !reflect.DeepEqual(tc.want, got) { + t.Fatalf("expected: %v, got: %v", tc.want, got) + } + } +} +``` + +We declare a structure to hold our test inputs and expected outputs. This is our table. The `tests` structure is usually a local declaration because we want to reuse this name for other tests in this package. + +In fact, we don’t even need to give the type a name, we can use an anonymous struct literal to reduce the boilerplate like this: + +``` +func TestSplit(t *testing.T) { + tests := []struct { + input string + sep string + want []string + }{ + {input: "a/b/c", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + {input: "a/b/c", sep: ",", want: []string{"a/b/c"}}, + {input: "abc", sep: "/", want: []string{"abc"}}, + } + + for _, tc := range tests { + got := Split(tc.input, tc.sep) + if !reflect.DeepEqual(tc.want, got) { + t.Fatalf("expected: %v, got: %v", tc.want, got) + } + } +} +``` + +Now, adding a new test is a straight forward matter; simply add another line the `tests` structure. For example, what will happen if our input string has a trailing separator? + +``` +{input: "a/b/c", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, +{input: "a/b/c", sep: ",", want: []string{"a/b/c"}}, +{input: "abc", sep: "/", want: []string{"abc"}}, +{input: "a/b/c/", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, // trailing sep +``` + +But, when we run `go test`, we get + +``` +% go test +--- FAIL: TestSplit (0.00s) + split_test.go:24: expected: [a b c], got: [a b c ] +``` + +Putting aside the test failure, there are a few problems to talk about. + +The first is by rewriting each test from a function to a row in a table we’ve lost the name of the failing test. We added a comment in the test file to call out this case, but we don’t have access to that comment in the `go test` output. + +There are a few ways to resolve this. You’ll see a mix of styles in use in Go code bases because the table testing idiom is evolving as people continue to experiment with the form. + +### Enumerating test cases + +As tests are stored in a slice we can print out the index of the test case in the failure message: + +``` +func TestSplit(t *testing.T) { + tests := []struct { + input string + sep . string + want []string + }{ + {input: "a/b/c", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + {input: "a/b/c", sep: ",", want: []string{"a/b/c"}}, + {input: "abc", sep: "/", want: []string{"abc"}}, + {input: "a/b/c/", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + } + + for i, tc := range tests { + got := Split(tc.input, tc.sep) + if !reflect.DeepEqual(tc.want, got) { + t.Fatalf("test %d: expected: %v, got: %v", i+1, tc.want, got) + } + } +} +``` + +Now when we run `go test` we get this + +``` +% go test +--- FAIL: TestSplit (0.00s) + split_test.go:24: test 4: expected: [a b c], got: [a b c ] +``` + +Which is a little better. Now we know that the fourth test is failing, although we have to do a little bit of fudging because slice indexing—​and range iteration—​is zero based. This requires consistency across your test cases; if some use zero base reporting and others use one based, it’s going to be confusing. And, if the list of test cases is long, it could be difficult to count braces to figure out exactly which fixture constitutes test case number four. + +### Give your test cases names + +Another common pattern is to include a name field in the test fixture. + +``` +func TestSplit(t *testing.T) { + tests := []struct { + name string + input string + sep string + want []string + }{ + {name: "simple", input: "a/b/c", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + {name: "wrong sep", input: "a/b/c", sep: ",", want: []string{"a/b/c"}}, + {name: "no sep", input: "abc", sep: "/", want: []string{"abc"}}, + {name: "trailing sep", input: "a/b/c/", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + } + + for _, tc := range tests { + got := Split(tc.input, tc.sep) + if !reflect.DeepEqual(tc.want, got) { + t.Fatalf("%s: expected: %v, got: %v", tc.name, tc.want, got) + } + } +} +``` + +Now when the test fails we have a descriptive name for what the test was doing. We no longer have to try to figure it out from the output—​also, now have a string we can search on. + +``` +% go test +--- FAIL: TestSplit (0.00s) + split_test.go:25: trailing sep: expected: [a b c], got: [a b c ] +``` + +We can dry this up even more using a map literal syntax: + +``` +func TestSplit(t *testing.T) { + tests := map[string]struct { + input string + sep string + want []string + }{ + "simple": {input: "a/b/c", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + "wrong sep": {input: "a/b/c", sep: ",", want: []string{"a/b/c"}}, + "no sep": {input: "abc", sep: "/", want: []string{"abc"}}, + "trailing sep": {input: "a/b/c/", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + } + + for name, tc := range tests { + got := Split(tc.input, tc.sep) + if !reflect.DeepEqual(tc.want, got) { + t.Fatalf("%s: expected: %v, got: %v", name, tc.want, got) + } + } +} +``` + +Using a map literal syntax we define our test cases not as a slice of structs, but as map of test names to test fixtures. There’s also a side benefit of using a map that is going to potentially improve the utility of our tests. + +Map iteration order is _undefined_ 1 This means each time we run `go test`, our tests are going to be potentially run in a different order. + +This is super useful for spotting conditions where test pass when run in statement order, but not otherwise. If you find that happens you probably have some global state that is being mutated by one test with subsequent tests depending on that modification. + +### Introducing sub tests + +Before we fix the failing test there are a few other issues to address in our table driven test harness. + +The first is we’re calling `t.Fatalf` when one of the test cases fails. This means after the first failing test case we stop testing the other cases. Because test cases are run in an undefined order, if there is a test failure, it would be nice to know if it was the only failure or just the first. + +The testing package would do this for us if we go to the effort to write out each test case as its own function, but that’s quite verbose. The good news is since Go 1.7 a new feature was added that lets us do this easily for table driven tests. They’re called [sub tests][3]. + +``` +func TestSplit(t *testing.T) { + tests := map[string]struct { + input string + sep string + want []string + }{ + "simple": {input: "a/b/c", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + "wrong sep": {input: "a/b/c", sep: ",", want: []string{"a/b/c"}}, + "no sep": {input: "abc", sep: "/", want: []string{"abc"}}, + "trailing sep": {input: "a/b/c/", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + } + + for name, tc := range tests { + t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) { + got := Split(tc.input, tc.sep) + if !reflect.DeepEqual(tc.want, got) { + t.Fatalf("expected: %v, got: %v", tc.want, got) + } + }) + } +} +``` + +As each sub test now has a name we get that name automatically printed out in any test runs. + +``` +% go test +--- FAIL: TestSplit (0.00s) + --- FAIL: TestSplit/trailing_sep (0.00s) + split_test.go:25: expected: [a b c], got: [a b c ] +``` + +Each subtest is its own anonymous function, therefore we can use `t.Fatalf`, `t.Skipf`, and all the other `testing.T`helpers, while retaining the compactness of a table driven test. + +#### Individual sub test cases can be executed directly + +Because sub tests have a name, you can run a selection of sub tests by name using the `go test -run` flag. + +``` +% go test -run=.*/trailing -v +=== RUN TestSplit +=== RUN TestSplit/trailing_sep +--- FAIL: TestSplit (0.00s) + --- FAIL: TestSplit/trailing_sep (0.00s) + split_test.go:25: expected: [a b c], got: [a b c ] +``` + +### Comparing what we got with what we wanted + +Now we’re ready to fix the test case. Let’s look at the error. + +``` +--- FAIL: TestSplit (0.00s) + --- FAIL: TestSplit/trailing_sep (0.00s) + split_test.go:25: expected: [a b c], got: [a b c ] +``` + +Can you spot the problem? Clearly the slices are different, that’s what `reflect.DeepEqual` is upset about. But spotting the actual difference isn’t easy, you have to spot that extra space after `c`. This might look simple in this simple example, but it is any thing but when you’re comparing two complicated deeply nested gRPC structures. + +We can improve the output if we switch to the `%#v` syntax to view the value as a Go(ish) declaration: + +``` +got := Split(tc.input, tc.sep) +if !reflect.DeepEqual(tc.want, got) { + t.Fatalf("expected: %#v, got: %#v", tc.want, got) +} +``` + +Now when we run our test it’s clear that the problem is there is an extra blank element in the slice. + +``` +% go test +--- FAIL: TestSplit (0.00s) + --- FAIL: TestSplit/trailing_sep (0.00s) + split_test.go:25: expected: []string{"a", "b", "c"}, got: []string{"a", "b", "c", ""} +``` + +But before we go to fix our test failure I want to talk a little bit more about choosing the right way to present test failures. Our `Split` function is simple, it takes a primitive string and returns a slice of strings, but what if it worked with structs, or worse, pointers to structs? + +Here is an example where `%#v` does not work as well: + +``` +func main() { + type T struct { + I int + } + x := []*T{{1}, {2}, {3}} + y := []*T{{1}, {2}, {4}} + fmt.Printf("%v %v\n", x, y) + fmt.Printf("%#v %#v\n", x, y) +} +``` + +The first `fmt.Printf`prints the unhelpful, but expected slice of addresses; `[0xc000096000 0xc000096008 0xc000096010] [0xc000096018 0xc000096020 0xc000096028]`. However our `%#v` version doesn’t fare any better, printing a slice of addresses cast to `*main.T`;`[]*main.T{(*main.T)(0xc000096000), (*main.T)(0xc000096008), (*main.T)(0xc000096010)} []*main.T{(*main.T)(0xc000096018), (*main.T)(0xc000096020), (*main.T)(0xc000096028)}` + +Because of the limitations in using any `fmt.Printf` verb, I want to introduce the [go-cmp][4] library from Google. + +The goal of the cmp library is it is specifically to compare two values. This is similar to `reflect.DeepEqual`, but it has more capabilities. Using the cmp pacakge you can, of course, write: + +``` +func main() { + type T struct { + I int + } + x := []*T{{1}, {2}, {3}} + y := []*T{{1}, {2}, {4}} + fmt.Println(cmp.Equal(x, y)) // false +} +``` + +But far more useful for us with our test function is the `cmp.Diff` function which will produce a textual description of what is different between the two values, recursively. + +``` +func main() { + type T struct { + I int + } + x := []*T{{1}, {2}, {3}} + y := []*T{{1}, {2}, {4}} + diff := cmp.Diff(x, y) + fmt.Printf(diff) +} +``` + +Which instead produces: + +``` +% go run +{[]*main.T}[2].I: + -: 3 + +: 4 +``` + +Telling us that at element 2 of the slice of `T`s the `I`field was expected to be 3, but was actually 4. + +Putting this all together we have our table driven go-cmp test + +``` +func TestSplit(t *testing.T) { + tests := map[string]struct { + input string + sep string + want []string + }{ + "simple": {input: "a/b/c", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + "wrong sep": {input: "a/b/c", sep: ",", want: []string{"a/b/c"}}, + "no sep": {input: "abc", sep: "/", want: []string{"abc"}}, + "trailing sep": {input: "a/b/c/", sep: "/", want: []string{"a", "b", "c"}}, + } + + for name, tc := range tests { + t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) { + got := Split(tc.input, tc.sep) + diff := cmp.Diff(tc.want, got) + if diff != "" { + t.Fatalf(diff) + } + }) + } +} +``` + +Running this we get + +``` +% go test +--- FAIL: TestSplit (0.00s) + --- FAIL: TestSplit/trailing_sep (0.00s) + split_test.go:27: {[]string}[?->3]: + -: + +: "" +FAIL +exit status 1 +FAIL split 0.006s +``` + +Using `cmp.Diff` our test harness isn’t just telling us that what we got and what we wanted were different. Our test is telling us that the strings are different lengths, the third index in the fixture shouldn’t exist, but the actual output we got an empty string, “”. From here fixing the test failure is straight forward. + + 1. Please don’t email me to argue that map iteration order is _random_. [It’s not][5]. + + + +#### Related posts: + + 1. [Writing table driven tests in Go][6] + 2. [Internets of Interest #7: Ian Cooper on Test Driven Development][7] + 3. [Automatically run your package’s tests with inotifywait][8] + 4. [How to write benchmarks in Go][9] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/05/07/prefer-table-driven-tests + +作者：[Dave Cheney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/04/03/absolute-unit-test +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZ05e7EMOLM +[3]: https://blog.golang.org/subtests +[4]: https://github.com/google/go-cmp +[5]: https://golang.org/ref/spec#For_statements +[6]: https://dave.cheney.net/2013/06/09/writing-table-driven-tests-in-go (Writing table driven tests in Go) +[7]: https://dave.cheney.net/2018/10/15/internets-of-interest-7-ian-cooper-on-test-driven-development (Internets of Interest #7: Ian Cooper on Test Driven Development) +[8]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/06/21/automatically-run-your-packages-tests-with-inotifywait (Automatically run your package’s tests with inotifywait) +[9]: https://dave.cheney.net/2013/06/30/how-to-write-benchmarks-in-go (How to write benchmarks in Go) From ab8f35e70159da5108ebfcdea2c3ca3f940d290c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:41:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0477/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190218=20Talk?= =?UTF-8?q?,=20then=20code=20sources/tech/20190218=20Talk,=20then=20code.m?= =?UTF-8?q?d?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190218 Talk, then code.md | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190218 Talk, then code.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190218 Talk, then code.md b/sources/tech/20190218 Talk, then code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..18ed81e43c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190218 Talk, then code.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Talk, then code) +[#]: via: (https://dave.cheney.net/2019/02/18/talk-then-code) +[#]: author: (Dave Cheney https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney) + +Talk, then code +====== + +The open source projects that I contribute to follow a philosophy which I describe as _talk, then code_. I think this is generally a good way to develop software and I want to spend a little time talking about the benefits of this methodology. + +### Avoiding hurt feelings + +The most important reason for discussing the change you want to make is it avoids hurt feelings. Often I see a contributor work hard in isolation on a pull request only to find their work is rejected. This can be for a bunch of reasons; the PR is too large, the PR doesn’t follow the local style, the PR fixes an issue which wasn’t important to the project or was recently fixed indirectly, and many more. + +The underlying cause of all these issues is a lack of communication. The goal of the _talk, then code_ philosophy is not to impede or frustrate, but to ensure that a feature lands correctly the first time, without incurring significant maintenance debt, and neither the author of the change, or the reviewer, has to carry the emotional burden of dealing with hurt feelings when a change appears out of the blue with an implicit “well, I’ve done the work, all you have to do is merge it, right?” + +### What does discussion look like? + +Every new feature or bug fix should be discussed with the maintainer(s) of the project before work commences. It’s fine to experiment privately, but do not send a change without discussing it first. + +The definition of _talk_ for simple changes can be as little as a design sketch in a GitHub issue. If your PR fixes a bug, you should link to the bug it fixes. If there isn’t one, you should raise a bug and wait for the maintainers to acknowledge it before sending a PR. This might seem a little backward–who wouldn’t want a bug fixed–but consider the bug could be a misunderstanding in how the software works or it could be a symptom of a larger problem that needs further investigation. + +For more complicated changes, especially feature requests, I recommend that a design document be circulated and agreed upon before sending code. This doesn’t have to be a full blown document, a sketch in an issue may be sufficient, but the key is to reach agreement using words, before locking it in stone with code. + +In all cases you shouldn’t proceed to send code until there is a positive agreement from the maintainer that the approach is one they are happy with. A pull request is for life, not just for Christmas. + +### Code review, not design by committee + +A code review is not the place for arguments about design. This is for two reasons. First, most code review tools are not suitable for long comment threads, GitHub’s PR interface is very bad at this, Gerrit is better, but few have a team of admins to maintain a Gerrit instance. More importantly, disagreements at the code review stage suggests there wasn’t agreement on how the change should be implemented. + +* * * + +Talk about what you want to code, then code what you talked about. Please don’t do it the other way around. + +### Related posts: + + 1. [How to include C code in your Go package][1] + 2. [Let’s talk about logging][2] + 3. [The value of TDD][3] + 4. [Suggestions for contributing to an Open Source project][4] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/02/18/talk-then-code + +作者：[Dave Cheney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://dave.cheney.net/2013/09/07/how-to-include-c-code-in-your-go-package (How to include C code in your Go package) +[2]: https://dave.cheney.net/2015/11/05/lets-talk-about-logging (Let’s talk about logging) +[3]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/04/11/the-value-of-tdd (The value of TDD) +[4]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/03/12/suggestions-for-contributing-to-an-open-source-project (Suggestions for contributing to an Open Source project) From 33d271a9689586d1cce139460e5670000fcb0d62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:41:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0478/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190129=20You?= =?UTF-8?q?=20shouldn=E2=80=99t=20name=20your=20variables=20after=20their?= =?UTF-8?q?=20types=20for=20the=20same=20reason=20you=20wouldn=E2=80=99t?= =?UTF-8?q?=20name=20your=20pets=20=E2=80=9Cdog=E2=80=9D=20or=20=E2=80=9Cc?= =?UTF-8?q?at=E2=80=9D=20sources/tech/20190129=20You=20shouldn-t=20name=20?= =?UTF-8?q?your=20variables=20after=20their=20types=20for=20the=20same=20r?= =?UTF-8?q?eason=20you=20wouldn-t=20name=20your=20pets=20-dog-=20or=20-cat?= =?UTF-8?q?.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...u wouldn-t name your pets -dog- or -cat.md | 83 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 83 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190129 You shouldn-t name your variables after their types for the same reason you wouldn-t name your pets -dog- or -cat.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190129 You shouldn-t name your variables after their types for the same reason you wouldn-t name your pets -dog- or -cat.md b/sources/tech/20190129 You shouldn-t name your variables after their types for the same reason you wouldn-t name your pets -dog- or -cat.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..75ad9e93c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190129 You shouldn-t name your variables after their types for the same reason you wouldn-t name your pets -dog- or -cat.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (You shouldn’t name your variables after their types for the same reason you wouldn’t name your pets “dog” or “cat”) +[#]: via: (https://dave.cheney.net/2019/01/29/you-shouldnt-name-your-variables-after-their-types-for-the-same-reason-you-wouldnt-name-your-pets-dog-or-cat) +[#]: author: (Dave Cheney https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney) + +You shouldn’t name your variables after their types for the same reason you wouldn’t name your pets “dog” or “cat” +====== + +The name of a variable should describe its contents, not the _type_ of the contents. Consider this example: + +``` +var usersMap map[string]*User +``` + +What are some good properties of this declaration? We can see that it’s a map, and it has something to do with the `*User` type, so that’s probably good. But `usersMap` _is_ a map and Go, being a statically typed language, won’t let us accidentally use a map where a different type is required, so the `Map` suffix as a safety precaution is redundant. + +Now, consider what happens if we declare other variables using this pattern: + +``` +var ( + companiesMap map[string]*Company + productsMap map[string]*Products +) +``` + +Now we have three map type variables in scope, `usersMap`, `companiesMap`, and `productsMap`, all mapping `string`s to different `struct` types. We know they are maps, and we also know that their declarations prevent us from using one in place of another—​the compiler will throw an error if we try to use `companiesMap` where the code is expecting a `map[string]*User`. In this situation it’s clear that the `Map` suffix does not improve the clarity of the code, its just extra boilerplate to type. + +My suggestion is avoid any suffix that resembles the _type_ of the variable. Said another way, if `users` isn’t descriptive enough, then `usersMap` won’t be either. + +This advice also applies to function parameters. For example: + +``` +type Config struct { + // +} + +func WriteConfig(w io.Writer, config *Config) +``` + +Naming the `*Config` parameter `config` is redundant. We know it’s a pointer to a `Config`, it says so right there in the declaration. Instead consider if `conf` will do, or maybe just `c` if the lifetime of the variable is short enough. + +This advice is more than just a desire for brevity. If there is more that one `*Config` in scope at any one time, calling them `config1` and `config2` is less descriptive than calling them `original` and `updated` . The latter are less likely to be accidentally transposed—something the compiler won’t catch—while the former differ only in a one character suffix. + +Finally, don’t let package names steal good variable names. The name of an imported identifier includes its package name. For example the `Context` type in the `context` package will be known as `context.Context` when imported into another package . This makes it impossible to use `context` as a variable or type, unless of course you rename the import, but that’s throwing good after bad. This is why the local declaration for `context.Context` types is traditionally `ctx`. eg. + +``` +func WriteLog(ctx context.Context, message string) +``` + +* * * + +A variable’s name should be independent of its type. You shouldn’t name your variables after their types for the same reason you wouldn’t name your pets “dog” or “cat”. You shouldn’t include the name of your type in the name of your variable for the same reason. + +### Related posts: + + 1. [On declaring variables][1] + 2. [Go, without package scoped variables][2] + 3. [A whirlwind tour of Go’s runtime environment variables][3] + 4. [Declaration scopes in Go][4] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/01/29/you-shouldnt-name-your-variables-after-their-types-for-the-same-reason-you-wouldnt-name-your-pets-dog-or-cat + +作者：[Dave Cheney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://dave.cheney.net/2014/05/24/on-declaring-variables (On declaring variables) +[2]: https://dave.cheney.net/2017/06/11/go-without-package-scoped-variables (Go, without package scoped variables) +[3]: https://dave.cheney.net/2015/11/29/a-whirlwind-tour-of-gos-runtime-environment-variables (A whirlwind tour of Go’s runtime environment variables) +[4]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/12/15/declaration-scopes-in-go (Declaration scopes in Go) From 7ac74c903ba8ffc45da368a357b0d980074ae34e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:41:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0479/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190127=20Elim?= =?UTF-8?q?inate=20error=20handling=20by=20eliminating=20errors=20sources/?= =?UTF-8?q?tech/20190127=20Eliminate=20error=20handling=20by=20eliminating?= =?UTF-8?q?=20errors.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...te error handling by eliminating errors.md | 204 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 204 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190127 Eliminate error handling by eliminating errors.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190127 Eliminate error handling by eliminating errors.md b/sources/tech/20190127 Eliminate error handling by eliminating errors.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6eac4740eb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190127 Eliminate error handling by eliminating errors.md @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Eliminate error handling by eliminating errors) +[#]: via: (https://dave.cheney.net/2019/01/27/eliminate-error-handling-by-eliminating-errors) +[#]: author: (Dave Cheney https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney) + +Eliminate error handling by eliminating errors +====== + +Go 2 aims to improve the overhead of [error handling][1], but do you know what is better than an improved syntax for handling errors? Not needing to handle errors at all. Now, I’m not saying “delete your error handling code”, instead I’m suggesting changing your code so you don’t have as many errors to handle. + +This article draws inspiration from a chapter in John Ousterhout’s, _[A philosophy of Software Design,][2]_ “Define Errors Out of Existence”. I’m going to try to apply his advice to Go. + +* * * + +Here’s a function to count the number of lines in a file, + +``` +func CountLines(r io.Reader) (int, error) { + var ( + br = bufio.NewReader(r) + lines int + err error + ) + + for { + _, err = br.ReadString('\n') + lines++ + if err != nil { + break + } + } + + if err != io.EOF { + return 0, err + } + return lines, nil + } +``` + +We construct a `bufio.Reader`, then sit in a loop calling the `ReadString` method, incrementing a counter until we reach the end of the file, then we return the number of lines read. That’s the code we _wanted_ to write, instead `CountLines` is made more complicated by its error handling. For example, there is this strange construction: + +``` +_, err = br.ReadString('\n') +lines++ +if err != nil { + break +} +``` + +We increment the count of lines _before_ checking the error—​that looks odd. The reason we have to write it this way is `ReadString` will return an error if it encounters an end-of-file—`io.EOF`—before hitting a newline character. This can happen if there is no trailing newline. + +To address this problem, we rearrange the logic to increment the line count, then see if we need to exit the loop.1 + +But we’re not done checking errors yet. `ReadString` will return `io.EOF` when it hits the end of the file. This is expected, `ReadString` needs some way of saying _stop, there is nothing more to read_. So before we return the error to the caller of `CountLine`, we need to check if the error was _not_ `io.EOF`, and in that case propagate it up, otherwise we return `nil` to say that everything worked fine. This is why the final line of the function is not simply + +``` +return lines, err +``` + +I think this is a good example of Russ Cox’s [observation that error handling can obscure the operation of the function][3]. Let’s look at an improved version. + +``` +func CountLines(r io.Reader) (int, error) { + sc := bufio.NewScanner(r) + lines := 0 + + for sc.Scan() { + lines++ + } + + return lines, sc.Err() +} +``` + +This improved version switches from using `bufio.Reader` to `bufio.Scanner`. Under the hood `bufio.Scanner` uses `bufio.Reader` adding a layer of abstraction which helps remove the error handling which obscured the operation of our previous version of `CountLines` 2 + +The method `sc.Scan()` returns `true` if the scanner _has_ matched a line of text and _has not_ encountered an error. So, the body of our `for` loop will be called only when there is a line of text in the scanner’s buffer. This means our revised `CountLines` correctly handles the case where there is no trailing newline, It also correctly handles the case where the file is empty. + +Secondly, as `sc.Scan` returns `false` once an error is encountered, our `for` loop will exit when the end-of-file is reached or an error is encountered. The `bufio.Scanner` type memoises the first error it encounters and we recover that error once we’ve exited the loop using the `sc.Err()` method. + +Lastly, `buffo.Scanner` takes care of handling `io.EOF` and will convert it to a `nil` if the end of file was reached without encountering another error. + +* * * + +My second example is inspired by Rob Pikes’ _[Errors are values][4]_ blog post. + +When dealing with opening, writing and closing files, the error handling is present but not overwhelming as, the operations can be encapsulated in helpers like `ioutil.ReadFile` and `ioutil.WriteFile`. However, when dealing with low level network protocols it often becomes necessary to build the response directly using I/O primitives, thus the error handling can become repetitive. Consider this fragment of a HTTP server which is constructing a HTTP/1.1 response. + +``` +type Header struct { + Key, Value string +} + +type Status struct { + Code int + Reason string +} + +func WriteResponse(w io.Writer, st Status, headers []Header, body io.Reader) error { + _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "HTTP/1.1 %d %s\r\n", st.Code, st.Reason) + if err != nil { + return err + } + + for _, h := range headers { + _, err := fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s: %s\r\n", h.Key, h.Value) + if err != nil { + return err + } + } + + if _, err := fmt.Fprint(w, "\r\n"); err != nil { + return err + } + + _, err = io.Copy(w, body) + return err +} +``` + +First we construct the status line using `fmt.Fprintf`, and check the error. Then for each header we write the header key and value, checking the error each time. Lastly we terminate the header section with an additional `\r\n`, check the error, and copy the response body to the client. Finally, although we don’t need to check the error from `io.Copy`, we do need to translate it from the two return value form that `io.Copy` returns into the single return value that `WriteResponse` expects. + +Not only is this a lot of repetitive work, each operation—fundamentally writing bytes to an `io.Writer`—has a different form of error handling. But we can make it easier on ourselves by introducing a small wrapper type. + +``` +type errWriter struct { + io.Writer + err error +} + +func (e *errWriter) Write(buf []byte) (int, error) { + if e.err != nil { + return 0, e.err + } + + var n int + n, e.err = e.Writer.Write(buf) + return n, nil +} +``` + +`errWriter` fulfils the `io.Writer` contract so it can be used to wrap an existing `io.Writer`. `errWriter` passes writes through to its underlying writer until an error is detected. From that point on, it discards any writes and returns the previous error. + +``` +func WriteResponse(w io.Writer, st Status, headers []Header, body io.Reader) error { + ew := &errWriter{Writer: w} + fmt.Fprintf(ew, "HTTP/1.1 %d %s\r\n", st.Code, st.Reason) + + for _, h := range headers { + fmt.Fprintf(ew, "%s: %s\r\n", h.Key, h.Value) + } + + fmt.Fprint(ew, "\r\n") + io.Copy(ew, body) + + return ew.err +} +``` + +Applying `errWriter` to `WriteResponse` dramatically improves the clarity of the code. Each of the operations no longer needs to bracket itself with an error check. Reporting the error is moved to the end of the function by inspecting the `ew.err` field, avoiding the annoying translation from `io.Copy`’s return values. + +* * * + +When you find yourself faced with overbearing error handling, try to extract some of the operations into a helper type. + + 1. This logic _still_ isn’t correct, can you spot the bug? + 2. `bufio.Scanner` can scan for any pattern, by default it looks for newlines. + + + +### Related posts: + + 1. [Error handling vs. exceptions redux][5] + 2. [Stack traces and the errors package][6] + 3. [Subcommand handling in Go][7] + 4. [Constant errors][8] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/01/27/eliminate-error-handling-by-eliminating-errors + +作者：[Dave Cheney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://go.googlesource.com/proposal/+/master/design/go2draft-error-handling-overview.md +[2]: https://www.amazon.com/Philosophy-Software-Design-John-Ousterhout/dp/1732102201 +[3]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wIP3rO6On8 +[4]: https://blog.golang.org/errors-are-values +[5]: https://dave.cheney.net/2014/11/04/error-handling-vs-exceptions-redux (Error handling vs. exceptions redux) +[6]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/06/12/stack-traces-and-the-errors-package (Stack traces and the errors package) +[7]: https://dave.cheney.net/2013/11/07/subcommand-handling-in-go (Subcommand handling in Go) +[8]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/04/07/constant-errors (Constant errors) From 1f10664638ccb1ff9e9720a753a8e469f2294e25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:42:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0480/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190108=20Avoi?= =?UTF-8?q?d=20package=20names=20like=20base,=20util,=20or=20common=20sour?= =?UTF-8?q?ces/tech/20190108=20Avoid=20package=20names=20like=20base,=20ut?= =?UTF-8?q?il,=20or=20common.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ackage names like base, util, or common.md | 57 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190108 Avoid package names like base, util, or common.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190108 Avoid package names like base, util, or common.md b/sources/tech/20190108 Avoid package names like base, util, or common.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b2c70b0b2e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190108 Avoid package names like base, util, or common.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Avoid package names like base, util, or common) +[#]: via: (https://dave.cheney.net/2019/01/08/avoid-package-names-like-base-util-or-common) +[#]: author: (Dave Cheney https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney) + +Avoid package names like base, util, or common +====== + +Writing a good Go package starts with its name. Think of your package’s name as an elevator pitch, you have to describe what it does using just one word. + +A common cause of poor package names are _utility packages_. These are packages where helpers and utility code congeal. These packages contain an assortment of unrelated functions, as such their utility is hard to describe in terms of what the package _provides_. This often leads to a package’s name being derived from what the package _contains_ —utilities. + +Package names like `utils` or `helpers` are commonly found in projects which have developed deep package hierarchies and want to share helper functions without introducing import loops. Extracting utility functions to new package breaks the import loop, but as the package stems from a design problem in the project, its name doesn’t reflect its purpose, only its function in breaking the import cycle. + +> [A little] duplication is far cheaper than the wrong abstraction. + +— [Sandy Metz][1] + +My recommendation to improve the name of `utils` or `helpers` packages is to analyse where they are imported and move the relevant functions into the calling package. Even if this results in some code duplication this is preferable to introducing an import dependency between two packages. In the case where utility functions are used in many places, prefer multiple packages, each focused on a single aspect with a correspondingly descriptive name. + +Packages with names like `base` or `common` are often found when functionality common to two or more related facilities, for example common types between a client and server or a server and its mock, has been refactored into a separate package. Instead the solution is to reduce the number of packages by combining client, server, and common code into a single package named after the facility the package provides. + +For example, the `net/http` package does not have `client` and `server` packages, instead it has `client.go` and `server.go` files, each holding their respective types. `transport.go` holds for the common message transport code used by both HTTP clients and servers. + +Name your packages after what they _provide_ , not what they _contain_. + +### Related posts: + + 1. [Simple profiling package moved, updated][2] + 2. [The package level logger anti pattern][3] + 3. [How to include C code in your Go package][4] + 4. [Why I think Go package management is important][5] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/01/08/avoid-package-names-like-base-util-or-common + +作者：[Dave Cheney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.sandimetz.com/blog/2016/1/20/the-wrong-abstraction +[2]: https://dave.cheney.net/2014/10/22/simple-profiling-package-moved-updated (Simple profiling package moved, updated) +[3]: https://dave.cheney.net/2017/01/23/the-package-level-logger-anti-pattern (The package level logger anti pattern) +[4]: https://dave.cheney.net/2013/09/07/how-to-include-c-code-in-your-go-package (How to include C code in your Go package) +[5]: https://dave.cheney.net/2013/10/10/why-i-think-go-package-management-is-important (Why I think Go package management is important) From 7650a5d0c2d8e510323e007b18755f26b642e85a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 17:42:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0481/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020181228=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20office=20coffee=20model=20of=20concurrent=20garbage=20collec?= =?UTF-8?q?tion=20sources/tech/20181228=20The=20office=20coffee=20model=20?= =?UTF-8?q?of=20concurrent=20garbage=20collection.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... model of concurrent garbage collection.md | 62 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 62 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20181228 The office coffee model of concurrent garbage collection.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20181228 The office coffee model of concurrent garbage collection.md b/sources/tech/20181228 The office coffee model of concurrent garbage collection.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..825eb4b536 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20181228 The office coffee model of concurrent garbage collection.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The office coffee model of concurrent garbage collection) +[#]: via: (https://dave.cheney.net/2018/12/28/the-office-coffee-model-of-concurrent-garbage-collection) +[#]: author: (Dave Cheney https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney) + +The office coffee model of concurrent garbage collection +====== + +Garbage collection is a field with its own terminology. Concepts like like _mutator_ s, _card marking_ , and _write barriers_ create a hurdle to understanding how garbage collectors work. Here’s an analogy to explain the operations of a concurrent garbage collector using everyday items found in the workplace. + +Before we discuss the operation of _concurrent_ garbage collection, let’s introduce the dramatis personae. In offices around the world you’ll find one of these: + +![][1] + +In the workplace coffee is a natural resource. Employees visit the break room and fill their cups as required. That is, until the point someone goes to fill their cup only to discover the pot is _empty_! + +Immediately the office is thrown into chaos. Meeting are called. Investigations are held. The perpetrator who took the last cup without refilling the machine is found and [reprimanded][2]. Despite many passive aggressive notes the situation keeps happening, thus a committee is formed to decide if a larger coffee pot should be requisitioned. Once the coffee maker is again full office productivity slowly returns to normal. + +This is the model of _stop the world_ garbage collection. The various parts of your program proceed through their day consuming memory, or in our analogy coffee, without a care about the next allocation that needs to be made. Eventually one unlucky attempt to allocate memory is made only to find the heap, or the coffee pot, exhausted, triggering a stop the world garbage collection. + +* * * + +Down the road at a more enlightened workplace, management have adopted a different strategy for mitigating their break room’s coffee problems. Their policy is simple: if the pot is more than half full, fill your cup and be on your way. However, if the pot is less than half full, _before_ filling your cup, you must add a little coffee and a little water to the top of the machine. In this way, by the time the next person arrives for their re-up, the level in the pot will hopefully have risen higher than when the first person found it. + +This policy does come at a cost to office productivity. Rather than filling their cup and hoping for the best, each worker may, depending on the aggregate level of consumption in the office, have to spend a little time refilling the percolator and topping up the water. However, this is time spent by a person who was already heading to the break room. It costs a few extra minutes to maintain the coffee machine, but does not impact their officemates who aren’t in need of caffeination. If several people take a break at the same time, they will all find the level in the pot below the half way mark and all proceed to top up the coffee maker–the more consumption, the greater the rate the machine will be refilled, although this takes a little longer as the break room becomes congested. + +This is the model of _concurrent garbage collection_ as practiced by the Go runtime (and probably other language runtimes with concurrent collectors). Rather than each heap allocation proceeding blindly until the heap is exhausted, leading to a long stop the world pause, concurrent collection algorithms spread the work of walking the heap to find memory which is no longer reachable over the parts of the program allocating memory. In this way the parts of the program which allocate memory each pay a small cost–in terms of latency–for those allocations rather than the whole program being forced to halt when the heap is exhausted. + +Lastly, in keeping with the office coffee model, if the rate of coffee consumption in the office is so high that management discovers that their staff are always in the break room trying desperately to refill the coffee machine, it’s time to invest in a machine with a bigger pot–or in garbage collection terms, grow the heap. + +### Related posts: + + 1. [Visualising the Go garbage collector][3] + 2. [A whirlwind tour of Go’s runtime environment variables][4] + 3. [Why is a Goroutine’s stack infinite ?][5] + 4. [Introducing Go 2.0][6] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://dave.cheney.net/2018/12/28/the-office-coffee-model-of-concurrent-garbage-collection + +作者：[Dave Cheney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://dave.cheney.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/20181204175004_79256.jpg +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ww86iaucd2A +[3]: https://dave.cheney.net/2014/07/11/visualising-the-go-garbage-collector (Visualising the Go garbage collector) +[4]: https://dave.cheney.net/2015/11/29/a-whirlwind-tour-of-gos-runtime-environment-variables (A whirlwind tour of Go’s runtime environment variables) +[5]: https://dave.cheney.net/2013/06/02/why-is-a-goroutines-stack-infinite (Why is a Goroutine’s stack infinite ?) +[6]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/10/25/introducing-go-2-0 (Introducing Go 2.0) From 2e560198a131f869be9c6b6c5bcd8ce919d90050 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 18:59:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0482/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190620=20Crac?= =?UTF-8?q?ks=20appear=20in=20Intel=E2=80=99s=20grip=20on=20supercomputing?= =?UTF-8?q?=20sources/talk/20190620=20Cracks=20appear=20in=20Intel-s=20gri?= =?UTF-8?q?p=20on=20supercomputing.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ppear in Intel-s grip on supercomputing.md | 63 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190620 Cracks appear in Intel-s grip on supercomputing.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190620 Cracks appear in Intel-s grip on supercomputing.md b/sources/talk/20190620 Cracks appear in Intel-s grip on supercomputing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5ff550d3fc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190620 Cracks appear in Intel-s grip on supercomputing.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cracks appear in Intel’s grip on supercomputing) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403443/cracks-appear-in-intels-grip-on-supercomputing.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +Cracks appear in Intel’s grip on supercomputing +====== +New competitors threaten to take Intel’s dominance in the high-performance computing (HPC) world, and we’re not even talking about AMD (yet). +![Randy Wong/LLNL][1] + +It’s June, so it’s that time again for the twice-yearly Top 500 supercomputer list, where bragging rights are established or, in most cases, reaffirmed. The list constantly shifts as new trends appear, and one of them might be a break in Intel’s dominance. + +[Supercomputers in the top 10 list][2] include a lot of IBM Power-based systems, and almost all run Nvidia GPUs. But there’s more going on than that. + +For starters, an ARM supercomputer has shown up, at #156. [Astra][3] at Sandia National Laboratories is an HPE system running Cavium (now Marvell) ThunderX2 processors. It debuted on the list at #204 last November, but thanks to upgrades, it has moved up the list. It won’t be the last ARM server to show up, either. + +**[ Also see:[10 of the world's fastest supercomputers][2] | Get daily insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][4] ]** + +Second is the appearance of four Nvidia DGX servers, with the [DGX SuperPOD][5] ranking the highest at #22. [DGX systems][6] are basically compact GPU boxes with a Xeon just to boot the thing. The GPUs do all the heavy lifting. + +AMD hasn’t shown up yet with the Epyc processors, but it will, given Cray is building them for the government. + +This signals a breaking up of the hold Intel has had on the high-performance computing (HPC) market for a long time, said Ashish Nadkarni, group vice president in IDC's worldwide infrastructure practice. “The Intel hold has already been broken up by all the accelerators in the supercomputing space. The more accelerators they use, the less need they have for Xeons. They can go with other processors that do justice to those accelerators,” he told me. + +With so much work in HPC and artificial intelligence (AI) being done by GPUs, the x86 processor becomes just a boot processor in a way. I wasn’t kidding about the DGX box. It’s got one Xeon and eight Tesla GPUs. And the Xeon is an E5, a midrange part. + +**[[Get certified as an Apple Technical Coordinator with this seven-part online course from PluralSight.][7] ]** + +“They don’t need high-end Xeons in servers any more, although there’s a lot of supercomputers that just use CPUs. The fact is there are so many options now,” said Nadkarni. One example of an all-CPU system is [Frontera][8], a Dell-based system at the Texas Advanced Computing Center in Austin. + +The top two computers, Sierra and Summit, both run IBM Power9 RISC processors, as well as Nvidia GPUs. All told, Nvidia is in 125 of the 500 supercomputers, including five of the top 10, the fastest computer in the world, the fastest in Europe (Piz Daint) and the fastest in Japan (ABCI). + +Lenovo was the top hardware provider, beating out Dell, HPE, and IBM combined. That’s because of its large presence in its native China. Nadkari said Lenovo, which acquired the IBM x86 server business in 2014, has benefitted from the IBM installed base, which has continued wanting the same tech from Lenovo under new ownership. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][9] and [LinkedIn][10] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403443/cracks-appear-in-intels-grip-on-supercomputing.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/10/sierra875x500-100778404-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236875/embargo-10-of-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputers.html +[3]: https://www.top500.org/system/179565 +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[5]: https://www.top500.org/system/179691 +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3196088/nvidias-new-volta-based-dgx-1-supercomputer-puts-400-servers-in-a-box.html +[7]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fapple-certified-technical-trainer-10-11 +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236875/embargo-10-of-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputers.html#slide7 +[9]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[10]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 0510dd29620f314b088f9de12b02f47e3fbbe2b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Name1e5s Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 21:15:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0483/1265] [Translating] A Quick Look at Elvish Shell --- sources/tech/20190528 A Quick Look at Elvish Shell.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190528 A Quick Look at Elvish Shell.md b/sources/tech/20190528 A Quick Look at Elvish Shell.md index 778965d442..82927332a7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190528 A Quick Look at Elvish Shell.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190528 A Quick Look at Elvish Shell.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by name1e5s [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) From dffa4d6d087b4dd98b87514007e97490272a0398 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: yuqi Date: Thu, 20 Jun 2019 23:33:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0484/1265] 20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md translating complete --- ...190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md | 84 ------------------- ...190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md | 83 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md b/sources/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md deleted file mode 100644 index 995d678073..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,84 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (oneforalone) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Emacs for (even more of) the win) -[#]: via: (https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs) -[#]: author: (Norman Walsh https://so.nwalsh.com) - -Emacs for (even more of) the win -====== - -I use Emacs every day. I rarely notice it. But when I do, it usually brings me joy. - ->If you are a professional writer…Emacs outshines all other editing software in approximately the same way that the noonday sun does the stars. It is not just bigger and brighter; it simply makes everything else vanish. - -I’ve been using [Emacs][1] for well over twenty years. I use it for writing almost anything and everything (I edit Scala and Java in [IntelliJ][2]). I read my email in it. If it can be done in Emacs, that’s where I prefer to do it. - -Although I’ve used Emacs for literally decades, I realized around the new year that very little about my use of Emacs had changed in the past decade or more. New editing modes had come along, of course, I’d picked up a package or two, and I did adopt [Helm][3] a few years ago, but mostly it just did all the heavy lifting that I required of it, day in and day out without complaining or getting in my way. On the one hand, that’s a testament to how good it is. On the other hand, that’s an invitation to dig in and see what I’ve missed. - -At about the same time, I resolved to improve several aspects of my work life: - - * **Better meeting management.** I’m lead on a couple of projects at work and those projects have meetings, both regularly scheduled and ad hoc; some of them I run, some of them, I only attend. - -I realized I’d become sloppy about my participation in meetings. It’s all too easy sit in a room where there’s a meeting going on but actually read email and work on other items. (I strongly oppose the “no laptops” rule in meetings, but that’s a topic for another day.) - -There are a couple of problems with sloppy participation. First, it’s disrespectful to the person who convened the meeting and the other participants. That’s actually sufficient reason not to do it, but I think there’s another problem: it disguises the cost of meetings. - -If you’re in a meeting but also answering your email and maybe fixing a bug, then that meeting didn’t cost anything (or as much). If meetings are cheap, then there will be more of them. - -I want fewer, shorter meetings. I don’t want to disguise their cost, I want them to be perceived as damned expensive and to be avoided unless absolutely necessary. - -Sometimes, they are absolutely necessary. And I appreciate that a quick meeting can sometimes resolve an issue quickly. But if I have ten short meetings a day, let’s not pretend that I’m getting anything else productive accomplished. - -I resolved to take notes at all the meetings I attend. I’m not offering to take minutes, necessarily, but I am taking minutes of a sort. It keeps me focused on the meeting and not catching up on other things. - - * **Better time management.** There are lots and lots of things that I need or want to do, both professionally and personally. I’ve historically kept track off some of them in issue lists, some in saved email threads (in Emacs and [Gmail][4], for slightly different types of reminders), in my calendar, on “todo lists” of various sorts on my phone, and on little scraps of paper. And probably other places as well. - -I resolved to keep them all in one place. Not because I think there’s one place that’s uniformly best or better, but because I hope to accomplish two things. First, by having them all in one place, I hope to be able to develop a better and more holistic view of where I’m putting my energies. Second, because I want to develop a habitn. “A settled or regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up.” of recording, tracking, and preserving them. - - * **Better accountability.** If you work in certain science or engineering disciplines, you will have developed the habit of keeping a [lab notebook][5]. Alas, I did not. But I resolved to do so. - -I’m not interested in the legal aspects that encourage bound pages or scribing only in permanent marker. What I’m interested in is developing the habit of keeping a record. My goal is to have a place to jot down ideas and design sketches and the like. If I have sudden inspiration or if I think of an edge case that isn’t in the test suite, I want my instinct to be to write it in my journal instead of scribbling it on a scrap of paper or promising myself that I’ll remember it. - - - - -This confluence of resolutions led me quickly and more-or-less directly to [Org][6]. There is a large, active, and loyal community of Org users. I’ve played with it in the past (I even [wrote about it][7], at least in passing, a couple of years ago) and I tinkered long enough to [integrate MarkLogic][8] into it. (Boy has that paid off in the last week or two!) - -But I never used it. - -I am now using it. I take minutes in it, I record all of my todo items in it, and I keep a journal in it. I’m not sure there’s much value in me attempting to wax eloquent about it or enumerate all its features, you’ll find plenty of either with a quick web search. - -If you use Emacs, you should be using Org. If you don’t use Emacs, I’m confident you wouldn’t be the first person who started because of Org. It does a lot. It takes a little time to learn your way around and remember the shortcuts, but I think it’s worth it. (And if you carry an [iOS][9] device in your pocket, I recommend [beorg][10] for recording items while you’re on the go.) - -Naturally, I worked out how to [get XML out of it][11]⊕“Worked out” sure is a funny way to spell “hacked together in elisp.”. And from there, how to turn it back into the markup my weblog expects (and do so at the push of a button in Emacs, of course). So this is the first posting written in Org. It won’t be the last. - -P.S. Happy birthday [little weblog][12]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs - -作者：[Norman Walsh][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://so.nwalsh.com -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs -[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA -[3]: https://emacs-helm.github.io/helm/ -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail -[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_notebook -[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org-mode -[7]: https://www.balisage.net/Proceedings/vol17/html/Walsh01/BalisageVol17-Walsh01.html -[8]: https://github.com/ndw/ob-ml-marklogic/ -[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS -[10]: https://beorgapp.com/ -[11]: https://github.com/ndw/org-to-xml -[12]: https://so.nwalsh.com/2017/03/01/helloWorld diff --git a/translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md b/translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..16313fc019 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (oneforalone) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Emacs for (even more of) the win) +[#]: via: (https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs) +[#]: author: (Norman Walsh https://so.nwalsh.com) + +Emacs 的胜利（或是更多） +====== + +我天天用 Emacs，但我却从意识到。但是每当我用 Emacs 时，它都给我带来了很多乐趣。 + +>如果你是个职业作家……Emacs 与其它的编辑器的相比就如皓日与群星一样。不仅更大、更亮，它轻而易举就让其他所有的东西都消失了。 + +我用 [Emacs][1] 已有二十多年了。我用它来写几乎所有的东西（Scala 和 Java 我用 [IntelliJ][2]）。看邮件的话我是能在 Emacs 里看就在里面看。 + +尽管我用 Emacs 已有数十年，我在新年前后才意识到，在过去10年或更长时间里，我对 Emacs 的使用几乎没有什么变化。当然，新的编辑模式出现了，我就会选一两个插件，几年前我确实是用了 [Helm][3]，但大多数时候，它只是完成了我需要的所有繁重工作，日复一日，没有抱怨，也没有妨碍我。一方面，这证明了它有多好。另一方面，这是一个邀请，让我深入挖掘，看看我错过了什么。 + +于此同时，我也决定从以下几方面改进我的工作方式： + + * **更好的议程管理** 我在工作中负责几个项目，这些项目有定期和临时的会议;有些我是我主持的，有些我只要参加就可以。 + +我意识到我对开会变得草率起来了了。坐在一个有会议要开的房间里实在是太容易了，但实际上你可以阅读电子邮件，处理其他事情。(我强烈反对在会议中“禁止携带笔记本电脑”的这条规定，但这就是另一个话题。) + +草率地去开会有几个问题。首先，这是对主持会议的人和其他参与者的不尊重。实际上这是不这么做的完美理由，但我还有意识到令一个问题：它忽视了会议的成本。 + +如果你在开会，但同时还要回复电子邮件，也许还要改 bug，那么这个会议就不需要花费任何东西（或同样多的钱）。如果会议成本低廉，那么会议数量将会更多。 + +我想要少点、短些的会议。我不想忽视它们的成本，我想让开会变得很有价值，除非绝对必要，否则就可以避免。 + +有时，开会是很有必要的。而且我认为一个简短的会能够很快的解决问题。但是，如果我一天有十个短会的话，那还是不要说我做了些有成果的事吧。 + +我决定在我参加的所有的会上做笔记。我并不是说一定要做会议记录，而是我在做某种会议记录。这会让我把注意力集中在开会上，而忽略其他事。 + + * **更好的时间管理** 我有很多要做和想做的事，或工作的或私人的。之前，我有在问题清单和邮件进程（Emacs 和 [Gmail][4] 中，用于一些稍微不同的提醒）、日历、手机上各种各样的“待办事项列表”和小纸片上记录过它们。可能还有其他地方。 + +我决定把它们放在一起。不是说我认为有一个地方就最好或更好，而是说我想完成两件事。首先，把它们都放在一个地方，我能够对我把精力放在哪里有一个更好、更全面的看法。第二，也是因为我想养成一个习惯。固定的或有规律的倾向或行为，尤指难以放弃的。记录、跟踪并保存它们。 + + * **更好的说明** 如果你在某些科学或工程领域工作，你就会养成记笔记的习惯。唉，我没有。但我决定这么做。 + +我对法律上鼓励装订页面或做永久标记并不感兴趣。我感兴趣的是养成做记录的习惯。我的目标是有一个地方记下想法和设计草图等。如果我突然有了灵感，或者我想到了一个不在测试套件中的边缘案例，我希望我的本能是把它写在我的日志中，而不是草草写在一张小纸片上，或者向自己保证我会记住它。 + + + +这些决心让我很快或多或少地转到了 [Org][6]。Org 有一个庞大的、活跃的、忠诚的用户社区。我以前也用过它(顺带一提，我有[写过][7]它，至少在几年前)，我花了很长的一段时间（将 [MarkLogic 集成][8]到其中。（天哪，这在过去的一两个星期里得到了回报！） + +但我从没用过 Org。 + +我现在正在用它。我用了几分钟，我把所有要做的事情都记录下来，我还记了日记。我不确定我试图对它进行边界或列举它的所有特性有多大价值，你可以通过网页快速地搜索找到很多。 + +如果你用 Emacs，那你也应该用 Org。如果没用过Emacs，我相信你不会是第一个因 Org 而使用 Emacs 的人。Org 可以做很多。它需要一点时间来学习你的方法和快捷键，但我认为这是值得的。(如果你的口袋中有一台 [iOS][9] 设备，我推荐你在忙的时候使用 [beorg][10] 来记录。) + +当然，我想出了如何[将 XML 从其中提取出来][11]⊕“working out” 确实是“用 elisp 来编程”的一种有趣的拼写方式。然后，如何将它转换回我的 weblog 期望的标记（当然，在 Emacs 中按下一个按钮就可以做到）。这是第一次用 Org 写的帖子。这也不会是最后一次。 + +附注：生日快乐，[小博客][12]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs + +作者：[Norman Walsh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[oneforalone](https://github.com/oneforalone) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://so.nwalsh.com +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA +[3]: https://emacs-helm.github.io/helm/ +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_notebook +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org-mode +[7]: https://www.balisage.net/Proceedings/vol17/html/Walsh01/BalisageVol17-Walsh01.html +[8]: https://github.com/ndw/ob-ml-marklogic/ +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS +[10]: https://beorgapp.com/ +[11]: https://github.com/ndw/org-to-xml +[12]: https://so.nwalsh.com/2017/03/01/helloWorld From 23faef53e58505349f8508b4fe6b5cffb8814c9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 01:29:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0485/1265] PRF:20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md @wxy --- ...music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md | 25 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md b/translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md index d81d9e27d4..b491d64758 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Open hardware for musicians and music lovers: Headphone, amps, and more) @@ -10,40 +10,39 @@ 音乐家和音乐爱好者的开放硬件：耳机、放大器等 ====== -从 3D 打印乐器到将隔空播放声音的设备，有很多可以通过开放硬件项目来制造音乐的方法。 +> 从 3D 打印乐器到无线播放声音的设备，有很多通过开放硬件项目来奏乐的方法。 ![][1] -这个世界到处都是很棒的[开源音乐播放器][2]，但为什么只是将开源用在播放音乐上呢？你还可以使用开源硬件制造音乐。本文中描述的所有工具都是经过了[开源硬件协会][3]（OSHWA）认证的。这意味着你可以自由地构建它们，重新组合它们，或者用它们做任何其他事情。 +这个世界到处都是很棒的[开源音乐播放器][2]，但为什么只是将开源用在播放音乐上呢？你还可以使用开源硬件奏乐。本文中描述的所有工具都是经过了[开源硬件协会][3]（OSHWA）认证的。这意味着你可以自由地构建它们，重新组合它们，或者用它们做任何其他事情。 ### 开源乐器 -当你想制作音乐时，乐器始终是一个好的起点。如果你更倾向于传统的的乐器，那么[F-F-Fiddle][4]可能适合你。 +当你想奏乐时使用乐器总是最好的方式之一。如果你喜欢传统的的乐器，那么 [F-F-Fiddle][4] 可能适合你。 ![F-f-fiddle][5] -F-F-Fiddle 是一款全尺寸电子小提琴，你可以使用标准桌面 3D 打印机制作（[熔丝制造][6]）。如果你觉得眼见为真，那么这里有一个 F-F-Fiddle 的视频： https://youtu.be/8NDWVcJJS2Y +F-F-Fiddle 是一款全尺寸电子小提琴，你可以使用标准的桌面 3D 打印机制作（采用[熔丝制造][6]）。如果你想眼见为真，那么这里有一个 F-F-Fiddle 的视频： https://img.linux.net.cn/static/video/The%20F-F-Fiddle-8NDWVcJJS2Y.mp4 -精通小提琴，但还对一些更具异国情调的东西感兴趣？[开源特雷门琴][7]Open Theremin怎么样？ +如果你精通小提琴，但还对一些更具异国情调的东西感兴趣？[开源的特雷门琴][7]Open Theremin怎么样？ ![Open Theremin][8] 与所有特雷门琴一样，开源特雷门琴可让你在不触碰乐器的情况下播放音乐。当然，它特别擅长为你的下一个科幻视频或空间主题派对制作[令人毛骨悚然的空间声音][9]。 -[Waft][10] 的操作类似，也可以远程控制声音。它使用[激光雷达][11]来测量手与传感器的距离。看看这个： https://vimeo.com/203705197 +[Waft][10] 的操作类似，也可以远程控制声音。它使用[激光雷达][11]来测量手与传感器的距离。看看这个： https://img.linux.net.cn/static/video/Waft%20Prototype%2012-Feb-2017-203705197.mp4 Waft 是特雷门琴吗？我不确定算不算，特雷门琴高手可以在下面的评论里发表一下看法。 -如果特雷门琴对你来说太熟悉了，[SIGNUM][12]可能就是你想要的。用其开发人员的话说，SIGNUM 通过将不可见的无线通信转换为可听信号来“揭示加密的信息代码和人/机通信的语言”。 +如果特雷门琴对你来说太熟悉了，[SIGNUM][12] 可能就是你想要的。用其开发人员的话说，SIGNUM 通过将不可见的无线通信转换为可听信号来“揭示加密的信息代码和人/机通信的语言”。 ![SIGNUM][13] -这是演示： https://vimeo.com/142831757 - +这是演示： https://img.linux.net.cn/static/video/SIGNUM_Portable%20Analog%20Instrumentation%20Amplifier-142831757.mp4 ### 输入 -无论你使用什么乐器，都需要将其插入某些东西。如果你想要连接到树莓派，请尝试 [AudioSense-Pi][14]，它允许你一次将多个输入和输出连接到你的树莓派。 +无论你使用什么乐器，都需要将其接到某些东西上。如果你想要连接到树莓派，请尝试 [AudioSense-Pi][14]，它允许你一次将多个输入和输出连接到你的树莓派。 ![AudioSense-Pi][15] @@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ Waft 是特雷门琴吗？我不确定算不算，特雷门琴高手可以在下 ### 耳机 -制作所有这些音乐很棒，但你还需要考虑如何听它。幸运的是，[EQ-1耳机][18]是开源和可以 3D 打印的。 +制作所有这些音乐很棒，但你还需要考虑如何听它。幸运的是，[EQ-1耳机][18]是开源，支持 3D 打印。 ![EQ-1 headphones][19] @@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/hardware-music 作者：[Michael Weinberg][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9f1b862afcdbd2789bc3747dd0c09947464f7d54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 01:31:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0486/1265] PUB:20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-10998-1.html --- ...r musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md b/published/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md rename to published/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md index b491d64758..03a5f4dd47 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md +++ b/published/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10998-1.html) [#]: subject: (Open hardware for musicians and music lovers: Headphone, amps, and more) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/hardware-music) [#]: author: (Michael Weinberg https://opensource.com/users/mweinberg) From c38b3d8b8023023bcc64b135ecf0b6ec264779d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 01:44:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0487/1265] PRF:20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md @geekpi --- ... alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md | 28 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md index 23f95600d7..831723db0f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/) [#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/) -在 Fedora 中安装替代版本的 RPM +在 Fedora 中安装替代版本的 RPM 包 ====== ![][1] -[模块化][2]（Modularity）使 Fedora 能够在仓库中提供替代版本的 RPM 软件包。为每个 Fedroa 版本原生构建了多个不同的应用、语言运行时和工具版本。 +[模块化][2]Modularity使 Fedora 能够在仓库中提供替代版本的 RPM 软件包。每个 Fedroa 版本可以原生构建不同应用、语言运行时和工具版本的多个版本。 -Fedora Magazine 大约一年前就写了 [Fedora 28 服务器版的模块化][3]。那时，它只是一个有附加内容的可选仓库，并且明确只支持服务器版。到目前为止，它已经发生了很多变化，现在**模块化是 Fedora 发行版的核心部分**。一些软件包已完全变成模块。在编写本文时，Fedora 30 的 49,464 个二进制 RPM 软件包中的 1,119（2.26％）来自一个模块（[关于这个数字的更多信息][4]）。 +Fedora Magazine 大约一年前就写了 [Fedora 28 服务器版的模块化][3]。那时，它只是一个有附加内容的可选仓库，并且明确只支持服务器版。到目前为止，它已经发生了很多变化，现在**模块化是 Fedora 发行版的核心部分**。一些软件包已完全变成模块。在编写本文时，Fedora 30 的 49,464 个二进制 RPM 软件包中的 1,119（2.26％）来自模块（[关于这个数字的更多信息][4]）。 ### 模块化基础知识 -由于许多软件包有不同的版本会让人难以承受（并且难以管理），所以包被分组为**模块**，这代表一个应用程序、一个语言运行时或任何其他合理的组。 +由于许多软件包有不同的版本会让人难以承受（并且难以管理），所以包被分组为**模块**，它可以代表一个应用程序、一个语言运行时或任何其他合理的组。 模块通常有多个**流**，这通常代表软件的主要版本。它可以并行使用，但在给定系统上只能安装每个模块的一个流。 @@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ Fedora Magazine 大约一年前就写了 [Fedora 28 服务器版的模块化][3] ### 实际使用模块化 -当你在 Fedora 系统上安装 RPM 软件包时，它很可能它来自模块流。你可能没有注意到的原因之一是模块化的核心原则之一是在你要了解之前保持不可见。 +当你在 Fedora 系统上安装 RPM 软件包时，它很可能它来自模块流。你可能没有注意到的原因之一是模块化的核心原则之一是在你探究之前保持不可见。 -让我们比较以下两种情况。首先，安装流行的 _i3_ 平铺窗口管理器，然后安装极简化的 _dwm_ 窗口管理器： +让我们比较以下两种情况。首先，安装流行的 i3 平铺窗口管理器，然后安装极简化的 dwm 窗口管理器： ``` $ sudo dnf install i3 @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ $ sudo dnf install i3 Done! ``` -正如所料，上面的命令会在系统上安装 _i3_ 包及其依赖项。这里没有其他事情发生。但另一个会怎么样？ +正如所料，上面的命令会在系统上安装 i3 包及其依赖项。这里没有其他事情发生。但另一个会怎么样？ ``` $ sudo dnf install dwm @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ Enabling module streams: Done! ``` -感觉是一样的，但后台发生了一些事情 。它启用了默认的 _dwm_ 模块流 （_6.1_），并且安装了模块中的 _dwm_ 包。 +感觉是一样的，但后台发生了一些事情 。它启用了默认的 dwm 模块流（6.1），并且安装了模块中的 dwm 包。 为了保持透明，输出中有一条关于模块自动启用的消息。但除此之外，用户不需要了解模块化的任何信息，以便按照他们一贯的方式使用他们的系统。 -但如果他们使用模块化方式呢？让我们看看如何安装不同版本的 _dwm_。 +但如果他们使用模块化方式呢？让我们看看如何安装不同版本的 dwm。 使用以下命令查看可用的模块流： @@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ dwm 6.2 ... Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled ``` -输出显示 _dwm_ 模块有四个流，_6.1_ 是默认值。 +输出显示 dwm 模块有四个流，6.1 是默认值。 -要安装不同版本的 _dwm_ 包，例如，安装 _6.2_ 的流。启用他，然后使用以下两个命令安装软件包： +要安装不同版本的 dwm 包，例如，安装 6.2 的流。启用它，然后使用以下两个命令安装软件包： ``` $ sudo dnf module enable dwm:6.2 @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/ 作者：[Adam Šamalík][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -128,6 +128,6 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/modularity-f30-816x345.jpg [2]: https://docs.pagure.org/modularity -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/modularity-fedora-28-server-edition/ +[3]: https://linux.cn/article-10479-1.html [4]: https://blog.samalik.com/2019/06/12/counting-modularity-packages.html [5]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/modularity/using-modules/ From 3c9e3f6e0dfa6d49acdddb62bac4da1e9a229a1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 01:45:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0488/1265] PUB:20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-10999-1.html --- ...90612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md b/published/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md rename to published/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md index 831723db0f..54406f13ba 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md +++ b/published/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10999-1.html) [#]: subject: (Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/) [#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/) From 0be233d8d85b4d2c756245b056949a4955f578dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 02:12:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0489/1265] PRF:20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md @chen-ni --- ...hould release their code as open source.md | 28 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md b/translated/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md index f5da2b2148..7256e60b3a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Why startups should release their code as open source) @@ -9,32 +9,34 @@ 为什么初创公司应该将代码开源 ====== -Dokit 曾经怀疑将自己的知识开源可能是一个失败的商业决策，然而正是这个选择奠定了它的成功。 + +> Dokit 曾经怀疑将自己的知识开源可能是一个失败的商业决策，然而正是这个选择奠定了它的成功。 + ![open source button on keyboard][1] -回想一个项目开展最初期的细节并不是一件容易的事情，但有时候可以帮助你更清晰地理解这个项目。如果让我来说，关于 [Dokit][2] 这个用来创建用户手册和文档的平台的最早的想法来自我的童年。小时候我家里都是 Meccano（译注：一种类似乐高的拼装玩具）和飞机模型之类的玩具，对于我来说，游戏中很重要的一部分就是动手制作，把独立的零件组装在一起来创造一个新的东西。我父亲在一家 DIY 公司工作，所以家里的很多东西也都和建筑、修理，以及使用说明书有关。小的时候父母还让我参加了童子军，在那里我们制作桌子和帐篷，还有泥巴做的烧烤炉，这些事情都培养了我在共同学习中感受到的乐趣，就像我在开源活动中感受到的一样。 +回想一个项目开展最初期的细节并不是一件容易的事情，但这有时候可以帮助你更清晰地理解这个项目。如果让我来说，关于 [Dokit][2] 这个用来创建用户手册和文档的平台的最早的想法来自我的童年。小时候我家里都是 Meccano（LCTT 译注：一种类似乐高的拼装玩具）和飞机模型之类的玩具，对于我来说，游戏中很重要的一部分就是动手制作，把独立的零件组装在一起来创造一个新的东西。我父亲在一家 DIY 公司工作，所以家里到处都建筑、修理，以及使用说明书。小的时候父母还让我参加了童子军，在那里我们制作桌子和帐篷，还有泥巴做的烧烤炉，这些事情都培养了我在共同学习中感受到的乐趣，就像我在开源活动中感受到的一样。 -在童年学到的修理东西和回收产品的艺术后来成为了我工作的一部分。后来我决心要用线上的方式，还原这种在家里或者小组里学习如何制作和修理东西时的那种非常棒的感觉。Dokit 就从这个想法中诞生了。 +在童年学到的修理东西和回收产品的本领成为了我工作的一部分。后来我决心要用线上的方式，还原这种在家里或者小组里学习如何制作和修理东西时的那种非常棒的感觉。Dokit 就从这个想法中诞生了。 ### 创业初期 -事情并非一帆风顺，在我们的公司于 2017 年成立之后，我很快就意识到那些最庞大、最值得奋斗的目标一般来说也总是最困难的。如果想要实现我们的计划 —— 彻底改变 [人们旧有的编写和发行说明书和用户手册的方式][3]，并且在这个细分市场（我们非常清楚这一点）里取得最大的影响力 —— 那么确立一个主导任务就十分关键，它关乎项目的组织方式。我们据此做出了第一个重要决策：首先 [在短时间内使用一个已有的开源框架 MediaWiki 制作产品原型来验证我们的想法][4]，然后将我们的全部代码都作为开源项目发布。 +事情并非一帆风顺，在我们的公司于 2017 年成立之后，我很快就意识到那些最庞大、最值得奋斗的目标一般来说也总是最困难的。如果想要实现我们的计划 —— 彻底改变 [老式的说明书和用户手册的编写和发行方式][3]，并且在这个细分市场（我们非常清楚这一点）里取得最大的影响力 —— 那么确立一个主导任务就十分关键，它关乎项目的组织方式。我们据此做出了第一个重要决策：首先 [在短时间内使用一个已有的开源框架 MediaWiki 制作产品原型来验证我们的想法][4]，然后将我们的全部代码都作为开源项目发布。 -当时 [MediaWiki][5] 已经在正常运作了，事后看来，这一点让我们的决策变得容易了许多。这个平台已经拥有我们设想的最小可用产品（MVP）所需要的 90% 的功能，并且在全世界范围内有 15000 名活跃的开发者。MediaWiki 因为是维基百科的驱动引擎而小有名气，如果没有来自它的支持，事情对我们来说无疑会困难很多。还有一个许多公司都在使用的文档平台 Confluence 也有一些不错的功能，但是最终还是不难在这两者之间做出选择。 +当时 [MediaWiki][5] 已经在正常运作了，事后看来，这一点让我们的决策变得容易了许多。这个平台已经拥有我们设想的最小可用产品（MVP）所需要的 90% 的功能，并且在全世界范围内有 15000 名活跃的开发者。MediaWiki 因为是维基百科的驱动引擎而小有名气，如果没有来自它的支持，事情对我们来说无疑会困难很多。还有一个许多公司都在使用的文档平台 Confluence 也有一些不错的功能，但是最终在这两者之间做出选择还是很容易的。 -出于对 Github 的信赖，我们把自己平台的初始版本完全放在了这个社区上。我们甚至还没有真正开始进行推广，就已经可以看到世界各地的制造者开始使用我们的平台，这种令人激动的感觉似乎说明我们的选择是正确的。尽管 [制造商以及 Fablab 运动][6]（译注： Fablab 是一种向个人提供包括 3D 打印在内的电子化制造服务的小型工坊）都在鼓励用户积极分享说明材料，并且在 [Fablab 契约][7] 中也写明了这一点，现实中像模像样的文档还是不太多见。 +出于对社区的信赖，我们把自己平台的初始版本完全放在了 GitHub 上。我们甚至还没有真正开始进行推广，就已经可以看到世界各地的创客们开始使用我们的平台，这种令人激动的感觉似乎说明我们的选择是正确的。尽管 [创客以及 Fablab 运动][6]（LCTT 译注：Fablab 是一种向个人提供包括 3D 打印在内的电子化制造服务的小型工坊）都在鼓励用户积极分享说明材料，并且在 [Fablab 章程][7] 中也写明了这一点，但现实中像模像样的文档还是不太多见。 -人们喜欢使用我们这个平台的首要原因是它可以解决一个非常实在的问题：一个本来还不错的项目，却使用了非常糟糕的文档 —— 其实这个项目本来可以变得更好的。对我们来说，这有点儿像是在修复 DIY 以及动手爱好者社区里的一个裂缝。在我们的平台发布后的一年之内，Fablabs、[Wikifab][8]、[Open Source Ecology][9]、[Les Petits Debrouillards][10]、[Ademe][11] 以及 [Low-Tech Lab][12] 都在他们的服务器上安装了我们的工具，用来制作逐步引导的教程。 +人们喜欢使用我们这个平台的首要原因是它可以解决一个非常实在的问题：一个本来还不错的项目，却使用了非常糟糕的文档 —— 其实这个项目本来可以变得更好的。对我们来说，这有点儿像是在修复创客及 DIY 社区里的一个裂缝。在我们的平台发布后的一年之内，Fablabs、[Wikifab][8]、[Open Source Ecology][9]、[Les Petits Debrouillards][10]、[Ademe][11] 以及 [Low-Tech Lab][12] 都在他们的服务器上安装了我们的工具，用来制作逐步引导的教程。 -甚至在我们还没有发新闻稿之前，我们的其中一个用户 Wikifab 就开始在全国性媒体上收到“DIY 界的维基百科”这样的称赞了。仅仅两年之内，我们看到有数百的社区都在他们自己的 Dokits 上开展了项目，从有意思的、搞笑的，到那种很正式的产品手册都有。这种社区的力量正是我们想要驾驭的，并且有这么多的项目 —— 从风力涡轮机到宠物喂食器 —— 都在使用我们创建的平台编写非常有吸引力的产品手册，这件事情真的令我们赞叹不已。 +甚至在我们还没有发新闻稿之前，我们的其中一个用户 Wikifab 就开始在全国性媒体上收到“DIY 界的维基百科”这样的称赞了。短短两年之内，我们看到有数百的社区都在他们自己的 Dokits 上开展了项目，从有意思的、搞笑的，到那种很正式的产品手册都有。这种社区的力量正是我们想要驾驭的，并且有这么多的项目 —— 从风力涡轮机到宠物喂食器 —— 都在使用我们创建的平台编写非常有吸引力的产品手册，这件事情真的令我们赞叹不已。 ### 项目开源 回头看看前两年的成功，很明显选择开源是我们能迅速取得成果的关键因素。最有价值的事情就是在开源项目中获得反馈的能力了。如果一段代码无法正常运行，[会有人立刻告诉我们][14]。如果可以从这些已经在使用你提供的服务的人那里学到这么多东西，为什么还要需要等着和顾问们开会呢？ -Github 社区对我们这个项目的关注程度也反映出了这个市场的潜力（包括利润上的潜力）。[巴黎有非常好的、成长迅速的开发者社区][15]（译注：Dokit 是一家设立在巴黎的公司），但是开源将我们从一个只有数千当地人的小池子里带到了全世界数百万的开发者身边，他们都将成为我们的创作中的一部分。与此同时，代码的开放性也让我们的用户和客户更加放心，因为即使我们这个公司不在了，代码仍然会存续下去。 +社区对我们这个项目的关注程度也反映出了这个市场的潜力（包括利润上的潜力）。[巴黎有一个非常好的、成长迅速的开发者社区][15]（LCTT 译注：Dokit 是一家设立在巴黎的公司），但是开源将我们从一个只有数千当地人的小池子里带到了全世界数百万的开发者身边，他们都将成为我们的创作中的一部分。与此同时，代码的开放性也让我们的用户和客户更加放心，因为即使我们这个公司不在了，代码仍然会存续下去。 -如果说上面这些都是在我们之前对开源的预期之中的话，其实这一路上也有不少惊喜。因为开源，我们获得了更多的客户、声望以及精准推广，这种推广本来以我们有限的预算是负担不起的，现在却不需要我们支付费用。开放代码还优化了我们的招聘流程，因为在雇佣之前就可以通过我们的代码来测试候选人，并且被雇佣之后的入职过程也会更加顺利。 +如果说上面这些都是在我们之前对开源的预期之中的话，其实这一路上也有不少惊喜。因为开源，我们获得了更多的客户、声望以及精准推广，这种推广本来以我们有限的预算是负担不起的，现在却不需要我们支付费用。我们发现开源代码还改善了我们的招聘流程，因为在雇佣之前就可以通过我们的代码来测试候选人，并且被雇佣之后的入职过程也会更加顺利。 开发者在完全公开的情况下写代码，既有一点尴尬，同时也很团结，这对我们提升产品质量很有帮助。人们可以互相发表意见和反馈，并且因为工作都是完全公开的，人们似乎会尽可能地想做到最好。为了不断优化、不断重构 Dokit 的运行方式，我们明白未来应该在对社区的支持上做得更好。 @@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ Github 社区对我们这个项目的关注程度也反映出了这个市场的 在创业初期，我们对将自己的知识免费分发出去这件事还是非常担心的。事实证明正好相反 —— 正是开源让我们能够迅速构建起一个可持续的初创企业。Dokit 平台的设计初衷是通过社区的支持，让它的用户有信心去构建、组装、修理和创造全新的发明。事后看来，我们用开源的方式去构建了 Dokit 这个平台，这和 Dokit 本身想做的其实正好是同一件事情。 -如同修理或者组装一件实体产品一样，只有当你对自己的方法有信心的时候，事情才会越来越顺利。现在，在我们创业的第三个年头，我们开始注意到全世界对这个领域的兴趣在增加，因为它迎合了出于不断变化的居家和生活方式的需求而 [想要使用、重复利用以及组装产品的新一代客户][16]。我们正是在通过线上社区的支持，创造一个让大家能够在自己动手做东西的时候感到更加有信心的平台。 +如同修理或者组装一件实体产品一样，只有当你对自己的方法有信心的时候，事情才会越来越顺利。现在，在我们创业的第三个年头，我们开始注意到全世界对这个领域的兴趣在增加，因为它迎合了出于不断变化的居家和生活方式的需求而 [想要使用或重复利用以及组装产品的新一代客户][16]。我们正是在通过线上社区的支持，创造一个让大家能够在自己动手做东西的时候感到更加有信心的平台。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/startups-release-code 作者：[Clément Flipo][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5a04dbce29b3856950663acfcbfafba0b6f22d49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 02:16:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0490/1265] PUB:20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-11000-1.html --- ...8 Why startups should release their code as open source.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md b/published/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md rename to published/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md index 7256e60b3a..ff12c65320 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md +++ b/published/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11000-1.html) [#]: subject: (Why startups should release their code as open source) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/startups-release-code) [#]: author: (Clément Flipo https://opensource.com/users/cl%C3%A9ment-flipo) From 09c76244b9c30499a1aab19c4296438c16b4346e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 09:10:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0491/1265] translated --- ...19 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md | 60 ------------------- ...19 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7feffbf41b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/get-the-latest-ansible-2-8-in-fedora/) -[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/) - -Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora -====== - -![][1] - -Ansible is one of the most popular automation engines in the world. It lets you automate virtually anything, from setup of a local system to huge groups of platforms and apps. It’s cross platform, so you can use it with all sorts of operating systems. Read on for more information on how to get the latest Ansible in Fedora, some of its changes and improvements, and how to put it to use. - -### Releases and features - -Ansible 2.8 was recently released with many fixes, features, and enhancements. It was available in Fedora mere days afterward as an official update in Fedora 29 and 30, as well as EPEL. The follow-on version 2.8.1 released two weeks ago. Again, the new release was available within a few days in Fedora. - -Installation is, of course, easy to do from the official Fedora repositories [using sudo][2]: - -``` -$ sudo dnf -y install ansible -``` - -The 2.8 release has a long list of changes, and you can read them in the [Porting Guide for 2.8][3]. But they include some goodies, such as _Python interpreter discovery._ Ansible 2.8 now tries to figure out which Python is preferred by the platform it runs on. In cases where that fails, Ansible uses a fallback list. However, you can still use a variable _ansible_python_interpreter_ to set the Python interpreter. - -Another change makes Ansible more consistent across platforms. Since _sudo_ is more exclusive to UNIX/Linux, and other platforms don’t have it, _become_ is now used in more places. This includes command line switches. For example, _–ask-sudo-pass_ has become _–ask-become-pass_ , and the prompt is now _BECOME password:_ instead. - -There are many more features in the 2.8 and 2.8.1 releases. Do check out the [official changelog on GitHub][4] for all the details. - -### Using Ansible - -Maybe you’re not sure if Ansible is something you could really use. Don’t worry, you might not be alone in thinking that, because it’s so powerful. But it turns out that it’s not hard to use it even for simple or individual setups like a home with a couple computers (or even just one!). - -We covered this topic earlier in the Fedora magazine as well: - -> [Using Ansible to set up a workstation][5] - -Give Ansible a try and see what you think. The great part about it is that Fedora stays quite up to date with the latest releases. Happy automating! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/get-the-latest-ansible-2-8-in-fedora/ - -作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ansible28-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ -[3]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/porting_guides/porting_guide_2.8.html -[4]: https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/stable-2.8/changelogs/CHANGELOG-v2.8.rst -[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-ansible-setup-workstation/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d189875e73 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/get-the-latest-ansible-2-8-in-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/) + +在 Fedora 中获取最新的 Ansible 2.8 +====== + +![][1] + +Ansible 是世界上最受欢迎的自动化引擎之一。它能让你自动化几乎任何事情，从本地系统的设置到大量的平台和应用。它是跨平台的，因此你可以将其用于各种操作系统。继续阅读以获取有关如何在 Fedora 中获取最新 Ansible，一些更改和改进，以及如何使用它。 + +### 发布版本和功能 + +最近发布了 Ansible 2.8，其中包含许多修复，功能和增强。仅仅几天之后，它就可在 Fedora 29 和 30 以及 EPEL 中获取。两周前发布了后续版本 2.8.1。同样，新版本在几天内就可以在 Fedora 中获取。 + +[使用 sudo][2] 能够非常容易地从官方仓库安装： + +``` +$ sudo dnf -y install ansible +``` + +2.8 版本有很长的更新列表，你可以在 [2.8 的迁移指南][3]中阅读查看。但其中包含了一些好东西，比如 _Python 解释器发现_ 。Ansible 2.8 现在会试图找出哪个 Python 是它运行的平台的首选。如果失败，Ansible 会使用后备列表。但是，你仍然可以使用变量 _ansible_python_interpreter_ 来设置 Python 解释器。 + +另一个变化使 Ansible 在各个平台上更加一致。由于 _sudo_ 专用于 UNIX/Linux，而其他平台并没有，因此现在在更多地方使用 _become_。这包括了命令行开关。例如，_-ask-sudo-pass_ 已变成了 _-ask-become-pass_，提示符也变成了 _BECOME password:_。 + +2.8 和 2.8.1 版本中还有许多其他功能。有关所有细节，请查看 [GitHub 上的官方更新日志][4]。 + +### 使用 Ansible + +也许你不确定 Ansible 是否可以实际使用。别担心，你并不是唯一一个这样想的，因为它太强大了。但事实证明，它并不难以使用，在一个家庭内的几台电脑（甚至一台电脑）上设置都可以。 + +我们之前在 Fedora Magazine 中也讨论过这个话题： + +> [使用 Ansible 设置工作站][5] + +试试看 Ansible，说下你的想法。很重要的一部分是让 Fedora 保持最新版本。自动化快乐！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/get-the-latest-ansible-2-8-in-fedora/ + +作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ansible28-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ +[3]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/porting_guides/porting_guide_2.8.html +[4]: https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/stable-2.8/changelogs/CHANGELOG-v2.8.rst +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-ansible-setup-workstation/ From 9c5d31d06f6fa91ea409d84fc2d4adebeae7a6c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 09:37:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0492/1265] translating --- .../tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md index f7f0edebfc..25feafdc93 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 372aca73b38bdfbb96b7cbb1554b178e4a48aa3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 15:49:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0493/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190620=20Carr?= =?UTF-8?q?ier=20services=20help=20expand=20healthcare,=20with=205G=20in?= =?UTF-8?q?=20the=20offing?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190620 Carrier services help expand healthcare, with 5G in the offing.md --- ...xpand healthcare, with 5G in the offing.md | 85 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190620 Carrier services help expand healthcare, with 5G in the offing.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190620 Carrier services help expand healthcare, with 5G in the offing.md b/sources/talk/20190620 Carrier services help expand healthcare, with 5G in the offing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..072b172fda --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190620 Carrier services help expand healthcare, with 5G in the offing.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Carrier services help expand healthcare, with 5G in the offing) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403366/carrier-services-help-expand-healthcare-with-5g-in-the-offing.html) +[#]: author: (Jon Gold https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/) + +Carrier services help expand healthcare, with 5G in the offing +====== +Many telehealth initiatives tap into wireless networking supplied by service providers that may start offering services such as Citizen's Band and 5G to support remote medical care. +![Thinkstock][1] + +There are connectivity options aplenty for most types of [IoT][2] deployment, but the idea of simply handing the networking part of the equation off to a national licensed wireless carrier could be the best one for certain kinds of deployments in the medical field. + +Telehealth systems, for example, are still a relatively new facet of modern medicine, but they’re already among the most important applications that use carrier networks to deliver care. One such system is operated by the University of Mississippi Medical Center, for the treatment and education of diabetes patients. + +**[More on wireless:[The time of 5G is almost here][3]]** + +**[ Now read[20 hot jobs ambitious IT pros should shoot for][4]. ]** + +Greg Hall is the director of IT at UMMC’s center for telehealth. He said that the remote patient monitoring system is relatively simple by design – diabetes patients receive a tablet computer that they can use to input and track their blood sugar levels, alert clinicians to symptoms like nerve pain or foot sores, and even videoconference with their doctors directly. The tablet connects via Verizon, AT&T or CSpire – depending on who’s got the best coverage in a given area – back to UMMC’s servers. + +According to Hall, there are multiple advantages to using carrier connectivity instead of unlicensed (i.e. purpose-built [Wi-Fi][5] or other technology) to connect patients – some of whom live in remote parts of the state – to their caregivers. + +“We weren’t expecting everyone who uses the service to have Wi-Fi,” he said, “and they can take their tablet with them if they’re traveling.” + +The system serves about 250 patients in Mississippi, up from roughly 175 in the 2015 pilot program that got the effort off the ground. Nor is it strictly limited to diabetes care – Hall said that it’s already been extended to patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and even used for prenatal care, with further expansion in the offing. + +“The goal of our program isn’t just the monitoring piece, but also the education piece, teaching a person to live with their [condition] and thrive,” he said. + +It hasn’t all been smooth sailing. One issue was caused by the natural foliage of the area, as dense areas of pine trees can cause transmission problems, thanks to their needles being a particularly troublesome length and interfering with 2.5GHz wireless signals. But Hall said that the team has been able to install signal boosters or repeaters to overcome that obstacle. + +Neurologist Dr. Allen Gee’s practice in Wyoming attempts to address a similar issue – far-flung patients with medical needs that might not be addressed by the sparse local-care options. From his main office in Cody, he said, he can cover half the state via telepresence, using a purpose-built system that is based on cellular-data connectivity from TCT, Spectrum and AT&T, as well as remote audiovisual equipment and a link to electronic health records stored in distant locations. That allows him to receive patient data, audio/visual information and even imaging diagnostics remotely. Some specialists in the state are able to fly to those remote locations, others are not. + +While Gee’s preference is to meet with patients in person, that’s just not always possible, he said. + +“Medical specialists don’t get paid for windshield time,” he noted. “Being able to transfer information from an EHR facilitates the process of learning about the patient.” + +### 5G is coming** + +** + +According to Alan Stewart-Brown, vice president at infrastructure management vendor Opengear, there’s a lot to like about current carrier networks for medical use – particularly wide coverage and a lack of interference – but there are bigger things to come. + +“We have customers that have equipment in ambulances for instance, where they’re livestreaming patients’ vital signs to consoles that doctors can monitor,” he said. “They’re using carrier 4G for that right now and it works well enough, but there are limitations, namely latency, which you don’t get on [5G][6].” + +Beyond the simple fact of increased throughput and lower latency, widespread 5G deployments could open a wide array of new possibilities for medical technology, mostly involving real-time, very-high-definition video streaming. These include medical VR, remote surgery and the like. + +“The process you use to do things like real-time video – right now on a 4G network, that may or may not have a delay,” said Stewart-Brown. “Once you can get rid of the delay, the possibilities are endless as to what you can use the technology for.” + +### Citizens band + +Ron Malenfant, chief architect for service provider IoT at Cisco, agreed that the future of 5G for medical IoT is bright, but said that the actual applications of the technology have to be carefully thought out. + +“The use cases need to be worked on,” he said. “The innovative [companies] are starting to say ‘OK, what does 5G mean to me’ and starting to plan use cases.” + +One area that the carriers themselves have been eyeing recently is the CBRS band of radio frequencies, which sits around 3.5GHz. It’s what’s referred to as “lightly licensed” spectrum, in that parts of it are used for things like CB radio and other parts are the domain of the U.S. armed forces, and it could be used to build private networks for institutional users like hospitals, instead of deploying small but expensive 4G cells. The idea is that the institutions would be able to lease those frequencies for their specific area from the carrier directly for private LTE/CBRS networks, and, eventually 5G, Malenfant said. + +There’s also the issue, of course, that there are still a huge amount of unknowns around 5G, which isn’t expected to supplant LTE in the U.S. for at least another year or so. The medical field’s stiff regulatory requirements could also prove a stumbling block for the adoption of newer wireless technology. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403366/carrier-services-help-expand-healthcare-with-5g-in-the-offing.html + +作者：[Jon Gold][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/07/stethoscope_mobile_healthcare_ipad_tablet_doctor_patient-100765655-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3354477/mobile-world-congress-the-time-of-5g-is-almost-here.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276025/careers/20-hot-jobs-ambitious-it-pros-should-shoot-for.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3238664/80211-wi-fi-standards-and-speeds-explained.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203489/what-is-5g-how-is-it-better-than-4g.html +[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From e57d2418436b603c63f42b37b0ef7bd98dd7a836 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 15:49:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0494/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190620=20Seve?= =?UTF-8?q?ral=20deals=20solidify=20the=20hybrid=20cloud=E2=80=99s=20statu?= =?UTF-8?q?s=20as=20the=20cloud=20of=20choice?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190620 Several deals solidify the hybrid cloud-s status as the cloud of choice.md --- ...d cloud-s status as the cloud of choice.md | 77 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 77 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190620 Several deals solidify the hybrid cloud-s status as the cloud of choice.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190620 Several deals solidify the hybrid cloud-s status as the cloud of choice.md b/sources/talk/20190620 Several deals solidify the hybrid cloud-s status as the cloud of choice.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ade07dcb10 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190620 Several deals solidify the hybrid cloud-s status as the cloud of choice.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Several deals solidify the hybrid cloud’s status as the cloud of choice) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403354/several-deals-solidify-the-hybrid-clouds-status-as-the-cloud-of-choice.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +Several deals solidify the hybrid cloud’s status as the cloud of choice +====== +On-premises and cloud connections are being built by all the top vendors to bridge legacy and modern systems, creating hybrid cloud environments. +![Getty Images][1] + +The hybrid cloud market is expected to grow from $38.27 billion in 2017 to $97.64 billion by 2023, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 17.0% during the forecast period, according to Markets and Markets. + +The research firm said the hybrid cloud is rapidly becoming a leading cloud solution, as it provides various benefits, such as cost, efficiency, agility, mobility, and elasticity. One of the many reasons is the need for interoperability standards between cloud services and existing systems. + +Unless you are a startup company and can be born in the cloud, you have legacy data systems that need to be bridged, which is where the hybrid cloud comes in. + +So, in very short order we’ve seen a bunch of new alliances involving the old and new guard, reiterating that the need for hybrid solutions remains strong. + +**[ Read also:[What hybrid cloud means in practice][2] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][3] ]** + +### HPE/Google + +In April, the Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) and Google announced a deal where HPE introduced a variety of server solutions for Google Cloud’s Anthos, along with a consumption-based model for the validated HPE on-premises infrastructure that is integrated with Anthos. + +Following up with that, the two just announced a strategic partnership to create a hybrid cloud for containers by combining HPE’s on-premises infrastructure, Cloud Data Services, and GreenLake consumption model with Anthos. This allows for: + + * Bi-directional data mobility for data mobility and consistent data services between on-premises and cloud + * Application workload mobility to move containerized app workloads across on-premises and multi-cloud environments + * Multi-cloud flexibility, offering the choice of HPE Cloud Volumes and Anthos for what works best for the workload + * Unified hybrid management through Anthos, so customers can get a unified and consistent view of their applications and workloads regardless of where they reside + * Charged as a service via HPE GreenLake + + + +### IBM/Cisco + +This is a furthering of an already existing partnership between IBM and Cisco designed to deliver a common and secure developer experience across on-premises and public cloud environments for building modern applications. + +[Cisco said it will support IBM Cloud Private][4], an on-premises container application development platform, on Cisco HyperFlex and HyperFlex Edge hyperconverged infrastructure. This includes support for IBM Cloud Pak for Applications. IBM Cloud Paks deliver enterprise-ready containerized software solutions and developer tools for building apps and then easily moving to any cloud—public or private. + +This architecture delivers a common and secure Kubernetes experience across on-premises (including edge) and public cloud environments. IBM’s Multicloud Manager covers monitoring and management of clusters and container-based applications running from on-premises to the edge, while Cisco’s Virtual Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) will allow customers to extend their network fabric from on-premises to the IBM Cloud. + +### IBM/Equinix + +Equinix expanded its collaboration with IBM Cloud to bring private and scalable connectivity to global enterprises via Equinix Cloud Exchange Fabric (ECX Fabric). This provides private connectivity to IBM Cloud, including Direct Link Exchange, Direct Link Dedicated and Direct Link Dedicated Hosting, that is secure and scalable. + +ECX Fabric is an on-demand, SDN-enabled interconnection service that allows any business to connect between its own distributed infrastructure and any other company’s distributed infrastructure, including cloud providers. Direct Link provides IBM customers with a connection between their network and IBM Cloud. So ECX Fabric provides IBM customers with a secured and scalable network connection to the IBM Cloud service. + +At the same time, ECX Fabric provides secure connections to other cloud providers, and most customers prefer a multi-vendor approach to avoid vendor lock-in. + +“Each of the partnerships focus on two things: 1) supporting a hybrid-cloud platform for their existing customers by reducing the friction to leveraging each solution and 2) leveraging the unique strength that each company brings. Each of the solutions are unique and would be unlikely to compete directly with other partnerships,” said Tim Crawford, president of Avoa, an IT consultancy. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403354/several-deals-solidify-the-hybrid-clouds-status-as-the-cloud-of-choice.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/cloud_hand_plus_sign_private-100787051-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3249495/what-hybrid-cloud-mean-practice +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403363/cisco-connects-with-ibm-in-to-simplify-hybrid-cloud-deployment.html +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 7b40a0b00748cb5ddde2c1032f82b583e6538a11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 17:05:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0495/1265] Update 20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md --- ... 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 58 ++++--------------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md index d73c26ee09..5bbae53e33 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -14,23 +14,19 @@ 必须承认的是，这样一个热门的话题其实很难被总结出来。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在设计层面就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于它极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得工作的开展变得简易化。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是普通办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这一问题变得复杂起来了。 -I have to confess, this particular topic is a tough one to address. Why? First off, Linux is a productive operating system by design. Thanks to an incredibly reliable and stable platform, getting work done is easy. Second, to gauge effectiveness, you have to consider what type of work you need a productivity boost for. General office work? Development? School? Data mining? Human resources? You see how this question can get somewhat complicated. +然而，这并不意味着那些基于推动底层操作系统成为更为高效平台的发行版们可以在配置和呈现方面做的更好。恰恰相反，许多发行版在偏离生产力这条道路上越走越远，所以你不会意识到你自己处在工作的窘境中，而是继续挖掘自己的潜力在工期结束之前拼命赶上进度。这些 Linux 发行版可以帮助你化繁为简，因此或许可以减少你工作流程中的痛点。 -然而，这并不意味着那些 +让我们来看一下这些发行版并为你找出适合你的最佳选择。为了更具条理，我按照生产力诉求把他们分成了几类。这项任务本身也是一种挑战，因为每个人在生产力提升上的需要是千差万别的。然而，我所关注的是下列的几项： -That doesn’t mean, however, that some distributions aren’t able to do a better job of configuring and presenting that underlying operating system into an efficient platform for getting work done. Quite the contrary. Some distributions do a much better job of “getting out of the way,” so you don’t find yourself in a work-related hole, having to dig yourself out and catch up before the end of day. These distributions help strip away the complexity that can be found in Linux, thereby making your workflow painless. + * 普通生产力: 适于从事复杂工作并希望提升工作效率。 -Let’s take a look at the distros I consider to be your best bet for productivity. To help make sense of this, I’ve divided them into categories of productivity. That task itself was challenging, because everyone’s productivity varies. For the purposes of this list, however, I’ll look at: + * 平面设计: 适于从事设计创造和图像处理的人们。 - * General Productivity: For those who just need to work efficiently on multiple tasks. + * 开发: 适于那些使用 Linux 桌面发行版来进行编程工作。 - * Graphic Design: For those that work with the creation and manipulation of graphic images. + * 管理人员: 适于那些需要某些版本来促进一体化的管理任务的人员。 - * Development: For those who use their Linux desktops for programming. - - * Administration: For those who need a distribution to facilitate their system administration tasks. - - * Education: For those who need a desktop distribution to make them more productive in an educational environment. + * 教育: 适于那些需要桌面发行版可以助力他们在教育领域更创造力的人们。 @@ -117,45 +113,15 @@ openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 包含了一下工具： * TuxType - 一款为少儿准备的打字入门软件 - * wxMaxima - A cross platform GUI for the computer algebra system + * wxMaxima - 一个跨平台的计算机代数系统 - * Inkscape - Vector graphics program + * Inkscape - 矢量图形编辑软件 - * GIMP - Graphic image manipulation program + * GIMP - 图像处理软件（译注：被誉为 Linux 上的 PhotoShop） * Pencil - GUI prototyping tool - * Hugin - Panorama photo stitching and HDR merging program - -openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e includes tools like: - - * Brain Workshop - A dual n-back brain exercise - - * GCompris - An educational software suite for young children - - * gElemental - A periodic table viewer - - * iGNUit - A general purpose flash card program - - * Little Wizard - Development environment for children based on Pascal - - * Stellarium - An astronomical sky simulator - - * TuxMath - An math tutor game - - * TuxPaint - A drawing program for young children - - * TuxType - An educational typing tutor for children - - * wxMaxima - A cross platform GUI for the computer algebra system - - * Inkscape - Vector graphics program - - * GIMP - Graphic image manipulation program - - * Pencil - GUI prototyping tool - - * Hugin - Panorama photo stitching and HDR merging program + * Hugin - 全景照片拼接及 HDR 效果混合软件 ![Education][18] @@ -166,7 +132,7 @@ Figure 5: The openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e distro has plenty of tools to help you b Also included with openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e is the [KIWI-LTSP Server][19]. The KIWI-LTSP Server is a flexible, cost effective solution aimed at empowering schools, businesses, and organizations all over the world to easily install and deploy desktop workstations. Although this might not directly aid the student to be more productive, it certainly enables educational institutions be more productive in deploying desktops for students to use. For more information on setting up KIWI-LTSP, check out the openSUSE [KIWI-LTSP quick start guide][20]. -Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux" ][21]course from The Linux Foundation and edX. +Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux"][21]course from The Linux Foundation and edX. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From a5e0fdd94e3405b23b454c82c20cdf50de70af4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 17:12:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0496/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190621=207=20?= =?UTF-8?q?infrastructure=20performance=20and=20scaling=20tools=20you=20sh?= =?UTF-8?q?ould=20be=20using?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190621 7 infrastructure performance and scaling tools you should be using.md --- ...e and scaling tools you should be using.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190621 7 infrastructure performance and scaling tools you should be using.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190621 7 infrastructure performance and scaling tools you should be using.md b/sources/tech/20190621 7 infrastructure performance and scaling tools you should be using.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a9003ae9c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190621 7 infrastructure performance and scaling tools you should be using.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (7 infrastructure performance and scaling tools you should be using) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/performance-scaling-tools) +[#]: author: (Pradeep SurisettyPeter Portante https://opensource.com/users/psuriset/users/aakarsh/users/portante/users/anaga) + +7 infrastructure performance and scaling tools you should be using +====== +These open source tools will help you feel confident in your +infrastructure's performance as it scales up. +![Several images of graphs.][1] + +[Sysadmins][2], [site reliability engineers][3] (SREs), and cloud operators all too often struggle to feel confident in their infrastructure as it scales up. Also too often, they think the only way to solve their challenges is to write a tool for in-house use. Fortunately, there are options. There are many open source tools available to test an infrastructure's performance. Here are my favorites. + +### Pbench + +Pbench is a performance testing harness to make executing benchmarks and performance tools easier and more convenient. In short, it: + + * Excels at running micro-benchmarks on large scales of hosts (bare-metal, virtual machines, containers, etc.) while automating a potentially large set of benchmark parameters + * Focuses on installing, configuring, and executing benchmark code and performance tools and not on provisioning or orchestrating the testbed (e.g., OpenStack, RHEV, RHEL, Docker, etc.) + * Is designed to work in concert with provisioning tools like BrowBeat or Ansible playbooks + + + +Pbench's [documentation][4] includes installation and user guides, and the code is [maintained on GitHub][5], where the team welcomes contributions and issues. + +### Ripsaw + +Baselining is a critical aspect of infrastructure reliability. Ripsaw is a performance benchmark Operator for launching workloads on Kubernetes. It deploys as a Kuberentes Operator that then deploys common workloads, including specific applications (e.g., Couchbase) or general performance tests (e.g., Uperf) to measure and establish a performance baseline. + +Ripsaw is [maintained on GitHub][6]. You can also find its maintainers on the [Kubernetes Slack][7], where they are active contributors. + +### OpenShift Scale + +The collection of tools in OpenShift Scale, OpenShift's open source solution for performance testing, do everything from spinning up OpenShift on OpenStack installations (TripleO Install and ShiftStack Install), installing on Amazon Web Services (AWS), or providing containerized tooling, like running Pbench on your cluster or doing cluster limits testing, network tests, storage tests, metric tests with Prometheus, logging, and concurrent build testing. + +Scale's CI suite is flexible enough to both add workloads and include your workloads when deploying to Azure or anywhere else you might run. You can see the full suite of tools [on GitHub][8]. + +### Browbeat + +[Browbeat][9] calls itself "a performance tuning and analysis tool for OpenStack." You can use it to analyze and tune the deployment of your workloads. It also automates the deployment of standard monitoring and data analysis tools like Grafana and Graphite. Browbeat is [maintained on GitHub][10]. + +### Smallfile + +Smallfile is a filesystem workload generator targeted for scale-out, distributed storage. It has been used to test a number of open filesystem technologies, including GlusterFS, CephFS, Network File System (NFS), Server Message Block (SMB), and OpenStack Cinder volumes. It is [maintained on GitHub][11]. + +### Ceph Benchmarking Tool + +Ceph Benchmarking Tool (CBT) is a testing harness that can automate tasks for testing [Ceph][12] cluster performance. It records system metrics with collectl, and it can collect more information with tools including perf, blktrace, and valgrind. CBT can also do advanced testing that includes automated object storage daemon outages, erasure-coded pools, and cache-tier configurations. + +Contributors have extended CBT to use [Pbench monitoring tools and Ansible][13] and to run the [Smallfile benchmark][14]. A separate Grafana visualization dashboard uses Elasticsearch data generated by [Automated Ceph Test][15]. + +### satperf + +Satellite-performance (satperf) is a set of Ansible playbooks and helper scripts to deploy Satellite 6 environments and measure the performance of selected actions, such as concurrent registrations, remote execution, Puppet operations, repository synchronizations and promotions, and more. You can find Satperf [on GitHub][16]. + +### Conclusion + +Sysadmins, SREs, and cloud operators face a wide variety of challenges as they work to scale their infrastructure, but luckily there is also a wide variety of tools to help them get past those common issues. Any of these seven tools should help you get started testing your infrastructure's performance as it scales. + +Are there other open source performance and scaling tools that should be on this list? Add your favorites in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/performance-scaling-tools + +作者：[Pradeep SurisettyPeter Portante][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/psuriset/users/aakarsh/users/portante/users/anaga +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/containers_scale_performance.jpg?itok=R7jyMeQf (Several images of graphs.) +[2]: /16/12/yearbook-10-open-source-sysadmin-tools +[3]: /article/19/5/life-performance-engineer +[4]: https://distributed-system-analysis.github.io/pbench/ +[5]: https://github.com/distributed-system-analysis/pbench +[6]: https://github.com/cloud-bulldozer/ripsaw +[7]: https://github.com/cloud-bulldozer/ripsaw#community +[8]: https://github.com/openshift-scale +[9]: https://browbeatproject.org/ +[10]: https://github.com/cloud-bulldozer/browbeat +[11]: https://github.com/distributed-system-analysis/smallfile +[12]: https://ceph.com/ +[13]: https://github.com/acalhounRH/cbt +[14]: https://nuget.pkg.github.com/bengland2/cbt/tree/smallfile +[15]: https://github.com/acalhounRH/automated_ceph_test +[16]: https://github.com/redhat-performance/satperf From 51e27c15c72e017ea8e67cb04d068681d4583a6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 17:13:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0497/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190621=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20state=20of=20open=20source=20translation=20tools=20for=20con?= =?UTF-8?q?tributors=20to=20your=20project?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190621 The state of open source translation tools for contributors to your project.md --- ... tools for contributors to your project.md | 97 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190621 The state of open source translation tools for contributors to your project.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190621 The state of open source translation tools for contributors to your project.md b/sources/tech/20190621 The state of open source translation tools for contributors to your project.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..07bac654fc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190621 The state of open source translation tools for contributors to your project.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The state of open source translation tools for contributors to your project) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/translation-platforms-matter) +[#]: author: (Jean-Baptiste Holcroft https://opensource.com/users/jibec/users/jibec) + +The state of open source translation tools for contributors to your project +====== +There are almost 100 languages with more than 10 million speakers. How +many of your active contributors speak one? +![Team of people around the world][1] + +In the world of free software, many people speak English: It is the **one** language. English helps us cross borders to meet others. However, this language is also a barrier for the majority of people. + +Some master it while others don't. Complex English terms are, in general, a barrier to the understanding and propagation of knowledge. Whenever you use an uncommon English word, ask yourself about your real mastery of what you are explaining, and the unintentional barriers you build in the process. + +_“If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.”_ — Nelson Mandela + +We are 7 billion humans, and less than 400 million of us are English natives. The wonders done day after day by free/libre open source contributors deserve to reach the hearts of the [6.6 billion people][2] for whom English is not their mother tongue. In this day and age, we have the technology to help translate all types of content: websites, documentation, software, and even sounds and images. Even if I do not translate of all of these media personally, I do not know of any real limits. The only prerequisite for getting this content translated is both the willingness of the creators and the collective will of the users, customers, and—in the case of free software—the contributors. + +### Why successful translation requires real tooling + +Some projects are stuck in the stone ages and require translators to use [Git][3], [Mercurial][4], or other development tools. These tools don’t meet the needs of translation communities. Let’s help these projects evolve, as discussed in the section "A call for action." + +Other projects have integrated translation platforms, which are key tools for linguistic diversity and existence. These tools understand the needs of translators and serve as a bridge to the development world. They make translation contribution easy, and keep those doing the translations motivated over time. + +This aspect is important: There are almost 100 languages with more than 10 million speakers. Do you really believe that your project can have an active contributor for each of these languages? Unless you are a huge organization, like Mozilla or LibreOffice, there is no chance. The translators who help you also help two, ten, or a hundred other projects. They need tools to be effective, such as [translation memories][5], progress reports, alerts, ways to collaborate, and knowing that what they do is useful. + +### Translation platforms are in trouble + +However, the translation platforms distributed as free software are disappearing in favor of closed platforms. These platforms set their rules and efforts according to what will bring them the most profit. + +Linguistic and cultural diversity does not bring money: It opens doors and allows local development. It emancipates populations and can ensure the survival of certain cultures and languages. In the 21st century, is your culture really alive if it does not exist in cyberspace? + +The short history of translation platforms is not pretty: + + * In 2011, Transifex ceased to be open when they decided to no longer publish their source code. + * Since September 2017, the [Pootle][6] project seems to have stalled. + * In October 2018, the [Zanata][7] project shut down because it had not succeeded in building a community of technical contributors capable of taking over when corporate funding was halted. + + + +In particular, the [Fedora Project][8]—which I work closely with—has ridden the roller coaster from Transifex to Zanata and is now facing another move and more challenges. + +Two significant platforms remain: + + * [Pontoon][9]: Dedicated to the Mozilla use case (large community, common project). + * [Weblate][10]: A generic platform created by developer [Michal Čihař][11] (a generic purpose platform). + + + +These two tools are of high quality and are technically up-to-date, but Mozilla’s Pontoon is not designed to appeal to the greatest number of people. This project is dedicated to the specific challenges Mozilla faces.  + +### A call for action + +There is an urgent need for large communities to share resources to perpetuate Weblate as free software and promote its adoption. Support is also needed for other tools, such as [po4a][12], the [Translate Toolkit][13], and even our old friend [gettext][14]. Will we accept a sword of Damocles hanging over our heads? Will we continue to consume years of free work without giving a cent in return? Or will we take the lead in bringing security to our communities? + +**What you can do as a contributor**: Promote Weblate as an open source translation platform, and help your beloved project use it. [Hosting is free for open source projects][15]. + +**What you can do as a developer**: Make sure all of your project’s content can be translated into any language. Think about this issue from the beginning, as all tools don’t provide the same internationalization features. + +**What you can do as an entity with a budget**: Whether you’re a company or just part of the community, pay for the support, hosting, or development of the tools you use. Even if the amount is symbolic, doing this will lower the risks. In particular, [here is the info for Weblate][16]. (Note: I’m not involved with the Weblate project other than bug reports and translation.) + +**What to do if you’re a language enthusiast**: Contact me to help create an open source language organization to promote our tools and their usage, and find money to fund them. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/translation-platforms-matter + +作者：[Jean-Baptiste Holcroft][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jibec/users/jibec +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/team_global_people_gis_location.png?itok=Rl2IKo12 (Team of people around the world) +[2]: https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size +[3]: https://git-scm.com +[4]: https://www.mercurial-scm.org +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_memory +[6]: http://pootle.translatehouse.org +[7]: http://zanata.org +[8]: https://getfedora.org +[9]: https://github.com/mozilla/pontoon/ +[10]: https://weblate.org +[11]: https://cihar.com +[12]: https://po4a.org +[13]: http://docs.translatehouse.org/projects/translate-toolkit/en/latest/ +[14]: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/ +[15]: http://hosted.weblate.org/ +[16]: https://weblate.org/en/hosting/ From 27ba6ca84bd024c4c0017bcd74f2458b28b53e8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 17:13:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0498/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190620=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20SSH=20into=20a=20running=20container?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190620 How to SSH into a running container.md --- ...620 How to SSH into a running container.md | 185 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 185 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190620 How to SSH into a running container.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190620 How to SSH into a running container.md b/sources/tech/20190620 How to SSH into a running container.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f0b4cdafc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190620 How to SSH into a running container.md @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to SSH into a running container) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/how-ssh-running-container) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/bcotton) + +How to SSH into a running container +====== +SSH is probably not the best way to run commands in a container; try +this instead. +![cubes coming together to create a larger cube][1] + +Containers have shifted the way we think about virtualization. You may remember the days (or you may still be living them) when a virtual machine was the full stack, from virtualized BIOS, operating system, and kernel up to each virtualized network interface controller (NIC). You logged into the virtual box just as you would your own workstation. It was a very direct and simple analogy. + +And then containers came along, [starting with LXC][2] and culminating in the Open Container Initiative ([OCI][3]), and that's when things got complicated. + +### Idempotency + +In the world of containers, the "virtual machine" is only mostly virtual. Everything that doesn't need to be virtualized is borrowed from the host machine. Furthermore, the container itself is usually meant to be ephemeral and idempotent, so it stores no persistent data, and its state is defined by configuration files on the host machine. + +If you're used to the old ways of virtual machines, then you naturally expect to log into a virtual machine in order to interact with it. But containers are ephemeral, so anything you do in a container is forgotten, by design, should the container need to be restarted or respawned. + +The commands controlling your container infrastructure (such as **oc, crictl**, **lxc**, and **docker**) provide an interface to run important commands to restart services, view logs, confirm the existence and permissions modes of an important file, and so on. You should use the tools provided by your container infrastructure to interact with your application, or else edit configuration files and relaunch. That's what containers are designed to do. + +For instance, the open source forum software [Discourse][4] is officially distributed as a container image. The Discourse software is _stateless_, so its installation is self-contained within **/var/discourse**. As long as you have a backup of **/var/discourse**, you can always restore the forum by relaunching the container. The container holds no persistent data, and its configuration file is **/var/discourse/containers/app.yml**. + +Were you to log into the container and edit any of the files it contains, all changes would be lost if the container had to be restarted. + +LXC containers you're building from scratch are more flexible, with configuration files (in a location defined by you) passed to the container when you launch it. + +A build system like [Jenkins][5] usually has a default configuration file, such as **jenkins.yaml**, providing instructions for a base container image that exists only to build and run tests on source code. After the builds are done, the container goes away. + +Now that you know you don't need SSH to interact with your containers, here's an overview of what tools are available (and some notes about using SSH in spite of all the fancy tools that make it redundant). + +### OpenShift web console + +[OpenShift 4][6] offers an open source toolchain for container creation and maintenance, including an interactive web console. + +When you log into your web console, navigate to your project overview and click the **Applications** tab for a list of pods. Select a (running) pod to open the application's **Details** panel. + +![Pod details in OpenShift][7] + +Click the **Terminal** tab at the top of the **Details** panel to open an interactive shell in your container. + +![A terminal in a running container][8] + +If you prefer a browser-based experience for Kubernetes management, you can learn more through interactive lessons available at [learn.openshift.com][9]. + +### OpenShift oc + +If you prefer a command-line interface experience, you can use the **oc** command to interact with containers from the terminal. + +First, get a list of running pods (or refer to the web console for a list of active pods). To get that list, enter: + + +``` +`$ oc get pods` +``` + +You can view the logs of a resource (a pod, build, or container). By default, **oc logs** returns the logs from the first container in the pod you specify. To select a single container, add the **\--container** option: + + +``` +`$ oc logs --follow=true example-1-e1337 --container app` +``` + +You can also view logs from all containers in a pod with: + + +``` +`$ oc logs --follow=true example-1-e1337 --all-containers` +``` + +#### Execute commands + +You can execute commands remotely with: + + +``` +$ oc exec example-1-e1337 --container app hostname +        example.local +``` + +This is similar to running SSH non-interactively: you get to run the command you want to run without an interactive shell taking over your environment. + +#### Remote shell + +You can attach to a running container. This still does _not_ open a shell in the container, but it does run commands directly. For example: + + +``` +`$ oc attach example-1-e1337 --container app` +``` + +If you need a true interactive shell in a container, you can open a remote shell with the **oc rsh** command as long as the container includes a shell. By default, **oc rsh** launches **/bin/sh**: + + +``` +`$ oc rsh example-1-e1337 --container app` +``` + +### Kubernetes + +If you're using Kubernetes directly, you can use the **kubetcl** **exec** command to run a Bash shell in your pod. + +First, confirm that your pod is running: + + +``` +`$ kubectl get pods` +``` + +As long as the pod containing your application is listed, you can use the **exec** command to launch a shell in the container. Using the name **example-pod** as the pod name, enter: + + +``` +$ kubectl exec --stdin=false --tty=false +  example-pod -- /bin/bash +[root@example.local][10]:/# ls +bin   core etc   lib    root  srv +boot  dev  home  lib64  sbin  tmp  var +``` + +### Docker + +The **docker** command is similar to **kubectl**. With the **dockerd** daemon running, get the name of the running container (you may have to use **sudo** to escalate privileges if you're not in the appropriate group): + + +``` +$ docker ps +CONTAINER ID    IMAGE       COMMAND      NAME +678ac5cca78e    centos     "/bin/bash"   example-centos +``` + +Using the container name, you can run a command in the container: + + +``` +$ docker exec example/centos cat /etc/os-release +CentOS Linux release 7.6 +NAME="CentOS Linux" +VERSION="7" +ID="centos" +ID_LIKE="rhel fedora" +VERSION_ID="7" +[...] +``` + +Or you can launch a Bash shell for an interactive session: + + +``` +`$ docker exec -it example-centos /bin/bash` +``` + +### Containers and appliances + +The important thing to remember when dealing with the cloud is that containers are essentially runtimes rather than virtual machines. While they have much in common with a Linux system (because they _are_ a Linux system!), they rarely translate directly to the commands and workflow you may have developed on your Linux workstation. However, like appliances, containers have an interface to help you develop, maintain, and monitor them, so get familiar with the front-end commands and services until you're happily interacting with them just as easily as ****you interact with virtual (or bare-metal) machines. Soon, you'll wonder why everything isn't developed to be ephemeral. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/how-ssh-running-container + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/bcotton +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cube_innovation_process_block_container.png?itok=vkPYmSRQ (cubes coming together to create a larger cube) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/behind-scenes-linux-containers +[3]: https://www.opencontainers.org/ +[4]: http://discourse.org +[5]: http://jenkins.io +[6]: https://www.openshift.com/learn/get-started +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openshift-pod-access.jpg (Pod details in OpenShift) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openshift-pod-terminal.jpg (A terminal in a running container) +[9]: http://learn.openshift.com +[10]: mailto:root@example.local From 85daa85d9c870dac384233aebd1438ce09c7de4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 17:17:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0499/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190620=20You?= =?UTF-8?q?=20can't=20buy=20DevOps?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190620 You can-t buy DevOps.md --- sources/tech/20190620 You can-t buy DevOps.md | 103 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190620 You can-t buy DevOps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190620 You can-t buy DevOps.md b/sources/tech/20190620 You can-t buy DevOps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..36717058a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190620 You can-t buy DevOps.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (You can't buy DevOps) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/you-cant-buy-devops) +[#]: author: (Julie Gunderson https://opensource.com/users/juliegund) + +You can't buy DevOps +====== +But plenty of people are happy to sell it to you. Here's why it's not +for sale. +![Coffee shop photo][1] + +![DevOps price tag graphic][2] + +Making a move to [DevOps][3] can be a daunting undertaking, with many organizations not knowing the right place to start. I recently had some fun taking a few "DevOps assessments" to see what solutions they offered. I varied my answers—from an organization that fully embraces DevOps to one at the beginning of the journey. Some of the assessments provided real value, linking me back to articles on culture and methodologies, while others merely offered me a tool promising to bring all my DevOps dreams into reality. + +Tools are absolutely essential to the DevOps journey; for instance, tools can continuously deliver, automate, or monitor your environment. However, **DevOps is not a product**, and tools alone will not enable the processes necessary to realize the full value of DevOps. People are what matter most; you can't do DevOps without building the people, mindset, and culture first. + +### Don't 'win' at DevOps; become a champion + +As a DevOps advocate at PagerDuty, I am proud to be a part of an organization with a strong commitment to DevOps methodologies, well beyond just "checking the boxes" of tool adoption. + +I recently had a conversation with PagerDuty CEO Jennifer Tejada about being a winner versus a champion. She talked about how winning is fantastic—you get a trophy, a title, or maybe even a few million dollars (if it's the lottery). However, in the big picture, winning is all about short-term goals, while being a champion means focusing on long-term successes or outcomes. This got me thinking about how to apply this principle to organizations embracing DevOps. + +One of my favorite examples of DevOps tooling is XebiaLabs' [Periodic Table of DevOps Tools][4]: + +[![Periodic Table of DevOps][5]][4] + +(Click table for interactive version.) + +The table shows that numerous tools fit into DevOps. However, too many times, I have heard about organizations "transforming to DevOps" by purchasing tools. While tooling is an essential part of the DevOps journey, a tool alone does not create a DevOps environment. You have to consider all the factors that make a DevOps team function well: collaboration, breaking down silos, defined processes, ownership, and automation, along with continuous improvement/continuous delivery. + +Deciding to purchase tooling is a great step in the right direction; what is more important is to define the "why" or the end goal behind decisions first. Which brings us back to the mentality of a champion; look at Olympic gold medalist Michael Phelps, for example. Phelps is the most decorated Olympian of all time and holds 39 world records. To achieve these accomplishments, Phelps didn't stop at one, two, or even 20 wins; he aimed to be a champion. This was all done through commitment, practice, and focusing on the desired end state. + +### DevOps defined + +There are hundreds of definitions for DevOps, but almost everyone can agree on the core tenet outlined in the [State of DevOps Report][6]: + +> "DevOps is a set of principles aimed at building culture and processes to help teams work more efficiently and deliver better software faster." + +You can't change culture and processes with a credit card. Tooling can enable an organization to collaborate better or automate or continuously deliver; however, without the right mindset and adoption, a tool's full capability may not be achievable. + +For example, one of my former colleagues heard how amazing Slack is for teams transforming to DevOps by opening up channels for collaboration. He convinced his manager that Slack would solve all of their communication woes. However, six months into the Slack adoption, most teams were still using Skype, including the manager. Slack ended up being more of a place to talk about brewing beer than a tool to bring the product to market faster. The issue was not Slack; it was the lack of buy-in from the team and organization and knowledge around the product's full functionality. + +Purchasing a tool can definitely be a win for a team, but purchasing a tool is not purchasing DevOps. Making tooling and best practices work for the team and achieving short- and long-term goals are where our conversation around being a champion comes up. This brings us back to the why, the overall and far-reaching goal for the team or organization. Once you identify the goal, how do you get buy-in from key stakeholders? After you achieve buy-in, how do you implement the solution? + +### Organizational change + +#### + +[![Change management comic by Randy Glasbergen][7]][8] + +Change is hard for many organizations and individuals; moreover, meaningful change does not happen overnight. It is important to understand how people and organizations process change. In the [Kotter 8-Step Process for Leading Change][9], it's about articulating the need for a change, creating urgency around the why, then starting small and finding and developing internal champions, _before_ trying to prove wins or, in this case, purchasing a tool. + +If people in an organization are not aware of a problem or that there's a better way of operating, it will be hard to get the buy-in necessary and motivate team members to adopt new ideas and take action. People may be perfectly content with the current state; perhaps the processes in place are adequate or, at a minimum, the current state is a known factor. However, for the overall team to function well and achieve its shared goal in a faster, more agile way, new mechanisms must be put into place first. + +![Kotter 8-Step Process for Leading Change][10] + +### How to be a DevOps champion + +Being a champion in the DevOps world means going beyond the win and delving deeper into the team/organizational structure and culture, thereby identifying outlying issues beyond tools, and then working with others to embrace the right change that leads to defined results. Go back to the beginning and define the end goal. Here are a few sample questions you can ask to get started: + + * What are your core values? + * Why are you trying to become a more agile company or team? + * What obstacles is your team or organization facing? + * What will the tool or process accomplish? + * How are people communicating and collaborating? + * Are there silos and why? + * How are you championing the customer? + * Are employees empowered? + + + +After defining the end state, find other like-minded individuals to be part of your champion team, and don't lose sight of what you are trying to accomplish. When making any change, make sure to start small, e.g., with one team or a test environment. By starting small and building on the wins, internal champions will start creating themselves. + +Remember, companies are happy and eager to try to sell you DevOps, but at the end of the day, DevOps is not a product. It is a fully embraced methodology and mindset of automation, collaboration, people, and processes. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/you-cant-buy-devops + +作者：[Julie Gunderson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/juliegund +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coffee-shop-devops.png?itok=CPefJZJL (Coffee shop photo) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops-pricetag.jpg (DevOps price tag graphic) +[3]: https://opensource.com/resources/devops +[4]: https://xebialabs.com/periodic-table-of-devops-tools/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/periodic-table-of-devops-tools.png (Periodic Table of DevOps) +[6]: https://puppet.com/resources/whitepaper/state-of-devops-report +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/cartoon.png (Change management comic by Randy Glasbergen) +[8]: https://images.app.goo.gl/JiMaWAenNkLcmkZJ9 +[9]: https://www.kotterinc.com/8-steps-process-for-leading-change/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kotter-process.png (Kotter 8-Step Process for Leading Change) From 0583c018d6a278840343b94c55a5bfaf34662bfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 17:17:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0500/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190620=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20use=20OpenSSL:=20Hashes,=20digital=20signatures,=20and?= =?UTF-8?q?=20more?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190620 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md --- ...L- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md | 337 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 337 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190620 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190620 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md b/sources/tech/20190620 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..724c97bc01 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190620 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md @@ -0,0 +1,337 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to use OpenSSL: Hashes, digital signatures, and more) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/cryptography-basics-openssl-part-2) +[#]: author: (Marty Kalin https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu) + +How to use OpenSSL: Hashes, digital signatures, and more +====== +Dig deeper into the details of cryptography with OpenSSL: Hashes, +digital signatures, digital certificates, and more +![A person working.][1] + +The [first article in this series][2] introduced hashes, encryption/decryption, digital signatures, and digital certificates through the OpenSSL libraries and command-line utilities. This second article drills down into the details. Let’s begin with hashes, which are ubiquitous in computing, and consider what makes a hash function _cryptographic_. + +### Cryptographic hashes + +The download page for the OpenSSL source code () contains a table with recent versions. Each version comes with two hash values: 160-bit SHA1 and 256-bit SHA256. These values can be used to verify that the downloaded file matches the original in the repository: The downloader recomputes the hash values locally on the downloaded file and then compares the results against the originals. Modern systems have utilities for computing such hashes. Linux, for instance, has **md5sum** and **sha256sum**. OpenSSL itself provides similar command-line utilities. + +Hashes are used in many areas of computing. For example, the Bitcoin blockchain uses SHA256 hash values as block identifiers. To mine a Bitcoin is to generate a SHA256 hash value that falls below a specified threshold, which means a hash value with at least N leading zeroes. (The value of N can go up or down depending on how productive the mining is at a particular time.) As a point of interest, today’s miners are hardware clusters designed for generating SHA256 hashes in parallel. During a peak time in 2018, Bitcoin miners worldwide generated about 75 million terahashes per second—yet another incomprehensible number. + +Network protocols use hash values as well—often under the name **checksum**—to support message integrity; that is, to assure that a received message is the same as the one sent. The message sender computes the message’s checksum and sends the results along with the message. The receiver recomputes the checksum when the message arrives. If the sent and the recomputed checksum do not match, then something happened to the message in transit, or to the sent checksum, or to both. In this case, the message and its checksum should be sent again, or at least an error condition should be raised. (Low-level network protocols such as UDP do not bother with checksums.) + +Other examples of hashes are familiar. Consider a website that requires users to authenticate with a password, which the user enters in their browser. Their password is then sent, encrypted, from the browser to the server via an HTTPS connection to the server. Once the password arrives at the server, it's decrypted for a database table lookup. + +What should be stored in this lookup table? Storing the passwords themselves is risky. It’s far less risky is to store a hash generated from a password, perhaps with some _salt_ (extra bits) added to taste before the hash value is computed. Your password may be sent to the web server, but the site can assure you that the password is not stored there. + +Hash values also occur in various areas of security. For example, hash-based message authentication code ([HMAC][3]) uses a hash value and a secret cryptographic key to authenticate a message sent over a network. HMAC codes, which are lightweight and easy to use in programs, are popular in web services. An X509 digital certificate includes a hash value known as the _fingerprint_, which can facilitate certificate verification. An in-memory truststore could be implemented as a lookup table keyed on such fingerprints—as a _hash map_, which supports constant-time lookups. The fingerprint from an incoming certificate can be compared against the truststore keys for a match. + +What special property should a _cryptographic hash function_ have? It should be _one-way_, which means very difficult to invert. A cryptographic hash function should be relatively straightforward to compute, but computing its inverse—the function that maps the hash value back to the input bitstring—should be computationally intractable. Here is a depiction, with **chf** as a cryptographic hash function and my password **foobar** as the sample input: + + +``` +        +---+ +foobar—>|chf|—>hash value ## straightforward +        +--–+ +``` + +By contrast, the inverse operation is infeasible: + + +``` +            +-----------+ +hash value—>|chf inverse|—>foobar ## intractable +            +-----------+ +``` + +Recall, for example, the SHA256 hash function. For an input bitstring of any length N > 0, this function generates a fixed-length hash value of 256 bits; hence, this hash value does not reveal even the input bitstring’s length N, let alone the value of each bit in the string. By the way, SHA256 is not susceptible to a [_length extension attack_][4]. The only effective way to reverse engineer a computed SHA256 hash value back to the input bitstring is through a brute-force search, which means trying every possible input bitstring until a match with the target hash value is found. Such a search is infeasible on a sound cryptographic hash function such as SHA256. + +Now, a final review point is in order. Cryptographic hash values are statistically rather than unconditionally unique, which means that it is unlikely but not impossible for two different input bitstrings to yield the same hash value—a _collision_. The [_birthday problem_][5] offers a nicely counter-intuitive example of collisions. There is extensive research on various hash algorithms’ _collision resistance_. For example, MD5 (128-bit hash values) has a breakdown in collision resistance after roughly 221 hashes. For SHA1 (160-bit hash values), the breakdown starts at about 261 hashes. + +A good estimate of the breakdown in collision resistance for SHA256 is not yet in hand. This fact is not surprising. SHA256 has a range of 2256 distinct hash values, a number whose decimal representation has a whopping 78 digits! So, can collisions occur with SHA256 hashing? Of course, but they are extremely unlikely. + +In the command-line examples that follow, two input files are used as bitstring sources: **hashIn1.txt** and **hashIn2.txt**. The first file contains **abc** and the second contains **1a2b3c**. + +These files contain text for readability, but binary files could be used instead. + +Using the Linux **sha256sum** utility on these two files at the command line—with the percent sign (**%**) as the prompt—produces the following hash values (in hex): + + +``` +% sha256sum hashIn1.txt +9e83e05bbf9b5db17ac0deec3b7ce6cba983f6dc50531c7a919f28d5fb3696c3 hashIn1.txt + +% sha256sum hashIn2.txt +3eaac518777682bf4e8840dd012c0b104c2e16009083877675f00e995906ed13 hashIn2.txt +``` + +The OpenSSL hashing counterparts yield the same results, as expected: + + +``` +% openssl dgst -sha256 hashIn1.txt +SHA256(hashIn1.txt)= 9e83e05bbf9b5db17ac0deec3b7ce6cba983f6dc50531c7a919f28d5fb3696c3 + +% openssl dgst -sha256 hashIn2.txt +SHA256(hashIn2.txt)= 3eaac518777682bf4e8840dd012c0b104c2e16009083877675f00e995906ed13 +``` + +This examination of cryptographic hash functions sets up a closer look at digital signatures and their relationship to key pairs. + +### Digital signatures + +As the name suggests, a digital signature can be attached to a document or some other electronic artifact (e.g., a program) to vouch for its authenticity. Such a signature is thus analogous to a hand-written signature on a paper document. To verify the digital signature is to confirm two things. First, that the vouched-for artifact has not changed since the signature was attached because it is based, in part, on a cryptographic _hash_ of the document. Second, that the signature belongs to the person (e.g., Alice) who alone has access to the private key in a pair. By the way, digitally signing code (source or compiled) has become a common practice among programmers. + +Let’s walk through how a digital signature is created. As mentioned before, there is no digital signature without a public and private key pair. When using OpenSSL to create these keys, there are two separate commands: one to create a private key, and another to extract the matching public key from the private one. These key pairs are encoded in base64, and their sizes can be specified during this process. + +The private key consists of numeric values, two of which (a _modulus_ and an _exponent_) make up the public key. Although the private key file contains the public key, the extracted public key does _not_ reveal the value of the corresponding private key. + +The resulting file with the private key thus contains the full key pair. Extracting the public key into its own file is practical because the two keys have distinct uses, but this extraction also minimizes the danger that the private key might be publicized by accident. + +Next, the pair’s private key is used to process a hash value for the target artifact (e.g., an email), thereby creating the signature. On the other end, the receiver’s system uses the pair’s public key to verify the signature attached to the artifact. + +Now for an example. To begin, generate a 2048-bit RSA key pair with OpenSSL: + +**openssl genpkey -out privkey.pem -algorithm rsa 2048** + +We can drop the **-algorithm rsa** flag in this example because **genpkey** defaults to the type RSA. The file’s name (**privkey.pem**) is arbitrary, but the Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) extension **pem** is customary for the default PEM format. (OpenSSL has commands to convert among formats if needed.) If a larger key size (e.g., 4096) is in order, then the last argument of **2048** could be changed to **4096**. These sizes are always powers of two. + +Here’s a slice of the resulting **privkey.pem** file, which is in base64: + + +``` +\-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- +MIICdgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAmAwggJcAgEAAoGBANnlAh4jSKgcNj/Z +JF4J4WdhkljP2R+TXVGuKVRtPkGAiLWE4BDbgsyKVLfs2EdjKL1U+/qtfhYsqhkK +… +\-----END PRIVATE KEY----- +``` + +The next command then extracts the pair’s public key from the private one: + +**openssl rsa -in privkey.pem -outform PEM -pubout -out pubkey.pem** + +The resulting **pubkey.pem** file is small enough to show here in full: + + +``` +\-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- +MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDZ5QIeI0ioHDY/2SReCeFnYZJY +z9kfk11RrilUbT5BgIi1hOAQ24LMilS37NhHYyi9VPv6rX4WLKoZCmkeYaWk/TR5 +4nbH1E/AkniwRoXpeh5VncwWMuMsL5qPWGY8fuuTE27GhwqBiKQGBOmU+MYlZonO +O0xnAKpAvysMy7G7qQIDAQAB +\-----END PUBLIC KEY----- +``` + +Now, with the key pair at hand, the digital signing is easy—in this case with the source file **client.c** as the artifact to be signed: + +**openssl dgst -sha256 -sign privkey.pem -out sign.sha256 client.c** + +The digest for the **client.c** source file is SHA256, and the private key resides in the **privkey.pem** file created earlier. The resulting binary signature file is **sign.sha256**, an arbitrary name. To get a readable (if base64) version of this file, the follow-up command is: + +**openssl enc -base64 -in sign.sha256 -out sign.sha256.base64** + +The file **sign.sha256.base64** now contains: + + +``` +h+e+3UPx++KKSlWKIk34fQ1g91XKHOGFRmjc0ZHPEyyjP6/lJ05SfjpAJxAPm075 +VNfFwysvqRGmL0jkp/TTdwnDTwt756Ej4X3OwAVeYM7i5DCcjVsQf5+h7JycHKlM +o/Jd3kUIWUkZ8+Lk0ZwzNzhKJu6LM5KWtL+MhJ2DpVc= +``` + +Or, the executable file **client** could be signed instead, and the resulting base64-encoded signature would differ as expected: + + +``` +VMVImPgVLKHxVBapJ8DgLNJUKb98GbXgehRPD8o0ImADhLqlEKVy0HKRm/51m9IX +xRAN7DoL4Q3uuVmWWi749Vampong/uT5qjgVNTnRt9jON112fzchgEoMb8CHNsCT +XIMdyaPtnJZdLALw6rwMM55MoLamSc6M/MV1OrJnk/g= +``` + +The final step in this process is to verify the digital signature with the public key. The hash used to sign the artifact (in this case, the executable **client** program) should be recomputed as an essential step in the verification since the verification process should indicate whether the artifact has changed since being signed. + +There are two OpenSSL commands used for this purpose. The first decodes the base64 signature: + +**openssl enc -base64 -d -in sign.sha256.base64 -out sign.sha256** + +The second verifies the signature: + +**openssl dgst -sha256 -verify pubkey.pem -signature sign.sha256 client** + +The output from this second command is, as it should be: + + +``` +`Verified OK` +``` + +To understand what happens when verification fails, a short but useful exercise is to replace the executable **client** file in the last OpenSSL command with the source file **client.c** and then try to verify. Another exercise is to change the **client** program, however slightly, and try again. + +### Digital certificates + +A digital certificate brings together the pieces analyzed so far: hash values, key pairs, digital signatures, and encryption/decryption. The first step toward a production-grade certificate is to create a certificate signing request (CSR), which is then sent to a certificate authority (CA). To do this for the example with OpenSSL, run: + +**openssl req -out myserver.csr -new -newkey rsa:4096 -nodes -keyout myserverkey.pem** + +This example generates a CSR document and stores the document in the file **myserver.csr** (base64 text). The purpose here is this: the CSR document requests that the CA vouch for the identity associated with the specified domain name—the common name (CN) in CA-speak. + +A new key pair also is generated by this command, although an existing pair could be used. Note that the use of **server** in names such as **myserver.csr** and **myserverkey.pem** hints at the typical use of digital certificates: as vouchers for the identity of a web server associated with a domain such as [www.google.com][6]. + +The same command, however, creates a CSR regardless of how the digital certificate might be used. It also starts an interactive question/answer session that prompts for relevant information about the domain name to link with the requester’s digital certificate. This interactive session can be short-circuited by providing the essentials as part of the command, with backslashes as continuations across line breaks. The **-subj** flag introduces the required information: + + +``` +% openssl req -new +-newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout privkeyDC.pem +-out myserver.csr +-subj "/C=US/ST=Illinois/L=Chicago/O=Faulty Consulting/OU=IT/CN=myserver.com" +``` + +The resulting CSR document can be inspected and verified before being sent to a CA. This process creates the digital certificate with the desired format (e.g., X509), signature, validity dates, and so on: + +**openssl req -text -in myserver.csr -noout -verify** + +Here’s a slice of the output: + + +``` +verify OK +Certificate Request: +Data: +Version: 0 (0x0) +Subject: C=US, ST=Illinois, L=Chicago, O=Faulty Consulting, OU=IT, CN=myserver.com +Subject Public Key Info: +Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption +Public-Key: (2048 bit) +Modulus: +00:ba:36:fb:57:17:65:bc:40:30:96:1b:6e🇩🇪73: +… +Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) +Attributes: +a0:00 +Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption +… +``` + +### A self-signed certificate + +During the development of an HTTPS web site, it is convenient to have a digital certificate on hand without going through the CA process. A self-signed certificate fills the bill during the HTTPS handshake’s authentication phase, although any modern browser warns that such a certificate is worthless. Continuing the example, the OpenSSL command for a self-signed certificate—valid for a year and with an RSA public key—is: + +**openssl req -x509 -sha256 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout myserver.pem -out myserver.crt** + +The OpenSSL command below presents a readable version of the generated certificate: + +**openssl x509 -in myserver.crt -text -noout** + +Here’s part of the output for the self-signed certificate: + + +``` +Certificate: +Data: +Version: 3 (0x2) +Serial Number: 13951598013130016090 (0xc19e087965a9055a) +Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption +Issuer: C=US, ST=Illinois, L=Chicago, O=Faulty Consulting, OU=IT, CN=myserver.com +Validity +Not Before: Apr 11 17:22:18 2019 GMT +Not After : Apr 10 17:22:18 2020 GMT +Subject: C=US, ST=Illinois, L=Chicago, O=Faulty Consulting, OU=IT, CN=myserver.com +Subject Public Key Info: +Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption +Public-Key: (4096 bit) +Modulus: +00:ba:36:fb:57:17:65:bc:40:30:96:1b:6e🇩🇪73: +… +Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) +X509v3 extensions: +X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: +3A:32:EF:3D:EB:DF:65:E5:A8:96:D7:D7:16:2C:1B:29:AF:46:C4:91 +X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: +keyid:3A:32:EF:3D:EB:DF:65:E5:A8:96:D7:D7:16:2C:1B:29:AF:46:C4:91 + +        X509v3 Basic Constraints: +            CA:TRUE +Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption +     3a:eb:8d:09:53:3b:5c:2e:48:ed:14:ce:f9:20:01:4e:90:c9: +     ... +``` + +As mentioned earlier, an RSA private key contains values from which the public key is generated. However, a given public key does _not_ give away the matching private key. For an introduction to the underlying mathematics, see . + +There is an important correspondence between a digital certificate and the key pair used to generate the certificate, even if the certificate is only self-signed: + + * The digital certificate contains the _exponent_ and _modulus_ values that make up the public key. These values are part of the key pair in the originally-generated PEM file, in this case, the file **myserver.pem**. + * The exponent is almost always 65,537 (as in this case) and so can be ignored. + * The modulus from the key pair should match the modulus from the digital certificate. + + + +The modulus is a large value and, for readability, can be hashed. Here are two OpenSSL commands that check for the same modulus, thereby confirming that the digital certificate is based upon the key pair in the PEM file: + + +``` +% openssl x509 -noout -modulus -in myserver.crt | openssl sha1 ## modulus from CRT +(stdin)= 364d21d5e53a59d482395b1885aa2c3a5d2e3769 + +% openssl rsa -noout -modulus -in myserver.pem | openssl sha1 ## modulus from PEM +(stdin)= 364d21d5e53a59d482395b1885aa2c3a5d2e3769 +``` + +The resulting hash values match, thereby confirming that the digital certificate is based upon the specified key pair. + +### Back to the key distribution problem + +Let’s return to an issue raised at the end of Part 1: the TLS handshake between the **client** program and the Google web server. There are various handshake protocols, and even the Diffie-Hellman version at work in the **client** example offers wiggle room. Nonetheless, the **client** example follows a common pattern. + +To start, during the TLS handshake, the **client** program and the web server agree on a cipher suite, which consists of the algorithms to use. In this case, the suite is **ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256**. + +The two elements of interest now are the RSA key-pair algorithm and the AES128 block cipher used for encrypting and decrypting messages if the handshake succeeds. Regarding encryption/decryption, this process comes in two flavors: symmetric and asymmetric. In the symmetric flavor, the _same_ key is used to encrypt and decrypt, which raises the _key distribution problem_ in the first place: How is the key to be distributed securely to both parties? In the asymmetric flavor, one key is used to encrypt (in this case, the RSA public key) but a different key is used to decrypt (in this case, the RSA private key from the same pair). + +The **client** program has the Google web server’s public key from an authenticating certificate, and the web server has the private key from the same pair. Accordingly, the **client** program can send an encrypted message to the web server, which alone can readily decrypt this message. + +In the TLS situation, the symmetric approach has two significant advantages: + + * In the interaction between the **client** program and the Google web server, the authentication is one-way. The Google web server sends three certificates to the **client** program, but the **client** program does not send a certificate to the web server; hence, the web server has no public key from the client and can’t encrypt messages to the client. + * Symmetric encryption/decryption with AES128 is nearly a _thousand times faster_ than the asymmetric alternative using RSA keys. + + + +The TLS handshake combines the two flavors of encryption/decryption in a clever way. During the handshake, the **client** program generates random bits known as the pre-master secret (PMS). Then the **client** program encrypts the PMS with the server’s public key and sends the encrypted PMS to the server, which in turn decrypts the PMS message with its private key from the RSA pair: + + +``` +              +-------------------+ encrypted PMS  +--------------------+ +client PMS--->|server’s public key|--------------->|server’s private key|--->server PMS +              +-------------------+                +--------------------+ +``` + +At the end of this process, the **client** program and the Google web server now have the same PMS bits. Each side uses these bits to generate a _master secret_ and, in short order, a symmetric encryption/decryption key known as the _session key_. There are now two distinct but identical session keys, one on each side of the connection. In the **client** example, the session key is of the AES128 variety. Once generated on both the **client** program’s and Google web server’s sides, the session key on each side keeps the conversation between the two sides confidential. A handshake protocol such as Diffie-Hellman allows the entire PMS process to be repeated if either side (e.g., the **client** program) or the other (in this case, the Google web server) calls for a restart of the handshake. + +### Wrapping up + +The OpenSSL operations illustrated at the command line are available, too, through the API for the underlying libraries. These two articles have emphasized the utilities to keep the examples short and to focus on the cryptographic topics. If you have an interest in security issues, OpenSSL is a fine place to start—and to stay. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/cryptography-basics-openssl-part-2 + +作者：[Marty Kalin][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003784_02_os.comcareers_os_rh2x.png?itok=jbRfXinl (A person working.) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/cryptography-basics-openssl-part-1 +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_extension_attack +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem +[6]: http://www.google.com From 5e259f7616b0050f2933fc191dee26d660c474d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 17:20:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0501/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190621=20Bash?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Script=20to=20Monitor=20Memory=20Usage=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md --- ...Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md | 175 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 175 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ded8050ee7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-memory-utilization-usage-and-send-email/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux +====== + +There are many open source monitoring tools are currently available in market to monitor Linux systems performance. + +It will send an email alert when the system reaches the specified threshold limit. + +It monitors everything such as CPU utilization, Memory utilization, swap utilization, disk space utilization and much more. + +If you only have few systems and want to monitor them then writing a small shell script can make your task very easy. + +In this tutorial we have added two shell script to monitor Memory utilization on Linux system. + +When the system reaches the given threshold then it will trigger a mail to given email id. + +### Method-1 : Linux Bash Script To Monitor Memory Utilization And Send an Email + +If you want to only get current Memory utilization percentage through mail when the system reaches the given threshold, use the following script. + +This is very simple, straightforward and one line script. I preferred to go with this method in most of the time. + +It will trigger an email when your system reaches `80%` of Memory utilization. + +``` +*/5 * * * * /usr/bin/free | awk '/Mem/{printf("RAM Usage: %.2f%\n"), $3/$2*100}' | awk '{print $3}' | awk '{ if($1 > 80) print $0;}' | mail -s "High Memory Alert" [email protected] +``` + +**Note:** You need to change the email id instead of ours. Also, you can change the Memory utilization threshold value as per your requirement. + +**Output:** You will be getting an email alert similar to below. + +``` +High Memory Alert: 80.40% +``` + +We had added many useful shell scripts in the past. If you want to check those, navigate to the below link. + + * **[How to automate day to day activities using shell scripts?][1]** + + + +### Method-2 : Linux Bash Script To Monitor Memory Utilization And Send an Email + +If you want to get more information about the Memory utilization in the mail alert. + +Then use the following script, which includes top Memory utilization process details based on the top Command and ps Command. + +This will instantly gives you an idea what is going on your system. + +It will trigger an email when your system reaches `80%` of Memory utilization. + +**Note:** You need to change the email id instead of ours. Also, you can change the Memory utilization threshold value as per your requirement. + +``` +# vi /opt/scripts/memory-alert.sh + +#!/bin/sh +ramusage=$(free | awk '/Mem/{printf("RAM Usage: %.2f\n"), $3/$2*100}'| awk '{print $3}') + +if [ "$ramusage" > 20 ]; then + +SUBJECT="ATTENTION: Memory Utilization is High on $(hostname) at $(date)" + +MESSAGE="/tmp/Mail.out" + +TO="[email protected]" + + echo "Memory Current Usage is: $ramusage%" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "Top Memory Consuming Process Using top command" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "$(top -b -o +%MEM | head -n 20)" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "Top Memory Consuming Process Using ps command" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE + + echo "$(ps -eo pid,ppid,%mem,%Memory,cmd --sort=-%mem | head)" >> $MESSAGE + + mail -s "$SUBJECT" "$TO" < $MESSAGE + + rm /tmp/Mail.out + + fi +``` + +Finally add a **[cronjob][2]** to automate this. It will run every 5 minutes. + +``` +# crontab -e +*/5 * * * * /bin/bash /opt/scripts/memory-alert.sh +``` + +**Note:** You will be getting an email alert 5 mins later since the script has scheduled to run every 5 minutes (But it’s not exactly 5 mins and it depends the timing). + +Say for example. If your system reaches the given limit at 8.25 then you will be getting an email alert in another 5 mins. Hope it’s clear now. + +**Output:** You will be getting an email alert similar to below. + +``` +Memory Current Usage is: 80.71% + ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +Top Memory Consuming Process Using top command ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +top - 12:00:58 up 5 days, 9:03, 1 user, load average: 1.82, 2.60, 2.83 +Tasks: 314 total, 1 running, 313 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie +%Cpu0 : 8.3 us, 12.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 75.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 4.2 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu1 : 13.6 us, 4.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 81.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu2 : 21.7 us, 21.7 sy, 0.0 ni, 56.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu3 : 13.6 us, 9.1 sy, 0.0 ni, 77.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu4 : 17.4 us, 8.7 sy, 0.0 ni, 73.9 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu5 : 20.8 us, 4.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 70.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 4.2 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu6 : 9.1 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 90.9 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +%Cpu7 : 17.4 us, 4.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 78.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st +KiB Mem : 16248588 total, 5015964 free, 6453404 used, 4779220 buff/cache +KiB Swap: 17873388 total, 16928620 free, 944768 used. 6423008 avail Mem + + PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND +17163 daygeek 20 2033204 487736 282888 S 10.0 3.0 8:26.07 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 15 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9408 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /u+ + 1121 daygeek 20 4191388 419180 100552 S 5.0 2.6 126:02.84 /usr/bin/gnome-shell + 1902 daygeek 20 1701644 327216 82536 S 20.0 2.0 153:27.92 /opt/google/chrome/chrome + 2969 daygeek 20 1051116 324656 92388 S 15.0 2.0 149:38.09 /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=10346122902703263820,11905758137655502112,131072 --service-pipe-token=1339861+ + 1068 daygeek 20 1104856 309552 278072 S 5.0 1.9 143:47.42 /usr/lib/Xorg vt2 -displayfd 3 -auth /run/user/1000/gdm/Xauthority -nolisten tcp -background none -noreset -keeptty -verbose 3 +27246 daygeek 20 907344 265600 108276 S 30.0 1.6 10:42.80 /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer --field-trial-handle=10346122902703263820,11905758137655502112,131072 --service-pipe-token=8587368+ + ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +Top Memory Consuming Process Using ps command ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ + PID PPID %MEM %CPU CMD + 8223 1 6.4 6.8 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox --new-window +13948 1121 6.3 1.2 /usr/bin/../lib/notepadqq/notepadqq-bin + 8671 8223 4.4 7.5 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 5 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 6999 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab +17163 8223 3.0 0.6 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 15 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9408 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab + 1121 1078 2.5 1.6 /usr/bin/gnome-shell +17937 8223 2.5 0.8 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 16 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9410 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab + 8499 8223 2.2 0.6 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 4 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 6635 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab + 8306 8223 2.2 0.8 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 1 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 1 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab + 9198 8223 2.1 0.6 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 7 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 8604 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /usr/lib/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 8223 true tab +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-memory-utilization-usage-and-send-email/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/shell-script/ +[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/crontab-cronjob-to-schedule-jobs-in-linux/ From c4db5dcc1d48da7ab178e4a5f6ab054e4eb06381 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 17:21:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0502/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190621=20Thre?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20Ways=20to=20Lock=20and=20Unlock=20User=20Account=20in=20Lin?= =?UTF-8?q?ux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md --- ...o Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md | 307 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 307 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4f791da9c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,307 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux +====== + +If password policy had already implemented in your organization, then you no need to look for this options. + +However, if you had set up lock period for 24 hours, in this case you might need to unlock the user’s account manually. + +This tutorial will help you to manually lock and unlock users account in Linux. + +This can be done using the following two Linux Commands in three ways. + + * **`passwd:`**The passwd command is used to update user’s authentication tokens. This task is achieved by calling the Linux-PAM and Libuser API + * **`usermod:`**The usermod command is used to modify/update given user’s account information. It used to add a user to a specific group, etc., + + + +To exprement this, we are choosing `daygeek` user account. Let’s see, how to do step by step. + +Make a note, you have to use corresponding user account which you need to lock or unlock instead of ours. + +You can check the given user account is available or not in system by using `id Command`. Yes, my account is available in the system. + +``` +# id daygeek + +uid=2240(daygeek) gid=2243(daygeek) groups=2243(daygeek),2244(ladmin) +``` + +### Method-1: How To Lock, Unlock and Check Status of the Given User Account in Linux Using passwd Command? + +The passwd command is one of the frequently used command by Linux administrator very often. + +It used to update user’s authentication tokens in the `/etc/shadow` file. + +Run the passwd command with the `-l` switch to lock the given user account. + +``` +# passwd -l daygeek + +Locking password for user daygeek. +passwd: Success +``` + +You can check the locked account status either passwd command or grep the given user name from /etc/shadow file. + +Checking the user account locked status using passwd command. + +``` +# passwd -S daygeek +or +# passwd --status daygeek + +daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) +``` + +This will output a short information about the status of the password for a given account. + + * **`LK:`**` ` Password locked + * **`NP:`**` ` No password + * **`PS:`**` ` Password set + + + +Checking the locked user account status using `/etc/shadow` file. Two exclamation mark will be added in front of the password, if the account is already locked. + +``` +# grep daygeek /etc/shadow + +daygeek:!!$6$tGvVUhEY$PIkpI43HPaEoRrNJSRpM3H0YWOsqTqXCxtER6rak5PMaAoyQohrXNB0YoFCmAuh406n8XOvBBldvMy9trmIV00:18047:7:90:7::: +``` + +Run the passwd command with the `-u` switch to unlock the given user account. + +``` +# passwd -u daygeek + +Unlocking password for user daygeek. +passwd: Success +``` + +### Method-2: How To Lock, Unlock and Check Status of the Given User Account in Linux Using usermod Command? + +Even, the usermod command also frequently used by Linux administrator very often. + +The usermod command is used to modify/update given user’s account information. It used to add a user to a specific group, etc., + +Run the usermod command with the `-L` switch to lock the given user account. + +``` +# usermod --lock daygeek +or +# usermod -L daygeek +``` + +You can check the locked account status either passwd command or grep the given user name from /etc/shadow file. + +Checking the user account locked status using passwd command. + +``` +# passwd -S daygeek +or +# passwd --status daygeek + +daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) +``` + +This will output a short information about the status of the password for a given account. + + * **`LK:`**` ` Password locked + * **`NP:`**` ` No password + * **`PS:`**` ` Password set + + + +Checking the locked user account status using /etc/shadow file. Two exclamation mark will be added in front of the password, if the account is already locked. + +``` +# grep daygeek /etc/shadow + +daygeek:!!$6$tGvVUhEY$PIkpI43HPaEoRrNJSRpM3H0YWOsqTqXCxtER6rak5PMaAoyQohrXNB0YoFCmAuh406n8XOvBBldvMy9trmIV00:18047:7:90:7::: +``` + +Run the usermod command with the `-U` switch to unlock the given user account. + +``` +# usermod --unlock daygeek +or +# usermod -U daygeek +``` + +### Method-3: How To Disable, Enable SSH Access To the Given User Account in Linux Using usermod Command? + +Even, the usermod command also frequently used by Linux administrator very often. + +The usermod command is used to modify/update given user’s account information. It used to add a user to a specific group, etc., + +Alternativly this can be done by assigning the `nologin` shell to the given user. To do so, run the below command. + +``` +# usermod -s /sbin/nologin daygeek +``` + +You can check the locked user account details by greping the given user name from /etc/passwd file. + +``` +# grep daygeek /etc/passwd + +daygeek:x:2240:2243::/home/daygeek:/sbin/nologin +``` + +We can enable the user ssh access by assigning back to the old shell. + +``` +# usermod -s /bin/bash daygeek +``` + +### How To Lock, Unlock and Check Status of Multiple User Account in Linux Using Shell Script? + +If you would like to lock/unlock more than one account then you need to look for script. + +Yes, we can write a small shell script to perform this. To do so, use the following shell script. + +Create The Users list. Each user should be in separate line. + +``` +$ cat user-lists.txt + +u1 +u2 +u3 +u4 +u5 +``` + +Use the following shell script to lock multiple users account in Linux. + +``` +# user-lock.sh + +#!/bin/bash +for user in `cat user-lists.txt` +do +passwd -l $user +done +``` + +Set an executable permission to `user-lock.sh` file. + +``` +# chmod + user-lock.sh +``` + +Finally run the script to achieve this. + +``` +# sh user-lock.sh + +Locking password for user u1. +passwd: Success +Locking password for user u2. +passwd: Success +Locking password for user u3. +passwd: Success +Locking password for user u4. +passwd: Success +Locking password for user u5. +passwd: Success +``` + +Use the following shell script to check locked users account in Linux. + +``` +# vi user-lock-status.sh + +#!/bin/bash +for user in `cat user-lists.txt` +do +passwd -S $user +done +``` + +Set an executable permission to `user-lock-status.sh` file. + +``` +# chmod + user-lock-status.sh +``` + +Finally run the script to achieve this. + +``` +# sh user-lock-status.sh + +u1 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) +u2 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) +u3 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) +u4 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) +u5 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) +``` + +Use the following shell script to unlock multiple users account in Linux. + +``` +# user-unlock.sh + +#!/bin/bash +for user in `cat user-lists.txt` +do +passwd -u $user +done +``` + +Set an executable permission to `user-unlock.sh` file. + +``` +# chmod + user-unlock.sh +``` + +Finally run the script to achieve this. + +``` +# sh user-unlock.sh + +Unlocking password for user u1. +passwd: Success +Unlocking password for user u2. +passwd: Success +Unlocking password for user u3. +passwd: Success +Unlocking password for user u4. +passwd: Success +Unlocking password for user u5. +passwd: Success +``` + +Run the same shell script `user-lock-status.sh` to check these locked user accounts got unlocked in Linux. + +``` +# sh user-lock-status.sh + +u1 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) +u2 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) +u3 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) +u4 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) +u5 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) +``` +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From f57d8b4ffc5125a0389771ce37c522f450d325da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 19:16:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0503/1265] PRF:20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md @geekpi --- ...0190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md index d189875e73..90076868b4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora) @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ ![][1] -Ansible 是世界上最受欢迎的自动化引擎之一。它能让你自动化几乎任何事情，从本地系统的设置到大量的平台和应用。它是跨平台的，因此你可以将其用于各种操作系统。继续阅读以获取有关如何在 Fedora 中获取最新 Ansible，一些更改和改进，以及如何使用它。 +Ansible 是世界上最受欢迎的自动化引擎之一。它能让你自动化几乎任何事情，从本地系统的设置到大量的平台和应用。它是跨平台的，因此你可以将其用于各种操作系统。请继续阅读以获取有关如何在 Fedora 中获取最新 Ansible，以及它的一些更改和改进，以及如何使用它。 ### 发布版本和功能 -最近发布了 Ansible 2.8，其中包含许多修复，功能和增强。仅仅几天之后，它就可在 Fedora 29 和 30 以及 EPEL 中获取。两周前发布了后续版本 2.8.1。同样，新版本在几天内就可以在 Fedora 中获取。 +Ansible 2.8 最近发布了，其中包含许多修复、功能和增强。仅仅几天之后，它就可在 Fedora 29 和 30 以及 EPEL 中获取。两周前发布了后续版本 2.8.1。同样，新版本在几天内就可以在 Fedora 中获取。 [使用 sudo][2] 能够非常容易地从官方仓库安装： @@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ Ansible 是世界上最受欢迎的自动化引擎之一。它能让你自动化 $ sudo dnf -y install ansible ``` -2.8 版本有很长的更新列表，你可以在 [2.8 的迁移指南][3]中阅读查看。但其中包含了一些好东西，比如 _Python 解释器发现_ 。Ansible 2.8 现在会试图找出哪个 Python 是它运行的平台的首选。如果失败，Ansible 会使用后备列表。但是，你仍然可以使用变量 _ansible_python_interpreter_ 来设置 Python 解释器。 +2.8 版本有很长的更新列表，你可以在 [2.8 的迁移指南][3]中阅读查看。但其中包含了一些好东西，比如 *Python 解释器发现功能* 。Ansible 2.8 现在会试图找出哪个 Python 是它所运行的平台的首选版本。如果失败，Ansible 会使用后备列表。但是，你仍然可以使用变量 `ansible_python_interpreter` 来设置 Python 解释器。 -另一个变化使 Ansible 在各个平台上更加一致。由于 _sudo_ 专用于 UNIX/Linux，而其他平台并没有，因此现在在更多地方使用 _become_。这包括了命令行开关。例如，_-ask-sudo-pass_ 已变成了 _-ask-become-pass_，提示符也变成了 _BECOME password:_。 +另一个变化使 Ansible 在各个平台上更加一致。由于 `sudo` 专用于 UNIX/Linux，而其他平台并没有，因此现在在更多地方使用 `become`。这包括了命令行开关。例如，`-ask-sudo-pass` 已变成了 `-ask-become-pass`，提示符也变成了 `BECOME password:`。 2.8 和 2.8.1 版本中还有许多其他功能。有关所有细节，请查看 [GitHub 上的官方更新日志][4]。 @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ $ sudo dnf -y install ansible 我们之前在 Fedora Magazine 中也讨论过这个话题： -> [使用 Ansible 设置工作站][5] +- [使用 Ansible 设置工作站][5] 试试看 Ansible，说下你的想法。很重要的一部分是让 Fedora 保持最新版本。自动化快乐！ @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/get-the-latest-ansible-2-8-in-fedora/ 作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 52064c4a480115f8960bfa069f0678fbb85e48b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 19:17:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0504/1265] PUB:20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11002-1.html --- .../20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md b/published/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md rename to published/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md index 90076868b4..dd851a1dde 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md +++ b/published/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11002-1.html) [#]: subject: (Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/get-the-latest-ansible-2-8-in-fedora/) [#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/) From 5453702bf78a34aff1513441cd2a1e43e5e11529 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 02:06:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0505/1265] PRF:20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md @LuuMing --- ...eech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md | 53 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md b/translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md index 0067324e41..bc5db34108 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (luuming) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems) @@ -8,16 +8,15 @@ [#]: author: (Simon James https://fosspost.org/author/simonjames) 5 款不错的开源语音识别/语音文字转换系统 - ====== ![](https://i0.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text.png?resize=1237%2C527&ssl=1) -语音文字转换speech-to-text（STT）系统就像它名字所蕴含的那样，是一种将说出的单词转换为文本文件以供后续用途的方式。 +语音文字转换speech-to-text（STT）系统就像它名字所蕴含的意思那样，是一种将说出的单词转换为文本文件以供后续用途的方式。 语音文字转换技术非常有用。它可以用到许多应用中，例如自动转录，使用自己的声音写书籍或文本，用生成的文本文件和其他工具做复杂的分析等。 -在过去，语音文字转换技术以专有软件和库为主导，开源替代品并不存在或是有严格的限制并且没有社区。这一点正在发生改变，当今有许多开源语音文字转换工具和库可以让你立即使用。 +在过去，语音文字转换技术以专有软件和库为主导，要么没有开源替代品，要么有着严格的限制，也没有社区。这一点正在发生改变，当今有许多开源语音文字转换工具和库可以让你随时使用。 这里我列出了 5 个。 @@ -27,74 +26,74 @@ ![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 15 open source speech recognition][1] -该项目由 Firefox 浏览器背后的组织 Mozilla 团队开发。它 100% 自由并且使用 TensorFlow 机器学习框架实现。 +该项目由 Firefox 浏览器的开发组织 Mozilla 团队开发。它是 100% 的自由开源软件，其名字暗示使用了 TensorFlow 机器学习框架实现去功能。 -换句话说，你可以用它训练自己的模型获得更好的效果，甚至可以用它转换其它的语言。你也可以轻松的将它集成到自己的 Tensorflow 机器学习项目中。可惜的是项目当前默认仅支持英语。 +换句话说，你可以用它训练自己的模型获得更好的效果，甚至可以用它来转换其它的语言。你也可以轻松的将它集成到自己的 Tensorflow 机器学习项目中。可惜的是项目当前默认仅支持英语。 -它也支持许多编程语言，例如 Python（3.6）。可以让你在数秒之内获取： +它也支持许多编程语言，例如 Python（3.6）。可以让你在数秒之内完成工作： ``` pip3 install deepspeech deepspeech --model models/output_graph.pbmm --alphabet models/alphabet.txt --lm models/lm.binary --trie models/trie --audio my_audio_file.wav ``` -你也可以通过 npm 安装它： +你也可以通过 `npm` 安装它： ``` npm install deepspeech ``` -想要获得更多信息，请参考[项目主页][2]。 +- [项目主页][2] #### Kaldi ![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 17 open source speech recognition][3] -Kaldi 是一个用 C++ 写的开源语音识别软件，并且在 Apache 公共许可下发布。它可以运行在 Windows，macOS 和 Linux 上。它的开发始于 2009。 +Kaldi 是一个用 C++ 编写的开源语音识别软件，并且在 Apache 公共许可证下发布。它可以运行在 Windows、macOS 和 Linux 上。它的开发始于 2009。 -Kaldi 超过其他语音识别软件的主要特点是可扩展和模块化。社区提供了大量的三方模块可以用来完成你的任务。Kaldi 也支持深度神经网络，并且在它的网站上提供了[出色的文档][4]。 +Kaldi 超过其他语音识别软件的主要特点是可扩展和模块化。社区提供了大量的可以用来完成你的任务的第三方模块。Kaldi 也支持深度神经网络，并且在它的网站上提供了[出色的文档][4]。 -虽然代码主要由 C++ 完成，但它通过 Bash 和 Python 脚本进行了封装。因此，如果你仅仅想使用基本的语音到文字转换功能，你就会发现通过 Python 或 Bash 能够轻易的完成。 +虽然代码主要由 C++ 完成，但它通过 Bash 和 Python 脚本进行了封装。因此，如果你仅仅想使用基本的语音到文字转换功能，你就会发现通过 Python 或 Bash 能够轻易的实现。 -[Project’s homepage][5]. +- [项目主页][5] #### Julius ![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 19 open source speech recognition][6] -可能是有史以来最古老的语音识别软件之一。它的发展始于 1991 年的京都大学，之后在 2005 年将所有权转移到了一个独立的项目组。 +它可能是有史以来最古老的语音识别软件之一。它的开发始于 1991 年的京都大学，之后在 2005 年将所有权转移到了一个独立的项目组。 -Julius 的主要特点包括了执行实时 STT 的能力，低内存占用（20000 单词少于 64 MB），输出最优词N-best word/词图Word-graph的能力，当作服务器单元运行的能力和很多东西。这款软件主要为学术和研究所设计。由 C 语言写成，并且可以运行在 Linux，Windows，macOS 甚至 Android（在智能手机上）。 +Julius 的主要特点包括了执行实时 STT 的能力，低内存占用（20000 单词少于 64 MB），能够输出最优词N-best word和词图Word-graph，能够作为服务器单元运行等等。这款软件主要为学术和研究所设计。由 C 语言写成，并且可以运行在 Linux、Windows、macOS 甚至 Android（在智能手机上）。 -它当前仅支持英语和日语。软件或许易于从 Linux 发行版的仓库中安装。只要在软件包管理器中搜索 julius 即可。最新的版本[发布][7]于大约一个半月之前。 +它当前仅支持英语和日语。软件应该能够从 Linux 发行版的仓库中轻松安装。只要在软件包管理器中搜索 julius 即可。最新的版本[发布][7]于本文发布前大约一个半月之前。 -[Project’s homepage][8]. +- [项目主页][8] #### Wav2Letter++ ![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 21 open source speech recognition][9] -如果你在寻找一个更加时髦的，那么这款一定适合。Wav2Letter++ 是一款由 Facebook 的 AI 研究团队于 2 个月之前发布的开源语言识别软件。代码在 BSD 许可下发布。 +如果你在寻找一个更加时髦的，那么这款一定适合。Wav2Letter++ 是一款由 Facebook 的 AI 研究团队于 2 个月之前发布的开源语言识别软件。代码在 BSD 许可证下发布。 -Facebook 描述它的库是“最快最先进state-of-the-art的语音识别系统”。构建它时的想法使其能在默认情况下对性能进行优化。Facebook 最新的机器学习库 [FlashLight][11] 也被用作 Wav2Letter++ 的底层核心。 +Facebook 描述它的库是“最快、最先进state-of-the-art的语音识别系统”。构建它时的理念使其默认针对性能进行了优化。Facebook 最新的机器学习库 [FlashLight][11] 也被用作 Wav2Letter++ 的底层核心。 -Wav2Letter++ 需要你先为所描述的语言建立一个模型来训练算法。没有任何一种语言（包括英语）的预训练模型，它仅仅是个机器学习驱动的文本语音转换工具，它用 C++ 写成，因此命名为 Wav2Letter++。 +Wav2Letter++ 需要你先为所描述的语言建立一个模型来训练算法。没有任何一种语言（包括英语）的预训练模型，它仅仅是个机器学习驱动的文本语音转换工具，它用 C++ 写成，因此被命名为 Wav2Letter++。 -[Project’s homepage][12]. +- [项目主页][12] #### DeepSpeech2 ![5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems 23 open source speech recognition][13] -中国巨头百度的研究人员也在开发他们自己的语音文字转换引擎，叫做“DeepSpeech2”。它是一个端对端的开源引擎，使用“PaddlePaddle”深度学习框架进行英语或汉语的文字转换。代码在 BSD 许可下发布。 +中国软件巨头百度的研究人员也在开发他们自己的语音文字转换引擎，叫做“DeepSpeech2”。它是一个端对端的开源引擎，使用“PaddlePaddle”深度学习框架进行英语或汉语的文字转换。代码在 BSD 许可证下发布。 -引擎可以训练在任何模型之上，并且可以用于任何想要的语言。模型并未随代码一同发布。你要像其他软件那样自己建立模型。DeepSpeech2 的源代码由 Python 写成，如果你使用过就会非常容易上手。 +该引擎可以在你想用的任何模型和任何语言上训练。模型并未随代码一同发布。你要像其他软件那样自己建立模型。DeepSpeech2 的源代码由 Python 写成，如果你使用过就会非常容易上手。 -[Project’s homepage][14]. +- [项目主页][14] ### 总结 -语音识别领域仍然主要地由专有软件巨头所占据，比如 Google 和 IBM（它们为此提供了闭源商业服务），但是开源同类软件很有前途。这 5 款开源语音识别引擎应当能够帮助你构建应用，随着时间推移，它们会不断地发展。在几年之后，我们希望开源成为这些技术中的常态，就像其他行业那样。 +语音识别领域仍然主要由专有软件巨头所占据，比如 Google 和 IBM（它们为此提供了闭源商业服务），但是开源同类软件很有前途。这 5 款开源语音识别引擎应当能够帮助你构建应用，随着时间推移，它们会不断地发展。在几年之后，我们希望开源成为这些技术中的常态，就像其他行业那样。 如果你对清单有其他的建议或评论，我们很乐意在下面听到。 @@ -104,8 +103,8 @@ via: https://fosspost.org/lists/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text 作者：[Simon James][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/LuuMing) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/LuuMing) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0f87ade02a0734e00be7ece2b19e4d07e12ff464 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 02:07:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0506/1265] PUB:20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md @LuuMing https://linux.cn/article-11004-1.html --- ...d Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md b/published/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md rename to published/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md index bc5db34108..07d273c666 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md +++ b/published/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (luuming) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11004-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition/Speech-to-Text Systems) [#]: via: (https://fosspost.org/lists/open-source-speech-recognition-speech-to-text) [#]: author: (Simon James https://fosspost.org/author/simonjames) From e01055cad9b8b92827fc722439750bd9172b36de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 14:54:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0507/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190622=20Open?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Source=20Slack=20Alternative=20Mattermost=20Gets=20$50M=20Fu?= =?UTF-8?q?nding?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md --- ...lternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 95 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md b/sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..993e30d5ec --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets $50M Funding) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mattermost-funding/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets $50M Funding +====== + +[Mattermost][1], which presents itself as an open source alternative to [Slack][2] raised $50M in series B funding. This is definitely something to get excited for. + +[Slack][3] is a cloud-based team collaboration software that is mainly used for internal team communication. Enterprises, startups and even open source projects worldwide use it interact with colleagues and project members. Slack is free with limited features while the paid enterprise version has premium features. + +[Slack is valued at $20 billion][4] in June, 2019. You can guess the kind of impact it has made in the tech industry and certainly more products are trying to compete with Slack. + +### $50 million for an open source project + +![][5] + +Personally, I was not aware of Mattermost. But, when [VentureBeat][6] reported the story, it made me curious. The funding was led by [Y Combinator’s][7] Continuity with a new investor Battery Ventures and was joined by the existing investors – Redpoint and S28 Captial. + +With the [announcement][8], they also mentioned: + +> With today’s announcement, Mattermost becomes YC’s largest ever Series B investment, and more importantly, their largest open source investment to date. + +To give you some specifics, here’s what VentureBeat mentioned: + +> The capital infusion follows a $20 million series A in February and a $3.5 million seed round in February 2017 and brings the Palo Alto, California-based company’s total raised to roughly $70 million. + +If you are curious about their plans, you should go through their [official announcement post][8]. + +Even though it all sounds good, what is Mattermost? Maybe you didn’t know about it, until now. So, let us take a brief look at it: + +### A quick look at Mattermost + +![Mattermost][9] + +As mentioned, it is an open source Slack alternative. + +At first glance, it almost resembles the look and feel of Slack. Well, that’s the point here – you will have an open source solution that you’re comfortable using. + +It even integrates with some of the popular DevOps tools like Git, Bots, and CI/CD. In addition to the functionality, it focuses on security and privacy as well. + +[][10] + +Suggested read  Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers + +Also, similar to Slack, it supports integration with multiple apps and services. + +Sounds promising? I think so. + +#### Pricing: Enterprise Edition vs Team Edition + +If you want them (Mattermost) to host it (or want priority support), you should opt for the Enterprise edition. However, if you want to host it without spending a penny, you can download the [Team edition][11] and install it on your Linux-based cloud/VPS server. + +Of course, we are not here to review it in-depth. However, I do want to mention that the enterprise edition is quite affordable. + +![][12] + +**Wrapping Up** + +Mattermost is definitely impressive. And, with a whopping $50M funding, it may become the next big thing in the open source community for users who were on the lookout for a secure and open source messaging platform with efficient team collaboration support. + +What do you think about this news? Is it something exciting for you? Were you already aware of Mattermost as a slack alternative? + +Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/mattermost-funding/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://mattermost.com/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/slack-use-linux/ +[3]: https://slack.com +[4]: https://www.ft.com/content/98747b36-9368-11e9-aea1-2b1d33ac3271 +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-wallpaper.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[6]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/19/mattermost-raises-50-million-to-advance-its-open-source-slack-alternative/ +[7]: https://www.ycombinator.com/ +[8]: https://mattermost.com/blog/yc-leads-50m-series-b-in-mattermost-as-open-source-slack-alternative/ +[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-screenshot.jpg?fit=800%2C497&ssl=1 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/ +[11]: https://mattermost.com/download/ +[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-enterprise-plan.jpg?fit=800%2C325&ssl=1 From 4bcf8dd064a8c069fad1a9f0190b72c50fdcb6c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 14:56:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0508/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20BitT?= =?UTF-8?q?orrent=20Client=20Deluge=202.0=20Released:=20Here=E2=80=99s=20W?= =?UTF-8?q?hat=E2=80=99s=20New?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md --- ... Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md | 88 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 88 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md b/sources/tech/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..52fcdc0569 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released: Here’s What’s New) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/deluge-2-release/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released: Here’s What’s New +====== + +You probably already know that [Deluge][1] is one of the [best Torrent clients available for Linux users][2]. However, the last stable release was almost two years back. + +Even though it was in active development, a major stable release wasn’t there – until recently. The latest version while we write this happens to be 2.0.2. So, if you haven’t downloaded the latest stable version – do try it out. + +In either case, if you’re curious, let us talk about what’s new. + +![Deluge][3] + +### Major improvements in Deluge 2.0 + +The new release introduces multi-user support – which was a much needed addition. + +In addition to that, there has been several performance improvements to handle more torrents with faster loading times. + +Also, with version 2.0, Deluge used Python 3 with minimal support for Python 2.7. Even for the user interface, they migrated from GTK UI to GTK3. + +As per the release notes, there are several more significant additions/improvements, which include: + + * Multi-user support. + * Performance updates to handle thousands of torrents with faster loading times. + * A New Console UI which emulates GTK/Web UIs. + * GTK UI migrated to GTK3 with UI improvements and additions. + * Magnet pre-fetching to allow file selection when adding torrent. + * Fully support libtorrent 1.2 release. + * Language switching support. + * Improved documentation hosted on ReadTheDocs. + * AutoAdd plugin replaces built-in functionality. + + + +### How to install or upgrade to Deluge 2.0 + +![][4] + +You should follow the official [installation guide][5] (using PPA or PyPi) for any Linux distro. However, if you are upgrading, you should go through the note mentioned in the release note: + +“_Deluge 2.0 is not compatible with Deluge 1.x clients or daemons so these will require upgrading too._ _Also_ _third-party Python scripts may not be compatible if they directly connect to the Deluge client and will need migrating._“ + +So, they insist to always make a backup of your [config][6] before a major version upgrade to guard against data loss. + +[][7] + +Suggested read  Ubuntu's Snap Apps Website Gets Much Needed Improvements + +And, if you are an author of a plugin, you need to upgrade it make it compatible with the new release. + +Direct download app packages not yet available for Windows and Mac OS. However, the release note mentions that they are being worked on. + +As an alternative, you can install them manually by following the [installation guide][5] in the updated official documentation. + +**Wrapping Up** + +What do you think about the latest stable release? Do you utilize Deluge as your BitTorrent client? Or do you find something else as a better alternative? + +Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/deluge-2-release/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://dev.deluge-torrent.org/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-torrent-ubuntu/ +[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/deluge.jpg?fit=800%2C410&ssl=1 +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Deluge-2-release.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[5]: https://deluge.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro/01-install.html +[6]: https://dev.deluge-torrent.org/wiki/Faq#WheredoesDelugestoreitssettingsconfig +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/snap-store/ From 02dd6e82bba2fb140c5986e7f7ee3aecf35a2635 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 15:10:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0509/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190409=20VSCo?= =?UTF-8?q?dium:=20100%=20Open=20Source=20Version=20of=20Microsoft=20VS=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Code?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md --- ...pen Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md | 123 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 123 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md b/sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e9ec3e4a85 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (VSCodium: 100% Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +VSCodium: 100% Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code +====== + +_**Brief: VSCodium is a fork of Microsoft’s popular Visual Studio Code editor. It’s identical to VS Code with the single biggest difference that unlike VS Code, VSCodium doesn’t track your usage data.**_ + +Microsoft’s [Visual Studio Code][1] is an excellent editor not only for web developers but also for other programmers. Due to its features, it’s considered one of the best open source code editors. + +Yes, it’s one of the many open source products from Microsoft. You can [easily install Visual Studio Code in Linux][2] thanks to the ready to use binaries in the form of DEB, RPM and Snap packages. + +And there is a problem which might not be an issue for a regular user but significant to an open source purist. + +The ready to use binaries Microsoft provides are not open source. + +Confused? Let me explain. + +The source code of VS Code is open sourced under MIT license. You can access it on the [GitHub][3]. However, the [installation files that Microsoft has created contain proprietary telemetry/tracking][4]. + +This tracking basically collects usage data and sends it to Microsoft to ‘help improve their products and services’. Telemetry reporting is common with software products these days. Even [Ubuntu does that but with more transparency][5]. + +You can [disable the telemetry in VS Code][6] but can you trust Microsoft completely? If the answer is no, then what are your options? + +You can build it from the source code and thus keep everything open source. But [installing from source code][7] is not always the prettiest option specially in today’s world when we are so used to of having binaries. + +Another option is to use VSCodium! + +### VSCodium: 100% open source form of Visual Studio Code + +![][8] + +[VSCodium][9] is a fork of Microsoft’s Visual Studio Code. This project’s sole aim is to provide you with ready to use binaries without Microsoft’s telemetry code. + +[][10] + +Suggested read  SuiteCRM: An Open Source CRM Takes Aim At Salesforce + +This solves the problem where you want to use VS Code without the proprietary code from Microsoft but you are not comfortable with building it from the source. + +Since [VSCodium is a fork of VS Code][11], it looks and functions exactly the same as VS Code. + +Here’s a screenshot of the first run of VS Code and VSCodium side by side in Ubuntu. Can you distinguish one from another? + +![Can you guess which is VSCode and VSCodium?][12] + +If you have not been able to distinguish between the two, look at the bottom. + +![That’s Microsoft][13] + +Apart from this and the logo of the two applications, there is no other noticeable difference. + +![VSCodium and VS Code in GNOME Menu][14] + +#### Installing VSCodium on Linux + +While VSCodium is available in some distributions like Parrot OS, you’ll have to add additional repositories in other Linux distributions. + +On Ubuntu and Debian based distributions, you can use the following commands to install VSCodium. + +First, add the GPG key of the repository: + +``` +wget -qO - https://gitlab.com/paulcarroty/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/raw/master/pub.gpg | sudo apt-key add - +``` + +And then add the repository itself: + +``` +echo 'deb https://gitlab.com/paulcarroty/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/raw/repos/debs/ vscodium main' | sudo tee --append /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscodium.list +``` + +Now update your system and install VSCodium: + +``` +sudo apt update && sudo apt install codium +``` + +You can find the [installation instructions for other distributions on its page][15]. You should also read the [instructions about migrating from VS Code to VSCodium][16]. + +**What do you think of VSCodium?** + +Personally, I like the concept of VSCodium. To use the cliche, the project has its heart in the right place. I think, Linux distributions committed to open source may even start including it in their official repository. + +What do you think? Is it worth switching to VSCodium or would you rather opt out of the telemetry and continue using VS Code? + +And please, no “I use Vim” comments :D + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://code.visualstudio.com/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/install-visual-studio-code-ubuntu/ +[3]: https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode +[4]: https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode/issues/60#issuecomment-161792005 +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-data-collection-stats/ +[6]: https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/supporting/faq#_how-to-disable-telemetry-reporting +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-software-from-source-code/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[9]: https://vscodium.com/ +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/suitecrm-ondemand/ +[11]: https://github.com/VSCodium/vscodium +[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium-vs-vscode.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/microsoft-vscode-tracking.png?resize=800%2C259&ssl=1 +[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium-and-vscode.jpg?resize=800%2C220&ssl=1 +[15]: https://vscodium.com/#install +[16]: https://vscodium.com/#migrate From 23da63d4c005d368c25dcd3cf1139bb728bcb94a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 15:16:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0510/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=A4=8D=E5=88=B6=E9=94=99=E8=AF=AF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 这里在从原网站复制过来的时候多出来了一段 --- sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md index ca9db0c33f..8223973619 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md @@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ So why a tendency to ignore (or be outright hostile toward) ideas that come from I, for example, have certainly faced criticism in the past for suggesting that we look to other professions for ideas and inspiration that can help us better meet the needs of students. A common refrain is something like: "You're trying to treat our students like widgets!" But how could our students be treated any more like widgets than they already are? They matriculate through school in age-based cohorts, going from siloed class to class each day by the sound of a shrill bell, and receive grades based on arbitrary tests that emphasize sameness over individuality. -What I'm advocating is a clear-eyed and objective look at any idea from any sector with potential to help us better meet the needs of individual students, not that we somehow run our schools like businesses. - It may be news to many inside of education, but widgets—abstract units of production that evoke the idea of assembly line standardization—are not a significant part of the modern manufacturing sector. Thanks to the culture of continuous improvement described above, modern, advanced manufacturing delivers just what the individual customer wants, at a competitive price, exactly when she wants it. If we adapted this model to our schools, teachers would be more likely to collaborate and constantly refine their unique paths of growth for all students based on just-in-time needs and desires—regardless of the time, subject, or any other traditional norm. What I'm advocating is a clear-eyed and objective look at any idea from any sector with potential to help us better meet the needs of individual students, not that we somehow run our schools like businesses. In order for this to happen effectively, however, we need to scrutinize a leadership structure that has frankly remained stagnant for over 100 years. From 431aec897ae979b287f5ca5257a609b57f31a85d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 15:29:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0511/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190622=20Clou?= =?UTF-8?q?dflare's=20random=20number=20generator,=20robotics=20data=20vis?= =?UTF-8?q?ualization,=20npm=20token=20scanning,=20and=20more=20news?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md --- ...tion, npm token scanning, and more news.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 84 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md b/sources/tech/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..af595d310b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cloudflare's random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-22) +[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt) + +Cloudflare's random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news +====== +Catch up on the biggest open source headlines from the past two weeks. +![Weekly news roundup with TV][1] + +In this edition of our open source news roundup, we take a look Cloudflare's open source random number generator, more open source robotics data, new npm functionality, and more! + +### Cloudflare announces open source random number generator project + +Is there such a thing as a truly random number? Internet security and services provider Cloudflare things so. To prove it, the company has formed [The League of Entropy][2], an open source project to create a generator for random numbers. + +The League consists of Cloudflare and "five other organisations — predominantly universities and security companies." They share random numbers, using an open source tool called [Drand][3] (short for Distributed Randomness Beacon Daemon). The numbers are then "composited into one random number" on the basis that "several random numbers are more random than one random number." While the League's random number generator isn't intended "for any kind of password or cryptographic seed generation," Cloudflare's CEO Matthew Prince points out that if "you need a way of having a known random source, this is a really valuable tool." + +### Cruise open sources robotics data analysis tool + +Projects involved in creating self-driving vehicles generate petabytes of data. And with amounts of data that large comes the challenge of quickly and effectively analyzing it. To make the task easier, General Motors subsidiary Cruise has made its Webviz data visualization tool "[freely available to developers][4] in need of a modular robotics analysis solution." + +Webviz "takes as input any bag file (the message format used by the popular Robot Operating System) and outputs charts and graphs." It "contains a collection of general panels (which visualize data) applicable to most robotics developers," said Esther Weon, a software engineer at Cruise. The company also plans to "release a public API that’ll allow developers to build custom panels themselves." + +The code for Webviz is [available on GitHub][5], where you can download or contribute to the project. + +### npm provides more security + +The team behind npm, the site providing JavaScript package hosting, has a new collaboration with GitHub to automatically scan for exposed tokens that could give hackers access that doesn't belong to them. The project includes a handy automatic revoke of leaked credentials them if are still valid. This could drastically reduce vulnerabilities in the JavaScript community. For instructions on how to participate, see the [original article][6]. + +Note that this news was found via the [Changelog news][7]. + +### Better end of life tracking via open source + +A new project, [endoflife.date][8], aims to overcome the complexity of end of life (EOL) announcements for software. It's part tracker, part public announcement on what good documentation looks like for software. As the README states: "The reason this site exists is because this information is very often hidden away. If you're releasing something on a regular basis: + + 1. List only supported releases. + 2. Give EoL dates/policy if possible. + 3. Hide unsupported releases behind a few extra clicks. + 4. Mention security/active release difference if needed." + + + +Check out the [source code][9] for more information. + +### In other news + + * [Medicine needs to embrace open source][10] + * [Using geospatial data to create safer roads][11] + * [Embracing open source could be a big competitive advantage for businesses][12] + + + +_Thanks, as always, to Opensource.com staff members and moderators for their help this week._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/news-june-22 + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/weekly_news_roundup_tv.png?itok=B6PM4S1i (Weekly news roundup with TV) +[2]: https://thenextweb.com/dd/2019/06/17/cloudflares-new-open-source-project-helps-anyone-obtain-truly-random-numbers/ +[3]: https://github.com/dedis/drand +[4]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/18/cruise-open-sources-webview-a-tool-for-robotics-data-analysis/ +[5]: https://github.com/cruise-automation/webviz +[6]: https://blog.npmjs.org/post/185680936500/protecting-package-publishers-npm-token-security +[7]: https://changelog.com/news/npm-token-scanning-extending-to-github-NAoe +[8]: https://endoflife.date/ +[9]: https://github.com/captn3m0/endoflife.date +[10]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/medicine-needs-to-embrace-open-source/ +[11]: https://itbrief.co.nz/story/using-geospatial-data-to-create-safer-roads +[12]: https://www.fastcompany.com/90364152/embracing-open-source-could-be-a-big-competitive-advantage-for-businesses From 969d7f2316d1417854df33258436d3fd62957382 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 16:52:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0512/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E5=A4=8D=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=A4=8D=E5=88=B6=E9=94=99=E8=AF=AF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md index 8223973619..adcd4f4117 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md @@ -49,8 +49,6 @@ While I certainly appreciate the argument that education is an animal significan Not surprisingly, a go-to resource I recommend to any school wanting to begin or accelerate this process is _The Open Organization_ by Jim Whitehurst. Not only does the book provide a window into how educators can create more open, inclusive leadership structures—where mutual respect enables nimble decisions to be made per real-time data—but it does so in language easily adaptable to the rather strange lexicon that's second nature to educators. Open organization thinking provides pragmatic ways any organization can empower members to be more open: sharing ideas and resources, embracing a culture of collaborative participation as a top priority, developing an innovation mindset through rapid prototyping, valuing ideas based on merit rather than the rank of the person proposing them, and building a strong sense of community that's baked into the organization's DNA. Such an open organization crowd-sources ideas from both inside and outside its formal structure and creates the type of environment that enables localized, student-centered innovations to thrive. -We simply can't rely on solutions and practices we developed in a factory-model paradigm. - Here's the bottom line: Essential to a culture of continuous improvement is recognizing that what we've done in the past may not be suitable in a rapidly changing future. For educators, that means we simply can't rely on solutions and practices we developed in a factory-model paradigm. We must acknowledge countless examples of best practices from other sectors—such as non-profits, the military, the medical profession, and yes, even business—that can at least _inform_ how we rethink what we do in the best interest of students. By moving beyond the traditionally sanctioned "eduspeak" world, we create opportunities for considering perspectives. We can better see the forest for the trees, taking a more objective look at the problems we face, as well as acknowledging what we do very well. Intentionally considering ideas from all sources—from first year classroom teachers to the latest NYT Business & Management Leadership bestseller—offers us a powerful way to engage existing talent within our schools to help overcome the institutionalized inertia that has prevented more positive change from taking hold in our schools and districts. From 359e0506a2a403d56de7a17a3c2009ee00b32598 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ninifly <18328038336@163.com> Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 21:44:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0513/1265] =?UTF-8?q?Revert=20"=E8=B6=85=E6=9C=9F=E5=9B=9E?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=94=B6:=20sources/tech/20131228=20Introduction=20to=20Clojur?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20-=20Modern=20dialect=20of=20Lisp=20(Part=201).md"?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md b/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md index 5e5f4df763..0fb3c6469d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md +++ b/sources/tech/20131228 Introduction to Clojure - Modern dialect of Lisp (Part 1).md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (ninifly) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From c442d0643e5d1a04fd648ca8a697d1fdfdca6de9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 21:51:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0514/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190619=20Gett?= =?UTF-8?q?ing=20started=20with=20OpenSSL:=20Cryptography=20basics?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190619 Getting started with OpenSSL- Cryptography basics.md --- ...arted with OpenSSL- Cryptography basics.md | 342 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 342 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190619 Getting started with OpenSSL- Cryptography basics.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 Getting started with OpenSSL- Cryptography basics.md b/sources/tech/20190619 Getting started with OpenSSL- Cryptography basics.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0f3da1b13e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190619 Getting started with OpenSSL- Cryptography basics.md @@ -0,0 +1,342 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Getting started with OpenSSL: Cryptography basics) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/cryptography-basics-openssl-part-1) +[#]: author: (Marty Kalin https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu/users/akritiko/users/clhermansen) + +Getting started with OpenSSL: Cryptography basics +====== +Need a primer on cryptography basics, especially regarding OpenSSL? Read +on. +![A lock on the side of a building][1] + +This article is the first of two on cryptography basics using [OpenSSL][2], a production-grade library and toolkit popular on Linux and other systems. (To install the most recent version of OpenSSL, see [here][3].) OpenSSL utilities are available at the command line, and programs can call functions from the OpenSSL libraries. The sample program for this article is in C, the source language for the OpenSSL libraries. + +The two articles in this series cover—collectively—cryptographic hashes, digital signatures, encryption and decryption, and digital certificates. You can find the code and command-line examples in a ZIP file from [my website][4]. + +Let’s start with a review of the SSL in the OpenSSL name. + +### A quick history + +[Secure Socket Layer (SSL)][5] is a cryptographic protocol that [Netscape][6] released in 1995. This protocol layer can sit atop HTTP, thereby providing the _S_ for _secure_ in HTTPS. The SSL protocol provides various security services, including two that are central in HTTPS: + + * Peer authentication (aka mutual challenge): Each side of a connection authenticates the identity of the other side. If Alice and Bob are to exchange messages over SSL, then each first authenticates the identity of the other. + * Confidentiality: A sender encrypts messages before sending these over a channel. The receiver then decrypts each received message. This process safeguards network conversations. Even if eavesdropper Eve intercepts an encrypted message from Alice to Bob (a _man-in-the-middle_ attack), Eve finds it computationally infeasible to decrypt this message. + + + +These two key SSL services, in turn, are tied to others that get less attention. For example, SSL supports message integrity, which assures that a received message is the same as the one sent. This feature is implemented with hash functions, which likewise come with the OpenSSL toolkit. + +SSL is versioned (e.g., SSLv2 and SSLv3), and in 1999 Transport Layer Security (TLS) emerged as a similar protocol based upon SSLv3. TLSv1 and SSLv3 are alike, but not enough so to work together. Nonetheless, it is common to refer to SSL/TLS as if they are one and the same protocol. For example, OpenSSL functions often have SSL in the name even when TLS rather than SSL is in play. Furthermore, calling OpenSSL command-line utilities begins with the term **openssl**. + +The documentation for OpenSSL is spotty beyond the **man** pages, which become unwieldy given how big the OpenSSL toolkit is. Command-line and code examples are one way to bring the main topics into focus together. Let’s start with a familiar example—accessing a web site with HTTPS—and use this example to pick apart the cryptographic pieces of interest. + +### An HTTPS client + +The **client** program shown here connects over HTTPS to Google: + + +``` +/* compilation: gcc -o client client.c -lssl -lcrypto */ + +#include <stdio.h> + +#include <stdlib.h> + +#include <openssl/bio.h> /* BasicInput/Output streams */ + +#include <openssl/err.h> /* errors */ + +#include <openssl/ssl.h> /* core library */ + +#define BuffSize 1024 + +void report_and_exit(const char* msg) { +  [perror][7](msg); +  ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr); +  [exit][8](-1); +} + +void init_ssl() { +  SSL_load_error_strings(); +  SSL_library_init(); +} + +void cleanup(SSL_CTX* ctx, BIO* bio) { +  SSL_CTX_free(ctx); +  BIO_free_all(bio); +} + +void secure_connect(const char* hostname) { +  char name[BuffSize]; +  char request[BuffSize]; +  char response[BuffSize]; + +  const SSL_METHOD* method = TLSv1_2_client_method(); +  if (NULL == method) report_and_exit("TLSv1_2_client_method..."); + +  SSL_CTX* ctx = SSL_CTX_new(method); +  if (NULL == ctx) report_and_exit("SSL_CTX_new..."); + +  BIO* bio = BIO_new_ssl_connect(ctx); +  if (NULL == bio) report_and_exit("BIO_new_ssl_connect..."); + +  SSL* ssl = NULL; + +  /* link bio channel, SSL session, and server endpoint */ + +  [sprintf][9](name, "%s:%s", hostname, "https"); +  BIO_get_ssl(bio, &ssl); /* session */ +  SSL_set_mode(ssl, SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY); /* robustness */ +  BIO_set_conn_hostname(bio, name); /* prepare to connect */ + +  /* try to connect */ +  if (BIO_do_connect(bio) <= 0) { +    cleanup(ctx, bio); +    report_and_exit("BIO_do_connect..."); +  } + +  /* verify truststore, check cert */ +  if (!SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(ctx, +                                      "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt", /* truststore */ +                                      "/etc/ssl/certs/")) /* more truststore */ +    report_and_exit("SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations..."); + +  long verify_flag = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl); +  if (verify_flag != X509_V_OK) +    [fprintf][10](stderr, +            "##### Certificate verification error (%i) but continuing...\n", +            (int) verify_flag); + +  /* now fetch the homepage as sample data */ +  [sprintf][9](request, +          "GET / HTTP/1.1\x0D\x0AHost: %s\x0D\x0A\x43onnection: Close\x0D\x0A\x0D\x0A", +          hostname); +  BIO_puts(bio, request); + +  /* read HTTP response from server and print to stdout */ +  while (1) { +    [memset][11](response, '\0', sizeof(response)); +    int n = BIO_read(bio, response, BuffSize); +    if (n <= 0) break; /* 0 is end-of-stream, < 0 is an error */ +  [puts][12](response); +  } + +  cleanup(ctx, bio); +} + +int main() { +  init_ssl(); + +  const char* hostname = "www.google.com:443"; +  [fprintf][10](stderr, "Trying an HTTPS connection to %s...\n", hostname); +  secure_connect(hostname); + +return 0; +} +``` + +This program can be compiled and executed from the command line (note the lowercase L in **-lssl** and **-lcrypto**): + +**gcc** **-o** **client client.c -lssl** **-lcrypto** + +This program tries to open a secure connection to the web site [www.google.com][13]. As part of the TLS handshake with the Google web server, the **client** program receives one or more digital certificates, which the program tries (but, on my system, fails) to verify. Nonetheless, the **client** program goes on to fetch the Google homepage through the secure channel. This program depends on the security artifacts mentioned earlier, although only a digital certificate stands out in the code. The other artifacts remain behind the scenes and are clarified later in detail. + +Generally, a client program in C or C++ that opened an HTTP (non-secure) channel would use constructs such as a _file descriptor_ for a _network socket_, which is an endpoint in a connection between two processes (e.g., the client program and the Google web server). A file descriptor, in turn, is a non-negative integer value that identifies, within a program, any file-like construct that the program opens. Such a program also would use a structure to specify details about the web server’s address. + +None of these relatively low-level constructs occurs in the client program, as the OpenSSL library wraps the socket infrastructure and address specification in high-level security constructs. The result is a straightforward API. Here’s a first look at the security details in the example **client** program. + + * The program begins by loading the relevant OpenSSL libraries, with my function **init_ssl** making two calls into OpenSSL: + +**SSL_library_init(); SSL_load_error_strings();** + + * The next initialization step tries to get a security _context_, a framework of information required to establish and maintain a secure channel to the web server. **TLS 1.2** is used in the example, as shown in this call to an OpenSSL library function: + +**const SSL_METHOD* method = TLSv1_2_client_method(); /* TLS 1.2 */** + +If the call succeeds, then the **method** pointer is passed to the library function that creates the context of type **SSL_CTX**: + +**SSL_CTX*** **ctx** **= SSL_CTX_new(method);** + +The **client** program checks for errors on each of these critical library calls, and then the program terminates if either call fails. + + * Two other OpenSSL artifacts now come into play: a security session of type **SSL**, which manages the secure connection from start to finish; and a secured stream of type **BIO** (Basic Input/Output), which is used to communicate with the web server. The **BIO** stream is generated with this call: + +**BIO* bio = BIO_new_ssl_connect(ctx);** + +Note that the all-important context is the argument. The **BIO** type is the OpenSSL wrapper for the **FILE** type in C. This wrapper secures the input and output streams between the **client** program and Google's web server. + + * With the **SSL_CTX** and **BIO** in hand, the program then links these together in an **SSL** session. Three library calls do the work: + +**BIO_get_ssl(bio, &ssl); /* get a TLS session */** + +**SSL_set_mode(ssl, SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY); /* for robustness */** + +**BIO_set_conn_hostname(bio, name); /* prepare to connect to Google */** + +The secure connection itself is established through this call: + +**BIO_do_connect(bio);** + +If this last call does not succeed, the **client** program terminates; otherwise, the connection is ready to support a confidential conversation between the **client** program and the Google web server. + + + + +During the handshake with the web server, the **client** program receives one or more digital certificates that authenticate the server’s identity. However, the **client** program does not send a certificate of its own, which means that the authentication is one-way. (Web servers typically are configured _not_ to expect a client certificate.) Despite the failed verification of the web server’s certificate, the **client** program continues by fetching the Google homepage through the secure channel to the web server. + +Why does the attempt to verify a Google certificate fail? A typical OpenSSL installation has the directory **/etc/ssl/certs**, which includes the **ca-certificates.crt** file. The directory and the file together contain digital certificates that OpenSSL trusts out of the box and accordingly constitute a _truststore_. The truststore can be updated as needed, in particular, to include newly trusted certificates and to remove ones no longer trusted. + +The client program receives three certificates from the Google web server, but the OpenSSL truststore on my machine does not contain exact matches. As presently written, the **client** program does not pursue the matter by, for example, verifying the digital signature on a Google certificate (a signature that vouches for the certificate). If that signature were trusted, then the certificate containing it should be trusted as well. Nonetheless, the client program goes on to fetch and then to print Google’s homepage. The next section gets into more detail. + +### The hidden security pieces in the client program + +Let’s start with the visible security artifact in the client example—the digital certificate—and consider how other security artifacts relate to it. The dominant layout standard for a digital certificate is X509, and a production-grade certificate is issued by a certificate authority (CA) such as [Verisign][14]. + +A digital certificate contains various pieces of information (e.g., activation and expiration dates, and a domain name for the owner), including the issuer’s identity and _digital signature_, which is an encrypted _cryptographic hash_ value. A certificate also has an unencrypted hash value that serves as its identifying _fingerprint_. + +A hash value results from mapping an arbitrary number of bits to a fixed-length digest. What the bits represent (an accounting report, a novel, or maybe a digital movie) is irrelevant. For example, the Message Digest version 5 (MD5) hash algorithm maps input bits of whatever length to a 128-bit hash value, whereas the SHA1 (Secure Hash Algorithm version 1) algorithm maps input bits to a 160-bit value. Different input bits result in different—indeed, statistically unique—hash values. The next article goes into further detail and focuses on what makes a hash function _cryptographic_. + +Digital certificates differ in type (e.g., _root_, _intermediate_, and _end-entity_ certificates) and form a hierarchy that reflects these types. As the name suggests, a _root_ certificate sits atop the hierarchy, and the certificates under it inherit whatever trust the root certificate has. The OpenSSL libraries and most modern programming languages have an X509 type together with functions that deal with such certificates. The certificate from Google has an X509 format, and the **client** program checks whether this certificate is **X509_V_OK**. + +X509 certificates are based upon public-key infrastructure (PKI), which includes algorithms—RSA is the dominant one—for generating _key pairs_: a public key and its paired private key. A public key is an identity: [Amazon’s][15] public key identifies it, and my public key identifies me. A private key is meant to be kept secret by its owner. + +The keys in a pair have standard uses. A public key can be used to encrypt a message, and the private key from the same pair can then be used to decrypt the message. A private key also can be used to sign a document or other electronic artifact (e.g., a program or an email), and the public key from the pair can then be used to verify the signature. The following two examples fill in some details. + +In the first example, Alice distributes her public key to the world, including Bob. Bob then encrypts a message with Alice’s public key, sending the encrypted message to Alice. The message encrypted with Alice’s public key is decrypted with her private key, which (by assumption) she alone has, like so: + + +``` +             +------------------+ encrypted msg  +-------------------+ +Bob's msg--->|Alice's public key|--------------->|Alice's private key|---> Bob's msg +             +------------------+                +-------------------+ +``` + +Decrypting the message without Alice’s private key is possible in principle, but infeasible in practice given a sound cryptographic key-pair system such as RSA. + +Now, for the second example, consider signing a document to certify its authenticity. The signature algorithm uses a private key from a pair to process a cryptographic hash of the document to be signed: + + +``` +                    +-------------------+ +Hash of document--->|Alice's private key|--->Alice's digital signature of the document +                    +-------------------+ +``` + +Assume that Alice digitally signs a contract sent to Bob. Bob then can use Alice’s public key from the key pair to verify the signature: + + +``` +                                             +------------------+ +Alice's digital signature of the document--->|Alice's public key|--->verified or not +                                             +------------------+ +``` + +It is infeasible to forge Alice’s signature without Alice’s private key: hence, it is in Alice’s interest to keep her private key secret. + +None of these security pieces, except for digital certificates, is explicit in the **client** program. The next article fills in the details with examples that use the OpenSSL utilities and library functions. + +### OpenSSL from the command line + +In the meantime, let’s take a look at OpenSSL command-line utilities: in particular, a utility to inspect the certificates from a web server during the TLS handshake. Invoking the OpenSSL utilities begins with the **openssl** command and then adds a combination of arguments and flags to specify the desired operation. + +Consider this command: + +**openssl list-cipher-algorithms** + +The output is a list of associated algorithms that make up a _cipher suite_. Here’s the start of the list, with comments to clarify the acronyms: + + +``` +AES-128-CBC ## Advanced Encryption Standard, Cipher Block Chaining +AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA1 ## Hash-based Message Authentication Code with SHA1 hashes +AES-128-CBC-HMAC-SHA256 ## ditto, but SHA256 rather than SHA1 +... +``` + +The next command, using the argument **s_client**, opens a secure connection to **[www.google.com][13]** and prints screens full of information about this connection: + +**openssl s_client -connect [www.google.com:443][16] -showcerts** + +The port number 443 is the standard one used by web servers for receiving HTTPS rather than HTTP connections. (For HTTP, the standard port is 80.) The network address **[www.google.com:443][16]** also occurs in the **client** program's code. If the attempted connection succeeds, the three digital certificates from Google are displayed together with information about the secure session, the cipher suite in play, and related items. For example, here is a slice of output from near the start, which announces that a _certificate chain_ is forthcoming. The encoding for the certificates is base64: + + +``` +Certificate chain + 0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Google LLC/CN=www.google.com + i:/C=US/O=Google Trust Services/CN=Google Internet Authority G3 +\-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- +MIIEijCCA3KgAwIBAgIQdCea9tmy/T6rK/dDD1isujANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADBU +MQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzEeMBwGA1UEChMVR29vZ2xlIFRydXN0IFNlcnZpY2VzMSUw +... +``` + +A major web site such as Google usually sends multiple certificates for authentication. + +The output ends with summary information about the TLS session, including specifics on the cipher suite: + + +``` +SSL-Session: +    Protocol : TLSv1.2 +    Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 +    Session-ID: A2BBF0E4991E6BBBC318774EEE37CFCB23095CC7640FFC752448D07C7F438573 +... +``` + +The protocol **TLS 1.2** is used in the **client** program, and the **Session-ID** uniquely identifies the connection between the **openssl** utility and the Google web server. The **Cipher** entry can be parsed as follows: + + * **ECDHE** (Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman Ephemeral) is an effective and efficient algorithm for managing the TLS handshake. In particular, ECDHE solves the _key-distribution problem_ by ensuring that both parties in a connection (e.g., the client program and the Google web server) use the same encryption/decryption key, which is known as the _session key_. The follow-up article digs into the details. + + * **RSA** (Rivest Shamir Adleman) is the dominant public-key cryptosystem and named after the three academics who first described the system in the late 1970s. The key-pairs in play are generated with the RSA algorithm. + + * **AES128** (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a _block cipher_ that encrypts and decrypts blocks of bits. (The alternative is a _stream cipher_, which encrypts and decrypts bits one at a time.) The cipher is _symmetric_ in that the same key is used to encrypt and to decrypt, which raises the key-distribution problem in the first place. AES supports key sizes of 128 (used here), 192, and 256 bits: the larger the key, the better the protection. + +Key sizes for symmetric cryptosystems such as AES are, in general, smaller than those for asymmetric (key-pair based) systems such as RSA. For example, a 1024-bit RSA key is relatively small, whereas a 256-bit key is currently the largest for AES. + + * **GCM** (Galois Counter Mode) handles the repeated application of a cipher (in this case, AES128) during a secured conversation. AES128 blocks are only 128-bits in size, and a secure conversation is likely to consist of multiple AES128 blocks from one side to the other. GCM is efficient and commonly paired with AES128. + + * **SHA256** (Secure Hash Algorithm 256 bits) is the cryptographic hash algorithm in play. The hash values produced are 256 bits in size, although even larger values are possible with SHA. + + + + +Cipher suites are in continual development. Not so long ago, for example, Google used the RC4 stream cipher (Ron’s Cipher version 4 after Ron Rivest from RSA). RC4 now has known vulnerabilities, which presumably accounts, at least in part, for Google’s switch to AES128. + +### Wrapping up + +This first look at OpenSSL, through a secure C web client and various command-line examples, has brought to the fore a handful of topics in need of more clarification. [The next article gets into the details][17], starting with cryptographic hashes and ending with a fuller discussion of how digital certificates address the key distribution challenge. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/cryptography-basics-openssl-part-1 + +作者：[Marty Kalin][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu/users/akritiko/users/clhermansen +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BUSINESS_3reasons.png?itok=k6F3-BqA (A lock on the side of a building) +[2]: https://www.openssl.org/ +[3]: https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-install-openssl-from-source-on-linux/ +[4]: http://condor.depaul.edu/mkalin +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape +[7]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/perror.html +[8]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/exit.html +[9]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/sprintf.html +[10]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fprintf.html +[11]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/memset.html +[12]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/puts.html +[13]: http://www.google.com +[14]: https://www.verisign.com +[15]: https://www.amazon.com +[16]: http://www.google.com:443 +[17]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/cryptography-basics-openssl-part-2 From 77287aa0a2fc1e97685753030ee89f3549c5344d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 21:57:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0515/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190605=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20navigate=20the=20Kubernetes=20learning=20curve?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md --- ... navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md | 75 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md b/sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0fde8d1383 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve) +[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux) + +How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve +====== +Kubernetes is like a dump truck. It's elegant for solving the problems +it's designed for, but you have to master the learning curve first. +![Dump truck rounding a turn in the road][1] + +In _[Kubernetes is a dump truck][2]_, I talked about how a tool can be elegant for the problem it was designed to solve—once you learn how to use it. In part 2 of this series, I'm going a little deeper into the Kubernetes' learning curve. + +The journey to [Kubernetes][3] often starts with running one container on one host. You quickly discover how easy it is to run new versions of software, how easy it is to share that software with others, and how easy it is for those users to run it the way you intended. + +But then you need + + * Two containers + * Two hosts + + + +It's easy to fire up one web server on port 80 with a container, but what happens when you need to fire up a second container on port 80? What happens when you are building a production environment and you need the containerized web server to fail over to a second host? The short answer, in either case, is you have to move into container orchestration. + +Inevitably, when you start to handle the two containers or two hosts problem, you'll introduce complexity and, hence, a learning curve. The two services (a more generalized version of a container) / two hosts problem has been around for a long time and has always introduced complexity. + +Historically, this would have involved load balancers, clustering software, and even clustered file systems. Configuration logic for every service is embedded in every system (load balancers, cluster software, and file systems). Running 60 or 70 services, clustered, behind load balancers is complex. Adding another new service is also complex. Worse, decommissioning a service is a nightmare. Thinking back on my days of troubleshooting production MySQL and Apache servers with logic embedded in three, four, or five different places, all in different formats, still makes my head hurt. + +Kubernetes elegantly solves all these problems with one piece of software: + + 1. Two services (containers): Check + 2. Two servers (high availability): Check + 3. Single source of configuration: Check + 4. Standard configuration format: Check + 5. Networking: Check + 6. Storage: Check + 7. Dependencies (what services talk to what databases): Check + 8. Easy provisioning: Check + 9. Easy de-provisioning: Check (perhaps Kubernetes' _most_ powerful piece) + + + +Wait, it's starting to look like Kubernetes is pretty elegant and pretty powerful. _It is._ You can model an entire miniature IT universe in Kubernetes. + +![Kubernetes business model][4] + +So yes, there is a learning curve when starting to use a giant dump truck (or any professional equipment). There's also a learning curve to use Kubernetes, but it's worth it because you can solve so many problems with one tool. If you are apprehensive about the learning curve, think through all the underlying networking, storage, and security problems in IT infrastructure and envision their solutions today—they're not easier. Especially when you introduce more and more services, faster and faster. Velocity is the goal nowadays, so give special consideration to the provisioning and de-provisioning problem. + +But don't confuse the learning curve for building or equipping Kubernetes (picking the right mud flaps for your dump truck can be hard, LOL) with the learning curve for using it. Learning to build your own Kubernetes with so many different choices at so many different layers (container engine, logging, monitoring, service mesh, storage, networking), and then maintaining updated selections of each component every six months, might not be worth the investment—but learning to use it is absolutely worth it. + +I eat, sleep, and breathe Kubernetes and containers every day, and even I struggle to keep track of all the major new projects announced literally almost every day. But there isn't a day that I'm not excited about the operational benefits of having a single tool to model an entire IT miniverse. Also, remember Kubernetes has matured a ton and will continue to do so. Like Linux and OpenStack before it, the interfaces and de facto projects at each layer will mature and become easier to select. + +In the third article in this series, I'll dig into what you need to know before you drive your Kubernetes "truck." + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve + +作者：[Scott McCarty][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/dumptruck_car_vehicle_storage_container_road.jpg?itok=TWK0CbX_ (Dump truck rounding a turn in the road) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck +[3]: https://kubernetes.io/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/developer_native_experience_-_mapped_to_traditional_1.png (Kubernetes business model) From 5ccf646b5f1f7fe24d95ca1073b5e3273fee1630 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2019 21:58:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0516/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20Kube?= =?UTF-8?q?rnetes=20is=20a=20dump=20truck:=20Here's=20why?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md --- ... Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md | 52 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md b/sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..40aef2d614 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Kubernetes is a dump truck: Here's why) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck) +[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux) + +Kubernetes is a dump truck: Here's why +====== +Dump trucks are an elegant solution to a wide range of essential +business problems. +![Dump truck with kids standing in the foreground][1] + +As we approach Kubernetes anniversary on Friday, June 7 this week let's start with this. + +Dump trucks are elegant. Seriously, stay with me for a minute. They solve a wide array of technical problems in an elegant way. They can move dirt, gravel, rocks, coal, construction material, or road barricades. They can even pull trailers with other pieces of heavy equipment on them. You can load a dump truck with five tons of dirt and drive across the country with it. For a nerd like me, that's elegance. + +But, they're not easy to use. Dump trucks require a special driver's license. They're also not easy to equip or maintain. There are a ton of options when you buy a dump truck and a lot of maintenance. But, they're elegant for moving dirt. + +You know what's not elegant for moving dirt? A late-model, compact sedan. They're way easier to buy. Easier to drive. Easier to maintain. But, they're terrible at carrying dirt. It would take 200 trips to carry five tons of dirt, and nobody would want the car after that. + +Alright, you're sold on using a dump truck, but you want to build it yourself. I get it. I'm a nerd and I love building things. But… + +If you owned a construction company, you wouldn't build your own dump trucks. You definitely wouldn't maintain the supply chain to rebuild dump trucks (that's a big supply chain). But you would learn to drive one. + +OK, my analogy is crude but easy to understand. Ease of use is relative. Ease of maintenance is relative. Ease of configuration is relative. It really depends on what you are trying to do. [Kubernetes][2] is no different. + +Building Kubernetes once isn't too hard. Equipping Kubernetes? Well, that gets harder. What did you think of KubeCon? How many new projects were announced? Which ones are "real"? Which ones should you learn? How deeply do you understand Harbor, TikV, NATD, Vitess, Open Policy Agent? Not to mention Envoy, eBPF, and a bunch of the underlying technologies in Linux? It feels a lot like building dump trucks in 1904 with the industrial revolution in full swing. Figuring out what screws, bolts, metal, and pistons to use. (Steampunk, anyone?) + +Building and equipping Kubernetes, like a dump truck, is a technical problem you probably shouldn't be tackling if you are in financial services, retail, biological research, food services, and so forth. But, learning how to drive Kubernetes is definitely something you should be learning. + +Kubernetes, like a dump truck, is elegant for the wide variety of technical problems it can solve (and the ecosystem it drags along). So, I'll leave you with a quote that one of my computer science professors told us in my first year of college. She said, "one day, you will look at a piece of code and say to yourself, 'now that's elegant!'" + +Kubernetes is elegant. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck + +作者：[Scott McCarty][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/dump_truck_car_container_kubernetes.jpg?itok=4BdmyVGd (Dump truck with kids standing in the foreground) +[2]: https://kubernetes.io/ From adfd26a2fda18bd17da694600f19518329bee0e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 07:53:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0517/1265] Rename sources/tech/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md to sources/news/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md --- ...otics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => news}/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md b/sources/news/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md rename to sources/news/20190622 Cloudflare-s random number generator, robotics data visualization, npm token scanning, and more news.md From 58e2e63d15870149ae7f7ababbfd09be5dc7826c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 07:59:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0518/1265] Rename sources/tech/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md to sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md --- ...12 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => news}/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md b/sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md rename to sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md From 8a71f4d45ab9cce8863266ad256e943e0d707152 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 08:05:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0519/1265] Rename sources/tech/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md to sources/talk/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md --- ... your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md b/sources/talk/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md rename to sources/talk/20190618 Why your workplace arguments aren-t as effective as you-d like.md From 7b8a7625d54123f5f998d037d56508826a8c07fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 08:06:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0520/1265] Rename sources/tech/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md to sources/news/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md --- .../20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => news}/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md b/sources/news/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md rename to sources/news/20190619 Codethink open sources part of onboarding process.md From 72f40cf246a03a9333283014e97d7b9a5b1e7999 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 08:28:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0521/1265] APL:20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md --- .../20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md index ded8050ee7..2f943bd32b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From f6ca4188a04875179f5932ea3af7cafc8882ef1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 08:45:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0522/1265] TSL:20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md --- ...Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md | 82 +++++++------------ 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md (69%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md similarity index 69% rename from sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md index 2f943bd32b..47071fdf42 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md @@ -7,58 +7,50 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-memory-utilization-usage-and-send-email/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux +在 Linux 上用 Bash 脚本监控内存使用情况 ====== -There are many open source monitoring tools are currently available in market to monitor Linux systems performance. +目前市场上有许多开源监控工具可用于监控 Linux 系统的性能。当系统达到指定的阈值限制时，它可以发送电子邮件警报。它可以监视 CPU 利用率、内存利用率、交换利用率、磁盘空间利用率等所有内容。 -It will send an email alert when the system reaches the specified threshold limit. +如果你只有很少的系统并且想要监视它们，那么编写一个小的 shell 脚本可以使你的任务变得非常简单。 -It monitors everything such as CPU utilization, Memory utilization, swap utilization, disk space utilization and much more. +在本教程中，我们添加了两个 shell 脚本来监视 Linux 系统上的内存利用率。当系统达到给定阈值时，它将给特定电子邮件地址发邮件。 -If you only have few systems and want to monitor them then writing a small shell script can make your task very easy. +### 方法-1：用 Linux Bash 脚本监视内存利用率并发送电子邮件 -In this tutorial we have added two shell script to monitor Memory utilization on Linux system. +如果只想在系统达到给定阈值时通过邮件获取当前内存利用率百分比，请使用以下脚本。 -When the system reaches the given threshold then it will trigger a mail to given email id. +这是非常简单直接的单行脚本。在大多数情况下，我更喜欢使用这种方法。 -### Method-1 : Linux Bash Script To Monitor Memory Utilization And Send an Email - -If you want to only get current Memory utilization percentage through mail when the system reaches the given threshold, use the following script. - -This is very simple, straightforward and one line script. I preferred to go with this method in most of the time. - -It will trigger an email when your system reaches `80%` of Memory utilization. +当你的系统达到内存利用率的 80％ 时，它将触发一封电子邮件。 ``` -*/5 * * * * /usr/bin/free | awk '/Mem/{printf("RAM Usage: %.2f%\n"), $3/$2*100}' | awk '{print $3}' | awk '{ if($1 > 80) print $0;}' | mail -s "High Memory Alert" [email protected] +*/5 * * * * /usr/bin/free | awk '/Mem/{printf("RAM Usage: %.2f%\n"), $3/$2*100}' | awk '{print $3}' | awk '{ if($1 > 80) print $0;}' | mail -s "High Memory Alert" 2daygeek@gmail.com ``` -**Note:** You need to change the email id instead of ours. Also, you can change the Memory utilization threshold value as per your requirement. +**注意：**你需要更改电子邮件地址而不是我们的电子邮件地址。此外，你可以根据你的要求更改内存利用率阈值。 -**Output:** You will be getting an email alert similar to below. +**输出：**你将收到类似下面的电子邮件提醒。 ``` High Memory Alert: 80.40% ``` -We had added many useful shell scripts in the past. If you want to check those, navigate to the below link. +我们过去添加了许多有用的 shel l脚本。如果要查看这些内容，请导航至以下链接。 - * **[How to automate day to day activities using shell scripts?][1]** + * [如何使用 shell 脚本自动执行日常活动？][1] +### 方法-2：用 Linux Bash 脚本监视内存利用率并发送电子邮件 +如果要在邮件警报中获取有关内存利用率的更多信息。 -### Method-2 : Linux Bash Script To Monitor Memory Utilization And Send an Email +使用以下脚本，其中包括基于 `top` 命令和 `ps` 命令的最高内存利用率进程详细信息。 -If you want to get more information about the Memory utilization in the mail alert. +这将立即让你了解系统的运行情况。 -Then use the following script, which includes top Memory utilization process details based on the top Command and ps Command. +当你的系统达到内存利用率的 “80％” 时，它将触发一封电子邮件。 -This will instantly gives you an idea what is going on your system. - -It will trigger an email when your system reaches `80%` of Memory utilization. - -**Note:** You need to change the email id instead of ours. Also, you can change the Memory utilization threshold value as per your requirement. +**注意：**你需要更改电子邮件地址而不是我们的电子邮件地址。 此外，你可以根据你的要求更改内存利用率阈值。 ``` # vi /opt/scripts/memory-alert.sh @@ -68,53 +60,37 @@ ramusage=$(free | awk '/Mem/{printf("RAM Usage: %.2f\n"), $3/$2*100}'| awk '{pri if [ "$ramusage" > 20 ]; then -SUBJECT="ATTENTION: Memory Utilization is High on $(hostname) at $(date)" - -MESSAGE="/tmp/Mail.out" - -TO="[email protected]" - + SUBJECT="ATTENTION: Memory Utilization is High on $(hostname) at $(date)" + MESSAGE="/tmp/Mail.out" + TO="2daygeek@gmail.com" echo "Memory Current Usage is: $ramusage%" >> $MESSAGE - echo "" >> $MESSAGE - echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE - echo "Top Memory Consuming Process Using top command" >> $MESSAGE - echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE - echo "$(top -b -o +%MEM | head -n 20)" >> $MESSAGE - echo "" >> $MESSAGE - echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE - echo "Top Memory Consuming Process Using ps command" >> $MESSAGE - echo "------------------------------------------------------------------" >> $MESSAGE - echo "$(ps -eo pid,ppid,%mem,%Memory,cmd --sort=-%mem | head)" >> $MESSAGE - mail -s "$SUBJECT" "$TO" < $MESSAGE - rm /tmp/Mail.out - - fi +fi ``` -Finally add a **[cronjob][2]** to automate this. It will run every 5 minutes. +最后添加一个 [cron 任务][2] 来自动执行此操作。它将每 5 分钟运行一次。 ``` # crontab -e */5 * * * * /bin/bash /opt/scripts/memory-alert.sh ``` -**Note:** You will be getting an email alert 5 mins later since the script has scheduled to run every 5 minutes (But it’s not exactly 5 mins and it depends the timing). +**注意：**由于脚本计划每 5 分钟运行一次，因此你将在 5 分钟后收到电子邮件提醒（但不是 5 分钟，而是取决于具体时间）。 -Say for example. If your system reaches the given limit at 8.25 then you will be getting an email alert in another 5 mins. Hope it’s clear now. +比如说。 如果你的系统达到 8.25 的给定限制，那么你将在再过 5 分钟收到电子邮件警报。 希望现在说清楚了。 -**Output:** You will be getting an email alert similar to below. +**输出：**你将收到类似下面的电子邮件提醒。 ``` Memory Current Usage is: 80.71% @@ -133,7 +109,7 @@ Tasks: 314 total, 1 running, 313 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu6 : 9.1 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 90.9 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st %Cpu7 : 17.4 us, 4.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 78.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st KiB Mem : 16248588 total, 5015964 free, 6453404 used, 4779220 buff/cache -KiB Swap: 17873388 total, 16928620 free, 944768 used. 6423008 avail Mem +KiB Swap: 17873388 total, 16928620 free, 944768 used. 6423008 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 17163 daygeek 20 2033204 487736 282888 S 10.0 3.0 8:26.07 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 15 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 9408 -prefMapSize 184979 -parentBuildID 20190521202118 -greomni /u+ @@ -164,7 +140,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-memory-utilization-us 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b49846ba26bf6944e2b558460ed55cdf1dde07ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 08:54:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0523/1265] PRF:20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md @wxy --- ...Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md | 24 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md index 47071fdf42..ce95199f6d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md @@ -1,15 +1,17 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-memory-utilization-usage-and-send-email/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -在 Linux 上用 Bash 脚本监控内存使用情况 +用 Bash 脚本监控 Linux 上的内存使用情况 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/23/085446setqkshf5zk0tn2x.jpg) + 目前市场上有许多开源监控工具可用于监控 Linux 系统的性能。当系统达到指定的阈值限制时，它可以发送电子邮件警报。它可以监视 CPU 利用率、内存利用率、交换利用率、磁盘空间利用率等所有内容。 如果你只有很少的系统并且想要监视它们，那么编写一个小的 shell 脚本可以使你的任务变得非常简单。 @@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ 如果只想在系统达到给定阈值时通过邮件获取当前内存利用率百分比，请使用以下脚本。 -这是非常简单直接的单行脚本。在大多数情况下，我更喜欢使用这种方法。 +这是个非常简单直接的单行脚本。在大多数情况下，我更喜欢使用这种方法。 当你的系统达到内存利用率的 80％ 时，它将触发一封电子邮件。 @@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ */5 * * * * /usr/bin/free | awk '/Mem/{printf("RAM Usage: %.2f%\n"), $3/$2*100}' | awk '{print $3}' | awk '{ if($1 > 80) print $0;}' | mail -s "High Memory Alert" 2daygeek@gmail.com ``` -**注意：**你需要更改电子邮件地址而不是我们的电子邮件地址。此外，你可以根据你的要求更改内存利用率阈值。 +**注意：**你需要更改电子邮件地址而不是使用我们的电子邮件地址。此外，你可以根据你的要求更改内存利用率阈值。 **输出：**你将收到类似下面的电子邮件提醒。 @@ -36,21 +38,19 @@ High Memory Alert: 80.40% ``` -我们过去添加了许多有用的 shel l脚本。如果要查看这些内容，请导航至以下链接。 +我们过去添加了许多有用的 shell 脚本。如果要查看这些内容，请导航至以下链接。  * [如何使用 shell 脚本自动执行日常活动？][1] ### 方法-2：用 Linux Bash 脚本监视内存利用率并发送电子邮件 -如果要在邮件警报中获取有关内存利用率的更多信息。 - -使用以下脚本，其中包括基于 `top` 命令和 `ps` 命令的最高内存利用率进程详细信息。 +如果要在邮件警报中获取有关内存利用率的更多信息。使用以下脚本，其中包括基于 `top` 命令和 `ps` 命令的最高内存利用率和进程详细信息。 这将立即让你了解系统的运行情况。 当你的系统达到内存利用率的 “80％” 时，它将触发一封电子邮件。 -**注意：**你需要更改电子邮件地址而不是我们的电子邮件地址。 此外，你可以根据你的要求更改内存利用率阈值。 +**注意：**你需要更改电子邮件地址而不是使用我们的电子邮件地址。此外，你可以根据你的要求更改内存利用率阈值。 ``` # vi /opt/scripts/memory-alert.sh @@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ fi */5 * * * * /bin/bash /opt/scripts/memory-alert.sh ``` -**注意：**由于脚本计划每 5 分钟运行一次，因此你将在 5 分钟后收到电子邮件提醒（但不是 5 分钟，而是取决于具体时间）。 +**注意：**由于脚本计划每 5 分钟运行一次，因此你将在最多 5 分钟后收到电子邮件提醒（但不是 5 分钟，取决于具体时间）。 -比如说。 如果你的系统达到 8.25 的给定限制，那么你将在再过 5 分钟收到电子邮件警报。 希望现在说清楚了。 +比如说，如果你的系统达到 8.25 的给定限制，那么你将在 5 分钟内收到电子邮件警报。希望现在说清楚了。 **输出：**你将收到类似下面的电子邮件提醒。 @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-memory-utilization-us 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From aa8f174b15d0b02ea1699a9f05eb72d43ff132f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 08:55:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0524/1265] PUB:20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-11007-1.html --- .../20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md b/published/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md rename to published/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md index ce95199f6d..ee2a3cba8c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md +++ b/published/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11007-1.html) [#]: subject: (Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-memory-utilization-usage-and-send-email/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From 9ca37b911cef7d645efb54b8f60119d8332d9ab3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 09:01:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0525/1265] APL:20190617 Exploring -run on Linux --- sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md index e2b497930c..57a153ac9a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From b7edd0d3aad667e86a900f912f21af49b3714d28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 09:21:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0526/1265] TSL:20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md --- .../tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md | 36 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md (53%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md similarity index 53% rename from sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md index 57a153ac9a..59704c3b02 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md @@ -7,14 +7,16 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403023/exploring-run-on-linux.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) -Exploring /run on Linux +探索 Linux 上的 /run ====== -There's been a small but significant change in how Linux systems work with respect to runtime data. + +> Linux 系统在运行时数据方面的工作方式发生了微小但重大的变化。 + ![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] -If you haven’t been paying close attention, you might not have noticed a small but significant change in how Linux systems work with respect to runtime data. A re-arrangement of how and where it’s accessible in the file system started taking hold about eight years ago. And while this change might not have been big enough of a splash to wet your socks, it provides some additional consistency in the Linux file system and is worthy of some exploration. +如果你没有密切关注，你可能没有注意到 Linux 系统在运行时数据方面的工作方式有一些小但重大的变化。 它重新组织了文件系统中可访问的方式和位置，而这个变化在大约八年前就开始了。虽然这种变化可能不足以让你的袜子变湿，但它在 Linux 文件系统中提供了更多一致性，值得进行一些探索。 -To get started, cd your way over to /run. If you use df to check it out, you’ll see something like this: +要开始，请转到 `/run`。如果你使用 `df` 来检查它，你会看到这样的输出： ``` $ df -k . @@ -22,18 +24,16 @@ Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on tmpfs 609984 2604 607380 1% /run ``` -Identified as a “tmpfs” (temporary file system), we know that the files and directories in /run are not stored on disk but only in volatile memory. They represent data kept in memory (or disk-based swap) that takes on the appearance of a mounted file system to allow it to be more accessible and easier to manage. +它被识别为 “tmpfs”（临时文件系统），因此我们知道 `/run` 中的文件和目录没有存储在磁盘上，而只存储在内存中。它们表示保存在内存（或基于磁盘的交换空间）中的数据，它看起来像是一个已挂载的文件系统，这个可以使其更易于访问和管理。 -**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]** - -/run is home to a wide assortment of data. For example, if you take a look at /run/user, you will notice a group of directories with numeric names. +`/run` 是各种各样数据的家园。例如，如果你查看 `/run/user`，你会注意到一组带有数字名称的目录。 ``` $ ls /run/user 1000 1002 121 ``` -A long file listing will clarify the significance of these numbers. +使用长文件列表可以发现这些数字的重要性。 ``` $ ls -l @@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ drwx------ 5 dory dory 120 Jun 16 16:14 1002 drwx------ 8 gdm gdm 220 Jun 14 12:18 121 ``` -This allows us to see that each directory is related to a user who is currently logged in or to the display manager, gdm. The numbers represent their UIDs. The content of each of these directories are files that are used by running processes. +我们看到每个目录与当前登录的用户或显示管理器 gdm 相关。数字代表他们的 UID。每个目录的内容都是运行中的进程所使用的文件。 -The /run/user files represent only a very small portion of what you’ll find in /run. There are lots of other files, as well. A handful contain the process IDs for various system processes. +`/run/user` 文件只是你在 `/run` 中找到的一小部分。还有很多其他文件。有一些文件包含了各种系统进程的进程 ID。 ``` $ ls *.pid @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ acpid.pid atopacctd.pid crond.pid rsyslogd.pid atd.pid atop.pid gdm3.pid sshd.pid ``` -As shown below, that sshd.pid file listed above contains the process ID for the ssh daemon (sshd). +如下所示，上面列出的 `sshd.pid` 文件包含 ssh 守护程序（`sshd`）的进程 ID。 ``` $ cat sshd.pid @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ dory 18232 18109 0 16:14 ? 00:00:00 sshd: dory@pts/1 shs 19276 10923 0 16:50 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto sshd ``` -Some of the subdirectories within /run can only be accessed with root authority such as /run/sudo. Running as root, for example, we can see some files related to real or attempted sudo usage: +`/run` 中的某些子目录只能使用 root 权限访问，例如 `/run/sudo`。例如，以 root 身份运行我们可以看到一些与真实或尝试使用 `sudo` 相关的文件： ``` /run/sudo/ts# ls -l @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ total 8 -rw------- 1 root shs 168 Jun 17 08:33 shs ``` -In keeping with the shift to using /run, some of the old locations for runtime data are now symbolic links. /var/run is now a pointer to /run and /var/lock a pointer to /run/lock, allowing old references to work as expected. +为了与 `/run` 的变化保持一致，一些运行时数据的旧位置现在是符号链接。`/var/run` 现在是指向 `/run` 的指针，`/var/lock` 指向 `/run/lock` 的指针，可以保证旧的引用按预期工作。 ``` $ ls -l /var @@ -98,11 +98,7 @@ drwxrwxrwt 8 root root 4096 Jun 17 00:00 tmp drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 19 12:14 www ``` -While minor as far as technical changes go, the transition to using /run simply allows for a better organization of runtime data in the Linux file system. - -**[ Now read this:[Invaluable tips and tricks for troubleshooting Linux][3] ]** - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. +虽然技术上的变化很小，但转换到使用 `/run` 只是为了在 Linux 文件系统中更好地组织运行时数据。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -110,7 +106,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403023/exploring-run-on-linux.html 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From cbd2076322eae64b72eedc040c339e7e5a2e739d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 09:28:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0527/1265] PRF:20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md @wxy --- translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md index 59704c3b02..162b8c0479 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Exploring /run on Linux) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ > Linux 系统在运行时数据方面的工作方式发生了微小但重大的变化。 -![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/23/092816aqczi984w30j8k12.jpg) 如果你没有密切关注，你可能没有注意到 Linux 系统在运行时数据方面的工作方式有一些小但重大的变化。 它重新组织了文件系统中可访问的方式和位置，而这个变化在大约八年前就开始了。虽然这种变化可能不足以让你的袜子变湿，但它在 Linux 文件系统中提供了更多一致性，值得进行一些探索。 @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403023/exploring-run-on-linux.html 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a8b3ad9a25136518647810b0bd1e8a50ebd44e50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 09:29:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0528/1265] PUB:20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-11008-1.html --- translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md index 162b8c0479..575d5ffd0b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11008-1.html) [#]: subject: (Exploring /run on Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403023/exploring-run-on-linux.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From 8dcf79bf209b0c2fe7283eb97962f9702f280b97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 09:47:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0529/1265] PUB:20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-11008-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md b/published/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md rename to published/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md From bebf3fd734dd1dd8141085139011062a8b578a45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: yizhuyan Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 12:25:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0530/1265] Create 20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md --- ...nstalled Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md | 137 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 137 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md b/translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0dbaa6bcbb --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (yizhuoyan) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (如何在Debian/Ubuntu系统中检查程序包是否安装?) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-the-given-package-is-installed-or-not-on-ubuntu-debian-system/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + + +如何在Debian/Ubuntu系统中检查程序包是否安装? +====== + +我们近期发布了一篇关于批量程序包安装的文章。在此同时，关于如何获取系统上已安装了的程序包信息，我也做了些调查然后找到了些方法。我会把这些方法分享在我们的网站上，希望能帮助到其他人。 + +有很多种方法可以检查程序包是否已安装，我找到了7种命令，您可以从中选择您喜欢的使用。 + +如下: + + * **`apt-cache :`** 可用于查询APT缓存或程序包的元数据。 + * **`apt :`** 在基于Debian的系统中是安装，下载，删除，搜索和管理包的强有力的工具。 + * **`dpkg-query :`** 一个查询dpkg数据库的工具。 + * **`dpkg :`** Debian系统的包管理工具 + * **`which :`** 返回在终端中输入命令时执行的可执行文件的全路径 + * **`whereis :`** 可用于搜索指定命令的二进制文件，源码文件和帮助文件。 + * **`locate :`** locate命令比find命令快，因为其使用updatedb数据库搜索，而find命令在实际系统中搜索。 + + + +## 方法一、使用`apt-cache `命令 + +`apt-cache `命令用于从APT的内部数据库中查询**APT缓存**和**包元数据**，将会搜索和显示指定包的信息，包括是否安装，程序包版本，源码仓库信息等。 + +下面的示例清楚的显示`nano`包已经在系统中安装了以及对应安装的版本号。 + +``` +# apt-cache policy nano +nano: + Installed: 2.9.3-2 + Candidate: 2.9.3-2 + Version table: + *** 2.9.3-2 500 + 500 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages + 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status +``` + +### 方法二、使用`apt`命令 + + + +`apt`是一个功能强大的命令行工具，可用于安装，下载，删除，搜索，管理程序包以及查询关于程序包的信息，类似对于`libapt-pkg`库的所有功能的底层访问。其包含一些与包管理相关的但很少用到的命令行功能。 + +``` +# apt -qq list nano +nano/bionic,now 2.9.3-2 amd64 [installed] +``` + +### 方法三、使用`dpkg-query`命令 + +`dpkg-query` 是显示`dpkg`数据库中程序包信息列表的一个工具。 + +下面示例中的输出的第一列`ii`，表示查询的程序包已安装了。 + +``` +# dpkg-query --list | grep -i nano +ii nano 2.9.3-2 amd64 small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico +``` + +### 方法四、使用`dpkg`命令 + +`dpkg`(**d**ebian **p**ac**k**a**g**e)是一个安装，构建，删除和管理Debian包的工具，但和其他包管理系统不同的是，其不能自动下载和安装包或包依赖。 + +下面示例中的输出的第一列`ii`，表示查询的包已安装了。 + +``` +# dpkg -l | grep -i nano +ii nano 2.9.3-2 amd64 small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico +``` + +### 方法五、使用`which`命令 + + + +`which`命令返回在终端中输入命令时执行的可执行文件的全路径。这对于你想要给可执行文件创建桌面快捷方式或符号链接时非常有用。 + +`which`命令仅在当前用户`PATH`环境变量配置的目录列表中搜索，而不是在所有用户的目录中搜索。意思是当你登入你自己账号时 ，其不会在`root`用户文件或目录中搜索。 + +如果对于指定的程序包或可执行文件路径有如下输出，则表示已安装了，否则没有。 + +``` +# which nano +/bin/nano +``` + +### 方法六、使用`whereis`命令 + +`whereis`命令用于针对指定命令搜索对应的程序二进制文件，源码文件以及帮助文件等。 + +如果对于指定的程序包或可执行文件路径有如下输出，则表示已安装了，否则没有。 + +``` +# whereis nano +nano: /bin/nano /usr/share/nano /usr/share/man/man1/nano.1.gz /usr/share/info/nano.info.gz +``` + +### 方法七、使用`locate`命令 + +`locate`命令比`find`命令快，因为其在**updatedb**数据库中搜索，而find命令在实际系统中进行搜索。 + +对于获取指定文件，其使用数据库而不是在特定目录路径中搜索。 + +`locate`命令不会预安装在大多数系统中，需要手动安装。 + +`locate`使用的数据库会根据定时任务定期更新。当然，我们也可以手动更新。 + +如果对于指定的程序包或可执行文件路径有如下输出，则表示已安装了，否则没有。 + +``` +# locate --basename '\nano' +/usr/bin/nano +/usr/share/nano +/usr/share/doc/nano +``` +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-the-given-package-is-installed-or-not-on-ubuntu-debian-system/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[yizhuoyan][translator] +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[translator]:https://github.com/yizhuoyan From dc37186e1dcaf44769a7b32f196b4e591338e847 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: yizhuyan Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 12:28:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0531/1265] Delete 20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 已翻译完毕 --- ...nstalled Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md | 141 ------------------ 1 file changed, 141 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md b/sources/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md deleted file mode 100644 index dfc3e62dce..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,141 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian/Ubuntu System?) -[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-the-given-package-is-installed-or-not-on-ubuntu-debian-system/) -[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) - -How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian/Ubuntu System? -====== - -We have recently published an article about bulk package installation. - -While doing that, i was struggled to get the installed package information and did a small google search and found few methods about it. - -I would like to share it in our website so, that it will be helpful for others too. - -There are numerous ways we can achieve this. - -I have add seven ways to achieve this. However, you can choose the preferred method for you. - -Those methods are listed below. - - * **`apt-cache Command:`** apt-cache command is used to query the APT cache or package metadata. - * **`apt Command:`** APT is a powerful command-line tool for installing, downloading, removing, searching and managing packages on Debian based systems. - * **`dpkg-query Command:`** dpkg-query is a tool to query the dpkg database. - * **`dpkg Command:`** dpkg is a package manager for Debian based systems. - * **`which Command:`** The which command returns the full path of the executable that would have been executed when the command had been entered in terminal. - * **`whereis Command:`** The whereis command used to search the binary, source, and man page files for a given command. - * **`locate Command:`** locate command works faster than the find command because it uses updatedb database, whereas the find command searches in the real system. - - - -### Method-1 : How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Ubuntu System Using apt-cache Command? - -apt-cache command is used to query the APT cache or package metadata from APT’s internal database. - -It will search and display an information about the given package. It shows whether the package is installed or not, installed package version, source repository information. - -The below output clearly showing that `nano` package has already installed in the system. Since installed part is showing the installed version of nano package. - -``` -# apt-cache policy nano -nano: - Installed: 2.9.3-2 - Candidate: 2.9.3-2 - Version table: - *** 2.9.3-2 500 - 500 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages - 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status -``` - -### Method-2 : How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Ubuntu System Using apt Command? - -APT is a powerful command-line tool for installing, downloading, removing, searching and managing as well as querying information about packages as a low-level access to all features of the libapt-pkg library. It’s contains some less used command-line utilities related to package management. - -``` -# apt -qq list nano -nano/bionic,now 2.9.3-2 amd64 [installed] -``` - -### Method-3 : How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Ubuntu System Using dpkg-query Command? - -dpkg-query is a tool to show information about packages listed in the dpkg database. - -In the below output first column showing `ii`. It means, the given package has already installed in the system. - -``` -# dpkg-query --list | grep -i nano -ii nano 2.9.3-2 amd64 small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico -``` - -### Method-4 : How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Ubuntu System Using dpkg Command? - -DPKG stands for Debian Package is a tool to install, build, remove and manage Debian packages, but unlike other package management systems, it cannot automatically download and install packages or their dependencies. - -In the below output first column showing `ii`. It means, the given package has already installed in the system. - -``` -# dpkg -l | grep -i nano -ii nano 2.9.3-2 amd64 small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico -``` - -### Method-5 : How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Ubuntu System Using which Command? - -The which command returns the full path of the executable that would have been executed when the command had been entered in terminal. - -It’s very useful when you want to create a desktop shortcut or symbolic link for executable files. - -Which command searches the directories listed in the current user’s PATH environment variable not for all the users. I mean, when you are logged in your own account and you can’t able to search for root user file or directory. - -If the following output shows the given package binary or executable file location then the given package has already installed in the system. If not, the package is not installed in system. - -``` -# which nano -/bin/nano -``` - -### Method-6 : How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Ubuntu System Using whereis Command? - -The whereis command used to search the binary, source, and man page files for a given command. - -If the following output shows the given package binary or executable file location then the given package has already installed in the system. If not, the package is not installed in system. - -``` -# whereis nano -nano: /bin/nano /usr/share/nano /usr/share/man/man1/nano.1.gz /usr/share/info/nano.info.gz -``` - -### Method-7 : How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Ubuntu System Using locate Command? - -locate command works faster than the find command because it uses updatedb database, whereas the find command searches in the real system. - -It uses a database rather than hunting individual directory paths to get a given file. - -locate command doesn’t pre-installed in most of the distributions so, use your distribution package manager to install it. - -The database is updated regularly through cron. Even, we can update it manually. - -If the following output shows the given package binary or executable file location then the given package has already installed in the system. If not, the package is not installed in system. - -``` -# locate --basename '\nano' -/usr/bin/nano -/usr/share/nano -/usr/share/doc/nano -``` --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-the-given-package-is-installed-or-not-on-ubuntu-debian-system/ - -作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From 00a9339103716f39934d59e231bdbdca28e70a78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lingxu Meng Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 16:44:41 +1000 Subject: [PATCH 0532/1265] Finish translating --- ... send email from the Linux command line.md | 171 ------------------ ... send email from the Linux command line.md | 168 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 168 insertions(+), 171 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md b/sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7bdb9448f8..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,171 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (Modrisco) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to send email from the Linux command line) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -How to send email from the Linux command line -====== -Linux offers several commands that allow you to send email from the command line. Here's look at some that offer interesting options. -![Molnia/iStock][1] - -There are several ways to send email from the Linux command line. Some are very simple and others more complicated, but offer some very useful features. The choice depends on what you want to do -– whether you want to get a quick message off to a co-worker or send a more complicated message with an attachment to a large group of people. Here's a look at some of the options: - -### mail - -The easiest way to send a simple message from the Linux command line is to use the **mail** command. Maybe you need to remind your boss that you're leaving a little early that day. You could use a command like this one: - -``` -$ echo "Reminder: Leaving at 4 PM today" | mail -s "early departure" myboss -``` - -**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]** - -Another option is to grab your message text from a file that contains the content you want to send: - -``` -$ mail -s "Reminder:Leaving early" myboss < reason4leaving -``` - -In both cases, the -s options allows you to provide a subject line for your message. - -### sendmail - -Using **sendmail** , you can send a quick message (with no subject) using a command like this (replacing "recip" with your intended recipient: - -``` -$ echo "leaving now" | sendmail recip -``` - -You can send just a subject line (with no message content) with a command like this: - -``` -$ echo "Subject: leaving now" | sendmail recip -``` - -You can also use sendmail on the command line to send a message complete with a subject line. However, when using this approach, you would add your subject line to the file you intend to send as in this example file: - -``` -Subject: Requested lyrics -I would just like to say that, in my opinion, longer hair and other flamboyant -affectations of appearance are nothing more ... -``` - -Then you would send the file like this (where the lyrics file contains your subject line and text): - -``` -$ sendmail recip < lyrics -``` - -Sendmail can be quite verbose in its output. If you're desperately curious and want to see the interchange between the sending and receiving systems, add the -v (verbose) option: - -``` -$ sendmail -v recip@emailsite.com < lyrics -``` - -### mutt - -An especially nice tool for command line emailing is the **mutt** command, though you will likely have to install it first. Mutt has a convenient advantage in that it can allow you to include attachments. - -To use mutt to send a quick messsage: - -``` -$ echo "Please check last night's backups" | mutt -s "backup check" recip -``` - -To get content from a file: - -``` -$ mutt -s "Agenda" recip < agenda -``` - -To add an attachment with mutt, use the -a option. You can even add more than one – as shown in this command: - -``` -$ mutt -s "Agenda" recip -a agenda -a speakers < msg -``` - -In the command above, the "msg" file includes content for the email. If you don't have any additional content to provide, you can do this instead: - -``` -$ echo "" | mutt -s "Agenda" recip -a agenda -a speakers -``` - -The other useful option that you have with mutt is that it provides a way to send carbon copies (using the -c option) and blind carbon copies (using the -b option). - -``` -$ mutt -s "Minutes from last meeting" recip@somesite.com -c myboss < mins -``` - -### telnet - -If you want to get deep into the details of sending email, you can use **telnet** to carry on the email exchange operation, but you'll need to, as they say, "learn the lingo." Mail servers expect a sequence of commands that include things like introducing yourself ( **EHLO** command), providing the email sender ( **MAIL FROM** command), specifying the email recipient ( **RCPT TO** command), and then adding the message ( **DATA** ) and ending the message with a "." as the only character on the line. Not every email server will respond to these requests. This approach is generally used only for troubleshooting. - -``` -$ telnet emailsite.org 25 -Trying 192.168.0.12... -Connected to emailsite. -Escape character is '^]'. -220 localhost ESMTP Sendmail 8.15.2/8.15.2/Debian-12; Wed, 12 Jun 2019 16:32:13 -0400; (No UCE/UBE) logging access from: mysite(OK)-mysite [192.168.0.12] -EHLO mysite.org <== introduce yourself -250-localhost Hello mysite [127.0.0.1], pleased to meet you -250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES -250-PIPELINING -250-EXPN -250-VERB -250-8BITMIME -250-SIZE -250-DSN -250-ETRN -250-AUTH DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 -250-DELIVERBY -250 HELP -MAIL FROM: me@mysite.org <== specify sender -250 2.1.0 shs@mysite.org... Sender ok -RCPT TO: recip <== specify recipient -250 2.1.5 recip... Recipient ok -DATA <== start message -354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself -This is a test message. Please deliver it for me. -. <== end message -250 2.0.0 x5CKWDds029287 Message accepted for delivery -quit <== end exchange -``` - -### Sending email to multiple recipients - -If you want to send email from the Linux command line to a large group of recipients, you can always use a loop to make the job easier as in this example using mutt. - -``` -$ for recip in `cat recips` -do - mutt -s "Minutes from May meeting" $recip < May_minutes -done -``` - -### Wrap-up - -There are quite a few ways to send email from the Linux command line. Some tools provide quite a few options. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/Modrisco) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2017/08/email_image_blue-100732096-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua -[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md b/translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ddeef7571f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (Modrisco) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to send email from the Linux command line) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +如何用 Linux 命令行发电子邮件 +====== +Linux 提供了几种命令允许您通过终端发送电子邮件，下面来展示一些有趣的方法。 + +![Molnia/iStock][1] + +Linux 可以用多种方式通过命令行发送电子邮件。有一些方法十分简单，有一些相对会复杂一些，不过仍旧提供了很多有用的特性。选择哪一种方式取决于你想要什么 —— 向同事快速发送消息，还是向一批人群发带有附件的更复杂的信息。接下来看一看几种可行方案： + +### mail + +发送一条简单消息最便捷的 Linux 命令是 `mail`。假设你需要提醒老板你今天得早点走，你可以使用这样的一条命令： + +``` +$ echo "Reminder: Leaving at 4 PM today" | mail -s "early departure" myboss +``` + +另一种方式是从一个文件中提取出你想要发送的文本信息： + +``` +$ mail -s "Reminder:Leaving early" myboss < reason4leaving +``` + +在以上两种情况中，你都可以通过 -s 来为邮件添加标题。 + +### sendmail + +使用 `sendmail` 命令可以发送一封不包含标题的快信。（用目标收件人替换 `recip`）： + +``` +$ echo "leaving now" | sendmail recip +``` + +你可以用这条命令发送一条只有标题，没有内容的信息： + +``` +$ echo "Subject: leaving now" | sendmail recip +``` + +你也可以用 `sendmail` 发送一条包含一条标题行的完整信息。不过使用这个方法时，你的标题行会被添加到要发送的文件中，如下例所示： + +``` +Subject: Requested lyrics +I would just like to say that, in my opinion, longer hair and other flamboyant +affectations of appearance are nothing more ... +``` + +你也可以发送这样的文件（lyric 文件包含标题和正文）： + +``` +$ sendmail recip < lyrics +``` + +`sendmain` 的输出可能会很冗长。如果你感到好奇并希望查看发送系统和接收系统之间的交互，请添加 `-v` （verbose）选项。 + +``` +$ sendmail -v recip@emailsite.com < lyrics +``` + +### mutt + +`mutt` 是通过命令行发送邮件的一个很好的工具，在使用前你需要安装它。 `mutt` 的一个很方便的优势就是它允许你在邮件中添加附件。 + +使用 `mutt` 发送一条快速信息： + +``` +$ echo "Please check last night's backups" | mutt -s "backup check" recip +``` + +从文件中获取内容： + +``` +$ mutt -s "Agenda" recip < agenda +``` + +使用 `-a` 选项在 `mutt` 中添加附件。你甚至可以添加不止一个附件 —— 如下一条命令所示： + +``` +$ mutt -s "Agenda" recip -a agenda -a speakers < msg +``` + +在以上的命令中，`msg` 文件包含了邮件中的正文。如果你没有其他补充的内容，你可以这样来代替之前的命令： + +``` +$ echo "" | mutt -s "Agenda" recip -a agenda -a speakers +``` + +`mutt` 另一个有用的功能是可以添加抄送（`-c`）和密送（`-b`）。 + +``` +$ mutt -s "Minutes from last meeting" recip@somesite.com -c myboss < mins +``` + +### telnet + +如果你想深入了解发送电子邮件的细节，你可以使用 `telnet` 来进行电子邮件交互操作。但正如所说的那样，你需要“学习术语”。邮件服务器期望一系列命令，其中包括自我介绍（`EHLO` 命令）、提供发件人（`MAIL FROM` 命令）、指定收件人（`RCPT TO` 命令），然后添加消息（`DATA`）并以 `.` 结束消息。并不是所有的电子邮件服务器都会响应这些请求。此方法通常仅用于故障排除。 + +``` +$ telnet emailsite.org 25 +Trying 192.168.0.12... +Connected to emailsite. +Escape character is '^]'. +220 localhost ESMTP Sendmail 8.15.2/8.15.2/Debian-12; Wed, 12 Jun 2019 16:32:13 -0400; (No UCE/UBE) logging access from: mysite(OK)-mysite [192.168.0.12] +EHLO mysite.org <== introduce yourself +250-localhost Hello mysite [127.0.0.1], pleased to meet you +250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES +250-PIPELINING +250-EXPN +250-VERB +250-8BITMIME +250-SIZE +250-DSN +250-ETRN +250-AUTH DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 +250-DELIVERBY +250 HELP +MAIL FROM: me@mysite.org <== specify sender +250 2.1.0 shs@mysite.org... Sender ok +RCPT TO: recip <== specify recipient +250 2.1.5 recip... Recipient ok +DATA <== start message +354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself +This is a test message. Please deliver it for me. +. <== end message +250 2.0.0 x5CKWDds029287 Message accepted for delivery +quit <== end exchange +``` + +### 向多个收件人发送电子邮件 + +如果你希望通过 Linux 命令行向一大组收件人发送电子邮件，你可以使用一个循环来帮助你完成任务，如下面应用在 `mutt` 中的例子： + +``` +$ for recip in `cat recips` +do + mutt -s "Minutes from May meeting" $recip < May_minutes +done +``` + +### 总结 + +有很多方法可以从 Linux 命令行发送电子邮件。有些工具提供了相当多的选项。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2017/08/email_image_blue-100732096-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua +[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From c261e3e99182f7c50676ab8b11f580620adb1dd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LazyWolf Lin Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 14:59:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0533/1265] Translating Looking into Linux modules. --- translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md b/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md index e059000287..b4e7a118d5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md @@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ 深入学习 Linux 内核模块 ====== -The lsmod command can tell you which kernel modules are currently loaded on your system, along with some interesting details about their use. +lsmod 命令能够告诉你当前系统上加载了哪些内核模块，以及关于使用它们的一些有趣的细节。 ![Rob Oo \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] ### 什么是 Linux 内核模块？ -Kernel modules are chunks of code that are loaded and unloaded into the kernel as needed, thus extending the functionality of the kernel without requiring a reboot. In fact, unless users inquire about modules using commands like **lsmod** , they won't likely know that anything has changed. +内核模块是根据需要加载到内核中或从内核中卸载的代码块，因此无需重启就可以扩展内核的功能。事实上，除非用户使用类似 **lsmod** 这样的命令来查询模块，否则用户不太可能知道内核发生的任何变化。 -One important thing to understand is that there are _lots_ of modules that will be in use on your Linux system at all times and that a lot of details are available if you're tempted to dive into the details. +需要理解的重要一点是，在你的 Linux 系统上总会有_很多_模块可用，并且如果你想深入了解细节，那么有很多细节可以获得。 -One of the prime ways that lsmod is used is to examine modules when a system isn't working properly. However, most of the time, modules load as needed and users don't need to be aware of how they are working. +lsmod 的主要用途之一是在系统不能正常工作时检查模块。然而，大多数情况下，模块是根据需要加载的，而且用户不需要知道它们如何工作。 **[ Also see:[Must-know Linux Commands][2] ]** From f04c723abe56d1b29ba84a9e28c0a3a75f169593 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 20:33:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0534/1265] Rename sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md to translated/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @ninifly 这次我帮你挪啦 --- .../talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md b/translated/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md rename to translated/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md From 305ea6d0bdf0aded499b45fa585c58eb8ed4bd6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Liwen Jiang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 06:23:37 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 0535/1265] Apply for Translating Apply for Translating --- .../20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md index 8bcd1d2bbf..3b8704cb49 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (tomjlw) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python 作者：[Don Watkins][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 19d87708ad3edb74002101380fe35ffb81bba812 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sea0 <4127401@qq.com> Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 22:45:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0536/1265] Update 20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md Apply to be translating owner --- ...pen Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md b/sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md index 993e30d5ec..5d0d25f9d7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wahailin) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From bfe39bf0bdd5d1a688d9c3b4c7adca3f0329a1fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 23:13:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0537/1265] PRF:20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @ninifly 恭喜你完成了第一篇翻译！可以参照我的校对细节了解格式等要求。 --- ...computing is in most industries- future.md | 47 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md b/translated/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md index f94e35ef05..f2245bb0b2 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md +++ b/translated/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md @@ -1,56 +1,51 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (ninifly ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: translator: (ninifly) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Edge computing is in most industries’ future) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391016/edge-computing-is-in-most-industries-future.html#tk.rss_all) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391016/edge-computing-is-in-most-industries-future.html) [#]: author: (Anne Taylor https://www.networkworld.com/author/Anne-Taylor/) 边缘计算是大多数行业的未来 ====== -几乎每个行业都能够在加速数字化转型的进程中利用边缘计算的优势。 -![iStock][1] -边缘计算的发展将取得一次巨大的飞跃。现在，公司在传统数据中心或云之外生成了10%的数据。但在未来六年内，这一比例将升至75%。 -[according to Gartner][2]. +> 几乎每个行业都可以利用边缘计算来加速数字化转型。 -这很大程度上取决于处理来自设备数据的需要，比如物联网数据传感器。 -早起采用这一方法的人包括: +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/23/231224cdl3kwedn0hw2lie.jpg) - * **制造商:** 设备与传感器在这个行业似乎是特有的，因此需要为生产数据找到更快速的方法也就不足为奇。最近 [_Automation World_][3]研究发现43%的制造商已经部署了边缘计算。最流行的事例包括了生产数据分析与设备数据分析。 +边缘计算的发展将取得一次巨大的飞跃。[据 Gartner 数据][2]，现在公司有 10% 的数据是在传统数据中心或云之外生成的。但在未来六年内，这一比例将升至 75%。 - * **零售商** : 与大多数深受数字化运营需求影响的产业一样，零售商被迫革新其客户体验。为了达到那一目的，这些组织“正在积极投资靠近买家的计算能力”[writes Dave Johns on][4], 施耐德电气公司IT部门执行副总裁说。他列举了一些例子，例如在试衣间的增强现实镜，给提供了不同的服装选择，而不用顾客试用这些服装。又如用于显示店内交通的基于信标的热图。 +这很大程度上取决于处理来自设备数据的需要，比如物联网（IoT）数据传感器。早期采用这一方法的包括： +* **制造商**：设备与传感器似乎是这个行业特有的，因此需要为产生的数据找到更快速的方法也就不足为奇。一份 [Automation World][3] 最近的研究发现 43% 的制造商已经部署了边缘计算项目。最常用用途包括生产/制造数据分析与设备数据分析。 +* **零售商**：与大多数深受数字化运营需求影响的产业一样，零售商也不得不革新了其客户体验。为此，这些组织“正在积极投资贴近于买家的计算能力”，施耐德电气公司 IT 部门执行副总裁 [Dave Johnson][4] 如是说。他列举了一些例子，例如在试衣间的增强现实（AR）镜子，提供了不同的服装选择，而不用顾客试用这些服装。又如用于显示店内导航的基于信标的热图。 +* **医疗保健机构**：随着医疗保健成本的不断上升，这一行业已经具备了提高生产能力与成本效率方面的创新能力。管理咨询公司[麦肯锡已经确定][5]，至少有 11 个有益于患者、医疗机构或两者的医疗保健用例。举两个例子：提高护理效率并有助于优化设备的跟踪移动医疗设备；跟踪用户锻炼并提供健康建议的可穿戴设备。 +虽然以上这些是明显的用例，随着边缘计算市场的扩大，采用它的行业也会增加。 - * **医疗保健机构** : 随着医疗成本的不断上升，这一行业已经在具备在提高生产能力与成本效率方面的创新能力。管理咨询公司已经确定，[McKinsey & Co. has identified][5] 至少有11个有益于患者、医疗机构或者两者都有的医疗保健用例。举两个例子：跟踪移动医疗设备提高护理效率，同时也有助于优化设备；可穿戴设备跟踪用户锻炼并提供健康的建议。 +### 数字化转型的优势 +随着边缘计算的快速处理能力完全符合数字化转型的目标：提高效率、生产能力和加速产品上市和客户体验。以下是一些有潜力的应用及将被边缘计算改变的行业： +**农业**：农民和组织已经使用无人机将农田和气候环境传给灌溉设备。其他的应用可能包括了对工人、牲畜和设备的监测与位置跟踪，从而改善生产能力、效率和成本。 -虽然以上这些是明显的用例，随着边缘计算市场的扩大，使用它的行业也会增加。 +**能源**：在这一领域有许多的潜在的应用，可以使消费者与供应商都受益。例如，智能电表有助于业主更好地管理能源使用，同时减少电网运营商对手动抄表的需求。同样的，水管上的传感器能够监测到漏水，同时提供实时漏水数据。 -**数字化转型的优势** +**金融服务**：银行正在采取交互式 ATM 机，这种交互式 ATM 机能够快速地处理数据以提供更好的用户体验。在管理层次，可以更快速地分析交易数据中的欺诈行为。 -随着边缘计算的快速处理能力完全符合数字化转型的提高效率、生产能力和市场发展速度和客户体验。以下是一些有潜力的应用及将被边缘计算改变的行业： +**物流**：由于消费者需要更快速地交付商品和服务，物流公司将需要转换其地图和寻路功能以获取实时数据，尤其在最后一公里计划和跟踪方面。这可能涉及到基于街道、包裹及汽车的传感器数据传输处理过程。 -**农业** ：农名和组织已经使用无人机将农田和气候环境传给灌溉设备。其他的应用可能包括了工人、牲畜和设备的监测与位置跟踪从而改善生产能力、效率和成本。 -**能源** : 在这一领域有许多的潜在的应用，可以使消费者与供应商都受益。例如，智能电表有助于业主更好地管理能源使用，同时减少电网运营商对手动抄表的需求。 同样的，水管上的传感器能够监测到泄露，同时提供实时漏水数据。 - -**金融服务** : 银行正在采取交互式ATM机，这种交互式ATM机能够快速地处理数据以提供更好的用户体验。在管理层次，可以更快速地分析交易数据中的欺诈行为。 - -**物流** : 由于消费者需要更快速地提供商品和服务，物流公司将需要转换映射和路由功能以获取实时数据，尤其在最后一公里计划和轨迹方面。这可能涉及到街道、数据包及汽车基于传感器的数据传输过程。 - -得益于边缘计算，所有行业都有转型的潜力。但是，这将取决于他们如何处理计算机基础设施。在APC.com发现如何克服任何IT阻碍。 +得益于边缘计算，所有行业都有转型的潜力。但是，这将取决于他们如何处理计算基础设施。可以在 [APC.com][6] 找到如何克服任何 IT 阻碍的解决方案。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391016/edge-computing-is-in-most-industries-future.html#tk.rss_all +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391016/edge-computing-is-in-most-industries-future.html 作者：[Anne Taylor][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[ninifly](https://github.com/ninifly) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 242b5cffccdc57f3ba584236007b0c94d761f2e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 23:15:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0538/1265] PUB:20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @ninifly 本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-11009-1.html 你的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/ninifly 请注册领取 LCCN： https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- .../20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md b/published/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md rename to published/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md index f2245bb0b2..c27a689af9 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md +++ b/published/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (ninifly) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11009-1.html) [#]: subject: (Edge computing is in most industries’ future) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391016/edge-computing-is-in-most-industries-future.html) [#]: author: (Anne Taylor https://www.networkworld.com/author/Anne-Taylor/) From 3294ae543d23890bc8c78b2f986b302085f8fc51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 23:56:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0539/1265] PRF:20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md @yizhuoyan --- ...nstalled Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md | 78 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md b/translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md index 0dbaa6bcbb..b71a8b2907 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md @@ -1,37 +1,37 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (yizhuoyan) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (如何在Debian/Ubuntu系统中检查程序包是否安装?) +[#]: subject: (How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian/Ubuntu System?) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-the-given-package-is-installed-or-not-on-ubuntu-debian-system/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -如何在Debian/Ubuntu系统中检查程序包是否安装? +如何在 Debian/Ubuntu 系统中检查程序包是否安装？ ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/23/235541yl41p73z5jv78y8p.jpg) + 我们近期发布了一篇关于批量程序包安装的文章。在此同时，关于如何获取系统上已安装了的程序包信息，我也做了些调查然后找到了些方法。我会把这些方法分享在我们的网站上，希望能帮助到其他人。 -有很多种方法可以检查程序包是否已安装，我找到了7种命令，您可以从中选择您喜欢的使用。 +有很多种方法可以检查程序包是否已安装，我找到了 7 种命令，你可以从中选择你喜欢的使用。 -如下: +如下： - * **`apt-cache :`** 可用于查询APT缓存或程序包的元数据。 - * **`apt :`** 在基于Debian的系统中是安装，下载，删除，搜索和管理包的强有力的工具。 - * **`dpkg-query :`** 一个查询dpkg数据库的工具。 - * **`dpkg :`** Debian系统的包管理工具 - * **`which :`** 返回在终端中输入命令时执行的可执行文件的全路径 - * **`whereis :`** 可用于搜索指定命令的二进制文件，源码文件和帮助文件。 - * **`locate :`** locate命令比find命令快，因为其使用updatedb数据库搜索，而find命令在实际系统中搜索。 + * `apt-cache`：可用于查询 APT 缓存或程序包的元数据。 + * `apt`：是基于 Debian 的系统中的安装、下载、删除、搜索和管理包的强有力的工具。 + * `dpkg-query`：一个查询 dpkg 数据库的工具。 + * `dpkg`：基于 Debian 的系统的包管理工具。 + * `which`：返回在终端中输入命令时执行的可执行文件的全路径。 + * `whereis`：可用于搜索指定命令的二进制文件、源码文件和帮助文件。 + * `locate`：比 `find` 命令快，因为其使用 `updatedb` 数据库搜索，而 `find`命令在实际系统中搜索。 +### 方法一、使用 apt-cache 命令 +`apt-cache` 命令用于从 APT 内部数据库中查询**APT 缓存**和**包的元数据**，将会搜索和显示指定包的信息，包括是否安装、程序包版本、源码仓库信息等。 -## 方法一、使用`apt-cache `命令 - -`apt-cache `命令用于从APT的内部数据库中查询**APT缓存**和**包元数据**，将会搜索和显示指定包的信息，包括是否安装，程序包版本，源码仓库信息等。 - -下面的示例清楚的显示`nano`包已经在系统中安装了以及对应安装的版本号。 +下面的示例清楚的显示 `nano` 包已经在系统中安装了以及对应安装的版本号。 ``` # apt-cache policy nano @@ -44,46 +44,42 @@ nano: 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status ``` -### 方法二、使用`apt`命令 +### 方法二、使用 apt 命令 - - -`apt`是一个功能强大的命令行工具，可用于安装，下载，删除，搜索，管理程序包以及查询关于程序包的信息，类似对于`libapt-pkg`库的所有功能的底层访问。其包含一些与包管理相关的但很少用到的命令行功能。 +`apt` 是一个功能强大的命令行工具，可用于安装、下载、删除、搜索、管理程序包以及查询关于程序包的信息，类似对于 `libapt-pkg` 库的所有功能的底层访问。其包含一些与包管理相关的但很少用到的命令行功能。 ``` # apt -qq list nano nano/bionic,now 2.9.3-2 amd64 [installed] ``` -### 方法三、使用`dpkg-query`命令 +### 方法三、使用 dpkg-query 命令 -`dpkg-query` 是显示`dpkg`数据库中程序包信息列表的一个工具。 +`dpkg-query` 是显示 `dpkg` 数据库中程序包信息列表的一个工具。 -下面示例中的输出的第一列`ii`，表示查询的程序包已安装了。 +下面示例中的输出的第一列 `ii`，表示查询的程序包已安装了。 ``` # dpkg-query --list | grep -i nano ii nano 2.9.3-2 amd64 small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico ``` -### 方法四、使用`dpkg`命令 +### 方法四、使用 dpkg 命令 -`dpkg`(**d**ebian **p**ac**k**a**g**e)是一个安装，构建，删除和管理Debian包的工具，但和其他包管理系统不同的是，其不能自动下载和安装包或包依赖。 +`dpkg`（**d**ebian **p**ac**k**a**g**e）是一个安装、构建、删除和管理 Debian 包的工具，但和其他包管理系统不同的是，其不能自动下载和安装包或包依赖。 -下面示例中的输出的第一列`ii`，表示查询的包已安装了。 +下面示例中的输出的第一列 `ii`，表示查询的包已安装了。 ``` # dpkg -l | grep -i nano ii nano 2.9.3-2 amd64 small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico ``` -### 方法五、使用`which`命令 +### 方法五、使用 which 命令 +`which` 命令返回在终端中输入命令时执行的可执行文件的全路径。这对于你想要给可执行文件创建桌面快捷方式或符号链接时非常有用。 - -`which`命令返回在终端中输入命令时执行的可执行文件的全路径。这对于你想要给可执行文件创建桌面快捷方式或符号链接时非常有用。 - -`which`命令仅在当前用户`PATH`环境变量配置的目录列表中搜索，而不是在所有用户的目录中搜索。意思是当你登入你自己账号时 ，其不会在`root`用户文件或目录中搜索。 +`which` 命令仅在当前用户 `PATH` 环境变量配置的目录列表中搜索，而不是在所有用户的目录中搜索。这意思是当你登入你自己账号时，其不会在 `root` 用户文件或目录中搜索。 如果对于指定的程序包或可执行文件路径有如下输出，则表示已安装了，否则没有。 @@ -92,9 +88,9 @@ ii nano 2.9.3-2 amd64 small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico /bin/nano ``` -### 方法六、使用`whereis`命令 +### 方法六、使用 whereis 命令 -`whereis`命令用于针对指定命令搜索对应的程序二进制文件，源码文件以及帮助文件等。 +`whereis` 命令用于针对指定命令搜索对应的程序二进制文件、源码文件以及帮助文件等。 如果对于指定的程序包或可执行文件路径有如下输出，则表示已安装了，否则没有。 @@ -103,15 +99,15 @@ ii nano 2.9.3-2 amd64 small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico nano: /bin/nano /usr/share/nano /usr/share/man/man1/nano.1.gz /usr/share/info/nano.info.gz ``` -### 方法七、使用`locate`命令 +### 方法七、使用 locate 命令 -`locate`命令比`find`命令快，因为其在**updatedb**数据库中搜索，而find命令在实际系统中进行搜索。 +`locate` 命令比 `find` 命令快，因为其在 `updatedb` 数据库中搜索，而 `find` 命令在实际系统中进行搜索。 对于获取指定文件，其使用数据库而不是在特定目录路径中搜索。 -`locate`命令不会预安装在大多数系统中，需要手动安装。 +`locate` 命令不会预安装在大多数系统中，需要手动安装。 -`locate`使用的数据库会根据定时任务定期更新。当然，我们也可以手动更新。 +`locate` 使用的数据库会根据定时任务定期更新。当然，我们也可以手动更新。 如果对于指定的程序包或可执行文件路径有如下输出，则表示已安装了，否则没有。 @@ -121,17 +117,17 @@ nano: /bin/nano /usr/share/nano /usr/share/man/man1/nano.1.gz /usr/share/info/na /usr/share/nano /usr/share/doc/nano ``` + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-the-given-package-is-installed-or-not-on-ubuntu-debian-system/ 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[yizhuoyan][translator] -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[yizhuoyan](https://github.com/yizhuoyan) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[translator]:https://github.com/yizhuoyan From 50cee921dd0cb19e44f500c0b70aca71fb226897 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 23:57:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0540/1265] PUB:20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md @yizhuoyan https://linux.cn/article-11010-1.html --- ...ven Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md b/published/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md rename to published/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md index b71a8b2907..a0f55d4b7b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md +++ b/published/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (yizhuoyan) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11010-1.html) [#]: subject: (How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian/Ubuntu System?) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-the-given-package-is-installed-or-not-on-ubuntu-debian-system/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From 72fa15a6e9e2283e41a4c2f99f6f49f098ef4661 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 00:50:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0541/1265] APL:20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why --- sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md b/sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md index 40aef2d614..84a6809004 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From c66099076788f7bb51aed46f810fc674241d5f91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sea0 <4127401@qq.com> Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 01:06:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0542/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...lternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md | 95 ------------------- ...lternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md | 92 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md b/sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5d0d25f9d7..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,95 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wahailin) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets $50M Funding) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mattermost-funding/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets $50M Funding -====== - -[Mattermost][1], which presents itself as an open source alternative to [Slack][2] raised $50M in series B funding. This is definitely something to get excited for. - -[Slack][3] is a cloud-based team collaboration software that is mainly used for internal team communication. Enterprises, startups and even open source projects worldwide use it interact with colleagues and project members. Slack is free with limited features while the paid enterprise version has premium features. - -[Slack is valued at $20 billion][4] in June, 2019. You can guess the kind of impact it has made in the tech industry and certainly more products are trying to compete with Slack. - -### $50 million for an open source project - -![][5] - -Personally, I was not aware of Mattermost. But, when [VentureBeat][6] reported the story, it made me curious. The funding was led by [Y Combinator’s][7] Continuity with a new investor Battery Ventures and was joined by the existing investors – Redpoint and S28 Captial. - -With the [announcement][8], they also mentioned: - -> With today’s announcement, Mattermost becomes YC’s largest ever Series B investment, and more importantly, their largest open source investment to date. - -To give you some specifics, here’s what VentureBeat mentioned: - -> The capital infusion follows a $20 million series A in February and a $3.5 million seed round in February 2017 and brings the Palo Alto, California-based company’s total raised to roughly $70 million. - -If you are curious about their plans, you should go through their [official announcement post][8]. - -Even though it all sounds good, what is Mattermost? Maybe you didn’t know about it, until now. So, let us take a brief look at it: - -### A quick look at Mattermost - -![Mattermost][9] - -As mentioned, it is an open source Slack alternative. - -At first glance, it almost resembles the look and feel of Slack. Well, that’s the point here – you will have an open source solution that you’re comfortable using. - -It even integrates with some of the popular DevOps tools like Git, Bots, and CI/CD. In addition to the functionality, it focuses on security and privacy as well. - -[][10] - -Suggested read  Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers - -Also, similar to Slack, it supports integration with multiple apps and services. - -Sounds promising? I think so. - -#### Pricing: Enterprise Edition vs Team Edition - -If you want them (Mattermost) to host it (or want priority support), you should opt for the Enterprise edition. However, if you want to host it without spending a penny, you can download the [Team edition][11] and install it on your Linux-based cloud/VPS server. - -Of course, we are not here to review it in-depth. However, I do want to mention that the enterprise edition is quite affordable. - -![][12] - -**Wrapping Up** - -Mattermost is definitely impressive. And, with a whopping $50M funding, it may become the next big thing in the open source community for users who were on the lookout for a secure and open source messaging platform with efficient team collaboration support. - -What do you think about this news? Is it something exciting for you? Were you already aware of Mattermost as a slack alternative? - -Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/mattermost-funding/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://mattermost.com/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/slack-use-linux/ -[3]: https://slack.com -[4]: https://www.ft.com/content/98747b36-9368-11e9-aea1-2b1d33ac3271 -[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-wallpaper.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[6]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/19/mattermost-raises-50-million-to-advance-its-open-source-slack-alternative/ -[7]: https://www.ycombinator.com/ -[8]: https://mattermost.com/blog/yc-leads-50m-series-b-in-mattermost-as-open-source-slack-alternative/ -[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-screenshot.jpg?fit=800%2C497&ssl=1 -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/ -[11]: https://mattermost.com/download/ -[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-enterprise-plan.jpg?fit=800%2C325&ssl=1 diff --git a/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md b/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6b430cc7a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wahailin) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets $50M Funding) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mattermost-funding/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Slack 开源替代品 Mattermost 获得 5000 万美元融资 +====== + +[Mattermost][1]，作为 [Slack][2] 的开源替代品，获得了 5000 万美元的B轮融资。这个消息极其令人振奋。 + +[Slack][3] 是一个基于云的团队内部沟通协作软件。企业、创业公司、甚至全球化的开源项目都在使用Slack进行同事及项目成员间的沟通。 + +[Slack 在 2019 年 6 月的估值为 200 亿美元][4]，由此可见其在科技行业的巨大影响，当然也就有更多产品想与之竞争。 + +### 5000 万美元开源项目 + +![][5] + +就我个人而言，我并不知道 MatterMost 这个产品。但 [VentureBeat][6] 对这则新闻的报道，激发了我的好奇心。 这次融资由 [Y Combinator’s][7] 与一家新的投资方 BattleVentures 牵头，现有投资者 Redpoint 和 S28 Captial 共同加入。 + + +在[公告][8]中，他们也提到： + +> 今天的公告中，Mattermost 成为了 YC 历次 B 轮投资中投资额最高的项目。 + +下面是摘自 VentureBeat 的报道，你可以从中了解到一些细节： + +> 本次资本注入，是继 2017 年 2 月的种子轮 350 万融资和今年 2 月份的 2000 万 A 轮融资之后进行的，并使得这家总部位于美国加州帕罗奥图(Palo Alto)的公司融资总额达到了约 7000 万美元。 + +如果你对他们的规划感兴趣，可以阅读[官方公告][8]。 + +尽管听起来很不错，但可能你并不知道 Mattermost 是什么。所以我们先来作个简单了解： + +### Mattermost 快览 + +![Mattermost][9] + +前面已经提到，Mattermost 是 Slack 的开源替代品。 + +乍一看，它几乎照搬了 Slack 的界面外观，没错，这就是关键所在，你将拥有你乐于使用的软件的开源方案。 + +它甚至集成了一些流行的 DevOps 工具，如 Git、Bots 和 CI/CD。除了这些功能外，它还关注安全性和隐私。 + +同样，和 Slack 类似，它支持和多种应用程序与服务的集成。 + +听起来很有前景？我也这么认为。 + +#### 定价：企业版和团队版 + +如果你想让 Mattermost 对其托管（或获得优先支持），应选择企业版。但如果你想使用非付费托管，可以下载[团队版][11]，并安装到基于 Linux 的云服务器或 VPS 服务器上。 + +当然，我们不会在此进行深入探究。我确想在此提及的是，企业版并不昂贵。 + +![][12] + +**总结** + +MatterMost 无疑相当出色，有了 5000 万巨额资金的注入，对于那些正在寻求安全的并能提供高效团队协作支持的开源通讯平台的开源社区用户，Mattermost 很可能成为下一个大事件。 + +你觉得这条新闻怎么样？对你来说有价值吗？你是否已了解 Mattermost 是 Slack 的替代品？ + +请在下面的评论中给出你的想法。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +来源: + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://mattermost.com/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/slack-use-linux/ +[3]: https://slack.com +[4]: https://www.ft.com/content/98747b36-9368-11e9-aea1-2b1d33ac3271 +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-wallpaper.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[6]: https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/19/mattermost-raises-50-million-to-advance-its-open-source-slack-alternative/ +[7]: https://www.ycombinator.com/ +[8]: https://mattermost.com/blog/yc-leads-50m-series-b-in-mattermost-as-open-source-slack-alternative/ +[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-screenshot.jpg?fit=800%2C497&ssl=1 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/zettlr-markdown-editor/ +[11]: https://mattermost.com/download/ +[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/mattermost-enterprise-plan.jpg?fit=800%2C325&ssl=1 From e0600ef7f64ae827946d42e32d59fb30b224a4f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sea0 <4127401@qq.com> Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 01:07:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0543/1265] Update 20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md --- ...pen Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md b/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md index 6b430cc7a0..e9ebcd7bfa 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ MatterMost 无疑相当出色，有了 5000 万巨额资金的注入，对于那 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/wahailin) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8db7a3a042a5415a138013f5c3e56e395880a51a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 01:23:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0544/1265] TSL:20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md --- ... Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md | 52 ------------------ ... Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md | 53 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md b/sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md deleted file mode 100644 index 84a6809004..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Kubernetes is a dump truck: Here's why) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck) -[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux) - -Kubernetes is a dump truck: Here's why -====== -Dump trucks are an elegant solution to a wide range of essential -business problems. -![Dump truck with kids standing in the foreground][1] - -As we approach Kubernetes anniversary on Friday, June 7 this week let's start with this. - -Dump trucks are elegant. Seriously, stay with me for a minute. They solve a wide array of technical problems in an elegant way. They can move dirt, gravel, rocks, coal, construction material, or road barricades. They can even pull trailers with other pieces of heavy equipment on them. You can load a dump truck with five tons of dirt and drive across the country with it. For a nerd like me, that's elegance. - -But, they're not easy to use. Dump trucks require a special driver's license. They're also not easy to equip or maintain. There are a ton of options when you buy a dump truck and a lot of maintenance. But, they're elegant for moving dirt. - -You know what's not elegant for moving dirt? A late-model, compact sedan. They're way easier to buy. Easier to drive. Easier to maintain. But, they're terrible at carrying dirt. It would take 200 trips to carry five tons of dirt, and nobody would want the car after that. - -Alright, you're sold on using a dump truck, but you want to build it yourself. I get it. I'm a nerd and I love building things. But… - -If you owned a construction company, you wouldn't build your own dump trucks. You definitely wouldn't maintain the supply chain to rebuild dump trucks (that's a big supply chain). But you would learn to drive one. - -OK, my analogy is crude but easy to understand. Ease of use is relative. Ease of maintenance is relative. Ease of configuration is relative. It really depends on what you are trying to do. [Kubernetes][2] is no different. - -Building Kubernetes once isn't too hard. Equipping Kubernetes? Well, that gets harder. What did you think of KubeCon? How many new projects were announced? Which ones are "real"? Which ones should you learn? How deeply do you understand Harbor, TikV, NATD, Vitess, Open Policy Agent? Not to mention Envoy, eBPF, and a bunch of the underlying technologies in Linux? It feels a lot like building dump trucks in 1904 with the industrial revolution in full swing. Figuring out what screws, bolts, metal, and pistons to use. (Steampunk, anyone?) - -Building and equipping Kubernetes, like a dump truck, is a technical problem you probably shouldn't be tackling if you are in financial services, retail, biological research, food services, and so forth. But, learning how to drive Kubernetes is definitely something you should be learning. - -Kubernetes, like a dump truck, is elegant for the wide variety of technical problems it can solve (and the ecosystem it drags along). So, I'll leave you with a quote that one of my computer science professors told us in my first year of college. She said, "one day, you will look at a piece of code and say to yourself, 'now that's elegant!'" - -Kubernetes is elegant. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck - -作者：[Scott McCarty][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/dump_truck_car_container_kubernetes.jpg?itok=4BdmyVGd (Dump truck with kids standing in the foreground) -[2]: https://kubernetes.io/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md b/translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a629dfc93 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Kubernetes is a dump truck: Here's why) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck) +[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux) + +为什么说 Kubernetes 是一辆翻斗车 +====== + +> 翻斗车是解决各种基本业务问题的优雅解决方案。 + +![Dump truck with kids standing in the foreground][1] + +这篇文章写于 Kubernetes 的生日（6 月 7 日星期五）前夕。 + +翻斗车很优雅。说真的，不信你听我说。它们以优雅的方式解决了各种各样的技术问题。它们可以搬动泥土、砾石、岩石、煤炭、建筑材料或道路上的障碍。它们甚至可以拉动拖车及它们上面的其他重型设备。你可以给一辆翻斗车装上五吨泥土，然后自驾游遍全国。对于像我这样的电脑极客来说，那就是优雅。 + +但是，它们并不容易使用。驾驶翻斗车需要特殊的驾驶执照。它们也不容易装配和维护。购买翻斗车和各种维护时要做很多选择。但是，它们可以优雅的搬动那些垃圾。 + +你知道搬动垃圾有什么不优雅的地方吗？假如你有一款新型的紧凑型轿车，它们到处可以买到，易于驾驶、更易于维护。但是，用它们来装泥土就很糟糕。这需要跑 200 趟才能运走 5 吨垃圾，而且，之后没人再会想要这辆车了。 + +好吧，你可以买一辆出售的翻斗车，而不是想自己造一辆。但是我不同，我是个极客，我喜欢自己造东西。但…… + +如果你拥有一家建筑公司，你就不会想着自己造一辆翻斗车。你肯定不会维持一条供应链来重构翻斗车（这可是一条很大的供应链）。但你可以学会驾驶一辆。 + +好吧，我的这个比喻很粗糙，但很容易理解。易用性是相对的，易于维护是相对的，易于装配也是相对的。这实际上取决于你想要做什么。[Kubernetes][2] 也不例外。 + +一次性构建 Kubernetes 并不太难。配置好 Kubernetes 呢？好吧，这稍微难一些。你如何看待 KubeCon？它们又宣布了多少新项目？哪些是“真实的”呢？而你应该学习哪些？你对 Harbour、TikV、NATD、Vitess，开放策略代理有多深入的了解？更不用说 Envoy、eBPF 和 Linux 中的一系列底层技术？这就像是 1904 年工业革命爆发时建造翻斗车一样，你要弄清楚使用的螺钉、螺栓、金属和活塞。（有没有蒸汽朋克在这里吗？） + +像翻斗车一样构造和配置 Kubernetes 是一个技术问题，如果你从事金融服务、零售、生物研究、食品服务等等，这可能不是你应该做的事情。但是，学习如何驾驶 Kubernetes 肯定是你应该学习的东西。 + +Kubernetes 就像一辆翻斗车，因其可以解决的各种技术问题（以及它所拖带的生态系统）而优雅。所以，我会给你一句引用的话，这是我的一位计算机科学教授在我大学的第一年告诉我们的，她说，“有一天，你会看到一段代码并对自己说，‘真特么优雅！’” + +Kubernetes 很优雅。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck + +作者：[Scott McCarty][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/dump_truck_car_container_kubernetes.jpg?itok=4BdmyVGd (Dump truck with kids standing in the foreground) +[2]: https://kubernetes.io/ From 3a9e4224b8fa3c9a26623efa8a78bcb11482101f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 01:29:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0545/1265] PRF:20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md @wxy --- .../tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md b/translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md index 3a629dfc93..a5146b077c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Kubernetes is a dump truck: Here's why) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ > 翻斗车是解决各种基本业务问题的优雅解决方案。 -![Dump truck with kids standing in the foreground][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/24/012846v737bts00uwk3qd7.jpg) 这篇文章写于 Kubernetes 的生日（6 月 7 日星期五）前夕。 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck 作者：[Scott McCarty][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 259bff1c6a8f59aa65721d9ef60d3f0ddda57fa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 01:29:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0546/1265] PUB:20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-11011-1.html --- .../20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md b/published/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md rename to published/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md index a5146b077c..b8f0930300 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md +++ b/published/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11011-1.html) [#]: subject: (Kubernetes is a dump truck: Here's why) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck) [#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux) From 7a0bd3e7751619ced812ac796d583d4801822771 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 08:59:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0547/1265] translated --- ...sonal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md | 94 ------------------- ...sonal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 94 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md deleted file mode 100644 index 25feafdc93..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,94 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/personal-assistant-with-mycroft-and-fedora/) -[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/) - -Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora -====== - -![][1] - -Looking for an open source personal assistant ? [Mycroft][2] is allowing you to run an open source service which gives you better control of your data. - -### Install Mycroft on Fedora - -Mycroft is currently not available in the official package collection, but it can be easily installed from the project source. The first step is to download the source from Mycroft’s GitHub repository. - -``` -$ git clone https://github.com/MycroftAI/mycroft-core.git -``` - -Mycroft is a Python application and the project provides a script that takes care of creating a virtual environment before installing Mycroft and its dependencies. - -``` -$ cd mycroft-core -$ ./dev_setup.sh -``` - -The installation script prompts the user to help him with the installation process. It is recommended to run the stable version and get automatic updates. - -When prompted to install locally the Mimic text-to-speech engine, answer No. Since as described in the installation process this can take a long time and Mimic is available as an rpm package in Fedora so it can be installed using dnf. - -``` -$ sudo dnf install mimic -``` - -### Starting Mycroft - -After the installation is complete, the Mycroft services can be started using the following script. - -``` -$ ./start-mycroft.sh all -``` - -In order to start using Mycroft the device running the service needs to be registered. To do that an account is needed and can be created at . - -Once the account created, it is possible to add a new device at the following address [https://account.mycroft.ai/devices.][3] Adding a new device requires a pairing code that will be spoken to you by your device after starting all the services. - -![][4] - -The device is now ready to be used. - -### Using Mycroft - -Mycroft provides a set of [skills][5] that are enabled by default or can be downloaded from the [Marketplace][5]. To start you can simply ask Mycroft how is doing, or what the weather is. - -``` -Hey Mycroft, how are you ? - -Hey Mycroft, what's the weather like ? -``` - -If you are interested in how things works, the _start-mycroft.sh_ script provides a _cli_ option that lets you interact with the services using the command line. It is also displaying logs which is really useful for debugging. - -Mycroft is always trying to learn new skills, and there are many way to help by [contributing][6] the Mycroft community. - -* * * - -Photo by [Przemyslaw Marczynski][7] on [Unsplash][8] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/personal-assistant-with-mycroft-and-fedora/ - -作者：[Clément Verna][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/mycroft-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://mycroft.ai/ -[3]: https://account.mycroft.ai/devices -[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Screenshot_2019-06-14-Account.png -[5]: https://market.mycroft.ai/skills -[6]: https://mycroft.ai/contribute/ -[7]: https://unsplash.com/@pemmax?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText -[8]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/ai?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText diff --git a/translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..58a589b6df --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/personal-assistant-with-mycroft-and-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/) + +在 Fedora 中使用私人助理 Mycroft +====== + +![][1] + +还在找开源的私人助理么？[Mycroft][2] 让你运行开源服务，从而更好地控制你的数据。 + +### 在 Fedora 上安装 Mycroft + +Mycroft 目前不存在于官方软件包集合中，但它可以轻松地从源码安装。第一步是从 Mycroft 的 GitHub 仓库下载源码。 + +``` +$ git clone https://github.com/MycroftAI/mycroft-core.git +``` + +Mycroft 是一个 Python 应用，它提供了一个脚本负责在安装 Mycroft 及其依赖项之前创建虚拟环境。 + +``` +$ cd mycroft-core +$ ./dev_setup.sh +``` + +安装脚本会提示用户帮助他完成安装过程。建议运行稳定版本并获取自动更新。 + +当提示在本地安装 Mimic 文字转语音引擎时，请回答否。因为根据安装描述，这可能需要很长时间，并且 Mimic 有适合 Fedora 的 rpm 包，因此可以使用 dnf 进行安装。 + +``` +$ sudo dnf install mimic +``` + +### 开始使用 Mycroft + +安装完成后，可以使用以下脚本启动 Mycroft 服务。 + +``` +$ ./start-mycroft.sh all +``` + +要开始使用 Mycroft，需要注册运行服务的设备。因此需要一个帐户，可以在 中创建。 + +创建帐户后，可以在 [https://account.mycroft.ai/devices][3] 中添加新设备。添加新设备需要配对码，你的设备会在所有服务启动后告诉你。 + +![][4] + +现在可以使用该设备了。 + +### 使用 Mycroft + +Mycroft 提供了一组默认启用的[技能][5]，它们或者可以从[市场][5]下载。刚开始，你可以简单地向 Mycroft 问好，或天气如何。 + +``` +Hey Mycroft, how are you ? + +Hey Mycroft, what's the weather like ? +``` + +如果你对它是如何工作的感兴趣，_start-mycroft.sh_ 脚本提供了一个_命令行_选项，它能让你使用命令行交互。它也会显示用于调试的有用信息。 + +Mycroft 总在学习新技能，并且有很多方法给 Mycroft 社区做[贡献][6]。 + +* * * + +由 [Przemyslaw Marczynski][7] 摄影，发布于 [Unsplash][8] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/personal-assistant-with-mycroft-and-fedora/ + +作者：[Clément Verna][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/mycroft-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://mycroft.ai/ +[3]: https://account.mycroft.ai/devices +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Screenshot_2019-06-14-Account.png +[5]: https://market.mycroft.ai/skills +[6]: https://mycroft.ai/contribute/ +[7]: https://unsplash.com/@pemmax?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText +[8]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/ai?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText From e551bf1dc34eb24cfb24ef5add67400d79d74f98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 09:08:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0548/1265] translating --- ...9 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md b/sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md index e9ec3e4a85..2365c992e2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 6adfd99944d349126831dce9d6689113520db516 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Liwen Jiang Date: Sun, 23 Jun 2019 19:52:29 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 0549/1265] Submitted Translated Passage for Review Submitted Translated Passage for Review --- ...arn Python with these awesome resources.md | 90 ------------------- ...arn Python with these awesome resources.md | 87 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3b8704cb49..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,90 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (tomjlw) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Learn Python with these awesome resources) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python) -[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) - -Learn Python with these awesome resources -====== -Expand your Python knowledge by adding these resources to your personal -learning network. -![Book list, favorites][1] - -I've been using and teaching Python for a long time now, but I'm always interested in increasing my knowledge about this practical and useful programming language. That's why I've been trying to expand my Python [personal learning network][2] (PLN), a concept that describes informal and mutually beneficial networks for sharing information. - -Educators [Kelly Paredes][3] and [Sean Tibor][4] recently talked about how to build your Python PLN on their podcast, [Teaching Python][5], which I subscribed to after meeting them at [PyCon 2019][6] in Cleveland (and adding them to my Python PLN). This podcast inspired me to think more about the people in my Python PLN, including those I met recently at PyCon. - -I'll share some of the places I've met members of my PLN; maybe they can become part of your Python PLN, too. - -### Young Coders mentors - -[Betsy Waliszewski][7], the event coordinator for the Python Foundation, is a member of my Python PLN. When we ran into each other at PyCon2019, because I'm a teacher, she recommended I check out the [Young Coders][8] workshop for kids ages 12 and up. There, I met [Katie Cunningham][9], who was running the program, which taught participants how to set up and configure a Raspberry Pi and use Python. The young students also received two books: _[Python for Kids][10]_ by Jason Briggs and _[Learn to Program with Minecraft][11]_ by Craig Richardson. I'm always looking for new ways to improve my teaching, so I quickly picked up two copies of the Minecraft book at [NoStarch Press][12]' booth at the conference. Katie is a great teacher and a prolific author with a wonderful [YouTube][13] channel full of Python training videos. - -I added Katie to my PLN, along with two other people I met at the Young Coders workshop: [Nat Dunn][14] and [Sean Valentine][15]. Like Katie, they were volunteering their time to introduce young programmers to Python. Nat is the president of [Webucator][16], an IT training company that has been a sponsor of the Python Software Foundation for several years and sponsored the PyCon 2018 Education Summit. He decided to teach at Young Coders after teaching Python to his 13-year-old son and 14-year-old nephew. Sean is the director of strategic initiatives at the [Hidden Genius Project][17], a technology and leadership mentoring program for black male youth. Sean said many Hidden Genius participants "built projects using Python, so we saw [Young Coders] as a great opportunity to partner." Learning about the Hidden Genius Project has inspired me to think deeper about the implications of coding and its power to change lives. - -### Open Spaces meetups - -I found PyCon's [Open Spaces][18], self-organizing, impromptu hour-long meetups, just as useful as the official programmed events. One of my favorites was about the [Circuit Playground Express][19] device, which was part of our conference swag bags. I am fascinated by this device, and the Open Space provided an avenue to learn more. The organizers offered a worksheet and a [GitHub][20] repo with all the tools we needed to be successful, as well as an opportunity for hands-on learning and direction to explore this unique hardware. - -This meetup whetted my appetite to learn even more about programming the Circuit Playground Express, so after PyCon, I reached out on Twitter to [Nina Zakharenko][21], who [presented a keynote][22] at the conference about programming the device. Nina has been in my Python PLN since last fall when I heard her talk at [All Things Open][23], and I recently signed up for her [Python Fundamentals][24] class to add to my learning. Nina recommended I add [Kattni Rembor][25], whose [code examples][26] are helping me learn to program with CircuitPython, to my Python PLN. - -### Other resources from my PLN - -I also met fellow [Opensource.com][27] Community Moderator [Moshe Zadka][28] at PyCon2019 and talked with him at length. He shared several new Python resources, including _[How to Think Like a Computer Scientist][29]_. Community Moderator [Seth Kenlon][30] is another member of my PLN; he has published many great [Python articles][31], and I recommend you follow him, too. - -My Python personal learning network continues to grow each day. Besides the folks I have already mentioned, I recommend you follow [Al Sweigart][32], [Eric Matthes][33], and [Adafruit][34] because they share great content. I also recommend the book _[Make: Getting Started with Adafruit Circuit Playground Express][35]_ and [Podcast.__init__][36], a podcast all about the Python community, both of which I learned about from my PLN. - -Who is in your Python PLN? Please share your favorites in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python - -作者：[Don Watkins][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/reading_book_stars_list.png?itok=Iwa1oBOl (Book list, favorites) -[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_learning_network -[3]: https://www.teachingpython.fm/hosts/kellypared -[4]: https://twitter.com/smtibor -[5]: https://www.teachingpython.fm/20 -[6]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/ -[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/betsywaliszewski -[8]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/events/letslearnpython/ -[9]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kcunning/ -[10]: https://nostarch.com/pythonforkids -[11]: https://nostarch.com/programwithminecraft -[12]: https://nostarch.com/ -[13]: https://www.youtube.com/c/KatieCunningham -[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/natdunn/ -[15]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/sean-valentine-b370349b/ -[16]: https://www.webucator.com/ -[17]: http://www.hiddengeniusproject.org/ -[18]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/events/open-spaces/ -[19]: https://www.adafruit.com/product/3333 -[20]: https://github.com/adafruit/PyCon2019 -[21]: https://twitter.com/nnja -[22]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35mXD40SvXM -[23]: https://allthingsopen.org/ -[24]: https://frontendmasters.com/courses/python/ -[25]: https://twitter.com/kattni -[26]: https://github.com/kattni/ChiPy_2018 -[27]: http://Opensource.com -[28]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez -[29]: http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english3e/ -[30]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[31]: https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=gVToXPq-FYXGsAW-mZ_YAw&q=site%3Aopensource.com+%22Seth+Kenlon%22+%2B+Python&oq=site%3Aopensource.com+%22Seth+Kenlon%22+%2B+Python&gs_l=psy-ab.12...627.15303..15584...1.0..0.176.2802.4j21......0....1..gws-wiz.....0..35i39j0j0i131j0i67j0i20i263.r2SAW3dxlB4 -[32]: http://alsweigart.com/ -[33]: https://twitter.com/ehmatthes?lang=en -[34]: https://twitter.com/adafruit -[35]: https://www.adafruit.com/product/3944 -[36]: https://www.pythonpodcast.com/episodes/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md b/translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..927355886d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (tomjlw) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Learn Python with these awesome resources) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python) +[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) + +通过这些精品资源学习 Python +====== +通过将这些资源加入你自己的私人学习网络以拓展你的 Python 知识 +![书单，最爱][1] + +我使用和教 Python 已有很长时间了，但我总是感兴趣于增加我对这门实用语言的知识。这就是为什么我一直试着拓展我的 Python [私人学习网络][2]（PLN），一个描述非正式的互惠型分享信息网络的概念。 + +教育学家 [Kelly Paredes][3] 和 [Sean Tibor][4] 最近讨论关于如何在他们的播客 [Teaching Python][5] 上搭建 Python PLN。我在克里夫兰的 [PyCon 2019][6] 遇到他们之后就订阅了这个频道（并把它们假如我的 Python PLN）。这个播客鼓励我考虑更多关于我的 Python PLN 中的人，包括那些我最近在 PyCon 遇到的。 + +我会分享一些我遇到我的 PLN 的地方；可能它们也可以变成你的 Python PLN 的一部分。 + +### Young Coders 导师 +Python 基金会的活动协调者 [Betsy Waliszewski][7] 是我的 Python PLN 中的一员。当我们在 PyCon2019 碰到彼此时，因为我是个老师她推荐我看看为十二岁及以上的孩子打造的 [Young Coders][8] 工作室。在那我遇到了负责这个教参与者如何搭建并配置树莓派并使用 Python 项目的 [Katie Cunningham][9]。年轻学生也会收到两本书 Jason Briggs 的 _[Python for Kids][10]_ 和 Craig Richardson 的 _[Learn to Program with Minecraft][11]_。我总是寻找提升我教学水平的新方式，因此我在会议上的 [NoStarch Press][12] 展台迅速拿了两本 Minecraft 书的抄本。Katie 是一名优秀的教师以及一名熟练的有着惊艳的充满 Python 培训视频的 [YouTube][13] 频道作者。 + +我把 Kattie 与另外两个我在 Young Coders 工作室碰到的人加入我的 PLN：[Nat Dunn][14] 和 [Sean Valentine][15]。像 Katie 一样，他们志愿将他们的时间用来把 Python 介绍给青年程序员。Nat 是 [Webucator][16]，一家成为 Python 软件基金会赞助商好几年并赞助了 PyCon 2018 教育峰会的 IT 培训公司的主席。他在教他的13岁儿子和14岁外甥 Python 后决定在 Young Coders 教学。Sean 是 [Hidden Genius Project][17]，一个为黑人男青年而打造的科技及领导力教导项目，的战略倡议指导。Sean 说许多 Hidden Genius 参与者“用 Python打造项目因此我们将 [Young Coders] 看成一个对合作商的好机会”。了解 Hidden Genius Project 鼓励我更深层次地思考编程的未来以及其改变生活的威力。 + +### Open Spaces 会面 +我发现 PyCon 的 [Open Spaces][18] 一小时左右的自序即兴会面跟正式的项目活动一样有用。我的最爱之一是关于 [Circuit Playground Express][19] 设备，它是我们会议主题包的一部分。我着迷于这个设备并且 Open Space 提供了学习它的一条大道。组织者提供工作表和拥有成功所需要的所有工具的 [Github][20] 仓库，也提供了一个上手学习的机会以及探索这个独特硬件的方向。 + +这次会面满足了我想要了解更多关于编程 Circuit Playground Express 的胃口，因此在 PyCon 之后， 我在 Twitter 上接触到了在会议上就有关编程这个设备发表主旨演讲的 [Nina Zakharenko][21]。Nina 自从去年秋天我在 [All Things Open][23] 上听过她的演讲就在我的 Python PLN 里了。我最近报名了她的[Python 基础][24]课程以加深我的学习。Nina 推荐我将 [Kattni Rembor][25] 加入我的 Python PLN。他的[示例代码][26]正帮助我学习用 CircuitPython 编程。 + +### 我 PLN 中的其他资源 + +我在 PyCon 2019 也遇见了下属 [Opensource.com][27] 社区的主席 [Moshe Zadka][28] 并和他来了场长谈。他分享了几个新的 Python 资源，包括 _[如何像电脑科学家一样思考][29]_ 社区主席[Seth Kenlon][30] 是我的 PLN 中的另一名成员；他发表了许多优秀的 [Python 文章][31]我也推荐你关注他。 + +我的 Python每天都在继续扩大。除了我已经提到的，我同样推荐你关注 [Al Sweigart][32]，[Eric Matthes][33]，以及 [Adafruit][34] 因为他们分享优质内容。我也推荐这本书 _[制作：由 Adafruit Circuit Playground Express 开始][35]_ 和 [Podcast.__init__][36]，一个关于 Python 社区的播客。这两个都是我从我的 PLN 中了解到的。 + +谁在你的 Python PLN 中？请在留言区分享你的最爱。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python + +作者：[Don Watkins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/reading_book_stars_list.png?itok=Iwa1oBOl (Book list, favorites) +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_learning_network +[3]: https://www.teachingpython.fm/hosts/kellypared +[4]: https://twitter.com/smtibor +[5]: https://www.teachingpython.fm/20 +[6]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/ +[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/betsywaliszewski +[8]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/events/letslearnpython/ +[9]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kcunning/ +[10]: https://nostarch.com/pythonforkids +[11]: https://nostarch.com/programwithminecraft +[12]: https://nostarch.com/ +[13]: https://www.youtube.com/c/KatieCunningham +[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/natdunn/ +[15]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/sean-valentine-b370349b/ +[16]: https://www.webucator.com/ +[17]: http://www.hiddengeniusproject.org/ +[18]: https://us.pycon.org/2019/events/open-spaces/ +[19]: https://www.adafruit.com/product/3333 +[20]: https://github.com/adafruit/PyCon2019 +[21]: https://twitter.com/nnja +[22]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35mXD40SvXM +[23]: https://allthingsopen.org/ +[24]: https://frontendmasters.com/courses/python/ +[25]: https://twitter.com/kattni +[26]: https://github.com/kattni/ChiPy_2018 +[27]: http://Opensource.com +[28]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez +[29]: http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english3e/ +[30]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[31]: https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=gVToXPq-FYXGsAW-mZ_YAw&q=site%3Aopensource.com+%22Seth+Kenlon%22+%2B+Python&oq=site%3Aopensource.com+%22Seth+Kenlon%22+%2B+Python&gs_l=psy-ab.12...627.15303..15584...1.0..0.176.2802.4j21......0....1..gws-wiz.....0..35i39j0j0i131j0i67j0i20i263.r2SAW3dxlB4 +[32]: http://alsweigart.com/ +[33]: https://twitter.com/ehmatthes?lang=en +[34]: https://twitter.com/adafruit +[35]: https://www.adafruit.com/product/3944 +[36]: https://www.pythonpodcast.com/episodes/ From 8bc3c68a126b045d76cf734993eb331f4df6e945 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 12:55:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0550/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E5=A4=8D=E5=88=B6?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87=E6=97=B6=E7=B2=98=E8=B4=B4=E8=BF=87=E6=9D=A5?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=9A=84=E5=B9=BF=E5=91=8A?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md index adcd4f4117..9b45f2c430 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md @@ -57,8 +57,6 @@ Relentlessly pursuing methods of continuous improvement should not be a behavior I'm eagerly awaiting the day when I enter a school, recognize that spirit, and smile to myself as I say, "I've seen this before." -Experiential learning using open source is fraught with opportunities for disaster. - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/education-culture-agile From 6cea616f6fde93672a07ce055f57ac61a689d836 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 12:58:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0551/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md | 56 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md index 9b45f2c430..354490db5b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md @@ -7,55 +7,51 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/education-culture-agile) [#]: author: (Ben Owens https://opensource.com/users/engineerteacher/users/ke4qqq/users/n8chz/users/don-watkins) -Can schools be agile? +学校可以变得敏捷吗？ ====== -We certainly don't need to run our schools like businesses—but we could -benefit from educational organizations more focused on continuous -improvement. +我们一定不会希望用商业的方式运作我们的学校 —— 但是更加注重持续改进的教育机构是可以让我们受益的。 ![][1] -We've all had those _deja vu_ moments that make us think "I've seen this before!" I experienced them often in the late 1980s, when I first began my career in industry. I was caught up in a wave of organizational change, where the U.S. manufacturing sector was experimenting with various models that asked leaders, managers, and engineers like me to rethink how we approached things like quality, cost, innovation, and shareholder value. It seems as if every year (sometimes, more frequently) we'd study yet another book to identify the "best practices" necessary for making us leaner, flatter, more nimble, and more responsive to the needs of the customer. +我们都有过那种感觉一件事情“似曾相识”的经历。在 1980 年代末期我经常会有这种感觉，那时候我刚刚进入工业领域不久。当时正赶上一波组织变革的热潮，美国制造业在尝试各种各样不同的模型，让企业领导、经理人和像我这样的工程师重新思考我们应该如何处理质量、成本、创新以及股东价值这样的问题。我们似乎每一年（有时候更加频繁）都需要通过学习一本书来找到让我们更精简、更扁平、更灵活以及更加能满足顾客需求的“最佳方案”。 -Many of the approaches were so transformational that their core principles still resonate with me today. Specific ideas and methods from thought leaders such as John Kotter, Peter Drucker, Edwards Demming, and Peter Senge were truly pivotal for our ability to rethink our work, as were the adoption of process improvement methods such as Six Sigma and those embodied in the "Toyota Way." +这里面的很多方法都带来了巨大的改进，我至今仍然赞同它们的核心原则。像 John Kotter、Peter Drucker、Edwards Demming 和 Peter Senge 这样的思想领袖提出的某些思想和策略，还有我们采用的像 Six Sigma 以及在“丰田模式”里可以找到的一些流程优化方法，对我们改进工作都起到了十分关键的作用。 -But others seemed to simply repackage these same ideas with a sexy new twist—hence my _deja vu_. +但是其他人似乎只是在同样的思想上进行了润色和调整，然后重新包装了一下 —— 所以我才会有那种 *似曾相识* 的感觉。但是当我成为了一名教师之后，我遇到了一个 *没有* 给我那种似曾相识的感觉的地方：教育界。事实上我十分惊讶地发现，在我的这个新职业里，“持续不断的改进”并 *不像* 在我之前的职业里那样重要了（特别是对于像我这种授课老师职级的人来说）。 -And yet when I began my career as a teacher, I encountered a context that _didn't_ give me that feeling: education. In fact, I was surprised to find that "getting better all the time" was _not_ the same high priority in my new profession that it was in my old one (particularly at the level of my role as a classroom teacher). +为什么教育机构很少努力营造一种不断改进的文化氛围呢？我能想到几个原因，在这里我列举两个。 -Why aren't more educational organizations working to create cultures of continuous improvement? I can think of several reasons, but let me address two. +### 不再做生产线上的元件 -### Widgets no more +这种不断改进的文化氛围遇到的第一个阻碍是，教育界普遍不愿意从其它行业借鉴可以为自己所用的思想 —— 特别是来自商界的思想。第二个阻碍是，主导教育界的仍然是一种自上而下的、等级制度森严的领导模式。人们往往只能在小范围哪讨论这种系统性的、持续的改进方案，比如包括校长、助理校长、学校监管人（LCTT 译注：美国地方政府下设的一种官职，每个学校监管人管理一定数量的学校，接受学校校长的汇报）等等在内的学校领导和区域领袖。但是一小群人的参与是远远不足以带来整个组织层面的文化改革的。 -The first barrier to a culture of continuous improvement is education's general reticence to look at other professions for ideas it can adapt and adopt—especially ideas from the business community. The second is education's predominant leadership model, which remains predominantly top-down and rooted in hierarchy. Conversations about systemic, continuous improvement tend to be the purview of a relatively small group of school or district leaders: principals, assistant principals, superintendents, and the like. But widespread organizational culture change can't occur if only one small group is involved in it. +在进一步展开观点之前，我想强调一下，上面所做的概括一定是存在例外情况 的（我自己就见到过很多），不过我觉得任何一个教育界的利益相关者都应该会同意以下两点基本假设： -Before unpacking these points a bit further, I'd like to emphasize that there are certainly exceptions to the above generalization (many I have seen first hand) and that there are two basic assumptions that I think any education stakeholder should be able to agree with: + 1. 为学生提供高质量的、公平的教育和教学系统的工作所涉及到的任何人都应该将持续不断的改进作为思维方式里的重要部分； + 2. 如果学校领导在做决策的时候可以更多地参考那些离学生最近的工作者的意见，那么学生以及学生所在的社区都将更加受益； - 1. Continuous improvement must be an essential mindset for _anyone_ involved in the work of providing high-quality and equitable teaching and learning systems for students, and - 2. Decisions by leaders of our schools will more greatly benefit students and the communities in which they live when those decisions are informed and influenced by those who work closest with students. +那么教育界人士为什么会倾向于忽视（或者公然地敌视）教育界之外的思想呢？ + +比如我过去就曾经提议应该向别的行业借鉴一些思想和灵感来帮助我们更好地迎合学生的需求，并且果然遭到了批评。我经常得到的回应是：“你这是在把我们的学生当成生产线上的元件来对待呀！”但是我们的学生现在就是在被当作生产线上的元件对待，并且已经无以复加了。他们按照被年龄划分的群体考入大学，每天根据刺耳的铃声的指示去上一节又一节孤立的课程，并且由一些武断的、强调同一性而不是个性的考试来评判他们的成绩。 + +很多教育界人士可能不知道，生产线元件这种会让人想到流水线标准化作业的东西已经不是现代制造业里的重要组成部分了。得益于上面提到的不断改进的文化氛围，现代先进制造业已经可以做到在单个顾客产生需求的时候，以合理的价格有针对性地提供她所需要的商品。如果我们的学校也可以采用这种模式，教师们之间就更可能会产生协作，并且可以基于学生即时的需求和兴趣，不断完善每一个学生独特的成长和进步路线，而不受时间、课题或者其它传统规范的限制。 + +我并不是要呼吁大家像经营商业一样经营我们的学校。我所主张的是，用一种清晰而客观的态度去看待任何行业的任何思想，只要它们有可能帮助我们更好地迎合学生个体的需求。不过，如果想有效率地实现这个目标，我们需要仔细研究这个 100 多年来都停滞不前的领导结构。 +### 把不断改进作为努力的目标 -So why a tendency to ignore (or be outright hostile toward) ideas that come from outside the education space? +有一种说法认为教育和其它行业之间存在着巨大的差异，我虽然赞同这种说法，但同时也相信“重新思考组织和领导结构”这件事情对于任何一个希望对利益相关者负责（并且可以及时作出响应）的主体来说都是适用的。大多数其它行业都已经在重新审视它们传统的、封闭的、等级森严的结构，并且采用可以鼓励员工基于共有的优秀目标发挥自主性的组织结构 —— 这种组织结构对于不断改进来说十分关键。我们的学校和行政区是时候放开眼界了，而不应该拘泥于只听到来自内部的声音，因为它们的用意虽然是好的，但都没有脱离现有的范式。 -I, for example, have certainly faced criticism in the past for suggesting that we look to other professions for ideas and inspiration that can help us better meet the needs of students. A common refrain is something like: "You're trying to treat our students like widgets!" But how could our students be treated any more like widgets than they already are? They matriculate through school in age-based cohorts, going from siloed class to class each day by the sound of a shrill bell, and receive grades based on arbitrary tests that emphasize sameness over individuality. +对于任何希望开始或者加速这个转变过程的学校，我推荐一本很好的书：Jim Whitehurst 的《开放的组织》（这不应该让你感到意外）。这本书不仅可以帮助我们理解教育者如何创造更加开放、覆盖面更广的领导领导结构 —— 在这样的结构下，互相尊重让人们可以基于实时数据作出更加灵活的决策 —— 并且它所使用的语言风格也和教育者们所习惯使用的奇怪的词汇库非常契合（这种词汇库简直是教育者们第二天性)。任何组织都可以借鉴开放组织的思维提供的实用主义方法让组织成员更加开放：分享想法和资源、拥抱以共同协作为核心的文化、通过快速制作原型来开发创新思维、基于价值（而不是提出者的职级）来评估一个想法，以及创造一种融入到组织 DNA 里的很强的社区观念。通过众包的方式，这样的开放组织不仅可以从组织内部，也能够从组织外部收集想法，创造一种可以让本地化的、以学生为中心的创新蓬勃发展的环境。 -It may be news to many inside of education, but widgets—abstract units of production that evoke the idea of assembly line standardization—are not a significant part of the modern manufacturing sector. Thanks to the culture of continuous improvement described above, modern, advanced manufacturing delivers just what the individual customer wants, at a competitive price, exactly when she wants it. If we adapted this model to our schools, teachers would be more likely to collaborate and constantly refine their unique paths of growth for all students based on just-in-time needs and desires—regardless of the time, subject, or any other traditional norm. +最重要的事情是：在快速变化的未来，我们在过去所做的事情不一定仍然适用了 —— 认清楚这一点对于创造一个不断改进的文化氛围是十分关键的。对于教育者来说，这意味着我们不能只是简单地依赖在针对工厂模型发展出来的解决方案和实践方式了。我们必须从其它行业（比如说非营利组织、军事、医疗以及商业 —— 没错，甚至是商业）里借鉴数不清的最佳方案，这样至少应该能让我们*知道*如何找到让学生受益最大的办法。从教育界传统的陈词滥调里超脱出来，才有机会拥有更广阔的视角。我们可以更好地顾全大局，用更客观地视角看待我们遇到的问题，同时也知道我们在什么方面已经做得很不错。 -What I'm advocating is a clear-eyed and objective look at any idea from any sector with potential to help us better meet the needs of individual students, not that we somehow run our schools like businesses. In order for this to happen effectively, however, we need to scrutinize a leadership structure that has frankly remained stagnant for over 100 years. +通过有意识地借鉴各路思想 —— 从一年级教师到纽约时报上最新的商业、管理、领导力畅销书 —— 我们可以更好地发掘和运用校内人才，以帮助我们克服阻碍了我们的学校和区域进步的制度里的惰性。 -### Toward continuous improvement +坚持不懈地追求不断改进这件事情，不应该只局限于那种努力在一个全球化的、创新的经济环境中争取竞争力的机构，或者是负责运营学校的少数几个人。当机构里的每一个人都能不断思考怎样才能让今天比昨天做得更好的时候，这就是一个拥有优秀的文化氛围的机构。这种非常有注重协作性和创新的文化氛围，正是我们希望在这些负责改变年轻人命运的机构身上看到的。 -While I certainly appreciate the argument that education is an animal significantly different from other professions, I also believe that rethinking an organizational and leadership structure is an applicable exercise for any entity wanting to remain responsible (and responsive) to the needs of its stakeholders. Most other professions have taken a hard look at their traditional, closed, hierarchical structures and moved to ones that encourage collective autonomy per shared goals of excellence—organizational elements essential for continuous improvement. It's time our schools and districts do the same by expanding their horizon beyond sources that, while well intended, are developed from a lens of the current paradigm. -Not surprisingly, a go-to resource I recommend to any school wanting to begin or accelerate this process is _The Open Organization_ by Jim Whitehurst. Not only does the book provide a window into how educators can create more open, inclusive leadership structures—where mutual respect enables nimble decisions to be made per real-time data—but it does so in language easily adaptable to the rather strange lexicon that's second nature to educators. Open organization thinking provides pragmatic ways any organization can empower members to be more open: sharing ideas and resources, embracing a culture of collaborative participation as a top priority, developing an innovation mindset through rapid prototyping, valuing ideas based on merit rather than the rank of the person proposing them, and building a strong sense of community that's baked into the organization's DNA. Such an open organization crowd-sources ideas from both inside and outside its formal structure and creates the type of environment that enables localized, student-centered innovations to thrive. - -Here's the bottom line: Essential to a culture of continuous improvement is recognizing that what we've done in the past may not be suitable in a rapidly changing future. For educators, that means we simply can't rely on solutions and practices we developed in a factory-model paradigm. We must acknowledge countless examples of best practices from other sectors—such as non-profits, the military, the medical profession, and yes, even business—that can at least _inform_ how we rethink what we do in the best interest of students. By moving beyond the traditionally sanctioned "eduspeak" world, we create opportunities for considering perspectives. We can better see the forest for the trees, taking a more objective look at the problems we face, as well as acknowledging what we do very well. - -Intentionally considering ideas from all sources—from first year classroom teachers to the latest NYT Business & Management Leadership bestseller—offers us a powerful way to engage existing talent within our schools to help overcome the institutionalized inertia that has prevented more positive change from taking hold in our schools and districts. - -Relentlessly pursuing methods of continuous improvement should not be a behavior confined to organizations fighting to remain competitive in a global, innovation economy, nor should it be left to a select few charged with the operation of our schools. When everyone in an organization is always thinking about what they can do differently _today_ to improve what they did _yesterday_ , then you have an organization living a culture of excellence. That's the kind of radically collaborative and innovative culture we should especially expect for organizations focused on changing the lives of young people. - -I'm eagerly awaiting the day when I enter a school, recognize that spirit, and smile to myself as I say, "I've seen this before." +我非常期待，有朝一日我能在学校里感受到这种精神，然后微笑着对自己说：“这种感觉多么似曾相识啊。” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -63,7 +59,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/education-culture-agile 作者：[Ben Owens][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1d9470cc17ae536fcc6829ed8df12413e8f1a239 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 13:05:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0552/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md index 354490db5b..83f051f11f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ ### 不再做生产线上的元件 -这种不断改进的文化氛围遇到的第一个阻碍是，教育界普遍不愿意从其它行业借鉴可以为自己所用的思想 —— 特别是来自商界的思想。第二个阻碍是，主导教育界的仍然是一种自上而下的、等级制度森严的领导模式。人们往往只能在小范围哪讨论这种系统性的、持续的改进方案，比如包括校长、助理校长、学校监管人（LCTT 译注：美国地方政府下设的一种官职，每个学校监管人管理一定数量的学校，接受学校校长的汇报）等等在内的学校领导和区域领袖。但是一小群人的参与是远远不足以带来整个组织层面的文化改革的。 +这种不断改进的文化氛围遇到的第一个阻碍是，教育界普遍不愿意从其它行业借鉴可以为自己所用的思想 —— 特别是来自商界的思想。第二个阻碍是，主导教育界的仍然是一种自上而下的、等级制度森严的领导模式。人们往往只能在小范围内讨论这种系统性的、持续的改进方案，比如包括校长、助理校长、学校监管人（LCTT 译注：美国地方政府下设的一种官职，每个学校监管人管理一定数量的学校，接受学校校长的汇报）等等在内的学校领导和区域领袖。但是一小群人的参与是远远不足以带来整个组织层面的文化改革的。 在进一步展开观点之前，我想强调一下，上面所做的概括一定是存在例外情况 的（我自己就见到过很多），不过我觉得任何一个教育界的利益相关者都应该会同意以下两点基本假设： @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ 比如我过去就曾经提议应该向别的行业借鉴一些思想和灵感来帮助我们更好地迎合学生的需求，并且果然遭到了批评。我经常得到的回应是：“你这是在把我们的学生当成生产线上的元件来对待呀！”但是我们的学生现在就是在被当作生产线上的元件对待，并且已经无以复加了。他们按照被年龄划分的群体考入大学，每天根据刺耳的铃声的指示去上一节又一节孤立的课程，并且由一些武断的、强调同一性而不是个性的考试来评判他们的成绩。 -很多教育界人士可能不知道，生产线元件这种会让人想到流水线标准化作业的东西已经不是现代制造业里的重要组成部分了。得益于上面提到的不断改进的文化氛围，现代先进制造业已经可以做到在单个顾客产生需求的时候，以合理的价格有针对性地提供她所需要的商品。如果我们的学校也可以采用这种模式，教师们之间就更可能会产生协作，并且可以基于学生即时的需求和兴趣，不断完善每一个学生独特的成长和进步路线，而不受时间、课题或者其它传统规范的限制。 +很多教育界人士可能不知道，生产线元件这种会让人想到流水线标准化作业的东西已经不是现代制造业里的重要组成部分了。得益于上面提到的不断改进的文化氛围，现代先进制造业已经可以做到在单个顾客产生需求的时候，以合理的价格有针对性地提供她所需要的商品。如果我们的学校也可以采用这种模式，教师们之间就更可能会进行协作，并且可以基于学生即时的需求和兴趣，不断完善每一个学生独特的成长和进步路线，而不受时间、课题或者其它传统规范的限制。 我并不是要呼吁大家像经营商业一样经营我们的学校。我所主张的是，用一种清晰而客观的态度去看待任何行业的任何思想，只要它们有可能帮助我们更好地迎合学生个体的需求。不过，如果想有效率地实现这个目标，我们需要仔细研究这个 100 多年来都停滞不前的领导结构。 @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ 对于任何希望开始或者加速这个转变过程的学校，我推荐一本很好的书：Jim Whitehurst 的《开放的组织》（这不应该让你感到意外）。这本书不仅可以帮助我们理解教育者如何创造更加开放、覆盖面更广的领导领导结构 —— 在这样的结构下，互相尊重让人们可以基于实时数据作出更加灵活的决策 —— 并且它所使用的语言风格也和教育者们所习惯使用的奇怪的词汇库非常契合（这种词汇库简直是教育者们第二天性)。任何组织都可以借鉴开放组织的思维提供的实用主义方法让组织成员更加开放：分享想法和资源、拥抱以共同协作为核心的文化、通过快速制作原型来开发创新思维、基于价值（而不是提出者的职级）来评估一个想法，以及创造一种融入到组织 DNA 里的很强的社区观念。通过众包的方式，这样的开放组织不仅可以从组织内部，也能够从组织外部收集想法，创造一种可以让本地化的、以学生为中心的创新蓬勃发展的环境。 -最重要的事情是：在快速变化的未来，我们在过去所做的事情不一定仍然适用了 —— 认清楚这一点对于创造一个不断改进的文化氛围是十分关键的。对于教育者来说，这意味着我们不能只是简单地依赖在针对工厂模型发展出来的解决方案和实践方式了。我们必须从其它行业（比如说非营利组织、军事、医疗以及商业 —— 没错，甚至是商业）里借鉴数不清的最佳方案，这样至少应该能让我们*知道*如何找到让学生受益最大的办法。从教育界传统的陈词滥调里超脱出来，才有机会拥有更广阔的视角。我们可以更好地顾全大局，用更客观地视角看待我们遇到的问题，同时也知道我们在什么方面已经做得很不错。 +最重要的事情是：在快速变化的未来，我们在过去所做的事情不一定仍然适用了 —— 认清楚这一点对于创造一个不断改进的文化氛围是十分关键的。对于教育者来说，这意味着我们不能只是简单地依赖在针对工厂模型发展出来的解决方案和实践方式了。我们必须从其它行业（比如说非营利组织、军事、医疗以及商业 —— 没错，甚至是商业）里借鉴数不清的最佳方案，这样至少应该能让我们 *知道* 如何找到让学生受益最大的办法。从教育界传统的陈词滥调里超脱出来，才有机会拥有更广阔的视角。我们可以更好地顾全大局，用更客观地视角看待我们遇到的问题，同时也知道我们在什么方面已经做得很不错。 通过有意识地借鉴各路思想 —— 从一年级教师到纽约时报上最新的商业、管理、领导力畅销书 —— 我们可以更好地发掘和运用校内人才，以帮助我们克服阻碍了我们的学校和区域进步的制度里的惰性。 From a155f2ba5eb6244d6f964d6396caebfde2e02842 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 13:05:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0553/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- {sources => translated}/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md b/translated/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md rename to translated/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md From 4b87f145e154dbe1839c2949f47eafc12dd6dc46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 16:58:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0554/1265] Update 20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md --- ... 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 65 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md index 5bbae53e33..40f5d63791 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -29,69 +29,68 @@ * 教育: 适于那些需要桌面发行版可以助力他们在教育领域更创造力的人们。 +诚然，有很多很多类别的发行版可供挑选，其中的很多可能用起来十分得心应手，但这五种或许是你最为需要的。 -Yes, there are more categories to be had, many of which can get very niche-y, but these five should fill most of your needs. +### 普通生产力 -### General Productivity +对普通的生产力诉求来说，你不会找到比 [Ubuntu][1] 更为高效的了。在这个类别中首推 Ubuntu 最基础的原因是因为它实现了桌面操作系统、软件、服务的无缝集成。你可能会问为什么我不选择同类别的 Linux Mint 呢？因为 Ubuntu 现在默认的的桌面环境为 GNOME 桌面，而它拥有 GNOME 许多扩展程序的优势的加成（图 1）。 -For general productivity, you won’t get much more efficient than [Ubuntu][1]. The primary reason for choosing Ubuntu for this category is the seamless integration of apps, services, and desktop. You might be wondering why I didn’t choose Linux Mint for this category? Because Ubuntu now defaults to the GNOME desktop, it gains the added advantage of GNOME Extensions (Figure 1). ![GNOME Clipboard][3] -Figure 1: The GNOME Clipboard Indicator extension in action. +图 1：运行中的 GNOME 桌面的剪切板管理工具。 -[Used with permission][4] +[经许可使用][4] -These extensions go a very long way to aid in boosting productivity (so Ubuntu gets the nod over Mint). But Ubuntu didn’t just accept a vanilla GNOME desktop. Instead, they tweaked it to make it slightly more efficient and user-friendly, out of the box. And because Ubuntu contains just the right mixture of default, out-of-the-box, apps (that just work), it makes for a nearly perfect platform for productivity. +这些扩展程序在提升生产力方面做了很多努力(所以 Ubuntu 比 Linux Mint 获得了更多的认可)。但是 Ubuntu 不仅仅支持 vanilla 版本的 GNOME 桌面。事实上，他们致力于将它改进的更为轻量化、更为高效、以及用户友好度更高、开箱即用。总而言之，由于 Ubuntu 正确的融合了多种特性，开箱即用，完善的软件支持（仅对工作方面而言），这些特性使它几乎成为了生产力领域最为完美的一个平台。 -Whether you need to write a paper, work on a spreadsheet, code a new app, work on your company website, create marketing images, administer a server or network, or manage human resources from within your company HR tool, Ubuntu has you covered. The Ubuntu desktop distribution also doesn’t require the user to jump through many hoops to get things working … it simply works (and quite well). Finally, thanks to it’s Debian base, Ubuntu makes installing third-party apps incredibly easy. +不管你是要写一篇文档，制作一张电子表格，写一个新的软件，开啊公司的网站，设计商用的图形，管理一个服务器或是网络，抑或是在你的公司内从事人力资源管理工作， Ubuntu 都可以满足你的需求。Ubuntu 桌面发行版也并不要求你耗费很大的精力才能开始开始开展工作…他只是纯粹的工作（并且十分优秀）。最后，得益于 Debian 的基础，使得 Ubuntu 上安装第三方的软件十分简便。 -Although Ubuntu tends to be the go-to for nearly every list of “top distributions for X,” it’s very hard to argue against this particular distribution topping the list of general productivity distributions. +很难反对这一特殊的发行版在生产力发行版列表中独占鳌头，尽管 Ubuntu 几乎已经成为几乎所有“顶级发行版”列表的榜首。 -### Graphic Design +### 平面设计 -If you’re looking to up your graphic design productivity, you can’t go wrong with [Fedora Design Suite][5]. This Fedora respin was created by the team responsible for all Fedora-related art work. Although the default selection of apps isn’t a massive collection of tools, those it does include are geared specifically for the creation and manipulation of images. +如果你正在寻求提升你的平面设计效率，你不能错过[Fedora设计套件][5]。这一 Fedora 的衍生版是由负责 Fedora 艺术类项目的团队亲自操刀制作的。虽然默认选择的应用程序并不是一个庞大的工具集合，但它所包含的工具都是创建和处理图像专用的。 -With apps like GIMP, Inkscape, Darktable, Krita, Entangle, Blender, Pitivi, Scribus, and more (Figure 2), you’ll find everything you need to get your image editing jobs done and done well. But Fedora Design Suite doesn’t end there. This desktop platform also includes a bevy of tutorials that cover countless subjects for many of the installed applications. For anyone trying to be as productive as possible, this is some seriously handy information to have at the ready. I will say, however, the tutorial entry in the GNOME Favorites is nothing more than a link to [this page][6]. +有了GIMP、Inkscape、Darktable、Krita、Entangle、Blender、Pitivi、Scribus等应用程序(图 2)，您将发现完成图像编辑工作所需要的一切都已经准备好了，而且准备得很好。但是Fedora设计套件并不仅限于此。这个桌面平台还包括一堆教程，涵盖了许多已安装的应用程序。对于任何想要尽可能提高效率的人来说，这将是一些非常有用的信息。不过，我要说的是，GNOME Favorites中的教程不过是[此页][6]链接的内容。 ![Fedora Design Suite Favorites][8] -Figure 2: The Fedora Design Suite Favorites menu includes plenty of tools for getting your graphic design on. +图 2: Fedora Design Suite Favorites菜单包含了许多工具，可以让您用于图形设计。 -[Used with permission][4] +[经许可使用][4] -Those that work with a digital camera will certainly appreciate the inclusion of the Entangle app, which allows you to control your DSLR from the desktop. +那些使用数码相机的用户肯定会喜欢Entangle应用程序，它可以让你在电脑上上控制单反相机。 -### Development +### 开发人员 -Nearly all Linux distributions are great platforms for programmers. However, one particular distributions stands out, above the rest, as one of the most productive tools you’ll find for the task. That OS comes from [System76][9] and it’s called [Pop!_OS][10]. Pop!_OS is tailored specifically for creators, but not of the artistic type. Instead, Pop!_OS is geared toward creators who specialize in developing, programming, and making. If you need an environment that is not only perfected suited for your development work, but includes a desktop that’s sure to get out of your way, you won’t find a better option than Pop!_OS (Figure 3). +几乎所有的Linux发行版对于程序员来说都是很好的编程平台。然而，有一种特定的发行版脱颖而出，并超越了其他发行版，它将是您见过的用于编程类最有效率的工具之一。这个操作系统来自[System76][9]（译注：一家美国的计算机制造商），名为[Pop!_OS][10]。Pop!_OS是专门为创作者定制的，但不是针对艺术类。相反,Pop!_OS面向专门从事开发、编程和软件制作的程序员。如果您需要一个既能完美的胜任开发平台又包含桌面操作系统的开发环境，Pop!_OS 将会是您的不二选择。 (图 3) -What might surprise you (given how “young” this operating system is), is that Pop!_OS is also one of the single most stable GNOME-based platforms you’ll ever use. This means Pop!_OS isn’t just for creators and makers, but anyone looking for a solid operating system. One thing that many users will greatly appreciate with Pop!_OS, is that you can download an ISO specifically for your video hardware. If you have Intel hardware, [download][10] the version for Intel/AMD. If your graphics card is NVIDIA, download that specific release. Either way, you are sure go get a solid platform for which to create your masterpiece. +可能会让您感到惊讶(考虑到这个操作系统是多么“年轻”)的是Pop!_OS也是您使用过的基于 GNOME平台的最稳定系统的之一。这意味着 Pop!_OS 不只是为创造者和制造者准备的，也是为任何想要一个可靠的操作系统的人准备的。你可以下载针对你的硬件的专门 ISO 文件，这一点是许多用户十分欣赏的。如果你有英特尔硬件,[下载][10]Intel或AMD的版本。如果您的显卡是NVIDIA，请下载该特定版本。不管怎样，您肯定会得到针对不同平台进行特殊定制的稳定的版本。 ![Pop!_OS][12] -Figure 3: The Pop!_OS take on GNOME Overview. +图 3: 装有 GNOME 桌面的 Pop!_OS 一览。 -[Used with permission][4] +[经许可使用][4] -Interestingly enough, with Pop!_OS, you won’t find much in the way of pre-installed development tools. You won’t find an included IDE, or many other dev tools. You can, however, find all the development tools you need in the Pop Shop. +有趣的是，在 Pop!_OS 中，您不会找到太多预装的开发工具。你也不会找到IDE或许多其他开发工具。但是，您可以在Pop 商店中中找到所需的所有开发工具。 -### Administration - -If you’re looking to find one of the most productive distributions for admin tasks, look no further than [Debian][13]. Why? Because Debian is not only incredibly reliable, it’s one of those distributions that gets out of your way better than most others. Debian is the perfect combination of ease of use and unlimited possibility. On top of which, because this is the distribution for which so many others are based, you can bet if there’s an admin tool you need for a task, it’s available for Debian. Of course, we’re talking about general admin tasks, which means most of the time you’ll be using a terminal window to SSH into your servers (Figure 4) or a browser to work with web-based GUI tools on your network. Why bother making use of a desktop that’s going to add layers of complexity (such as SELinux in Fedora, or YaST in openSUSE)? Instead, chose simplicity. +### 管理人员 +如果你正在寻找适合管理领域的最生产力的发行版本，[Debian][13]将会是你的不二之选。为什么这么说呢？因为 Debian 不仅仅拥有无与伦比的可靠性，它也是众多能从苦海中将你解救出来的最好的一个版本。Debian是易用性和无限可能性的完美结合。最重要的是，因为它是许多其他发行版的基础，所以可以打赌的是，如果您需要一个任务的管理工具，那么它一定支持 Debian 系统。当然，我们讨论的是一般管理任务，这意味着大多数时候您需要使用终端窗口 SSH 连接到服务器(图4)，或者在浏览器上使用网络上基于web的GUI工具。既然如此为什么还要使用一个复杂的桌面呢(比如Fedora中的SELinux或openSUSE中的YaST)呢?所以,应选择更为简洁易用的那一种。 ![Debian][15] -Figure 4: SSH’ing into a remote server on Debian. +图 4: 在 Debian 系统上通过SSH 连接到远程服务器。 -[Used with permission][4] +[经授权使用][4] -And because you can select which desktop you want (from GNOME, Xfce, KDE, Cinnamon, MATE, LXDE), you can be sure to have the interface that best matches your work habits. +你可以选择你想要的不同的桌面（包括GNOME, Xfce, KDE, Cinnamon, MATE, LXDE），确保你所使用的桌面外观最适合你的工作习惯。 ### 教育 -如果你是一名老师或者学生，抑或是其他从事与教育相关工作的人士，你需要适当的工具来变得更具创造力。之前，有 Edubuntu 这样的版本。这一版本从未跌出教育类相关发行版排名的前列。然而，自从 Ubuntu 14.04 版之后这一发行版就再也没有更新。还好，现在有一款基于 openSUSE 的新的以教育为基础的发行版有望夺摘得桂冠。这一改版叫做 [openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e][16] (Linux For Education - Figure 5), 它基于 openSUSE Leap 42.1 （所以它可能稍微有一点过时）。 +如果你是一名老师或者学生，抑或是其他从事与教育相关工作的人士，你需要适当的工具来变得更具创造力。之前，有 Edubuntu 这样的版本。这一版本位列教育类相关发行版排名的前列。然而，自从 Ubuntu 14.04 版之后这一发行版就再也没有更新。还好，现在有一款基于 openSUSE 的新的以教育为基础的发行版有望夺摘得桂冠。这一改版叫做 [openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e][16] (Linux For Education - 图 5), 它基于 openSUSE Leap 42.1 （所以它可能稍微有一点过时）。 openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 包含了一下工具： @@ -119,20 +118,20 @@ openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 包含了一下工具： * GIMP - 图像处理软件（译注：被誉为 Linux 上的 PhotoShop） - * Pencil - GUI prototyping tool + * Pencil - GUI 模型制作工具 * Hugin - 全景照片拼接及 HDR 效果混合软件 ![Education][18] -Figure 5: The openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e distro has plenty of tools to help you be productive in or for school. +图 5: openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 发行版拥有大量的工具可以帮你在学校中变得更为高效。 -[Used with permission][4] +[经许可使用][4] -Also included with openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e is the [KIWI-LTSP Server][19]. The KIWI-LTSP Server is a flexible, cost effective solution aimed at empowering schools, businesses, and organizations all over the world to easily install and deploy desktop workstations. Although this might not directly aid the student to be more productive, it certainly enables educational institutions be more productive in deploying desktops for students to use. For more information on setting up KIWI-LTSP, check out the openSUSE [KIWI-LTSP quick start guide][20]. +同时还集成在 openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 中的还有 [KIWI-LTSP Server][19] 。Also included with openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e is the [KIWI-LTSP Server][19]. KIWI-LTSP KIWI-LTSP服务器是一个灵活的、成本有效的解决方案，旨在使全世界的学校、企业和组织能够轻松地安装和部署桌面工作站。虽然这可能不会直接帮助学生变得更具创造力，但它肯定会使教育机构在部署供学生使用的桌面时更有效率。有关配置 KIWI-LTSP 的更多信息，请查看openSUSE [KIWI-LTSP quick start guide][20]. -Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux"][21]course from The Linux Foundation and edX. +通过 Linux 基金会和 edX 的免费["入门介绍"][21]课程来了解更多关于 Linux 的知识。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productiv 作者：[Jack Wallen][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[qfzy1233](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From fc08149d062103335c034901f853d1db14d737b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 17:04:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0555/1265] Rename sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md to translated/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md --- .../tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/translated/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md rename to translated/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md From 8ad00bd28e3fbcc3cc7bb45ebb82ced71240b61a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 21:13:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0556/1265] translate done: 20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md --- ... Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md | 187 ------------------ ... Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md | 187 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 187 insertions(+), 187 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index d9d42b7a2f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,187 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (lujun9972) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://fosspost.org/tutorials/custom-system-tray-icon-indicator-linux) -[#]: author: (M.Hanny Sabbagh https://fosspost.org/author/mhsabbagh) - -Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux -====== - -System Tray icons are still considered to be an amazing functionality today. By just right-clicking on the icon, and then selecting which actions you would like to take, you may ease your life a lot and save many unnecessary clicks on daily basis. - -When talking about useful system tray icons, examples like Skype, Dropbox and VLC do come to mind: - -![Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 11][1] - -However, system tray icons can actually be quite a lot more useful; By simply building one yourself for your own needs. In this tutorial, we’ll explain how to do that for you in very simple steps. - -### Prerequisites - -We are going to build a custom system tray indicator using Python. Python is probably installed by default on all the major Linux distributions, so just check it’s there (version 2.7). Additionally, we’ll need the gir1.2-appindicator3 package installed. It’s the library allowing us to easily create system tray indicators. - -To install it on Ubuntu/Mint/Debian: - -``` -sudo apt-get install gir1.2-appindicator3 -``` - -On Fedora: - -``` -sudo dnf install libappindicator-gtk3 -``` - -For other distributions, just search for any packages containing appindicator. - -On GNOME Shell, system tray icons are removed starting from 3.26. You’ll need to install the [following extension][2] (Or possibly other extensions) to re-enable the feature on your desktop. Otherwise, you won’t be able to see the indicator we are going to create here. - -### Basic Code - -Here’s the basic code of the indicator: - -``` -#!/usr/bin/python -import os -from gi.repository import Gtk as gtk, AppIndicator3 as appindicator - -def main(): - indicator = appindicator.Indicator.new("customtray", "semi-starred-symbolic", appindicator.IndicatorCategory.APPLICATION_STATUS) - indicator.set_status(appindicator.IndicatorStatus.ACTIVE) - indicator.set_menu(menu()) - gtk.main() - -def menu(): - menu = gtk.Menu() - - command_one = gtk.MenuItem('My Notes') - command_one.connect('activate', note) - menu.append(command_one) - - exittray = gtk.MenuItem('Exit Tray') - exittray.connect('activate', quit) - menu.append(exittray) - - menu.show_all() - return menu - -def note(_): - os.system("gedit $HOME/Documents/notes.txt") - -def quit(_): - gtk.main_quit() - -if __name__ == "__main__": - main() -``` - -We’ll explain how the code works later. But for know, just save it in a text file under the name tray.py, and run it using Python: - -``` -python tray.py -``` - -You’ll see the indicator working as follows: - -![Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 13][3] - -Now, to explain how we did the magic: - - * The first 3 lines of the code are nothing more than just specifying the Python path and importing the libraries we are going to use in our indicator. - - * def main() : This is the main function of the indicator. Under it we write the code to initialize and build the indicator. - - * indicator = appindicator.Indicator.new(“customtray”, “semi-starred-symbolic”, appindicator.IndicatorCategory.APPLICATION_STATUS) : Here we are specially creating a new indicator and calling it `customtray` . This is the special name of the indicator so that the system doesn’t mix it with other indicators that may be running. Also, we used the `semi-starred-symbolic` icon name as the default icon for our indicator. You could possibly change thing to any other things; Say `firefox` (if you want to see Firefox icon being used for the indicator), or any other icon name you would like. The last part regarding the `APPLICATION_STATUS` is just ordinary code for the categorization/scope of that indicator. - - * `indicator.set_status(appindicator.IndicatorStatus.ACTIVE)` : This line just turns the indicator on. - - * `indicator.set_menu(menu())` : Here, we are saying that we want to use the `menu()` function (which we’ll define later) for creating the menu items of our indicator. This is important so that when you click on the indicator, you can see a list of possible actions to take. - - * `gtk.main()` : Just run the main GTK loop. - - * Under `menu()` you’ll see that we are creating the actions/items we want to provide using our indicator. `command_one = gtk.MenuItem(‘My Notes’)` simply initializes the first menu item with the text “My notes”, and then `command_one.connect(‘activate’, note)` connects the `activate` signal of that menu item to the `note()` function defined later; In other words, we are telling our system here: “When this menu item is clicked, run the note() function”. Finally, `menu.append(command_one)` adds that menu item to the list. - - * The lines regarding `exittray` are just for creating an exit menu item to close the indicator any time you want. - - * `menu.show_all()` and `return menu` are just ordinary codes for returning the menu list to the indicator. - - * Under `note(_)` you’ll see the code that must be executed when the “My Notes” menu item is clicked. Here, we just wrote `os.system(“gedit $HOME/Documents/notes.txt”)` ; The `os.system` function is a function that allows us to run shell commands from inside Python, so here we wrote a command to open a file called `notes.txt` under the `Documents` folder in our home directory using the `gedit` editor. This for example can be your daily notes taking program from now on! - -### Adding your Needed Tasks - -There are only 2 things you need to touch in the code: - - 1. Define a new menu item under `menu()` for your desired task. - - 2. Create a new function to run a specific action when that menu item is clicked. - - -So, let’s say that you want to create a new menu item, which when clicked, plays a specific video/audio file on your hard disk using VLC? To do it, simply add the following 3 lines in line 17: - -``` -command_two = gtk.MenuItem('Play video/audio') -command_two.connect('activate', play) -menu.append(command_two) -``` - -And the following lines in line 30: - -``` -def play(_): - os.system("vlc /home//Videos/somevideo.mp4") -``` - -Replace /home//Videos/somevideo.mp4 with the path to the video/audio file you want. Now save the file and run the indicator again: - -``` -python tray.py -``` - -This is how you’ll see it now: - -![Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 15][4] - -And when you click on the newly-created menu item, VLC will start playing! - -To create other items/tasks, simply redo the steps again. Just be careful to replace command_two with another name, like command_three, so that no clash between variables happen. And then define new separate functions like what we did with the play(_) function. - -The possibilities are endless from here; I am using this way for example to fetch some data from the web (using the urllib2 library) and display them for me any time. I am also using it for playing an mp3 file in the background using the mpg123 command, and I am defining another menu item to killall mpg123 to stop playing that audio whenever I want. CS:GO on Steam for example takes a huge time to exit (the window doesn’t close automatically), so as a workaround for this, I simply minimize the window and click on a menu item that I created which will execute killall -9 csgo_linux64. - -You can use this indicator for anything: Updating your system packages, possibly running some other scripts any time you want.. Literally anything. - -### Autostart on Boot - -We want our system tray indicator to start automatically on boot, we don’t want to run it manually each time. To do that, simply add the following command to your startup applications (after you replace the path to the tray.py file with yours): - -``` -nohup python /home//tray.py & -``` - -The very next time you reboot your system, the indicator will start working automatically after boot! - -### Conclusion - -You now know how to create your own system tray indicator for any task that you may want. This method should save you a lot of time depending on the nature and number of tasks you need to run on daily basis. Some users may prefer creating aliases from the command line, but this will require you to always open the terminal window or have a drop-down terminal emulator available, while here, the system tray indicator is always working and available for you. - -Have you used this method to run your tasks before? Would love to hear your thoughts. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fosspost.org/tutorials/custom-system-tray-icon-indicator-linux - -作者：[M.Hanny Sabbagh][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fosspost.org/author/mhsabbagh -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Screenshot-at-2019-02-28-0808.png?resize=407%2C345&ssl=1 (Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 12) -[2]: https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/1031/topicons/ -[3]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-at-2019-03-02-1041.png?resize=434%2C140&ssl=1 (Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 14) -[4]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-at-2019-03-02-1141.png?resize=440%2C149&ssl=1 (Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 16) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a3efed0db0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (lujun9972) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://fosspost.org/tutorials/custom-system-tray-icon-indicator-linux) +[#]: author: (M.Hanny Sabbagh https://fosspost.org/author/mhsabbagh) + +在 Linux 上为你的任务创建一个自定义的系统托盘指示器 +====== + +时至今日系统托盘图标依然很有用。只需要右击图标，然后选择想要的动作即可，你可以大幅简化你的生活并且减少日常行为中的大量无用的点击。 + +一说到有用的系统托盘图标，我们很容易就想到 Skype，Dropbox 和 VLC: + +![Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 11][1] + +然而系统托盘图标实际上要更有用得多; 你可以根据自己的需求创建自己的系统托盘图标。本指导将会教你通过简单的几个步骤来实现这一目的。 + +### 前置条件 + +我们将要用 Python 来实现一个自定义的系统托盘指示器。Python 默认在所有主流的 Linux 发行版中都有安装，因此你只需要确定一下它已经确实被安装好了(版本为 2.7)。另外，我们还需要安装好 gir1.2-appindicator3 包。该库能够让我们很容易就能创建系统图标指示器。 + +在 Ubuntu/Mint/Debian 上安装： + +``` +sudo apt-get install gir1.2-appindicator3 +``` + +在 Fedora 上安装： + +``` +sudo dnf install libappindicator-gtk3 +``` + +对于其他发行版，只需要搜索包含 appindicator 的包就行了。 + +在 GNOME Shell 3.26 开始，系统托盘图标被删除了。你需要安装 [这个扩展 ][2] (或者其他扩展) 来为桌面启用该功能。否则你无法看到我们创建的指示器。 + +### 基础代码 + +下面是指示器的基础代码： + +``` +#!/usr/bin/python +import os +from gi.repository import Gtk as gtk, AppIndicator3 as appindicator + +def main(): + indicator = appindicator.Indicator.new("customtray", "semi-starred-symbolic", appindicator.IndicatorCategory.APPLICATION_STATUS) + indicator.set_status(appindicator.IndicatorStatus.ACTIVE) + indicator.set_menu(menu()) + gtk.main() + +def menu(): + menu = gtk.Menu() + + command_one = gtk.MenuItem('My Notes') + command_one.connect('activate', note) + menu.append(command_one) + + exittray = gtk.MenuItem('Exit Tray') + exittray.connect('activate', quit) + menu.append(exittray) + + menu.show_all() + return menu + +def note(_): + os.system("gedit $HOME/Documents/notes.txt") + +def quit(_): + gtk.main_quit() + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() +``` + +我们待会会解释一下代码是怎么工作的。但是现在，让我们将该文本保存为 tray.py，然后使用 Python 运行之： + +``` +python tray.py +``` + +我们会看到指示器运行起来了，如下图所示： + +![Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 13][3] + +现在，让我们解释一下魔术的原理： + + * 前三行代码仅仅用来指明 Python 的路径并且导入需要的库。 + + * def main() : 此为指示器的主函数。该函数的代码用来初始化并创建指示器。 + + * indicator = appindicator.Indicator.new(“customtray”，“semi-starred-symbolic”，appindicator.IndicatorCategory.APPLICATION_STATUS) : 这里我们指明创建一个名为 `customtray` 的指示器。这是指示器的唯一名称这样系统就不会与其他运行中的指示器搞混了。同时我们使用名为 `semi-starred-symbolic` 的图标作为指示器的默认图标。你可以将之改成任何其他值; 比如 `firefox` (如果你希望该指示器使用 FireFox 的图标)，或任何其他希望的图标名。最后与 `APPLICATION_STATUS` 相关的部分是指明指示器类别/范围的常规代码。 + + * `indicator.set_status(appindicator.IndicatorStatus.ACTIVE)` : 这一行激活指示器。 + + * `indicator.set_menu(menu())` : 这里我的是我们想使用 `menu()` 函数 (我们会在后面定义) 来为我们的指示器创建菜单项。这很重要，可以让你右击指示器后看到一个可以实施行为的列别。 + + * `gtk.main()` : 运行 GTK 主循环。 + + * 在 `menu()` 中我们定义了想要指示器提供的行为或项目。`command_one = gtk.MenuItem(‘My Notes’)` 仅仅使用文本 “My notes” 来初始化第一个菜单项，接下来 `command_one.connect(‘activate’，note)` 将菜单的 `activate` 信号与后面定义的 `note()` 函数相连接; 换句话说，我们告诉我们的系统：“当该菜单项被点击，运行 note() 函数”。最后，`menu.append(command_one)` 将菜单项添加到列表中。 + + * `exittray` 相关的行是为了创建一个退出的菜单项让你在想要的时候关闭指示器。 + + * `menu.show_all()` 以及 `return menu` 只是返回菜单项给指示器的常规代码。 + + * 在 `note(_)` 下面是点击 “My Notes” 菜单项时需要执行的代码。这里只是 `os.system(“gedit $HOME/Documents/notes.txt”)` 这一句话; `os.system` 函数允许你在 Python 中运行 shell 命令，因此这里我们写了一行命令来使用 `gedit` 打开 home 目录下 `Documents` 目录中名为 `notes.txt` 的文件。例如，这个可以称为你今后的日常笔记程序了！ + +### 添加你所需要的任务 + +你只需要修改代码中的两块地方： + + 1。在 `menu()` 中为你想要的任务定义新的菜单项。 + + 2。创建一个新的函数让给该菜单项被点击时执行特定的行为。 + + +所以，比如说你想要创建一个新菜单项，在点击后，会使用 VLC 播放硬盘中某个特定的视频/音频文件？要做到这一点，只需要在地 17 行处添加下面三行内容： + +``` +command_two = gtk.MenuItem('Play video/audio') +command_two.connect('activate', play) +menu.append(command_two) +``` + +然后在地 30 行添加下面内容： + +``` +def play(_): + os.system("vlc /home//Videos/somevideo.mp4") +``` + +将 /home//Videos/somevideo.mp4 替换成你想要播放的视频/音频文件路径。现在保存该文件然后再次运行该指示器： + +``` +python tray.py +``` + +你将会看到： + +![Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 15][4] + +而且当你点击新创建的菜单项时，VLC 会开始播放！ + +要创建其他项目/任务，只需要重复上面步骤即可。但是要小心，需要用其他命令来为 command_two 改名，比如 command_three，这样在变量之间才不会产生冲突。然后定义新函数，就像 play(_) 函数那样。 + +从这里开始的可能性是无穷的; 比如我用这种方法来从网上获取数据(使用 urllib2 库) 并显示出来。我也用它来在后台使用 mpg123 命令播放 mp3 文件，而且我还定义了另一个菜单项来杀掉所有的 mpg123 来随时停止播放音频。比如 Steam 上的 CS:GO 退出很费时间(窗口并不会自动关闭)，因此，作为一个变通的方法，我只是最小化窗口然后点击某个自建的菜单项，它会执行 killall -9 csgo_linux64 命令。 + +你可以使用这个指示器来做任何事情：升级系统包，运行其他脚本。字面上的任何事情。 + +### 自动启动 + +我们希望系统托盘指示器能在系统启动后自动启动，而不用每次都手工运行。要做到这一点，只需要在自启动应用程序中添加下面命令即可(但是你需要将 tray.py 的路径替换成你自己的路径): + +``` +nohup python /home//tray.py & +``` + +下次重启系统，指示器会在系统启动后自动开始工作了！ + +### 结论 + +你现在知道了如何为你想要的任务创建自己的系统托盘指示器了。根据每天需要运行的任务的性质和数量，此方法可以节省大量时间。有些人偏爱从命令行创建别名，但是这需要你每次都打开终端窗口或者需要有一个可用的下拉式终端仿真器，而这里，这个系统托盘指示器一直在工作，随时可用。 + +你以前用过这个方法来运行你的任务吗？很想听听你的想法。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fosspost.org/tutorials/custom-system-tray-icon-indicator-linux + +作者：[M.Hanny Sabbagh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fosspost.org/author/mhsabbagh +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Screenshot-at-2019-02-28-0808.png?resize=407%2C345&ssl=1 (Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 12) +[2]: https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/1031/topicons/ +[3]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-at-2019-03-02-1041.png?resize=434%2C140&ssl=1 (Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 14) +[4]: https://i2.wp.com/fosspost.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Screenshot-at-2019-03-02-1141.png?resize=440%2C149&ssl=1 (Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 16) From 29ad5c041f38e185c7332a10b3ab50b91f5d1800 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 21:47:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0557/1265] Transalted --- ...emove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md | 80 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md (52%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md b/translated/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md similarity index 52% rename from sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md rename to translated/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md index 12d8fe588b..c8ddd01d91 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md @@ -7,28 +7,28 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-unwanted-junk-files-free-up-space-ubuntu-mint-debian/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu +5种简单的方法来在 Ubuntu 上释放空间(移除不想要的或没有用的文件) ====== -Most of us may perform this action whenever we fall into out of disk space on system. +我们中的大多数人可能在系统磁盘存储不足的情况下执行这个操作。 -Most of us may perform this action whenever we are running out of space on Linux system +我们中的大多数人可能在 Linux 系统磁盘存储不足的情况下执行这个操作。 -It should be performed frequently, to make space for installing a new application and dealing with other files. +它应该被经常执行，来为安装一个新的应用程序和处理其它文件弥补磁盘存储空间。 -Housekeeping is one of the routine task of Linux administrator, which allow them to maintain the disk utilization is in under threshold. +内务处理是 Linux 管理员的一个日常任务，管理员允许内务处理在阈值下维持磁盘利用率。 -There are several ways we can clean up our system space. +这里有一些我们可以清理我们系统空间的方法。 -There is no need to clean up your system when you have TB of storage capacity. +当你有 TB 级存储容量时，不需要清理你的系统。 -But if your have limited space then freeing up disk space becomes a necessity. +但是，如果你空间有限，那么释放磁盘空间，变的不可避免。 -In this article, I’ll show you some of the easiest or simple ways to clean up your Ubuntu system and get more space. +在这篇文章中，我将向你展示一些最容易的或简单的方法来清理你的 Ubuntu 系统，获得更多空间。 -### How To Check Free Space On Ubuntu Systems? +### 在 Ubuntu 系统上如何检查可用的空间？ -Use **[df Command][1]** to check current disk utilization on your system. +在你的系统上使用 **[df 命令][1]** 来检查当前磁盘利用率。 ``` $ df -h @@ -41,18 +41,18 @@ tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock tmpfs 997M 0 997M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup ``` -GUI users can use “Disk Usage Analyzer tool” to view current usage. +图形界面用户可以使用“磁盘利用率分析器工具”来查看当前利用率。 [![][2]![][2]][3] -### 1) Remove The Packages That Are No Longer Required +### 1) 移除不再需要的软件包 -The following command removes the dependency libs and packages that are no longer required by the system. +下面的命令移除系统不再需要依赖的库和软件包。 -These packages were installed automatically to satisfy the dependencies of an installed package. +这些软件包自动地安装来使一个被安装软件包满足的依赖关系。 -Also, it removes old Linux kernels that were installed in the system. +同样，它移除安装在系统中的旧的 Linux 内核。 -It removes orphaned packages which are not longer needed from the system, but not purges them. +它移除不再被系统需要的孤立的软件包，但是不清除它们。 ``` $ sudo apt-get autoremove @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ After this operation, 189 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] ``` -To purge them, use the `--purge` option together with the command for that. +为清除它们，与命令一起使用 `--purge` 选项。 ``` $ sudo apt-get autoremove --purge @@ -90,67 +90,67 @@ After this operation, 189 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] ``` -### 2) Empty The Trash Can +### 2) 清空回收站 -There might a be chance, that you may have a large amount of useless data residing in your trash can. +这可能有风险，你可能有大量的无用数据存在于你的回收站中。 -It takes up your system space. This is one of the best way to clear up those and get some free space on your system. +它占用你的系统空间。这是最好的一个方法来在你的系统上清理这些无用的数据，并获取一些可用的空间。 -To clean up this, simple use the file manager to empty your trash can. +为清理这些，简单地使用文件管理器来清空你的回收站。 [![][2]![][2]][4] -### 3) Clean up the APT cache +### 3) 清理 APT 缓存文件 -Ubuntu uses **[APT Command][5]** (Advanced Package Tool) for package management like installing, removing, searching, etc,. +Ubuntu 使用 **[APT 命令][5]** (高级软件包工具)用于软件包管理，像：安装，移除，搜索等等。 -By default every Linux operating system keeps a cache of downloaded and installed packages on their respective directory. +默认情况下，每个 Linux 操作系统在它们各自的命令保留下载和安装的软件包的缓冲。 -Ubuntu also does the same, it keeps every updates it downloads and installs in a cache on your disk. +Ubuntu 也做相同的事，它以缓冲的形式在你的磁盘上保留它下载和安装的每次更新。 -Ubuntu system keeps a cache of DEB packages in /var/cache/apt/archives directory. +Ubuntu 在 /var/cache/apt/archives 目录中保留 DEB 软件包的缓冲文件。 -Over time, this cache can quickly grow and hold a lot of space on your system. +随着时间推移，这些缓存可能快速增长，并在你的系统上占有很多空间。 -Run the following command to check the current utilization of APT cache. +运行下面的命令来检查当前 APT 缓存文件的使用率。 ``` $ sudo du -sh /var/cache/apt 147M /var/cache/apt ``` -It cleans obsolete deb-packages. I mean to say, less than clean. +它清理过时的 deb 软件包。我想说，一点都清理不干净。 ``` $ sudo apt-get autoclean ``` -It removes all packages kept in the apt cache. +它移除所有在 apt 缓存中的软件包。 ``` $ sudo apt-get clean ``` -### 4) Uninstall the unused applications +### 4) 卸载不使用的应用程序 -I would request you to check the installed packages and games on your system and delete them if you are using rarely. +我可能要求你来检查在你的系统上安装的软件包和游戏，，删除它们，如果你很少使用。 -This can be easily done via “Ubuntu Software Center”. +这可以简单地完成，通过 “Ubuntu 软件中心”。 [![][2]![][2]][6] -### 5) Clean up the thumbnail cache +### 5) 清理缩略图缓存 -The cache folder is a place where programs stored data they may need again, it is kept for speed but is not essential to keep. It can be generated again or downloaded again. +缓存文件夹是程序存储它们可能再次需要的数据的地方，它是为速度保留的，而不是必需保留的。它可以被再次生成或再次下载。 -If it’s really filling up your hard drive then you can delete things without worrying. +假如它真的填满你的硬盘，那么你可以删除一些东西而不用担心。 -Run the following command to check the current utilization of APT cache. +运行下面的命令来检查当前 APT 缓存的利用率。 ``` $ du -sh ~/.cache/thumbnails/ 412K /home/daygeek/.cache/thumbnails/ ``` -Run the following command to delete them permanently from your system. +运行下面的命令来从你的系统中永久地删除它们。 ``` $ rm -rf ~/.cache/thumbnails/* @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-unwanted-junk-files-free-up-sp 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0a6897257420d4b4f7819a3bd181f710a8bd1139 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 22:12:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0558/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190331=20Code?= =?UTF-8?q?cademy=20vs.=20The=20BBC=20Micro?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md --- .../20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md | 129 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 129 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md b/sources/talk/20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e4720315cc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190331 Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro.md @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro) +[#]: via: (https://twobithistory.org/2019/03/31/bbc-micro.html) +[#]: author: (Two-Bit History https://twobithistory.org) + +Codecademy vs. The BBC Micro +====== + +In the late 1970s, the computer, which for decades had been a mysterious, hulking machine that only did the bidding of corporate overlords, suddenly became something the average person could buy and take home. An enthusiastic minority saw how great this was and rushed to get a computer of their own. For many more people, the arrival of the microcomputer triggered helpless anxiety about the future. An ad from a magazine at the time promised that a home computer would “give your child an unfair advantage in school.” It showed a boy in a smart blazer and tie eagerly raising his hand to answer a question, while behind him his dim-witted classmates look on sullenly. The ad and others like it implied that the world was changing quickly and, if you did not immediately learn how to use one of these intimidating new devices, you and your family would be left behind. + +In the UK, this anxiety metastasized into concern at the highest levels of government about the competitiveness of the nation. The 1970s had been, on the whole, an underwhelming decade for Great Britain. Both inflation and unemployment had been high. Meanwhile, a series of strikes put London through blackout after blackout. A government report from 1979 fretted that a failure to keep up with trends in computing technology would “add another factor to our poor industrial performance.”1 The country already seemed to be behind in the computing arena—all the great computer companies were American, while integrated circuits were being assembled in Japan and Taiwan. + +In an audacious move, the BBC, a public service broadcaster funded by the government, decided that it would solve Britain’s national competitiveness problems by helping Britons everywhere overcome their aversion to computers. It launched the _Computer Literacy Project_ , a multi-pronged educational effort that involved several TV series, a few books, a network of support groups, and a specially built microcomputer known as the BBC Micro. The project was so successful that, by 1983, an editor for BYTE Magazine wrote, “compared to the US, proportionally more of Britain’s population is interested in microcomputers.”2 The editor marveled that there were more people at the Fifth Personal Computer World Show in the UK than had been to that year’s West Coast Computer Faire. Over a sixth of Great Britain watched an episode in the first series produced for the _Computer Literacy Project_ and 1.5 million BBC Micros were ultimately sold.3 + +[An archive][1] containing every TV series produced and all the materials published for the _Computer Literacy Project_ was put on the web last year. I’ve had a huge amount of fun watching the TV series and trying to imagine what it would have been like to learn about computing in the early 1980s. But what’s turned out to be more interesting is how computing was _taught_. Today, we still worry about technology leaving people behind. Wealthy tech entrepreneurs and governments spend lots of money trying to teach kids “to code.” We have websites like Codecademy that make use of new technologies to teach coding interactively. One would assume that this approach is more effective than a goofy ’80s TV series. But is it? + +### The Computer Literacy Project + +The microcomputer revolution began in 1975 with the release of [the Altair 8800][2]. Only two years later, the Apple II, TRS-80, and Commodore PET had all been released. Sales of the new computers exploded. In 1978, the BBC explored the dramatic societal changes these new machines were sure to bring in a documentary called “Now the Chips Are Down.” + +The documentary was alarming. Within the first five minutes, the narrator explains that microelectronics will “totally revolutionize our way of life.” As eerie synthesizer music plays, and green pulses of electricity dance around a magnified microprocessor on screen, the narrator argues that the new chips are why “Japan is abandoning its ship building, and why our children will grow up without jobs to go to.” The documentary goes on to explore how robots are being used to automate car assembly and how the European watch industry has lost out to digital watch manufacturers in the United States. It castigates the British government for not doing more to prepare the country for a future of mass unemployment. + +The documentary was supposedly shown to the British Cabinet.4 Several government agencies, including the Department of Industry and the Manpower Services Commission, became interested in trying to raise awareness about computers among the British public. The Manpower Services Commission provided funds for a team from the BBC’s education division to travel to Japan, the United States, and other countries on a fact-finding trip. This research team produced a report that cataloged the ways in which microelectronics would indeed mean major changes for industrial manufacturing, labor relations, and office work. In late 1979, it was decided that the BBC should make a ten-part TV series that would help regular Britons “learn how to use and control computers and not feel dominated by them.”5 The project eventually became a multimedia endeavor similar to the _Adult Literacy Project_ , an earlier BBC undertaking involving both a TV series and supplemental courses that helped two million people improve their reading. + +The producers behind the _Computer Literacy Project_ were keen for the TV series to feature “hands-on” examples that viewers could try on their own if they had a microcomputer at home. These examples would have to be in BASIC, since that was the language (really the entire shell) used on almost all microcomputers. But the producers faced a thorny problem: Microcomputer manufacturers all had their own dialects of BASIC, so no matter which dialect they picked, they would inevitably alienate some large fraction of their audience. The only real solution was to create a new BASIC—BBC BASIC—and a microcomputer to go along with it. Members of the British public would be able to buy the new microcomputer and follow along without worrying about differences in software or hardware. + +The TV producers and presenters at the BBC were not capable of building a microcomputer on their own. So they put together a specification for the computer they had in mind and invited British microcomputer companies to propose a new machine that met the requirements. The specification called for a relatively powerful computer because the BBC producers felt that the machine should be able to run real, useful applications. Technical consultants for the _Computer Literacy Project_ also suggested that, if it had to be a BASIC dialect that was going to be taught to the entire nation, then it had better be a good one. (They may not have phrased it exactly that way, but I bet that’s what they were thinking.) BBC BASIC would make up for some of BASIC’s usual shortcomings by allowing for recursion and local variables.6 + +The BBC eventually decided that a Cambridge-based company called Acorn Computers would make the BBC Micro. In choosing Acorn, the BBC passed over a proposal from Clive Sinclair, who ran a company called Sinclair Research. Sinclair Research had brought mass-market microcomputing to the UK in 1980 with the Sinclair ZX80. Sinclair’s new computer, the ZX81, was cheap but not powerful enough for the BBC’s purposes. Acorn’s new prototype computer, known internally as the Proton, would be more expensive but more powerful and expandable. The BBC was impressed. The Proton was never marketed or sold as the Proton because it was instead released in December 1981 as the BBC Micro, also affectionately called “The Beeb.” You could get a 16k version for £235 and a 32k version for £335. + +In 1980, Acorn was an underdog in the British computing industry. But the BBC Micro helped establish the company’s legacy. Today, the world’s most popular microprocessor instruction set is the ARM architecture. “ARM” now stands for “Advanced RISC Machine,” but originally it stood for “Acorn RISC Machine.” ARM Holdings, the company behind the architecture, was spun out from Acorn in 1990. + +![Picture of the BBC Micro.][3] _A bad picture of a BBC Micro, taken by me at the Computer History Museum +in Mountain View, California._ + +### The Computer Programme + +A dozen different TV series were eventually produced as part of the _Computer Literacy Project_ , but the first of them was a ten-part series known as _The Computer Programme_. The series was broadcast over ten weeks at the beginning of 1982. A million people watched each week-night broadcast of the show; a quarter million watched the reruns on Sunday and Monday afternoon. + +The show was hosted by two presenters, Chris Serle and Ian McNaught-Davis. Serle plays the neophyte while McNaught-Davis, who had professional experience programming mainframe computers, plays the expert. This was an inspired setup. It made for [awkward transitions][4]—Serle often goes directly from a conversation with McNaught-Davis to a bit of walk-and-talk narration delivered to the camera, and you can’t help but wonder whether McNaught-Davis is still standing there out of frame or what. But it meant that Serle could voice the concerns that the audience would surely have. He can look intimidated by a screenful of BASIC and can ask questions like, “What do all these dollar signs mean?” At several points during the show, Serle and McNaught-Davis sit down in front of a computer and essentially pair program, with McNaught-Davis providing hints here and there while Serle tries to figure it out. It would have been much less relatable if the show had been presented by a single, all-knowing narrator. + +The show also made an effort to demonstrate the many practical applications of computing in the lives of regular people. By the early 1980s, the home computer had already begun to be associated with young boys and video games. The producers behind _The Computer Programme_ sought to avoid interviewing “impressively competent youngsters,” as that was likely “to increase the anxieties of older viewers,” a demographic that the show was trying to attract to computing.7 In the first episode of the series, Gill Nevill, the show’s “on location” reporter, interviews a woman that has bought a Commodore PET to help manage her sweet shop. The woman (her name is Phyllis) looks to be 60-something years old, yet she has no trouble using the computer to do her accounting and has even started using her PET to do computer work for other businesses, which sounds like the beginning of a promising freelance career. Phyllis says that she wouldn’t mind if the computer work grew to replace her sweet shop business since she enjoys the computer work more. This interview could instead have been an interview with a teenager about how he had modified _Breakout_ to be faster and more challenging. But that would have been encouraging to almost nobody. On the other hand, if Phyllis, of all people, can use a computer, then surely you can too. + +While the show features lots of BASIC programming, what it really wants to teach its audience is how computing works in general. The show explains these general principles with analogies. In the second episode, there is an extended discussion of the Jacquard loom, which accomplishes two things. First, it illustrates that computers are not based only on magical technology invented yesterday—some of the foundational principles of computing go back two hundred years and are about as simple as the idea that you can punch holes in card to control a weaving machine. Second, the interlacing of warp and weft threads is used to demonstrate how a binary choice (does the weft thread go above or below the warp thread?) is enough, when repeated over and over, to produce enormous variation. This segues, of course, into a discussion of how information can be stored using binary digits. + +Later in the show there is a section about a steam organ that plays music encoded in a long, segmented roll of punched card. This time the analogy is used to explain subroutines in BASIC. Serle and McNaught-Davis lay out the whole roll of punched card on the floor in the studio, then point out the segments where it looks like a refrain is being repeated. McNaught-Davis explains that a subroutine is what you would get if you cut out those repeated segments of card and somehow added an instruction to go back to the original segment that played the refrain for the first time. This is a brilliant explanation and probably one that stuck around in people’s minds for a long time afterward. + +I’ve picked out only a few examples, but I think in general the show excels at demystifying computers by explaining the principles that computers rely on to function. The show could instead have focused on teaching BASIC, but it did not. This, it turns out, was very much a conscious choice. In a retrospective written in 1983, John Radcliffe, the executive producer of the _Computer Literacy Project_ , wrote the following: + +> If computers were going to be as important as we believed, some genuine understanding of this new subject would be important for everyone, almost as important perhaps as the capacity to read and write. Early ideas, both here and in America, had concentrated on programming as the main route to computer literacy. However, as our thinking progressed, although we recognized the value of “hands-on” experience on personal micros, we began to place less emphasis on programming and more on wider understanding, on relating micros to larger machines, encouraging people to gain experience with a range of applications programs and high-level languages, and relating these to experience in the real world of industry and commerce…. Our belief was that once people had grasped these principles, at their simplest, they would be able to move further forward into the subject. + +Later, Radcliffe writes, in a similar vein: + +> There had been much debate about the main explanatory thrust of the series. One school of thought had argued that it was particularly important for the programmes to give advice on the practical details of learning to use a micro. But we had concluded that if the series was to have any sustained educational value, it had to be a way into the real world of computing, through an explanation of computing principles. This would need to be achieved by a combination of studio demonstration on micros, explanation of principles by analogy, and illustration on film of real-life examples of practical applications. Not only micros, but mini computers and mainframes would be shown. + +I love this, particularly the part about mini-computers and mainframes. The producers behind _The Computer Programme_ aimed to help Britons get situated: Where had computing been, and where was it going? What can computers do now, and what might they do in the future? Learning some BASIC was part of answering those questions, but knowing BASIC alone was not seen as enough to make someone computer literate. + +### Computer Literacy Today + +If you google “learn to code,” the first result you see is a link to Codecademy’s website. If there is a modern equivalent to the _Computer Literacy Project_ , something with the same reach and similar aims, then it is Codecademy. + +“Learn to code” is Codecademy’s tagline. I don’t think I’m the first person to point this out—in fact, I probably read this somewhere and I’m now ripping it off—but there’s something revealing about using the word “code” instead of “program.” It suggests that the important thing you are learning is how to decode the code, how to look at a screen’s worth of Python and not have your eyes glaze over. I can understand why to the average person this seems like the main hurdle to becoming a professional programmer. Professional programmers spend all day looking at computer monitors covered in gobbledygook, so, if I want to become a professional programmer, I better make sure I can decipher the gobbledygook. But dealing with syntax is not the most challenging part of being a programmer, and it quickly becomes almost irrelevant in the face of much bigger obstacles. Also, armed only with knowledge of a programming language’s syntax, you may be able to _read_ code but you won’t be able to _write_ code to solve a novel problem. + +I recently went through Codecademy’s “Code Foundations” course, which is the course that the site recommends you take if you are interested in programming (as opposed to web development or data science) and have never done any programming before. There are a few lessons in there about the history of computer science, but they are perfunctory and poorly researched. (Thank heavens for [this noble internet vigilante][5], who pointed out a particularly egregious error.) The main focus of the course is teaching you about the common structural elements of programming languages: variables, functions, control flow, loops. In other words, the course focuses on what you would need to know to start seeing patterns in the gobbledygook. + +To be fair to Codecademy, they offer other courses that look meatier. But even courses such as their “Computer Science Path” course focus almost exclusively on programming and concepts that can be represented in programs. One might argue that this is the whole point—Codecademy’s main feature is that it gives you little interactive programming lessons with automated feedback. There also just isn’t enough room to cover more because there is only so much you can stuff into somebody’s brain in a little automated lesson. But the producers at the BBC tasked with kicking off the _Computer Literacy Project_ also had this problem; they recognized that they were limited by their medium and that “the amount of learning that would take place as a result of the television programmes themselves would be limited.”8 With similar constraints on the volume of information they could convey, they chose to emphasize general principles over learning BASIC. Couldn’t Codecademy replace a lesson or two with an interactive visualization of a Jacquard loom weaving together warp and weft threads? + +I’m banging the drum for “general principles” loudly now, so let me just explain what I think they are and why they are important. There’s a book by J. Clark Scott about computers called _But How Do It Know?_ The title comes from the anecdote that opens the book. A salesman is explaining to a group of people that a thermos can keep hot food hot and cold food cold. A member of the audience, astounded by this new invention, asks, “But how do it know?” The joke of course is that the thermos is not perceiving the temperature of the food and then making a decision—the thermos is just constructed so that cold food inevitably stays cold and hot food inevitably stays hot. People anthropomorphize computers in the same way, believing that computers are digital brains that somehow “choose” to do one thing or another based on the code they are fed. But learning a few things about how computers work, even at a rudimentary level, takes the homunculus out of the machine. That’s why the Jacquard loom is such a good go-to illustration. It may at first seem like an incredible device. It reads punch cards and somehow “knows” to weave the right pattern! The reality is mundane: Each row of holes corresponds to a thread, and where there is a hole in that row the corresponding thread gets lifted. Understanding this may not help you do anything new with computers, but it will give you the confidence that you are not dealing with something magical. We should impart this sense of confidence to beginners as soon as we can. + +Alas, it’s possible that the real problem is that nobody wants to learn about the Jacquard loom. Judging by how Codecademy emphasizes the professional applications of what it teaches, many people probably start using Codecademy because they believe it will help them “level up” their careers. They believe, not unreasonably, that the primary challenge will be understanding the gobbledygook, so they want to “learn to code.” And they want to do it as quickly as possible, in the hour or two they have each night between dinner and collapsing into bed. Codecademy, which after all is a business, gives these people what they are looking for—not some roundabout explanation involving a machine invented in the 18th century. + +The _Computer Literacy Project_ , on the other hand, is what a bunch of producers and civil servants at the BBC thought would be the best way to educate the nation about computing. I admit that it is a bit elitist to suggest we should laud this group of people for teaching the masses what they were incapable of seeking out on their own. But I can’t help but think they got it right. Lots of people first learned about computing using a BBC Micro, and many of these people went on to become successful software developers or game designers. [As I’ve written before][6], I suspect learning about computing at a time when computers were relatively simple was a huge advantage. But perhaps another advantage these people had is shows like _The Computer Programme_ , which strove to teach not just programming but also how and why computers can run programs at all. After watching _The Computer Programme_ , you may not understand all the gobbledygook on a computer screen, but you don’t really need to because you know that, whatever the “code” looks like, the computer is always doing the same basic thing. After a course or two on Codecademy, you understand some flavors of gobbledygook, but to you a computer is just a magical machine that somehow turns gobbledygook into running software. That isn’t computer literacy. + +_If you enjoyed this post, more like it come out every four weeks! Follow[@TwoBitHistory][7] on Twitter or subscribe to the [RSS feed][8] to make sure you know when a new post is out._ + +_Previously on TwoBitHistory…_ + +> FINALLY some new damn content, amirite? +> +> Wanted to write an article about how Simula bought us object-oriented programming. It did that, but early Simula also flirted with a different vision for how OOP would work. Wrote about that instead! +> +> — TwoBitHistory (@TwoBitHistory) [February 1, 2019][9] + + 1. Robert Albury and David Allen, Microelectronics, report (1979). ↩ + + 2. Gregg Williams, “Microcomputing, British Style”, Byte Magazine, 40, January 1983, accessed on March 31, 2019, . ↩ + + 3. John Radcliffe, “Toward Computer Literacy,” Computer Literacy Project Achive, 42, accessed March 31, 2019, [https://computer-literacy-project.pilots.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/media/Towards Computer Literacy.pdf][10]. ↩ + + 4. David Allen, “About the Computer Literacy Project,” Computer Literacy Project Archive, accessed March 31, 2019, . ↩ + + 5. ibid. ↩ + + 6. Williams, 51. ↩ + + 7. Radcliffe, 11. ↩ + + 8. Radcliffe, 5. ↩ + + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://twobithistory.org/2019/03/31/bbc-micro.html + +作者：[Two-Bit History][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://twobithistory.org +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://computer-literacy-project.pilots.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/ +[2]: /2018/07/22/dawn-of-the-microcomputer.html +[3]: /images/beeb.jpg +[4]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1112372000742404098 +[5]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1111305774939234304 +[6]: /2018/09/02/learning-basic.html +[7]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory +[8]: https://twobithistory.org/feed.xml +[9]: https://twitter.com/TwoBitHistory/status/1091148050221944832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[10]: https://computer-literacy-project.pilots.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/media/Towards%20Computer%20Literacy.pdf From a32fcca576a6321dc882294a3e09ef13483820a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 23:11:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0559/1265] PRF:20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md @wxy --- ...e State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md | 24 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md b/translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md index 3748d28dd8..63dab46960 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md +++ b/translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) [Part 6]) @@ -12,15 +12,15 @@ ![The State Of Smart Contracts Now][1] -继续我们的[前面的关于智能合约的文章][2]，这篇文章旨在讨论智能合约的形势，重点介绍目前正在该领域进行开发的一些项目和公司。如本系列前一篇文章中讨论的，智能合约是在区块链网络上存在并执行的程序。我们探讨了智能合约的工作原理以及它们优于传统数字平台的原因。这里描述的公司分布于各种各样的行业中，但是大多涉及到身份管理系统、金融服务、众筹系统等，因为这些是被认为最适合切换到基于区块链的数据库系统的领域。 +继续我们的[前面的关于智能合约的文章][2]，这篇文章旨在讨论智能合约的发展形势，重点介绍目前正在该领域进行开发的一些项目和公司。如本系列前一篇文章中讨论的，智能合约是在区块链网络上存在并执行的程序。我们探讨了智能合约的工作原理以及它们优于传统数字平台的原因。这里描述的公司分布于各种各样的行业中，但是大多涉及到身份管理系统、金融服务、众筹系统等，因为这些是被认为最适合切换到基于区块链的数据库系统的领域。 ### 开放平台 -诸如 [Counterparty][8] 和 Solidity（以太坊）等平台是完全公用的构建模块，开发者可以以之创建自己的智能合约。大量的开发人员参与此类项目使这些项目成为开发智能合约、设计自己的加密货币令牌系统以及为区块链创建协议以实现功能的事实标准。许多值得称赞的项目都来源于它们。摩根大通派生自以太坊的 [Quorum][9]，就是一个例子。而瑞波是另一个例子。 +诸如 [Counterparty][8] 和 Solidity（以太坊）等平台是完全公用的构建模块，开发者可以以之创建自己的智能合约。大量的开发人员参与此类项目使这些项目成为开发智能合约、设计自己的加密货币令牌系统，以及创建区块链运行协议的事实标准。许多值得称赞的项目都来源于它们。摩根大通派生自以太坊的 [Quorum][9]，就是一个例子。而瑞波是另一个例子。 ### 管理金融交易 -通过互联网转账加密货币被吹捧为在未来几年的常态。与此相关的不足之处是： +通过互联网转账加密货币被吹捧为在未来几年会成为常态。与此相关的不足之处是： * 身份和钱包地址是匿名的。如果接收方不履行交易，则付款人没有任何第一追索权。 * 错误交易（如果无法追踪任何交易）。 @@ -32,17 +32,17 @@ ### 金融服务 -小额融资和小额保险项目的发展将改善世界上大多数贫穷或没有银行账户的人的银行金融服务。据估计，社会中较贫穷的“无银行账户”人群可以为银行和机构的增加 3800 亿美元收入 [^5]。这一金额取代了通过银行切换到区块链 DLT 预期可以节省的运营费用。 +小额融资和小额保险项目的发展将改善世界上大多数贫穷或没有银行账户的人的银行金融服务。据估计，社会中较贫穷的“无银行账户”人群可以为银行和机构的增加 3800 亿美元收入 [^5]。这一金额要远远超过银行切换到区块链分布式账本技术（DLT）预期可以节省的运营费用。 -位于美国中西部的 BankQu Inc. 的口号是“通过身份而尊严”。他们的平台允许个人设置他们自己的数字身份记录，其中所有交易将在区块链上实时审查和处理。在底层代码上记录并为其用户构建唯一的在线标识，从而实现超快速的交易和结算。BankQu 案例研究探讨了他们如何以这种方式帮助个人和公司，可以在[这里][3]看到。 +位于美国中西部的 BankQu Inc. 的口号是“通过身份而尊严”。他们的平台允许个人建立他们自己的数字身份记录，其中所有交易将在区块链上实时审查和处理。在底层代码上记录并为其用户构建唯一的在线标识，从而实现超快速的交易和结算。BankQu 案例研究探讨了他们如何以这种方式帮助个人和公司，可以在[这里][3]看到。 -[Stratumn][12] 正在帮助保险公司通过自动执行早期由人类微观管理的任务来提供更好的保险服务。通过自动化、端到端可追溯性和高效的数据隐私方法，他们彻底改变了保险索赔的结算方式。改善客户体验以及显著降低成本，为客户和相关公司带来双赢局面。 +[Stratumn][12] 正在帮助保险公司通过自动化早期由人类微观管理的任务来提供更好的保险服务。通过自动化、端到端可追溯性和高效的数据隐私方法，他们彻底改变了保险索赔的结算方式。改善客户体验以及显著降低成本为客户和相关的公司带来双赢局面。 -法国保险公司 [AXA][14] 目前正在试行类似的努力。其产品 [fizzy][13] 允许用户以少量费用订阅其服务并输入他们的航班详细信息。如果航班延误或遇到其他问题，该程序会自动搜索在线数据库，检查保险条款并将保险金额记入用户的帐户。这样就消除了用户或客户在手动检查条款后提出索赔的要求，并且一旦这样的系统成为主流，就不需要长期提出索赔，增加了航空公司的责任。 +法国保险公司 [AXA][14] 目前正在试行类似的努力。其产品 [fizzy][13] 允许用户以少量费用订阅其服务并输入他们的航班详细信息。如果航班延误或遇到其他问题，该程序会自动搜索在线数据库，检查保险条款并将保险金额记入用户的帐户。这样就用户或客户无需在手动检查条款后提出索赔，并且就长期而言，一旦这样的系统成为主流，就增加了航空公司的责任心。 ### 跟踪所有权 -理论上可以利用 DLT 中的带时间戳的数据块来跟踪从创建到最终用户消费的媒体。Peertracks 公司 和 Mycelia 公司目前正在帮助音乐家发布内容，而不必担心其内容被盗或被滥用。他们帮助艺术家直接向粉丝和客户销售，同时获得工作报酬，而无需通过权利和唱片公司 [^9]。 +理论上可以利用 DLT 中的带时间戳的数据块来跟踪媒体的创建到最终用户消费。Peertracks 公司和 Mycelia 公司目前正在帮助音乐家发布内容，而不必担心其内容被盗或被滥用。他们帮助艺术家直接向粉丝和客户销售，同时获得工作报酬，而无需通过权利和唱片公司 [^9]。 ### 身份管理平台 @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ [Share & Charge][18] ([Slock.It][19]) 是一家欧洲的区块链初创公司。他们的移动应用程序允许房主和其他个人投入资金建立充电站与其他正在寻找快速充电的人分享他们的资源。这不仅使业主能够收回他们的一些投资，而且还允许 EV 司机在其近地域获得更多的充电点，从而允许供应商以方便的方式满足需求。一旦“客户”完成对其车辆的充电，相关的硬件就会创建一个由数据组成的安全时间戳块，并且在该平台上工作的智能合约会自动将相应的金额记入所有者账户。记录所有此类交易的跟踪并保持适当的安全验证。有兴趣的读者可以看一下[这里][6]，了解他们产品背后的技术角度。该公司的平台将逐步使用户能够与有需要的个人分享其他产品和服务，并从中获得被动收入。 -我们在这里看到的公司，以及一个很短的正在进行中的项目的清单，这些项目利用智能合约和区块链数据库系统。诸如此类的平台有助于构建一个安全的“盒子”，其中包含仅由用户自己和上面的代码或智能合约访问的信息。基于触发器对信息进行实时审查、检查，并且算法由系统执行。这样的平台具有最小化的人为监督，这是在安全数字自动化方面朝着正确方向迈出的急需的一步，这在以前从未被考虑过如此规模。 +我们在这里看到的公司，以及一个很短的正在进行中的项目的清单，这些项目利用智能合约和区块链数据库系统。诸如此类的平台有助于构建一个安全的“盒子”，其中包含仅由用户自己、其上的代码或智能合约访问的信息。基于触发器对信息进行实时审查、检查，并且算法由系统执行。这样的平台人为监督最小化，这是在安全数字自动化方面朝着正确方向迈出的急需的一步，这在以前从未被考虑过如此规模。 下一篇文章将阐述不同类型的区块链。单击以下链接以了解有关此主题的更多信息。 @@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/ -作者：[editor][a] +作者：[ostechnix][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9e3baa702c43d3575ecf569fa2e51dde5e44cea2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 23:12:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0560/1265] PUB:20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-11013-1.html --- ...ing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md b/published/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md rename to published/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md index 63dab46960..dbc3c03306 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md +++ b/published/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11013-1.html) [#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) [Part 6]) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/) [#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) From 1b69a97ce36e3f17f6a269538400b13999705e0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 23:32:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0561/1265] PRF:20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @wahailin 恭喜您完成了第一篇贡献！ --- ...lternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md | 29 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md b/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md index e9ebcd7bfa..0aafeeedf9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wahailin) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets $50M Funding) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mattermost-funding/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -Slack 开源替代品 Mattermost 获得 5000 万美元融资 +Slack 的开源替代品 Mattermost 获得 5000 万美元融资 ====== -[Mattermost][1]，作为 [Slack][2] 的开源替代品，获得了 5000 万美元的B轮融资。这个消息极其令人振奋。 +[Mattermost][1]，作为 [Slack][2] 的开源替代品，获得了 5000 万美元的 B 轮融资。这个消息极其令人振奋。 -[Slack][3] 是一个基于云的团队内部沟通协作软件。企业、创业公司、甚至全球化的开源项目都在使用Slack进行同事及项目成员间的沟通。 +[Slack][3] 是一个基于云的团队内部沟通协作软件。企业、初创企业、甚至全球化的开源项目都在使用 Slack 进行同事及项目成员间的沟通。 [Slack 在 2019 年 6 月的估值为 200 亿美元][4]，由此可见其在科技行业的巨大影响，当然也就有更多产品想与之竞争。 @@ -20,16 +20,15 @@ Slack 开源替代品 Mattermost 获得 5000 万美元融资 ![][5] -就我个人而言，我并不知道 MatterMost 这个产品。但 [VentureBeat][6] 对这则新闻的报道，激发了我的好奇心。 这次融资由 [Y Combinator’s][7] 与一家新的投资方 BattleVentures 牵头，现有投资者 Redpoint 和 S28 Captial 共同加入。 - +就我个人而言，我并不知道 MatterMost 这个产品。但 [VentureBeat][6] 对这则新闻的报道，激发了我的好奇心。这次融资由 [Y Combinator][7] 的 Continuity 与一家新的投资方 BattleVentures 领投，现有投资者 Redpoint 和 S28 Captial 共同跟投。 在[公告][8]中，他们也提到： -> 今天的公告中，Mattermost 成为了 YC 历次 B 轮投资中投资额最高的项目。 +> 今天的公告中，Mattermost 成为了 YC 有史以来规模最大的 B 轮投资项目，更重要的是，它是 YC 迄今为止投资额最高的开源项目。 下面是摘自 VentureBeat 的报道，你可以从中了解到一些细节： -> 本次资本注入，是继 2017 年 2 月的种子轮 350 万融资和今年 2 月份的 2000 万 A 轮融资之后进行的，并使得这家总部位于美国加州帕罗奥图(Palo Alto)的公司融资总额达到了约 7000 万美元。 +> 本次资本注入，是继 2017 年 2 月的种子轮 350 万融资和今年 2 月份的 2000 万 A 轮融资之后进行的，并使得这家总部位于美国加州帕罗奥图Palo Alto的公司融资总额达到了约 7000 万美元。 如果你对他们的规划感兴趣，可以阅读[官方公告][8]。 @@ -41,9 +40,9 @@ Slack 开源替代品 Mattermost 获得 5000 万美元融资 前面已经提到，Mattermost 是 Slack 的开源替代品。 -乍一看，它几乎照搬了 Slack 的界面外观，没错，这就是关键所在，你将拥有你乐于使用的软件的开源方案。 +乍一看，它几乎照搬了 Slack 的界面外观，没错，这就是关键所在，你将拥有你可以轻松使用的软件的开源解决方案。 -它甚至集成了一些流行的 DevOps 工具，如 Git、Bots 和 CI/CD。除了这些功能外，它还关注安全性和隐私。 +它甚至集成了一些流行的 DevOps 工具，如 Git、自动机器人和 CI/CD。除了这些功能外，它还关注安全性和隐私。 同样，和 Slack 类似，它支持和多种应用程序与服务的集成。 @@ -51,15 +50,15 @@ Slack 开源替代品 Mattermost 获得 5000 万美元融资 #### 定价：企业版和团队版 -如果你想让 Mattermost 对其托管（或获得优先支持），应选择企业版。但如果你想使用非付费托管，可以下载[团队版][11]，并安装到基于 Linux 的云服务器或 VPS 服务器上。 +如果你希望由 Mattermost 托管该服务（或获得优先支持），应选择其企业版。但如果你不想使用付费托管，可以下载[团队版][11]，并将其安装到基于 Linux 的云服务器或 VPS 服务器上。 当然，我们不会在此进行深入探究。我确想在此提及的是，企业版并不昂贵。 ![][12] -**总结** +### 总结 -MatterMost 无疑相当出色，有了 5000 万巨额资金的注入，对于那些正在寻求安全的并能提供高效团队协作支持的开源通讯平台的开源社区用户，Mattermost 很可能成为下一个大事件。 +MatterMost 无疑相当出色，有了 5000 万巨额资金的注入，对于那些正在寻求安全的并能提供高效团队协作支持的开源通讯平台的用户，Mattermost 很可能成为开源社区重要的部分。 你觉得这条新闻怎么样？对你来说有价值吗？你是否已了解 Mattermost 是 Slack 的替代品？ @@ -67,12 +66,12 @@ MatterMost 无疑相当出色，有了 5000 万巨额资金的注入，对于那 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -来源: +via: https://itsfoss.com/mattermost-funding/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/wahailin) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 20bda0ca900f5bacf7ee2b1aed4f908fe7d30bbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 23:33:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0562/1265] PUB:20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @wahailin 本文首发地址： https://linux.cn/article-11014-1.html 您的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/wahailin 请注册领取 LCCN：https://lctt.linux.cn/ --- ...n Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md b/published/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md rename to published/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md index 0aafeeedf9..8d6b7aad8a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md +++ b/published/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wahailin) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11014-1.html) [#]: subject: (Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets $50M Funding) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mattermost-funding/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From 1147da078c62c141a4cfd9475f4c13643918cb90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 00:26:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0563/1265] PRF:20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md @tomjlw --- ...arn Python with these awesome resources.md | 36 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md b/translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md index 927355886d..d4fc5bdad7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md @@ -1,38 +1,42 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (tomjlw) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Learn Python with these awesome resources) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python) [#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) -通过这些精品资源学习 Python +学习 Python 的精品 PLN 资源 ====== -通过将这些资源加入你自己的私人学习网络以拓展你的 Python 知识 -![书单，最爱][1] -我使用和教 Python 已有很长时间了，但我总是感兴趣于增加我对这门实用语言的知识。这就是为什么我一直试着拓展我的 Python [私人学习网络][2]（PLN），一个描述非正式的互惠型分享信息网络的概念。 +> 通过将这些资源加入你自己的私人学习网络以拓展 Python 知识。 -教育学家 [Kelly Paredes][3] 和 [Sean Tibor][4] 最近讨论关于如何在他们的播客 [Teaching Python][5] 上搭建 Python PLN。我在克里夫兰的 [PyCon 2019][6] 遇到他们之后就订阅了这个频道（并把它们假如我的 Python PLN）。这个播客鼓励我考虑更多关于我的 Python PLN 中的人，包括那些我最近在 PyCon 遇到的。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/25/002706hrx0d3dfrxeid3nj.jpg) -我会分享一些我遇到我的 PLN 的地方；可能它们也可以变成你的 Python PLN 的一部分。 +我使用和教授 Python 已有很长时间了，但我总是乐于增加我对这门实用语言的知识。这就是为什么我一直试着拓展我的 Python [个人学习网络][2]personal learning network（PLN），这是一个描述用于分享信息的非正式的互惠型网络的概念。 + +教育学家 [Kelly Paredes][3] 和 [Sean Tibor][4] 最近在他们的播客 [Teaching Python][5] 上谈到了如何搭建 Python PLN。我在克里夫兰的 [PyCon 2019][6] 遇到他们之后就订阅了这个频道（并把它们加入到我的 Python PLN 当中）。这个播客激发了我对 Python PLN 中的人的思考，包括那些我最近在 PyCon 遇到的人们。 + +我会分享一些我找到 PLN 成员的地方；可能它们也可以变成你的 Python PLN 的一部分。 ### Young Coders 导师 -Python 基金会的活动协调者 [Betsy Waliszewski][7] 是我的 Python PLN 中的一员。当我们在 PyCon2019 碰到彼此时，因为我是个老师她推荐我看看为十二岁及以上的孩子打造的 [Young Coders][8] 工作室。在那我遇到了负责这个教参与者如何搭建并配置树莓派并使用 Python 项目的 [Katie Cunningham][9]。年轻学生也会收到两本书 Jason Briggs 的 _[Python for Kids][10]_ 和 Craig Richardson 的 _[Learn to Program with Minecraft][11]_。我总是寻找提升我教学水平的新方式，因此我在会议上的 [NoStarch Press][12] 展台迅速拿了两本 Minecraft 书的抄本。Katie 是一名优秀的教师以及一名熟练的有着惊艳的充满 Python 培训视频的 [YouTube][13] 频道作者。 -我把 Kattie 与另外两个我在 Young Coders 工作室碰到的人加入我的 PLN：[Nat Dunn][14] 和 [Sean Valentine][15]。像 Katie 一样，他们志愿将他们的时间用来把 Python 介绍给青年程序员。Nat 是 [Webucator][16]，一家成为 Python 软件基金会赞助商好几年并赞助了 PyCon 2018 教育峰会的 IT 培训公司的主席。他在教他的13岁儿子和14岁外甥 Python 后决定在 Young Coders 教学。Sean 是 [Hidden Genius Project][17]，一个为黑人男青年而打造的科技及领导力教导项目，的战略倡议指导。Sean 说许多 Hidden Genius 参与者“用 Python打造项目因此我们将 [Young Coders] 看成一个对合作商的好机会”。了解 Hidden Genius Project 鼓励我更深层次地思考编程的未来以及其改变生活的威力。 +Python 基金会的活动协调者 [Betsy Waliszewski][7] 是我的 Python PLN 中的一员。当我们在 PyCon2019 见到时，因为我是个老师，她推荐我看看为十二岁及以上的孩子打造的 [Young Coders][8] 工作室。在那我遇到了正在负责这个计划的 [Katie Cunningham][9]，它会教参与者如何搭建和配置树莓派并使用 Python 项目。年轻学生也会收到两本书 Jason Briggs 的 《[Python for Kids][10]》 和 Craig Richardson 的 《[Learn to Program with Minecraft][11]》。我一直寻找提升我教学水平的新方式，因此我在该会议上的 [NoStarch Press][12] 展台迅速拿到了两本 Minecraft 书。Katie 是一名优秀的教师，也是一名多产作家，拥有一个充满 Python 培训视频的 [YouTube][13] 精彩频道。 -### Open Spaces 会面 -我发现 PyCon 的 [Open Spaces][18] 一小时左右的自序即兴会面跟正式的项目活动一样有用。我的最爱之一是关于 [Circuit Playground Express][19] 设备，它是我们会议主题包的一部分。我着迷于这个设备并且 Open Space 提供了学习它的一条大道。组织者提供工作表和拥有成功所需要的所有工具的 [Github][20] 仓库，也提供了一个上手学习的机会以及探索这个独特硬件的方向。 +我把 Kattie 与我在 Young Coders 工作室碰到的另外两个人加入我的 PLN：[Nat Dunn][14] 和 [Sean Valentine][15]。像 Katie 一样，他们自愿花时间把 Python 介绍给青年程序员们。Nat 是 [Webucator][16] 的总裁，这是一家 IT 培训公司，多年来一直是 Python 软件基金会赞助商，并赞助了 PyCon 2018 教育峰会。在将 Python 教他 13 岁的儿子和 14 岁的侄子之后，他决定在 Young Coders 任教。Sean 是 [Hidden Genius 项目][17] 的战略计划总监，这是一个针对黑人男性青年的技术及领导力打造的教导项目。Sean 说许多 Hidden Genius 参与者“用 Python 打造项目因此我们认为 [Young Coders] 是一个很好的合作机会”。了解 Hidden Genius 项目激发了我更深层次地思考编程的未来以及其改变生活的威力。 -这次会面满足了我想要了解更多关于编程 Circuit Playground Express 的胃口，因此在 PyCon 之后， 我在 Twitter 上接触到了在会议上就有关编程这个设备发表主旨演讲的 [Nina Zakharenko][21]。Nina 自从去年秋天我在 [All Things Open][23] 上听过她的演讲就在我的 Python PLN 里了。我最近报名了她的[Python 基础][24]课程以加深我的学习。Nina 推荐我将 [Kattni Rembor][25] 加入我的 Python PLN。他的[示例代码][26]正帮助我学习用 CircuitPython 编程。 +### Open Spaces 聚会 -### 我 PLN 中的其他资源 +我发现 PyCon 的 [Open Spaces][18] —— 这是一个一小时左右的自组织的即兴聚会 —— 跟正式的项目活动一样有用。我的最爱之一是 [Circuit Playground Express][19] 设备，它是我们会议主题包的一部分。我很喜欢这个设备，并且 Open Space 提供了学习它的一条大道。组织者提供了工作表和一个 [Github][20] 仓库，其中包含有我们成功所需要的所有工具，也提供了一个上手实践的机会以及探索这个独特硬件的方向。 -我在 PyCon 2019 也遇见了下属 [Opensource.com][27] 社区的主席 [Moshe Zadka][28] 并和他来了场长谈。他分享了几个新的 Python 资源，包括 _[如何像电脑科学家一样思考][29]_ 社区主席[Seth Kenlon][30] 是我的 PLN 中的另一名成员；他发表了许多优秀的 [Python 文章][31]我也推荐你关注他。 +这次会面激起了了我对学习 Circuit Playground Express 更新信息的兴趣，因此在 PyCon 之后， 我在 Twitter 上接触到了在会议上就该设备编程发表主旨演讲的 [Nina Zakharenko][21]。Nina 自从去年秋天我在 [All Things Open][23] 上听过她的演讲后就在我的 Python PLN 里了。我最近报名参加了她的 [Python 基础][24]课程以加深我的学习。Nina 推荐我将 [Kattni Rembor][25] 加入我的 Python PLN。他的[示例代码][26]正帮助我学习用 CircuitPython 编程。 -我的 Python每天都在继续扩大。除了我已经提到的，我同样推荐你关注 [Al Sweigart][32]，[Eric Matthes][33]，以及 [Adafruit][34] 因为他们分享优质内容。我也推荐这本书 _[制作：由 Adafruit Circuit Playground Express 开始][35]_ 和 [Podcast.__init__][36]，一个关于 Python 社区的播客。这两个都是我从我的 PLN 中了解到的。 +### 我的 PLN 中的其他资源 + +我在 PyCon 2019 也遇见了 [Opensource.com][27] 社区版主 [Moshe Zadka][28]，并和他来了场长谈。他分享了几个新的 Python 资源，包括 [如何像电脑科学家一样思考][29]。社区版主 [Seth Kenlon][30] 是我的 PLN 中的另一名成员；他发表了许多优秀的 [Python 文章][31]，我也推荐你关注他。 + +我的 Python PLN 每天都在持续扩大。除了我已经提到的，我同样推荐你关注 [Al Sweigart][32]、[Eric Matthes][33] 以及 [Adafruit][34]他们分享的优质内容。我也推荐这本书《[制作：由 Adafruit Circuit Playground Express 开始][35]》和《[Podcast.\_\_init\_\_][36]》，这是一个关于 Python 社区的播客。这两个都是我从我的 PLN 中了解到的。 谁在你的 Python PLN 中？请在留言区分享你的最爱。 @@ -43,7 +47,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python 作者：[Don Watkins][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a4a2c1583acb3cec5c3a0bd3d7768e74f9208095 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 00:27:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0564/1265] PUB:20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md @tomjlw https://linux.cn/article-11015-1.html --- .../20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md b/published/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md rename to published/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md index d4fc5bdad7..80aaa801f4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md +++ b/published/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (tomjlw) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11015-1.html) [#]: subject: (Learn Python with these awesome resources) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/resources-learning-python) [#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) From a5e47aba6a4cf57ccaf19f789cac4332af46d0bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 00:51:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0565/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190624=20Usin?= =?UTF-8?q?g=20i3=20with=20multiple=20monitors?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md --- ...0190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md | 192 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 192 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md b/sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a1407008e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Using i3 with multiple monitors) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/using-i3-with-multiple-monitors/) +[#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/) + +Using i3 with multiple monitors +====== + +![][1] + +Are you using multiple monitors with your Linux workstation? Seeing many things at once might be beneficial. But there are often much more windows in our workflows than physical monitors — and that’s a good thing, because seeing too many things at once might be distracting. So being able to switch what we see on individual monitors seems crucial. + +Let’s talk about i3 — a popular tiling window manager that works great with multiple monitors. And there is one handy feature that many other window managers don’t have — the ability to switch workspaces on individual monitors independently. + +### Quick introduction to i3 + +The [Fedora Magazine has already covered i3][2] about three years ago. And it was one of the most popular articles ever published! Even though that’s not always the case, i3 is pretty stable and that article is still very accurate today. So — not to repeat ourselves too much — this article only covers the very minimum to get i3 up and running, and you’re welcome to go ahead and read it if you’re new to i3 and want to learn more about the basics. + +To install i3 on your system, run the following command: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install i3 +``` + +When that’s done, log out, and on the log in screen choose i3 as your window manager and log back in again. + +When you run i3 for the first time, you’ll be asked if you wish to proceed with automatic configuration — answer yes here. After that, you’ll be asked to choose a “mod key”. If you’re not sure here, just accept the default which sets you Windows/Super key as the mod key. You’ll use this key for mostly all the shortcuts within the window manager. + +At this point, you should see a little bar at the bottom and an empty screen. Let’s have a look at some of the basic shortcuts. + +Open a terminal using: + +``` +$mod + enter +``` + +Switch to a second workspace using: + +``` +$mod + 2 +``` + +Open firefox in two steps, first by: + +``` +$mod + d +``` + +… and then by typing “firefox” and pressing enter. + +Move it to the first workspace by: + +``` +$mod + shift + 1 +``` + +… and switch to the first workspace by: + +``` +$mod + 1 +``` + +At this point, you’ll see a terminal and a firefox window side by side. To close a window, press: + +``` +$mod + shift + q +``` + +There are more shortcuts, but these should give you the minimum to get started with i3. + +Ah! And to exit i3 (to log out) press: + +``` +$mod + shift + e +``` + +… and then confirm using your mouse at the top-right corner. + +### Getting multiple screens to work + +Now that we have i3 up and running, let’s put all those screens to work! + +To do that, we’ll need to use the command line as i3 is very lightweight and doesn’t have gui to manage additional screens. But don’t worry if that sounds difficult — it’s actually quite straightforward! + +The command we’ll use is called xrandr. If you don’t have xrandr on your system, install it by running: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install xrandr +``` + +When that’s installed, let’s just go ahead and run it: + +``` +$ xrandr +``` + +The output lists all the available outputs, and also indicated which have a screen attached to them (a monitor connected with a cable) by showing supported resolutions. Good news is that we don’t need to really care about the specific resolutions to make the them work. + +This specific example shows a primary screen of a laptop (named eDP1), and a second monitor connected to the HDMI-2 output, physically positioned right of the laptop. To turn it on, run the following command: + +``` +$ xrandr --output HDMI-2 --auto --right-of eDP1 +``` + +And that’s it! Your screen is now active. + +![Second screen active. The commands shown on this screenshot are slightly different than in the article, as they set a smaller resolution to make the screenshots more readable.][3] + +### Managing workspaces on multiple screens + +Switching workspaces and creating new ones on multiple screens is very similar to having just one screen. New workspaces get created on the screen that’s currently active — the one that has your mouse cursor on it. + +So, to switch to a specific workspace (or to create a new one in case it doesn’t exist), press: + +``` +$mod + NUMBER +``` + +And you can switch workspaces on individual monitors independently! + +![Workspace 2 on the left screen, workspace 4 on the right screen.][4] + +![Left screen switched to workspace 3, right screen still showing workspace 4.][5] + +![Right screen switched to workspace 4, left screen still showing workspace 3.][6] + +### Moving workspaces between monitors + +The same way we can move windows to different workspaces by the following command: + +``` +$mod + shift + NUMBER +``` + +… we can move workspaces to different screens as well. However, there is no default shortcut for this action — so we have to create it first. + +To create a custom shortcut, you’ll need to open the configuration file in a text editor of your choice (this article uses _vim_): + +``` +$ vim ~/.config/i3/config +``` + +And add the following lines to the very bottom of the configuration file: + +``` +# Moving workspaces between screens +bindsym $mod+p move workspace to output right +``` + +Save, close, and to reload and apply the configuration, press: + +``` +$mod + shift + r +``` + +Now you’ll be able to move your active workspace to the second monitor by: + +``` +$mod + p +``` + +![Workspace 2 with Firefox on the left screen][7] + +![Workspace 2 with Firefox moved to the second screen][8] + +And that’s it! Enjoy your new multi-monitor experience, and to learn more about i3, you’re welcome to read the previous article about i3 on the Fedora Magazine, or consult the official i3 documentation. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-i3-with-multiple-monitors/ + +作者：[Adam Šamalík][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/i3-title-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-started-i3-window-manager/ +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/0-1-1024x384.png +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-1-1024x384.png +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-2-1024x384.png +[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-3-1024x384.png +[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2-1-1024x384.png +[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2-2-1024x384.png From d4e5f2d2276f0e2625c105356f471e05b0d0f5ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 00:52:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0566/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190624=20With?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Upgraded=20Specs,=20Raspberry=20Pi=204=20Takes=20Aim=20at=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Desktop=20Segment?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md --- ...berry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md | 110 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 110 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md b/sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..38bdb01b27 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-4/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment +====== + +_**Brief: Raspberry Pi 4 is here with the upgraded technical specifications. You get up to 4 GB of RAM and you can connect two 4K displays with it. With the new hardware, you should be more comfortable using it as a desktop. Starting price remains the $35 like the previous models.**_ + +The Raspberry Pi Foundation has just launched the new [Raspberry Pi 4 Model B][1]. + +It comes with some impressive upgrades which makes one of the most powerful [single board computers][2] under $40. + +![Raspberry Pi 4][3] + +### What’s new in Raspberry Pi 4? + +The Raspberry Pi 4 now supports a dual 4K monitor setup – if that is what you are looking for. In addition to this, you get a more powerful processor which can be coupled with up to 4 GB of RAM. That’s almost equivalent to a mid-end laptop. + +The upgraded specification makes it a competitor in the [Linux mini-PC][4] segment while the same price tag of $35 gives it an edge over [other single board computers][2]. + +Right after the launch, it’s almost out of stock at major online stores. So, let us take a look at what makes it so impressive. + +#### Raspberry Pi 4 key specifications + +![Raspberry Pi 4 Tech Specs][5] + + * Broadcom BCM2711, Quad core Cortex-A72 (ARM v8) 64-bit SoC @ 1.5GHz + * Up to 4GB RAM (choices are 1 GB, 2 GB and 4 GB) + * WiFi and Bluetooth 5.0 + * 2 USB 3.0 and a USB 2.0 ports + * 40 pin GPIO header (backward compatible) + * 2 micro-HDMI ports (supports 4K displays) + * USB-C (power supply) + * Gigabit Ethernet + + + +If you are curious to know more, do check out the [official tech specs][6] on their website. + +### Pricing and availability + +The pricing for just the Raspberry Pi 4 board starts from $35 and depending on the choice of RAM (1-4 GB), the cost shall vary. + + * Raspberry Pi 4 with 1 GB RAM: $35 + * Raspberry Pi 4 with 2 GB RAM: $45 + * Raspberry Pi 4 with 4 GB RAM: $55 + + + +Raspberry Pi 4 is available from different vendors depending on your country. It’s getting out of stock so you should either hurry up or wait for a few days/weeks. You can get purchase information on its official webpage. + +[Buy Raspberry Pi 4][1] + +You should note that [you need to have additional accessories in order to run Raspberry Pi][7]. This is why there are several starter kits available to give you all the necessary supporting accessories. + +[][8] + +Suggested read  Raspberry Pi Gets RAM Upgrade, In The Same Price + +#### Raspberry Pi 4 desktop Kit + +![Raspberry Pi 4 Desktop Kit][9] + +You can also purchase the official Raspberry Pi 4 desktop kit that comes with a Raspberry Pi 4, its case, keyboard, mouse, micro HDMI cables, USB-C power supply, user guide and 16GB [microSD card with Raspbian installed][10]. + +![Raspberry Pi Branded Desktop Kit][11] + +The entire kit is in red and white color and it looks pretty (if you care for the looks). You can get the purchase information on Raspberry Pi website. + +[Raspberry Pi 4 Desktop Kit][12] + +#### Raspberry Pi 4 is promising + +With all that spec buff, it is definitely going to be one of the best out there. Also, instead of getting an entry-level desktop, Raspberry Pi 4 will be a better choice. You can easily access your documents, manage your spreadsheets, and do a lot of things at a cheaper price tag. + +I’m definitely considering to purchase the Raspberry Pi 4 as a spare (but a powerful) entry-level desktop. Well, I won’t be going for the 4K dual monitor setup, but it surely is capable of that, at least on paper. + +What do you think about the new Raspberry Pi 4 Model B? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-4/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-alternatives/ +[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4.jpeg?resize=800%2C449&ssl=1 +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-based-mini-pc/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4-tech-specs.jpg?ssl=1 +[6]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/specifications/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/things-you-need-to-get-your-raspberry-pi-working/ +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-gets-ram-upgrade-in-the-same-price/ +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4-desktop-kit.jpg?resize=800%2C427&ssl=1 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/tutorial-how-to-install-raspberry-pi-os-raspbian-wheezy/ +[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-desktop-kit-official.jpg?ssl=1 +[12]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-desktop-kit/ From 600cd5a1c57aaf5bd2068a786800ee92ef575f68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 00:53:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0567/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190624=20Book?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Review:=20A=20Byte=20of=20Vim?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190624 Book Review- A Byte of Vim.md --- .../20190624 Book Review- A Byte of Vim.md | 99 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190624 Book Review- A Byte of Vim.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 Book Review- A Byte of Vim.md b/sources/tech/20190624 Book Review- A Byte of Vim.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e221a3bc6f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190624 Book Review- A Byte of Vim.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Book Review: A Byte of Vim) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/book-review-a-byte-of-vim/) +[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) + +Book Review: A Byte of Vim +====== + +[Vim][1] is a tool that is both simple and very powerful. Most new users will be intimidated by it because it doesn’t ‘work’ like regular graphical text editors. The ‘unusual’ keyboard shortcuts makes people wonder about [how to save and exit Vim][2]. But once you master Vim, there is nothing like it. + +There are numerous [Vim resources available online][3]. We have covered some Vim tricks on It’s FOSS as well. Apart from online resources, plenty of books have been dedicated to this editor as well. Today, we will look at one of such book that is designed to make Vim easy for most users to understand. The book we will be discussing is [A Byte of Vim][4] by [Swaroop C H][5]. + +The author [Swaroop C H][6] has worked in computing for over a decade. He previously worked at Yahoo and Adobe. Out of college, he made money by selling Linux CDs. He started a number of businesses, including an iPod charger named ion. He is currently an engineering manager for the AI team at [Helpshift][7]. + +### A Byte of Vim + +![][8] + +Like all good books, A Byte of Vim starts by talking about what Vim is: “a computer program used for writing any kind of text”. He does on to say, “What makes Vim special is that it is one of those few software which is both simple and powerful.” + +Before diving into telling how to use Vim, Swaroop tells the reader how to install Vim for Windows, Mac, Linux, and BSD. Once the installation is complete, he runs you through how to launch Vim and how to create your first file. + +Next, Swaroop discusses the different modes of Vim and how to navigate around your document using Vim’s keyboard shortcuts. This is followed by the basics of editing a document with Vim, including the Vim version of cut/copy/paste and undo/redo. + +Once the editing basics are covered, Swaroop talks about using Vim to edit multiple parts of a single document. You can also multiple tabs and windows to edit multiple documents at the same time. + +[][9] + +Suggested read  Bring Your Old Computer Back to Life With 4MLinux + +The book also covers extending the functionality of Vim through scripting and installing plugins. There are two ways to using scripts in Vim, use Vim’s built-in scripting language or using a programming language like Python or Perl to access Vim’s internals. There are five types of Vim plugins that can be written or downloaded: vimrc, global plugin, filetype plugin, syntax highlighting plugin, and compiler plugin. + +In a separate section, Swaroop C H covers the features of Vim that make it good for programming. These features include syntax highlighting, smart indentation, support for shell commands, omnicompletion, and the ability to be used as an IDE. + +#### Getting the ‘A Byte of Vim’ book and contributing to it + +A Byte of Book is licensed under [Creative Commons 4.0][10]. You can read an online version of the book for free on [the author’s website][4]. You can also download a [PDF][11], [Epub][12], or [Mobi][13] for free. + +[Get A Byte of Vim for FREE][4] + +If you prefer reading a [hard copy][14], you have that option, as well. + +Please note that the _**original version of A Byte of Vim was written in 2008**_ and converted to PDf. Unfortunately, Swaroop C H lost the original source files and he is working to convert the book to [Markdown][15]. If you would like to help, please visit the [book’s GitHub page][16]. + +Preview | Product | Price | +---|---|---|--- +![Mastering Vim Quickly: From WTF to OMG in no time][17] ![Mastering Vim Quickly: From WTF to OMG in no time][17] | [Mastering Vim Quickly: From WTF to OMG in no time][18] | $34.00[][19] | [Buy on Amazon][20] + +#### Conclusion + +When I first stared into the angry maw that is Vim, I did not have a clue what to do. I wish that I had known about A Byte of Vim then. This book is a good resource for anyone learning about Linux, especially if you are getting into the command line. + +Have you read [A Byte of Vim][4] by Swaroop C H? If yes, how do you find it? If not, what is your favorite book on an open source topic? Let us know in the comments below. + +[][21] + +Suggested read  Iridium Browser: A Browser for the Privacy Conscious + +If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News or [Reddit][22]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/book-review-a-byte-of-vim/ + +作者：[John Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.vim.org/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-exit-vim/ +[3]: https://linuxhandbook.com/basic-vim-commands/ +[4]: https://vim.swaroopch.com/ +[5]: https://swaroopch.com/ +[6]: https://swaroopch.com/about/ +[7]: https://www.helpshift.com/ +[8]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Byte-of-vim-book.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/4mlinux-review/ +[10]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ +[11]: https://www.gitbook.com/download/pdf/book/swaroopch/byte-of-vim +[12]: https://www.gitbook.com/download/epub/book/swaroopch/byte-of-vim +[13]: https://www.gitbook.com/download/mobi/book/swaroopch/byte-of-vim +[14]: https://swaroopch.com/buybook/ +[15]: https://itsfoss.com/best-markdown-editors-linux/ +[16]: https://github.com/swaroopch/byte-of-vim#status-incomplete +[17]: https://i2.wp.com/images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41itW8furUL._SL160_.jpg?ssl=1 +[18]: https://www.amazon.com/Mastering-Vim-Quickly-WTF-time/dp/1983325740?SubscriptionId=AKIAJ3N3QBK3ZHDGU54Q&tag=chmod7mediate-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=1983325740 (Mastering Vim Quickly: From WTF to OMG in no time) +[19]: https://www.amazon.com/gp/prime/?tag=chmod7mediate-20 (Amazon Prime) +[20]: https://www.amazon.com/Mastering-Vim-Quickly-WTF-time/dp/1983325740?SubscriptionId=AKIAJ3N3QBK3ZHDGU54Q&tag=chmod7mediate-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=1983325740 (Buy on Amazon) +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/iridium-browser-review/ +[22]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup From 5632081070900f9a3229f621f4699a6065da7e29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 00:53:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0568/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190624=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20Install=20and=20Configure=20KVM=20on=20RHEL=208?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190624 How to Install and Configure KVM on RHEL 8.md --- ... to Install and Configure KVM on RHEL 8.md | 256 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 256 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190624 How to Install and Configure KVM on RHEL 8.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 How to Install and Configure KVM on RHEL 8.md b/sources/tech/20190624 How to Install and Configure KVM on RHEL 8.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3021561dd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190624 How to Install and Configure KVM on RHEL 8.md @@ -0,0 +1,256 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Install and Configure KVM on RHEL 8) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/install-configure-kvm-on-rhel-8/) +[#]: author: (Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) + +How to Install and Configure KVM on RHEL 8 +====== + +**KVM** is an open source virtualization technology which converts your Linux machine into a type-1 bare-metal hypervisor that allows you to run multiple virtual machines (VMs) or guest VMs + + + +KVM stands for **Kernel based Virtual machine**, as the name suggests KVM is a kernel module, once it is loaded into the kernel , then your Linux machine will start working as a KVM hypervisor. In this article we will demonstrate how to install KVM on RHEL 8 system but before start installing KVM on your RHEL 8 system first we have to make sure that your system’s processor supports hardware virtualization extensions like **Intel VT** or **AMD-V** and enabled it from BIOS. + +**RHEL 8 KVM Lab Details:** + + * OS = RHEL 8 + * Hostname = rhel8-kvm + * Ethernet Cards = ens32 –  192.168.1.4 & ens36 – 192.168..1.12 + * RAM = 4 GB + * CPU = 2 + * Disk = 40 GB Free Space (/var/libvirtd) + + + +Let’s Jump into the KVM installation steps + +### Step:1) Verify Hardware Virtualization is enabled or not + +Open the terminal and execute the beneath egrep command + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# egrep -c '(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo +2 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +If output of above egrep command is equal to 1 or more than 1 then this confirms that hardware virtualization is enabled and supported. + +Alternate way to check whether hardware virtualization is enabled or not , execute the beneath command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# lscpu | grep Virtualization: +Virtualization: VT-x +[root@linuxtechi opt]# +``` + +If there is no output in above command then it confirms that Virtualization is not enabled from BIOS. + +**Note:** To enable hardware virtualization reboot your system, go to bios settings and then look for Intel VT or AMD virtualization option and enable one of this option which which suits to your system architecture. + +### Step:2) Install KVM and its dependent packages using dnf + +Run the following dnf command to install KVM and its dependent packages, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# dnf install qemu-kvm qemu-img libvirt virt-install libvirt-client virt-manager -y +``` + +Once above packages has been installed successfully, then run the below command to confirm whether KVM module has been loaded into the kernel or not, + +``` +root@linuxtechi ~]# lsmod | grep -i kvm +kvm_intel 245760 0 +kvm 745472 1 kvm_intel +irqbypass 16384 1 kvm +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +### Step:3) Enable and Start libvirtd service + +Run the following systemctl command to enable and start libvirtd service, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# systemctl enable libvirtd +[root@linuxtechi ~]# systemctl start libvirtd +``` + +### Step:4) Create Network bridge and attach Interface to it  + +In RHEL 8, network scripts are deprecated, We have to use Network Manager (nmcli / nmtui) to configure network and network bridges. + +I have two Ethernet cards on my server, ens36 will attached to bridge br0 and ens32 will be used for management . + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# nmcli connection show +NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE +ens32 1d21959d-e2ea-4129-bb89-163486c8d7bc ethernet ens32 +ens36 1af408b6-c98e-47ce-bca7-5141b721f8d4 ethernet ens36 +virbr0 d0f05de4-4b3b-4710-b904-2524b5ad11bf bridge virbr0 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Delete the existing connection of interface “ens36” + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# nmcli connection delete ens36 +Connection 'ens36' (1af408b6-c98e-47ce-bca7-5141b721f8d4) successfully deleted. +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Create a Network Bridge with name “**br0**” using mcli command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# nmcli connection add type bridge autoconnect yes con-name br0 ifname br0 +Connection 'br0' (62c14e9d-3e72-41c2-8ecf-d17978ad02da) successfully added. +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Assign the same IP of ens36 to the bridge interface using following nmcli commands, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# nmcli connection modify br0 ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.12/24 ipv4.method manual +[root@linuxtechi ~]# nmcli connection modify br0 ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# nmcli connection modify br0 ipv4.dns 192.168.1.1 +``` + +Add ens36 interface as bridge salve to the network bridge br0, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# nmcli connection add type bridge-slave autoconnect yes con-name ens36 ifname ens36 master br0 +Connection 'ens36' (0c2065bc-ad39-47a7-9a3e-85c80cd73c94) successfully added. +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Now bring up the network bridge using beneath nmcli command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# nmcli connection up br0 +Connection successfully activated (master waiting for slaves) (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/9) +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Verify the connections using following command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# nmcli connection show +NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE +br0 00bcff8f-af85-49ad-9196-974de2d9d9d1 bridge br0 +ens32 1d21959d-e2ea-4129-bb89-163486c8d7bc ethernet ens32 +ens36 eaef13c9-c24e-4a3f-ae85-21bf0610471e ethernet ens36 +virbr0 d0f05de4-4b3b-4710-b904-2524b5ad11bf bridge virbr0 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +View the bridge (br0) details and status using ip command, + +![rhel-8-bridge-details][1] + +**Note:** If you want to use network-scripts in RHEL 8 system then install network-scripts packages, + +``` +~ ]# dnf install network-scripts -y +``` + +### Step:5) Creating and Managing KVM Virtual Machines + +In RHEL 8 there are different ways to create and manage KVM virtual machines, + + * virt-manager (GUI) + * Command Line tools (**virt-install** & **virsh**) + + + +During the KVM installation we have already installed virt-manager and virt-install packages. + +### Creating Virtual Machines using virt-manager GUI tool: + +Run the virt-manager command from command line or Access virt-manager from RHEL 8 Desktop + +[![Access-Virt-Manager-RHEL8][2]][3] + +Click on Monitor Icon to create a new guest VM (Virtual Machine), + +Choose Local Installation Media as ISO, + +[![Choose-ISO-KVM-RHEL8][4]][5] + +Click on forward, + +In the next screen, browse the OS installation ISO file , in my case i have placed Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server ISO file under /opt folder, + +[![Installation-ISO-File-RHEL8-KVM][6]][7] + +click on Forward to Proceed further, + +In the next window you will be prompted to specify RAM and vCPU for your virtual machine, so specify the values that suits your installation and then click on Forward, + +[![Specify-RAM-CPU-KVM-RHEL8][8]][9] + +In next window specify disk size for your Virtual Machine and the click on Forward, in my case i am giving disk space for my VM as 20 GB, + +[![Disk-Image-RHEL8-KVM-VM][10]][11] + +In the next window, specify the name of VM and choose the Network that you want to attach to VM’s Ethernet card, as we had created network bridge “br0” for vms networking, so choose bridge“br0”. + +[![Network-Selection-KVM-RHEL8][12]][13] + +Click on Finish to proceed with VM creation and its OS installation, + +[![OS-Installation-KVM-VM-RHEL8][14]][15] + +Follow the screen Instructions and complete the Installation. + +**Creating KVM Virtual Machine from Command Line** + +if you are fan of command line then there is a command line tool for you called “**virt-install**” to create virtual machines. Once the Virtual machines are provisioned then vms can be managed via command line tool “[virsh][16]“. + +Let’s assume we want to create CentOS 7 VM using virt-install, i have already placed CentOS 7 ISO file under /opt folder, + +Execute beneath command to provision a VM + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# virt-install -n CentOS7-Server --description "CentOS 7 Virtual Machine" --os-type=Linux --os-variant=rhel7 --ram=1096 --vcpus=1 --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/centos7-server.img,bus=virtio,size=20 --network bridge:br0 --graphics none --location /opt/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso --extra-args console=ttyS0 +``` + +Output of command would be something like below, + +![Virt-Install-KVM-RHEL8][17] + +Follow screen instructions to complete CentOS 7 Installation. That’s all from this tutorial, i hope these steps helped you to setup KVM on your RHEL 8 system, please do share your feedback and comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/install-configure-kvm-on-rhel-8/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rhel-8-bridge-details-1024x628.jpg +[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Access-Virt-Manager-RHEL8-1024x471.jpg +[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Access-Virt-Manager-RHEL8.jpg +[4]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Choose-ISO-KVM-RHEL8-1024x479.jpg +[5]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Choose-ISO-KVM-RHEL8.jpg +[6]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Installation-ISO-File-RHEL8-KVM-1024x477.jpg +[7]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Installation-ISO-File-RHEL8-KVM.jpg +[8]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Specify-RAM-CPU-KVM-RHEL8-1024x478.jpg +[9]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Specify-RAM-CPU-KVM-RHEL8.jpg +[10]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Disk-Image-RHEL8-KVM-VM-1024x483.jpg +[11]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Disk-Image-RHEL8-KVM-VM.jpg +[12]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Network-Selection-KVM-RHEL8-1024x482.jpg +[13]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Network-Selection-KVM-RHEL8.jpg +[14]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/OS-Installation-KVM-VM-RHEL8-1024x479.jpg +[15]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/OS-Installation-KVM-VM-RHEL8.jpg +[16]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/create-revert-delete-kvm-virtual-machine-snapshot-virsh-command/ +[17]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Virt-Install-KVM-RHEL8.jpg From 934a0f45b15ec236842aa1794db46b396bf7c836 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 00:54:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0569/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190624=20Chec?= =?UTF-8?q?k=20your=20password=20security=20with=20Have=20I=20Been=20Pwned?= =?UTF-8?q?=3F=20and=20pass?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190624 Check your password security with Have I Been Pwned- and pass.md --- ...curity with Have I Been Pwned- and pass.md | 113 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 113 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190624 Check your password security with Have I Been Pwned- and pass.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 Check your password security with Have I Been Pwned- and pass.md b/sources/tech/20190624 Check your password security with Have I Been Pwned- and pass.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d4557725ba --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190624 Check your password security with Have I Been Pwned- and pass.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Check your password security with Have I Been Pwned? and pass) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/check-passwords) +[#]: author: (Brian "bex" Exelbierd https://opensource.com/users/bexelbie/users/jason-baker/users/admin/users/mtsouk) + +Check your password security with Have I Been Pwned? and pass +====== +Periodically checking for password compromise is an excellent way to +help ward off most attackers in most threat models. +![Password lock][1] + +Password security involves a broad set of practices, and not all of them are appropriate or possible for everyone. Therefore, the best strategy is to develop a threat model by thinking through your most significant risks—who and what you are protecting against—then model your security approach on the activities that are most effective against those specific threats. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) has a [great series on threat modeling][2] that I encourage everyone to read. + +In my threat model, I am very concerned about the security of my passwords against (among other things) [dictionary attacks][3], in which an attacker uses a list of likely or known passwords to try to break into a system. One way to stop dictionary attacks is to have your service provider rate-limit or deny login attempts after a certain number of failures. Another way is not to use passwords in the "known passwords" dataset. + +### Check password security with HIBP + +[Troy Hunt][4] created [Have I Been Pwned?][5] (HIBP) to notify people when their information is found in leaked data dumps and breaches. If you haven't already registered, you should, as the mere act of registering exposes nothing. Troy has built a collection of over 550 million real-world passwords from this data. These are passwords that real people used and were exposed by data that was stolen or accidentally made public. + +The site _does not_ publish the plaintext password list, but it doesn't have to. By definition, this data is already out there. If you've ever reused a password or used a "common" password, then you are at risk because someone is building a dictionary of these passwords to try right now. + +Recently, Firefox and HIBP announced they are [teaming up][6] to make breach searches easier. And the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommends that you [check passwords][7] against those known to be compromised and change them if they are found. HIBP supports this via a password-checking feature that is exposed via an API, so it is easy to use. + +Now, it would be a bad idea to send the website a full list of your passwords. While I trust [HaveIBeenPwned.com][5], it could be compromised one day. Instead, the site uses a process called [k-Anonymity][8] that allows you to check your passwords without exposing them. This is a three-step process. First, let's review the steps, and then we can use the **pass-pwned** plugin to do it for us: + + 1. Create a hash value of your password. A hash value is just a way of turning arbitrary data—your password—into a fixed data representation—the hash value. A cryptographic hash function is collision-resistant, meaning it creates a unique hash value for every input. The algorithm used for the hash is a one-way transformation, which makes it hard to know the input value if you only have the hash value. For example, using the SHA-1 algorithm that HIBP uses, the password **hunter2** becomes **F3BBBD66A63D4BF1747940578EC3D0103530E21D**. + 2. Send the first five characters (**F3BBB** in our example) to the site, and the site will send back a list of all the hash values that start with those five characters. This way, the site can't know which hash values you are interested in. The k-Anonymity process ensures there is so much statistical noise that it is hard for a compromised site to determine which password you inquired about. For example, our query returns a list of 527 potential matches from HIBP. + 3. Search through the list of results to see if your hash is there. If it is, your password has been compromised. If it isn't, the password isn't in a publicly known data breach. HIBP returns a bonus in its data: a count of how many times the password has been seen in data breaches. Astoundingly, **hunter2** has been seen 17,043 times! + + + +### Check password security with pass + +I use [**pass**][9], a [GNU Privacy Guard][10]-based password manager. It has many extensions, which are available on the [**pass** website][11] and as a separately maintained [awesome-style list][12]. One of these extensions is [**pass-pwned**][13], which will check your passwords with HIBP. Both **pass** and **pass-pwned** are packaged for Fedora 29, 30, and Rawhide. You can install the extension with: + + +``` +`sudo dnf install pass pass-pwned` +``` + +or you can follow the manual instructions on their respective websites. + +If you're just getting started with **pass**, read [Managing passwords the open source way][14] for a great overview. + +The following will quickly set up **pass** and check a stored password. This example assumes you already have a GPG key. + + +``` +# Setup a pass password store +$ pass init <GPG key email> + +# Add the password, "hunter2" to the store +$ pass insert awesome-site.com + +# Install the pass-pwned extension +# Download the bash script from the upstream and then review it +$ mkdir ~/.password-store/.extensions +$ wget -O ~/.password-store/.extensions/pwned.bash +$ vim ~/.password-store/.extensions/pwned.bash + +# If everything is OK, set it executable and enable pass extensions +$ chmod u+x ~/.password-store/.extensions/pwned.bash +$ echo 'export PASSWORD_STORE_ENABLE_EXTENSIONS="true"' >> ~/.bash_profile +$ source ~/.bash_profile + +# Check the password +$ pass pwned awesome-site.com +Password found in haveibeenpwned 17043 times + +# Change this password to something randomly generated and verify it +$ pass generate -i awesoem-site.com +The generated password for awesome-site.com is: +<REDACTED> +$ pass pwned awesome-site.com +Password not found in haveibeenpwned +``` + +Congratulations, your password is now more secure than it was before! You can also [use wildcards to check multiple passwords][15] at once. + +Periodically checking for password compromise is an excellent way to help ward off most attackers in most threat models. If your password management system doesn't make it this easy, you may want to upgrade to something like **pass**. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/check-passwords + +作者：[Brian "bex" Exelbierd][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bexelbie/users/jason-baker/users/admin/users/mtsouk +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/password.jpg?itok=ec6z6YgZ (Password lock) +[2]: https://ssd.eff.org/en/module/your-security-plan +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_attack +[4]: https://www.troyhunt.com/ +[5]: https://haveibeenpwned.com/ +[6]: https://www.troyhunt.com/were-baking-have-i-been-pwned-into-firefox-and-1password/ +[7]: https://pages.nist.gov/800-63-FAQ/#q-b5 +[8]: https://blog.cloudflare.com/validating-leaked-passwords-with-k-anonymity/ +[9]: https://www.passwordstore.org/ +[10]: https://gnupg.org/ +[11]: https://www.passwordstore.org/#extensions +[12]: https://github.com/tijn/awesome-password-store +[13]: https://github.com/alzeih/pass-pwned +[14]: https://opensource.com/life/14/7/managing-passwords-open-source-way +[15]: https://github.com/alzeih/pass-pwned/issues/3 From 4fee4007f4b5801d1fbca9ecf6c6e29f9ccedf7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 00:55:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0570/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190624=20Rasp?= =?UTF-8?q?berry=20Pi=204=20is=20here!?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md --- .../tech/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md | 92 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md b/sources/tech/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..35748c7d25 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Raspberry Pi 4 is here!) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-4) +[#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) + +Raspberry Pi 4 is here! +====== +A new version of the $35 computer features a 1.5GHz Arm chip and support +for dual-HDMI 4K displays, Gigabit Ethernet, and much more. +![Raspberry Pi 4 board][1] + +The latest version of the Raspberry Pi—Raspberry Pi 4—was released today, earlier than anticipated, featuring a new 1.5GHz Arm chip and VideoCore GPU with some brand new additions: dual-HDMI 4K display output; USB3 ports; Gigabit Ethernet; and multiple RAM options up to 4GB. + +![Raspberry Pi 4 case][2] + +The Raspberry Pi 4 is a very powerful single-board computer and starts at the usual price of $35. That gets you the standard 1GB RAM, or you can pay $45 for the 2GB model or $55 for the 4GB model—premium-priced models are a first for Raspberry Pi. + +The specs at-a-glance: + + * 64-bit BCM2711 quad-core A72 CPU @ 1.5GHz + * VideoCore VI GPU + * Gigabit Ethernet port + * 1GB, 2GB, or 4GB LPDDR4 RAM + * Two Micro-HDMI ports + * Two USB3 ports + * Two USB2 ports + * Dual-band (2.4GHz and 5GHz) WiFi + * Bluetooth 5.0 + * USB Type C power port + * CSI camera interface + * DSI display interface + * MicroSD card slot + * Power-over-Ethernet pins + * Full compatibility with all previous Raspberry Pi models + + + +### USB and networking + +The Raspberry Pi 4 has the benefit of having USB3; it's powered by a USB Type C cable and provides two USB3 ports and two USB2 ports. You can now connect USB3 hard drives and other peripherals and get faster connectivity. + +![Raspberry Pi 4 USBs][3] + +The BCM2835-based chip in Raspberry Pi 1 to 3 provided just one native USB port and no Ethernet, so a USB hub on the board provided more USB ports and an Ethernet port. The 3B+ added a dedicated LAN chip, which gave it Gigabit Ethernet, but this was limited to USB2 speeds. The Pi 4 has dedicated Gigabit Ethernet, and because it's no longer throttled over USB, its networking speeds are much faster. + +The Pi 4 takes advantage of the technology built into the 3B+ that made it the first single-board computer with dual-band WiFi. This means you can connect to both 2.4GHz and 5GHz networks. + +### Displays + +When the first Raspberry Pi launched, the balance of its CPU and GPU performance was tipped heavily in favor of the GPU. The VideoCore IV was a very powerful graphics processor, capable of full-HD 1080p multimedia, which is why the Pi has always been popular as a home media center. The Pi 2 rebalanced things somewhat and brought the CPU in line, taking the Pi from a single-core to a quad-core Arm chip. The Pi 4 takes both factors a big step forward. The new VideoCore VI GPU gives the Pi 4K video and allows two displays via the board's two Micro-HDMI ports (selected to keep the board the same size), so you'll need an adapter or a Micro-to-full HDMI cable to use an HDMI monitor. + +Dual displays are a godsend when you need more screen real estate to keep eye contact with multiple windows—if you're programming you might have your code on one screen and the website or app you're building; your database; your web browser; your emails, or anything else on the other. For the first time, development on Raspberry Pi won't be limited to a single monitor. It's also handy if you want to build a Pi-based project with different things on different screens. + +The Pi also has a Display Serial Interface (DSI) port to drive another special display—not another monitor per se, but the official Raspberry Pi touch screen display connected via a flex cable. + +### Raspbian Buster + +This Raspberry Pi 4's launch coincides with a major Debian release, and the fact the new Pi supports OpenGL ES 3 means it makes sense for any software developed for the Pi 4 to target Raspbian Buster. Buster brings a few user interface tweaks and a whole host of software upgrades, including Python 3.7. + +![Raspbian Buster][4] + +### Open source graphics drivers + +Over the last five years, Eric Anholt has been working to write open source graphics drivers for the Raspberry Pi. Now, Raspbian can use this driver to deliver accelerated web browsing, desktop graphics, and 3D applications on the Pi. This replaces a large chunk of closed-source code that was previously required. Huge thanks to Eric and Broadcom for this effort. + +Previously, the Raspberry Pi 4 was expected to be yet another year away, but the chip design turned out to be ready for production much earlier than anticipated, so here it is! + +* * * + +_The Raspberry Pi 4 is on sale now. Which model will you opt for? Let us know your plans in the comments!_ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-4 + +作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry-pi-4_lead.jpg?itok=2bkk43om (Raspberry Pi 4 board) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberry-pi-4-case.jpg (Raspberry Pi 4 case) +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberry-pi-4-usb.jpg (Raspberry Pi 4 USBs) +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspbian-buster.png (Raspbian Buster) From 3884a8974dc458d9393828f44cf912319da4244d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 08:55:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0571/1265] translating --- ...pen Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md | 123 ------------------ ...pen Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md | 118 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 123 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md b/sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2365c992e2..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,123 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (VSCodium: 100% Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) - -VSCodium: 100% Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code -====== - -_**Brief: VSCodium is a fork of Microsoft’s popular Visual Studio Code editor. It’s identical to VS Code with the single biggest difference that unlike VS Code, VSCodium doesn’t track your usage data.**_ - -Microsoft’s [Visual Studio Code][1] is an excellent editor not only for web developers but also for other programmers. Due to its features, it’s considered one of the best open source code editors. - -Yes, it’s one of the many open source products from Microsoft. You can [easily install Visual Studio Code in Linux][2] thanks to the ready to use binaries in the form of DEB, RPM and Snap packages. - -And there is a problem which might not be an issue for a regular user but significant to an open source purist. - -The ready to use binaries Microsoft provides are not open source. - -Confused? Let me explain. - -The source code of VS Code is open sourced under MIT license. You can access it on the [GitHub][3]. However, the [installation files that Microsoft has created contain proprietary telemetry/tracking][4]. - -This tracking basically collects usage data and sends it to Microsoft to ‘help improve their products and services’. Telemetry reporting is common with software products these days. Even [Ubuntu does that but with more transparency][5]. - -You can [disable the telemetry in VS Code][6] but can you trust Microsoft completely? If the answer is no, then what are your options? - -You can build it from the source code and thus keep everything open source. But [installing from source code][7] is not always the prettiest option specially in today’s world when we are so used to of having binaries. - -Another option is to use VSCodium! - -### VSCodium: 100% open source form of Visual Studio Code - -![][8] - -[VSCodium][9] is a fork of Microsoft’s Visual Studio Code. This project’s sole aim is to provide you with ready to use binaries without Microsoft’s telemetry code. - -[][10] - -Suggested read  SuiteCRM: An Open Source CRM Takes Aim At Salesforce - -This solves the problem where you want to use VS Code without the proprietary code from Microsoft but you are not comfortable with building it from the source. - -Since [VSCodium is a fork of VS Code][11], it looks and functions exactly the same as VS Code. - -Here’s a screenshot of the first run of VS Code and VSCodium side by side in Ubuntu. Can you distinguish one from another? - -![Can you guess which is VSCode and VSCodium?][12] - -If you have not been able to distinguish between the two, look at the bottom. - -![That’s Microsoft][13] - -Apart from this and the logo of the two applications, there is no other noticeable difference. - -![VSCodium and VS Code in GNOME Menu][14] - -#### Installing VSCodium on Linux - -While VSCodium is available in some distributions like Parrot OS, you’ll have to add additional repositories in other Linux distributions. - -On Ubuntu and Debian based distributions, you can use the following commands to install VSCodium. - -First, add the GPG key of the repository: - -``` -wget -qO - https://gitlab.com/paulcarroty/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/raw/master/pub.gpg | sudo apt-key add - -``` - -And then add the repository itself: - -``` -echo 'deb https://gitlab.com/paulcarroty/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/raw/repos/debs/ vscodium main' | sudo tee --append /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscodium.list -``` - -Now update your system and install VSCodium: - -``` -sudo apt update && sudo apt install codium -``` - -You can find the [installation instructions for other distributions on its page][15]. You should also read the [instructions about migrating from VS Code to VSCodium][16]. - -**What do you think of VSCodium?** - -Personally, I like the concept of VSCodium. To use the cliche, the project has its heart in the right place. I think, Linux distributions committed to open source may even start including it in their official repository. - -What do you think? Is it worth switching to VSCodium or would you rather opt out of the telemetry and continue using VS Code? - -And please, no “I use Vim” comments :D - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://code.visualstudio.com/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/install-visual-studio-code-ubuntu/ -[3]: https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode -[4]: https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode/issues/60#issuecomment-161792005 -[5]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-data-collection-stats/ -[6]: https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/supporting/faq#_how-to-disable-telemetry-reporting -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-software-from-source-code/ -[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[9]: https://vscodium.com/ -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/suitecrm-ondemand/ -[11]: https://github.com/VSCodium/vscodium -[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium-vs-vscode.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/microsoft-vscode-tracking.png?resize=800%2C259&ssl=1 -[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium-and-vscode.jpg?resize=800%2C220&ssl=1 -[15]: https://vscodium.com/#install -[16]: https://vscodium.com/#migrate diff --git a/translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md b/translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1790ac3066 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (VSCodium: 100% Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +VSCodium：Microsoft VS Code 的 100% 开源版本 +====== + +_ **简介：VSCodium 是微软流行的 Visual Studio Code 编辑器的一个分支。它与 VS Code 完全相同，唯一不同的是，VSCodium 不跟踪你的使用数据。** _ + +微软的 [Visual Studio Code][1] 是一个出色的编辑器，不仅对于 Web 开发人员，也适合其他程序员。由于它的功能，它被认为是最好的开源代码编辑器之一。 + +是的，它是微软众多开源产品之一。因为有 DEB、RPM 和 Snap 包形式的二进制文件，你可以[在 Linux 中轻松安装 Visual Studio Code][2]。 + +但它存在一个问题，对于普通用户而言可能不是问题，但对于纯粹开源主义者而言是重要的。 + +Microsoft 提供的即用二进制文件不是开源的。 + +由困惑么？让我解释下。 + +VS Code 的源码是在 MIT 许可下开源的。你可以在 [GitHub][3] 上访问它。但是，[Microsoft 创建的安装包含专有的跟踪程序][4]。 + +此跟踪基本上用来收集使用数据并将其发送给 Microsoft 以“帮助改进其产品和服务”。如今，远程报告在软件产品中很常见。即使 [Ubuntu 也这样做，但它透明度更高][5]。 + +你可以[在 VS Code 中禁用远程报告][6]但是你能完全信任微软吗？如果答案是否定的，那你有什么选择？ + +你可以从源代码构建它，从而保持所有开源。但是[从源代码安装][7]并不总是如今最好的选择，因为我们习惯于使用二进制文件。 + +另一种选择是使用 VSCodium！ + +### VSCodium：100％ 开源形式的 Visual Studio Code + +![][8] + +[VSCodium][9] 是微软 Visual Studio Code 的一个分支。该项目的唯一目的是为你提供现成的二进制文件，而没有 Microsoft 的远程收集代码。 + +这解决了你想在没有 Microsoft 的专有代码的情况下使用 VS Code 但你不习惯从源代码构建它的问题， + +由于 [VSCodium 是 VS Code 的一个分支][11]，它的外观和功能与 VS Code 完全相同。 + +这是 Ubuntu 中第一次运行 VS Code 和 VSCodium 的截图。你能分辨出来吗？ + +![Can you guess which is VSCode and VSCodium?][12] + +如果你无法区分这两者，请看下面。 + +![That’s Microsoft][13] + +除此之外，还有两个应用的 logo，没有其他明显的区别。 + +![VSCodium and VS Code in GNOME Menu][14] + +#### 在 Linux 上安装 VSCodium + +虽然 VSCodium 存在于某些发行版（如 Parrot OS）中，但你必须在其他 Linux 发行版中添加额外的仓库。 + +在基于 Ubuntu 和 Debian 的发行版上，你可以使用以下命令安装 VSCodium。 + +首先，添加仓库的 GPG 密钥： + +``` +wget -qO - https://gitlab.com/paulcarroty/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/raw/master/pub.gpg | sudo apt-key add - +``` + +然后添加仓库： + +``` +echo 'deb https://gitlab.com/paulcarroty/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/raw/repos/debs/ vscodium main' | sudo tee --append /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscodium.list +``` + +现在更新你的系统并安装 VSCodium： + +``` +sudo apt update && sudo apt install codium +``` + +你可以在它的页面上找到[其他发行版的安装说明][15]。你还应该阅读[有关从 VS Code 迁移到 VSCodium 的说明][16]。 + +**你如何看待 VSCodium？** + +就个人而言，我喜欢 VSCodium 的概念。说的老套一点，它的初心是好的。我认为，致力于开源的 Linux 发行版甚至可能开始将其包含在官方仓库中。 + +你怎么看？是否值得切换到 VSCodium 或者你选择关闭远程报告并继续使用 VS Code？ + +请不要出现“我使用 Vim” 的评论 :D + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://code.visualstudio.com/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/install-visual-studio-code-ubuntu/ +[3]: https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode +[4]: https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode/issues/60#issuecomment-161792005 +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-data-collection-stats/ +[6]: https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/supporting/faq#_how-to-disable-telemetry-reporting +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-software-from-source-code/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[9]: https://vscodium.com/ +[11]: https://github.com/VSCodium/vscodium +[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium-vs-vscode.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/microsoft-vscode-tracking.png?resize=800%2C259&ssl=1 +[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/vscodium-and-vscode.jpg?resize=800%2C220&ssl=1 +[15]: https://vscodium.com/#install +[16]: https://vscodium.com/#migrate From 3f8a759d9090441cac15a43e91e4bab2d59220a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 09:01:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0572/1265] translating --- sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md index 984fb771dc..b8c28c7d5d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 27bae6319e303aaad73ee4004a306728c62bea0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MurphyZhao Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 20:53:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0573/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=A7=BB=E9=99=A4=E3=80=912?= =?UTF-8?q?0190610=20Applications=20for=20writing=20Markdown.md=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87=20=E3=80=90=E5=A2=9E=E5=8A=A0=E3=80=91201906?= =?UTF-8?q?10=20Applications=20for=20writing=20Markdown.md=20=E8=AF=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Signed-off-by: MurphyZhao --- ...90610 Applications for writing Markdown.md | 76 ------------------- ...90610 Applications for writing Markdown.md | 76 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md b/sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md deleted file mode 100644 index 782ee8a0ee..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,76 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (murphyzhao) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Applications for writing Markdown) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/) -[#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/) - -Applications for writing Markdown -====== - -![][1] - -Markdown is a lightweight markup language that is useful for adding formatting while still maintaining readability when viewing as plain text. Markdown (and Markdown derivatives) are used extensively as the priumary form of markup of documents on services like GitHub and pagure. By design, Markdown is easily created and edited in a text editor, however, there are a multitude of editors available that provide a formatted preview of Markdown markup, and / or provide a text editor that highlights the markdown syntax. - -This article covers 3 desktop applications for Fedora Workstation that help out when editing Markdown. - -### UberWriter - -[UberWriter][2] is a minimal Markdown editor and previewer that allows you to edit in text, and preview the rendered document. - -![][3] - -The editor itself has inline previews built in, so text marked up as bold is displayed bold. The editor also provides inline previews for images, formulas, footnotes, and more. Ctrl-clicking one of these items in the markup provides an instant preview of that element to appear. - -In addition to the editor features, UberWriter also features a full screen mode and a focus mode to help minimise distractions. Focus mode greys out all but the current paragraph to help you focus on that element in your document - -Install UberWriter on Fedora from the 3rd-party Flathub repositories. It can be installed directly from the Software application after [setting up your system to install from Flathub][4] - -### Marker - -Marker is a Markdown editor that provides a simple text editor to write Markdown in, and provides a live preview of the rendered document. The interface is designed with a split screen layout with the editor on the left, and the live preview on the right. - -![][5] - -Additionally, Marker allows you to export you document in a range of different formats, including HTML, PDF, and the Open Document Format (ODF). - -Install Marker on Fedora from the 3rd-party Flathub repositories. It can be installed directly from the Software application after [setting up your system to install from Flathub][4] - -### Ghostwriter - -Where the previous editors are more focussed on a minimal user experice, Ghostwriter provides many more features and options to play with. Ghostwriter provides a text editor that is partially styled as you write in Markdown format. Bold text is bold, and headings are in a larger font to assist in writing the markup. - -![][6] - -It also provides a split screen with a live updating preview of the rendered document. - -![][7] - -Ghostwriter also includes a range of other features, including the ability to choose the Markdown flavour that the preview is rendered in, as well as the stylesheet used to render the preview too. - -Additionally, it provides a format menu (and keyboard shortcuts) to insert some of the frequent markdown ‘tags’ like bold, bullets, and italics. - -Install Ghostwriter on Fedora from the 3rd-party Flathub repositories. It can be installed directly from the Software application after [setting up your system to install from Flathub][4] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/ - -作者：[Ryan Lerch][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/markdownapps.png-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://uberwriter.github.io/uberwriter/#1 -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/uberwriter-editor-1.png -[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/install-flathub-apps-fedora/ -[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/marker-screenshot-1024x500.png -[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ghostwriter-1024x732.png -[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ghostwriter2-1024x566.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c11ce19b1c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (murphyzhao) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Applications for writing Markdown) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/) +[#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/) + +撰写 Markdown 的软件 +====== + +![][1] + +Markdown 是一种轻量级标记语言，添加格式后，以纯文本格式查看时依然保持可读性。Markdown（和 Markdown 衍生物）被广泛用作 GitHub 和 pagure 等服务上文档标记的主要形式。根据设计，可以在文本编辑器中轻松创建和编辑 Markdown，但是，有许多编辑器可以提供 Markdown 标记的格式化预览，或提供 markdown 语法高亮显示。 + +本文介绍了针对 Fedora 平台的 3 个桌面应用程序，以帮助编辑 Markdown。 + +### UberWriter + +[UberWriter][2] 是一个小巧的 Markdown 编辑器和预览器，允许您编辑文本，并预览渲染的文档。 + +![][3] + +编辑器本身具有内置的内联预览，因此标记为粗体的文本以粗体显示。编辑器还提供图像、公式、脚注等标记的内联预览。按住 Ctrl 键单击其中的一个标记可以即时预览要显示的元素。 + +除了编辑器功能外，UberWriter 还具有全屏模式和聚焦模式，有助于最大限度地减少干扰。焦点模式将以灰色显示除当前段落以外的所有内容，以帮助您专注于文档中当前元素。 + +从第三方 Flathub 存储库安装 UberWriter 到 Fedora 平台。在将系统[设置为从 Flathub 安装][4]后，可以直接从 Software 应用程序中安装它。 + +### Marker + +Marker 是一个 Markdown 编辑器，它提供了一个简单的文本编辑器来编写 Markdown，并提供渲染文档的实时预览。界面采用分屏设计，左侧为编辑器，右侧为实时预览。 + +![][5] + +此外，Marker 允许您以各种格式导出文档，包括 HTML、PDF 和开放文档格式（ODF）。 + +从第三方 Flathub 存储库安装 Marker 到 Fedora 平台。在将系统[设置为从 Flathub 安装][4]后，可以直接从 Software 应用程序中安装它。 + +### Ghostwriter + +以前的编辑更专注于最小的用户体验，Ghostwriter 提供了更多的功能和选项。Ghostwriter 提供了一个文本编辑器，当您以 Markdown 格式书写时，编辑器将 Markdown 部分样式化。粗体标记文本显示为粗体，标题标记显示为较大的字体，以帮助编写 Markdown 标记。 + +![][6] + +它还提供了一个分屏，包含渲染文档的实时更新预览。 + +![][7] + +Ghostwriter 还包括一系列其他功能，包括能够选择渲染预览的 Markdown 风格，以及用于渲染预览的样式表。 + +此外，它还提供了一个格式菜单（和键盘快捷键）来插入一些频繁的 Markdown 标记，如粗体、项目符号和斜体。 + +从第三方 Flathub 存储库安装 Ghostwriter 到 Fedora 平台。在将系统[设置为从 Flathub 安装][4]后，可以直接从 Software 应用程序中安装它。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/ + +作者：[Ryan Lerch][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/markdownapps.png-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://uberwriter.github.io/uberwriter/#1 +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/uberwriter-editor-1.png +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/install-flathub-apps-fedora/ +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/marker-screenshot-1024x500.png +[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ghostwriter-1024x732.png +[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ghostwriter2-1024x566.png From f9aa65239a4c09300f6b425f2847c72d5149521d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 22:36:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0574/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md b/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md index 98fa8c5dba..3ce59e8d68 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 3510576e84185885d564da97ecde9adb18c4ff2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 23:19:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0575/1265] Rename sources/tech/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md to sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md --- sources/{tech => news}/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => news}/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md b/sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md rename to sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md From ab25a4399d81ce470901ac5118df4ff19afd2e07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "GJ.Zhang" Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2019 23:20:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0576/1265] Update 20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md --- ...to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md b/sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md index 1b732b566d..d7dab7ce06 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (zgj1024) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 48bc064fd18df691f8b06c48aadc573b5ebfc84d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 00:28:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0577/1265] PRF:20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @chen-ni 翻译的很棒！ --- ...assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md | 53 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md b/translated/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md index 757c0631cb..96b64809d3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md @@ -1,28 +1,30 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/primer-assemblers-compilers-interpreters) [#]: author: (Erik O'Shaughnessy https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny/users/shawnhcorey/users/jnyjny/users/jnyjny) -浅谈汇编器，编译器和解释器 +浅谈汇编器、编译器和解释器 ====== -简单介绍一下编程方式的历史演变 + +> 简单介绍一下编程方式的历史演变。 + ![keyboard with connected dots][1] -在计算机诞生不久的早期年代，硬件非常昂贵，而程序员比较廉价。这些廉价程序员甚至都没有“程序员”这个头衔，并且常常是由数学家或者电气工程师来充当这个角色的。早期的计算机被用来在短时间内解决复杂的数学问题，所以数学家天然就适合“编程”工作。 +在计算机诞生不久的早期年代，硬件非常昂贵，而程序员比较廉价。这些廉价程序员甚至都没有“程序员”这个头衔，并且常常是由数学家或者电气工程师来充当这个角色的。早期的计算机被用来快速解决复杂的数学问题，所以数学家天然就适合“编程”工作。 ### 什么是程序？ 首先来看一点背景知识。计算机自己是做不了任何事情的，它们的任何行为都需要程序来引导。你可以把程序看成是非常精确的菜谱，这种菜谱读取一个输入，然后生成对应的输出。菜谱里的各个步骤由操作数据的指令构成。听上去有点儿复杂，不过你或许知道下面这个语句是什么意思： ``` -`1 + 2 = 3` +1 + 2 = 3 ``` -其中的加号是“指令”，而数字 1 和 2 是数据。数学上的等号意味着等式两边的部分是“等价”的，不过在大部分编程语言中等号（或者它的变形）都是“赋值”的意思。如果计算机执行上面这个语句，它会把这个加法的结果（也就是“3”）储存在内存中的某个地方。 +其中的加号是“指令”，而数字 1 和 2 是数据。数学上的等号意味着等式两边的部分是“等价”的，不过在大部分编程语言中对变量使用等号是“赋值”的意思。如果计算机执行上面这个语句，它会把这个加法的结果（也就是“3”）储存在内存中的某个地方。 计算机知道如何使用数字进行数学运算，以及如何在内存结构中移动数据。在这里就不对内存进行展开了，你只需要知道内存一般分为两大类：“速度快/空间小”和“速度慢/空间大”。CPU 寄存器的读写速度非常快，但是空间非常小，相当于一个速记便签。主存储器通常有很大的空间，但是读写速度就比寄存器差远了。在程序运行的时候，CPU 不断将它所需要用到的数据从主存储器挪动到寄存器，然后再把结果放回到主存储器。 @@ -32,9 +34,9 @@ ![Programmers operate the ENIAC computer][2] -_程序员[Betty Jean Jennings][3] (左) 和 [Fran Bilas][4] (右) 在操作 [ENIAC][5] 的主控制面板._ +*程序员[Betty Jean Jennings][3] (左) 和 [Fran Bilas][4] (右) 在操作 [ENIAC][5] 的主控制面板* -后来有一名 [电气工程师][6] 认为自己的时间很宝贵，就写了一个能够把人们可以读懂的“菜谱”一样的程序转换成计算机可以读懂的版本的程序。这就是最初的“汇编器”，在当时引起了不小的争议。这些昂贵机器的主人不希望把计算资源浪费在人们已经在做的任务上（虽然又慢又容易出错）。不过随着时间的推移，人们逐渐发现使用汇编器在速度和准确性上都胜于人工编写机器语言，并且计算机完成的“实际工作量”增加了。 +后来有一名 [电气工程师][6] 认为自己的时间很宝贵，就写了一个程序，能够把人们可以读懂的“菜谱”一样的输入转换成计算机可以读懂的版本。这就是最初的“汇编器”，在当时引起了不小的争议。这些昂贵机器的主人不希望把计算资源浪费在人们已经能做的任务上（虽然又慢又容易出错）。不过随着时间的推移，人们逐渐发现使用汇编器在速度和准确性上都胜于人工编写机器语言，并且计算机完成的“实际工作量”增加了。 尽管汇编器相比在机器面板上切换比特的状态已经是很大的进步了，这种编程方式仍然非常专业。上面加法的例子在汇编语言中看起来差不多是这样的： @@ -46,15 +48,15 @@ _程序员[Betty Jean Jennings][3] (左) 和 [Fran Bilas][4] (右) 在操作 [EN 05 STO R2, R0 ``` -每一行都是一个计算机指令，前面是一个指令的简写，后面是指令所操作的数据。这个小小的程序会将数值 1 “移动”到寄存器 R0，然后把 2 移动到寄存器 R1。03 行把 R0 和 R1 两个寄存器里的数值相加，然后将结果储存在 R2 寄存器里。最后，04 行和 05 行决定结果应该被放在主存储器里的什么位置（在这里是地址 64）。管理内存中存储数据的位置是编程过程中最耗时也最容易出错的部分之一。 +每一行都是一个计算机指令，前面是一个指令的简写，后面是指令所操作的数据。这个小小的程序首先会将数值 1 “移动”到寄存器 R0，然后把 2 移动到寄存器 R1。03 行把 R0 和 R1 两个寄存器里的数值相加，然后将结果储存在 R2 寄存器里。最后，04 行和 05 行决定结果应该被放在主存储器里的什么位置（在这里是地址 64）。管理内存中存储数据的位置是编程过程中最耗时也最容易出错的部分之一。 ### 编译器 -汇编器已经比手写计算机指令要好太多了，不过早期的程序员还是渴望能够按照他们所习惯的方式，像书写数学公式一样地去写程序。这种需求驱动了更高级别编译语言的发展，其中有一些已经成为历史，另一些如今还在使用。比如[ALGO][7] 就已经成为历史了，但是像 [Fortran][8] 和 [C][9] 这样的语言仍然在不断解决实际问题。 +汇编器已经比手写计算机指令要好太多了，不过早期的程序员还是渴望能够按照他们所习惯的方式，像书写数学公式一样地去写程序。这种需求推动了高级编译语言的发展，其中有一些已经成为历史，另一些如今还在使用。比如 [ALGO][7] 就已经成为历史了，但是像 [Fortran][8] 和 [C][9] 这样的语言仍然在不断解决实际问题。 ![Genealogy tree of ALGO and Fortran][10] -ALGO 和 Fortran 编程语言的谱系树 +*ALGO 和 Fortran 编程语言的谱系树* 这些“高级”语言使得程序员可以用更简单的方式编写程序。在 C 语言中，我们的加法程序就变成了这样： @@ -63,40 +65,41 @@ int x; x = 1 + 2; ``` -第一个语句描述了该程序将要使用的一块内存。在这个例子中，这块内存应该占一个整数的大小，名字是 **x**。第二个语句是加法，虽然是倒着写的。一个 C 语言的程序员会说这是 "X 被赋值为 1 加 2 的结果"。需要注意的是，程序员并不需要决定在内存的什么位置储存 **x**，这个任务交给编译器了。 +第一个语句描述了该程序将要使用的一块内存。在这个例子中，这块内存应该占一个整数的大小，名字是 `x`。第二个语句是加法，虽然是倒着写的。一个 C 语言的程序员会说这是 “X 被赋值为 1 加 2 的结果”。需要注意的是，程序员并不需要决定在内存的什么位置储存 `x`，这个任务交给编译器了。 -这种被称为“编译器”的新程序可以把用高级语言写的程序转换成汇编语言，再使用汇编器把汇编语言转换成机器可读的程序。这种程序的组合常常被称为“工具链”，因为一个程序的输出就直接成为另一个程序的输入。 +这种被称为“编译器”的新程序可以把用高级语言写的程序转换成汇编语言，再使用汇编器把汇编语言转换成机器可读的程序。这种程序组合常常被称为“工具链”，因为一个程序的输出就直接成为另一个程序的输入。 -编译语言相比汇编语言的优势体现在从一台计算机迁移到不同型号或者品牌的另一台计算机上的时候。在计算机的早期岁月里，包括 IBM，Digital Equipment Corporation，德州仪器，UNIVAC 以及惠普在内的很多公司都在尝试不同类型的计算机硬件。这些计算机除了都需要连接电源之外就没有太多共同点了。它们在内存和 CPU 架构上的差异相当大，当时经常需要人们花费数年来将一台计算机的程序翻译成另一台计算机的程序。 +编译语言相比汇编语言的优势体现在从一台计算机迁移到不同型号或者品牌的另一台计算机上的时候。在计算机的早期岁月里，包括 IBM、DEC、德州仪器、UNIVAC 以及惠普在内的很多公司都在制造除了大量不同类型的计算机硬件。这些计算机除了都需要连接电源之外就没有太多共同点了。它们在内存和 CPU 架构上的差异相当大，当时经常需要人们花费数年来将一台计算机的程序翻译成另一台计算机的程序。 有了高级语言，我们只需要把编译器工具链迁移到新的平台就行了。只要有可用的编译器，高级语言写的程序最多只需要经过小幅修改就可以在新的计算机上被重新编译。高级语言的编译是一个真正的革命性成果。 ![IBM PC XT][11] -1983 发布的 IBM PC XT 是硬件价格下降的早期例子。 -程序员们的生活得到了很好的改善。相比之下，通过高级语言表达他们想要解决的问题让事情变得轻松很多。由于半导体技术的进步以及集成芯片的发明，计算机硬件的价格急剧下降。计算机的速度越来越快，能力也越来越强，并且还便宜了很多。从某个时点往后（也许是 80 年代末期吧），事情发生了转变，程序员变得比他们所使用的硬件更值钱了。 +*1983 发布的 IBM PC XT 是硬件价格下降的早期例子。* + +程序员们的生活得到了很好的改善。相比之下，通过高级语言表达他们想要解决的问题让事情变得轻松很多。由于半导体技术的进步以及集成芯片的发明，计算机硬件的价格急剧下降。计算机的速度越来越快，能力也越来越强，并且还便宜了很多。从某个时间点往后（也许是 80 年代末期吧），事情发生了反转，程序员变得比他们所使用的硬件更值钱了。 ### 解释器 -随着时间的推移，一种新的编程方式兴起了。一种被称为“解释器”的特殊程序可以将程序直接转换成可以立即执行的计算机指令。和编译器差不多，解释器读取程序并将它转换成一个中间形态。但和编译器不同的是，解释器直接执行程序的这个中间形态。解释型语言在每一次执行的时候都要经历这个过程；而编译程序只需要编译一次，之后计算机每次只需要执行编译好的机器指令就可以了。 +随着时间的推移，一种新的编程方式兴起了。一种被称为“解释器”的特殊程序可以直接读取一个程序将其转换成计算机指令以立即执行。和编译器差不多，解释器读取程序并将它转换成一个中间形态。但和编译器不同的是，解释器直接执行程序的这个中间形态。解释型语言在每一次执行的时候都要经历这个过程；而编译程序只需要编译一次，之后计算机每次只需要执行编译好的机器指令就可以了。 顺便说一句，这个特性就是导致人们感觉解释型程序运行得比较慢的原因。不过现代计算机的性能出奇地强大，以至于大多数人无法区分编译型程序和解释型程序。 -解释型程序（有时也被成为“脚本”）甚至更容易被迁移到不同的硬件平台上。因为脚本并不包含任何机器特有的指令，同一个版本的程序可以不经过任何修改就直接在很多不同的计算机上运行。不过当然了，解释器必须得先迁移到新的机器上才行。 +解释型程序（有时也被成为“脚本”）甚至更容易被移植到不同的硬件平台上。因为脚本并不包含任何机器特有的指令，同一个版本的程序可以不经过任何修改就直接在很多不同的计算机上运行。不过当然了，解释器必须得先移植到新的机器上才行。 一个很流行的解释型语言是 [perl][12]。用 perl 完整地表达我们的加法问题会是这样的： ``` -`$x = 1 + 2` +$x = 1 + 2 ``` 虽然这个程序看起来和 C 语言的版本差不多，运行上也没有太大区别，但却缺少了初始化变量的语句。其实还有一些其它的区别（超出这篇文章的范围了），但你应该已经注意到，我们写计算机程序的方式已经和数学家用纸笔手写数学表达式非常接近了。 ### 虚拟机 -最新潮的编程方式要数虚拟机（经常简称 VM）了。虚拟机分为两大类：系统虚拟机和进程虚拟机。这两种虚拟机都提供一种对“真实的”计算硬件的不同级别的抽象，不过他们的作用域不同。系统虚拟机是一个提供物理硬件的替代的软件，而进程虚拟机则被设计用来以一种“系统独立”的方式执行程序。所以在这个例子里，进程虚拟机（往后我所说的虚拟机都是指这个类型）的作用域和解释器的比较类似，因为也是先将程序编译成一个中间形态，然后虚拟机再执行这个中间形态。 +最新潮的编程方式要数虚拟机（经常简称 VM）了。虚拟机分为两大类：系统虚拟机和进程虚拟机。这两种虚拟机都提供一种对“真实的”计算硬件的不同级别的抽象，不过它们的作用域不同。系统虚拟机是一个提供物理硬件的替代品的软件，而进程虚拟机则被设计用来以一种“系统独立”的方式执行程序。所以在这个例子里，进程虚拟机（往后我所说的虚拟机都是指这个类型）的作用域和解释器的比较类似，因为也是先将程序编译成一个中间形态，然后虚拟机再执行这个中间形态。 -虚拟机和解释器的主要区别在于，虚拟机创造了一个虚拟的 CPU，以及一套虚拟的指令集。有了这层抽象，我们就可以编写前端工具来把不同语言的程序编译成虚拟机可以接受的程序了。也许最流行也最知名的虚拟机就是 Java 虚拟机（JVM）了。JVM 最初在 1990 年代只支持 Java 语言，但是如今却可以运行 [许多][13] 流行的编程语言，包括 Scala，Jython，JRuby，Clojure，以及 Kotlin 等等。还有其它一些不太常见的例子，在这里就不说了。我也是最近才知道，我最喜欢的语言 Python 并不是一个解释型语言，而是一个 [运行在虚拟机上的语言][15]! +虚拟机和解释器的主要区别在于，虚拟机创造了一个虚拟的 CPU，以及一套虚拟的指令集。有了这层抽象，我们就可以编写前端工具来把不同语言的程序编译成虚拟机可以接受的程序了。也许最流行也最知名的虚拟机就是 Java 虚拟机（JVM）了。JVM 最初在 1990 年代只支持 Java 语言，但是如今却可以运行 [许多][13] 流行的编程语言，包括 Scala、Jython、JRuby、Clojure，以及 Kotlin 等等。还有其它一些不太常见的例子，在这里就不说了。我也是最近才知道，我最喜欢的语言 Python 并不是一个解释型语言，而是一个 [运行在虚拟机上的语言][15]！ 虚拟机仍然在延续这样一个历史趋势：让程序员在使用特定领域的编程语言解决问题的时候，所需要的对特定计算平台的了解变得越来越少了。 @@ -104,18 +107,14 @@ x = 1 + 2; 希望你喜欢这篇简单介绍软件背后运行原理的短文。有什么其它话题是你想让我接下来讨论的吗？在评论里告诉我吧。 -* * * - -_This article was originally published on[PyBites][16] and is reprinted with permission._ - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/primer-assemblers-compilers-interpreters 作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/chen-ni) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c6770c76f31bcbb5790e6620fe743668daa5826b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 00:53:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0578/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190625=205=20?= =?UTF-8?q?tiny=20Linux=20distros=20to=20try=20before=20you=20die?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md --- ...iny Linux distros to try before you die.md | 268 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 268 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md b/sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2d6cdfb4c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md @@ -0,0 +1,268 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/marcobravo) + +5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die +====== +Resurrect an ancient machine, boot a broken system, or ensure a safe +public computing session with these tiny Linux distros. +![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1] + +There are plenty of Linux distributions out there to choose from when you're deciding what to run on a daily basis, yet some are so small that they get little notice. But tiny Linux distributions are powerful innovations: having an entire operating system drive a computer with less than 1GB of storage and half as much RAM is the ultimate software hack. + +Tiny distros have many uses, such as: + + * Save old and slow computers from the rubbish bin. Reject planned obsolescence and use computers until they fall apart, not just until they start to feel slow. + * Boot broken or corrupted systems from a thumb drive to recover data or repair boot partitions. + * Ensure a safe and private environment when on a public computer. If you boot a public computer in a hotel lobby or a library from a thumb drive, you'll know your operating environment is secure. + + + +There are plenty of lightweight distributions out there, like [Lubuntu][2], [Peppermint OS][3], and [Bodhi][4], but there's something special about the truly tiny. Here are five tiny distros you owe it to yourself to try. + +### Tiny Core + +![Tiny Core Linux][5] + +At 11MB for a text console and 16MB for a GUI, [Tiny Core Linux][6] is almost impossibly small. I dug through my collection of old thumb drives; the smallest one was 128MB, which is still eight times the size of Tiny Core's image. + +By default, Tiny Core includes the base OS, assuming you have an Ethernet connection to the internet so you can install only the applications you need. It's such an extremely efficient model that it doesn't even include an application to install the OS (although you can download it from the Tiny Core repository when you're ready to install). + +I've run Tiny Core from a 128MB thumb drive on a system with 512MB RAM, and the performance was excellent, as you might expect from an OS that takes only 16MB. Performance slows only when browsing the internet in a web browser, but the blame lies with the complexity of most modern websites more than Tiny Core. + +Without a GUI, Tiny Core runs well on a mere 64MB of RAM. + +#### Installation + +[Download Tiny Core][7] and write it to a thumb drive with **dd** or [Etcher][8]. + +Installing Tiny Core is easy, once you download the **tc-install** or **tc-install-GUI** application using the **Apps** icon in the launcher bar at the bottom of the screen. + +![Tiny Core installer][9] + +You have several options to install Tiny Core. You can install it to a thumb drive formatted as a Linux drive (this requires your computer to allow booting from a USB drive, which is common in most modern PCs but was less common for older ones), to a Microsoft FAT thumb drive (a hack for PCs that don't normally boot from USB drives), or even to a directory in an existing Linux partition. + +The installation is quick, and when you finish, you can reboot your computer and boot into your Tiny Core Linux OS. + +#### Applications + +Since it comes with little more than a text editor and a terminal, the first thing you should do is install some applications. The **Apps** icon in the bottom launcher bar displays all the Tiny Core packages available to you. The **Apps** repository also includes important drivers, so it's useful when you're looking to get a WiFi card or a printer working. + +When installing a new application or utility, you can choose between having the package load into Tiny Core at boot time or on demand. Choosing to load a package at boot makes it available to you immediately and still available after a reboot (as you would expect). Choosing to load it on demand means the package is available after Tiny Core downloads the package, but after a reboot, it won't be loaded into memory. This may keep your boot time fast and Tiny Core's footprint in RAM tiny, but it also means the package data isn't loaded into memory until you use it for the first time each session. + +The application selection is a good mix between user-centric apps, like office and graphics applications, and server-centric, such as [Samba][10] and web servers. + +Of course, once you start adding applications to Tiny Core, it becomes less tiny. Even the **Tiny Core Plus** image, which includes all WiFi drivers, on the Tiny Core website is only about 100MB, so "less tiny" is likely still well under 256MB or so. + +#### Bottom line + +Tiny Core is ideal for old computers with few resources, network boot images, and anyone who values applications over the OS. Tiny Core is a great weekend project: build the OS you want from 16MB until you have just as much of an OS as you need. + +### SliTaz + +![SliTaz Linux][11] + +The [SliTaz Linux][12] image is about 51MB, about four times the size of Tiny Core, with an impressive collection of drivers and applications included. In fact, if you didn't know better, you might think you booted into a 1GB Ubuntu image because everything you'd expect from a basic starter image is there: text editor, web browser, paint program, spreadsheet application, and so on. + +I've run SliTaz from a 128MB thumb drive on a system with 512MB RAM, and the performance was excellent. Performance slows when browsing heavy websites, but the included lightweight [Midori][13] browser keeps most sites loading quickly. + +At boot time, you can choose to run SliTaz without a GUI; it runs nicely on a mere 64MB of RAM. + +#### Installation + +There are many download options for SliTaz because its developers and community provide many variations for potential system limitations. For instance, there's a low RAM version for systems with as little as 24MB RAM, a version with Firefox instead of Midori, a version with no extra applications, and so on. + +If you're overwhelmed by options and just want to try it out, [download the rolling release][14]. This version is roughly 50MB and is updated weekly. If you fall in love with SliTaz, you can choose a download that's better for your needs—if the rolling release proves to be _too_ fresh for you. + +Once you've downloaded your choice of SliTaz image, write it to a thumb drive with **dd** or [Etcher][8] and reboot. + +Installing SliTaz to a thumb drive or hard drive is done through the **TazPanel** application. It guides you through partitioning your disk (as needed) and installs SliTaz to the destination you choose. + +![SliTaz installer][15] + +#### Applications + +The **TazPanel** application is SliTaz's control center. If you're a fan of OpenSUSE or Mageia (née Mandrake), you might find TazPanel familiar, at least in concept: it's a single application that provides access to system configuration, hardware detection, user and group management, system updates, and application installation. + +Available applications satisfy most basic requirements, meaning if you're not picky about which application you use to accomplish a task, then SliTaz's repositories probably have something for you. If you have specific requirements (GIMP 2.10 instead of GIMP 2.8, for instance), then you'll have to learn how to generate SliTaz packages. The good news is that the **tazpkg** command can convert from several packaging formats, including: + + * Debian packages (.deb, .udeb) + * RPM packages (.rpm) + * Slackware packages (.tgz) + * Puppy packages (.sfs, .pet) + * NuTyX packages (.cards.tar.xz) + * Arch and Alpine Linux packages (.apk, .pkg.tar.gz, .pkg.tar.xz) + * OpenWrt packages (.ipk, .opk) + * Paldo packages (.tar.bz2) + * Void packages (.xbps) + * Tiny Core packages (.tce, .tcel, .tcem, .tcz) + + + +#### Bottom line + +SliTaz is a fast, small Linux distribution with a centralized control panel that makes it easy to learn. Because its packaging tools can convert from other Linux packaging formats, its application selection is theoretically vast, making it easy for you to design your work environment with all your favorite tools. SliTaz is small but lethal, just like its arachnid logo. + +### Porteus + +![Porteus Linux][16] + +[Porteus][17] offers a few desktop options, with the smallest image around 270MB and the largest 350MB. That makes it one of the largest of tiny Linux images, but most of that space is dedicated to ensuring a smooth Linux desktop experience, to the point that you'll likely forget you're using a live distribution. Installing Porteus to an SSD drive or loading it to RAM during boot results in such a flawlessly smooth environment that you won't believe your OS occupies less space than half a CD-ROM. + +Porteus is tiny in the sense that its base image is comparatively small, but depending on the desktop you choose, it can easily require up to 1GB of RAM to run. While other tiny Linux distributions tend to capitalize on minimalist applications to preserve space and resources, Porteus expects you to use it as you would any other distribution. Install all your favorite apps and drivers and forget you're running on a tiny, compressed root filesystem. + +#### Installation + +Download Porteus from your [closest Porteus mirror][18], choosing from MATE, LXQT, LXDE, OpenBox, XFCE, Cinnamon, or KDE, depending upon your preference. If you have no preference, the MATE or KDE desktop are both good at balancing image size with a familiar-feeling desktop experience. + +![Porteus installer][19] + +opensource.com + +You can install Porteus to a thumb drive or an internal hard drive using the instructions in the [official installation guide][20]. The process is similar either way and results in a compressed root filesystem that never changes. It's a stable and contained filesystem upon which you overlay your changes as you use it. When you reboot, changes you make and applications you install are loaded into memory, so your environment is just as you left it. + +#### Applications + +Applications are called "modules" in Porteus lingo and are available from the [Unified Slackware Package Manager][21] (USM), which draws from five different Slackware repositories, meaning you have plenty of applications to choose from. + +#### Bottom line + +Porteus is a full Linux experience with a fraction of the space usually required. It's an excellent portable Linux distribution with lots of desktop options and lots of applications. + +### Bodhi Linux + +![Bodhi Linux][22] + +[Bodhi Linux][4] might not look tiny at first glance, with an ISO image of 740MB, but once it's installed, you'll be amazed at just how tiny it is. Bodhi runs smoothly on only 512MB of RAM but looks and feels like the desktop of tomorrow. Bodhi uses the [Enlightenment][23] desktop, a beautiful user interface that's lovingly crafted to be both small and powerful. + +Bodhi doesn't just use Enlightenment, though, it adds to it. Bodhi's configuration applications and system setting panels are custom interfaces to Enlightenment's sometimes overwhelming array of options. Bodhi makes some sane default choices for you and provides a subset of options. If you're a die-hard Enlightenment user, Bodhi's interpretation might not be pure enough for you, but for many users, Bodhi brings focus to the Enlightenment desktop. + +#### Installation + +[Download Bodhi Linux][24], write it to a thumb drive with **dd** or [Etcher][8], and reboot. + +The Bodhi installer is available from the **Applications** menu in the **Preferences** category. The installation application is **Ubiquity**, so the process is the same as installing Ubuntu. If you've never installed Ubuntu, don't worry; it's one of the easiest to install. + +![Bodhi installer][25] + +#### Applications + +Bodhi is based on the latest long term support (LTS) Ubuntu Linux release, so your available software knows almost no bounds. If it's available for Ubuntu Linux, Bohdi has access to it. + +#### Bottom line + +Bodhi Linux is a step down from the size of a typical Ubuntu install and a step up from many other minimalist Ubuntu environments because it uses Enlightenment. If you're looking for a Linux distribution that runs lighter than most without resorting to overlay filesystems and application modules, then Bodhi is the distribution for you. + +### Puppy Linux + +![Puppy Linux][26] + +Before there was Tiny Core or SliTaz or [AntiX][27] or Porteus, there was [Puppy Linux][28]. One of the original tiny Linux distributions, Puppy has endured for a decade and a half as a reliable, bootable OS for old computers and new users alike. + +Upon first boot, Puppy does its best to guide the user through any necessary steps to ensure everything works as expected. It's a lot of windows to wade through, but once you get through it all, you know without a doubt what works and what doesn't before you choose whether to install. + +Puppy is almost 300MB and failed to work on anything under 1GB RAM in my tests, so it's not exactly the tiniest Linux available. However, it's still a great, under-1GB operating system, and of the OSes in that category, it's one of the very friendliest. + +#### Installation + +[Download Puppy Linux][29] and write it to a thumb drive with **dd** or [Etcher][8] or burn it to a CD or DVD, then reboot. + +![Puppy installer][30] + +Puppy can install onto nearly anything that accepts data. The installer application, available from the top launcher bar, is called **Puppy Installer**, and it manages installing Puppy and applications for Puppy. + +Puppy Installer steps you through the process of installing the OS onto whatever media you have available. Puppy can boot from a thumb drive, an optical disc, a hard drive, and even an SD card. I've used Puppy on a computer with no hard drive whatsoever, no working optical drive, and no option to boot from USB. Because Puppy can write your configuration options to just about anything, I was able to use it with persistent data storage to an external device. + +#### Applications + +The **Puppy Installer** application is also used to install apps onto Puppy. Because Puppy is based on Ubuntu, there aren't likely to be any Linux packages missing from its repositories, and if there are, you can probably use a [Flatpak][31]. + +#### Bottom line + +Puppy is the original tiny Linux. While it's not the tiniest any more, it's by far the easiest. + +### Bonus: Silverblue + +![SilverBlue, not tiny, but tiny-adjacent][32] + +The concept of tiny Linux has changed over the years. Long ago, a tiny Linux distribution was something you downloaded onto a CD-R and ran from your optical drive while saving changes to external media. Later, it was something you ran from a thumb drive with dedicated space for persistent changes. Now it's all of those things plus the ability to install to internal drives or directories. + +What no one expected was for Linux to kick off the craze for containers, in which applications are self-contained Linux systems running in a para-virtualized environment. What was once a niche hobby for people who either loved to optimize disk space or who loved to resurrect ancient computers quickly became a salient requirement for developers who wanted to develop containers without adding too much overhead to their applications. All the work put into the minimalist, ephemeral Linux distributions suddenly paid off in an unexpected way. + +With the concept of what a root filesystem looks like, the Fedora Project's [Silverblue][33] experiment is an effort to create an immutable OS. It's an operating system that never changes and instead gets updates and application installs in the form of, essentially, containers. + +Silverblue at 2.1GB is by no means a tiny Linux distribution, but in many ways, it's a child of the tiny Linux and container movements. + +#### Installation + +[Download Silverblue][34] and write it to a thumb drive with **dd** or [Etcher][8] or burn it to a CD or DVD, then reboot. + +After booting into Silverblue, install it to an internal hard drive using [Anaconda][35], the standard, friendly Fedora Linux installer. + +![Anaconda installer][36] + +#### Applications + +Silverblue doesn't install applications in the traditional sense; instead, it runs containers over the top of its base OS. Specifically, it uses Flatpaks for GUI applications and [Toolbox][37] for commands. + +Because Flatpaks aren't nearly as common as traditional Fedora RPM packages, Silverblue also provides **package layering**, a way to convert Fedora RPM packages to Silverblue. + +#### Bottom line + +Silverblue could be a fun experiment testing out emerging technology, or it could be the future of the desktop OS. It's tiny only in the sense that its root filesystem remains the same size regardless of updates and applications added onto it, but it's worth looking at to see where the strange obsession with tiny distributions has delivered the Linux community and industry. Don't forget to tip your hat to the 11MB pioneers on your way out. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/marcobravo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer) +[2]: http://lubuntu.net +[3]: http://peppermintos.com +[4]: https://www.bodhilinux.com/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tinycore.jpg (Tiny Core Linux) +[6]: http://tinycorelinux.net/ +[7]: http://tinycorelinux.net/welcome.html +[8]: https://www.balena.io/etcher/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tc-install-gui.png (Tiny Core installer) +[10]: https://www.samba.org/ +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/slitaz.jpg (SliTaz Linux) +[12]: http://www.slitaz.org/en/ +[13]: https://github.com/midori-browser/core +[14]: http://slitaz.org/en/get/#rolling +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/slitaz-install.jpg (SliTaz installer) +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/porteus.jpg (Porteus Linux) +[17]: http://www.porteus.org/ +[18]: http://porteus.org/porteus-mirrors.txt +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/porteus-installer.png (Porteus installer) +[20]: http://www.porteus.org/component/content/article/26-tutorials/general-info-tutorials/114-official-porteus-installation-guide.html +[21]: http://www.porteus.org/tutorials/9-modules/149-usm.html +[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bodhi.jpg (Bodhi Linux) +[23]: https://www.enlightenment.org/ +[24]: https://www.bodhilinux.com/download +[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bodhi-install.jpg (Bodhi installer) +[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/puppy.jpg (Puppy Linux) +[27]: https://antixlinux.com/ +[28]: http://puppylinux.com/ +[29]: http://puppylinux.com/index.html#download +[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/puppy-install.jpg (Puppy installer) +[31]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/getting-started/#flatpak +[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/silverblue.jpg (SilverBlue, not tiny, but tiny-adjacent) +[33]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/ +[34]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/download +[35]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda +[36]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/silverblue-install.jpg (Anaconda installer) +[37]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/toolbox/ From 81c25f12942845267401105d4ea9e4ad2a3a0bf4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 00:54:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0579/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190625=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20innovation=20delusion?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md --- .../tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md | 93 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md b/sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cfb74e42b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The innovation delusion) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/innovation-delusion) +[#]: author: (Jim Whitehurst https://opensource.com/users/jwhitehurst/users/jwhitehurst/users/n8chz/users/dhdeans) + +The innovation delusion +====== +Innovation is a messy process. Our stories about it aren't. We shouldn't +confuse the two. +![gears and lightbulb to represent innovation][1] + +If [traditional planning is dead][2], then why do so many organizations still invest in planning techniques optimized for the Industrial Revolution? + +One reason might be that we trick ourselves into thinking innovation is the kind of thing we can accomplish with a structured, linear process. When we do this, I think we're confusing our _stories_ about innovation with the _process_ of innovation itself—and the two are very different. + +The _process_ of innovation is chaotic and unpredictable. It doesn't operate according to clean, regimented timelines. It's filled with iterative phases, sudden changes in direction, various starts and stops, dead ends, (hopefully productive) failures, and unknowable variables. It's messy. + +But the stories we tell ourselves about innovation, including the books and articles we read about great inventions and the tales we tell each other about our successes in the workplace, tidy that process up. Think about how many social media posts you've seen that feature nothing but the "high points." + +That's the nature of good storytelling. It takes a naturally scattered collection of moments and puts them neatly into a beginning, middle, and end. It smoothes out all the rough patches and makes a result seem inevitable from the start, despite whatever moments of uncertainty, panic, even despair we experienced along the way. + +We shouldn't confuse messy process with simplified story. When we do, we might mistakenly assume we can approach innovation challenges with the same practices we bring to neat and linear processes. In other words, we apply a set of management techniques appropriate for one set of activities (for more rote, mechanical, and prescriptive tasks) to a set of activities they aren't really suited for (more creative, non-linear work requiring autonomy and experimentation). + +If traditional planning is dead, then why do so many organizations still invest in planning techniques optimized for the Industrial Revolution? + +### An innovation story + +Here's [one of my favorite examples][2] of how this idea in action. + +In the 1970s, the British motorcycle industry was desperately trying to figure out why its U.S. market share was plummeting while Honda's was skyrocketing. The company hired my former employer, the Boston Consulting Group, to help them figure out what was going wrong. BCG gathered some historical data, reviewed a two-decade sequence of events, and developed a neat, linear story explaining Honda's success. + +Honda, [BCG concluded][3], had executed an ingenious strategy: enter the U.S market with smaller motorcycles it could sell at lower cost, use the economies of scale it had developed in the Japense market to set low prices and grow a market, then further leverage those economies of scale to grow their share in the States as demand grew. By all accounts, Honda had done it brilliantly, playing to its strengths while thoroughly and accurately assessing the new, target U.S. consumer. It had outsmarted, outflanked, and outperformed competitors with a well-executed plan. + +It _sounded_ great. But the reality was much less straightforward. + +Yes, Honda _did_ want to enter the U.S. motorcycle market. It initially attempted to [copy its competitors there][4], building the larger bikes Americans seemed to favor. But bikes like that weren't one of Honda's strengths, and their versions had reliability issues. To make matters worse, their models didn't look much different than other offerings already in the market, so they weren't standing out. Suffice it to say, sales were not booming. + +But in a happy coincidence, Honda's Japanese representatives visiting the States had brought their own motorcycles with them. Those bikes were different than the ones the company was attempting to sell to the American market. They were smaller, zippier, less bulky, more efficient, and generally less expensive. Sears took notice, contacted the reps, and the companies struck a deal that let Sears carry this new motorcycle—called the "Super Cub"—in its American stores. + +And the rest, as they say, is history. The Super Cub would go on to become the [best-selling motorized vehicle of all time][5], and Honda [continues to produce it today][6]. + +In hindsight, the events that brought the Super Cub to the U.S. seem logical, almost boring. But Honda owed its success less to an ingenious master plan and much more to serendipity and happenstance than most people care to admit. + +When success depends on things we don't or can't predict, is getting exactly what you've planned for good enough? + +### Open (and messy) innovation + +Organizations (and especially leaders) like to think that success is always planned—that they've become masters of chaos and can almost predict the future. But they're often making those assessments with the benefit of hindsight, telling the stories of their haphazard journey in a way that organizes the chaos, essentially reflecting on a period of uncertainty and saying "we meant to do that." + +But as I said, we shouldn't assume those stories are mirror reflections of the innovation process itself and build future initiatives or experiments on that mistaken assumption. + +Imagine another motorcycle manufacturer looking to replicate Honda's success with the Super Cub by following BCG's narrative to the letter. Because the _story_ of Honda's success seems so logical and linear, the new company might assume it could use similar processes and get the same results: plan objectives, prescribe behaviors, and execute against knowable outcomes. But we know that Honda didn't really win its market with that kind of "plan, prescribe, execute" mentality. It won through flexibility and a bit of blind luck—something more like "[try, learn, modify][7]." + +When we're able to appreciate and accept that the innovation process is messy, we allow ourselves to think differently about approaching innovation in our organizations. We can begin building the kinds of open and agile organizations capable of _responding to innovation as it happens_ instead of over-investing resources into pre-formed plans that try to _force_ innovation into a linear timeline. + +I saw this kind of approach several years ago, when Red Hat released a new version of a product that included a major technology update. [Version 5.4 of Red Hat Enterprise Linux][8] was the first to include full support for a technology called the Kernel-based Virtual Machine (or "KVM"). For us it was a significant innovation that promised to deliver immense value not only to customers and partners, but also to open source software communities. + +The technology was evolving quickly. Luckily, because we're an open organization, we were adaptable enough to respond to that innovation as it was happening and help our customers and partners take advantage of it. It was too important, and the competitive landscape too volatile, to justify withholding just so we could "save" it for a milestone moment like version 6.0. + +When you go back and review [the archived release notes][9] for Red Hat Enterprise Linux, you'll see that it doesn't "read" like a typical software innovation tale. A game-changing development pops up at an unpredicted and unremarkable moment (version 5.4), rather than a pre-planned blockbuster milestone (version 6.0). In hindsight, we now know that KVM _was_ the kind of "big bang" advancement that could have warranted a milestone release name like "6.0." But that's just not how the innovation process unfolded. + +Don't get me wrong, organizations still need to maintain operational excellence and perform execution-oriented tasks well. But [different kinds of challenges require different kinds of approaches][10], and we need to get better at building flexible organizations just as capable of [responding to the unforeseen or unknowable][11]. + +An organization great at planning (and executing against that plan) will quite likely get the results it planned for. But when success depends on things we _don't_ or _can't_ predict, is getting exactly what you've planned for good enough? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/innovation-delusion + +作者：[Jim Whitehurst][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jwhitehurst/users/jwhitehurst/users/n8chz/users/dhdeans +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/innovation_lightbulb_gears_devops_ansible.png?itok=TSbmp3_M (gears and lightbulb to represent innovation) +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MCbJmZQM9c +[3]: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/235319/0532.pdf +[4]: http://www.howardyu.org/the-revolutionary-approach-honda-took-to-rise-above-competition/ +[5]: https://autoweek.com/article/motorcycles/first-ride-honda-super-cub-c125-abs-all-new-and-still-super-cute +[6]: https://www.autoblog.com/2019/02/13/2019-honda-super-cub-first-ride-review/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/3/try-learn-modify +[8]: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/5/html/5.4_release_notes/index +[9]: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/5/html/5.0_release_notes/index +[10]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/managed-enabled-empowered +[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-plan-world-full-unknowns-jim-whitehurst/ From 2b70f5765115539ac81481070a02fa99344bab9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 00:55:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0580/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190625=20You?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Can=E2=80=99t=20Afford=20Not=20to=20Use=20a=20Business-Drive?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20SD-WAN?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190625 You Can-t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN.md --- ...ord Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN.md | 78 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 78 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190625 You Can-t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190625 You Can-t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN.md b/sources/talk/20190625 You Can-t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eb2dc6f18e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190625 You Can-t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (You Can’t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404618/you-can-t-afford-not-to-use-a-business-driven-sd-wan.html) +[#]: author: (Rami Rammaha https://www.networkworld.com/author/Rami-Rammaha/) + +You Can’t Afford Not to Use a Business-Driven SD-WAN +====== + +![maxkabakov/istock][1] + +Digital transformation and cloud initiatives are changing the way IT organizations are thinking about and architecting the wide area network. It is estimated that over 70 percent of applications have already moved to the cloud. Yet, the transformational promise of the cloud is falling short as conventional networks can’t keep pace with demands of the cloud. Why? Because today’s router-centric and basic [SD-WAN][2] architectures have either hit the wall or can’t keep up with traffic pattern shifts, distributed applications and the open security perimeters inherent to the cloud. This blog will explore the limitations of today’s WAN approaches, offering a better way forward with a business-first networking model. + +### **Traditional Router-centric WAN** + +The traditional router-centric model is network-driven, where businesses are forced to conform to the constraints of the network. Enterprises struggle trying to stretch the old router-centric WAN – it’s too cumbersome and complicated and is simply unable to meet the business needs of a cloud-first enterprise. Cloud-first enterprise business requirements include: + + * Using the internet to connect users directly to cloud applications + * Delivering new applications to 1000s of sites, across multiple clouds, in 10 percent of the time + * Delivering 10x more bandwidth at the edge, for the same budget + * Protecting the business when the cloud is open, accessible and everything is connected + * Continuously delivering a WOW application performance for every business-critical application + + + +![][3] + +### **Basic SD-WAN Solutions** + +To address the requirements of cloud-first businesses, a plethora of SD-WAN solutions have emerged in the past few years. Basic SD-WAN solutions are a step in the right direction but fall well short of the goal of a fully automated business-driven network. A basic SD-WAN provides some level of automation and intelligence, but it is unable to continuously and automatically adapt to changing network conditions. A basic SD-WAN solution can’t deliver a consistent WOW experience for real-time voice and video applications, especially over broadband. Furthermore, with a basic SD-WAN, IT is unable to deliver a simplified end-to-end secure segmentation across the LAN-WAN-LAN/Data Center to minimize the attack surface.  A basic SD-WAN also won’t deliver on the promised savings in operational costs. The graphic below illustrates the short falls of a basic SD-WAN offering.  + +![][4] + +### **The Time is Now to Shift to a Business-driven SD-WAN** + +With a [business-driven SD-WAN][5], the network becomes a business enabler, not a constraint. It acts as a business accelerant with a top-down approach that starts with business intent. Business intent defines how applications should be delivered to end users. Business intent can include performance, priority, security, resiliency, routing, etc. that should be applied to different classes of applications. With a business-driven SD-WAN, network resources are matched – automatically – based on the business priority and security requirements for every application. The network continuously monitors the performance of applications and transport resources and automatically adapts to any changes to remain in compliance with application QoS and security policies. A business-driven SD-WAN delivers the highest quality of experience for users with consistent, reliable application performance – including the highest quality voice and video over broadband.  + +The highest quality of experience doesn’t stop with users. With [centralized orchestration][6], a business-driven SD-WAN minimizes human error, makes changes easier and enables faster response to business needs. A business-driven SD-WAN goes beyond the automation and templates of basic SD-WAN solutions to power a self-driving wide area network™ that learns and adapts to the changing requirements of the business to ensure the highest levels of end user and application performance. It eliminates the impact of brownouts and blackouts as monitoring and analytics detect changing conditions and trigger immediate adjustments. Built-in monitoring, alarms/alerts and reporting enables faster troubleshooting when issues occur. With a highly available, resilient, business-driven SD-WAN, IT can reclaim their weekends and sleep through the night!  A unified platform is designed as one unifying and orchestrating network functions such as SD-WAN, firewall, segmentation, routing, WAN optimization, application visibility and control based on business requirements. With service chaining, to ecosystem partners (security, cloud and service providers), existing investments can be fully leveraged with rapid deployment, interoperating with full and open APIs.     + +![][7] + +In this table, a comparison of router-centric, basic SD-WAN and business-driven SD-WAN shows that enterprises get the most value and benefits from shifting to a business-first networking model.  + +![Full Harvey Ball: Most; Empty Harvey Ball: Least][8] + +Click on the [infographic][9] for a full summary of the WAN edge architecture approaches. + +![][10] + +With an interactive ROI calculator, you can calculate savings between a business-driven SD-WAN from Silver Peak and a traditional router-centric SD-WAN. Click [here][11] to calculate your savings right now. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404618/you-can-t-afford-not-to-use-a-business-driven-sd-wan.html + +作者：[Rami Rammaha][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Rami-Rammaha/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/istock-1073941846-100800084-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.silver-peak.com/sd-wan/sd-wan-explained +[3]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/illo_1-100800095-large.jpg +[4]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/illo_2-100800097-large.jpg +[5]: https://www.silver-peak.com/products/unity-edge-connect +[6]: https://www.silver-peak.com/products/unity-orchestrator +[7]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/illo_3-100800099-large.jpg +[8]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/sd-wan-comparison-chart4-100800100-large.jpg +[9]: https://www.silver-peak.com/sites/default/files/infoctr/sd-wan-comparison-diagram-0119.pdf +[10]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/acomparisonoftodayswanedgeapproaches-100800113-large.jpg +[11]: https://www.silver-peak.com/sd-wan-interactive-roi-calculator From 89e662d3c73bc3a8b20685964cea4ff4feda1b9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 08:50:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0581/1265] translated --- ... Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md | 126 ----------------- ... Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md | 127 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 126 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md deleted file mode 100644 index b8c28c7d5d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,126 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/use-firefox-send-with-ffsend-in-fedora/) -[#]: author: (Sylvia Sánchez https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lailah/) - -Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora -====== - -![][1] - -_ffsend_ is the command line client of Firefox Send. This article will show how Firefox Send and _ffsend_ work. It’ll also detail how it can be installed and used in Fedora. - -### What are Firefox Send and ffsend ? - -Firefox Send is a file sharing tool from Mozilla that allows sending encrypted files to other users. You can install Send on your own server, or use the Mozilla-hosted link [send.firefox.com][2]. The hosted version officially supports files up to 1 GB, and links that expire after a configurable download count (default of 1) or 24 hours, and then all the files on the Send server are deleted. This tool is still _in experimental phase_ , and therefore shouldn’t be used in production or to share important or sensitive data. - -While Firefox Send is the tool itself and can be used with a web interface, _ffsend_ is a command-line utility you can use with scripts and arguments. It has a wide range of configuration options and can be left working in the background without any human intervention. - -### How does it work? - -FFSend can both upload and download files. The remote host can use either the Firefox tool or another web browser to download the file. Neither Firefox Send nor _ffsend_ require the use of Firefox. - -It’s important to highlight that _ffsend_ uses client-side encryption. This means that files are encrypted _before_ they’re uploaded. You share secrets together with the link, so be careful when sharing, because anyone with the link will be able to download the file. As an extra layer of protection, you can protect the file with a password by using the following argument: - -``` -ffsend password URL -p PASSWORD -``` - -### Other features - -There are a few other features worth mentioning. Here’s a list: - - * Configurable download limit, between 1 and 20 times, before the link expires - * Built-in extract and archiving functions - * Track history of shared files - * Inspect or delete shared files - * Folders can be shared as well, either as they are or as compressed files - * Generate a QR code, for easier download on a mobile phone - - - -### How to install in Fedora - -While Fedora Send works with Firefox without installing anything extra, you’ll need to install the CLI tool to use _ffsend_. This tool is in the official repositories, so you only need a simple _dnf_ command [with][3] _[sudo][3]_. - -``` -$ sudo dnf install ffsend -``` - -After that, you can use _ffsend_ from the terminal . - -### Upload a file - -Uploading a file is a simple as - -``` -$ ffsend upload /etc/os-release -Upload complete -Share link: https://send.firefox.com/download/05826227d70b9a4b/#RM_HSBq6kuyeBem8Z013mg -``` - -The file now can be easily share using the Share link URL. - -## Downloading a file - -Downloading a file is as simple as uploading. - -``` -$ ffsend download https://send.firefox.com/download/05826227d70b9a4b/#RM_HSBq6kuyeBem8Z013mg -Download complete -``` - -Before downloading a file it might be useful to check if the file exist and get information about it. _ffsend_ provides 2 handy commands for that. - -``` -$ ffsend exists https://send.firefox.com/download/88a6324e2a99ebb6/#YRJDh8ZDQsnZL2KZIA-PaQ -Exists: true -Password: false -$ ffsend info https://send.firefox.com/download/88a6324e2a99ebb6/#YRJDh8ZDQsnZL2KZIA-PaQ -ID: 88a6324e2a99ebb6 -Downloads: 0 of 1 -Expiry: 23h59m (86388s -``` - -## Upload history - -_ffsend_ also provides a way to check the history of the uploads made with the tools. This can be really useful if you upload a lot of files during a scripted tasks for example and you want to keep track of each files download status. - -``` -$ ffsend history -LINK EXPIRY - 1 https://send.firefox.com/download/#8TJ9QNw 23h59m - 2 https://send.firefox.com/download/KZIA-PaQ 23h54m -``` - -## Delete a file - -Another useful feature is the possibility to delete a file. - -``` -ffsend delete https://send.firefox.com/download/2d9faa7f34bb1478/#phITKvaYBjCGSRI8TJ9QNw -``` - -Firefox Send is a great service and the _ffsend_ tools makes it really convenient to use from the terminal. More examples and documentation is available on _ffsend_ ‘s [Gitlab repository][4]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-firefox-send-with-ffsend-in-fedora/ - -作者：[Sylvia Sánchez][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lailah/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/firefox-send-816x345.png -[2]: http://send.firefox.com/ -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ -[4]: https://gitlab.com/timvisee/ffsend diff --git a/translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..87175d5d90 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/use-firefox-send-with-ffsend-in-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Sylvia Sánchez https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lailah/) + +在 Fedora 中利用 ffsend 使用 Firefox Send +====== + +![][1] + +_ffsend_ 是 Firefox Send 的命令行客户端。本文将展示 Firefox Send 和 _ffsend_ 如何工作。还会详细介绍如何在 Fedora 中安装和使用它。 + +### 什么是 Firefox Send 和 ffsend？ + +Firefox Send 是 Mozilla 的一个文件共享工具，它能将加密文件发送给其他用户。你可以在自己的服务器上安装 Send，也可以使用 Mozilla 托管的链接 [send.firefox.com][2]。它最大支持 1GB 的文件，链接会在可配置的下载次数（默认值为 1）或 24 小时后过期，然后会删除发送服务器上的所有文件。此工具仍_处于实验阶段_，因此不应在生产中使用或共享重要或敏感数据。 + +虽然 Firefox Send 本身就是工具，并且可以在 Web 中使用，但 _ffsend_ 是一个可以与脚本和参数一起使用的命令行程序。它有多种配置选项，并且可以在后台工作而无需任何人为干预。 + +### 它如何工作？ + +ffsend 可以上传和下载文件。远程主机可以使用 Firefox 工具或其他 Web 浏览器来下载文件。 Firefox Send 和 _ffsend_ 都不需要使用 Firefox。 + +值得一提 _ffsend_ 使用了客户端加密。这意味着文件在上传_前_被加密。链接中就有密钥，因此在共享时要小心，因为任何有链接的人都可以下载该文件。作为额外的保护，你可以使用以下参数使用密码保护文件： + +``` +ffsend password URL -p PASSWORD +``` + +### 其他功能 + +还有一些值得一提的其他功能： + + * 链接到期前可配置的下载限制，范围从 1 到 20 次之间 +  * 内置解压和归档功能 +  * 跟踪共享文件的历史记录 +  * 检查或删除共享文件 +  * 文件夹也可以按原样共享，也可以作为压缩文件共享 +  * 生成 QR 码，便于在手机上下载 + + + +### 如何在 Fedora 中安装 + +虽然 Fedora Send 可以在 Firefox 中使用而无需安装其他，但你需要安装 CLI 工具才能使用 _ffsend_。此工具在官方仓库中，因此你只需使用 _dnf_ 命令，并使用 _[sudo][3]_。 + +``` +$ sudo dnf install ffsend +``` + +之后，你可以在终端使用 _ffsend_。 + + +### 上传文件 + +上传文件很简单。 + +``` +$ ffsend upload /etc/os-release +Upload complete +Share link: https://send.firefox.com/download/05826227d70b9a4b/#RM_HSBq6kuyeBem8Z013mg +``` + +现在可以使用 “Share link” URL 轻松共享该文件。 + +## 下载文件 + +下载文件和上传一样简单。 + +``` +$ ffsend download https://send.firefox.com/download/05826227d70b9a4b/#RM_HSBq6kuyeBem8Z013mg +Download complete +``` + +在下载之前，检查文件是否存在并获取有关它的信息会有用。 _ffsend_ 为此提供了 2 个方便的命令。 + +``` +$ ffsend exists https://send.firefox.com/download/88a6324e2a99ebb6/#YRJDh8ZDQsnZL2KZIA-PaQ +Exists: true +Password: false +$ ffsend info https://send.firefox.com/download/88a6324e2a99ebb6/#YRJDh8ZDQsnZL2KZIA-PaQ +ID: 88a6324e2a99ebb6 +Downloads: 0 of 1 +Expiry: 23h59m (86388s +``` + +## 上传历史 + +_ffsend_ 还提供了一种查看使用工具上传的历史记录的方法。例如，如果你用脚本上传了大量文件并且想要跟踪每个文件的下载状态，那么这非常有用。 + +``` +$ ffsend history +LINK EXPIRY + 1 https://send.firefox.com/download/#8TJ9QNw 23h59m + 2 https://send.firefox.com/download/KZIA-PaQ 23h54m +``` + +## 删除文件 + +另一个有用的功能是删除文件。 + +``` +ffsend delete https://send.firefox.com/download/2d9faa7f34bb1478/#phITKvaYBjCGSRI8TJ9QNw +``` + +Firefox Send 是一项很棒的服务，_ffsend_ 使得它在终端使用起来非常方便。[Gitlab 仓库[4]中有关于 _ffsend_ 的的更多示例和文档。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-firefox-send-with-ffsend-in-fedora/ + +作者：[Sylvia Sánchez][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lailah/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/firefox-send-816x345.png +[2]: http://send.firefox.com/ +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ +[4]: https://gitlab.com/timvisee/ffsend From a90d6a4ba70b0af44535b8b71dca90c90a6f6040 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 08:57:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0582/1265] translating --- sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md b/sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md index a1407008e7..abc6dcd23c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 48ba8e7b1850dfa9a4b4af9b33112ca7506b6240 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sea0 <4127401@qq.com> Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 11:07:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0583/1265] translator updated --- ...graded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md b/sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md index 38bdb01b27..2148648ee4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wahailin) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From f8021c138786abeb381ced446215b8b33178f119 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sea0 <4127401@qq.com> Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 11:09:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0584/1265] Update 20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md --- sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md b/sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md index 35748c7d25..bba028bf68 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md +++ b/sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wahailin) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 79e9105d55595f1682b19f05f6b05282e3146d7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 15:22:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0585/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0190619 Leading in the Python community.md | 33 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md b/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md index 3ce59e8d68..5c5bf6db80 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md @@ -7,38 +7,39 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/naomi-ceder-python-software-foundation) [#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) -Leading in the Python community +Python 社区的领袖 ====== -A chat with Naomi Ceder, current Python Software Foundation board chair. +对话现任 Python 软件基金会董事会主席 Naomi Ceder + ![Hands together around the word trust][1] -Like many other leaders in the open source software world, [Naomi Ceder][2], board chair of the [Python Software Foundation][3] (PSF), took a non-traditional path into the Python world. As the title of her 2017 [keynote][4] at PyCon España explains, she came for the language and stayed for the community. In a recent conversation with her, she shared how she became a Python community leader and offered some insight into what makes Python special. +和开源软件世界的很多其他领袖一样，[Python 软件基金会][3]（PSF）的董事会主席 [Naomi Ceder][2] 通过一种不同寻常的方式走进了 Python 世界。正如她在 2017 年 PyCon España 大会上的 [keynote][4] 的标题所说，她是因为这个编程语言而来，因为这个社区而留下的。在我们和她的一次近期的交流中，她分享了自己成为 Python 社区领袖的历程，并且就“是什么让 Python 如此特别”这个问题提供了一些独到的见解。 -### From teaching to coding +### 从授课到编程 -Naomi began her career in the Classics; she earned a PhD in Latin and Ancient Greek with a minor in Indo-European Linguistics, as she says, "several decades ago." While teaching Latin at a private school, she began tinkering with computers, learning to code and to take machines apart to do upgrades and repairs. She started working with open source software in 1995 with [Yggdrasil Linux][5] and helped launch the Fort Wayne, Indiana, [Linux User Group][6]. +Naomi 的职业生涯是从古典文学开始的。她取得了拉丁文和古希腊文的博士学位，并且辅修了印欧语言学。在一家私立学校教授拉丁语的同时，她开始接触了计算机，学习如何编程、如何拆机进行升级或者维修。1995 年，她开始在 [Yggdrasil Linux][5] 系统上开发开源软件，并且帮助建立了印第安纳州韦恩堡的 [Linux 用户小组][6] -A teacher at heart, Naomi believes teaching coding in middle and high school is essential because, by the time most people get to college, they are already convinced that coding and technology careers are not for them. Starting earlier can help increase the supply of technical talent and the diversity and breadth of experience in our talent pools to meet the industry's needs, she says. +作为一名教师，Naomi 相信在中学教授编程课程是非常重要的，因为等到大多数人上大学的时候，他们已经认为编程和科技相关的职业已经不是自己可以从事的了。她表示，更早地教授相关课程有助于增加科技人才的供给，提高人才的多元化和经验的广度，从而更好地满足行业需求。 -Somewhere around 2001, she decided to switch from studying human languages to researching computer languages, as well as teaching computer classes and managing the school's IT. Her interest in Python was sparked at Linux World 2001 when she attended PSF president Guido Van Rossum's day-long tutorial on Python. Back then, it was an obscure language, but she liked it so well that she began teaching Python and using it to track student records and do sysadmin duties at her school. +大约在 2001 年前后，她决定从学习人类语言转向研究计算机语言，并同时教授计算机课程和管理学校的 IT 系统。在 2001 年的 Linux World 大会上听了一整天 PSF 主席 Guido Van Rossum 关于 Python 的演讲之后，她对 Python 的热情被点燃了。在那个时候，Python 还只是一门晦涩难懂的语言，但是她是如此喜欢 Python，以至于在她的学校开始使用 Python 记录学生信息、进行系统管理。 -### Leading the Python community +### 领导 Python 社区 -Naomi says, "community is the key factor behind Python's success. The whole idea behind open source software is sharing. Few people really want to just sit alone, writing code, and staring at their screens. The real satisfaction comes in trading ideas and building something with others." +Naomi 表示，“社区是 Python 成功背后的关键因素。开源软件的核心思想是分享，很少有人真的喜欢一个人坐在那儿盯着屏幕写代码。真正的满足来源于和别人交流想法，并且共同创造一些东西。” -She started giving talks at the first [PyCon][7] in 2003 has been a consistent attendee and leader since then. She has organized birds-of-a-feather sessions and founded the PyCon and PyCon UK poster sessions, the education summit, and the Spanish language track, [Charlas][8]. +她在第一届 [PyCon][7] 大会上发表了演讲，并且从此之后一直是一名参与者和领导者。她组织了一些 birds-of-a-feather 讨论会（LCTT 译注：一种在大会参与者之间进行的基于兴趣的小规模讨论活动）、PyCon 和 PyCon UK 大会的海报展示会、教育峰会，以及 PyCon 大会的西班牙语频道。 -She is also the author of _[The Quick Python Book][9]_ and co-founded [Trans*Code][10], "the UK's only hack event series focused solely on drawing attention to transgender issues and opportunities." Naomi says, "as technology offers growing opportunities, being sure these opportunities are equally accessible to traditionally marginalized groups grows ever more important." +她同时是 *[The Quick Python Book][9]* 一书的作者，并且联合创立了 [Trans\*Code][10]，“英国唯一一个专注于变性者的问题和机遇的黑客节”（LCTT 译注：黑客节是一种让软件开发、设计、项目管理等相关人员相聚在一起，针对软件项目进行高强度合作的活动）。Naomi 表示，“随着科技能够提供越来越多的机遇，确保传统意义上的边缘化群体能够同等地享受到这些机遇成为了一件更为重要的事情。” -### Contributing through the PSF +### 通过 PSF 进行贡献 -As board chair of the PSF, Naomi contributes actively to the organization's work to support the Python language and the people working with it. In addition to sponsoring PyCon, the PSF funds grants for meetups, conferences, and workshops around the world. In 2018, the organization gave almost $335,000 in grants, most of them in the $500 to $5,000 range. +作为 PSF 的董事会主席，Naomi 积极地参与着该组织对 Python 语言和其使用者的支持工作。除了赞助 PyCon 大会的举办之外，PSF 基金会还为世界各地的小型聚会、大型会议和研习会提供资助。2018 年，该组织发放的资助接近 335000 美元，其中大多数款项的金额都在 500 美元到 5000 美元之间。 -The PSF's short-term goals are to become a sustainable, stable, and mature non-profit organization with professional staff. Its long-term goals include developing resources that offer meaningful support to development efforts for Python and expanding the organization's support for educational efforts in Python around the world. +PSF 的短期目标是成为一个由专业员工维护的可持续的、稳定的、成熟的非盈利机构。它的长期目标包括发展可以提供对 Python 开发工作有效支持的各种资源，以及扩展该组织对全世界范围内 Python 教育工作的支持。 -This work depends on having financial support from the community. Naomi says the PSF's "largest current source of funding is PyCon. To ensure the PSF's sustainability, we are also focusing on [sponsorships][11] from companies using Python, which is our fastest-growing segment." Supporting memberships are $99 per year, and [donations and fundraisers][12] also help sustain the organization's work. +这些工作都需要来自社区的经济上的支持。Naomi 表示，PSF “最大的资金来源是 PyCon 大会。为了确保 PSF 的可持续性，我们同事也关注使用 Python 的企业的赞助，这是我们增长最快的部分。”会员价格是每年 99 美元，并且 [捐款和募捐人][12] 同样也在帮助维持该组织的工作。 -You can learn much more about the PSF's work in its [Annual Report][13]. +你可以在 PSF 的 [年度报告][13] 中了解该组织的更多工作情况。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 87b66c7731bf8e486585fd4f7c186b920bb4a772 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 15:23:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0586/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md (99%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md b/translated/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md similarity index 99% rename from sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md rename to translated/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md index 5c5bf6db80..69c82b8d4c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/naomi-ceder-python-software-foundation 作者：[Don Watkins][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6496db0616bbc4ea7de032598a2aadcd4cbfc37d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LuMing <784315443@qq.com> Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 15:26:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0587/1265] translated --- ... concerned about memory levels on Linux.md | 121 ------------------ ... concerned about memory levels on Linux.md | 117 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 121 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index c42d417e9e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,121 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (luuming) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394603/when-to-be-concerned-about-memory-levels-on-linux.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux -====== -Memory management on Linux systems is complicated. Seeing high usage doesn’t necessarily mean there’s a problem. There are other things you should also consider. -![Qfamily \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] - -Running out of memory on a Linux system is generally _not_ a sign that there's a serious problem. Why? Because a healthy Linux system will cache disk activity in memory, basically gobbling memory that isn't being used, which is a very good thing. - -In other words, it doesn't allow memory to go to waste. It uses the spare memory to increase disk access speed, and it does this _without_ taking memory away from running applications. This memory caching, as you might well imagine, is hundreds of times faster than working directly with the hard-disk drives (HDD) and significantly faster than solid-state drives. Full or near full memory normally means that a system is running as efficiently as it can — not that it's running into problems. - -**[ Also see:[Must-know Linux Commands][2] ]** - -### How caching works - -Disk caching simply means that a system is taking advantage of unused resources (free memory) to speed up disk reads and writes. Applications don't lose anything and most of the time can acquire more memory whenever they need it. In addition, disk caching does not cause applications to resort to using swap. Instead, memory used for disk caching is always returned immediately when needed and disk content updated. - -### Major and minor page faults - -Linux systems allocate memory to processes by breaking physical memory into chunks called "pages" and then mapping those pages into process virtual memory. Pages that appear to no longer be used may be removed from memory — even if the related process is still running. When a process needs a page that is no longer mapped or no longer in memory, a fault is generated. So, "fault" does not mean "error" but instead means "unavailable," and faults play an important role in memory management. - -A minor fault means the page is in memory but not allocated to the requesting process or not marked as present in the memory management unit. A major fault means the page in no longer in memory. - -If you'd like to get a feel for how often minor and major page faults occur, try a **ps** command like this one. Note that we're asking for the fields related to page faults and the commands to be listed. Numerous lines were omitted from the output. The MINFL displays the number of minor faults, while MAJFL represents the number of major faults. - -``` -$ ps -eo min_flt,maj_flt,cmd - MINFL MAJFL CMD -230760 150 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 18 - 0 0 [kthreadd] - 0 0 [rcu_gp] - 0 0 [rcu_par_gp] - 0 0 [kworker/0:0H-kblockd] - ... - 166 20 gpg-agent --homedir /var/lib/fwupd/gnupg --use-standard-socket --daemon - 525 1 /usr/libexec/gvfsd-trash --spawner :1.16 /org/gtk/gvfs/exec_spaw/0 - 4966 4 /usr/libexec/gnome-terminal-server - 3617 0 bash - 0 0 [kworker/1:0H-kblockd] - 927 0 gdm-session-worker [pam/gdm-password] -``` - -To report on a single process, you might try a command like this: - -``` -$ ps -o min_flt,maj_flt 1 - MINFL MAJFL -230064 150 -``` - -You can also add other fields such as the process owner's UID and GID. - -``` -$ ps -o min_flt,maj_flt,cmd,args,uid,gid 1 - MINFL MAJFL CMD COMMAND UID GID -230064 150 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd -- /usr/lib/systemd/systemd -- 0 0 -``` - -### How full is full? - -One way to get a better handle on how memory is being used is with the **free -m** command. The **-m** option reports the numbers in mebibytes (MiBs) instead of bytes. - -``` -$ free -m - total used free shared buff/cache available -Mem: 3244 3069 35 49 140 667 -Swap: 3535 0 3535 -``` - -Note that "free" (unused) memory can be running low while "available" (available for starting new applications) might report a larger number. The distinction between these two fields is well worth paying attention to. Available means that it can be recovered and used when needed, while free means that it's available now. - -### When to worry - -If performance on a Linux systems appears to be good — applications are responsive, the command line shows no indications of a problem — chances are the system's in good shape. Keep in mind that some application might be slowed down for some reason that doesn't affect the overall system. - -An excessive number of hard faults may indeed indicate a problem, but balance this with observed performance. - -A good rule of thumb is to worry when available memory is close to zero or when the "swap used" field grows or fluctuates noticeably. Don't worry if the "available" figure is a reasonable percentage of the total memory available as it is in the example from above repeated here: - -``` -$ free -m - total used free shared buff/cache available -Mem: 3244 3069 35 49 140 667 -Swap: 3535 0 3535 -``` - -### Linux performance is complicated - -All that aside, memory on a Linux system can fill up and performance can slow down. Just don't take one report on memory usage as an indication that your system's in trouble. - -Memory management on Linux systems is complicated because of the measures taken to ensure the best use of system resources. Don't let the initial appearance of full memory trick you into believing that your system is in trouble when it isn't. - -**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][3] ]** - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394603/when-to-be-concerned-about-memory-levels-on-linux.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/full-swimming-pool-100796221-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391029/must-know-linux-commands.html -[3]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua -[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a985290d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (luuming) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394603/when-to-be-concerned-about-memory-levels-on-linux.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +何时需要关注 linux 的内存层面？ +====== +Linux 上的内存管理很复杂。尽管使用率高但未必存在问题。你也应当关注一些其他的事情。 +![Qfamily \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] + +在 Linux 上用光内存通常并不意味着存在严重的问题。为什么？因为健康的 Linux 系统会在内存中缓存磁盘活动，基本上占用掉了未被使用的内存，这显然是一件好事情。 + +换句话说，它不让内存浪费掉。使用空闲的内存增加磁盘访问速度，并且不占用运行中应用程序的内存。你也能够想到，使用这种内存缓存比起直接访问硬盘驱动（HDD）快上数百倍，也比明显快于直接访问固态硬盘驱动。内存占满或几乎占满通常意味着系统正在尽可能高效地运行当中——并不是运行中遇到了问题。 + +### 缓存如何工作 + +磁盘缓存简单地意味着系统充分利用未使用的资源（空闲内存）来加速磁盘读取与写入。应用程序不会失去任何东西，并且大多数时间里能够按需求获得更多的内存。此外，磁盘缓存不会导致应用程序使用交换分区。反而，用作磁盘缓存的内存空间当被需要时会立即归还，并且磁盘内容会被更新。 + +### 主要和次要的页故障 + +Linux 系统通过分割物理内存为进程分配空间，将分割成的块称为“页”，并且映射这些页到每个进程的虚拟内存上。不再会用到的页也许会从内存中移除，尽管相关的进程还在运行。当进程需要一个没有被映射或没在内存中页时，故障便会产生。所以，“故障fault”并不意味着“错误error”而是“不可用unavailables”，并且故障在内存管理中扮演者一个重要的角色。 + +次要故障意味着在内存中的页未分配给请求的进程或未在内存管理单元中标记为出现。主要故障意味着页不保留在内存中。 + +如果你想切身感受一下次要页故障和主要页故障出现的频率，像这样试一下 `ps` 命令。注意我们要的是与页故障和产生它的命令相关的项。输出中省略了很多行。`MINFL` 显示出次要故障的数目，而 `MAJFL` 表示了主要故障的数目。 + +``` +$ ps -eo min_flt,maj_flt,cmd + MINFL MAJFL CMD +230760 150 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 18 + 0 0 [kthreadd] + 0 0 [rcu_gp] + 0 0 [rcu_par_gp] + 0 0 [kworker/0:0H-kblockd] + ... + 166 20 gpg-agent --homedir /var/lib/fwupd/gnupg --use-standard-socket --daemon + 525 1 /usr/libexec/gvfsd-trash --spawner :1.16 /org/gtk/gvfs/exec_spaw/0 + 4966 4 /usr/libexec/gnome-terminal-server + 3617 0 bash + 0 0 [kworker/1:0H-kblockd] + 927 0 gdm-session-worker [pam/gdm-password] +``` + +汇报单一进程，你可以尝试这样的命令： + +``` +$ ps -o min_flt,maj_flt 1 + MINFL MAJFL +230064 150 +``` + +你也可以添加其他的项，例如进程所有者的 UID 和 GID。 + +``` +$ ps -o min_flt,maj_flt,cmd,args,uid,gid 1 + MINFL MAJFL CMD COMMAND UID GID +230064 150 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd -- /usr/lib/systemd/systemd -- 0 0 +``` + +### 多少才算满？ + +一种较好的方法来掌握内存究竟使用了多少是用 `free -m` 命令。`-m` 选项指定了数字的单位是 MiBsmebibytes 而不是字节。 + +``` +$ free -m + total used free shared buff/cache available +Mem: 3244 3069 35 49 140 667 +Swap: 3535 0 3535 +``` + +注意 `free`（未使用）的内存可能会不足，而 `available`（可用于启动新的应用）会显示更大的数量。这两者的区别值得我们去关注。可用available意味着它可以在需要时恢复使用，而空闲free意味着现在就能够使用。 + +### 什么时候要担心 + +如果 Linux 系统上的性能表现良好——应用程序响应度高，命令行没有显示出问题——很可能系统状况良好。记住，一些应用也许会出于某种原因而变慢，但它不影响整个系统。 + +过多的硬故障也许表明确实存在问题，但要将其与观察到的性能相比较。 + +一个好的方法是当可用内存接近 0 或者“用作交换swap used”项显著增长或波动时开始担心。如果“可用”项占总内存可用量的百分比合理，那么就无需担心，就像下面的例子那样： + +``` +$ free -m + total used free shared buff/cache available +Mem: 3244 3069 35 49 140 667 +Swap: 3535 0 3535 +``` + +### Linux 性能很复杂 + +把所有的放在一边，Linux 系统上的内存可能会变满，并且性能可能会降低。当系统出现问题时不要仅将单一的内存使用报告作为指标。 + +Linux 系统的内存管理很复杂，因为它采取的措施需要确保系统资源得到最好的利用。不要受到一开始内存占满的欺骗，使你认为系统存在问题，但实际上并没有。 + +在 [Facebook][4] 和 [LinkedIn][5] 上加入网络研讨会发表你的评论。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394603/when-to-be-concerned-about-memory-levels-on-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/LuuMing) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/full-swimming-pool-100796221-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391029/must-know-linux-commands.html +[3]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua +[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 7d181d50c4902348b9864caf35eeeaa9da7f8bf9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 17:08:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0588/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...till the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md b/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md index be6a013f5a..e7f8c70156 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From af9550870913c5daf28070a1316a6cf080b339a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 17:42:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0589/1265] PRF:20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md @Modrisco --- ... send email from the Linux command line.md | 27 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md b/translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md index ddeef7571f..7c8019f46c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Modrisco) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to send email from the Linux command line) @@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ 如何用 Linux 命令行发电子邮件 ====== -Linux 提供了几种命令允许您通过终端发送电子邮件，下面来展示一些有趣的方法。 + +> Linux 提供了几个可以让你通过终端发送电子邮件的命令，下面来展示一些有趣的方法。 ![Molnia/iStock][1] @@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ $ echo "Reminder: Leaving at 4 PM today" | mail -s "early departure" myboss $ mail -s "Reminder:Leaving early" myboss < reason4leaving ``` -在以上两种情况中，你都可以通过 -s 来为邮件添加标题。 +在以上两种情况中，你都可以通过 `-s` 来为邮件添加标题。 ### sendmail @@ -53,13 +54,13 @@ I would just like to say that, in my opinion, longer hair and other flamboyant affectations of appearance are nothing more ... ``` -你也可以发送这样的文件（lyric 文件包含标题和正文）： +你也可以发送这样的文件（`lyric` 文件包含标题和正文）： ``` $ sendmail recip < lyrics ``` -`sendmain` 的输出可能会很冗长。如果你感到好奇并希望查看发送系统和接收系统之间的交互，请添加 `-v` （verbose）选项。 +`sendmain` 的输出也可以很冗长。如果你感到好奇并希望查看发送系统和接收系统之间的交互，请添加 `-v` （verbose）选项。 ``` $ sendmail -v recip@emailsite.com < lyrics @@ -67,9 +68,9 @@ $ sendmail -v recip@emailsite.com < lyrics ### mutt -`mutt` 是通过命令行发送邮件的一个很好的工具，在使用前你需要安装它。 `mutt` 的一个很方便的优势就是它允许你在邮件中添加附件。 +`mutt` 是通过命令行发送邮件的一个很好的工具，在使用前你需要安装它。`mutt` 的一个很方便的优势就是它允许你在邮件中添加附件。 -使用 `mutt` 发送一条快速信息： +使用 `mutt` 发送一条快速信息： ``` $ echo "Please check last night's backups" | mutt -s "backup check" recip @@ -122,16 +123,16 @@ EHLO mysite.org <== introduce yourself 250-AUTH DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 250-DELIVERBY 250 HELP -MAIL FROM: me@mysite.org <== specify sender +MAIL FROM: me@mysite.org <== 指定发件人 250 2.1.0 shs@mysite.org... Sender ok -RCPT TO: recip <== specify recipient +RCPT TO: recip <== 指定收件人 250 2.1.5 recip... Recipient ok -DATA <== start message +DATA <== 邮件内容开始 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself This is a test message. Please deliver it for me. -. <== end message +. <== 内容结束 250 2.0.0 x5CKWDds029287 Message accepted for delivery -quit <== end exchange +quit <== 结束交互 ``` ### 向多个收件人发送电子邮件 @@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-lin 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6d490fe7c337d7ebc668917ab865de826af6ab8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 17:43:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0590/1265] PUB:20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md @Modrisco https://linux.cn/article-11020-1.html --- .../20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md b/published/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md rename to published/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md index 7c8019f46c..b8754241ab 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md +++ b/published/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Modrisco) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11020-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to send email from the Linux command line) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3402027/how-to-send-email-from-the-linux-command-line.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From 38fca10dde0134961f94f78ed16567c8cdb5ab35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 18:14:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0591/1265] PUB:20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-11021-1.html --- ...short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md b/published/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md rename to published/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md index 96b64809d3..c58786d646 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md +++ b/published/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11021-1.html) [#]: subject: (A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/5/primer-assemblers-compilers-interpreters) [#]: author: (Erik O'Shaughnessy https://opensource.com/users/jnyjny/users/shawnhcorey/users/jnyjny/users/jnyjny) From 78acb6ea973c04bb10c77253787f08b914d1a74c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 18:15:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0592/1265] PRF:20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md --- ...A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/published/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md b/published/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md index c58786d646..1c60f1adcc 100644 --- a/published/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md +++ b/published/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ > 简单介绍一下编程方式的历史演变。 -![keyboard with connected dots][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/26/181309vdouxdfktr344rm4.jpg) 在计算机诞生不久的早期年代，硬件非常昂贵，而程序员比较廉价。这些廉价程序员甚至都没有“程序员”这个头衔，并且常常是由数学家或者电气工程师来充当这个角色的。早期的计算机被用来快速解决复杂的数学问题，所以数学家天然就适合“编程”工作。 From 478bf3a2b3886b95df198e69444c341e34f4eaa1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: heguangzhi <7731226@qq.com> Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2019 18:15:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0593/1265] Update 20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md translator: heguangzhi --- ...90621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md index 4f791da9c6..f4a80828c9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (heguagnzhi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From daa919d8d7c7325be166adc3f8eb0dcd8205df29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 00:52:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0594/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190626=204=20?= =?UTF-8?q?open=20source=20Android=20apps=20for=20writers?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190626 4 open source Android apps for writers.md --- ... 4 open source Android apps for writers.md | 105 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 105 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190626 4 open source Android apps for writers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190626 4 open source Android apps for writers.md b/sources/tech/20190626 4 open source Android apps for writers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a5a2609bf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190626 4 open source Android apps for writers.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (4 open source Android apps for writers) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/android-apps-writers) +[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt/users/tiwarinitish86) + +4 open source Android apps for writers +====== +Get some writing work done on your mobile device with these four apps. +![Hands holding a mobile phone with open on the screen][1] + +While I'm of two minds when it comes to smartphones and tablets, I have to admit they can be useful. Not just for keeping in touch with people or using the web but also to do some work when I'm away from my computer. + +For me, that work is _writing_—articles, [blog posts][2], essays for my [weekly letter][3], e-book chapters, and more. I've tried many (probably too many!) writing apps for Android over the years. Some of them were good. Others fell flat. + +Here are four of my favorite open source Android apps for writers. You might find them as useful as I do. + +### Markor + +If you're a writer, you need to write with something. A good choice for that job is [Markor][4], a simple, flexible Markdown editor. + +All you need to do is fire up Markor, create a new document, and start typing. You can add Markdown formatting by hand or by clicking a button on the toolbar. When it comes to writing, Markor has no frills. It's just you and your words, as it should be. + +![Markor app][5] + +The app automatically saves your work to your phone or tablet's filesystem. If you sync your phone with a service like [Nextcloud][6], you can set up Markor to save your work in a folder the Nextcloud mobile app uses. That way, you don't need to shuffle files around manually. + +Markor has a few other useful features. One of those is a simple preview. Another is a task list, which uses the same format as [Todo.txt][7] (a popular to-do list manager). When you're researching a writing project, you can create a list of bookmarks. You can also export what you're writing as an HTML or a PDF file. + +### Orgzly + +Some writers swear by outlines. Others hate them with a passion, finding outlines restricting. I'm in the former camp. On my laptop, I do most of my outlining using [Emacs][8] and [Org mode][9]. Bringing the Org mode experience to my phone or tablet is easy using [Orgzly][10]. + +Don't let the fact that Orgzly uses Org mode's format turn you off. You don't need to be an Emacs guru, or even an Emacs user, to benefit from it. + +Create a new _notebook_ (the label Orgzly gives an outline) and add items to it. In addition to a title, you can add tags and notes to each item in your outline. Since outlines are fluid, you can move items up, down, and around. If you need to, you can also sync your notebooks with your service or tool of choice. + +![Orgzly app][11] + +Orgzly takes a bit of getting used to. Once you do, Orgzly's a great app for creating not only outlines but also notes and [task lists][12]. + +### Carnet + +Notes are the lifeblood of any writer. They're a record of thoughts on a subject. They're snippets and rough drafts. They're research and quotes. And a lot more. + +You can use Markor or Orgzly to take notes, but they're not for everyone. If you're one of those people, you'll want to check out [Carnet][13]. + +Unlike some note-taking apps, Carnet lets you add formatting to your notes. You can change the size, color, and alignment of fonts and add character formatting. You can also insert images into a note. When you finish, you can sync the note either with [Carnet's online service][14] or with Nextcloud. + +![Carnet app][15] + +The way Carnet displays notes reminds me of Google Keep's layout—as tiles, which you can color, that display a note's title and its first few lines. That's not a bad thing—you can see what a note is about with a glance. + +### Anysoft Keyboard + +When I write on a phone or tablet, I usually use a folding Bluetooth keyboard. It's a lot faster and easier than typing with an onscreen keyboard. But there are times when I don't have my physical keyboard with me. The stock Android keyboard? It really doesn't do it for me. Instead, I use [Anysoft Keyboard][16]. + +Why? I prefer the layout and spacing. On top of that, it has several keyboard themes to choose from. Some are compact, while others space the keys out a bit more widely. Don't use QWERTY? Not a problem. Anysoft Keyboard also supports the [Dvorak][17], [Colemak][18], [Workman][19], and [Halmak][20] layouts. + +![Anysoft Keyboard][21] + +While I'm more of a poly-not than a polyglot, I know more than a couple of people will find Anysoft Keyboard's [language support][22] to be a boon when they're writing in a language other than English. + +Have an open source Android app that you find indispensable when writing? Feel free to share it by leaving a comment. + +About 10 years ago, when I got my first mobile phone, I hardly knew anything about its operating... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/android-apps-writers + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt/users/tiwarinitish86 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003588_01_rd3os.combacktoschoolserieshe_rh_041x_0.png?itok=tfg6_I78 (Hands holding a mobile phone with open on the screen) +[2]: https://scottnesbitt.online +[3]: https://buttondown.email/weeklymusings +[4]: https://gsantner.net/project/markor.html +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/markor-app.png (Markor app) +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/mobile-apps-nextcloud +[7]: http://todotxt.org/ +[8]: https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-org-mode +[10]: http://www.orgzly.com/ +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/orgzly.png (Orgzly app) +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/17/4/emacs-extensions-organization +[13]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.spisoft.quicknote/ +[14]: https://carnet.live/index.php/login +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/carnet.png (Carnet app) +[16]: https://anysoftkeyboard.github.io/ +[17]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard +[18]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colemak +[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layout#Workman +[20]: https://github.com/MadRabbit/halmak +[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/anysoft.png (Anysoft Keyboard) +[22]: https://anysoftkeyboard.github.io/languages/ From 6696d2f4d0c25ac690680451696598b59e9152af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 00:53:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0595/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190626=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20a=20trip=20to=20China=20inspired=20Endless=20OS=20and=20teac?= =?UTF-8?q?hing=20kids=20to=20hack?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190626 How a trip to China inspired Endless OS and teaching kids to hack.md --- ...ed Endless OS and teaching kids to hack.md | 98 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 98 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190626 How a trip to China inspired Endless OS and teaching kids to hack.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190626 How a trip to China inspired Endless OS and teaching kids to hack.md b/sources/tech/20190626 How a trip to China inspired Endless OS and teaching kids to hack.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2431364051 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190626 How a trip to China inspired Endless OS and teaching kids to hack.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How a trip to China inspired Endless OS and teaching kids to hack) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/endless-digital-literacy) +[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) + +How a trip to China inspired Endless OS and teaching kids to hack +====== +Matt Dalio, Endless OS founder and CEO, opens up on how his company is +expanding digital literacy to all corners of the world. +![Digital literacy.][1] + +Last year, I decided to try out [Endless OS][2], a lightweight, Linux-based operating system developed to power inexpensive computers for developing markets. I wrote about [installing and setting it up][3]. Endless OS is unique because it uses a read-only root file system managed by OSTree and Flatpak, but the Endless company is unique for its approach to education. + +Late last year, Endless announced the [Hack][4], a $299 laptop manufactured by Asus that encourages kids to code, and most recently the company revealed [The Third Terminal][5], a group of video games designed to get kids coding while they're having fun. Since I'm so involved in teaching kids to code, I wanted to learn more about [Endless Studios][6], the company behind Endless OS, The Third Terminal, [The Endless Mission][7], a sandbox-style game created in partnership with E-Line Media, and other ventures targeted at expanding digital literacy and agency among children around the world. + +I reached out to [Matt Dalio][8], Endless' founder, CEO, and chief of product and founder of the China Care Foundation, to ask about Endless and his charitable work supporting orphaned children with special needs in China. + +**Don Watkins**: What encouraged you to be a social entrepreneur? + +**Matt Dalio**: The most impactful chapter of my life was when I lived in China at age 11. I became interested in social entrepreneurship after spending a summer in an orphanage in China when I was 16. + +That one summer quickly evolved into a decade of traveling to China to support orphanages in need, resulting in the founding of the [China Care Foundation][9]. It has since raised $14 million to provide surgery, foster placement, and adoption grants for thousands of special needs children. + +A decade later, my two worlds of technology and emerging markets merged when I realized that billions of people would get smartphones within the decade. I also saw that computers, the work and study tool that we run our productive lives with, weren't going to spread nearly as quickly. + +I started by creating Endless OS, which is focused on democratizing our most powerful technology tools the way smartphones have done for our mobile technology. We solved cost and connectivity barriers and put internet connectivity within reach worldwide. We were building the best platform for youth in emerging markets. It became clear that, as we did that, we were actually building the best technology education platform for kids there as well as in the US. + +We then grew our product vision further to use games and our operating system to teach kids to code, enabling digital literacy that spans from children who have nothing to kids who are fortunate enough to have access to the latest in technology and want to understand how to shape it. + +My goal through all of this is to help unlock discovery so every kid can realize the joy of creation. Our most recent launch at Endless Studios of our coding education games ties all of this together with games focused on digital literacy for kids in the US and the rest of the world. + +All of that started with China, decades ago at age 11. It's all one long story. + +**DW**: How did your experience founding the China Care Foundation at the age of 16 change you? + +**MD**: The biggest thing that I discovered in building China Care was the needs of underserved communities. The need of a child becomes truly palpable when you are holding her in your arms. I also discovered that I had the capability to do something about it. At 16, I was just a normal kid, but I happened to realize that I could get a child life-changing surgery by merely raising $500 for her. My actions could impact lives. That has stuck with me. Today at Endless, I am focused on using technology to improve lives at scale. Helping these kids guided me to my life purpose. I found my mission. + +**DW**: How did the fact that 3 billion people in the world did not have a computer animate your vision? + +**MD**: When I was in India in 2010, smartphones had not yet arrived, but it became quickly obvious that they would. Billions of people were about to be connected to the internet. While this rapidly came to fruition, my secondary discovery was that people there also wanted computers. In the developed world, we get our work done with computers. It is our productivity tool. Without a computer, children and adults do not have access to education and the modern economy. I spent months in the field researching this, and it became obvious that there was still a need for computers. People still wanted them. + +I remember a conversation I had in a tea shop in Bangladesh. It was a strange place to ask for life advice, but I did. After hours of talking to this new friend, asking, "Should I do this… should I leave everything and devote my life to this?" he begged me, "Do this, for my country…for my people. Please." I had dozens of conversations like this, and those sent me on my course. Our vision at Endless has continued to expand and to encompass educational technology everywhere, but it all started there. + +**DW**: Why Linux and why desktop/laptop computers, rather than smartphones? + +**MD**: I began Endless without any appreciation for open source software. Today, I believe with every fiber of my being that the desktop _must_ be open source. It is where we do our real work. Despite still accounting for half of web traffic and there being twice as many computers as there were when the smartphone was launched, and despite the fact that our office buildings and schools are full of people using their PCs, the big technology companies have stopped investing in the PC. + +As I look at what we are doing at Endless in international internet access and in coding education, none of it would be possible if we didn't have an open source OS. Although it would have been a lot easier to build upon the standard platforms, we have to touch code at the core of the OS to really solve the problems we have. We are a case study of why it is so important to have an open source operating system. The PC must be protected from the decisions of a few companies. + +Finally, as for why PCs, I challenge you to give up your computer for a month and then ask the same question. Can you do that? Question answered. + +**DW**: What is the vision of Endless and The Third Terminal? How do you see the games helping children become better coders? + +**MD**: Most of the engineers we were interviewing at Endless learned to code in the same way—by hacking their video games. For them, this was much more fun than playing them. The crucial insight from this was, "What if you could build video games in which everything were hackable?" + +This was the catalyst for launching Endless Studios, which is now working with almost a dozen global game studios that are all developing games that teach kids to code. We are first and foremost, a game company. These games are built by gamers. It just so happens that creation is a game mechanic that kids love. I believe that code is the greatest creation tool—the ultimate Minecraft. + +We are beginning with our first set of games on [thethirdterminal.com][10]. You'll see our games expand into something much bigger soon. We cannot wait to share it with you. + +**DW**: Can you tell me more about Hack computers? + +**MD**: Hack is a platform that integrates Endless OS into a coding platform. Coding takes place in an operating system because the tools of coding are built upon that operating system. We have harnessed this to expose children to the real tools that real engineers use in a safe environment. We have partnered with Asus to build the Hack PC as a solid, full-featured computer. My Hack laptop is the only laptop I use. + +**DW**: What software comes on Hack computers? + +**MD**: Hack comes with hundreds of apps. We have everything from Chrome, Steam, Spotify, and Skype to WhatsApp, a full office suite, and tons of games. Most importantly, we have a full developer suite and an array of coding education pathways. Again, I have everything I need in Hack. It's my only laptop today. + +**DW**: What is the importance of building digital agency around the world? + +**MD**: If our children are going to grow up and be prepared for the future, they had better know how to use the technology that is affecting every corner of our world. We must prepare them. If they do not start early, they will be digitally illiterate. It is as simple as that. Endless wants our children to be able to shape their technology, rather than being shaped by it. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/endless-digital-literacy + +作者：[Don Watkins][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/OSDC_EDU_DigitalLiteracy_520x292.png?itok=ktHMrse6 (Digital literacy.) +[2]: https://endlessos.com/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/2/meet-endless-os-lightweight-linux +[4]: https://hack-computer.com/ +[5]: https://www.thethirdterminal.com/home +[6]: https://endlessnetwork.com/ +[7]: https://theendlessmission.com/ +[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/mattdalio/ +[9]: https://www.chinacare.org/ +[10]: http://www.thethirdterminal.com/home From 72308e2f69517dcd65114a8b1ff7a4d7fa0eba2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 00:54:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0596/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190626=20Wher?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20are=20all=20the=20IoT=20experts=20going=20to=20come=20from?= =?UTF-8?q?=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md --- ... all the IoT experts going to come from.md | 78 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 78 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md b/sources/talk/20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..22a303d2f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190626 Where are all the IoT experts going to come from.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Where are all the IoT experts going to come from?) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404489/where-are-all-the-iot-experts-going-to-come-from.html) +[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/) + +Where are all the IoT experts going to come from? +====== +The fast growth of the internet of things (IoT) is creating a need to train cross-functional experts who can combine traditional networking and infrastructure expertise with database and reporting skills. +![Kevin \(CC0\)][1] + +If the internet of things (IoT) is going to fulfill its enormous promise, it’s going to need legions of smart, skilled, _trained_ workers to make everything happen. And right now, it’s not entirely clear where those people are going to come from. + +That’s why I was interested in trading emails with Keith Flynn, senior director of product management, R&D at asset-optimization software company [AspenTech][2], who says that when dealing with the slew of new technologies that fall under the IoT umbrella, you need people who can understand how to configure the technology and interpret the data. Flynn sees a growing need for existing educational institutions to house IoT-specific programs, as well as an opportunity for new IoT-focused private colleges, offering a well -ounded curriculum + +“In the future,” Flynn told me, “IoT projects will differ tremendously from the general data management and automation projects of today. … The future requires a more holistic set of skills and cross-trading capabilities so that we’re all speaking the same language.” + +**[ Also read:  [20 hot jobs ambitious IT pros should shoot for][3] ]** + +With the IoT growing 30% a year, Flynn added, rather than a few specific skills, “everything from traditional deployment skills, like networking and infrastructure, to database and reporting skills and, frankly, even basic data science, need to be understood together and used together.” + +### Calling all IoT consultants + +“The first big opportunity for IoT-educated people is in the consulting field,” Flynn predicted. “As consulting companies adapt or die to the industry trends … having IoT-trained people on staff will help position them for IoT projects and make a claim in the new line of business: IoT consulting.” + +The problem is especially acute for startups and smaller companies. “The bigger the organization, the more likely they have a means to hire different people across different lines of skillsets,” Flynn said. “But for smaller organizations and smaller IoT projects, you need someone who can do both.” + +Both? Or _everything?_ The IoT “requires a combination of all knowledge and skillsets,” Flynn said, noting that “many of the skills aren’t new, they’ve just never been grouped together or taught together before.” + +**[ [Looking to upgrade your career in tech? This comprehensive online course teaches you how.][4] ]** + +### The IoT expert of the future + +True IoT expertise starts with foundational instrumentation and electrical skills, Flynn said, which can help workers implement new wireless transmitters and boost technology for better battery life and power consumption. + +“IT skills, like networking, IP addressing, subnet masks, cellular and satellite are also pivotal IoT needs,” Flynn said. He also sees a need for database management skills and cloud management and security expertise, “especially as things like [advanced process control] APC and sending sensor data directly to databases and data lakes become the norm.” + +### Where will IoT experts come from? + +Flynn said standardized formal education courses would be the best way to make sure that graduates or certificate holders have the right set of skills. He even laid out a sample curriculum: “Start in chronological order with the basics like [Electrical & Instrumentation] E&I and measurement. Then teach networking, and then database administration and cloud courses should follow that. This degree could even be looped into an existing engineering course, and it would probably take two years … to complete the IoT component.” + +While corporate training could also play role, “that’s easier said than done,” Flynn warned. “Those trainings will need to be organization-specific efforts and pushes.” + +Of course, there are already [plenty of online IoT training courses and certificate programs][5]. But, ultimately, the responsibility lies with the workers themselves. + +“Upskilling is incredibly important in this world as tech continues to transform industries,” Flynn said. “If that upskilling push doesn’t come from your employer, then online courses and certifications would be an excellent way to do that for yourself. We just need those courses to be created. ... I could even see organizations partnering with higher-education institutions that offer these courses to give their employees better access to it. Of course, the challenge with an IoT program is that it will need to constantly evolve to keep up with new advancements in tech.” + +**[ For more on IoT, see [tips for securing IoT on your network][6], our list of [the most powerful internet of things companies][7] and learn about the [industrial internet of things][8]. | Get regularly scheduled insights by [signing up for Network World newsletters][9]. ]** + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][10] and [LinkedIn][11] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404489/where-are-all-the-iot-experts-going-to-come-from.html + +作者：[Fredric Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/07/programmer_certification-skills_code_devops_glasses_student_by-kevin-unsplash-100764315-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.aspentech.com/ +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276025/careers/20-hot-jobs-ambitious-it-pros-should-shoot-for.html +[4]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fupgrading-your-technology-career +[5]: https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-1-d&q=iot+training +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3254185/internet-of-things/tips-for-securing-iot-on-your-network.html#nww-fsb +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html#nww-fsb +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html#nww-fsb +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html#nww-fsb +[10]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From ba1486691572228513ad7c9fed0ce6528fe57631 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 00:55:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0597/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190626=20Trac?= =?UTF-8?q?king=20down=20library=20injections=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md --- ...acking down library injections on Linux.md | 139 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 139 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..34ba19037c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Tracking down library injections on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404621/tracking-down-library-injections-on-linux.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +Tracking down library injections on Linux +====== +Library injections are less common on Linux than they are on Windows, but they're still a problem. Here's a look at how they work and how to identify them. +![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] + +While not nearly commonly seen on Linux systems, library (shared object files on Linux) injections are still a serious threat. On interviewing Jaime Blasco from AT&T's Alien Labs, I've become more aware of how easily some of these attacks are conducted. + +In this post, I'll cover one method of attack and some ways that it can be detected. I'll also provide some links that will provide more details on both attack methods and detection tools. First, a little background. + +**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips: [Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]** + +### Shared library vulnerability + +Both DLL and .so files are shared library files that allow code (and sometimes data) to be shared by various processes. Commonly used code might be put into one of these files so that it can be reused rather than rewritten many times over for each process that requires it. This also facilitates management of commonly used code. + +Linux processes often make use of many of these shared libraries. The **ldd** (display shared object dependencies) command can display these for any program file. Here are some examples: + +``` +$ ldd /bin/date + linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffc5f179000) + libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f02bea15000) + /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f02bec3a000) +$ ldd /bin/netstat + linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffcb67cd000) + libselinux.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f45e5d7b000) + libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f45e5b90000) + libpcre.so.3 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcre.so.3 (0x00007f45e5b1c000) + libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f45e5b16000) + /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f45e5dec000) + libpthread.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f45e5af5000) +``` + +The **linux-vdso.so.1** file (which may have a different name on some systems) is one that the kernel automatically maps into the address space of every process. Its job is to find and locate other shared libraries that the process requires. + +One way that this library-loading mechanism is exploited is through the use of an environment variable called **LD_PRELOAD**. As Jaime Blasco explains in his research, "LD_PRELOAD is the easiest and most popular way to load a shared library in a process at startup. This environmental variable can be configured with a path to the shared library to be loaded before any other shared object." + +To illustrate how easily this is done, I created an extremely simple shared library and assigned it to my (formerly non-existent) LD_PRELOAD environment variable. Then I used the **ldd** command to see how this would affect a commonly used Linux command. + +**[ [Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][3] ]** + +``` +$ export LD_PRELOAD=/home/shs/shownum.so +$ ldd /bin/date + linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffe005ce000) + /home/shs/shownum.so (0x00007f1e6b65f000) <== there it is + libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f1e6b458000) + /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f1e6b682000) +``` + +Note that doing nothing more than assigning my new library to LD_PRELOAD now affects any process that I run. + +Since the libraries specified by the LD_PRELOAD setting are the first to load (following linux-vdso.so.1), those libraries could significantly change a process. They could, for example, redirect system calls to their own resources or make unexpected changes in how the process being run behaves. + +### The osquery tool can detect library injections + +The **osquery** tool (downloadable from [osquery.io][4] is a tool that provides a very unique way of looking at Linux systems. It basically represents the operating system as a high-performance relational database. And, as you probably suspect, that means it can be queried and SQL tables created that provide details on such things as: + + * Running processes + * Loaded kernel modules + * Open network connections + + + +One kernel table that provides information on running processes is called **process_envs**. It provides details on environment variables used by various processes. With a fairly complicated query provided by Jaime Blasco, you can get osquery to identify processes that are using LD_PRELOAD. + +Note that this query pulls data from the **process_envs** table. The attack ID (T1055) is a reference to [Mitre's explanation of the attack method][5]: + +``` +SELECT process_envs.pid as source_process_id, process_envs.key as environment_variable_key, process_envs.value as environment_variable_value, processes.name as source_process, processes.path as file_path, processes.cmdline as source_process_commandline, processes.cwd as current_working_directory, 'T1055' as event_attack_id, 'Process Injection' as event_attack_technique, 'Defense Evasion, Privilege Escalation' as event_attack_tactic FROM process_envs join processes USING (pid) WHERE key = 'LD_PRELOAD'; +``` + +Note that the LD_PRELOAD environment variable is at times used legitimately. Various security monitoring tools, for example, could use it, as might developers while they are troubleshooting, debugging or doing performance analysis. However, its use is still quite uncommon and should be viewed with some suspicion. + +It's also worth noting that osquery can be used interactively or be run as a daemon (osqueryd) for scheduled queries. See the reference at the bottom of this post for more on this. + +You might also be able to locate use of LD_PRELOAD by examining users' environment settings. If LD_PRELOAD is configured in a user account, you might determine that with a command like this (after asssuming the individual's identity): + +``` +$ env | grep PRELOAD +LD_PRELOAD=/home/username/userlib.so +``` + +If you've not previously heard of osquery, don't take it too hard. It's now in the process of becoming a more popular tool. Just last week, in fact, the Linux Foundation announced its intention to support the osquery commmunity with a brand-new [osquery foundation][6]. + +#### Wrap-up + +While library injection remains a serious threat, it's helpful to know that some excellent tools are available to help detect its use on your systems. + +#### Additional resources + +Links to important references and tools: + + * [Hunting for Linux library injection with osquery][7] from AT&T Cybersecurity + * [Linux: How's My Memory?][8] from TrustedSec + * [Download site for osquery][4] + * [osquery schema][9] + * [osqueryd (osquery deamon)][10] + * [Mitre's attack framework][11] + * [New osquery foundation announced][6] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404621/tracking-down-library-injections-on-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/dll-injection-100800196-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua +[3]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr +[4]: https://osquery.io/ +[5]: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/ +[6]: https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/2019/06/the-linux-foundation-announces-intent-to-form-new-foundation-to-support-osquery-community/ +[7]: https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/hunting-for-linux-library-injection-with-osquery +[8]: https://www.trustedsec.com/2018/09/linux-hows-my-memory/ +[9]: https://osquery.io/schema/3.3.2 +[10]: https://osquery.readthedocs.io/en/stable/deployment/configuration/#schedule +[11]: https://attack.mitre.org/ +[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 2b9ffd334bfa9a89d7e778e0ef52dec142638482 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 00:55:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0598/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190626=20Juni?= =?UTF-8?q?per=E2=80=99s=20Mist=20adds=20WiFi=206,=20AI-based=20cloud=20se?= =?UTF-8?q?rvices=20to=20enterprise=20edge?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190626 Juniper-s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge.md --- ...based cloud services to enterprise edge.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190626 Juniper-s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190626 Juniper-s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge.md b/sources/talk/20190626 Juniper-s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0548e968fe --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190626 Juniper-s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Juniper’s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405123/juniper-s-mist-adds-wifi-6-ai-based-cloud-services-to-enterprise-edge.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Juniper’s Mist adds WiFi 6, AI-based cloud services to enterprise edge +====== +Mist, a Juniper Networks company, has rolled out an artificial-intelligence, cloud-based appliance and a WIFI 6 access point aimed at helping users roll out smart, high-density wireless networks. +![Getty Images][1] + +Mist, now a Juniper Networks company, has rolled out an artificial-intelligence, cloud-based appliance and a WiFi 6 access point that together aim at helping users deploy smart, high-density wireless networks. + +Leading the rollout is the Mist Edge appliance that extends Mist’s cloud services to the branch and lets enterprises manage the distributed Wi-Fi infrastructure from a central location.  + +**More about 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6)** + + * [Why 802.11ax is the next big thing in wireless][2] + * [FAQ: 802.11ax Wi-Fi][3] + * [Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) is coming to a router near you][4] + * [Wi-Fi 6 with OFDMA opens a world of new wireless possibilities][5] + * [802.11ax preview: Access points and routers that support Wi-Fi 6 are on tap][6] + + + +The Mist Edge device features the company’s artificial-intelligence engine that helps automate tasks such as adjusting Wi-Fi signal strength and troubleshooting.  According to Mist, some other potential use cases for Mist Edge include: + + * Seamless roaming for large campus networks through on-premises tunnel termination of traffic to/from access points. + * Extending virtual LANs (VLANs) to distributed branches and telecommuters to replace remote virtual private network (VPN) technology. + * Dynamic traffic segmentation for IoT devices. + * The ability to split tunneling to keep guest access and corporate traffic separate. + + + +The company says a software-only version of Mist Edge will be available in the future.  + +[Mist’s][7] strength is its AI-based wireless platform which makes Wi-Fi more predictable, reliable and measurable. Mist is also unique in how it has delivered applications via cloud microservices and containers which could be attractive to enterprise users looking to reduce wireless operational costs, experts say.  + +Mist’s cloud-based system brings patented dynamic packet capture and machine learning technology to automatically identify, adapt and fix network issues, Gartner wrote in a recent Magic Quadrant report. The Mist system is delivered and managed via cloud services. + +“Mist's AI-driven Wi-Fi provides guest access, network management, policy applications and a virtual network assistant as well as analytics, IoT segmentation, and behavioral analysis at scale,” Gartner stated.  “Mist offers a new and unique approach to high-accuracy location services through a cloud-based machine-learning engine that uses Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)-based signals from its multielement directional-antenna access points. The same platform can be used for Real Time Location System (RTLS) usage scenarios, static or zonal applications, and engagement use cases like wayfinding and proximity notifications.” + +Juniper bought Mist in March for $405 million for this AI-based WIFI technology.  For Juniper the Mist buy was significant as it had depended on agreements with partners such as Aerohive and Aruba to deliver wireless, according to Gartner.  + +Mist, too, has partners and recently announced joint product development with VMware that integrates Mist WLAN technology and VMware’s VeloCloud-based NSX SD-WAN. + +“Mist has focused on large enterprises and has won some very well known brands,” said Chris Depuy, technology analyst with the 650 Group.  “The [Mist/Juniper] combination is a good fit because both product lines are focusing on larger enterprises and over time, we expect Mist AI will be used to benefit the entire Juniper campus portfolio.” + +The other part of the company’s rollout is a WiFi 6 (802.11ax) access point, the Mist AP43, a cloud-managed WiFi 6 access point with integrated support for Mist’s AI automation and manageability. + +“The new access point gets Juniper to 802.11ax on the same time frame as other major competitors like Cisco,” said Depuy. “Juniper could not address customers who were upgrading wireless and wired at the same time without Mist. With 802.11ax, we expect new switches to be necessary because 1 GB isn’t fast enough to support these new APs. Thus, Juniper can now upgrade customers to 802.11ax and MultiGig switches instead of bringing in another vendor. “ + +WiFi 6 is designed for high-density public or private environments. But it also will be beneficial in internet of things (IoT) deployments, and in offices that use bandwidth-hogging applications like videoconferencing. Products promising WIFI 6 support have been rolling out across the industry with [HPE][8], [Cisco][9], [Arista][10] and others recently tossing their hats into the ring. + +The enterprise WLAN is now dominated by the 802.11ac standard, which makes up 86.4% of dependent access point (AP) shipments and 93.1% of enterprise WLAN dependent AP revenues. The next iteration of the standard, 802.11ax or WiFi 6, will increase in the market throughout the rest of 2019 and into 2020. In the consumer WLAN market, the 802.11ac standard accounted for 58.0% of shipments and 79.2% of revenue in 1Q19, according to IDC’s most recent [Worldwide Quarterly WLAN Tracker][11] report. + +"The WLAN market continues to see steady, moderate growth as enterprises invest in wireless connectivity to support the continued demand for access technology," said [Brandon Butler][12], senior research analyst, Network Infrastructure at IDC in the report. "Meanwhile, the coming Wi-Fi 6 standard will be a major driver of growth in the WLAN market in the coming years, especially in the advanced enterprise segments of the market." + +The AP43 lists at $1,585. + +Mist also announced a strategic relationship with ForeScout to automate management and security control of Wi-Fi client and Internet of Things (IoT) devices.  The Juniper and Forescout mashup lets customers monitor and profile devices and mobile clients including smartphones, tablets, laptops, robots and IoT devices (HVAC systems, security devices, displays, sensors, lights) based on their network traffic patterns. Then if anomalous or threatening behavior is observed, customers can launch trouble tickets, remediate software on devices as needed or quarantine devices. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][13] and [LinkedIn][14] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405123/juniper-s-mist-adds-wifi-6-ai-based-cloud-services-to-enterprise-edge.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/wifi_cloud_wireless-100787113-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/mobile-wireless/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html +[3]: https://%20https//www.networkworld.com/article/3048196/mobile-wireless/faq-802-11ax-wi-fi.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3311921/mobile-wireless/wi-fi-6-is-coming-to-a-router-near-you.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332018/wi-fi/wi-fi-6-with-ofdma-opens-a-world-of-new-wireless-possibilities.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3309439/mobile-wireless/80211ax-preview-access-points-and-routers-that-support-the-wi-fi-6-protocol-on-tap.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3089038/why-one-cisco-shop-is-willing-to-give-wifi-startup-mist-a-shot.html +[8]: https://www.arubanetworks.com/products/networking/802-11ax/ +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391919/cisco-goes-all-in-on-wifi-6.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400905/new-switches-wi-fi-gear-to-advance-aristas-campus-architecture.html +[11]: http://www.idc.com/tracker/showproductinfo.jsp?prod_id=262 +[12]: https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=PRF005027 +[13]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 32898915d7d519e13f839c13fc95d5c535c0f36d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 09:01:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0599/1265] translating --- ...0190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md | 192 ------------------ ...0190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md | 192 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 192 insertions(+), 192 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md b/sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md deleted file mode 100644 index abc6dcd23c..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,192 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Using i3 with multiple monitors) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/using-i3-with-multiple-monitors/) -[#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/) - -Using i3 with multiple monitors -====== - -![][1] - -Are you using multiple monitors with your Linux workstation? Seeing many things at once might be beneficial. But there are often much more windows in our workflows than physical monitors — and that’s a good thing, because seeing too many things at once might be distracting. So being able to switch what we see on individual monitors seems crucial. - -Let’s talk about i3 — a popular tiling window manager that works great with multiple monitors. And there is one handy feature that many other window managers don’t have — the ability to switch workspaces on individual monitors independently. - -### Quick introduction to i3 - -The [Fedora Magazine has already covered i3][2] about three years ago. And it was one of the most popular articles ever published! Even though that’s not always the case, i3 is pretty stable and that article is still very accurate today. So — not to repeat ourselves too much — this article only covers the very minimum to get i3 up and running, and you’re welcome to go ahead and read it if you’re new to i3 and want to learn more about the basics. - -To install i3 on your system, run the following command: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install i3 -``` - -When that’s done, log out, and on the log in screen choose i3 as your window manager and log back in again. - -When you run i3 for the first time, you’ll be asked if you wish to proceed with automatic configuration — answer yes here. After that, you’ll be asked to choose a “mod key”. If you’re not sure here, just accept the default which sets you Windows/Super key as the mod key. You’ll use this key for mostly all the shortcuts within the window manager. - -At this point, you should see a little bar at the bottom and an empty screen. Let’s have a look at some of the basic shortcuts. - -Open a terminal using: - -``` -$mod + enter -``` - -Switch to a second workspace using: - -``` -$mod + 2 -``` - -Open firefox in two steps, first by: - -``` -$mod + d -``` - -… and then by typing “firefox” and pressing enter. - -Move it to the first workspace by: - -``` -$mod + shift + 1 -``` - -… and switch to the first workspace by: - -``` -$mod + 1 -``` - -At this point, you’ll see a terminal and a firefox window side by side. To close a window, press: - -``` -$mod + shift + q -``` - -There are more shortcuts, but these should give you the minimum to get started with i3. - -Ah! And to exit i3 (to log out) press: - -``` -$mod + shift + e -``` - -… and then confirm using your mouse at the top-right corner. - -### Getting multiple screens to work - -Now that we have i3 up and running, let’s put all those screens to work! - -To do that, we’ll need to use the command line as i3 is very lightweight and doesn’t have gui to manage additional screens. But don’t worry if that sounds difficult — it’s actually quite straightforward! - -The command we’ll use is called xrandr. If you don’t have xrandr on your system, install it by running: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install xrandr -``` - -When that’s installed, let’s just go ahead and run it: - -``` -$ xrandr -``` - -The output lists all the available outputs, and also indicated which have a screen attached to them (a monitor connected with a cable) by showing supported resolutions. Good news is that we don’t need to really care about the specific resolutions to make the them work. - -This specific example shows a primary screen of a laptop (named eDP1), and a second monitor connected to the HDMI-2 output, physically positioned right of the laptop. To turn it on, run the following command: - -``` -$ xrandr --output HDMI-2 --auto --right-of eDP1 -``` - -And that’s it! Your screen is now active. - -![Second screen active. The commands shown on this screenshot are slightly different than in the article, as they set a smaller resolution to make the screenshots more readable.][3] - -### Managing workspaces on multiple screens - -Switching workspaces and creating new ones on multiple screens is very similar to having just one screen. New workspaces get created on the screen that’s currently active — the one that has your mouse cursor on it. - -So, to switch to a specific workspace (or to create a new one in case it doesn’t exist), press: - -``` -$mod + NUMBER -``` - -And you can switch workspaces on individual monitors independently! - -![Workspace 2 on the left screen, workspace 4 on the right screen.][4] - -![Left screen switched to workspace 3, right screen still showing workspace 4.][5] - -![Right screen switched to workspace 4, left screen still showing workspace 3.][6] - -### Moving workspaces between monitors - -The same way we can move windows to different workspaces by the following command: - -``` -$mod + shift + NUMBER -``` - -… we can move workspaces to different screens as well. However, there is no default shortcut for this action — so we have to create it first. - -To create a custom shortcut, you’ll need to open the configuration file in a text editor of your choice (this article uses _vim_): - -``` -$ vim ~/.config/i3/config -``` - -And add the following lines to the very bottom of the configuration file: - -``` -# Moving workspaces between screens -bindsym $mod+p move workspace to output right -``` - -Save, close, and to reload and apply the configuration, press: - -``` -$mod + shift + r -``` - -Now you’ll be able to move your active workspace to the second monitor by: - -``` -$mod + p -``` - -![Workspace 2 with Firefox on the left screen][7] - -![Workspace 2 with Firefox moved to the second screen][8] - -And that’s it! Enjoy your new multi-monitor experience, and to learn more about i3, you’re welcome to read the previous article about i3 on the Fedora Magazine, or consult the official i3 documentation. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-i3-with-multiple-monitors/ - -作者：[Adam Šamalík][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/i3-title-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-started-i3-window-manager/ -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/0-1-1024x384.png -[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-1-1024x384.png -[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-2-1024x384.png -[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-3-1024x384.png -[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2-1-1024x384.png -[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2-2-1024x384.png diff --git a/translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md b/translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..96d3a4b6b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Using i3 with multiple monitors) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/using-i3-with-multiple-monitors/) +[#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/) + +将 i3 与多个显示器配合使用 +====== + +![][1] + +你在 Linux 工作站上使用多个显示器吗？一次看到很多东西可能是有益的。但在我们的工作中通常有比实际显示器更多的窗口 - 这是一件好事，因为一次看到太多东西可能会分散注意力。因此能够切换我们在单个显示器上看到的内容似乎很重要。 + +让我们来谈谈 i3，它是一个流行的平铺窗口管理器，可以与多个显示器配合使用。并且有许多其他窗口管理器没有的便利功能，它能够独立地在各个显示器上切换工作区。 + +### 快速介绍 i3 + +大约三年前，[Fedora Magazine 已经写了一篇关于 i3 的文章][2]。这是有史以来最受欢迎的文章之一！虽然情况并非总是如此，但 i3 非常稳定，而且这篇文章如今也很准确。所以，这次不会重复太多，本篇只涵盖了让 i3 启动和运行，如果你是 i3 的新手，想要了解更多基础知识的话，欢迎你继续阅读。 + +要在系统上安装 i3，请运行以下命令： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install i3 +``` + +完成后，注销，然后在登录屏幕上选择 i3 作为窗口管理器，然后重新登录。 + +当你第一次运行 i3 时，系统会询问你是否要继续进行自动配置 - 在此处回答是。之后，你将被要求选择 “mod 键”。如果你在这里不确定，只需接受默认值，即将 Windows/Super 键设置为 mod 键。你将主要使用此键用于窗口管理器中的快捷方式。 + +此时，你应该在底部看到一个小条和一个空白屏幕。我们来看看一些基本的快捷方式。 + +打开终端： + +``` +$mod + enter +``` + +切换到第二个工作区： + +``` +$mod + 2 +``` + +通过以下两个步骤打开 firefox，首先： + +``` +$mod + d +``` + +然后输入 “firefox” 并按回车键。 + +将其移动到第一个工作区： + +``` +$mod + shift + 1 +``` + +切换到第一个工作区： + +``` +$mod + 1 +``` + +此时，你将并排看到一个终端和一个 firefox 窗口。要关闭窗口，请按： + +``` +$mod + shift + q +``` + +还有更多的快捷方式，但这些足够让你开始使用 i3。 + +要退出 i3（退出登录）按： + +``` +$mod + shift + e +``` + +然后在右上角使用鼠标确认。 + +### 同时让多个屏幕工作 + +现在我们已经启动并运行了 i3，让我们把所有这些屏幕都用到！ + +为此，我们需要使用命令行，因为 i3 非常轻量级，并且没有 gui 来管理其他屏幕。如果这听起来很难也不用担心，它实际上非常简单！ + +我们将使用的命令称为 xrandr。如果你的系统上没有 xrandr，请运行以下命令安装： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install xrandr +``` + +当它安装完毕后，让我们继续运行它： + +``` +$ xrandr +``` + +输出列出了所有可用输出，并通过显示支持的分辨率指示哪些输出连接了屏幕（通过电缆连接的显示器）。好消息是，我们不需要关心使它们工作的分辨率。 + +这个例子显示了笔记本电脑的主屏幕（名为 eDP1），以及连接到 HDMI-2 输出的第二个显示器，它位于笔记本电脑的右侧。要打开它，请运行以下命令： + +``` +$ xrandr --output HDMI-2 --auto --right-of eDP1 +``` + +就是这样！你的屏幕现已激活。 + +![Second screen active. The commands shown on this screenshot are slightly different than in the article, as they set a smaller resolution to make the screenshots more readable.][3] + +### 在多个屏幕上管理工作区 + +在多个屏幕上切换工作区和创建新工作区非常类似于只有一个屏幕的情况。新工作区会在当前处于活动状态（鼠标光标所在位置）的屏幕上创建。 + +因此，要切换到特定工作区（或在不存在的情况下创建新工作区），请按： + +``` +$mod + NUMBER +``` + +你可以独立切换各个显示器上的工作区！ + +![Workspace 2 on the left screen, workspace 4 on the right screen.][4] + +![Left screen switched to workspace 3, right screen still showing workspace 4.][5] + +![Right screen switched to workspace 4, left screen still showing workspace 3.][6] + +### 在显示器之间移动工作区 + +我们可以通过以下命令将窗口移动到不同的工作区： + +``` +$mod + shift + NUMBER +``` + +我们也可以将工作区移动到不同的屏幕。但是，此操作没有默认快捷方式，因此我们必须先创建它。 + +要创建自定义快捷方式，你需要在你选择的文本编辑器中打开配置文件（本文使用 _vim_）： + +``` +$ vim ~/.config/i3/config +``` + +并将以下行添加到配置文件的最底部： + +``` +# Moving workspaces between screens +bindsym $mod+p move workspace to output right +``` + +保存、关闭并重新加载以使配置生效，按下： + +``` +$mod + shift + r +``` + +现在你可以将活跃的工作区移动到第二个显示器： + +``` +$mod + p +``` + +![Workspace 2 with Firefox on the left screen][7] + +![Workspace 2 with Firefox moved to the second screen][8] + +就是这些了！享受你的新多显示器体验，并了解更多 i3，欢迎阅读 Fedora Magazine 上之前关于 i3 的文章，或者查看官方 i3 文档。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-i3-with-multiple-monitors/ + +作者：[Adam Šamalík][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/i3-title-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-started-i3-window-manager/ +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/0-1-1024x384.png +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-1-1024x384.png +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-2-1024x384.png +[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1-3-1024x384.png +[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2-1-1024x384.png +[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2-2-1024x384.png From 9425b93e7f6c62db8e3f3089ed23ee33e7722e1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 09:44:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0600/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md | 45 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md b/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md index e7f8c70156..6153a838f8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md @@ -7,35 +7,34 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/ipython-still-heart-jupyterlab) [#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo) -IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers +对 Python 开发者而言，IPython 仍然是 Jupyter Notebook 的核心 ====== -Project Jupyter's origin in IPython remains significant for the magical -development experience it provides. +Jupyter 项目提供的魔法般的开发体验很大程度上得益于它的 IPython 基因。 ![I love Free Software FSFE celebration][1] -I recently wrote about how I find Jupyter projects, especially JupyterLab, to be a [magical Python development experience][2]. In researching how the various projects are related to each other, I recapped how Jupyter began as a fork from IPython. As Project Jupyter's [The Big Split™ announcement][3] explained: +最近刚刚写过我为什么觉得觉得 Jupyter 项目（特别是 JupyterLab）提供了一种 [魔法般的 Python 开发体验][2]。在研究这些不同项目之间的关联的时候，我回顾了一下 Jupyter 最初从 IPython 分支出来的这段历史。正如 Jupyter 项目的 [大拆分™ 声明][3] 所说: -> "If anyone has been confused by what Jupyter is[1], it's the exact same code that lived in IPython, developed by the same people, just in a new home under a new name." +> “如果你不明白 Jupyter 是什么，这么说吧，它拥有和 IPython 同样的代码，并且是由同一批人开发的，只不过取了一个新名字、安了一个新家。” -That [1] links to a footnote that further clarifies: +下面这个注脚进一步说明了这一点： -> "I saw 'Jupyter is like IPython, but language agnostic' immediately after the announcement, which is a great illustration of why the project needs to not have Python in the name anymore, since it was already language agnostic at the time." +> “我从声明中解读出来的信息是，‘Jupyter 和 IPython 非常相似，但是拥有多种语言’，这也可以很好地解释为什么这个项目的名字已经不再需要包含 Python，因为当时它已经支持多种语言了。” -The fact that Jupyter Notebook and IPython forked from the same source code made sense to me, but I got lost in the current state of the IPython project. Was it no longer needed after The Big Split™ or is it living on in a different way? +我明白 Jupyter Notebook 和 IPython 都是从同样的源代码里分支出来的，但是不太清楚 IPython 项目的现状。在大拆分™ 之后它是已经不再被需要了，还是在以另一种方式延续着？ -I was surprised to learn that IPython's significance continues to add value to Pythonistas, and that it is an essential part of the Jupyter experience. Here's a portion of the Jupyter FAQ: +后来我惊讶地发现，IPython 仍然不断在为 Python 使用者提供价值，它正是 Jupyter 体验的核心部分。下面是 Jupyter 常见问题页面的一段截取： -> **Are any languages pre-installed?** +> **有什么语言是需要预装的吗？** > -> Yes, installing the Jupyter Notebook will also install the IPython kernel. This allows working on notebooks using the Python programming language. +> 是的，安装 Jupyter Notebook 会首先安装 IPython 内核。这样我们就可以在 notebook 上运行 Python 语言了。 -I now understand that writing Python in JupyterLab (and Jupyter Notebook) relies on the continued development of IPython as its kernel. Not only that, IPython is the powerhouse default kernel, and it can act as a communication bus for other language kernels according to [the documentation][4], saving a lot of time and development effort. +现在我明白了，在 JupyterLab（以及 Jupyter Notebook）上编写 Python 程序仍然需要依赖 IPython 内核的持续开发。不仅如此，IPython 还充当了最为强大的默认内核的角色，根据 [这份文档][4]，它是其它语言内核之间的枢纽，节省了很多开发时间和精力。 -The question remains, what can I do with just IPython? +现在唯一的问题是，IPython 本身可以做什么呢？ -### What IPython does today +### IPython 如今的作用 -IPython provides both a powerful, interactive Python shell and a Jupyter kernel. After installing it, I can run **ipython** from any command line on its own and use it as a (much prettier than the default) Python shell: +IPython 提供了一个强大的、交互性的 Python shell，以及 Jupyter 的内核。安装完成之后，我可以在任何命令行运行 **ipython** 本身，将它当作一个（比默认 Python shell 好太多的）Python shell 来使用： ``` @@ -51,23 +50,23 @@ In [4]: print(average) 6.571428571428571 ``` -That brings us to the more significant issue: IPython's functionality gives JupyterLab the ability to execute the code in every project, and it also provides support for a whole bunch of functionality that's playfully called _magic_ (thank you, Nicholas Reith, for mentioning this in a comment on my previous article). +这就让我们发现了一个更为重要的问题：是IPython 让 JupyterLab 可以在项目中执行代码，并且支持了一系列被称为 *magic*的功能（感谢 Nicholas Reith 在我上一篇文章的评论里提到这点）。 -### Getting magical, thanks to IPython +### IPython 让魔法成为现实 -JupyterLab and other frontends using the IPython kernel can feel like your favorite IDE or terminal emulator environment. I'm a huge fan of how [dotfiles][5] give me the power to use shortcuts, and magic has some dotfile-like behavior as well. For example, check out **[%bookmark][6]**. I've mapped my default development folder, **~/Develop** , to a shortcut I can run at any time and hop right into it. +JupyterLab 和其它使用 IPython 的前端工具可以让你感觉像是在最喜欢的 IDE 或者是终端模拟器的环境下工作。我非常喜欢 [dotfiles][5] 快捷键功能，magic 也有类似 dotfile 的特征。比如说，可以试一下 **[%bookmark][6]** 这个命令。我把默认开发文件夹 **~/Develop** 关联到了一个可以在任何时候直接跳转的快捷方式上。 ![Screenshot of commands from JupyterLab][7] -The use of **%bookmark** and **%cd** , alongside the **!** operator (which I introduced in the previous article), are powered by IPython. As the [documentation][8] states: +**%bookmark**、**%cd**，以及我在前一篇文章里介绍过的 **!** 操作符，都是由 IPython 支持的。正如这篇 [文档][8] 所说： -> To Jupyter users: Magics are specific to and provided by the IPython kernel. Whether Magics are available on a kernel is a decision that is made by the kernel developer on a per-kernel basis. +> Jupyter 用户你们好：Magic 功能是 IPython 内核提供的专属功能。一个内核是否支持 Magic 功能是由该内核的开发者针对该内核所决定的。 -### Wrapping up +### 写在最后 -I, as a curious novice, was not quite sure if IPython remained relevant to the Jupyter ecosystem. I now have a new appreciation for the continuing development of IPython now that I realize it's the source of JupyterLab's powerful user experience. It's also a collection of talented contributors who are part of cutting edge research, so be sure to site them if you use Jupyter projects in your academic papers. They make it easy with this [ready-made citation entry][9]. +作为一个好奇的新手，我之前并不是特别确定 IPython 是否仍然和 Jupyter 生态还有任何联系。现在我对 IPython 的持续开发有了新的认识和，并且意识到它正是 JupyterLab 强大的用户体验的来源。这也是相当有才华的一批贡献者进行最前沿研究的成果，所以如果你在学术论文中使用到了 Jupyter 项目的话别忘了引用他们。为了方便引用，他们还提供了一个 [现成的引文][9]。 -Be sure to keep it in mind when you're thinking about open source projects to contribute to, and check out the [latest release notes][10] for a full list of magical features. +如果你在考虑参与哪个开源项目的贡献的话，一定不要忘了 IPython 哦。记得看看 [最新发布说明][10]，在这里可以找到 magic 功能的完整列表。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From d99b98b116467592dafc3c46ddfce20969486627 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 09:45:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0601/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E5=88=B0=20transla?= =?UTF-8?q?ted?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md b/translated/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md rename to translated/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md From 685552f63248cbe96072e43c1fd67f08d611094d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: heguangzhi <7731226@qq.com> Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 09:52:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0602/1265] heguangzhi translated heguangzhi translated --- ...o Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md | 307 ------------------ ...o Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md | 305 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 305 insertions(+), 307 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index f4a80828c9..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,307 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (heguagnzhi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux) -[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/) -[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) - -Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux -====== - -If password policy had already implemented in your organization, then you no need to look for this options. - -However, if you had set up lock period for 24 hours, in this case you might need to unlock the user’s account manually. - -This tutorial will help you to manually lock and unlock users account in Linux. - -This can be done using the following two Linux Commands in three ways. - - * **`passwd:`**The passwd command is used to update user’s authentication tokens. This task is achieved by calling the Linux-PAM and Libuser API - * **`usermod:`**The usermod command is used to modify/update given user’s account information. It used to add a user to a specific group, etc., - - - -To exprement this, we are choosing `daygeek` user account. Let’s see, how to do step by step. - -Make a note, you have to use corresponding user account which you need to lock or unlock instead of ours. - -You can check the given user account is available or not in system by using `id Command`. Yes, my account is available in the system. - -``` -# id daygeek - -uid=2240(daygeek) gid=2243(daygeek) groups=2243(daygeek),2244(ladmin) -``` - -### Method-1: How To Lock, Unlock and Check Status of the Given User Account in Linux Using passwd Command? - -The passwd command is one of the frequently used command by Linux administrator very often. - -It used to update user’s authentication tokens in the `/etc/shadow` file. - -Run the passwd command with the `-l` switch to lock the given user account. - -``` -# passwd -l daygeek - -Locking password for user daygeek. -passwd: Success -``` - -You can check the locked account status either passwd command or grep the given user name from /etc/shadow file. - -Checking the user account locked status using passwd command. - -``` -# passwd -S daygeek -or -# passwd --status daygeek - -daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) -``` - -This will output a short information about the status of the password for a given account. - - * **`LK:`**` ` Password locked - * **`NP:`**` ` No password - * **`PS:`**` ` Password set - - - -Checking the locked user account status using `/etc/shadow` file. Two exclamation mark will be added in front of the password, if the account is already locked. - -``` -# grep daygeek /etc/shadow - -daygeek:!!$6$tGvVUhEY$PIkpI43HPaEoRrNJSRpM3H0YWOsqTqXCxtER6rak5PMaAoyQohrXNB0YoFCmAuh406n8XOvBBldvMy9trmIV00:18047:7:90:7::: -``` - -Run the passwd command with the `-u` switch to unlock the given user account. - -``` -# passwd -u daygeek - -Unlocking password for user daygeek. -passwd: Success -``` - -### Method-2: How To Lock, Unlock and Check Status of the Given User Account in Linux Using usermod Command? - -Even, the usermod command also frequently used by Linux administrator very often. - -The usermod command is used to modify/update given user’s account information. It used to add a user to a specific group, etc., - -Run the usermod command with the `-L` switch to lock the given user account. - -``` -# usermod --lock daygeek -or -# usermod -L daygeek -``` - -You can check the locked account status either passwd command or grep the given user name from /etc/shadow file. - -Checking the user account locked status using passwd command. - -``` -# passwd -S daygeek -or -# passwd --status daygeek - -daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) -``` - -This will output a short information about the status of the password for a given account. - - * **`LK:`**` ` Password locked - * **`NP:`**` ` No password - * **`PS:`**` ` Password set - - - -Checking the locked user account status using /etc/shadow file. Two exclamation mark will be added in front of the password, if the account is already locked. - -``` -# grep daygeek /etc/shadow - -daygeek:!!$6$tGvVUhEY$PIkpI43HPaEoRrNJSRpM3H0YWOsqTqXCxtER6rak5PMaAoyQohrXNB0YoFCmAuh406n8XOvBBldvMy9trmIV00:18047:7:90:7::: -``` - -Run the usermod command with the `-U` switch to unlock the given user account. - -``` -# usermod --unlock daygeek -or -# usermod -U daygeek -``` - -### Method-3: How To Disable, Enable SSH Access To the Given User Account in Linux Using usermod Command? - -Even, the usermod command also frequently used by Linux administrator very often. - -The usermod command is used to modify/update given user’s account information. It used to add a user to a specific group, etc., - -Alternativly this can be done by assigning the `nologin` shell to the given user. To do so, run the below command. - -``` -# usermod -s /sbin/nologin daygeek -``` - -You can check the locked user account details by greping the given user name from /etc/passwd file. - -``` -# grep daygeek /etc/passwd - -daygeek:x:2240:2243::/home/daygeek:/sbin/nologin -``` - -We can enable the user ssh access by assigning back to the old shell. - -``` -# usermod -s /bin/bash daygeek -``` - -### How To Lock, Unlock and Check Status of Multiple User Account in Linux Using Shell Script? - -If you would like to lock/unlock more than one account then you need to look for script. - -Yes, we can write a small shell script to perform this. To do so, use the following shell script. - -Create The Users list. Each user should be in separate line. - -``` -$ cat user-lists.txt - -u1 -u2 -u3 -u4 -u5 -``` - -Use the following shell script to lock multiple users account in Linux. - -``` -# user-lock.sh - -#!/bin/bash -for user in `cat user-lists.txt` -do -passwd -l $user -done -``` - -Set an executable permission to `user-lock.sh` file. - -``` -# chmod + user-lock.sh -``` - -Finally run the script to achieve this. - -``` -# sh user-lock.sh - -Locking password for user u1. -passwd: Success -Locking password for user u2. -passwd: Success -Locking password for user u3. -passwd: Success -Locking password for user u4. -passwd: Success -Locking password for user u5. -passwd: Success -``` - -Use the following shell script to check locked users account in Linux. - -``` -# vi user-lock-status.sh - -#!/bin/bash -for user in `cat user-lists.txt` -do -passwd -S $user -done -``` - -Set an executable permission to `user-lock-status.sh` file. - -``` -# chmod + user-lock-status.sh -``` - -Finally run the script to achieve this. - -``` -# sh user-lock-status.sh - -u1 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) -u2 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) -u3 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) -u4 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) -u5 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) -``` - -Use the following shell script to unlock multiple users account in Linux. - -``` -# user-unlock.sh - -#!/bin/bash -for user in `cat user-lists.txt` -do -passwd -u $user -done -``` - -Set an executable permission to `user-unlock.sh` file. - -``` -# chmod + user-unlock.sh -``` - -Finally run the script to achieve this. - -``` -# sh user-unlock.sh - -Unlocking password for user u1. -passwd: Success -Unlocking password for user u2. -passwd: Success -Unlocking password for user u3. -passwd: Success -Unlocking password for user u4. -passwd: Success -Unlocking password for user u5. -passwd: Success -``` - -Run the same shell script `user-lock-status.sh` to check these locked user accounts got unlocked in Linux. - -``` -# sh user-lock-status.sh - -u1 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) -u2 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) -u3 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) -u4 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) -u5 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) -``` --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/ - -作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 diff --git a/translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f80cbbd40a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,305 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (heguagnzhi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + + +在Linux中锁定和解锁用户帐户的三种方法 +====== + + +如果密码策略已经在你的组织中实施了，你无需看这篇文章了。 + +但是在这种情况下，如果你设置了24小时的锁定期，你需要手动解锁用户帐户。 + +本教程将帮助你在Linux中手动锁定和解锁用户帐户。 + +这可以通过三种方式使用以下两个 Linux 命令来完成。 + + * **`passwd:`** passwd 命令用于更新用户的身份验证令牌。这个任务是通过调用 Linux-PAM 和 Libuser API 来实现。 + + * **`usermod:`** usermod 命令用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中，等等其他功能, + + +为了说明这一点，我们选择 `daygeek` 用户帐户。让我们看看，怎么一步步来实现的。 +请注意，你必须使用你需要锁定或解锁的用户的帐户，而不是我们自己的帐户。 +您可以使用 `id Command` 检查给定的用户帐户在系统中是否可用。是的，我的帐户在系统中是可用的。 + +``` +# id daygeek + +uid=2240(daygeek) gid=2243(daygeek) groups=2243(daygeek),2244(ladmin) +``` + +### 方法1: 如何使用 passwd 命令锁定、解锁和检查 Linux 中给定用户帐户的状态？ + +passwd 命令是 Linux 管理员经常使用的命令之一。 + +它用于更新 `/etc/shadow` 文件中用户的身份验证令牌。 + +使用 `-l` 开关运行 passwd 命令，锁定给定的用户帐户。 + +``` +# passwd -l daygeek + +Locking password for user daygeek. +passwd: Success +``` + +你可以通过 passwd 命令或从 /etc/shadow 文件中获取给定用户名来检查锁定的帐户状态。 + +使用 passwd 命令检查用户帐户锁定状态。 + +``` +# passwd -S daygeek +or +# passwd --status daygeek + +daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) +``` +将输出给定帐户密码状态的简短信息。 + + * **`LK:`**` ` 密码锁定 + * **`NP:`**` ` 没有密码 + * **`PS:`**` ` 密码设置 + +使用 `/etc/shadow` 文件检查锁定的用户帐户状态。如果帐户已被锁定，密码前面将添加两个感叹号。 + +``` +# grep daygeek /etc/shadow + +daygeek:!!$6$tGvVUhEY$PIkpI43HPaEoRrNJSRpM3H0YWOsqTqXCxtER6rak5PMaAoyQohrXNB0YoFCmAuh406n8XOvBBldvMy9trmIV00:18047:7:90:7::: +``` +使用 `-u` 开关运行 passwd 命令，解锁给定的用户帐户。 + +``` +# passwd -u daygeek + +Unlocking password for user daygeek. +passwd: Success +``` + +### 方法2:如何使用 usermod 命令在 Linux 中锁定、解锁和检查给定用户帐户的状态？ + +甚至，usermod 命令也经常被 Linux 管理员使用。 + +usermod 命令用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中，等等。, + +使用 `-L` 开关运行 usermod 命令，锁定给定的用户帐户。 + +``` +# usermod --lock daygeek +or +# usermod -L daygeek +``` + +你可以通过 passwd 命令或从 /etc/shadow 文件中获取给定用户名来检查锁定的帐户状态。 +使用 passwd 命令检查用户帐户锁定状态。 + +``` +# passwd -S daygeek +or +# passwd --status daygeek + +daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) +``` + +这将输出给定帐户密码状态的简短信息。 + + * **`LK:`**` ` Password locked + * **`NP:`**` ` No password + * **`PS:`**` ` Password set + +使用 /etc/shadow 文件检查锁定的用户帐户状态。如果帐户已被锁定，密码前面将添加两个感叹号。 + +``` +# grep daygeek /etc/shadow + +daygeek:!!$6$tGvVUhEY$PIkpI43HPaEoRrNJSRpM3H0YWOsqTqXCxtER6rak5PMaAoyQohrXNB0YoFCmAuh406n8XOvBBldvMy9trmIV00:18047:7:90:7::: +``` + +使用 `-U` 开关运行 usermod 命令以解锁给定的用户帐户。 + +``` +# usermod --unlock daygeek +or +# usermod -U daygeek +``` + +###方法-3:如何在 Linux 中使用 usermod 命令禁用、启用对给定用户帐户的 SSH 访问？ + +甚至，usermod 命令也是经常被 Linux 管理员使用的命令。 + +usermod 命令用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中，等等。, + + +或者，这可以通过将 `nologin` shell 分配给给定用户来完成。为此，可以运行以下命令。 + +``` +# usermod -s /sbin/nologin daygeek +``` + +You can check the locked user account details by greping the given user name from /etc/passwd file. +你可以通过从 /etc/passwd 文件中给定用户名来检查锁定的用户帐户详细信息。 + +``` +# grep daygeek /etc/passwd + +daygeek:x:2240:2243::/home/daygeek:/sbin/nologin +``` + +我们可以通过分配回原来的 shell 来启用用户 ssh 访问。 + +``` +# usermod -s /bin/bash daygeek +``` + +###如何使用 shell 脚本锁定、解锁和检查 Linux 中多个用户帐户的状态？ + +如果你想锁定/解锁多个帐户，那么你需要寻找脚本。 + + + +是的，我们可以编写一个小的 shell 脚本来执行这个操作。为此，请使用以下 shell 脚本。 + +创建用户列表。每个用户信息在单独的行中。 + +``` +$ cat user-lists.txt + +u1 +u2 +u3 +u4 +u5 +``` + +使用以下 shell 脚本锁定 Linux中 的多个用户帐户。 + +``` +# user-lock.sh + +#!/bin/bash +for user in `cat user-lists.txt` +do +passwd -l $user +done +``` + +将`user-lock.sh` 文件设置为可执行权限 。 + +``` +# chmod + user-lock.sh +``` + +最后运行脚本来实现这一点。 + +``` +# sh user-lock.sh + +Locking password for user u1. +passwd: Success +Locking password for user u2. +passwd: Success +Locking password for user u3. +passwd: Success +Locking password for user u4. +passwd: Success +Locking password for user u5. +passwd: Success +``` + +使用以下 shell 脚本检查锁定的用户帐户。 + +``` +# vi user-lock-status.sh + +#!/bin/bash +for user in `cat user-lists.txt` +do +passwd -S $user +done +``` + +设置 `user-lock-status.sh` 可执行权限。 + +``` +# chmod + user-lock-status.sh +``` + +最后运行脚本来实现这一点。 + +``` +# sh user-lock-status.sh + +u1 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) +u2 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) +u3 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) +u4 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) +u5 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) +``` + + +使用下面的 shell 脚本来解锁多个用户。 + +``` +# user-unlock.sh + +#!/bin/bash +for user in `cat user-lists.txt` +do +passwd -u $user +done +``` + +设置 `user-unlock.sh` 可执行权限。 + +``` +# chmod + user-unlock.sh +``` + +最后运行脚本来实现这一点。 + +``` +# sh user-unlock.sh + +Unlocking password for user u1. +passwd: Success +Unlocking password for user u2. +passwd: Success +Unlocking password for user u3. +passwd: Success +Unlocking password for user u4. +passwd: Success +Unlocking password for user u5. +passwd: Success +``` + +运行相同的 shell 脚本 `user-lock-status.sh` ，检查这些锁定的用户帐户在 Linux 中是否被解锁。 + +``` +# sh user-lock-status.sh + +u1 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) +u2 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) +u3 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) +u4 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) +u5 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) +``` +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From 3c9f731c811a80d8faecb5e99e5159e01d66d3b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 10:11:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0603/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit translating by qfzy1233 --- .../tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md b/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md index 470545c291..5de5c372cb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (qfzy1233) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From f87150ac431cee2d50ca5a5121a6a51217dd1821 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 10:38:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0604/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md b/sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md index 2d6cdfb4c6..9217e4b512 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 9467bce65ecb1e8e8f51fafb66609c0602507045 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 11:01:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0605/1265] PRF:20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md @geekpi --- ...4 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md | 14 ++++++-------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md index 58a589b6df..496a299bcb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ![][1] -还在找开源的私人助理么？[Mycroft][2] 让你运行开源服务，从而更好地控制你的数据。 +> 想要找个开源的私人助理么？[Mycroft][2] 可以让你运行一个开源的服务，从而更好地控制你的数据。 ### 在 Fedora 上安装 Mycroft @@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ $ cd mycroft-core $ ./dev_setup.sh ``` -安装脚本会提示用户帮助他完成安装过程。建议运行稳定版本并获取自动更新。 +安装脚本会提示用户以帮助他完成安装过程。建议运行稳定版本并获取自动更新。 -当提示在本地安装 Mimic 文字转语音引擎时，请回答否。因为根据安装描述，这可能需要很长时间，并且 Mimic 有适合 Fedora 的 rpm 包，因此可以使用 dnf 进行安装。 +当提示在本地安装 Mimic 文字转语音引擎时，请回答否。因为根据安装描述，这可能需要很长时间，并且 Mimic 有适合 Fedora 的 rpm 包，因此可以使用 `dnf` 进行安装。 ``` $ sudo dnf install mimic @@ -63,12 +63,10 @@ Hey Mycroft, how are you ? Hey Mycroft, what's the weather like ? ``` -如果你对它是如何工作的感兴趣，_start-mycroft.sh_ 脚本提供了一个_命令行_选项，它能让你使用命令行交互。它也会显示用于调试的有用信息。 +如果你对它是如何工作的感兴趣，`start-mycroft.sh` 脚本提供了一个命令行选项，它能让你使用命令行交互。它也会显示用于调试的有用信息。 Mycroft 总在学习新技能，并且有很多方法给 Mycroft 社区做[贡献][6]。 -* * * - 由 [Przemyslaw Marczynski][7] 摄影，发布于 [Unsplash][8] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -78,7 +76,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/personal-assistant-with-mycroft-and-fedora/ 作者：[Clément Verna][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3f1da75e733ede22dfa162a6cdc3c871cbe9e661 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 11:12:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0606/1265] PUB:20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11022-1.html --- .../20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md b/published/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md rename to published/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md index 496a299bcb..4b0a46c79d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md +++ b/published/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11022-1.html) [#]: subject: (Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/personal-assistant-with-mycroft-and-fedora/) [#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/) From 222919828a53854afcba8733ea918aadd889ec4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 11:47:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0607/1265] PRF:20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md @geekpi --- ...pen Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md b/translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md index 1790ac3066..52f68b90fe 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (VSCodium: 100% Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) -VSCodium：Microsoft VS Code 的 100% 开源版本 +VSCodium：100% 开源的 VS Code ====== -_ **简介：VSCodium 是微软流行的 Visual Studio Code 编辑器的一个分支。它与 VS Code 完全相同，唯一不同的是，VSCodium 不跟踪你的使用数据。** _ +> VSCodium 是微软流行的 Visual Studio Code 编辑器的一个分支。它与 VS Code 完全相同，唯一不同的是，VSCodium 不跟踪你的使用数据。 微软的 [Visual Studio Code][1] 是一个出色的编辑器，不仅对于 Web 开发人员，也适合其他程序员。由于它的功能，它被认为是最好的开源代码编辑器之一。 @@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ _ **简介：VSCodium 是微软流行的 Visual Studio Code 编辑器的一个 但它存在一个问题，对于普通用户而言可能不是问题，但对于纯粹开源主义者而言是重要的。 -Microsoft 提供的即用二进制文件不是开源的。 +Microsoft 说提供的二进制文件是不开源的。 -由困惑么？让我解释下。 +感到困惑么？让我解释下。 VS Code 的源码是在 MIT 许可下开源的。你可以在 [GitHub][3] 上访问它。但是，[Microsoft 创建的安装包含专有的跟踪程序][4]。 此跟踪基本上用来收集使用数据并将其发送给 Microsoft 以“帮助改进其产品和服务”。如今，远程报告在软件产品中很常见。即使 [Ubuntu 也这样做，但它透明度更高][5]。 -你可以[在 VS Code 中禁用远程报告][6]但是你能完全信任微软吗？如果答案是否定的，那你有什么选择？ +你可以[在 VS Code 中禁用远程报告][6]，但是你能完全信任微软吗？如果答案是否定的，那你有什么选择？ -你可以从源代码构建它，从而保持所有开源。但是[从源代码安装][7]并不总是如今最好的选择，因为我们习惯于使用二进制文件。 +你可以从源代码构建它，从而保持全都是开源的。但是如今[从源代码安装][7]并不总是最好的选择，因为我们习惯于使用二进制文件。 -另一种选择是使用 VSCodium！ +另一种选择是使用 VSCodium ！ ### VSCodium：100％ 开源形式的 Visual Studio Code @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ VS Code 的源码是在 MIT 许可下开源的。你可以在 [GitHub][3] 上访 [VSCodium][9] 是微软 Visual Studio Code 的一个分支。该项目的唯一目的是为你提供现成的二进制文件，而没有 Microsoft 的远程收集代码。 -这解决了你想在没有 Microsoft 的专有代码的情况下使用 VS Code 但你不习惯从源代码构建它的问题， +这解决了你想在去掉 Microsoft 的专有代码的情况下使用 VS Code ，而你又不习惯从源代码构建它的问题。 由于 [VSCodium 是 VS Code 的一个分支][11]，它的外观和功能与 VS Code 完全相同。 @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ sudo apt update && sudo apt install codium 你可以在它的页面上找到[其他发行版的安装说明][15]。你还应该阅读[有关从 VS Code 迁移到 VSCodium 的说明][16]。 -**你如何看待 VSCodium？** +### 你如何看待 VSCodium？ 就个人而言，我喜欢 VSCodium 的概念。说的老套一点，它的初心是好的。我认为，致力于开源的 Linux 发行版甚至可能开始将其包含在官方仓库中。 @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From adda39fed20396c608d9698a5a41fadae7ddce0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LuMing <784315443@qq.com> Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 11:48:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0608/1265] translating --- .../tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md index 34ba19037c..14b93d7258 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (LuuMing) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From a83c98b4dca9b91aaa4b0924caa981d877cc8275 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 11:49:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0609/1265] PUB:20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11023-1.html --- ...VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md b/published/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md rename to published/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md index 52f68b90fe..1038abc8c2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md +++ b/published/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11023-1.html) [#]: subject: (VSCodium: 100% Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/vscodium/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) From 57aed462d786e87b5b42b6de2c754bbd2f8aabeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: eastdong Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 13:53:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0610/1265] IEAST is translating --- ...ativity – Linux Programs for Drawing and Image Editing.md | 5 +++-- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20171116 Unleash Your Creativity – Linux Programs for Drawing and Image Editing.md b/sources/tech/20171116 Unleash Your Creativity – Linux Programs for Drawing and Image Editing.md index c6c50d9b25..0b5576e3a6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20171116 Unleash Your Creativity – Linux Programs for Drawing and Image Editing.md +++ b/sources/tech/20171116 Unleash Your Creativity – Linux Programs for Drawing and Image Editing.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +IEAST is translating ### Unleash Your Creativity – Linux Programs for Drawing and Image Editing By: [chabowski][1] @@ -74,11 +75,11 @@ And indeed, the sky’s the limit on how creative a user wants to be when using ( - _**2** votes, average: **5.00** out of 5_ + _**2** votes, average: **5.00** out of 5_ ) - _You need to be a registered member to rate this post._ + _You need to be a registered member to rate this post._ Tags: [drawing][19], [Getting Started with Linux][20], [GIMP][21], [image editing][22], [Images][23], [InkScape][24], [KDE][25], [Krita][26], [Leap 42.3][27], [LibreOffice][28], [Linux Magazine][29], [Okular][30], [openSUSE][31], [PDF][32] Categories: [Desktop][33], [Expert Views][34], [LibreOffice][35], [openSUSE][36] From b3d1d4e6e7f5da447aa59c19296ef461feb4b7a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 00:51:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0611/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190627=20RPM?= =?UTF-8?q?=20packages=20explained?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190627 RPM packages explained.md --- .../tech/20190627 RPM packages explained.md | 339 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 339 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190627 RPM packages explained.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190627 RPM packages explained.md b/sources/tech/20190627 RPM packages explained.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3fb3cee6b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190627 RPM packages explained.md @@ -0,0 +1,339 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (RPM packages explained) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/rpm-packages-explained/) +[#]: author: (Ankur Sinha "FranciscoD" https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ankursinha/) + +RPM packages explained +====== + +![][1] + +Perhaps the best known way the Fedora community pursues its [mission of promoting free and open source software and content][2] is by developing the [Fedora software distribution][3]. So it’s not a surprise at all that a very large proportion of our community resources are spent on this task. This post summarizes how this software is “packaged” and the underlying tools such as _rpm_ that make it all possible. + +### RPM: the smallest unit of software + +The editions and flavors ([spins][4]/[labs][5]/[silverblue][6]) that users get to choose from are all very similar. They’re all composed of various software that is mixed and matched to work well together. What differs between them is the exact list of tools that goes into each. That choice depends on the use case that they target. The basic unit of all of these is an RPM package file. + +RPM files are archives that are similar to ZIP files or tarballs. In fact, they uses compression to reduce the size of the archive. However, along with files, RPM archives also contain metadata about the package. This can be queried using the _rpm_ tool: +``` + +``` + +$ rpm -q fpaste +fpaste-0.3.9.2-2.fc30.noarch + +$ rpm -qi fpaste +Name        : fpaste +Version     : 0.3.9.2 +Release     : 2.fc30 +Architecture: noarch +Install Date: Tue 26 Mar 2019 08:49:10 GMT +Group       : Unspecified +Size        : 64144 +License     : GPLv3+ +Signature   : RSA/SHA256, Thu 07 Feb 2019 15:46:11 GMT, Key ID ef3c111fcfc659b9 +Source RPM  : fpaste-0.3.9.2-2.fc30.src.rpm +Build Date  : Thu 31 Jan 2019 20:06:01 GMT +Build Host  : buildhw-07.phx2.fedoraproject.org +Relocations : (not relocatable) +Packager    : Fedora Project +Vendor      : Fedora Project +URL         : +Bug URL     : +Summary     : A simple tool for pasting info onto sticky notes instances +Description : +It is often useful to be able to easily paste text to the Fedora +Pastebin at and this simple script +will do that and return the resulting URL so that people may +examine the output. This can hopefully help folks who are for +some reason stuck without X, working remotely, or any other +reason they may be unable to paste something into the pastebin + +$ rpm -ql fpaste +/usr/bin/fpaste +/usr/share/doc/fpaste +/usr/share/doc/fpaste/README.rst +/usr/share/doc/fpaste/TODO +/usr/share/licenses/fpaste +/usr/share/licenses/fpaste/COPYING +/usr/share/man/man1/fpaste.1.gz +``` + +``` + +When an RPM package is installed, the _rpm_ tools know exactly what files were added to the system. So, removing a package also removes these files, and leaves the system in a consistent state. This is why installing software using _rpm_ is preferred over installing software from source whenever possible. + +### Dependencies + +Nowadays, it is quite rare for software to be completely self-contained. Even [fpaste][7], a simple one file Python script, requires that the Python interpreter be installed. So, if the system does not have Python installed (highly unlikely, but possible), _fpaste_ cannot be used. In packager jargon, we say that “Python is a **run-time dependency** of _fpaste_“. + +When RPM packages are built (the process of building RPMs is not discussed in this post), the generated archive includes all of this metadata. That way, the tools interacting with the RPM package archive know what else must must be installed so that fpaste works correctly: +``` + +``` + +$ rpm -q --requires fpaste +/usr/bin/python3 +python3 +rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) &lt;= 3.0.4-1 +rpmlib(FileDigests) &lt;= 4.6.0-1 +rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) &lt;= 4.0-1 +rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) &lt;= 5.2-1 + +$ rpm -q --provides fpaste +fpaste = 0.3.9.2-2.fc30 + +$ rpm -qi python3 +Name        : python3 +Version     : 3.7.3 +Release     : 3.fc30 +Architecture: x86_64 +Install Date: Thu 16 May 2019 18:51:41 BST +Group       : Unspecified +Size        : 46139 +License     : Python +Signature   : RSA/SHA256, Sat 11 May 2019 17:02:44 BST, Key ID ef3c111fcfc659b9 +Source RPM  : python3-3.7.3-3.fc30.src.rpm +Build Date  : Sat 11 May 2019 01:47:35 BST +Build Host  : buildhw-05.phx2.fedoraproject.org +Relocations : (not relocatable) +Packager    : Fedora Project +Vendor      : Fedora Project +URL         : +Bug URL     : +Summary     : Interpreter of the Python programming language +Description : +Python is an accessible, high-level, dynamically typed, interpreted programming +language, designed with an emphasis on code readability. +It includes an extensive standard library, and has a vast ecosystem of +third-party libraries. + +The python3 package provides the "python3" executable: the reference +interpreter for the Python language, version 3. +The majority of its standard library is provided in the python3-libs package, +which should be installed automatically along with python3. +The remaining parts of the Python standard library are broken out into the +python3-tkinter and python3-test packages, which may need to be installed +separately. + +Documentation for Python is provided in the python3-docs package. + +Packages containing additional libraries for Python are generally named with +the "python3-" prefix. + +$ rpm -q --provides python3 +python(abi) = 3.7 +python3 = 3.7.3-3.fc30 +python3(x86-64) = 3.7.3-3.fc30 +python3.7 = 3.7.3-3.fc30 +python37 = 3.7.3-3.fc30 +``` + +``` + +### Resolving RPM dependencies + +While _rpm_ knows the required dependencies for each archive, it does not know where to find them. This is by design: _rpm_ only works on local files and must be told exactly where they are. So, if you try to install a single RPM package, you get an error if _rpm_ cannot find the package’s run-time dependencies. This example tries to install a package downloaded from the Fedora package set: +``` + +``` + +$ ls +python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch.rpm + +$ rpm -qpi python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch.rpm +Name        : python3-elephant +Version     : 0.6.2 +Release     : 3.fc30 +Architecture: noarch +Install Date: (not installed) +Group       : Unspecified +Size        : 2574456 +License     : BSD +Signature   : (none) +Source RPM  : python-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.src.rpm +Build Date  : Fri 14 Jun 2019 17:23:48 BST +Build Host  : buildhw-02.phx2.fedoraproject.org +Relocations : (not relocatable) +Packager    : Fedora Project +Vendor      : Fedora Project +URL         : +Bug URL     : +Summary     : Elephant is a package for analysis of electrophysiology data in Python +Description : +Elephant - Electrophysiology Analysis Toolkit Elephant is a package for the +analysis of neurophysiology data, based on Neo. + +$ rpm -qp --requires python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch.rpm +python(abi) = 3.7 +python3.7dist(neo) >= 0.7.1 +python3.7dist(numpy) >= 1.8.2 +python3.7dist(quantities) >= 0.10.1 +python3.7dist(scipy) >= 0.14.0 +python3.7dist(six) >= 1.10.0 +rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) &lt;= 3.0.4-1 +rpmlib(FileDigests) &lt;= 4.6.0-1 +rpmlib(PartialHardlinkSets) &lt;= 4.0.4-1 +rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) &lt;= 4.0-1 +rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) &lt;= 5.2-1 + +$ sudo rpm -i ./python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch.rpm +error: Failed dependencies: +        python3.7dist(neo) >= 0.7.1 is needed by python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch +        python3.7dist(quantities) >= 0.10.1 is needed by python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch +``` + +``` + +In theory, one could download all the packages that are required for _python3-elephant_, and tell _rpm_ where they all are, but that isn’t convenient. What if _python3-neo_ and _python3-quantities_ have other run-time requirements and so on? Very quickly, the **dependency chain** can get quite complicated. + +#### Repositories + +Luckily, _dnf_ and friends exist to help with this issue. Unlike _rpm_, _dnf_ is aware of **repositories**. Repositories are collections of packages, with metadata that tells _dnf_ what these repositories contain. All Fedora systems come with the default Fedora repositories enabled by default: +``` + +``` + +$ sudo dnf repolist +repo id              repo name                             status +fedora               Fedora 30 - x86_64                    56,582 +fedora-modular       Fedora Modular 30 - x86_64               135 +updates              Fedora 30 - x86_64 - Updates           8,573 +updates-modular      Fedora Modular 30 - x86_64 - Updates     138 +updates-testing      Fedora 30 - x86_64 - Test Updates      8,458 +``` + +``` + +There’s more information on [these repositories][8], and how they [can be managed][9] on the Fedora quick docs. + +_dnf_ can be used to query repositories for information on the packages they contain. It can also search them for software, or install/uninstall/upgrade packages from them: +``` + +``` + +$ sudo dnf search elephant +Last metadata expiration check: 0:05:21 ago on Sun 23 Jun 2019 14:33:38 BST. +============================================================================== Name &amp; Summary Matched: elephant ============================================================================== +python3-elephant.noarch : Elephant is a package for analysis of electrophysiology data in Python +python3-elephant.noarch : Elephant is a package for analysis of electrophysiology data in Python + +$ sudo dnf list \\*elephant\\* +Last metadata expiration check: 0:05:26 ago on Sun 23 Jun 2019 14:33:38 BST. +Available Packages +python3-elephant.noarch      0.6.2-3.fc30      updates-testing +python3-elephant.noarch      0.6.2-3.fc30              updates +``` + +``` + +#### Installing dependencies + +When installing the package using _dnf_ now, it _resolves_ all the required dependencies, then calls _rpm_ to carry out the _transaction_: +``` + +``` + +$ sudo dnf install python3-elephant +Last metadata expiration check: 0:06:17 ago on Sun 23 Jun 2019 14:33:38 BST. +Dependencies resolved. +============================================================================================================================================================================================== + Package                                      Architecture                     Version                                                        Repository                                 Size +============================================================================================================================================================================================== +Installing: + python3-elephant                             noarch                           0.6.2-3.fc30                                                   updates-testing                           456 k +Installing dependencies: + python3-neo                                  noarch                           0.8.0-0.1.20190215git49b6041.fc30                              fedora                                    753 k + python3-quantities                           noarch                           0.12.2-4.fc30                                                  fedora                                    163 k +Installing weak dependencies: + python3-igor                                 noarch                           0.3-5.20150408git2c2a79d.fc30                                  fedora                                     63 k + +Transaction Summary +============================================================================================================================================================================================== +Install  4 Packages + +Total download size: 1.4 M +Installed size: 7.0 M +Is this ok [y/N]: y +Downloading Packages: +(1/4): python3-igor-0.3-5.20150408git2c2a79d.fc30.noarch.rpm                                                                                                  222 kB/s |  63 kB     00:00 +(2/4): python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch.rpm                                                                                                               681 kB/s | 456 kB     00:00 +(3/4): python3-quantities-0.12.2-4.fc30.noarch.rpm                                                                                                            421 kB/s | 163 kB     00:00 +(4/4): python3-neo-0.8.0-0.1.20190215git49b6041.fc30.noarch.rpm                                                                                               840 kB/s | 753 kB     00:00 +\---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Total                                                                                                                                                         884 kB/s | 1.4 MB     00:01 +Running transaction check +Transaction check succeeded. +Running transaction test +Transaction test succeeded. +Running transaction +  Preparing        :                                                                                                                                                                      1/1 +  Installing       : python3-quantities-0.12.2-4.fc30.noarch                                                                                                                              1/4 +  Installing       : python3-igor-0.3-5.20150408git2c2a79d.fc30.noarch                                                                                                                    2/4 +  Installing       : python3-neo-0.8.0-0.1.20190215git49b6041.fc30.noarch                                                                                                                 3/4 +  Installing       : python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch                                                                                                                                 4/4 +  Running scriptlet: python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch                                                                                                                                 4/4 +  Verifying        : python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch                                                                                                                                 1/4 +  Verifying        : python3-igor-0.3-5.20150408git2c2a79d.fc30.noarch                                                                                                                    2/4 +  Verifying        : python3-neo-0.8.0-0.1.20190215git49b6041.fc30.noarch                                                                                                                 3/4 +  Verifying        : python3-quantities-0.12.2-4.fc30.noarch                                                                                                                              4/4 + +Installed: +  python3-elephant-0.6.2-3.fc30.noarch   python3-igor-0.3-5.20150408git2c2a79d.fc30.noarch   python3-neo-0.8.0-0.1.20190215git49b6041.fc30.noarch   python3-quantities-0.12.2-4.fc30.noarch + +Complete! +``` + +``` + +Notice how dnf even installed _python3-igor_, which isn’t a direct dependency of _python3-elephant_. + +### DnfDragora: a graphical interface to DNF + +While technical users may find _dnf_ straightforward to use, it isn’t for everyone. [Dnfdragora][10] addresses this issue by providing a graphical front end to _dnf_. + +![dnfdragora \(version 1.1.1-2 on Fedora 30\) listing all the packages installed on a system.][11] + +From a quick look, dnfdragora appears to provide all of _dnf_‘s main functions. + +There are other tools in Fedora that also manage packages. GNOME Software, and Discover are two examples. GNOME Software is focused on graphical applications only. You can’t use the graphical front end to install command line or terminal tools such as _htop_ or _weechat_. However, GNOME Software does support the installation of [Flatpaks][12] and Snap applications which _dnf_ does not. So, they are different tools with different target audiences, and so provide different functions. + +This post only touches the tip of the iceberg that is the life cycle of software in Fedora. This article explained what RPM packages are, and the main differences between using _rpm_ and using _dnf_. + +In future posts, we’ll speak more about: + + * The processes that are needed to create these packages + * How the community tests them to ensure that they are built correctly + * The infrastructure that the community uses to get them to community users in future posts. + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/rpm-packages-explained/ + +作者：[Ankur Sinha "FranciscoD"][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ankursinha/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rpm.png-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/project/#_what_is_fedora_all_about +[3]: https://getfedora.org +[4]: https://spins.fedoraproject.org/ +[5]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/ +[6]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/ +[7]: https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/fpaste +[8]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/repositories/ +[9]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/adding-or-removing-software-repositories-in-fedora/ +[10]: https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/dnfdragora +[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/dnfdragora-1024x558.png +[12]: https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-started-flatpak/ From bcca11a17ad48409c2e825743734bfa7ef88cf19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 00:52:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0612/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190627=20Open?= =?UTF-8?q?AssessIt=20Tooklit=20helps=20improve=20website=20accessibility?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190627 OpenAssessIt Tooklit helps improve website accessibility.md --- ...lit helps improve website accessibility.md | 64 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190627 OpenAssessIt Tooklit helps improve website accessibility.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190627 OpenAssessIt Tooklit helps improve website accessibility.md b/sources/tech/20190627 OpenAssessIt Tooklit helps improve website accessibility.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..43ab924a8a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190627 OpenAssessIt Tooklit helps improve website accessibility.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (OpenAssessIt Tooklit helps improve website accessibility) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/openassessit-toolkit) +[#]: author: (Jeff Macharyas https://opensource.com/users/jeffmacharyas/users/petercheer) + +OpenAssessIt Tooklit helps improve website accessibility +====== +Open source application reports website accessibility problems in +human-readable format so it is easier to find and fix them. +![web development and design, desktop and browser][1] + +People with disabilities often feel [excluded from society][2], despite laws like the Americans with Disabilities Act and the UK's Equality Act 2010 that were created to safeguard accessibility for people with different abilities. This is even true on the web. According to the [Web Accessibility Initiative][3]: + +> _When websites and web tools are properly designed and coded, people with disabilities can use them. However, currently many sites and tools are developed with accessibility barriers that make them difficult or impossible for some people to use._ + +Unfortunately, because of poor website design decisions, a lot of content on the web (such as PDFs) is not accessible to people with hearing, sight, mobility, neurological, and other disabilities, and as the population rapidly ages, accessibility-related problems will increase. + +Fortunately, many businesses, governments, and other organizations are taking strides to remedy inaccessible websites. There are two paths to achieving accessibility: fixing existing websites and doing the right things when sites are created. Fixing a website that has been in use for many years—with hundreds of pages, posts, images, and PDFs—can be a daunting task. Every element must be scrutinized for problems, and sometimes the fix is not obvious nor easy to accomplish. + +There are many [tools][4] available to check and fix website accessibility issues, including [OpenAssessIt Toolkit][5], a new open source tool developed by [Joel Crawford-Smith][6], a self-described "relentless web accessibility fanatic" and "cat aficionado." + +[OpenAssessIt][7] converts [Chrome Lighthouse][8] files into visual, human-readable web accessibility assessments. Lighthouse audits websites for accessibility issues and reports its findings as text that can be viewed in the browser or exported as a JSON file with valuable hidden data. + +OpenAssessIt consumes Lighthouse's data-rich JSON files and outputs them in [Markdown][9], which is easy for people to read and edit. It also takes screenshots of each failing element and provides suggestions on how to fix each issue. Automated tools help detect accessibility issues, but a human must evaluate the validity and seriousness of each problem. "Seeing the issues visually [is] a good tool for training and development," Joel says. + +The toolkit also includes [OpenDiffIt][10] to help prevent accidentally re-checking PDF files that have already been validated as accessible. It identifies new or modified PDF files by comparing user-generated CSV files from server logs or analytics, generating a unique hash for every file, and marking each one as New, Same, or Modified (based on the hash). By using OpenDiffIt, users can make sure all new or revised PDF files are validated without doing unnecessary work. + +### OpenAssessIt development + +Joel developed the OpenAssessIt Toolkit with Python, which he says "makes development fun." + +OpenAssessIt is available as a native version that requires Python, headless Chrome, and Selenium, and as a simple Docker version, which doesn't require any Python knowledge to use. OpenDiffIt is only available as a Python version, but Joel says he hopes to make a Docker version available soon. + +Joel concedes the OpenAssessIt Toolkit is still in a "primitive" stage and says it is a good option for people who don't have the money for big, enterprise-wide solutions. He hopes the software will be politely "roasted" by the open source community to help him improve it. He would also like help to give the tool a graphical user interface that is easier for less tech-savvy people to use. + +Accessibility is an ongoing endeavor, and people like Joel Crawford-Smith are making the task less daunting by developing open source solutions. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/openassessit-toolkit + +作者：[Jeff Macharyas][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jeffmacharyas/users/petercheer +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/web_browser_desktop_devlopment_design_system_computer.jpg?itok=pfqRrJgh (web development and design, desktop and browser) +[2]: https://rightsinfo.org/49-of-disabled-people-feel-excluded-from-society/ +[3]: https://www.w3.org/WAI/ +[4]: https://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/tools/ +[5]: https://github.com/OpenAssessItToolkit +[6]: http://joelcrawfordsmith.com/ +[7]: https://github.com/OpenAssessItToolkit/openassessit +[8]: https://developers.google.com/web/tools/lighthouse/ +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown +[10]: https://github.com/OpenAssessItToolkit/opendiffit From 31e6b19fd97fbf73ab4e44afd72e79f57b73053a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 00:54:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0613/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190627=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20use=20Tig=20to=20browse=20Git=20logs?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md --- ...90627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md | 216 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 216 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md b/sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1b0c88752e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md @@ -0,0 +1,216 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to use Tig to browse Git logs) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-tig) +[#]: author: (Olaf Alders https://opensource.com/users/oalders/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo) + +How to use Tig to browse Git logs +====== +Tig is more than just a text-mode interface for Git. Here's how it can +enhance your daily workflow. +![A person programming][1] + +If you work with Git as your version control system, you've likely already resigned yourself to the fact that Git is a complicated beast. It is a fantastic tool, but it can be cumbersome to navigate Git repositories. That's where a tool like [Tig][2] comes in. + +From the [Tig man page][3]: + +> Tig is an ncurses-based text-mode interface for git(1). It functions mainly as a Git repository browser, but can also assist in staging changes for commit at chunk level and act as a pager for output from various Git commands. + +This basically means that Tig provides a text-based user interface you can run in your terminal. Tig makes it easy to browse your Git logs, but it can do much more than just bounce you around from your last commit to a previous one. + +![Tig screenshot][4] + +Many of the examples in this quick introduction to Tig have been poached directly from its excellent man page. I highly recommend reading it to learn more. + +### Install Tig + + * Fedora and RHEL: **sudo dnf install tig** + * Ubuntu and Debian: **sudo apt install tig** + * MacOS: **brew install tig** + + + +See the official [installation instructions][5] for even more options. + +### Browse commits in your current branch + +If you want to browse the latest commits in your branch, enter: + + +``` +`tig` +``` + +That's it. This three-character command will launch a browser where you can navigate the commits in your current branch. You can think of it as a wrapper around **git log**. + +To navigate the output, you can use the Up and Down arrow keys to move from one commit to another. Pressing the Return/Enter key will open a vertical split with the contents of the chosen commit on the right-hand side. You can continue to browse up and down in your commit history on the left-hand side, and your changes will appear on the right. Use **k** and **j** to navigate up and down by line and **-** and the Space Bar to page up and down on the right-hand side. Use **q** to exit the right-hand pane. + +Searching on **tig** output is simple as well. Use **/** to search forward and **?** to search backward on both the left and right panes. + +![Searching Tig][6] + +That's enough to get you started navigating your commits. There are too many key bindings to cover here, but clicking **h** will display a Help menu where you can discover its navigation and command options. You can also use **/** and **?** to search the Help menu. Use **q** to exit Help. + +![Tig Help][7] + +### Browse revisions for a single file + +Since Tig is a wrapper around **git log**, it conveniently accepts the same arguments that can be passed to **git log**. For instance, to browse the commit history for a single file, enter: + + +``` +`tig README.md` +``` + +Compare this with the output of the Git command being wrapped to get a clearer view of how Tig enhances the output. + + +``` +`git log README.md` +``` + +To include the patches in the raw Git output, you can add a **-p** option: + + +``` +`git log -p README.md` +``` + +If you want to narrow the commits down to a specific date range, try something like this: + + +``` +`tig --after="2017-01-01" --before="2018-05-16" -- README.md` +``` + +Again, you can compare this with the raw Git version: + + +``` +`git log --after="2017-01-01" --before="2018-05-16" -- README.md` +``` + +### Browse who changed a file + +Sometimes you want to find out who made a change to a file and why. The command: + + +``` +`tig blame README.md` +``` + +is essentially a wrapper around **git blame**. As you would expect, it allows you to see who the last person was to edit a given line, and it also allows you to navigate to the commit that introduced the line. This is somewhat like the **:Gblame** command Vim's **vim-fugitive** plugin provides. + +### Browse your stash + +If you're like me, you may have a pile of edits in your stash. It's easy to lose track of them. You can view the latest item in your stash via:  + + +``` +`git stash show -p stash@{0}` +``` + +You can find the second most recent item via: + + +``` +`git stash show -p stash@{1}` +``` + +and so on. If you can recall these commands whenever you need them, you have a much sharper memory than I do. + +As with the Git commands above, Tig makes it easy to enhance your Git output with a simple invocation: + + +``` +`tig stash` +``` + +Try issuing this command in a repository with a populated stash. You'll be able to browse _and search_ your stash items, giving you a quick overview of everything you saved for a rainy day. + +### Browse your refs + +A Git ref is the hash of something you have committed. This includes files as well as branches. Using the **tig refs** command allows you to browse all of your refs and drill down to specific commits. + + +``` +`tig refs` +``` + +When you're finished, use **q** to return to a previous menu. + +### Browse git status + +If you want to view which files have been staged and which are untracked, use **tig status**, a wrapper around **git status**. + +![Tig status][8] + +### Browse git grep + +You can use the **grep** command to search for expressions in text files. The command **tig grep** allows you to navigate the output of **git grep**. For example: + + +``` +`tig grep -i foo lib/Bar` +``` + +will navigate the output of a case-insensitive search for **foo** in the **lib/Bar** directory. + +### Pipe output to Tig via STDIN + +If you are piping a list of commit IDs to Tig, you must use the **\--stdin** flag so that **tig show** reads from stdin. Otherwise, **tig show** launches without input (rendering an empty screen). + + +``` +`git rev-list --author=olaf HEAD | tig show --stdin` +``` + +### Add custom bindings + +You can customize Tig with an [rc][9] file. Here's how you can configure Tig to your liking, using the example of adding some helpful custom key bindings. + +Create a file in your home directory called **.tigrc**. Open **~/.tigrc** in your favorite editor and add: + + +``` +# Apply the selected stash +bind stash a !?git stash apply %(stash) + +# Drop the selected stash item +bind stash x !?git stash drop %(stash) +``` + +Run **tig stash** to browse your stash, as above. However, with these bindings in place, you can press **a** to apply an item from the stash to your repository and **x** to drop an item from the stash. Keep in mind that you'll need to perform these commands when browsing the stash _list_. If you're browsing a stash _item_, enter **q** to exit that view and press **a** or **x** to get the effect you want. + +For more information, you can read more about [Tig key bindings][10]. + +### Wrapping up + +I hope this has been a helpful demonstration of how Tig can enhance your daily workflow. Tig can do even more powerful things (such as staging lines of code), but that's outside the scope of this introductory article. There's enough information here to make you dangerous, but there's still more to explore. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-tig + +作者：[Olaf Alders][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/oalders/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/computer_keyboard_laptop_development_code_woman.png?itok=vbYz6jjb (A person programming) +[2]: https://jonas.github.io/tig/ +[3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man1/tig.1.html +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig.jpg (Tig screenshot) +[5]: https://jonas.github.io/tig/INSTALL.html +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig-search.png (Searching Tig) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig-help.png (Tig Help) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig-status.png (Tig status) +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_commands +[10]: https://github.com/jonas/tig/wiki/Bindings From e62bc63d519f6378393dd04b5f7462d032391991 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 09:19:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0614/1265] translating --- sources/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md b/sources/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md index e8650b4f56..2dbdfc6770 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From b01454bd5bdb68bc2cffe941e0331967558f3a7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 12:17:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0615/1265] APL:20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve --- .../20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md b/sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md index 0fde8d1383..e8755094fd 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 1117fb90e23aae955434d2211a1e4c3320e6a21d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 12:54:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0616/1265] TSL:20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md --- ... navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md | 75 ------------------- ... navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md | 72 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md b/sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md deleted file mode 100644 index e8755094fd..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,75 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve) -[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux) - -How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve -====== -Kubernetes is like a dump truck. It's elegant for solving the problems -it's designed for, but you have to master the learning curve first. -![Dump truck rounding a turn in the road][1] - -In _[Kubernetes is a dump truck][2]_, I talked about how a tool can be elegant for the problem it was designed to solve—once you learn how to use it. In part 2 of this series, I'm going a little deeper into the Kubernetes' learning curve. - -The journey to [Kubernetes][3] often starts with running one container on one host. You quickly discover how easy it is to run new versions of software, how easy it is to share that software with others, and how easy it is for those users to run it the way you intended. - -But then you need - - * Two containers - * Two hosts - - - -It's easy to fire up one web server on port 80 with a container, but what happens when you need to fire up a second container on port 80? What happens when you are building a production environment and you need the containerized web server to fail over to a second host? The short answer, in either case, is you have to move into container orchestration. - -Inevitably, when you start to handle the two containers or two hosts problem, you'll introduce complexity and, hence, a learning curve. The two services (a more generalized version of a container) / two hosts problem has been around for a long time and has always introduced complexity. - -Historically, this would have involved load balancers, clustering software, and even clustered file systems. Configuration logic for every service is embedded in every system (load balancers, cluster software, and file systems). Running 60 or 70 services, clustered, behind load balancers is complex. Adding another new service is also complex. Worse, decommissioning a service is a nightmare. Thinking back on my days of troubleshooting production MySQL and Apache servers with logic embedded in three, four, or five different places, all in different formats, still makes my head hurt. - -Kubernetes elegantly solves all these problems with one piece of software: - - 1. Two services (containers): Check - 2. Two servers (high availability): Check - 3. Single source of configuration: Check - 4. Standard configuration format: Check - 5. Networking: Check - 6. Storage: Check - 7. Dependencies (what services talk to what databases): Check - 8. Easy provisioning: Check - 9. Easy de-provisioning: Check (perhaps Kubernetes' _most_ powerful piece) - - - -Wait, it's starting to look like Kubernetes is pretty elegant and pretty powerful. _It is._ You can model an entire miniature IT universe in Kubernetes. - -![Kubernetes business model][4] - -So yes, there is a learning curve when starting to use a giant dump truck (or any professional equipment). There's also a learning curve to use Kubernetes, but it's worth it because you can solve so many problems with one tool. If you are apprehensive about the learning curve, think through all the underlying networking, storage, and security problems in IT infrastructure and envision their solutions today—they're not easier. Especially when you introduce more and more services, faster and faster. Velocity is the goal nowadays, so give special consideration to the provisioning and de-provisioning problem. - -But don't confuse the learning curve for building or equipping Kubernetes (picking the right mud flaps for your dump truck can be hard, LOL) with the learning curve for using it. Learning to build your own Kubernetes with so many different choices at so many different layers (container engine, logging, monitoring, service mesh, storage, networking), and then maintaining updated selections of each component every six months, might not be worth the investment—but learning to use it is absolutely worth it. - -I eat, sleep, and breathe Kubernetes and containers every day, and even I struggle to keep track of all the major new projects announced literally almost every day. But there isn't a day that I'm not excited about the operational benefits of having a single tool to model an entire IT miniverse. Also, remember Kubernetes has matured a ton and will continue to do so. Like Linux and OpenStack before it, the interfaces and de facto projects at each layer will mature and become easier to select. - -In the third article in this series, I'll dig into what you need to know before you drive your Kubernetes "truck." - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve - -作者：[Scott McCarty][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/dumptruck_car_vehicle_storage_container_road.jpg?itok=TWK0CbX_ (Dump truck rounding a turn in the road) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck -[3]: https://kubernetes.io/ -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/developer_native_experience_-_mapped_to_traditional_1.png (Kubernetes business model) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md b/translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d94a6ac25b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve) +[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux) + +如何跨越 Kubernetes 学习曲线 +====== + +Kubernetes 就像一辆翻斗车。它非常适合解决它所针对的问题，但你必须首先掌握其学习曲线。 + +![Dump truck rounding a turn in the road][1] + +在[为什么说 Kubernetes 是一辆翻斗车][2]中，我谈到了一个工具如何优雅地解决它设计要解决的问题 —— 只是你要学会如何使用它。在本系列的第 2 部分中，我将更深入地了解 Kubernetes 的学习曲线。 + +[Kubernetes][3] 的旅程通常从在一台主机上运行一个容器开始。你可以快速了解运行新版本软件的难易程度，与其他人共享该软件的难易程度，以及对于这些用户按照你预期方式运行它的难易程度。 + +但是你需要 + +* 两个容器 +* 两个主机 + +使用容器在端口 80 上启动一个 Web 服务器很容易，但是当你需要在端口 80 上启动第二个容器时会发生什么？当你构建生产环境时，需要容器化 Web 服务器在发生故障时转移到第二个主机时会发生什么？在任何一种情况下，简而言之就是你必须采用容器编排。 + +当你开始处理两个容器或两个主机问题时，你将不可避免地引入复杂性，因此，这就是一个学习曲线。这个两个服务（容器的更通用说法）或两个主机的问题已经存在了很长时间，并且带来了复杂性。 + +从历史上看，这将涉及负载均衡、集群软件甚至集群文件系统。每个服务的配置逻辑都嵌入在每个系统（负载均衡、集群软件和文件系统）中。在负载平衡器后运行 60 或 70 个集群的服务是复杂的。添加另一个新服务也很复杂。更糟糕的是，撤下服务简直是一场噩梦。回想起我对生产环境中的 MySQL 和 Apache 服务器进行故障排除的日子，这些服务器的逻辑嵌入在三、四个或五个不同的地方，所有这些都采用不同的格式，让我头疼不已。 + +Kubernetes 使用一个软件优雅地解决了所有这些问题： + +1. 两项服务（容器）：检查 +2. 两台服务器（高可用性）：检查 +3. 单一配置来源：检查 +4. 标准配置格式：检查 +5. 网络：检查 +6. 储存：检查 +7. 依赖关系（什么服务与哪些数据库对应）：检查 +8. 易于配置：检查 +9. 轻松取消配置：检查（也许是 Kubernetes **最**强大的部分） + +等等，初看起来 Kubernetes 非常优雅、非常强大。 **没错。**你可以在 Kubernetes 中建模整个一个微型 IT 世界。 + +![Kubernetes business model][4] + +所以，是的，就像开始使用巨型翻斗车（或任何专业设备）时，有一个学习曲线。使用 Kubernetes 还有一个学习曲线，但它值得，因为你可以用一个工具解决这么多问题。如果你对学习曲线感到担忧，请仔细考虑 IT 基础架构中的所有底层网络、存储和安全问题，并设想今天的解决方案 —— 这并不容易。特别是当你越来越快引入越来越多的服务时。速度是当今的目标，因此要特别考虑配置和取消配置问题。 + +但是，不要混淆了建造或配置 Kubernetes 的学习曲线（为你的翻斗车挑选合适的挡泥板可能很难，LOL）和使用它的学习曲线。学习用如此多的不同层次（容器引擎、日志记录、监控、服务网格、存储、网络）技术来建立自己的 Kubernetes 有很多不同的选择，以及每六个月维护每个组件的更新选择，这可能不值得投资 —— 但学会使用它绝对是值得的。 + +我每天都与 Kubernetes 和容器泡在一起，即使这样我都很难跟踪几乎每天都在宣布的所有重大新项目。 但是，每一天我都对使用单一工具来模拟整个 IT 多方面的运营优势感到兴奋。此外，记住 Kubernetes 已经成熟了很多，并将继续这样做。与之前的 Linux 和 OpenStack 一样，每一层的接口和事实上的项目都将成熟并变得更容易选择。 + +在本系列的第三篇文章中，我将深入挖掘你在驾驶 Kubernetes “卡车”之前需要了解的内容。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve + +作者：[Scott McCarty][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/dumptruck_car_vehicle_storage_container_road.jpg?itok=TWK0CbX_ (Dump truck rounding a turn in the road) +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-11011-1.html +[3]: https://kubernetes.io/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/developer_native_experience_-_mapped_to_traditional_1.png (Kubernetes business model) From da31560891285eb9b53d37ca91d41690fabab427 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 13:15:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0617/1265] PRF:20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md @wxy --- ... navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md | 42 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md b/translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md index d94a6ac25b..41da083d86 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md @@ -10,46 +10,46 @@ 如何跨越 Kubernetes 学习曲线 ====== -Kubernetes 就像一辆翻斗车。它非常适合解决它所针对的问题，但你必须首先掌握其学习曲线。 +> Kubernetes 就像一辆翻斗车。它非常适合解决它所针对的问题，但你必须首先掌握其学习曲线。 -![Dump truck rounding a turn in the road][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/28/131501h8vydvd4tyx5gz5t.jpg) -在[为什么说 Kubernetes 是一辆翻斗车][2]中，我谈到了一个工具如何优雅地解决它设计要解决的问题 —— 只是你要学会如何使用它。在本系列的第 2 部分中，我将更深入地了解 Kubernetes 的学习曲线。 +在[为什么说 Kubernetes 是一辆翻斗车][2]中，我谈到了一个工具如何优雅地解决它所设计用来解决的问题 —— 只是你要学会如何使用它。在本系列的第 2 部分中，我将更深入地了解 Kubernetes 的学习曲线。 -[Kubernetes][3] 的旅程通常从在一台主机上运行一个容器开始。你可以快速了解运行新版本软件的难易程度，与其他人共享该软件的难易程度，以及对于这些用户按照你预期方式运行它的难易程度。 +[Kubernetes][3] 的旅程通常从在一台主机上运行一个容器开始。你可以快速了解运行新版本软件的难易程度，与其他人分享该软件的难易程度，以及对于这些用户按照你预期方式运行它的难易程度。 -但是你需要 +但是你需要： * 两个容器 * 两个主机 -使用容器在端口 80 上启动一个 Web 服务器很容易，但是当你需要在端口 80 上启动第二个容器时会发生什么？当你构建生产环境时，需要容器化 Web 服务器在发生故障时转移到第二个主机时会发生什么？在任何一种情况下，简而言之就是你必须采用容器编排。 +使用容器在端口 80 上启动一个 Web 服务器很容易，但是当你需要在端口 80 上启动第二个容器时会发生什么？当你构建生产环境时，需要容器化 Web 服务器在发生故障时转移到第二个主机时会发生什么？在任何一种情况下，这个答案简单来说就是你必须采用容器编排。 -当你开始处理两个容器或两个主机问题时，你将不可避免地引入复杂性，因此，这就是一个学习曲线。这个两个服务（容器的更通用说法）或两个主机的问题已经存在了很长时间，并且带来了复杂性。 +当你开始处理两个容器或两个主机问题时，你将不可避免地引入了复杂性，因此，这就是一个学习曲线。这个两个服务（容器的更通用说法）或两个主机的问题已经存在了很长时间，并且由此带来了复杂性。 从历史上看，这将涉及负载均衡、集群软件甚至集群文件系统。每个服务的配置逻辑都嵌入在每个系统（负载均衡、集群软件和文件系统）中。在负载平衡器后运行 60 或 70 个集群的服务是复杂的。添加另一个新服务也很复杂。更糟糕的是，撤下服务简直是一场噩梦。回想起我对生产环境中的 MySQL 和 Apache 服务器进行故障排除的日子，这些服务器的逻辑嵌入在三、四个或五个不同的地方，所有这些都采用不同的格式，让我头疼不已。 Kubernetes 使用一个软件优雅地解决了所有这些问题： -1. 两项服务（容器）：检查 -2. 两台服务器（高可用性）：检查 -3. 单一配置来源：检查 -4. 标准配置格式：检查 -5. 网络：检查 -6. 储存：检查 -7. 依赖关系（什么服务与哪些数据库对应）：检查 -8. 易于配置：检查 -9. 轻松取消配置：检查（也许是 Kubernetes **最**强大的部分） +1. 两项服务（容器）：✅ +2. 两台服务器（高可用性）：✅ +3. 单一配置来源：✅ +4. 标准配置格式：✅ +5. 网络：✅ +6. 储存：✅ +7. 依赖关系（什么服务与哪些数据库对应）：✅ +8. 易于配置：✅ +9. 轻松取消配置：✅（也许是 Kubernetes **最**强大的部分） -等等，初看起来 Kubernetes 非常优雅、非常强大。 **没错。**你可以在 Kubernetes 中建模整个一个微型 IT 世界。 +等等，这样初看起来 Kubernetes 非常优雅、非常强大。 **没错。**你可以在 Kubernetes 中建模一整个微型 IT 世界。 ![Kubernetes business model][4] -所以，是的，就像开始使用巨型翻斗车（或任何专业设备）时，有一个学习曲线。使用 Kubernetes 还有一个学习曲线，但它值得，因为你可以用一个工具解决这么多问题。如果你对学习曲线感到担忧，请仔细考虑 IT 基础架构中的所有底层网络、存储和安全问题，并设想今天的解决方案 —— 这并不容易。特别是当你越来越快引入越来越多的服务时。速度是当今的目标，因此要特别考虑配置和取消配置问题。 +所以，是的，就像开始使用巨型翻斗车（或任何专业设备）时，有一个学习曲线。使用 Kubernetes 还有一个学习曲线，但它值得，因为你可以用一个工具解决这么多问题。如果你对学习曲线感到担忧，请仔细考虑 IT 基础架构中的所有底层网络、存储和安全问题，并设想一下今天的解决方案 —— 这并不容易。特别是当你越来越快地引入越来越多的服务时。速度是当今的目标，因此要特别考虑配置和取消配置问题。 -但是，不要混淆了建造或配置 Kubernetes 的学习曲线（为你的翻斗车挑选合适的挡泥板可能很难，LOL）和使用它的学习曲线。学习用如此多的不同层次（容器引擎、日志记录、监控、服务网格、存储、网络）技术来建立自己的 Kubernetes 有很多不同的选择，以及每六个月维护每个组件的更新选择，这可能不值得投资 —— 但学会使用它绝对是值得的。 +但是，不要混淆了建造或配置 Kubernetes 的学习曲线（为你的翻斗车挑选合适的挡泥板可能很难，LOL）和使用它的学习曲线。学习用如此多的不同层次（容器引擎、日志记录、监控、服务网格、存储、网络）的技术来建立自己的 Kubernetes 有很多不同的选择，还有每六个月维护每个组件的更新选择，这可能不值得投资 —— 但学会使用它绝对是值得的。 -我每天都与 Kubernetes 和容器泡在一起，即使这样我都很难跟踪几乎每天都在宣布的所有重大新项目。 但是，每一天我都对使用单一工具来模拟整个 IT 多方面的运营优势感到兴奋。此外，记住 Kubernetes 已经成熟了很多，并将继续这样做。与之前的 Linux 和 OpenStack 一样，每一层的接口和事实上的项目都将成熟并变得更容易选择。 +我每天都与 Kubernetes 和容器泡在一起，即使这样我都很难跟踪几乎每天都在宣布的所有重大新项目。 但是，每一天我都对使用单一工具来模拟整个 IT 多个方面的运营优势感到兴奋。此外，记住 Kubernetes 已经成熟了很多，并将继续发展下去。与之前的 Linux 和 OpenStack 一样，每一层的接口和事实上的项目都将成熟并变得更容易选择。 在本系列的第三篇文章中，我将深入挖掘你在驾驶 Kubernetes “卡车”之前需要了解的内容。 @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve 作者：[Scott McCarty][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From bc7fb994bfc0cc8bd1282699002a63e4fa668be7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 13:15:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0618/1265] PUB:20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-11026-1.html --- ...0190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md b/published/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md rename to published/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md index 41da083d86..74c3187b50 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md +++ b/published/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11026-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve) [#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux) From 0849b9e41a3742f5d8e45f19870f31b9b195c3e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 13:37:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0619/1265] PRF:20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md @murphyzhao --- ...90610 Applications for writing Markdown.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md b/translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md index c11ce19b1c..92ea8c692f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (murphyzhao) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Applications for writing Markdown) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/) [#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/) -撰写 Markdown 的软件 +三个在 Fedora 平台上撰写 Markdown 的软件 ====== ![][1] -Markdown 是一种轻量级标记语言，添加格式后，以纯文本格式查看时依然保持可读性。Markdown（和 Markdown 衍生物）被广泛用作 GitHub 和 pagure 等服务上文档标记的主要形式。根据设计，可以在文本编辑器中轻松创建和编辑 Markdown，但是，有许多编辑器可以提供 Markdown 标记的格式化预览，或提供 markdown 语法高亮显示。 +Markdown 是一种轻量级标记语言，可以在添加格式后以纯文本格式查看时依然保持可读性。Markdown（和 Markdown 衍生物）被广泛用作 GitHub 和 pagure 等服务上格式化文档的主要形式。根据其设计，可以在文本编辑器中轻松创建和编辑 Markdown，但是，有许多编辑器可以提供 Markdown 标记的格式化预览，或提供 Markdown 语法高亮显示。 本文介绍了针对 Fedora 平台的 3 个桌面应用程序，以帮助编辑 Markdown。 ### UberWriter -[UberWriter][2] 是一个小巧的 Markdown 编辑器和预览器，允许您编辑文本，并预览渲染的文档。 +[UberWriter][2] 是一个小巧的 Markdown 编辑器和预览器，允许你以文本方式编辑，并预览渲染的文档。 ![][3] -编辑器本身具有内置的内联预览，因此标记为粗体的文本以粗体显示。编辑器还提供图像、公式、脚注等标记的内联预览。按住 Ctrl 键单击其中的一个标记可以即时预览要显示的元素。 +该编辑器本身具有内置的内联预览，因此标记为粗体的文本以粗体显示。编辑器还提供图像、公式、脚注等标记的内联预览。按住 `Ctrl` 键单击其中的一个标记可以即时预览要显示的元素。 -除了编辑器功能外，UberWriter 还具有全屏模式和聚焦模式，有助于最大限度地减少干扰。焦点模式将以灰色显示除当前段落以外的所有内容，以帮助您专注于文档中当前元素。 +除了编辑器功能外，UberWriter 还具有全屏模式和聚焦模式，有助于最大限度地减少干扰。焦点模式将以灰色显示除当前段落以外的所有内容，以帮助你专注于文档中当前元素。 从第三方 Flathub 存储库安装 UberWriter 到 Fedora 平台。在将系统[设置为从 Flathub 安装][4]后，可以直接从 Software 应用程序中安装它。 @@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ Marker 是一个 Markdown 编辑器，它提供了一个简单的文本编辑器 ![][5] -此外，Marker 允许您以各种格式导出文档，包括 HTML、PDF 和开放文档格式（ODF）。 +此外，Marker 允许你以各种格式导出文档，包括 HTML、PDF 和开放文档格式（ODF）。 从第三方 Flathub 存储库安装 Marker 到 Fedora 平台。在将系统[设置为从 Flathub 安装][4]后，可以直接从 Software 应用程序中安装它。 ### Ghostwriter -以前的编辑更专注于最小的用户体验，Ghostwriter 提供了更多的功能和选项。Ghostwriter 提供了一个文本编辑器，当您以 Markdown 格式书写时，编辑器将 Markdown 部分样式化。粗体标记文本显示为粗体，标题标记显示为较大的字体，以帮助编写 Markdown 标记。 +以前的编辑更专注于最小的用户体验，Ghostwriter 提供了更多的功能和选项。Ghostwriter 提供了一个文本编辑器，当你以 Markdown 格式书写时，编辑器将 Markdown 部分样式化。粗体标记文本显示为粗体，标题标记显示为较大的字体，以帮助编写 Markdown 标记。 ![][6] @@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/ 作者：[Ryan Lerch][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[murphyzhao](https://github.com/murphyzhao) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e1496b8e3231d9624521315ad47553c0f7c90b09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 13:40:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0620/1265] PUB:20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md @murphyzhao https://linux.cn/article-11027-1.html --- .../20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md b/published/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md rename to published/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md index 92ea8c692f..0c7477e7fb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md +++ b/published/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (murphyzhao) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11027-1.html) [#]: subject: (Applications for writing Markdown) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/applications-for-writing-markdown/) [#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/) From d6b1a14d73eae7964e068f60007c39d9f252fc07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MjSeven Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2019 15:17:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0621/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ith Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md | 198 ------------------ ...ith Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md | 193 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 193 insertions(+), 198 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md b/sources/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md deleted file mode 100644 index ed85b172af..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,198 +0,0 @@ -Translating by MjSeven - -Manage your workstation with Ansible: Configure desktop settings -====== - -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cube_innovation_process_block_container.png?itok=vkPYmSRQ) - -In the [first article][1] of this series on using Ansible to configure a workstation, we set up a repository and configured a few basic things. In the [second part][2], we automated Ansible to apply settings automatically when changes are made to our repository. In this third (and final) article, we'll use Ansible to configure GNOME desktop settings. - -This configuration will work only on newer distributions (such as Ubuntu 18.04, which I'll use in my examples). Older versions of Ubuntu will not work, as they ship with a version of `python-psutils` that is too old for Ansible's `dconf` module to work properly. If you're using a newer version of your Linux distribution, you should have no issues. - -Before you begin, make sure you've worked through parts one and two of this series, as part three builds upon that groundwork. If you haven't already, download the GitHub repository you've been using in those first two articles. We'll add a few more features to it. - -### Set a wallpaper and lock screen - -First, we'll create a taskbook to hold our GNOME settings. In the root of the repository, you should have a file named `local.yml`. Add the following line to it: -``` -- include: tasks/gnome.yml - -``` - -The entire file should now look like this: -``` -- hosts: localhost - -  become: true - -  pre_tasks: - -    - name: update repositories - -      apt: update_cache=yes - -      changed_when: False - - - -  tasks: - -    - include: tasks/users.yml - -    - include: tasks/cron.yml - -    - include: tasks/packages.yml - -    - include: tasks/gnome.yml - -``` - -Basically, this added a reference to a file named `gnome.yml` that will be stored in the `tasks` directory inside the repository. We haven't created this file yet, so let's do that now. Create `gnome.yml` file in the `tasks` directory, and place the following content inside: -``` -- name: Install python-psutil package - -  apt: name=python-psutil - - - -- name: Copy wallpaper file - -  copy: src=files/wallpaper.jpg dest=/home/jay/.wallpaper.jpg owner=jay group=jay mode=600 - - - -- name: Set GNOME Wallpaper - -  become_user: jay - -  dconf: key="/org/gnome/desktop/background/picture-uri" value="'file:///home/jay/.wallpaper.jpg'" - -``` - -Note that this code refers to my username (`jay`) several times, so make sure to replace every occurrence of `jay` with the username you use on your machine. Also, if you're not using Ubuntu 18.04 (as I am), you'll have to change the `apt` line to match the package manager for your chosen distribution and to confirm the name of the `python-psutil` package for your distribution, as it may be different. - -`wallpaper.jpg` inside the `files` directory. This file must exist or the Ansible configuration will fail. Inside the `tasks` directory, create a subdirectory named `files`. Find a wallpaper image you like, name it `wallpaper.jpg`, and place it inside the `files` directory. If the file is a PNG image instead of a JPG, change the file extension in both the code and in the repository. If you're not feeling creative, I have an example wallpaper file in the - -In the example tasks, I referred to a file namedinside thedirectory. This file must exist or the Ansible configuration will fail. Inside thedirectory, create a subdirectory named. Find a wallpaper image you like, name it, and place it inside thedirectory. If the file is a PNG image instead of a JPG, change the file extension in both the code and in the repository. If you're not feeling creative, I have an example wallpaper file in the [GitHub repository][3] for this article series that you can use. - -Once you've made all these changes, commit everything to your GitHub repository, and push those changes. To recap, you should've completed the following: - - * Modified the `local.yml` file to refer to the `tasks/gnome.yml` playbook - * Created the `tasks/gnome.yml` playbook with the content mentioned above - * Created a `files` directory inside the `tasks` directory, with an image file named `wallpaper.jpg` (or whatever you chose to call it). - - - -Once you've completed those steps and pushed your changes back to the repository, the configuration should be automatically applied during its next scheduled run. (You may recall that we automated this in the previous article.) If you're in a hurry, you can apply the configuration immediately with the following command: -``` -sudo ansible-pull -U https://github.com//ansible.git - -``` - -If everything ran correctly, you should see your new wallpaper. - -Let's take a moment to go through what the new GNOME taskbook does. First, we added a play to install the `python-psutil` package. If we don't add this, we can't use the `dconf` module, since it requires this package to be installed before we can modify GNOME settings. Next, we used the `copy` module to copy the wallpaper file to our `home` directory, and we named the resulting file starting with a period to hide it. If you'd prefer not to have this file in the root of your `home` directory, you can always instruct this section to copy it somewhere else—it will still work as long as you refer to it at the correct place. In the next play, we used the `dconf` module to change GNOME settings. In this case, we adjusted the `/org/gnome/desktop/background/picture-uri` key and set it equal to `file:///home/jay/.wallpaper.jpg`. Note the quotes in this section of the playbook—you must always use two single-quotes in `dconf` values, and you must also include double-quotes if the value is a string. - -Now, let's take our configuration a step further and apply a background to the lock screen. Here's the GNOME taskbook again, but with two additional plays added: -``` -- name: Install python-psutil package - -  apt: name=python-psutil - - - -- name: Copy wallpaper file - -  copy: src=files/wallpaper.jpg dest=/home/jay/.wallpaper.jpg owner=jay group=jay mode=600 - - - -- name: Set GNOME wallpaper - -  dconf: key="/org/gnome/desktop/background/picture-uri" value="'file:///home/jay/.wallpaper.jpg'" - - - -- name: Copy lockscreenfile - -  copy: src=files/lockscreen.jpg dest=/home/jay/.lockscreen.jpg owner=jay group=jay mode=600 - - - -- name: Set lock screen background - -  become_user: jay - -  dconf: key="/org/gnome/desktop/screensaver/picture-uri" value="'file:///home/jay/.lockscreen.jpg'" - -``` - -As you can see, we're pretty much doing the same thing as we did with the wallpaper. We added two additional tasks, one to copy the lock screen image and place it in our `home` directory, and another to apply the setting to GNOME so it will be used. Again, be sure to change your username from `jay` and also name your desired lock screen picture `lockscreen.jpg` and copy it to the `files` directory. Once you've committed these changes to your repository, the new lock screen should be applied during the next scheduled Ansible run. - -### Apply a new desktop theme - -Setting the wallpaper and lock screen background is cool and all, but let's go even further and apply a desktop theme. First, let's add an instruction to our taskbook to install the package for the `arc` theme. Add the following code to the beginning of the GNOME taskbook: -``` -- name: Install arc theme - -  apt: name=arc-theme - -``` - -Then, at the bottom, add the following play: -``` -- name: Set GTK theme - -  become_user: jay - -  dconf: key="/org/gnome/desktop/interface/gtk-theme" value="'Arc'" - -``` - -Did you see GNOME's GTK theme change right before your eyes? We added a play to install the `arc-theme` package via the `apt` module and another play to apply this theme to GNOME. - -### Make other customizations - -Now that you've changed some GNOME settings, feel free to add additional customizations on your own. Any setting you can tweak in GNOME can be automated this way; setting the wallpapers and the theme were just a few examples. You may be wondering how to find the settings that you want to change. Here's a trick that works for me. - -First, take a snapshot of ALL your current `dconf` settings by running the following command on the machine you're managing: -``` -dconf dump / > before.txt - -``` - -This command exports all your current changes to a file named `before.txt`. Next, manually change the setting you want to automate, and capture the `dconf` settings again: -``` -dconf dump / > after.txt - -``` - -Now, you can use the `diff` command to see what's different between the two files: -``` -diff before.txt after.txt - -``` - -This should give you a list of keys that changed. While it's true that changing settings manually defeats the purpose of automation, what you're essentially doing is capturing the keys that change when you update your preferred settings, which then allows you to create Ansible plays to modify those settings so you'll never need to touch those settings again. If you ever need to restore your machine, your Ansible repository will take care of each and every one of your customizations. If you have multiple machines, or even a fleet of workstations, you only have to manually make the change once, and all other workstations will have the new settings applied and be completely in sync. - -### Wrapping up - -If you've followed along with this series, you should know how to set up Ansible to automate your workstation. These examples offer a useful baseline, and you can use the syntax and examples to make additional customizations. As you go along, you can continue to add new modifications, which will make your Ansible configuration grow over time. - -I've used Ansible in this way to automate everything, including my user account and password; configuration files for Vim, tmux, etc.; desktop packages; SSH settings; SSH keys; and basically everything I could ever want to customize. Using this series as a starting point will pave the way for you to completely automate your workstations. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/manage-your-workstation-ansible-part-3 - -作者：[Jay LaCroix][a] -选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jlacroix -[1]:https://opensource.com/article/18/3/manage-workstation-ansible -[2]:https://opensource.com/article/18/3/manage-your-workstation-configuration-ansible-part-2 -[3]:https://github.com/jlacroix82/ansible_article.git diff --git a/translated/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md b/translated/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8989aa0a5a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180529 Manage your workstation with Ansible- Configure desktop settings.md @@ -0,0 +1,193 @@ +使用 Ansible 管理工作站：配置桌面设置 +====== + +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cube_innovation_process_block_container.png?itok=vkPYmSRQ) + +在本系列关于使用 Ansible 配置工作站的[第一篇文章][1]中，我们设置了一个仓库并配置了一些基本的东西。在[第二篇文章][2]中，我们配置了 Ansible 以使其在对仓库进行更改时自动应用设置。在第三篇（也是最后一篇）文章中，我们将使用 Ansible 配置 GNOME 桌面设置。 + +此配置只适用于较新的发行版（例如我将在示例中使用的 Ubuntu 18.04）。较旧版本的 Ubuntu 将无法运行，因为它们附带了一个老版本的 `python-psutils`，对于 Ansible 的 `dconf` 模块无法正常工作。如果你使用的是较新版本的 Linux 发行版，则应该没有问题。 + +在开始之前，确保你已经完成了本系列的第一部分和第二部分，因为第三部分建立在此基础之上的。如果还没有，下载前两篇文章中一直使用的 GitHub 仓库，我们将为其添加更多功能。 + +### 设置壁纸和锁屏 + +首先，我们将创建一个任务手册来保存我们的 GNOME 设置。在仓库的根目录中，应该有一个名为 `local.yml` 的文件，添加以下行： +``` +- include: tasks/gnome.yml + +``` + +整个文件应如下所示： +``` +- hosts: localhost + +  become: true + +  pre_tasks: + +    - name: update repositories + +      apt: update_cache=yes + +      changed_when: False + + + +  tasks: + +    - include: tasks/users.yml + +    - include: tasks/cron.yml + +    - include: tasks/packages.yml + +    - include: tasks/gnome.yml + +``` + +基本上，这添加了对名为 `gnome.yml` 文件的引用，它将存储在仓库内的 `tasks` 目录中。我们还没有创建这个文件，现在就来创建它。在 `tasks` 目录中创建 `gnome.yml` 文件，并将以下内容放入： +``` +- name: Install python-psutil package + +  apt: name=python-psutil + + +- name: Copy wallpaper file + +  copy: src=files/wallpaper.jpg dest=/home/jay/.wallpaper.jpg owner=jay group=jay mode=600 + + + +- name: Set GNOME Wallpaper + +  become_user: jay + +  dconf: key="/org/gnome/desktop/background/picture-uri" value="'file:///home/jay/.wallpaper.jpg'" + +``` + +注意，此代码多次引用我的用户名（`jay`），因此确保使用你机器上的用户名替换每次出现的 `jay`。另外，如果你没有像我一样使用 Ubuntu 18.04，你将不得不更改 `apt` 一行来匹配你所选择的发行版的包管理器，并确认 `python-psutil` 包的名称，因为它可能有所不同。 + + +在示例任务中，我引用了 `file` 目录下的 `wallpaper.jpg` 文件，此文件必须存在，否则 Ansible 配置将失败。在 `tasks` 目录中，创建一个名为 `files` 的子目录。找到你喜欢的壁纸图片，将其命名为 `wallpaper.jpg`，然后把它放在 `files` 目录中。如果文件是 PNG 图像而不是 JPG，在代码和仓库中更改文件扩展名。如果你觉得没有创意，我在 [GitHub 仓库][3] 中有一个示例壁纸文件，你可以使用它。 + +完成所有这些更改后，将内容提交到 GitHub 仓库，并推送这些更改。总结一下，你应该完成以下工作： + + * 修改 `local.yml` 文件以引用 `tasks/gnome.yml` + * 使用上面提到的内容创建 `tasks/gnome.yml` + * 在 `tasks` 目录中创建一个 `files` 目录，其中有一个名为 `wallpaper.jpg` 的图像文件（或者你选择的任何名称）。 + + +完成这些步骤并将更改推送到仓库后，配置应该在下次计划运行期间自动应用。（你可能还记得我们在上一篇文章中对此进行了自动化。）如果你赶时间，可以使用以下命令立即应用配置： +``` +sudo ansible-pull -U https://github.com//ansible.git + +``` + +如果一切正常，你应该可以看到你的新壁纸。 + +让我们花一点时间来了解新 GNOME 任务手册的功能。首先，我们添加了一个计划来安装 `python-psutil` 包。如果不添加它，我们就不能使用 `dconf` 模块，因为它需要在修改 GNOME 设置之前安装这个包。接下来，我们使用 `copy` 模块将壁纸文件复制到我们的 `home` 目录，并将生成的文件命名为以点开头的隐藏文件。如果你不希望此文件放在 `home` 目录的根目录中，你可以随时指示此部分将其复制到其它位置 - 只要你在正确的位置引用它，它仍然可以工作。在下一个计划中，我们使用 `dconf` 模块来更改 GNOME 设置。在这种情况下，我们调整了 `/org/gnome/desktop/background/picture-uri` 键并将其设置为 `file:///home/jay/.wallpaper.jpg`。注意本节中的引号 - 你必须在 `dconf` 值中使用两个单引号，如果值是一个字符串，还必须包含双引号。 + +现在，让我们进一步进行配置，并将背景应用于锁屏。这是 GNOME 任务手册，但增加了两个额外的计划： +``` +- name: Install python-psutil package + +  apt: name=python-psutil + + + +- name: Copy wallpaper file + +  copy: src=files/wallpaper.jpg dest=/home/jay/.wallpaper.jpg owner=jay group=jay mode=600 + + + +- name: Set GNOME wallpaper + +  dconf: key="/org/gnome/desktop/background/picture-uri" value="'file:///home/jay/.wallpaper.jpg'" + + + +- name: Copy lockscreenfile + +  copy: src=files/lockscreen.jpg dest=/home/jay/.lockscreen.jpg owner=jay group=jay mode=600 + + + +- name: Set lock screen background + +  become_user: jay + +  dconf: key="/org/gnome/desktop/screensaver/picture-uri" value="'file:///home/jay/.lockscreen.jpg'" + +``` + +正如你所看到的，我们做的事情和设置壁纸时差不多。我们添加了两个额外的任务，一个是复制锁屏图像并将其放在我们的 `home` 目录中，另一个是将设置应用于 GNOME 以便使用它。同样，确保将 `jay` 更改为你的用户名，并命名你想要的锁屏图片 `lockscreen.jpg`，并将其复制到 `files` 目录。将这些更改提交到仓库后，在下一次计划的 Ansible 运行期间就会应用新的锁屏。 + +### 应用新的桌面主题 + +设置壁纸和锁屏背景很酷，但是让我们更进一步来应用桌面主题。首先，让我们在我们的任务手册中添加一条指令来安装 `arc` 主题的包。将以下代码添加到 GNOME 任务手册的开头： +``` +- name: Install arc theme + +  apt: name=arc-theme + +``` + +然后，在底部，添加以下任务： +``` +- name: Set GTK theme + +  become_user: jay + +  dconf: key="/org/gnome/desktop/interface/gtk-theme" value="'Arc'" + +``` + +你看到 GNOME 的 GTK 主题在你眼前变化了吗？我们添加了一个任务来通过 `apt` 模块安装 `arc-theme` 包，另一个任务将这个主题应用到 GNOME。 + +### 进行其它定制 + +既然你已经更改了一些 GNOME 设置，你可以随意添加其它定制。你在 GNOME 中调整的任何设置都可以通过这种方式自动完成，设置壁纸和主题只是几个例子。你可能想知道如何找到要更改的设置，以下一个适合我的技巧。 + +首先，通过在你管理的计算机上运行以下命令，获取所有当前 `dconf` 设置的快照： +``` +dconf dump / > before.txt + +``` + +此命令将所有当前更改导出到名为 `before.txt` 的文件中。接下来，手动更改要自动化的设置，并再次获取 `dconf` 设置： +``` +dconf dump / > after.txt + +``` + +现在，你可以使用 `diff` 命令查看两个文件之间的不同之处： +``` +diff before.txt after.txt + +``` + +这应该会给你一个已更改键的列表。虽然手动更改设置确实违背了自动化的目的，但你实际上正在做的是获取更新首选设置时更改的键，这允许你创建 Ansible 任务以修改这些设置，这样你就再也不需要碰这些设置了。如果你需要还原机器，Ansible 仓库将负责你的每个定制。如果你有多台计算机，甚至是一组工作站，则只需手动进行一次更改，所有其他工作站都将应用新设置并完全同步。 + +### 最后 + +如果你已经阅读完本系列文章，你应该知道如何设置 Ansible 来自动化工作站。这些示例提供了一个有用的基线，你可以使用语法和示例进行其他定制。随着你的前进，你可以继续添加新的修改，这将使你的 Ansible 配置一直增长。 + +我已经用 Ansible 以这种方式自动化了一切，包括我的用户帐户和密码、Vim、tmux 等配置文件、桌面包、SSH 设置、SSH 密钥，基本上我想要自定义的一切都使用了。以本系列文章作为起点，将为你实现工作站的完全自动化铺平道路。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/manage-your-workstation-ansible-part-3 + +作者：[Jay LaCroix][a] +选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972 ) +译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jlacroix +[1]:https://opensource.com/article/18/3/manage-workstation-ansible +[2]:https://opensource.com/article/18/3/manage-your-workstation-configuration-ansible-part-2 +[3]:https://github.com/jlacroix82/ansible_article.git From 724732ad46dd2f0fe8deacdc55da82c0676572ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 17:22:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0622/1265] PRF&PUB:20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity (#14366) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit * PRF:20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @qfzy1233 恭喜你完成了第一篇翻译贡献！ * PUB:20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @qfzy1233 https://linux.cn/article-11028-1.html --- ... 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 140 +++++++++++++++ ... 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 169 ------------------ 2 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 169 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md diff --git a/published/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/published/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..57a17925cd --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +[#]: collector: "lujun9972" +[#]: translator: "qfzy1233" +[#]: reviewer: "wxy" +[#]: publisher: "wxy" +[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-11028-1.html" +[#]: subject: "Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity" +[#]: via: "https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity" +[#]: author: "Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen" + +5 个最具生产力的 Linux 发行版 +====== + +> 如果你正在寻找一个适合开发工作的完美环境，我敢说你找不到比 Pop!_OS 更好的选择。 + +![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_main.jpg?itok=2IKyg_7_) + +必须承认的是，这样的一个热门话题其实很难被总结的话题。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于它极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得完成工作变得很容易。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是日常办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这个问题有多复杂。 + +然而，这并不意味着某些发行版无法更好地配置将底层操作系统呈现为一个有效的平台来完成工作。恰恰相反，许多发行版在偏离生产力这条道路上越走越远，所以你不会意识到你自己处在工作的窘境中，而是继续挖掘自己的潜力在工期结束之前拼命赶上进度。这些 Linux 发行版可以帮助你化繁为简，因此或许可以减少你工作流程中的痛点。 + +让我们来看一下这些发行版并为你找出适合你的最佳选择。为了更具条理，我按照生产力诉求把它们分成了几类。这项任务本身也是一种挑战，因为每个人在生产力提升上的需要是千差万别的。然而，我所关注的是下列的几项： + + * 常规：适于那些只需要有效地完成多项工作的人。 + * 设计：适于那些从事设计创造和图像处理的人。 + * 开发：适于那些使用 Linux 桌面发行版来进行编程工作的人。 + * 运维：适于那些需要一个发行版来促进其执行系统管理任务的人。 + * 教育：适于那些需要桌面发行版可以助力他们在教育领域更高效的人。 + +诚然，有很多很多类别的发行版可供挑选，其中的很多可能用起来十分得心应手，但这五种或许是你最为需要的。 + +### 常规 + +对于常规的生产力诉求来说，你不会找到比 [Ubuntu][1] 更为高效的了。在这个类别中首推 Ubuntu 最主要的原因是因为它实现了桌面操作系统、软件、服务的无缝集成。你可能会问为什么我不选择同类别的 Linux Mint 呢？因为 Ubuntu 现在默认的的桌面环境为 GNOME 桌面，而它拥有 GNOME 许多扩展程序的优势的加成（图 1）。 + +![GNOME Clipboard][3] + +*图 1：运行中的 GNOME 桌面的剪切板管理工具。* + +这些扩展程序在提升生产力方面做了很多努力（所以 Ubuntu 比 Linux Mint 获得了更多的认可）。但是 Ubuntu 不仅仅是装了一个普通的 GNOME 桌面。事实上，他们致力于将它改进的更为轻量化、更为高效、以及用户友好度更高、开箱即用。总而言之，由于 Ubuntu 正确的融合了多种特性，开箱即用，完善的软件支持（仅对工作方面而言），这些特性使它几乎成为了生产力领域最为完美的一个平台。 + +不管你是要写一篇文档，制作一张电子表格，写一个新的软件，开发公司的网站，设计商用的图形，管理一个服务器或是网络，抑或是在你的公司内从事人力资源管理工作，Ubuntu 都可以满足你的需求。Ubuntu 桌面发行版也并不要求你耗费很大的精力才能开始开始开展工作……它直接就能使用（并且工作的十分优秀）。最后，得益于它是基于 Debian 的，使得在 Ubuntu 上安装第三方的软件十分简便。 + +很难不支持这一发行版独占生产力发行版列表的鳌头，尽管 Ubuntu 几乎已经成为几乎所有“某某类顶级发行版”列表的榜首。 + +### 设计 + +如果你正在寻求提升你的平面设计效率，你不能错过 [Fedora 设计套件][5]。这一 Fedora 衍生版是由负责 Fedora 相关的艺术作品的团队亲自操刀制作的。虽然其默认选择的应用程序并不是一个庞大的工具集合，但它所包含的工具都是创建和处理图像专用的。 + +有了 GIMP、Inkscape、Darktable、Krita、Entangle、Blender、Pitivi、Scribus 等应用程序（图 2），你可以找到完成图像编辑工作所需要的一切。但是 Fedora 设计套件并不仅限于此。这个桌面平台还包括一堆教程，涵盖了许多已安装的应用程序。对于任何想要尽可能提高效率的人来说，这将是一些非常有用的信息。不过，我要说的是，GNOME 收藏夹中的教程并没有超乎[此页中][6]链接的内容。 + +![Fedora Design Suite Favorites][8] + +*图 2：Fedora 设计套件收藏夹菜单包含了许多工具，可以让你用于图形设计。* + +那些使用数码相机的用户肯定会喜欢 Entangle 应用程序，它可以让你在电脑上控制单反相机。 + +### 开发 + +几乎所有的 Linux 发行版都是程序员的绝佳平台。然而，有一种特定的发行版脱颖而出，并超越了其他发行版，它将是你见过的用于编程类最有效率的工具之一。这个操作系统来自 [System76][9]（LCTT 译注：一家美国的计算机制造商），名为 [Pop!\_OS][10]。Pop!\_OS 是专门为创作者定制的，但不是针对艺术类。相反，Pop!\_OS 面向专门从事开发、编程和软件制作的程序员。如果你需要一个既能完美的胜任开发工作又包含符合使用习惯的桌面操作系统的开发环境，Pop!\_OS 将会是你的不二选择。（图 3） + +可能会让你感到惊讶（考虑到这个操作系统是多么“年轻”）的是 Pop!\_OS 也是你将使用的基于 GNOME 平台的最稳定系统的之一。这意味着 Pop!\_OS 不只是为创作者和创客准备的，也是为任何想要一个可靠的操作系统的人准备的。你可以下载针对你的硬件的专门 ISO 文件，这一点是许多用户十分欣赏的。如果你有英特尔硬件，[下载][10] Intel 或 AMD 的版本。如果你的显卡是 NVIDIA，请下载该特定版本。不管怎样，你肯定会得到针对不同平台进行特殊定制的稳定版本。 + +![Pop!_OS][12] + +*图 3：装有 GNOME 桌面的 Pop!_OS 一览。* + +有趣的是，在 Pop!\_OS 中，你不会找到太多预装的开发工具。你也不会找到 IDE 或许多其他开发工具。但是，你可以在 Pop 商店中中找到所需的所有开发工具。 + +### 运维 + +如果你正在寻找适合系统管理的最具生产力的发行版，[Debian][13] 将会是你的不二之选。为什么这么说呢？因为 Debian 不仅仅拥有无与伦比的可靠性，它也是众多能从苦海中将你解救出来的最好的一个发行版。Debian 是易用性和无限可能性的完美结合。最重要的是，因为它是许多其他发行版的基础，所以可以打赌，如果你需要一个任务的管理工具，那么它一定支持 Debian 系统。当然，我们讨论的是一般的系统管理任务，这意味着大多数时候你需要使用终端窗口 SSH 连接到服务器（图 4），或者在浏览器上使用网络上基于 web 的 GUI 工具。既然如此为什么还要使用一个增加复杂性的桌面呢（比如 Fedora 中的 SELinux 或 openSUSE 中的 YaST）呢？所以，应选择更为简洁易用的那一种。 + +![Debian][15] + +*图 4：在 Debian 系统上通过 SSH 连接到远程服务器。* + +你可以选择你想要的不同的桌面（包括 GNOME、Xfce、KDE、Cinnamon、MATE、LXDE），可以确保你所使用的桌面外观最适合你的工作习惯。 + +### 教育 + +如果你是一名老师或学生，抑或是其他从事与教育相关工作的人士，你需要适当的工具来提高生产力。之前，有 Edubuntu 这样的版本。这一版本位列教育类相关发行版排名的前列。然而，自从 Ubuntu 14.04 版之后这一发行版就再也没有更新。还好，现在有一款基于 openSUSE 的新的以教育为基础的发行版有望夺摘得桂冠。这一改版叫做 [openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e][16]（Li-f-e：Linux For Education - 图 5），它基于 openSUSE Leap 42.1 （所以它可能稍微有一点过时）。 + +openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 包含了以下工具： + + * Brain Workshop（大脑工坊）：一种基于 dual n-back 模式的大脑训练软件（LCTT 译注：dual n-back 训练是一种科学的智力训练方法，可以改善人的工作记忆和流体智力） + * GCompris：一种针对青少年的教育软件包 + * gElemental：一款元素周期表查看工具 + * iGNUit：一款通用的记忆卡片工具 + * Little Wizard：基于 Pascal 语言的少儿编程开发环境 + * Stellarium：天文模拟器 + * TuxMath：数学入门游戏 + * TuxPaint：一款少儿绘画软件 + * TuxType：一款为少儿准备的打字入门软件 + * wxMaxima：一个跨平台的计算机代数系统 + * Inkscape：矢量图形编辑软件 + * GIMP：图像处理软件（LCTT 译注：被誉为 Linux 上的 PhotoShop） + * Pencil：GUI 模型制作工具 + * Hugin：全景照片拼接及 HDR 效果混合软件 + + +![Education][18] + +*图 5：openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 发行版拥有大量的工具可以帮你在学校中变得更为高效。* + +同时还集成在 openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 中的还有 [KIWI-LTSP Server][19] 。KIWI-LTSP 服务器是一个灵活的、经济高效的解决方案，旨在使全世界的学校、企业和组织能够轻松地安装和部署桌面工作站。虽然这可能不会直接帮助学生变得更具生产力，但它肯定会使教育机构在部署供学生使用的桌面时更有效率。有关配置 KIWI-LTSP 的更多信息，请查看 openSUSE [KIWI-LTSP 快速入门指南][20]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity + +作者：[Jack Wallen][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[qfzy1233](https://github.com/qfzy1233) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ubuntu.com/ +[2]: /files/images/productivity1jpg +[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w "GNOME Clipboard" +[4]: /licenses/category/used-permission +[5]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/en/design-suite/ +[6]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Design_Suite/Tutorials +[7]: /files/images/productivity2jpg +[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH "Fedora Design Suite Favorites" +[9]: https://system76.com/ +[10]: https://system76.com/pop +[11]: /files/images/productivity3jpg-0 +[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD "Pop!_OS" +[13]: https://www.debian.org/ +[14]: /files/images/productivity4jpg +[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 "Debian" +[16]: https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e +[17]: /files/images/productivity5jpg +[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT "Education" +[19]: https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:KIWI-LTSP +[20]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:KIWI-LTSP_quick_start +[21]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux diff --git a/translated/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md b/translated/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md deleted file mode 100644 index 40f5d63791..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,169 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: "lujun9972" -[#]: translator: "qfzy1233" -[#]: reviewer: " " -[#]: publisher: " " -[#]: url: " " -[#]: subject: "Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity" -[#]: via: "https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity" -[#]: author: "Jack Wallen https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen" - -五个最具生产力的 Linux 发行版 -====== - -![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_main.jpg?itok=2IKyg_7_) - -必须承认的是，这样一个热门的话题其实很难被总结出来。为什么呢？首先，Linux 在设计层面就是一种有生产力的操作系统。由于它极强的可靠性和稳定的平台，使得工作的开展变得简易化。其次为了衡量工作的效率，你需要考虑到哪项工作需要得到生产力方面的助推。是普通办公？开发类工作？学校事务？数据挖掘？或者是人力资源？你可以看到这一问题变得复杂起来了。 - -然而，这并不意味着那些基于推动底层操作系统成为更为高效平台的发行版们可以在配置和呈现方面做的更好。恰恰相反，许多发行版在偏离生产力这条道路上越走越远，所以你不会意识到你自己处在工作的窘境中，而是继续挖掘自己的潜力在工期结束之前拼命赶上进度。这些 Linux 发行版可以帮助你化繁为简，因此或许可以减少你工作流程中的痛点。 - -让我们来看一下这些发行版并为你找出适合你的最佳选择。为了更具条理，我按照生产力诉求把他们分成了几类。这项任务本身也是一种挑战，因为每个人在生产力提升上的需要是千差万别的。然而，我所关注的是下列的几项： - - * 普通生产力: 适于从事复杂工作并希望提升工作效率。 - - * 平面设计: 适于从事设计创造和图像处理的人们。 - - * 开发: 适于那些使用 Linux 桌面发行版来进行编程工作。 - - * 管理人员: 适于那些需要某些版本来促进一体化的管理任务的人员。 - - * 教育: 适于那些需要桌面发行版可以助力他们在教育领域更创造力的人们。 - - -诚然，有很多很多类别的发行版可供挑选，其中的很多可能用起来十分得心应手，但这五种或许是你最为需要的。 - - -### 普通生产力 - -对普通的生产力诉求来说，你不会找到比 [Ubuntu][1] 更为高效的了。在这个类别中首推 Ubuntu 最基础的原因是因为它实现了桌面操作系统、软件、服务的无缝集成。你可能会问为什么我不选择同类别的 Linux Mint 呢？因为 Ubuntu 现在默认的的桌面环境为 GNOME 桌面，而它拥有 GNOME 许多扩展程序的优势的加成（图 1）。 - - -![GNOME Clipboard][3] - -图 1：运行中的 GNOME 桌面的剪切板管理工具。 - -[经许可使用][4] - -这些扩展程序在提升生产力方面做了很多努力(所以 Ubuntu 比 Linux Mint 获得了更多的认可)。但是 Ubuntu 不仅仅支持 vanilla 版本的 GNOME 桌面。事实上，他们致力于将它改进的更为轻量化、更为高效、以及用户友好度更高、开箱即用。总而言之，由于 Ubuntu 正确的融合了多种特性，开箱即用，完善的软件支持（仅对工作方面而言），这些特性使它几乎成为了生产力领域最为完美的一个平台。 - -不管你是要写一篇文档，制作一张电子表格，写一个新的软件，开啊公司的网站，设计商用的图形，管理一个服务器或是网络，抑或是在你的公司内从事人力资源管理工作， Ubuntu 都可以满足你的需求。Ubuntu 桌面发行版也并不要求你耗费很大的精力才能开始开始开展工作…他只是纯粹的工作（并且十分优秀）。最后，得益于 Debian 的基础，使得 Ubuntu 上安装第三方的软件十分简便。 - -很难反对这一特殊的发行版在生产力发行版列表中独占鳌头，尽管 Ubuntu 几乎已经成为几乎所有“顶级发行版”列表的榜首。 - -### 平面设计 - -如果你正在寻求提升你的平面设计效率，你不能错过[Fedora设计套件][5]。这一 Fedora 的衍生版是由负责 Fedora 艺术类项目的团队亲自操刀制作的。虽然默认选择的应用程序并不是一个庞大的工具集合，但它所包含的工具都是创建和处理图像专用的。 - -有了GIMP、Inkscape、Darktable、Krita、Entangle、Blender、Pitivi、Scribus等应用程序(图 2)，您将发现完成图像编辑工作所需要的一切都已经准备好了，而且准备得很好。但是Fedora设计套件并不仅限于此。这个桌面平台还包括一堆教程，涵盖了许多已安装的应用程序。对于任何想要尽可能提高效率的人来说，这将是一些非常有用的信息。不过，我要说的是，GNOME Favorites中的教程不过是[此页][6]链接的内容。 - -![Fedora Design Suite Favorites][8] - -图 2: Fedora Design Suite Favorites菜单包含了许多工具，可以让您用于图形设计。 - -[经许可使用][4] - -那些使用数码相机的用户肯定会喜欢Entangle应用程序，它可以让你在电脑上上控制单反相机。 - -### 开发人员 - -几乎所有的Linux发行版对于程序员来说都是很好的编程平台。然而，有一种特定的发行版脱颖而出，并超越了其他发行版，它将是您见过的用于编程类最有效率的工具之一。这个操作系统来自[System76][9]（译注：一家美国的计算机制造商），名为[Pop!_OS][10]。Pop!_OS是专门为创作者定制的，但不是针对艺术类。相反,Pop!_OS面向专门从事开发、编程和软件制作的程序员。如果您需要一个既能完美的胜任开发平台又包含桌面操作系统的开发环境，Pop!_OS 将会是您的不二选择。 (图 3) - -可能会让您感到惊讶(考虑到这个操作系统是多么“年轻”)的是Pop!_OS也是您使用过的基于 GNOME平台的最稳定系统的之一。这意味着 Pop!_OS 不只是为创造者和制造者准备的，也是为任何想要一个可靠的操作系统的人准备的。你可以下载针对你的硬件的专门 ISO 文件，这一点是许多用户十分欣赏的。如果你有英特尔硬件,[下载][10]Intel或AMD的版本。如果您的显卡是NVIDIA，请下载该特定版本。不管怎样，您肯定会得到针对不同平台进行特殊定制的稳定的版本。 - -![Pop!_OS][12] - -图 3: 装有 GNOME 桌面的 Pop!_OS 一览。 - -[经许可使用][4] - -有趣的是，在 Pop!_OS 中，您不会找到太多预装的开发工具。你也不会找到IDE或许多其他开发工具。但是，您可以在Pop 商店中中找到所需的所有开发工具。 - -### 管理人员 - -如果你正在寻找适合管理领域的最生产力的发行版本，[Debian][13]将会是你的不二之选。为什么这么说呢？因为 Debian 不仅仅拥有无与伦比的可靠性，它也是众多能从苦海中将你解救出来的最好的一个版本。Debian是易用性和无限可能性的完美结合。最重要的是，因为它是许多其他发行版的基础，所以可以打赌的是，如果您需要一个任务的管理工具，那么它一定支持 Debian 系统。当然，我们讨论的是一般管理任务，这意味着大多数时候您需要使用终端窗口 SSH 连接到服务器(图4)，或者在浏览器上使用网络上基于web的GUI工具。既然如此为什么还要使用一个复杂的桌面呢(比如Fedora中的SELinux或openSUSE中的YaST)呢?所以,应选择更为简洁易用的那一种。 -![Debian][15] - -图 4: 在 Debian 系统上通过SSH 连接到远程服务器。 - -[经授权使用][4] - -你可以选择你想要的不同的桌面（包括GNOME, Xfce, KDE, Cinnamon, MATE, LXDE），确保你所使用的桌面外观最适合你的工作习惯。 - -### 教育 - -如果你是一名老师或者学生，抑或是其他从事与教育相关工作的人士，你需要适当的工具来变得更具创造力。之前，有 Edubuntu 这样的版本。这一版本位列教育类相关发行版排名的前列。然而，自从 Ubuntu 14.04 版之后这一发行版就再也没有更新。还好，现在有一款基于 openSUSE 的新的以教育为基础的发行版有望夺摘得桂冠。这一改版叫做 [openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e][16] (Linux For Education - 图 5), 它基于 openSUSE Leap 42.1 （所以它可能稍微有一点过时）。 - -openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 包含了一下工具： - - * Brain Workshop（大脑工坊） - 一种基于 dual n-back 模式的大脑训练软件（译注：dual n-back 训练是一种科学的智力训练方法，可以改善人的工作记忆和流体智力） - - * GCompris - 一种针对青少年的教育软件包 - - * gElemental - 一款元素周期表查看工具 - - * iGNUit - 一款通用的记忆卡片工具 - - * Little Wizard - 基于 Pascal 语言的少儿编程开发环境 - - * Stellarium - 天文模拟器 - - * TuxMath - 数学入门游戏 - - * TuxPaint - 一款少儿绘画软件 - - * TuxType - 一款为少儿准备的打字入门软件 - - * wxMaxima - 一个跨平台的计算机代数系统 - - * Inkscape - 矢量图形编辑软件 - - * GIMP - 图像处理软件（译注：被誉为 Linux 上的 PhotoShop） - - * Pencil - GUI 模型制作工具 - - * Hugin - 全景照片拼接及 HDR 效果混合软件 - - -![Education][18] - -图 5: openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 发行版拥有大量的工具可以帮你在学校中变得更为高效。 - -[经许可使用][4] - -同时还集成在 openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e 中的还有 [KIWI-LTSP Server][19] 。Also included with openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e is the [KIWI-LTSP Server][19]. KIWI-LTSP KIWI-LTSP服务器是一个灵活的、成本有效的解决方案，旨在使全世界的学校、企业和组织能够轻松地安装和部署桌面工作站。虽然这可能不会直接帮助学生变得更具创造力，但它肯定会使教育机构在部署供学生使用的桌面时更有效率。有关配置 KIWI-LTSP 的更多信息，请查看openSUSE [KIWI-LTSP quick start guide][20]. - -通过 Linux 基金会和 edX 的免费["入门介绍"][21]课程来了解更多关于 Linux 的知识。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/1/top-5-linux-distributions-productivity - -作者：[Jack Wallen][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[qfzy1233](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ubuntu.com/ -[2]: /files/images/productivity1jpg -[3]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_1.jpg?itok=yxez3X1w "GNOME Clipboard" -[4]: /licenses/category/used-permission -[5]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/en/design-suite/ -[6]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Design_Suite/Tutorials -[7]: /files/images/productivity2jpg -[8]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_2.jpg?itok=ke0b8qyH "Fedora Design Suite Favorites" -[9]: https://system76.com/ -[10]: https://system76.com/pop -[11]: /files/images/productivity3jpg-0 -[12]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_3_0.jpg?itok=8UkCUfsD "Pop!_OS" -[13]: https://www.debian.org/ -[14]: /files/images/productivity4jpg -[15]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_4.jpg?itok=c9yD3Xw2 "Debian" -[16]: https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Education-Li-f-e -[17]: /files/images/productivity5jpg -[18]: https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/productivity_5.jpg?itok=oAFtV8nT "Education" -[19]: https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:KIWI-LTSP -[20]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:KIWI-LTSP_quick_start -[21]: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux From 0d63731763d6d386cd7a9e1eef2bc5c13f6b6c8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hopefully2333 <787016457@qq.com> Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 22:41:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0623/1265] Rename sources/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md to translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md --- ...20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md b/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md rename to translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md From cdb708ff6730f67ad8f71e0f156d65a2a2a5616d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hopefully2333 <787016457@qq.com> Date: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 22:49:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0624/1265] translated by hopefully2333 translated by hopefully2333 --- ...y IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md | 66 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md b/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md index cc90793305..8654707218 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md +++ b/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md @@ -7,63 +7,63 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400847/cisco-to-buy-iot-security-management-firm-sentryo.html) [#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) -Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo +思科收购了物联网安全管理公司 Sentryo ====== -Buying Sentryo will give Cisco support for anomaly and real-time threat detection for the industrial internet of things. +买下 Sentryo 将给思科在工业互联网的异常和实时威胁检测两方面予以支持。 ![IDG Worldwide][1] -Looking to expand its IoT security and management offerings Cisco plans to acquire [Sentryo][2], a company based in France that offers anomaly detection and real-time threat detection for Industrial Internet of Things ([IIoT][3]) networks. +为了扩展自己的物联网安全管理产品，思科计划收购 Sentryo，这是一家位于法国的公司，Sentryo 为工业互联网提供异常检测和实时威胁检测。 -Founded in 2014 Sentryo products include ICS CyberVision – an asset inventory, network monitoring and threat intelligence platform – and CyberVision network edge sensors, which analyze network flows. +Sentryo 成立于 2014 年，产品包括 ICS CyberVision - 一种用于资产库存、网络监控和威胁情报的平台 - 以及 CyberVision 网络边界传感器，这用于分析网络流量。 -**More on IoT:** +**更多关于物联网的信息：** - * [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][4] - * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][5] - * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][6] - * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][7] - * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][8] - * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][9] - * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][10] - * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][11] - * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][12] - * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][13] + * [什么是物联网？物联网如何运行？][4] + * [什么是边缘计算，这会如何改变我们的网络？][5] + * [最强的物联网公司][6] + * [10 个值得关注的热门物联网创业公司][7] + * [在物联网领域赚钱的六种方法][8] + * [什么是数字双胞胎技术？ [以及它为什么重要]][9] + * [区块链，以服务为中心的网络是物联网成功的关键][10] + * [物联网的网络和安全作为基础][11] + * [构建完整的物联网网络必须优先完成][12] + * [什么是工业互联网？ [为什么风险如此之高]][13] -“We have incorporated Sentryo’s edge sensor and our industrial networking hardware with Cisco’s IOx application framework,” wrote Rob Salvagno, Cisco vice president of Corporate Development and Cisco Investments in a [blog][14] about the proposed buy. +“我们通过思科的 IOx 应用框架将 Sentryo 的边缘传感器和我们的工业网络硬件相结合”，思科企业发展和思科投资的副总裁 Rob Salvagno 在一篇关于计划收购的博客中写道。 -“We believe that connectivity is foundational to IoT projects and by unleashing the power of the network we can dramatically improve operational efficiencies and uncover new business opportunities. With the addition of Sentryo, Cisco can offer control systems engineers deeper visibility into assets to optimize, detect anomalies and secure their networks.” +“我们相信连接是物联网项目的基础，通过释放网络的力量，我们可以大大提高运作的效率并发现新的商业机会。随着 Sentryo 的加入，思科可以为系统控制工程师提供更加深入的资产可见度，以此来对系统进行优化，检测异常并保护他们的网络” -Gartner [wrote][15] of Sentryo’s system: “ICS CyberVision product provides visibility into its customers'' OT networks in way all OT users will understand, not just technical IT staff. With the increased focus of both hackers and regulators on industrial control systems, it is vital to have the right visibility of an organization’s OT. Many OT networks not only are geographically dispersed, but also are complex and consist of hundreds of thousands of components.” +Gartner 对 Sentryo 的系统写道：“ICS CyberVision 这个产品为它的客户提供了可见性”所有的 OT 用户都将了解 OT 网络，而不仅仅是 IT 技术人员。随着黑客和监管机构越来越关注工业控制系统，一个组织的 OT 拥有完整的可见性是至关重要的一件事。很多的 OT 网络不仅在地理上位置分散，而且也很复杂，由成千上万的组件组成 -Sentryo's ICS CyberVision lets enterprises ensure continuity, resilience and safety of their industrial operations while preventing possible cyberattacks, said [Nandini Natarajan][16] , industry analyst at Frost & Sullivan. "It automatically profiles assets and communication flows using a unique 'universal OT language' in the form of tags, which describe in plain text what each asset is doing. ICS CyberVision gives anyone immediate insights into an asset's role and behaviors; it offers many different analytic views leveraging artificial intelligence algorithms to let users deep-dive into the vast amount of data a typical industrial control system can generate. Sentryo makes it easy to see important or relevant information." +Frost & Sullivan 的工业分析师 Nandini Natarajan 表示，Sentryo 的 ICS CyberVision 让企业能够确保其工业运作的连续性、动态弹性和安全性，并以此预防可能的网络攻击。“它将在标签的表单中使用一种独特的 ‘通用 OT 语言’ 来自动描述资产和通信流程，它会用纯文本的方式描述每个资产在做什么。ICS CyberVision 可以让任何人都能立刻查看一台设备的类别和行为；它利用人工智能算法提供很多不同的分析视图，来让用户深入了解到一个典型的工业控制系统可以产生多么庞大的数据。Sentryo 可以轻松查看重要或相关的信息” -In addition, Sentryo's platform uses deep packet inspection (DPI) to extract information from communications among industrial assets, Natarajan said. This DPI engine is deployed through an edge-computing architecture that can run either on Sentryo sensor appliances or on network equipment that is already installed. Thus, Sentryo can embed visibility and cybersecurity features in the industrial network rather than deploying an out-of-band monitoring network, Natarajan said. +Natarajan 表示，除此之外，Sentryo 的平台使用深度数据包检测（DPI）从工业设备之间的通信数据包里提取信息。DPI 引擎通过边缘计算架构进行部署，它可以运行在 Sentryo 传感器设备上，也可以在已经安装好的网络设备上运行。因此，Sentryo 可以将可见性和网络安全特性嵌入进工业网络中，而非部署带外监控网络。 + +**[[好消息！好消息！通过 PluralSight 的综合在线课程，成为一名光荣的认证信息安全系统专家，现在免费提供 10 天试用！走过路过不要错过！][17] ]** -**[[Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][17] ]** +Sentryo 的技术将扩大思科在物联网上的总体计划。在今年一月，思科推出了一整套的交换机、软件、开发工具和蓝图，这些东西将用于把物联网、基于意图联网的工业网络、传统信息安全、传统信息监控、应用开发支持融为一体。 -Sentryo’s technology will broaden [Cisco’s][18] overarching IoT plan. In January it [launched][19] a family of switches, software, developer tools and blueprints to meld IoT and industrial networking with [intent-based networking][20] (IBN) and classic IT security, monitoring and application-development support. +这个新平台可以通过思科的 DNA 中心进行管理，让客户能将他们的物联网、工业网络控制和他们的商业 IT 世界融为一体。 -The new platforms can be managed by Cisco’s DNA Center, and Cisco IoT Field Network Director, letting customers fuse their IoT and industrial-network control with their business IT world. +DNA 中心是思科用于企业网络的中央管理工具，具有自动化、确保设置、结构配置、基于策略进行分割的功能。它也是公司 IBN 计划的核心，用于主动向客户提供动态自动化完成网络和策略变更的能力，并在这个过程中确保数据的交付。物联网领域网络的主管是软件，这个软件管理思科工业、连接的网格路由器、终端这多个业务的网络。 -DNA Center is Cisco’s central management tool for enterprise networks, featuring automation capabilities, assurance setting, fabric provisioning and policy-based segmentation. It is also at the center of the company’s IBN initiative offering customers the ability to automatically implement network and policy changes on the fly and ensure data delivery. The IoT Field Network Director is software that manages multiservice networks of Cisco industrial, connected grid routers and endpoints. +思科物联网业务部的高级副总裁兼总经理 Liz Centoni 表示，公司希望 Sentryo 的技术能以多种方式帮助物联网客户： -Liz Centoni, senior vice president and general manager of Cisco's IoT business group said the company expects the [Sentryo technology to help][21] IoT customers in a number of ways: +支持网络的被动 DPI 功能，这用于发现 IOT 和 OT 设备，并且在设备和系统之间建立起通信模式。Sentryo 的传感器可以在思科的 IOx 框架里进行本地部署，并且可以内置到这些设备运行的工业网络中，而不是添加额外的硬件。 -Network-enabled, passive DPI capabilities to discover IoT and OT assets, and establish communication patterns between devices and systems. Sentryo’s sensor is natively deployable on Cisco’s IOx framework and can be built into the industrial network these devices run on instead of adding additional hardware. +随着设备识别和通信模式的建立，思科将把 DNA 中心和身份识别服务引擎（ISE）集成到一起，以便客户能够很轻松地定义分割策略。这种集成将使 OT 团队能够利用 IT 安全团队的专业知识来保护他们的环境，而不会对运营的流程造成风险。 -As device identification and communication patterns are created, Cisco will integrate this with DNA Center and Identity Services Engine(ISE) to allow customers to easily define segmentation policy. This integration will allow OT teams to leverage IT security teams’ expertise to secure their environments without risk to the operational processes. +这些物联网设备缺乏现代嵌入式软件和安全功能，网络分段将成为允许运作设备向合法系统进行通信的关键技术，并降低像我们看见的 WannaCry 和 Norsk Hydro 那样网络安全事件的风险。 -With these IoT devices lacking modern embedded software and security capabilities, segmentation will be the key technology to allow communication from operational assets to the rightful systems, and reduce risk of cyber security incidents like we saw with [WannaCry][22] and [Norsk Hydro][23]. +据 Crunchbase 称，Sentryo 的每年预计收入为 350 万美元，与 Cymmetria，Team8，和 Indegy 的竞争最为激烈。此次收购预期将在思科 2020 财年的第一季度 - 2019 年 10 月 26 日 - 结束前完成。思科并未详细披露此次收购的财务细节。 -According to [Crunchbase][24], Sentryo has $3.5M in estimated revenue annually and it competes most closely with Cymmetria, Team8, and Indegy. The acquisition is expected to close before the end of Cisco’s Q1 Fiscal Year 2020 -- October 26, 2019. Financial details of the acquisition were not detailed. - -Sentryo is Cisco’s second acquisition this year. It bought Singularity for its network analytics technology in January. In 2018 Cisco bought six companies including Duo security software. +Sentryo 是思科今年的第二次收购。思科在今年一月收购了 Singularity，这是为了这家公司的网络分析技术。在 2018 年，思科收购了包含 Duo security software 在内的 6 家公司。 ** ** -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][25] and [LinkedIn][26] to comment on topics that are top of mind. +加入 Facebook 和 LinkedIn 上的网络世界社区，评论最重要的主题。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400847/cisco-to-buy-iot-security-mana 作者：[Michael Cooney][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[hopefully2333](https://github.com/hopefully2333) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 03651137d9168a8596bf29664a53b28626f1e142 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 00:53:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0625/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190628=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20Install=20and=20Use=20R=20on=20Ubuntu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md --- ...0628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md | 209 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 209 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20190628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..84699fbc8e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,209 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-r-ubuntu/) +[#]: author: (Sergiu https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/) + +How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu +====== + +_**Brief: This tutorial teaches you to install R on Ubuntu. You’ll also learn how to run your first R program in Ubuntu using various methods.**_ + +[R][1], together with Python, is the most commonly used programming language for statistical computing and graphics, making it easy to work with data. With the growing interest in data analysis, data visualization, data science (the machine learning craze), it is now more popular than ever and is a great tool for anyone looking to dive into this fields. + +The good thing about R is that its syntax is pretty straight-forward and you can find many tutorials/guides on how R is used in the real world. + +In this article, I’ll cover how to install R on Ubuntu Linux. I’ll also show you how to run your first R program in Linux. + +![][2] + +### Installing R on Ubuntu + +**R** is included in the Ubuntu repositories. It can be easily installed using: + +``` +sudo apt install r-base +``` + +Do note that this may install a slightly older version. At the time of writing this article, Ubuntu offers version 3.4 whereas the latest is version 3.6. + +_I advise sticking with whichever version Ubuntu provides unless you must use the newer version._ + +In order to get the latest version (or any specific version for that matter), you must use **[CRAN][3]** (The Comprehensive R Archive Network). This is a list of mirrors for downloading the latest version of R. Click on the next section to learn how to install the latest version of R on Ubuntu. + +**How to install latest R version 3.6 on Ubuntu (click to expand)** + +To get the R version 3.6, you need to add the mirror to your sources list. I have simplified it for you in this command: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository "deb https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs)-cran35/" +``` + +Now you should add the key for the repository: + +``` +sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E298A3A825C0D65DFD57CBB651716619E084DAB9 +``` + +And then update the repository information and install R: + +``` +sudo apt update +sudo apt install r-base +``` + +That’s it. + +[][4] + +Suggested read  How to Create a Bootable Windows 10 USB in Linux + +### Using R programming on Ubuntu + +R has more than one use. I’ll go over several methods you can use to run R programs. + +#### Interactive Mode in R + +After having installed **R**, you can run the console using: + +``` +R +``` + +This should open up the interactive mode: + +![R Interactive Mode][5] + +This R console is very similar to the **Python** and **Haskell** interactive prompts. You can enter any **R** command and you can do basic mathematical computations. For example: + +``` +> 20+40 +[1] 60 + +> print ("Hello World!") +[1] "Hello World!" +``` + +You could test plotting too: + +![R Plotting][6] + +You can **quit** using **q()** or pressing **CTRL+c**. When doing so, you will be asked if you want to save a workspace ****image; a workspace ****is an environment for created variables. + +#### Running R program with Rscript + +The second way to run R programs is in directly on the Linux command line. You can do so using **RScript**, a utility included with **r-base**. + +First, you have to save your R program to a file using your [favorite code editor on Linux][7]. The file extension should be .r. + +This is my sample R program printing “Hello World”. I have saved it in a file name hello.r. + +``` +print("Hello World!") +a <- rnorm(100) +plot(a) +``` + +To run the R program, use the command like this: + +``` +Rscript hello.r +``` + +You should get back the output: + +``` +[1] "Hello World!" +``` + +The plot is going to be saved in the working directory, to a file named **Rplots.pdf**: + +![Rplots.pdf][8] + +**Note:** _**Rscript**_ _doesn’t load the_ _**methods**_ _package by default. Make sure to [load it explicitly][9] in your script_. + +#### Run R scripts with RStudio in Ubuntu + +The most common way to use **R** is using [RStudio][10], a great cross-platform open source IDE. You can [install it using deb file in Ubuntu][11]. Download the deb file from the link below. You’ll have to scroll down a bit to locate the DEB files for Ubuntu. + +[Download RStudio for Ubuntu][12] + +Once you download the DEB file, just double click on it to install it. + +Once installed, search for it in the menu and start it. The home window of the application should pop up: + +![RStudio Home][13] + +Here you have a working console, just like the one you got in the terminal with the **R** command. + +[][14] + +Suggested read  Setting Up Python Environments In Linux and Unix Systems + +To create a file, in the top bar click on **File** and select **New File > Rscript** (or **CTRL+Shift+n)**: + +![RStudio New File][15] + +Press **CTRL+s** to save the file and choose a location and a name it: + +![RStudio Save File][16] + +After doing so, click on **Session > Set Working Directory > To Source File Location** to change the working directory to the location of your script: + +![RStudio Working Directory][17] + +You are now ready to go! Write in your code and click run. You should be able to see output both in the console and in the plotting window: + +![RStudio Run][18] + +**Wrapping Up** + +In this article, I showed you step by step how to get started using the **R** programming language on an Ubuntu system. I covered several ways you can go about this: **R console** – useful for testing, **Rscript** – for the terminal lover, **RStudio** – the IDE for your needs. + +Whether you are willing to get into data science or simply love statistics, **R** is a good addition to your programming arsenal, being the perfect tool for analyzing data. + +If you are absolutely new to R, let me recommend you this excellent book that will teach you fundamentals of R. It’s available on Amazon Kindle. + +Preview | Product | Price | +---|---|---|--- +![Learn R in a Day][19] ![Learn R in a Day][19] | [Learn R in a Day][20] | | [Buy on Amazon][21] + +Do you use **R**? Are you just getting into it? Let us know more about how and why you use or want to learn to use **R**! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/install-r-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Sergiu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/sergiu/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.r-project.org/ +[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/install-r-on-ubuntu.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[3]: https://cran.r-project.org/ +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/bootable-windows-usb-linux/ +[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/r_interactive_mode.png?fit=800%2C516&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/r_plotting.jpg?fit=800%2C434&ssl=1 +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/ +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rplots_pdf.png?fit=800%2C539&ssl=1 +[9]: https://www.dummies.com/programming/r/how-to-install-load-and-unload-packages-in-r/ +[10]: https://www.rstudio.com/ +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/ +[12]: https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/#download +[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rstudio_home.jpg?fit=800%2C603&ssl=1 +[14]: https://itsfoss.com/python-setup-linux/ +[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rstudio_new_file.png?fit=800%2C392&ssl=1 +[16]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rstudio_save_file.png?fit=800%2C258&ssl=1 +[17]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rstudio_working_directory.png?fit=800%2C394&ssl=1 +[18]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rstudio_run.jpg?fit=800%2C626&ssl=1 +[19]: https://i1.wp.com/images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51oIJTbUlnL._SL160_.jpg?ssl=1 +[20]: https://www.amazon.com/Learn-R-Day-Steven-Murray-ebook/dp/B00GC2LKOK?SubscriptionId=AKIAJ3N3QBK3ZHDGU54Q&tag=chmod7mediate-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B00GC2LKOK (Learn R in a Day) +[21]: https://www.amazon.com/Learn-R-Day-Steven-Murray-ebook/dp/B00GC2LKOK?SubscriptionId=AKIAJ3N3QBK3ZHDGU54Q&tag=chmod7mediate-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B00GC2LKOK (Buy on Amazon) From e03f4d03cd31d2c9cc8b53c1b9737fe4dbc5e296 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 00:55:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0626/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190628=20Free?= =?UTF-8?q?DOS=20turns=2025=20years=20old:=20An=20origin=20story?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md --- ...DOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 95 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md b/sources/tech/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..16464c696a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (FreeDOS turns 25 years old: An origin story) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/freedos-anniversary) +[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall) + +FreeDOS turns 25 years old: An origin story +====== +The operating system's history is a great example of the open source +software model: developers working together to create something. +![FreeDOS fish logo and command prompt on computer][1] + +June 29 marks the 25th anniversary of [FreeDOS][2]. That's a major milestone for any open source software project, and I'm proud of the work that we've done on it over the past quarter century. I'm also proud of how we built FreeDOS because it is a great example of how the open source software model works. + +For its time, MS-DOS was a powerful operating system. I'd used DOS for years, ever since my parents replaced our aging Apple II computer with a newer IBM machine. MS-DOS provided a flexible command line, which I quite liked and that came in handy to manipulate my files. Over the years, I learned how to write my own utilities in C to expand its command-line capabilities even further. + +Around 1994, Microsoft announced that its next planned version of Windows would do away with MS-DOS. But I liked DOS. Even though I had started migrating to Linux, I still booted into MS-DOS to run applications that Linux didn't have yet. + +I figured that if we wanted to keep DOS, we would need to write our own. And that's how FreeDOS was born. + +On June 29, 1994, I made a small announcement about my idea to the comp.os.msdos.apps newsgroup on Usenet. + +> ANNOUNCEMENT OF PD-DOS PROJECT: +> A few months ago, I posted articles relating to starting a public domain version of DOS. The general support for this at the time was strong, and many people agreed with the statement, "start writing!" So, I have… +> +> Announcing the first effort to produce a PD-DOS. I have written up a "manifest" describing the goals of such a project and an outline of the work, as well as a "task list" that shows exactly what needs to be written. I'll post those here, and let discussion follow. + +While I announced the project as PD-DOS (for "public domain," although the abbreviation was meant to mimic IBM's "PC-DOS"), we soon changed the name to Free-DOS and later FreeDOS. + +I started working on it right away. First, I shared the utilities I had written to expand the DOS command line. Many of them reproduced MS-DOS features, including CLS, DATE, DEL, FIND, HELP, and MORE. Some added new features to DOS that I borrowed from Unix, such as TEE and TRCH (a simple implementation of Unix's tr). I contributed over a dozen FreeDOS utilities + +By sharing my utilities, I gave other developers a starting point. And by sharing my source code under the [GNU General Public License][3] (GNU GPL), I implicitly allowed others to add new features and fix bugs. + +Other developers who saw FreeDOS taking shape contacted me and wanted to help. Tim Norman was one of the first; Tim volunteered to write a command shell (COMMAND.COM, later named FreeCOM). Others contributed utilities that replicated or expanded the DOS command line. + +We released our first alpha version as soon as possible. Less than three months after announcing FreeDOS, we had an Alpha 1 distribution that collected our utilities. By the time we released Alpha 5, FreeDOS boasted over 60 utilities. And FreeDOS included features never imagined in MS-DOS, including internet connectivity via a PPP dial-up driver and dual-monitor support using a primary VGA monitor and a secondary Hercules Mono monitor. + +New developers joined the project, and we welcomed them. By October 1998, FreeDOS had a working kernel, thanks to Pat Villani. FreeDOS also sported a host of new features that brought not just parity with MS-DOS but surpassed MS-DOS, including ANSI support and a print spooler that resembled Unix lpr. + +You may be familiar with other milestones. We crept our way towards the 1.0 label, finally releasing FreeDOS 1.0 in September 2006, FreeDOS 1.1 in January 2012, and FreeDOS 1.2 in December 2016. MS-DOS stopped being a moving target long ago, so we didn't need to update as frequently after the 1.0 release. + +Today, FreeDOS is a very modern DOS. We've moved beyond "classic DOS," and now FreeDOS features lots of development tools such as compilers, assemblers, and debuggers. We have lots of editors beyond the plain DOS Edit editor, including Fed, Pico, TDE, and versions of Emacs and Vi. FreeDOS supports networking and even provides a simple graphical web browser (Dillo). And we have tons of new utilities, including many that will make Linux users feel at home. + +FreeDOS got where it is because developers worked together to create something. In the spirit of open source software, we contributed to each other's work by fixing bugs and adding new features. We treated our users as co-developers; we always found ways to include people, whether they were writing code or writing documentation. And we made decisions through consensus based on merit. If that sounds familiar, it's because those are the core values of open source software: transparency, collaboration, release early and often, meritocracy, and community. That's the [open source way][4]! + +I encourage you to download FreeDOS 1.2 and give it a try. + +### More resources + + * [FreeDOS website][2] + * [FreeDOS wiki][5] + * [Download FreeDOS 1.2][6] + * [Free ebooks about FreeDOS][7] + * [A gentle introduction to FreeDOS][8] + * [The origin and evolution of FreeDOS][9] + * [4 cool facts you should know about FreeDOS][10] + * [How to upgrade your system BIOS using FreeDOS][11] + * [Celebrating 24 years of FreeDOS: Useful commands cheat sheet][12] + * [How to run DOS programs in Linux][13] + * [Keeping DOS alive and kicking with open source][14] + * [Running DOS on the Raspberry Pi][15] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/freedos-anniversary + +作者：[Jim Hall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/freedos-fish-laptop-color.png?itok=vfv_Lpph (FreeDOS fish logo and command prompt on computer) +[2]: https://www.freedos.org/ +[3]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.en.html +[4]: https://opensource.com/open-source-way +[5]: http://wiki.freedos.org/ +[6]: https://www.freedos.org/download/ +[7]: https://www.freedos.org/ebook/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/gentle-introduction-freedos +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/17/10/freedos +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/freedos-still-cool-today +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/upgrade-bios-freedos +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/freedos-commands-cheat-sheet +[13]: https://opensource.com/article/17/10/run-dos-applications-linux +[14]: https://opensource.com/life/16/9/interview-jim-hall-freedos +[15]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/can-you-run-dos-raspberry-pi From 9e41c704c06e43b7ee95ca77591039eac46136e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 00:57:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0627/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190628=20Undo?= =?UTF-8?q?=20releases=20Live=20Recorder=205.0=20for=20Linux=20debugging?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md --- ...s Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md | 55 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md b/sources/talk/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4e383f1fe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405584/undo-releases-live-recorder-5-0-for-linux-debugging.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging +====== + +![André Gustavo Stumpf \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] + +Linux debugging has taken a giant step forward with the release of Live Recorder 5.0 from Undo. Just released on Wednesday, this product makes debugging on multi-process systems significantly easier. Based on flight recorder technology, it delves more deeply into processes to provide insight into what’s going on within each process. This includes memory, threads, program flow, service calls and more. To make this possible, Live Recorder 5.0's record, replay and debugging capabilities have been enhanced with the ability to: + + * Record the exact order in which processes altered shared memory variables. It is even possible to zero in on specific variables and skip backward to the last line of code in any process that altered the variable. + * Expose potential defects by randomizing thread execution to help reveal race conditions, crashes and other multi-threading defects. + * Record and replay the execution of individual Kubernetes and Docker containers to help resolve defects faster in microservices environments + + + +The Undo Live Recorder enables engineering teams to record and replay the execution of any software program -- no matter how complex -- and to diagnose and fix the root cause of any issue in test or production. + +Depending on your license, Live Recorder can be used on the command line with the **live-record** command that is somewhat similar to strace though, instead of printing system calls and signals, it creates an "Undo recording". Captured failings in recordings can then be debugged (far more effective than grappling with core dumps!). These recordings can also be can be shared with other members of the staff and can be replayed with the reversible debugger to further investigate the cause of the crash or other problem. + +The Undo Engine is supported on the following Linux distributions: + + * Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6 and 8.0 + * Fedora 28, 29 and 30 + * SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 12.3, 12.4 and 15 + * Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, 18.04 LTS, 18.10 and 19.04 + + + +Undo is a fast-growing, venture-backed technology start-up based in San Francisco and Cambridge, UK. They claim that the Live Recorder provides 100% certainty about the factors that led to any software failure -- even in the most complex software environments. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][2] and [LinkedIn][3] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405584/undo-releases-live-recorder-5-0-for-linux-debugging.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/flight_data_recorder-100800552-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 761411ac588871b29e175b2968135e069225ffe1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sea0 <4127401@qq.com> Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 08:39:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0628/1265] Update and rename sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md to translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 提交译文 --- .../news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md | 92 ------------------ .../news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md diff --git a/sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md b/sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md deleted file mode 100644 index bba028bf68..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,92 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wahailin) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Raspberry Pi 4 is here!) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-4) -[#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) - -Raspberry Pi 4 is here! -====== -A new version of the $35 computer features a 1.5GHz Arm chip and support -for dual-HDMI 4K displays, Gigabit Ethernet, and much more. -![Raspberry Pi 4 board][1] - -The latest version of the Raspberry Pi—Raspberry Pi 4—was released today, earlier than anticipated, featuring a new 1.5GHz Arm chip and VideoCore GPU with some brand new additions: dual-HDMI 4K display output; USB3 ports; Gigabit Ethernet; and multiple RAM options up to 4GB. - -![Raspberry Pi 4 case][2] - -The Raspberry Pi 4 is a very powerful single-board computer and starts at the usual price of $35. That gets you the standard 1GB RAM, or you can pay $45 for the 2GB model or $55 for the 4GB model—premium-priced models are a first for Raspberry Pi. - -The specs at-a-glance: - - * 64-bit BCM2711 quad-core A72 CPU @ 1.5GHz - * VideoCore VI GPU - * Gigabit Ethernet port - * 1GB, 2GB, or 4GB LPDDR4 RAM - * Two Micro-HDMI ports - * Two USB3 ports - * Two USB2 ports - * Dual-band (2.4GHz and 5GHz) WiFi - * Bluetooth 5.0 - * USB Type C power port - * CSI camera interface - * DSI display interface - * MicroSD card slot - * Power-over-Ethernet pins - * Full compatibility with all previous Raspberry Pi models - - - -### USB and networking - -The Raspberry Pi 4 has the benefit of having USB3; it's powered by a USB Type C cable and provides two USB3 ports and two USB2 ports. You can now connect USB3 hard drives and other peripherals and get faster connectivity. - -![Raspberry Pi 4 USBs][3] - -The BCM2835-based chip in Raspberry Pi 1 to 3 provided just one native USB port and no Ethernet, so a USB hub on the board provided more USB ports and an Ethernet port. The 3B+ added a dedicated LAN chip, which gave it Gigabit Ethernet, but this was limited to USB2 speeds. The Pi 4 has dedicated Gigabit Ethernet, and because it's no longer throttled over USB, its networking speeds are much faster. - -The Pi 4 takes advantage of the technology built into the 3B+ that made it the first single-board computer with dual-band WiFi. This means you can connect to both 2.4GHz and 5GHz networks. - -### Displays - -When the first Raspberry Pi launched, the balance of its CPU and GPU performance was tipped heavily in favor of the GPU. The VideoCore IV was a very powerful graphics processor, capable of full-HD 1080p multimedia, which is why the Pi has always been popular as a home media center. The Pi 2 rebalanced things somewhat and brought the CPU in line, taking the Pi from a single-core to a quad-core Arm chip. The Pi 4 takes both factors a big step forward. The new VideoCore VI GPU gives the Pi 4K video and allows two displays via the board's two Micro-HDMI ports (selected to keep the board the same size), so you'll need an adapter or a Micro-to-full HDMI cable to use an HDMI monitor. - -Dual displays are a godsend when you need more screen real estate to keep eye contact with multiple windows—if you're programming you might have your code on one screen and the website or app you're building; your database; your web browser; your emails, or anything else on the other. For the first time, development on Raspberry Pi won't be limited to a single monitor. It's also handy if you want to build a Pi-based project with different things on different screens. - -The Pi also has a Display Serial Interface (DSI) port to drive another special display—not another monitor per se, but the official Raspberry Pi touch screen display connected via a flex cable. - -### Raspbian Buster - -This Raspberry Pi 4's launch coincides with a major Debian release, and the fact the new Pi supports OpenGL ES 3 means it makes sense for any software developed for the Pi 4 to target Raspbian Buster. Buster brings a few user interface tweaks and a whole host of software upgrades, including Python 3.7. - -![Raspbian Buster][4] - -### Open source graphics drivers - -Over the last five years, Eric Anholt has been working to write open source graphics drivers for the Raspberry Pi. Now, Raspbian can use this driver to deliver accelerated web browsing, desktop graphics, and 3D applications on the Pi. This replaces a large chunk of closed-source code that was previously required. Huge thanks to Eric and Broadcom for this effort. - -Previously, the Raspberry Pi 4 was expected to be yet another year away, but the chip design turned out to be ready for production much earlier than anticipated, so here it is! - -* * * - -_The Raspberry Pi 4 is on sale now. Which model will you opt for? Let us know your plans in the comments!_ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-4 - -作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry-pi-4_lead.jpg?itok=2bkk43om (Raspberry Pi 4 board) -[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberry-pi-4-case.jpg (Raspberry Pi 4 case) -[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberry-pi-4-usb.jpg (Raspberry Pi 4 USBs) -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspbian-buster.png (Raspbian Buster) diff --git a/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md b/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1d5e5a282a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wahailin) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Raspberry Pi 4 is here!) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-4) +[#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) + +树莓派 4 来袭！ +====== +售价 35 美元起的新一代树莓派计算机，装载了 1.5 GHz 的 Arm 芯片，并支持双 HDMI 4K 显示，全吞吐量千兆以太网，以及更多新特性。 + +![Raspberry Pi 4 board][1] + +树莓派的最新版本树莓派 4 代，已于近日（北京时间 6 月 24 日）发布，这早于此前预期。树莓派 4 装载了 1.5 GHz 的 Arm 芯片和 VideoCore GPU，支持双 4K 显示输出，并引入了 USB 3 接口和全吞吐量千兆以太网，以及最高可达 4G 的多个可选 RAM 配置。 + +![Raspberry Pi 4 case][2] + +树莓派 4 是非常强大的单板计算机，其起始售价依然是 35 美元。起始版的 RAM 配置为 1G，2G RAM 配置的树莓派售价为 45 美元，顶配 4G RAM 的树莓派售价为 55 美元，采用这种差异化定价对树莓派尚属首次。 + +树莓派 4 的详细配置如下： + + * 1.5 GHz 4 核心 64 位博通 BCM2711 A72 CPU + * VideoCore VI GPU + * 千兆以太网端口 + * 1GB/2GB/4GB LPDDR4 SDRAM 内存 + * 双 Micro-HDMI 接口 + * 两个 USB 3 接口 + * 两个 USB 2 接口 + * 双频（2.4 GHz 和 5 GHz）无线网络 + * 蓝牙 5.0 + * USB Type C 电源接口 + * CSI 摄像头接口 + * DSI 显示接口 + * MicroSD 卡槽 + * PoE（以太网供电）供电针 + * 完全兼容早期的树莓派产品 + + + +### USB接口和网络 + +树莓派 4 板载了更高速率的 USB 3 接口；它通过 Type C 接口供电，并提供两个 USB 3 接口和两个 USB 2 接口。USB 3 接口可以为连接的硬盘和其它外部设备提供更高的速率。 + + +![Raspberry Pi 4 USBs][3] + +基于 BCM2835 的树莓派 1 到 3 代的芯片只有一个本地 USB 接口，并且没有以太网接口，因而需要使用板子的 USB 集线器给出更多的 USB 接口和以太网接口。树莓派 3B+ 增加了一个专用的局域网（LAN）芯片，装载了千兆以太网，但它受到 USB 2 速率的限制。树莓派 4 板载了专门的千兆以太网，并且由于它不再收到 USB 速率的限制，网络速度要快得多。 + + +树莓派 4 采用了 3B+ 中已有的技术，这项技术使得树莓派 3B+ 成为了第一个带有双频无线网络的单板计算机，即可以同时连接 2.4 GHz 和 5 GHz 频率的网络。 + +### 显示 + +设计第一代树莓派时，其 CPU 和 GPU 性能的平衡大大偏向于 GPU。VideoCore IV 是一个非常强大的图形处理器，支持全高清 1080 p 多媒体的处理，这就是为什么树莓派一直作为家庭媒体中心而广受欢迎的原因。树莓派 2 代在某种程度上进行了权衡修改，并将 CPU 的性能进行提升，将树莓派从单核发展成四核 ARM 芯片。而树莓派 4 代将 CPU 和 GPU 的性能都进行了大幅提升。新的 VideoCore VI GPU 支持 4K 视频，并允许通过板子的两个 Micro HDMI 端口（板子特意保持了和旧有型号相同的尺寸）进行双显示输出，这里要用一个适配器或 Micro HDMI 转 full HDMI 的转换线连接到 HDMI 屏幕。 + +当你需要同时浏览多个窗口时，需要用到更多的物理显示屏，双显示的好处在此时就得到了绝佳体现。如果你正在编程，你可能会在其中一个屏幕上编写代码，构建网站或应用，而在另一个屏幕上查看数据库、Web 浏览器、电子邮件或其他内容。这是树莓派首次可以不必将开发局限在一台显示器上，从而可以让你在需要时，在不同的屏幕上构建具有不同内容的基于树莓派的项目。 + + +树莓派还有一个显示器串行接口（DSI)，用于驱动另一个特殊的显示-这里并非指另一个监视器本身，而是通过一根挠性电缆连接的官方树莓派触摸屏显示器。 + +### Raspbian Buster + +树莓派 4 发布后，紧接着更新了基于 Debian 的系统 Raspbian Buster，而新的树莓派对 OpenGL ES 3 的支持，使我们在 Raspbian Buster 上为树莓派 4 开发任意软件成为可能。 Buster 对界面进行了一些调整，并对很多软件进行了升级，其中包括 Python3.7。 + +![Raspbian Buster][4] + +### 开源图形驱动程序 + +在过去的五年中，Eric Anholt 一直致力于为树莓派编写开源图形驱动程序。现在，Raspbian 可以使用这个驱动程序加速树莓派上的 Web 浏览、桌面图形和 3D 应用，这取代了以前需要的大量封闭源代码。非常感谢 Eric 和 博通 的贡献。 + +按之前预计，树莓派 4 将于明年完成，但由于芯片设计比预期更早投入生产，树莓派 4 因而可以提早到现在发布。 + +* * * + +树莓派 4 已经开始发售，你会选择哪个型号呢？在评论中说出你的想法吧。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-4 + +作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/wahailin) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspberry-pi-4_lead.jpg?itok=2bkk43om (Raspberry Pi 4 board) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberry-pi-4-case.jpg (Raspberry Pi 4 case) +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberry-pi-4-usb.jpg (Raspberry Pi 4 USBs) +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspbian-buster.png (Raspbian Buster) From 14de4ceba7e1b1da65a02ecf547b4f1e87e63a92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sea0 <4127401@qq.com> Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 08:40:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0629/1265] Update 20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 提交译文 --- translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md b/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md index 1d5e5a282a..cc384cb55d 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md +++ b/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ -### USB接口和网络 +### USB 接口和网络 树莓派 4 板载了更高速率的 USB 3 接口；它通过 Type C 接口供电，并提供两个 USB 3 接口和两个 USB 2 接口。USB 3 接口可以为连接的硬盘和其它外部设备提供更高的速率。 From 8749664b14ee6a6041d81584142da9b463981691 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 10:57:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0630/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...iny Linux distros to try before you die.md | 268 ------------------ ...iny Linux distros to try before you die.md | 262 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 262 insertions(+), 268 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md b/sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9217e4b512..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,268 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/marcobravo) - -5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die -====== -Resurrect an ancient machine, boot a broken system, or ensure a safe -public computing session with these tiny Linux distros. -![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1] - -There are plenty of Linux distributions out there to choose from when you're deciding what to run on a daily basis, yet some are so small that they get little notice. But tiny Linux distributions are powerful innovations: having an entire operating system drive a computer with less than 1GB of storage and half as much RAM is the ultimate software hack. - -Tiny distros have many uses, such as: - - * Save old and slow computers from the rubbish bin. Reject planned obsolescence and use computers until they fall apart, not just until they start to feel slow. - * Boot broken or corrupted systems from a thumb drive to recover data or repair boot partitions. - * Ensure a safe and private environment when on a public computer. If you boot a public computer in a hotel lobby or a library from a thumb drive, you'll know your operating environment is secure. - - - -There are plenty of lightweight distributions out there, like [Lubuntu][2], [Peppermint OS][3], and [Bodhi][4], but there's something special about the truly tiny. Here are five tiny distros you owe it to yourself to try. - -### Tiny Core - -![Tiny Core Linux][5] - -At 11MB for a text console and 16MB for a GUI, [Tiny Core Linux][6] is almost impossibly small. I dug through my collection of old thumb drives; the smallest one was 128MB, which is still eight times the size of Tiny Core's image. - -By default, Tiny Core includes the base OS, assuming you have an Ethernet connection to the internet so you can install only the applications you need. It's such an extremely efficient model that it doesn't even include an application to install the OS (although you can download it from the Tiny Core repository when you're ready to install). - -I've run Tiny Core from a 128MB thumb drive on a system with 512MB RAM, and the performance was excellent, as you might expect from an OS that takes only 16MB. Performance slows only when browsing the internet in a web browser, but the blame lies with the complexity of most modern websites more than Tiny Core. - -Without a GUI, Tiny Core runs well on a mere 64MB of RAM. - -#### Installation - -[Download Tiny Core][7] and write it to a thumb drive with **dd** or [Etcher][8]. - -Installing Tiny Core is easy, once you download the **tc-install** or **tc-install-GUI** application using the **Apps** icon in the launcher bar at the bottom of the screen. - -![Tiny Core installer][9] - -You have several options to install Tiny Core. You can install it to a thumb drive formatted as a Linux drive (this requires your computer to allow booting from a USB drive, which is common in most modern PCs but was less common for older ones), to a Microsoft FAT thumb drive (a hack for PCs that don't normally boot from USB drives), or even to a directory in an existing Linux partition. - -The installation is quick, and when you finish, you can reboot your computer and boot into your Tiny Core Linux OS. - -#### Applications - -Since it comes with little more than a text editor and a terminal, the first thing you should do is install some applications. The **Apps** icon in the bottom launcher bar displays all the Tiny Core packages available to you. The **Apps** repository also includes important drivers, so it's useful when you're looking to get a WiFi card or a printer working. - -When installing a new application or utility, you can choose between having the package load into Tiny Core at boot time or on demand. Choosing to load a package at boot makes it available to you immediately and still available after a reboot (as you would expect). Choosing to load it on demand means the package is available after Tiny Core downloads the package, but after a reboot, it won't be loaded into memory. This may keep your boot time fast and Tiny Core's footprint in RAM tiny, but it also means the package data isn't loaded into memory until you use it for the first time each session. - -The application selection is a good mix between user-centric apps, like office and graphics applications, and server-centric, such as [Samba][10] and web servers. - -Of course, once you start adding applications to Tiny Core, it becomes less tiny. Even the **Tiny Core Plus** image, which includes all WiFi drivers, on the Tiny Core website is only about 100MB, so "less tiny" is likely still well under 256MB or so. - -#### Bottom line - -Tiny Core is ideal for old computers with few resources, network boot images, and anyone who values applications over the OS. Tiny Core is a great weekend project: build the OS you want from 16MB until you have just as much of an OS as you need. - -### SliTaz - -![SliTaz Linux][11] - -The [SliTaz Linux][12] image is about 51MB, about four times the size of Tiny Core, with an impressive collection of drivers and applications included. In fact, if you didn't know better, you might think you booted into a 1GB Ubuntu image because everything you'd expect from a basic starter image is there: text editor, web browser, paint program, spreadsheet application, and so on. - -I've run SliTaz from a 128MB thumb drive on a system with 512MB RAM, and the performance was excellent. Performance slows when browsing heavy websites, but the included lightweight [Midori][13] browser keeps most sites loading quickly. - -At boot time, you can choose to run SliTaz without a GUI; it runs nicely on a mere 64MB of RAM. - -#### Installation - -There are many download options for SliTaz because its developers and community provide many variations for potential system limitations. For instance, there's a low RAM version for systems with as little as 24MB RAM, a version with Firefox instead of Midori, a version with no extra applications, and so on. - -If you're overwhelmed by options and just want to try it out, [download the rolling release][14]. This version is roughly 50MB and is updated weekly. If you fall in love with SliTaz, you can choose a download that's better for your needs—if the rolling release proves to be _too_ fresh for you. - -Once you've downloaded your choice of SliTaz image, write it to a thumb drive with **dd** or [Etcher][8] and reboot. - -Installing SliTaz to a thumb drive or hard drive is done through the **TazPanel** application. It guides you through partitioning your disk (as needed) and installs SliTaz to the destination you choose. - -![SliTaz installer][15] - -#### Applications - -The **TazPanel** application is SliTaz's control center. If you're a fan of OpenSUSE or Mageia (née Mandrake), you might find TazPanel familiar, at least in concept: it's a single application that provides access to system configuration, hardware detection, user and group management, system updates, and application installation. - -Available applications satisfy most basic requirements, meaning if you're not picky about which application you use to accomplish a task, then SliTaz's repositories probably have something for you. If you have specific requirements (GIMP 2.10 instead of GIMP 2.8, for instance), then you'll have to learn how to generate SliTaz packages. The good news is that the **tazpkg** command can convert from several packaging formats, including: - - * Debian packages (.deb, .udeb) - * RPM packages (.rpm) - * Slackware packages (.tgz) - * Puppy packages (.sfs, .pet) - * NuTyX packages (.cards.tar.xz) - * Arch and Alpine Linux packages (.apk, .pkg.tar.gz, .pkg.tar.xz) - * OpenWrt packages (.ipk, .opk) - * Paldo packages (.tar.bz2) - * Void packages (.xbps) - * Tiny Core packages (.tce, .tcel, .tcem, .tcz) - - - -#### Bottom line - -SliTaz is a fast, small Linux distribution with a centralized control panel that makes it easy to learn. Because its packaging tools can convert from other Linux packaging formats, its application selection is theoretically vast, making it easy for you to design your work environment with all your favorite tools. SliTaz is small but lethal, just like its arachnid logo. - -### Porteus - -![Porteus Linux][16] - -[Porteus][17] offers a few desktop options, with the smallest image around 270MB and the largest 350MB. That makes it one of the largest of tiny Linux images, but most of that space is dedicated to ensuring a smooth Linux desktop experience, to the point that you'll likely forget you're using a live distribution. Installing Porteus to an SSD drive or loading it to RAM during boot results in such a flawlessly smooth environment that you won't believe your OS occupies less space than half a CD-ROM. - -Porteus is tiny in the sense that its base image is comparatively small, but depending on the desktop you choose, it can easily require up to 1GB of RAM to run. While other tiny Linux distributions tend to capitalize on minimalist applications to preserve space and resources, Porteus expects you to use it as you would any other distribution. Install all your favorite apps and drivers and forget you're running on a tiny, compressed root filesystem. - -#### Installation - -Download Porteus from your [closest Porteus mirror][18], choosing from MATE, LXQT, LXDE, OpenBox, XFCE, Cinnamon, or KDE, depending upon your preference. If you have no preference, the MATE or KDE desktop are both good at balancing image size with a familiar-feeling desktop experience. - -![Porteus installer][19] - -opensource.com - -You can install Porteus to a thumb drive or an internal hard drive using the instructions in the [official installation guide][20]. The process is similar either way and results in a compressed root filesystem that never changes. It's a stable and contained filesystem upon which you overlay your changes as you use it. When you reboot, changes you make and applications you install are loaded into memory, so your environment is just as you left it. - -#### Applications - -Applications are called "modules" in Porteus lingo and are available from the [Unified Slackware Package Manager][21] (USM), which draws from five different Slackware repositories, meaning you have plenty of applications to choose from. - -#### Bottom line - -Porteus is a full Linux experience with a fraction of the space usually required. It's an excellent portable Linux distribution with lots of desktop options and lots of applications. - -### Bodhi Linux - -![Bodhi Linux][22] - -[Bodhi Linux][4] might not look tiny at first glance, with an ISO image of 740MB, but once it's installed, you'll be amazed at just how tiny it is. Bodhi runs smoothly on only 512MB of RAM but looks and feels like the desktop of tomorrow. Bodhi uses the [Enlightenment][23] desktop, a beautiful user interface that's lovingly crafted to be both small and powerful. - -Bodhi doesn't just use Enlightenment, though, it adds to it. Bodhi's configuration applications and system setting panels are custom interfaces to Enlightenment's sometimes overwhelming array of options. Bodhi makes some sane default choices for you and provides a subset of options. If you're a die-hard Enlightenment user, Bodhi's interpretation might not be pure enough for you, but for many users, Bodhi brings focus to the Enlightenment desktop. - -#### Installation - -[Download Bodhi Linux][24], write it to a thumb drive with **dd** or [Etcher][8], and reboot. - -The Bodhi installer is available from the **Applications** menu in the **Preferences** category. The installation application is **Ubiquity**, so the process is the same as installing Ubuntu. If you've never installed Ubuntu, don't worry; it's one of the easiest to install. - -![Bodhi installer][25] - -#### Applications - -Bodhi is based on the latest long term support (LTS) Ubuntu Linux release, so your available software knows almost no bounds. If it's available for Ubuntu Linux, Bohdi has access to it. - -#### Bottom line - -Bodhi Linux is a step down from the size of a typical Ubuntu install and a step up from many other minimalist Ubuntu environments because it uses Enlightenment. If you're looking for a Linux distribution that runs lighter than most without resorting to overlay filesystems and application modules, then Bodhi is the distribution for you. - -### Puppy Linux - -![Puppy Linux][26] - -Before there was Tiny Core or SliTaz or [AntiX][27] or Porteus, there was [Puppy Linux][28]. One of the original tiny Linux distributions, Puppy has endured for a decade and a half as a reliable, bootable OS for old computers and new users alike. - -Upon first boot, Puppy does its best to guide the user through any necessary steps to ensure everything works as expected. It's a lot of windows to wade through, but once you get through it all, you know without a doubt what works and what doesn't before you choose whether to install. - -Puppy is almost 300MB and failed to work on anything under 1GB RAM in my tests, so it's not exactly the tiniest Linux available. However, it's still a great, under-1GB operating system, and of the OSes in that category, it's one of the very friendliest. - -#### Installation - -[Download Puppy Linux][29] and write it to a thumb drive with **dd** or [Etcher][8] or burn it to a CD or DVD, then reboot. - -![Puppy installer][30] - -Puppy can install onto nearly anything that accepts data. The installer application, available from the top launcher bar, is called **Puppy Installer**, and it manages installing Puppy and applications for Puppy. - -Puppy Installer steps you through the process of installing the OS onto whatever media you have available. Puppy can boot from a thumb drive, an optical disc, a hard drive, and even an SD card. I've used Puppy on a computer with no hard drive whatsoever, no working optical drive, and no option to boot from USB. Because Puppy can write your configuration options to just about anything, I was able to use it with persistent data storage to an external device. - -#### Applications - -The **Puppy Installer** application is also used to install apps onto Puppy. Because Puppy is based on Ubuntu, there aren't likely to be any Linux packages missing from its repositories, and if there are, you can probably use a [Flatpak][31]. - -#### Bottom line - -Puppy is the original tiny Linux. While it's not the tiniest any more, it's by far the easiest. - -### Bonus: Silverblue - -![SilverBlue, not tiny, but tiny-adjacent][32] - -The concept of tiny Linux has changed over the years. Long ago, a tiny Linux distribution was something you downloaded onto a CD-R and ran from your optical drive while saving changes to external media. Later, it was something you ran from a thumb drive with dedicated space for persistent changes. Now it's all of those things plus the ability to install to internal drives or directories. - -What no one expected was for Linux to kick off the craze for containers, in which applications are self-contained Linux systems running in a para-virtualized environment. What was once a niche hobby for people who either loved to optimize disk space or who loved to resurrect ancient computers quickly became a salient requirement for developers who wanted to develop containers without adding too much overhead to their applications. All the work put into the minimalist, ephemeral Linux distributions suddenly paid off in an unexpected way. - -With the concept of what a root filesystem looks like, the Fedora Project's [Silverblue][33] experiment is an effort to create an immutable OS. It's an operating system that never changes and instead gets updates and application installs in the form of, essentially, containers. - -Silverblue at 2.1GB is by no means a tiny Linux distribution, but in many ways, it's a child of the tiny Linux and container movements. - -#### Installation - -[Download Silverblue][34] and write it to a thumb drive with **dd** or [Etcher][8] or burn it to a CD or DVD, then reboot. - -After booting into Silverblue, install it to an internal hard drive using [Anaconda][35], the standard, friendly Fedora Linux installer. - -![Anaconda installer][36] - -#### Applications - -Silverblue doesn't install applications in the traditional sense; instead, it runs containers over the top of its base OS. Specifically, it uses Flatpaks for GUI applications and [Toolbox][37] for commands. - -Because Flatpaks aren't nearly as common as traditional Fedora RPM packages, Silverblue also provides **package layering**, a way to convert Fedora RPM packages to Silverblue. - -#### Bottom line - -Silverblue could be a fun experiment testing out emerging technology, or it could be the future of the desktop OS. It's tiny only in the sense that its root filesystem remains the same size regardless of updates and applications added onto it, but it's worth looking at to see where the strange obsession with tiny distributions has delivered the Linux community and industry. Don't forget to tip your hat to the 11MB pioneers on your way out. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/marcobravo -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer) -[2]: http://lubuntu.net -[3]: http://peppermintos.com -[4]: https://www.bodhilinux.com/ -[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tinycore.jpg (Tiny Core Linux) -[6]: http://tinycorelinux.net/ -[7]: http://tinycorelinux.net/welcome.html -[8]: https://www.balena.io/etcher/ -[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tc-install-gui.png (Tiny Core installer) -[10]: https://www.samba.org/ -[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/slitaz.jpg (SliTaz Linux) -[12]: http://www.slitaz.org/en/ -[13]: https://github.com/midori-browser/core -[14]: http://slitaz.org/en/get/#rolling -[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/slitaz-install.jpg (SliTaz installer) -[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/porteus.jpg (Porteus Linux) -[17]: http://www.porteus.org/ -[18]: http://porteus.org/porteus-mirrors.txt -[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/porteus-installer.png (Porteus installer) -[20]: http://www.porteus.org/component/content/article/26-tutorials/general-info-tutorials/114-official-porteus-installation-guide.html -[21]: http://www.porteus.org/tutorials/9-modules/149-usm.html -[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bodhi.jpg (Bodhi Linux) -[23]: https://www.enlightenment.org/ -[24]: https://www.bodhilinux.com/download -[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bodhi-install.jpg (Bodhi installer) -[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/puppy.jpg (Puppy Linux) -[27]: https://antixlinux.com/ -[28]: http://puppylinux.com/ -[29]: http://puppylinux.com/index.html#download -[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/puppy-install.jpg (Puppy installer) -[31]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/getting-started/#flatpak -[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/silverblue.jpg (SilverBlue, not tiny, but tiny-adjacent) -[33]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/ -[34]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/download -[35]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda -[36]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/silverblue-install.jpg (Anaconda installer) -[37]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/toolbox/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md b/translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a0a2fa4f2d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md @@ -0,0 +1,262 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/marcobravo) + +5 个不容错过的微型 Linux 发行版 +====== +这些微型 Linux 发行版可以让你的老爷机复活、启动一个损坏的系统，或者是确保在公共电脑上进行安全的操作。 +![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1] + +可供日常使用的 Linux 发行版比比皆是，不过其中有一些发行版常常被我们忽视，因为它们实在是太小了。但这些微型 Linux 发行版其实是一种非常强大的创新：使用一套完整的操作系统驱动一台只有不到 1 GB 存储空间和 512 MB 内存的计算机，真的是终极的黑客作风。 + +微型发行版的用法有很多种，比如说： + + * 从垃圾桶边挽救回那些又老又慢的电脑。你可以继续使用那些本来已经计划报废的机器，直到它们彻底解体（而不是在刚开始感觉有点儿慢的时候就扔掉）。 + * 使用 U盘 启动一个损坏的系统来恢复数据或者修复启动分区。 + * 确保在安全和隐私的操作环境下使用公共电脑。如果使用 U盘 启动酒店大厅或者图书馆里的一台公共电脑，你是可以确定操作环境是安全的。 + +轻量级发行版有很多种，比如说 [Lubuntu][2]、[Peppermint OS][3] 和 [Bodhi][4]，但是那些真正微型的发行版又有一些独到之处。下面就是你不容错过的五个微型发行版： + +### Tiny Core + +![Tiny Core Linux][5] + +[Tiny Core Linux][6] 小得近乎不可思议：终端版本只有 11 MB，图形界面版本只有 16 MB。我翻了一下之前收集的旧 U盘，最小的一个是 128 MB 的，也有 Tiny Core 镜像文件的八倍之大呢。 + +Tiny Core 默认包括只包括了基础操作系统，你需要通过以太网下载需要的应用程序。由于设计得极端精简，甚至安装完整操作系统的应用程序都没有被包含在内（不过需要的话可以从 Tiny Core 的软件仓库下载）。 + +我使用过一个 128 MB 的 U盘 在一台只有 512 MB 内存的机器上运行了 Tiny Core，对于一个只有 16 MB 的操作系统来说，效果算是非常棒了。只有在使用网页浏览器的时候速度才会变慢，但这主要是由于大部分现代网站太过复杂，而不是 Tiny Core 的问题。 + +如果不使用图形界面，运行 Tiny Core 就只需要 64 MB 的内存了。 + +#### 安装 + +[下载 Tiny Core][7] 并使用 **dd** 或者 [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘。 + +你只需要点击屏幕底部启动栏上的 **Apps** 图标下载 **tc-install** 或者 **tc-install-GUI** 应用，就可以轻松安装 Tiny Core了。 + +![Tiny Core installer][9] + +安装 Tiny Core 有几种不同的方式。你可以把它安装在一个格式化为 Linux 驱动的 U盘 里（这要求你的电脑支持使用 USB 驱动启动。大多数现代电脑都支持，但是在老一些的电脑上不太常见），或者安装在微软 FAT 文件系统的 U盘 里（这对于大多数不支持从 USB 驱动启动的电脑来说非常管用），或者甚至安装在一个现有 Linux 分区的一个文件夹里。 + +安装过程非常快，完成之后就可以重启计算机，进入到 Tiny Core Linux 系统中啦。 + +#### 应用程序 + +由于系统自带程序基本上只有一个文本编辑器和一个终端，你所要做的第一件事情就应该是安装一些应用程序。底部启动栏上的 **Apps** 图标展示了 Tiny Core 提供的所有软件包。**Apps** 软件仓库同时包含了一些重要的驱动程序，对于使用 WiFi 网卡或者是打印机等等都很有帮助。 + +在安装一个新的应用程序或者实用程序的时候，你可以选择在 Tiny Core 启动的时候就加载软件包，或者是需要的时候才加载。如果选择启动时加载，那么不仅该软件立即就可以使用，并且（不出所料地）下次重启之后也依然可用；如果选择需要时加载，那么在软件包下载完成之后仍然可以马上使用，但是重启之后就不会被自动加载到内存中了。这样可以保持很快的开机速度，并且只占用很少的内存，但同时也意味着每次开机之后，该应用的软件包只有在第一次被使用的时候才会被加载到内存中。 + +可供选择的应用程序同时包括像 office 和图像应用之类的用户端应用，以及像 [Samba][10] 和网站服务器这种的服务端应用。 + +当然了，随着你在 Tiny Core 上添加的应用程序越来越多，它就不那么“微型”了。不过在 Tiny Core 的网站上我们可以看到，即使是包括了所有 WiFi 驱动程序的 **Tiny Core Plus** 镜像文件也只有大约 100 MB，所以“不那么微型”也仍然很可能比 256 MB 要小很多。 + +#### 结论 + +Tiny Core 非常适合性能不佳的老爷机、用来通过网络启动的镜像文件，以及任何更看重应用而不是操作系统的人。Tiny Core 可以作为一个很好的周末工程来实践：从 16 MB 开始一步步搭建操作系统，直到你感觉这个操作系统已经足够满足你的需求了。 + +### SliTaz + +![SliTaz Linux][11] + +[SliTaz Linux][12] 的镜像文件有大约 51 MB 大小，差不多是 Tiny Core 的四倍，但是包含一整套出色的驱动程序和应用程序。事实上，如果事先不知道的话，你可能会以为是通过一个 1 GB 的 Ubuntu 镜像启动的，因为能想到的任何一个基本启动镜像应该有的东西都在这儿：文本编辑器、网页浏览器、绘画工具、表格工具等等。 + +我使用过一个 128 MB 的 U盘 在一个 512 MB 内存的机器上运行了 SliTaz，效果非常不错。浏览复杂网站的时候性能会下降，但是系统包含的轻量级浏览器 [Midori][13] 可以快速加载绝大多数网站。 + +你可以在启动的时候选择进入没有图形界面的 SliTaz，这样在仅仅只有 64 MB 的机器上也可以很好地运行。 + +#### 安装 + +可供下载的 SliTaz 有很多种，因为它的开发者和社区针对可能存在的限制提供了非常多的版本。比如说，有一种低内存版本可以在只有 24 MB 内存的机器上运行；有一种版本使用 Firefox 而不是 Midori；还有一种版本没有包含额外的应用程序，等等。 + +如果你挑花了眼，只想赶紧选择一个版本尝试一下的话，那就 [下载滚动发布版本吧][14]。这个版本有差不多 50 MB 大小，每周都会更新。如果你爱上了 SliTaz，而滚动发布版本又更新得 *过快* 了的话，可以再选择一个更符合你需求的版本。 + +下载好你选择的 SliTaz 镜像文件之后，你就可以用 **dd** 或者 [Etcher][8] 将它写入 U盘，然后重启。 + +将 SliTaz 安装在 U盘 或者硬盘上需要通过 **TazPanel** 这个应用程序来实现。它会引导你对硬盘进行需要的分区，然后将 SliTaz 安装在你选择的地方。 + +![SliTaz installer][15] + +#### 应用程序 + +SliTaz 的控制中心是 **TazPanel** 这个应用程序。如果你喜欢 OpenSUSE 或者 Mageia (最初被称为 Mandrake)，那 TazPanel 对你来说应该不会陌生（至少在核心思想上）：包括系统设置、硬件监测、用户和用户组的管理、系统升级、安装应用程序在内的这些功能，都在这一个应用程序内实现。 + +SliTaz 提供的应用程序可以满足大多数基本需求，如果你不是非常在意完成某一项任务必须使用哪一个应用程序的话，那么在 SliTaz 的软件仓库里应该可以找到你想要的应用。如果你有一些特别的需求（比如说想要使用 GIMP 2.10 而不是 GIMP 2.8），那么就需要学习如何生成 SliTaz 软件包了。好消息是，**tazpkg** 命令支持从好几种软件包格式转换过来，包括： + + * Debian 软件包 (.deb, .udeb) + * RPM 软件包 (.rpm) + * Slackware 软件包 (.tgz) + * Puppy 软件包 (.sfs, .pet) + * NuTyX 软件包 (.cards.tar.xz) + * Arch 和 Alpine Linux 软件包 (.apk, .pkg.tar.gz, .pkg.tar.xz) + * OpenWrt 软件包 (.ipk, .opk) + * Paldo 软件包 (.tar.bz2) + * Void 软件包 (.xbps) + * Tiny Core 软件包 (.tce, .tcel, .tcem, .tcz) + +#### 结论 + +SliTaz 是一个快速而小巧的 Linux 发行版，并且非常容易上手（因为有一个中心化的控制面板）。由于它的软件包工具支持从其它格式的 Linux 软件包转换成自己的格式，它的应用程序理论上来说是非常丰富的，你可以很容易地使用喜欢的工具搭建自己的工作环境。SliTaz 很小，但是也非常具有杀伤力，正如它的蜘蛛 logo 所暗示的那样。 + +### Porteus + +![Porteus Linux][16] + +[Porteus][17] 提供了不同的桌面环境可供选择，最小的镜像文件大约在 270 MB 左右，最大的有 350 MB。它是微型 Linux 中镜像文件最大的一个，但是这些额外的空间都被用来确保一个非常顺畅的 Linux 桌面环境的体验，以至于你很可能会忘了自己是在使用一个 live 版本。如果将 Porteus 安装到 SSD 或者是在启动的时候加载到内存里的话，你就会得到一个如此天衣无缝地顺畅的环境，以至于不会相信你的操作系统所占用的空间只有不到半个 CD-ROM 的大小。 + +Porteus 的基础镜像文件相对来说比较小，因此被称为是“微型”，但是根据你选择的桌面环境版本，Porteus 有可能会需要 1 GB 之多的内存才可以运行。尽管其它微型 Linux 发行版倾向于通过精简应用程序来节约空间和资源，Porteus 却希望你像普通发行版一样来使用它。忘掉你是在使用一个微型的压缩根文件系统，尽情安装所有你喜欢的应用程序吧。 + +#### 安装 + +可以在 [离你最近的 Porteus 镜像网站][18] 上下载 Porteus，并且从 MATE、LXQT、LXDE、OpenBox、XFCE、Cinnamon 或者 KDE 里选择自己喜欢的桌面环境。如果没有特殊偏好，MATE 或者是 KDE 桌面都是不错的选择，他们可以提供熟悉的桌面环境体验，并且镜像文件又不至于太大。 + +![Porteus installer][19] + +你可以根据 [官方的安装指南][20] 将 Porteus 安装到一个 U盘 或者是内部硬盘里。这两种方式非常相似，都会使用一个不能被改变的压缩根文件系统。这是一种稳定的、受限制的文件系统，会根据你的使用被修改。你所做的变更和安装的应用程序在重启的时候都会被加载到内存里，从而还原你关机前的使用环境。 + +#### 应用程序 + +应用程序在 Porteus 里被称为“模块”，由 [Slackware 软件包统一管理器][21]（USM）提供。USM 的资源涵盖五个不同的 Slackware 软件仓库，所以可供选择的应用还是很丰富的。 + +#### 结论 + +Porteus 可以提供完整的 Linux 使用体验，却只使用了正常 Linux 所需要空间的一小部分。这是一个配备了很多种可供选择的桌面环境和很多应用程序的出色的便携式 Linux 发行版。 + +### Bodhi Linux + +![Bodhi Linux][22] + +[Bodhi Linux][4] 的 ISO 镜像文件有 740 MB 大小，初看之下并不是很“微型”，不过一旦安装完成之后，你就会惊讶于它是多么微型了。Bodhi 在 512 MB 大小的内存上也可以顺畅运行，并且它的桌面环境看起来就像是来自未来一样。Bodhi 使用的是 [Enlightenment][23] 桌面，这是一个精心制作的优美的用户界面，小巧而强悍。 + +不过 Bodhi 并不只是简单地使用 Enlightenment，而是在此基础上增色不少。Bodhi 在配置型应用程序和系统设置面板上都进行了界面处理，避免了 Enlightenment 有时显得过于繁复的选项。Bodhi 替你做了一些很好的默认选择，并且只显示全部选项的一部分。如果你是一个 Enlightenment 狂热分子，那么 Bodhi 这样的做法对你来说可能显得不是很纯粹，但是对于大多数用户来说，Bodhi 这样做可以让人更加专注于 Enlightenment 桌面本身。 + +#### 安装 + +[下载 Bodhi Linux][24]，通过 **dd** 或者 [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘，然后重启。 + +Bodhi 安装器可以在 **设置** 页面的 **应用程序** 菜单里找到。安装程序用的是 **Ubiquity**，所以整个过程和安装 Ubuntu 是一样的。如果你没有安装过 Ubuntu 也不必担心，因为这是最好安装的发行版之一了。 + +![Bodhi installer][25] + +#### 应用程序 + +Bodhi 是基于最新的 Ubuntu 长期维护发布版的，所以可供使用的应用程序简直数不胜数。只要是在 Ubuntu 上可以使用的应用，Bohdi 上就同样可以找到。 + +#### 结论 + +Bodhi Linux 相比一个标准的 Ubuntu 来说要小不少，但是相比其它微型 Ubuntu 环境来说又好一些（因为使用了 Enlightenment）。如果你在找一个比大多数发行版更轻量的 Linux 发行版，但是又不想使用 OverlayFS 或者是应用程序模块的话，那么 Bodhi 就是一个不错的选择了。 + +### Puppy Linux + +![Puppy Linux][26] + +早在 Tiny Core、SliTaz、[AntiX][27] 或者是 Porteus 诞生之前，就已经有 [Puppy Linux][28] 了。作为最早的微型 Linux 发行版之一，Puppy 已经历经了十五年风霜，并且无论是对于老爷机还是新用户来说始终都是一个可靠的、可启动的操作系统。 + +为了保证正常运行，Puppy 会在第一次启动之后引导用户完成必要的设置步骤。整个过程涉及很多个窗口，但是一旦完成，你就会对一切功能了如指掌，然后再决定是否需要安装。 + +Puppy 有几乎 300 MB 大小，并且在我测试的 1 GB 内存的机器上并不能正常运行，所以它并不是一个特别微型的 Linux 发行版。尽管如此，它仍然是一个非常棒的 1 GB 以下的操作系统，并且在该类系统里算是非常友好的一个。 + +#### 安装 + +[下载 Puppy Linux][29]，然后通过 **dd** or [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘，或者是刻录到 CD 或者 DVD 里，然后重启。 + +![Puppy installer][30] + +Puppy 几乎可以安装在支持任何一种数据格式的载体上。你可以在顶部启动栏里找到 **Puppy Installer** 安装程序，这个程序负责安装 Puppy 以及 Puppy 的应用程序。 + +Puppy 安装器会一步步引导你将系统安装在你提供的任何一种媒介上。Puppy 可以从 U盘、光盘、硬盘，或者甚至是 SD 卡上启动。我曾经在一台没有硬盘、光驱出了故障，并且也无法从 USB 启动的计算机上成功运行了 Puppy。由于 Puppy 支持在任何载体上写入你的配置选项，我甚至可以在一个拥有永久数据存储的外部设备上使用它。 + +#### 应用程序 + +**Puppy 安装器** 这个应用同样被用来在 Puppy 上安装应用。由于 Puppy 是基于 Ubuntu 的，它的软件仓库几乎不会缺少任何一个 Linux 软件包，并且如果真的出现了这种情况的话，你也可以使用 [Flatpak][31]。 + +#### 结论 + +Puppy 是最早的微型 Linux。尽管它已经不是最微型的了，却是目前最易用的一个。 + +### 附赠：Silverblue + +![SilverBlue, not tiny, but tiny-adjacent][32] + +微型 Linux 这个概念是随着时间不断变化的。很久以前，微型 Linux 发行版意味着需要下载到 CD-R 里，从光驱启动，然后将修改写入外部媒介中。后来，你可以从 U盘 启动它，并且有专门用来记录永久修改的空间。现在的微型 Linux 不仅支持上面两种方法，还可以被直接安装在内部驱动或者文件夹里。 + +大家都没有想到 Linux 开创了容器的热潮 —— 容器里应用程序是在半虚拟化的环境中运行的一套独立的 Linux 系统。曾经只是属于喜欢优化硬盘空间或者重新利用老爷机的人们的小众爱好，很快成为了那些想要开发容器但又不想在应用程序上添加太多负载的人的强烈需求。那些在极简化的、不起眼的 Linux 发行版上所付出的辛苦，一夜之间以一种意想不到的方式得到了回报。 + +立足于根文件系统这个概念，Fedora 项目发起的 [Silverblue][33] 试验旨在创造一个不可修改的操作系统。该操作系统主要通过容器的形式来更新系统以及安装应用，系统本身永远不会改变。 + +2.1 GB 的 Silverblue 可不是一个微型 Linux 发行版，但是从某种程度上来说，它是微型 Linux 和容器运动的产物。 + +#### 安装 + +[下载 Silverblue][34]，然后通过 **dd** or [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘，或者是刻录到 CD 或者 DVD 里，然后重启。 + +启动到 Silverblue 之后，使用 [Anaconda][35]（标准的、友好的 Fedora 安装器）将它安装在一个内部硬盘里。 + +![Anaconda installer][36] + +#### 应用程序 + +Silverblue 安装应用的方式和传统意义上不同：它是在基础操作系统之上运行容器。具体来说，它使用 Flatpaks 运行 GUI 应用程序，使用 [Toolbox][37] 运行命令。 + +由于 Flatpaks 并非像传统的 Fedora RPM 软件包一样常见，Silverblue 也提供了一种可以将 Fedora RPM 软件包转换成 Silverblue 形式的方法：**package layering**。 + +#### 结论 + +Silverblue 可能是一个用来尝试前沿科技的有趣实验，或者也可能是桌面操作系统的未来。它之所以被称为微型，只是因为根文件系统的大小不会随着系统升级或者安装应用而改变。不过，透过 Silverblue 来看看对微型 Linux 的迷恋在带领着 Linux 社区和行业往哪个方向走，也是一件挺有意思的事情。对了，走之前不要忘了向 11 MB 大小的微型 Linux 先驱们脱帽致敬。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/marcobravo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer) +[2]: http://lubuntu.net +[3]: http://peppermintos.com +[4]: https://www.bodhilinux.com/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tinycore.jpg (Tiny Core Linux) +[6]: http://tinycorelinux.net/ +[7]: http://tinycorelinux.net/welcome.html +[8]: https://www.balena.io/etcher/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tc-install-gui.png (Tiny Core installer) +[10]: https://www.samba.org/ +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/slitaz.jpg (SliTaz Linux) +[12]: http://www.slitaz.org/en/ +[13]: https://github.com/midori-browser/core +[14]: http://slitaz.org/en/get/#rolling +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/slitaz-install.jpg (SliTaz installer) +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/porteus.jpg (Porteus Linux) +[17]: http://www.porteus.org/ +[18]: http://porteus.org/porteus-mirrors.txt +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/porteus-installer.png (Porteus installer) +[20]: http://www.porteus.org/component/content/article/26-tutorials/general-info-tutorials/114-official-porteus-installation-guide.html +[21]: http://www.porteus.org/tutorials/9-modules/149-usm.html +[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bodhi.jpg (Bodhi Linux) +[23]: https://www.enlightenment.org/ +[24]: https://www.bodhilinux.com/download +[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bodhi-install.jpg (Bodhi installer) +[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/puppy.jpg (Puppy Linux) +[27]: https://antixlinux.com/ +[28]: http://puppylinux.com/ +[29]: http://puppylinux.com/index.html#download +[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/puppy-install.jpg (Puppy installer) +[31]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/getting-started/#flatpak +[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/silverblue.jpg (SilverBlue, not tiny, but tiny-adjacent) +[33]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/ +[34]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/download +[35]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda +[36]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/silverblue-install.jpg (Anaconda installer) +[37]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/toolbox/ From a5d3bf09f8a7e350827199c85d183302db71ce09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 11:02:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0631/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md b/sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md index cfb74e42b9..53f7ffb412 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From fb19cd43f5d35668b17216dc86dd2a1935c93286 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 11:17:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0632/1265] PRF:20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md --- .../tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 256 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 126 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md index c82f5cc099..fdacde6fb3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md @@ -1,55 +1,51 @@ -warmfrog translating - -100 Best Ubuntu Apps +100 个最佳 Ubuntu 应用 ====== -今年早些时候我们发布了一个 [2018 年最好的 20 个 Ubuntu 应用][1]列表，可能对很多用户来说都很有用。现在我们几乎到 2018 年下半年了，所以今天我们打算看一下 Ubuntu 上最好的 100 个应用，你可能会觉得有帮助。 +今年早些时候我们发布了一个 [2018 年最好的 20 个 Ubuntu 应用][1]列表，可能对很多用户来说都很有用。现在我们几乎到 2018 年下半年了（LCTT 译注：好吧，我们翻译的有些晚了，顺便打个广告，[LCTT 欢迎你，有志于通过翻译为开源做些贡献的同学！][111]），所以今天我们打算看一下 Ubuntu 上最好的 100 个应用，你可能会觉得有帮助。 ![100 Best Ubuntu Apps][2] -很多用户最近从 Microsoft Windows 转换到了 Ubuntu，可能面临着这样一个困境：寻找它们之前使用了数年的操作系统上的应用软件的最好替代应用。Ubuntu 拥有上千个免费使用和开源应用软件比 Windows 和其它 OS 上的付费软件运行的更好。 +很多用户最近从 Microsoft Windows 转换到了 Ubuntu，可能面临着这样一个困境：寻找它们之前使用了数年的操作系统上的应用软件的最好替代应用。Ubuntu 拥有上千个免费使用和开源应用软件，比 Windows 和其它 OS 上的付费软件运行的更好。 下列列表归纳了各种分类下很多应用软件的功能特点，因此，你可以找到匹配你的需求的最好的应用。 -### **1\. Google Chrome 浏览器** +### 1、Google Chrome 浏览器 -几乎所有 Linux 发行版默认安装了 Mozilla Firefox 网络浏览器，并且它是 Google Chrome 的强力竞争对手。但是 Chrome 相对 Firefox 有它自己的优点，给了你 Google 账户的入口，你可以通过它来同步你的书签，浏览历史，扩展。例如从其它操作系统和手机的 Chrome 浏览器同步。 +几乎所有 Linux 发行版都默认安装了 Mozilla Firefox 网络浏览器，并且它是 Google Chrome 的强力竞争对手。但是 Chrome 相对 Firefox 而言有它自己的优点，比如它可以让你直接访问你的 Google 账户，你可以通过它来同步你在其它操作系统和手机上的 Chrome 浏览器的书签、浏览历史、扩展等等。 ![Chrome][3] Google Chrome 为 Linux 集成了最新的 Flash 播放器，其它 Linux 上的浏览器像 Mozilla Firefox 和 Opera 网络浏览器则不是这样。如果你在 Windows 上经常使用 Chrome，那么在 Linux 上也用它是最好的选择。 -### 2\. **Steam** +### 2、Steam 现在在 Linux 上玩游戏已经不是问题了，这在很多年前还是一个遥不可及的梦。在 2013 年，Valve 发布了 Linux 上的 Steam 游戏客户端，此后一切都变了。早期用户犹豫着从 Windows 转到 Linux，只是因为它们不能在 Ubuntu 上玩它们最喜欢的游戏，但是现在已经不是这样了。 ![Steam][4] -一些用户可能发现在 Linux 上安装 Steam 有点棘手，但如果能在 Linux 上玩上千的 Steam 游戏时这么做就是值得的。一些流行的像 Counter Strike 这样的高端游戏：Global Offensive, Hitman, Dota 2 在 Linux 上都能获取，你只需要确保你满足玩这些游戏的最小硬件需求。 +一些用户可能发现在 Linux 上安装 Steam 有点棘手，但如果能在 Linux 上玩上千的 Steam 游戏时这么做就是值得的。一些流行的高端游戏，如《反恐精英:全球攻势》、《Hitman》、《Dota 2》在 Linux 上都能获取，你只需要确保你满足玩这些游戏的最小硬件需求。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository multiverse - $ sudo apt-get update - $ sudo apt-get install steam ``` -### **3\. WordPress 桌面客户端** +### 3、WordPress 桌面客户端 -是的，没错，WordPress 有它专有的 Ubuntu 平台的客户端，你可以用来管理你的 WordPress 站点。你同样可以在桌面客户端上单独写和设计桌面客户端而不用转到浏览器。 +是的，没错，WordPress 有它专有的 Ubuntu 平台的客户端，你可以用来管理你的 WordPress 站点。你可以只在桌面客户端上撰写和设计你的站点而不用转到浏览器。 ![][5] -如果你有 WordPress 支持的站点，那么这个桌面客户端能够让你在单个窗口内追踪所有的 WordPress 通知。你同样可以检查站点的博客性能状态。桌面客户端可以在 Ubuntu 软件中心中获取，你可以在那里下载和安装。 +如果你拥有 WordPress 建立的站点，那么这个桌面客户端就是你必备的应用，它能够让你在单个窗口内追踪所有的 WordPress 通知。你也可以查看站点博客的数据。桌面客户端可以在 Ubuntu 软件中心中获取，你可以在那里下载和安装。 -### **4\. VLC 媒体播放器** +### 4、VLC 媒体播放器 -VLC 是一个非常流行的跨平台的开源媒体播放器，同样在 Ubuntu 中可以获取。使得 VLC 成为一个最好的媒体播放器的原因是它能够播放地球上能够获得的任何音频视频格式，而且不会出现任何问题。 +VLC 是一个非常流行的跨平台的开源媒体播放器，同样在 Ubuntu 中可以获取。使得 VLC 成为一个最好的媒体播放器的原因是它能够毫无问题地播放世界上任何音频视频格式。 ![][6] -VLC 有一个平滑的用户界面，易于使用，除此之外，它提供了很多特点包括在线视频流，音频和视频自定义，等。 +VLC 有一个平滑的用户界面，易于使用，除此之外，它提供了很多功能，包括在线视频流、音频和视频自定义等。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:videolan/master-daily @@ -57,13 +53,13 @@ $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt-get install vlc qtwayland5 ``` -### **5\. Atom 文本编辑器** +### 5、Atom 文本编辑器 -由 Github 开发，Atom 是一个免费和开源的文本编辑器，它同样能够被用做集成开发环境（IDE）来进行主流编程语言的编码和编辑。Atom 开发者声称它是 21 世纪的完全可控制的文本编辑器。 +由 GitHub 开发，Atom 是一个自由开源的文本编辑器，它同样能够被用做集成开发环境（IDE）来进行主流编程语言的编码和编辑。Atom 开发者声称它是完全可魔改的 21 世纪文本编辑器。 ![][7] -Atom 文本编辑器属于最好的用户界面之一，它是一个富文本编辑器提供了自动补全，语法高亮、扩展与插件支持。 +Atom 文本编辑器属于最好的用户界面之一，它是一个富文本编辑器，提供了自动补全、语法高亮，支持扩展与插件。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/atom @@ -71,9 +67,9 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install atom ``` -### **6\. GIMP 图像编辑器** +### 6、GIMP 图像编辑器 -GIMP （GNU 图形操作程序）是 Ubuntu 上免费和开源的图像编辑器。有争议说它是 Windows 上 Adobe Photoshop 的最好替代品。如果你过去经常用 Adobe Photoshop，会觉得很难习惯 GIMP，但是你可以自定义 GIMP 使它看起来与 Photoshop 非常相似。 +GIMP（GNU 图形操作程序）是 Ubuntu 上自由开源的图像编辑器。无疑它是 Windows 上 Adobe Photoshop 的最好替代品。如果你过去经常用 Adobe Photoshop，会觉得很难习惯 GIMP，但是你可以自定义 GIMP 使它看起来与 Photoshop 非常相似。 ![][8] @@ -83,23 +79,23 @@ GIMP 是一个功能丰富的图片编辑器，你可以随时通过安装扩展 $ sudo apt-get install gimp ``` -### **7\. Google Play 音乐桌面播放器** +### 7、Google Play 音乐桌面播放器 -Google Play 音乐桌面播放器是一个开源的音乐播放器，它是 Google Play Music 的一个替代品，或者说更好。Google 总是缺少桌面的音乐客户端，但第三方的应用完美的填充了空白。 +Google Play 音乐桌面播放器是一个开源的音乐播放器，它是 Google Play 音乐的一个替代品，或者说比它更好。Google 一直少个桌面的音乐客户端，但第三方的应用完美的填充了空白。 ![][9] -就像你在截屏里看到的，它的界面在外观和感觉上都是首屈一指的。你仅仅需要登录 Google 账户，之后会导入所有你的音乐和你的最爱到桌面客户端里。你可以从它的官方 [站点][10]下载安装文件并使用软件中心安装它。 +就像你在上述截屏里看到的，它的界面在外观和感觉上都是首屈一指的。你只需要登录 Google 账户，之后就会导入所有你的音乐和你的最爱到桌面客户端里。你可以从它的官方[站点][10]下载安装文件并使用软件中心安装它。 -### **8\. Franz** +### 8、Franz -Franz 是一个即时消息客户端，结合了聊天和信息服务到一个应用中。它是现代化的即时消息平台之一，在单个应用中支持 Facebook Messenger， WhatsApp， Telegram， 微信，Google Hangouts， Skype。 +Franz 是一个即时消息客户端，它将聊天和信息服务结合到了一个应用中。它是现代化的即时消息平台之一，在单个应用中支持 Facebook Messenger、WhatsApp、Telegram、微信、Google Hangouts、 Skype。 ![][11] -Franz 是一个完整的消息平台，你同样可以在商业中用它来管理大量的客户服务。为了安装 Franz，你需要从它的[网站][12]下载安装包，在软件中心中打开。 +Franz 是一个完备的消息平台，你可以用于商业中管理大量的客户服务。要安装 Franz，你需要从它的[网站][12]下载安装包，在软件中心中打开。 -### **9\. Synaptic 包管理器** +### 9、Synaptic 包管理器 Synaptic 包管理器是 Ubuntu 上必有工具之一，因为它为我们通常在命令行界面安装软件的 ‘apt-get’ 命令提供了用户图形界面。它是各种 Linux 发行版中默认的应用的强力对手。 @@ -111,7 +107,7 @@ Synaptic 拥有非常简单的用户图形界面，相比其它的应用商店 $ sudo apt-get install synaptic ``` -### **10\. Skype** +### 10、Skype Skype 是一个非常流行的跨平台视频电话应用，如今在 Linux 系统的 Snap 应用中可以获取了。Skype 是一个即时通信应用，它提供了视频和音频通话，桌面共享等特点。 @@ -123,7 +119,7 @@ Skype 有一个优秀的用户图形界面，与 Windows 上的桌面客户端 $ sudo snap install skype ``` -### **13\. VirtualBox** +### 13、VirtualBox VirtualBox 是由 Oracle 公司开发的跨平台的虚拟化软件应用。如果你喜欢尝试新的操作系统，那么 VirtualBox 是为你准备的必备的 Ubuntu 应用。你可以尝试 Windows 内的 Linux，Mac 或者 Linux 系统中的 Windows 和 Mac。 @@ -131,7 +127,7 @@ VirtualBox 是由 Oracle 公司开发的跨平台的虚拟化软件应用。如 VB 实际做的是让你在宿机操作系统里可视化的运行顾客操作系统。它创建虚拟硬盘并在上面安装顾客操作系统。你可以在 Ubuntu 软件中心直接下载和安装。 -### **12\. Unity Tweak 工具** +### 12、Unity Tweak 工具 Unity Tweak 工具（Gnome Tweak 工具）对于每个 Linux 用户都是必须有的，因为它给了用户根据需要自定义桌面的能力。你可以尝试新的 GTK 主题，设置桌面角落，自定义图标集，改变 unity 启动器，等。 @@ -143,7 +139,7 @@ Unity Tweak 工具对于用户来说可能非常有用，因为它包含了从 $ sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool ``` -### **13\. Ubuntu Cleaner** +### 13、Ubuntu Cleaner Ubuntu Cleaner是一个系统管理工具，尤其被设计为移除不再使用的包，移除不必要的应用和清理浏览器缓存的。Ubuntu Cleaner 有易于使用的简易用户界面。 @@ -157,7 +153,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-cleaner ``` -### 14\. Visual Studio Code +### 14、Visual Studio Code Visual Studio Code 是一个代码编辑器，你会发现它与 Atom 文本编辑器和 Sublime Text 非常相似，如果你曾用过的话。Visual Studio Code 证明是非常好的教育工具，因为它解释了所有东西，从 HTML 标签到编程中的语法。 @@ -165,7 +161,7 @@ Visual Studio Code 是一个代码编辑器，你会发现它与 Atom 文本编 Visual Studio 自身集成了 Git，它有优秀的用户界面，你会发现它与 Atom Text Editor 和 Sublime Text 非常相似。你可以从 Ubuntu 软件中心下载和安装它。 -### **15\. Corebird** +### 15、Corebird 如果你在找你可以用 Twitter 的桌面客户端，那 Corebird Twitter 客户端就是你在找的。它被争议是 Linux 发行版下可获得的最好的 Twitter 客户端，它提供了与你手机上的 Twitter 应用非常相似的功能。 @@ -177,7 +173,7 @@ Visual Studio 自身集成了 Git，它有优秀的用户界面，你会发现 $ sudo snap install corebird ``` -### **16\. Pixbuf** +### 16、Pixbuf Pixbuf 是来自 Pixbuf 图片社区中心的一个桌面客户端，让你上传，分享和出售你的相片。它支持图片共享到社交媒体像 Facebook，Pinterest，Instagram，Twitter，等等，也包括照相服务像 Flickr，500px and Youpic。 @@ -185,7 +181,7 @@ Pixbuf 是来自 Pixbuf 图片社区中心的一个桌面客户端，让你上 Pixbuf提供了分析等功能，可以让你统计点击量、转发量、照片的回复、预定的帖子、专用的iOS 扩展。它同样有移动应用，因此你可以在任何地方连接到你的 Pixbuf 账户。 Pixbuf 在 Ubuntu 软件中心以 Snap 包的形式获得。 -### **17\. Clementine 音乐播放器** +### 17、Clementine 音乐播放器 Clementine 是一个跨平台的音乐播放器，并且是 Ubuntu 上默认音乐播放器 Rhythmbox 的良好竞争者。多亏它的友好的界面，它很快速并易于使用。它支持所有音频文件格式的声音回放。 @@ -199,15 +195,15 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install clementine ``` -### **18\. Blender** +### 18、Blender -Blender 是一个免费和开源的 3D 创建应用软件，你可以用来创建 3D 打印模型，动画电影，视频游戏，等。它自身集成了游戏引擎，你可以用来开发和测试视频游戏。 +Blender 是一个自由开源的 3D 创建应用软件，你可以用来创建 3D 打印模型，动画电影，视频游戏，等。它自身集成了游戏引擎，你可以用来开发和测试视频游戏。 ![blender][22] Blender 拥有赏心悦目的用户界面，易于使用，它包括了内置的渲染引擎，数字雕刻，仿真工具，动画工具，还有很多。考虑到它免费和它的特点，你甚至会认为它可能是 Ubuntu 上最好的应用之一。 -### **19\. Audacity** +### 19、Audacity Audacity 是一个开源的音频编辑应用，你可以用来记录、编辑音频文件。你可以从各种输入中录入音频，包括麦克风，电子吉它，等等。根据你的需要，它提供了编辑和裁剪音频的能力。 @@ -221,7 +217,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install audacity ``` -### **20\. Vim** +### 20、Vim Vim 是一个集成开发环境，你可以用作一个独立的应用或各种像 Python 等主流编程语言的命令行接口。 @@ -233,7 +229,7 @@ Vim 是一个集成开发环境，你可以用作一个独立的应用或各种 $ sudo apt-get install vim ``` -### **21\. Inkscape** +### 21、Inkscape Inkscape 是一个开源和跨平台的矢量图形编辑器，你会觉得它和 Corel Draw 和 Adobe Illustrator 很相似。用它可以创建和编辑矢量图形例如柱形图、logo、图表、插图等。 @@ -247,7 +243,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install inkscape ``` -### **22\. Shotcut** +### 22、Shotcut Shotcut 是一个免费、开源的跨平台的 Meltytech，LLC 在 MLT 多媒体框架下开发的视频编辑应用。你会发现它是 Linux 发行版上最强大的视频编辑器之一，因为它支持所有主要的音频，视频，图片格式。 @@ -259,7 +255,7 @@ Shotcut 是一个免费、开源的跨平台的 Meltytech，LLC 在 MLT 多媒 snap install shotcut -- classic ``` -### **23\. SimpleScreenRecorder** +### 23、SimpleScreenRecorder SimpleScreenRecorder 是 Ubuntu 上的一个免费和轻量级的屏幕录制工具。屏幕录制非常有用，如果你是 YouTube 创作者或应用开发者。 @@ -273,7 +269,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install simplescreenrecorder ``` -### **24\. Telegram** +### 24、Telegram Telegram 是一个基于云的即时通信和网络电话平台，近年来非常流行。它是开源和跨平台的，用户可以用来发送消息，共享视频，图片，音频和其它文件。 @@ -291,7 +287,7 @@ $ sudo snap install telegram-desktop ClamTk 是一个轻量级的病毒扫描器，可以扫描系统中的文件和文件夹并清理发现的有害文件。ClamTk 可以 Snap 包的形式获得，可以从 Ubuntu 软件中心下载。 -### **26\. MailSpring** +### 26、MailSpring 早期的 MailSpring 以 Nylas Mail 或 Nylas N1 而著名，是开源的邮件客户端。它保存所有的邮件在电脑本地，因此你可以在任何需要的时候访问它。它提供了高级搜索的功能，使用与或操作，因此你可以基于不同的参数搜索邮件。 @@ -299,15 +295,15 @@ ClamTk 是一个轻量级的病毒扫描器，可以扫描系统中的文件和 MailSpring 有着和其它易于上手的邮件客户端同样优秀的用户界面。MailSpring 同样提供了私密性、安全性、规划期、通讯录管理、日历等功能特点。 -### **27\. PyCharm** +### 27、PyCharm -PyCharm 是我最喜欢的继 Vim 之后的 Python IDE 之一，因为它有优雅的用户界面，有很多扩展和插件支持。基本上，它有两个版本，一个是免费和开源的社区版，另一个是付费的专业版。 +PyCharm 是我最喜欢的继 Vim 之后的 Python IDE 之一，因为它有优雅的用户界面，有很多扩展和插件支持。基本上，它有两个版本，一个是自由开源的社区版，另一个是付费的专业版。 ![][31] PyCharm 是高度自定义的 IDE 并且有很多功能像错误高亮、代码分析、集成单元测试和 Python 调试器等。PyCharm 对于大多数 Python 程序员和开发者来说是首选的。 -### **28\. Caffeine** +### 28、Caffeine 想象一下你在 Youtube 上看视频或阅读一篇新文章，突然你的 Ubuntu 锁屏了，我知道它很烦人。我们很多人都会遇到这种情况，所以 Caffeine 是一个阻止 Ubuntu 锁屏或屏幕保护程序的工具。 @@ -321,7 +317,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install caffeine -y ``` -### **29\. Etcher USB 镜像写入器** +### 29、Etcher USB 镜像写入器 Etcher 是一个有 resin.io 开发的 USB 镜像写入器。它是一个跨平台的应用，帮助你将 ZIP、ISO、IMG 格式的镜像文件写入到 USB 存储中。如果你总是尝试新的操作系统，那么 Ethcher 是你必有的简单可靠的系统。 @@ -329,7 +325,7 @@ Etcher 是一个有 resin.io 开发的 USB 镜像写入器。它是一个跨平 Etcher 有干净的用户界面指导你在三步内烧录镜像到 USB 驱动或 SD 卡的过程。步骤包括选择镜像文件，选择 USB 驱动 和最终的 flash（写文件到 USB 驱动）。你可以从它的[官网][34]下载和安装 Etcher。 -### **30\. Neofetch** +### 30、Neofetch Neofetch 是一个酷炫的系统信息工具，通过在终端中运行 “neofetch” 命令，它会给你关于你的系统的所有信息。它酷是因为它给你关于桌面环境，内核版本，bash 版本和你正在运行的 GTK 主题信息。 @@ -343,9 +339,9 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get update install neofetch ``` -### 31\. Liferea +### 31、Liferea -Liferea（Linux 热点阅读器）是一个免费和开源的新闻聚集工具，用于在线新闻订阅。使用新的聚集工具非常快捷和简单，支持各种格式例如 RSS/RDF，Atom 等。 +Liferea（Linux 热点阅读器）是一个自由开源的新闻聚集工具，用于在线新闻订阅。使用新的聚集工具非常快捷和简单，支持各种格式例如 RSS/RDF，Atom 等。 ![][36] Liferea 自带与 TinyTinyRSS 的同步支持，它给了你离线阅读的能力。你会发现，就可靠性和灵活性而言，它是 Linux 上最好的订阅工具之一。 @@ -357,7 +353,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install liferea ``` -### 32\. Shutter +### 32、Shutter 在 Ubuntu 中很容易截屏，但当编辑截屏时 Shutter 是你必不可少的应用。它帮助你捕获，编辑和轻松的共享截屏。使用 Shutter 的选择工具，你可以选择屏幕的特定区域来截屏。 @@ -365,7 +361,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install liferea Shutter 是一个功能强大的截图工具，提供了添加截图效果，画线等功能。它同样给你上传截屏到各种图像保存站点的选项。你可以直接在 Ubuntu 软件中心中下载和安装。 -### 33\. Weather +### 33、Weather Weather 是一个小的应用，给你关于你的城市或世界上其它位置的实时天气信息。它简单而且轻量级，给你超过 7 天的详细天气预报和今明两天的每个小时的细节信息。 @@ -373,7 +369,7 @@ Weather 是一个小的应用，给你关于你的城市或世界上其它位置 它集成在 GNOME shell 中，给你关于最近搜索位置的当前天气状态。它有最小的用户界面，在最小硬件需求下运行很顺畅。 -### 34\. Ramme +### 34、Ramme Ramme 是一个很酷的非官方的 Instagram 桌面客户端，给你带来 Instagram 移动端的感觉。它是基于 Electron 的客户端，所以它替代了 Instagram 应用提供了主题自定义的功能。 @@ -381,7 +377,7 @@ Ramme 是一个很酷的非官方的 Instagram 桌面客户端，给你带来 In 但是由于 Instagram 的 API 限制，你不能使用 Ramme 客户端上传图像，但你总是可以通过订阅 Instagram，喜欢和评论，给好友发消息。你可以从 [Github]][40] 下载 Ramme 安装文件。 -### **35\. Thunderbird** +### 35、Thunderbird Thunderbird 是一个开源的邮件客户端，是很多 Linux 发行版的默认邮件客户端。尽管在 2017 年与 Mozilla 分离，Thunderbird 仍然是 Linux 平台非常流行的最好的邮件客户端。它自带特点像垃圾短信过滤，IMAP 和 POP 邮件同步，日历支持，通讯录集成和很多其它特定。 @@ -389,7 +385,7 @@ Thunderbird 是一个开源的邮件客户端，是很多 Linux 发行版的默 它是一个跨平台的邮件客户端，在所有支持的平台上完全由社区提供支持。多亏它的高度自定义特点，你总是可以改变它的外观和观感。 -### **36\. Pidgin** +### 36、Pidgin Pidgin 是一个即时信息客户端，你能够在单个窗口下登录不同的即时网络。你可以登录到像 Google Talk，XMPP，AIM，Bonjour 等。 @@ -401,15 +397,15 @@ Pidgin 拥有所有你期待的即时通信的特点，你总是可以通过安 $ sudo apt-get install pidgin ``` -### **37\. Krita** +### 37、Krita -Krita 是由 KDE 开发的免费和开源的数字打印，编辑和动画应用。它有优秀的用户界面，每个组件都放的很完美，因此你可以找到你需要的。 +Krita 是由 KDE 开发的自由开源的数字打印，编辑和动画应用。它有优秀的用户界面，每个组件都放的很完美，因此你可以找到你需要的。 ![][43] 它使用 OpenGL 画布，这提升了 Krita 的性能，并且提供了很多特点相不同的绘画工具、动画工具、矢量工具、层、罩等很多。可在 Ubuntu 软件中心获取 Krita 并下载。 -### **38\. Dropbox** +### 38、Dropbox Dropbox 是一个出色的云存储播放器，一旦安装，它在 Ubuntu 中运行得非常好。即使 Google Drive 在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 和以后的版本中运行得不错，就 Dropbox 提供的特点而言，Dropbox 仍然是 Linux 上的首选云存储工具。 @@ -420,7 +416,7 @@ Dropbox 是一个出色的云存储播放器，一旦安装，它在 Ubuntu 中 $ sudo apt-get install nautilus-dropbox ``` -### 39\. Kodi +### 39、Kodi Kodi 的前身是人们熟知的 Xbox 媒体中心（XBMC），是一个开源的媒体播放器。你可以在线或离线播放音乐、视频、播客、视频游戏等。这个软件最初是为第一代的 Xbox 游戏控制台开发的，之后慢慢地面向了个人电脑。 @@ -428,7 +424,7 @@ Kodi 的前身是人们熟知的 Xbox 媒体中心（XBMC），是一个开源 Kodi 有令人印象深刻的视频接口，快速而强大。它是可高度定制的媒体播放器，你可以通过安装插件，来获取在线流服务像 Pandora、 Spotify、Amazon Prime Video、Netflix and YouTube。 -### **40\. Spotify** +### 40、Spotify Spotify 是最好的在线媒体流站点之一。它提供免费和付费音乐、播客、视频流服务。早期的 Spotify 不支持 Linux，但现在它有全功能的 Ubuntu 客户端。 @@ -436,7 +432,7 @@ Spotify 是最好的在线媒体流站点之一。它提供免费和付费音乐 与 Google Play 音乐播放器一样，Spotify 是必不可少的媒体播放器。你只需要登录你的 Spotify 账户，就能在任何地方获取你最爱的在线内容。 -### 41\. Brackets +### 41、Brackets Brackets 是一个有 Adobe 开发的开源的文本编辑器。它可被用来进行 web 开发和设计，例如 HTML，CSS 和 JavaScript。它随改变实时预览是一个很棒的特点，当你在脚本中修改时，你可以获得实时预览效果。 @@ -444,7 +440,7 @@ Brackets 是一个有 Adobe 开发的开源的文本编辑器。它可被用来 它是 Ubuntu 上的现代文本编辑器之一，拥有平滑的用户界面，这将 web 开发任务带到新的水平。它同样提供行内编辑器的特点，支持流行的扩展像 Emmet、Beautify、Git、File Icons 等等。 -### 42\. Bitwarden +### 42、Bitwarden 现今，安全问题事件增加，用户密码被盗后，重要的数据受到连累，因此，账户安全性必须严肃对待。推荐你使用 Bitwarden，将你的所有账户和登录密码安全的存在一个地方。 @@ -452,7 +448,7 @@ Brackets 是一个有 Adobe 开发的开源的文本编辑器。它可被用来 Bitwarden 使用 AES-256 加密技术来存储所有的登录细节，只有用户可以访问这些数据。它同样帮你创建健壮的密码，因为弱密码容易被黑。 -### 43\. Terminator +### 43、Terminator Terminator 是一个开源终端模拟器，用 Java 语言开发的。它是一个跨平台的模拟器，允许你在单个窗口有多个终端，在 Linux 默认的终端模拟器中不是这样。 @@ -464,7 +460,7 @@ Terminator 其它杰出的特点包括自动日志、拖、丢、智能垂直和 $ sudo apt-get install terminator ``` -### 44\. Yak Yak +### 44、Yak Yak Yak Yak 是一个开源的非官方的 Google Hangouts 消息的桌面客户端。它可能是一个不错的 Microsort 的 Skype 的替代品，自身拥有很多让人吃惊的特点。你可以允许桌面通知，语言偏好，工作在最小内存或电源需求等。 @@ -472,7 +468,7 @@ Yak Yak 是一个开源的非官方的 Google Hangouts 消息的桌面客户端 Yak Yak 拥有你期待的所有任何即时消息应用的所有特点，例如类型指示、拖、拽媒体文件，音/视频电话。 -### 45\. **Thonny** +### 45、Thonny Thonny 是一个简单和轻量级的 IDE，尤其是为编程的初学者设计的。如果你是编程初学者，这是你必备的 IDE，因为当用 Python 编程的时候它会帮你学习。 @@ -484,7 +480,7 @@ Thonny 同样是一个很棒的调试工具，它支持调试过程中的活变 $ sudo apt-get install thonny ``` -### **46\. Font Manager** +### 46、Font Manager Font Manager 是一个轻量级的工具，用于管理、添加、移除你的 Ubuntu 系统上的字体。尤其是为 Gnome 桌面环境构建的，当用户不知道如何在命令行管理字体的会发现这个工具非常有用。 @@ -496,7 +492,7 @@ $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:font-manager/staging $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install font-manager -### **47\. Atril Document Viewer** +### 47、Atril Document Viewer Atril 是一个简单的文件查看器，支持便携文件格式（PDF）、PostScript（PS）、Encapsulated PostScript（EPS）、DJVU 和 DVI。Atril 绑定在 MATE 桌面环境中，它比大多数 Linux 发行版中默认的文件查看器 Evince 更理想。 @@ -508,7 +504,7 @@ Atril 用简单和轻量级的用户界面，可高度自定义，提供了搜 $ sudo apt-get install atril ``` -### **48\. Notepadqq** +### 48、Notepadqq 如果你曾在 Windows 上用过 Notepad++，并且在 Linux 上寻找相似的程序，别担心，开发者们已经将它移植到 Linux，叫 Notepadqq。它是一个简单且强大的文本编辑器，你可以在日常生活中用它完成各种语言的任务。 @@ -522,7 +518,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install notepadqq ``` -### **49\. Amarok** +### 49、Amarok Amarok 是在 KDE 项目下开发的一个开源音乐播放器。它有直观的界面，让你感觉在家一样，因此你可以轻易的发现你最喜爱的音乐。除了 Clementine，当你在寻找 Ubuntu 上的完美的音乐播放器时，Amarok 是一个很棒的选择。 @@ -530,7 +526,7 @@ Amarok 是在 KDE 项目下开发的一个开源音乐播放器。它有直观 Amarok 上的一些顶尖的特点包括智能播放列表支持，集成在线服务像 MP3tunes、Last.fm、 Magnatune 等。 -### **50\. Cheese** +### 50、Cheese Cheese 是 Linux 默认的网络摄像头应用，在视频聊天或即时消息应用中非常有用。除了这些，你还可以用这个应用来照相或拍视频，附带一些迷人的特效。 @@ -538,27 +534,27 @@ Cheese 是 Linux 默认的网络摄像头应用，在视频聊天或即时消息 它同样提供闪拍模式，让你快速拍摄多张相片，并提供你共享给你的朋友和家人的选项。Cheese 预装在大多数的 Linux 发行版中，但是你同样可以在软件中心下载它。 -### **51\. MyPaint** +### 51、MyPaint -MyPaint 是一个免费和开源的光栅图形编辑器，关注于数字绘画而不是图像操作和相片处理。它是跨平台的应用，与 Corel Painter 很相似。 +MyPaint 是一个自由开源的光栅图形编辑器，关注于数字绘画而不是图像操作和相片处理。它是跨平台的应用，与 Corel Painter 很相似。 ![][57] MyPaint 可能是 Windows 上的 Microsoft Paint 应用的很好的替代。它有简单的用户界面，快速而强大。MyPaint 可以软件中心下载。 -### **52\. PlayOnLinux** +### 52、PlayOnLinux PlayOnLinux 是 WINE 模拟器的前端，允许你在 Linux 上运行 Windows 应用。你只需要在 WINE 中安装 Windows 应用，之后你就可以轻松的使用 PlayOnLinux 启动应用和游戏了。 ![][58] -### **53\. Akregator** +### 53、Akregator Akregator 是在 KDE 项目下为 KDE Plasma 环境开发的默认的 RSS 阅读器。它有简单的用户界面，自带了 KDE 的 Konqueror 浏览器，所以你不需要在阅读新闻提要时切换应用。 Akregator 同样提供了桌面通知、自动提要等功能。你会发现在大多数 Linux 发行版中它是最好的提要阅读器。 -### **54\. Brave** +### 54、Brave Brave 是一个开源的 web 浏览器，阻挡了广告和追踪，所以你可以快速和安全的浏览你的内容。它实际做的是代表你像网站和油管主播支付了费用。如果你喜欢像网站和和油管主播共享而不是看广告，这个浏览器更适合你。 @@ -566,7 +562,7 @@ Brave 是一个开源的 web 浏览器，阻挡了广告和追踪，所以你可 对于那些想要安全浏览但有不想错过互联网上重要数据的人来说，这是一个新概念，一个不错的浏览器。 -### **55\. Bitcoin Core** +### 55、Bitcoin Core Bitcoin Core 是一个官方的客户端，非常安全和可靠。它持续追踪你的所有交易以保证你的所有交易都是有效的。它限制比特币矿工和银行完全掌控你的比特币钱包。 @@ -580,7 +576,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt ``` -### **56\. Speedy Duplicate Finder** +### 56、Speedy Duplicate Finder Speedy Duplicate Finder 是一个跨平台的文件查找工具，用来帮助你查找你的系统上的重复文件，清理磁盘空间。它是一个智能工具，在整个硬盘上搜索重复文件，同样提供智能过滤功能，根据文件类型、扩展或大小帮你找到文件。 @@ -588,15 +584,15 @@ Speedy Duplicate Finder 是一个跨平台的文件查找工具，用来帮助 它有一个简单和整洁的用户界面，易于上手。从软件中心下载完后你就可以开始磁盘空间清理了。 -### **57\. Zulip** +### 57、Zulip -Zulip 是一个免费和开源的群聊应用，被 Dropbox 获得了。它是用 Python 写的，用 PostgreSQL 数据库。它被设计和开发为其它聊天应用像 Slack 和 HipChat 的好的替代品。 +Zulip 是一个自由开源的群聊应用，被 Dropbox 获得了。它是用 Python 写的，用 PostgreSQL 数据库。它被设计和开发为其它聊天应用像 Slack 和 HipChat 的好的替代品。 ![][63] Zulip 功能丰富，例如拖拽文件、群聊、私密聊天、图像预览等。它供养集成了 Github、JIRA、Sentry 和上百种其它服务。 -### **58\. Okular** +### 58、Okular Okular 是 KDE 为 KDE 桌面环境开发的跨平台的文件查看器。它是一个简单的文件查看器，支持 Portable Document Format (PDF), PostScript, DjVu, Microsoft Compiled HTML help 和很多其它文件格式。 @@ -604,7 +600,7 @@ Okular 是 KDE 为 KDE 桌面环境开发的跨平台的文件查看器。它是 Okular 是在 Ubuntu 上你应该尝试的最好的文件查看器之一，它提供了 PDF 文件评论、画线、高亮等很多功能。你同样可以从 PDF 文件中提取文本文件。 -### **59\. FocusWriter** +### 59、FocusWriter FocusWriter 是一个集中注意力的字处理工具，隐藏了你的桌面屏幕，因此你能够专注写作。正如你看到的屏幕截图，整个 Ubuntu 屏被隐藏了，只有你和你的字处理工具。但你总是可以进入 Ubuntu 屏幕，当你需要的时候，只需要将光标移动到屏幕的边缘。 @@ -612,7 +608,7 @@ FocusWriter 是一个集中注意力的字处理工具，隐藏了你的桌面 它是一个轻量级的字处理其，支持 TXT、RTF、ODT 文件格式。它同样提供可完全定制的用户界面，还有定时器、警报、每日目标、声音效果等特点，支持翻译为 20 种语言。 -### **60\. Guake** +### 60、Guake Guake 是为 GNOME 桌面环境准备的酷炫的下拉式终端。当你任务完成后，你需要它消失时， Guake 会闪一下。你只需要按 F12 按钮来启动或退出，这样启动 Guake 币启动一个新的终端窗口更快。 @@ -623,7 +619,7 @@ Guake 是一个特点丰富的终端，支持多栏，只需要点击几下就 ``` $ sudo apt-get install guake ``` -### **61\. KDE Connect** +### 61、KDE Connect KDE Connect 在 Ubuntu 上是一个很棒的应用，我很想在这篇马拉松文章中将它提早列出来，但是竞争激烈。总之 KDE Connect 可以将你的 Android 智能手机的通知直接转到 Ubuntu 桌面来。 @@ -637,7 +633,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install kdeconnect indicator-kdeconnect ``` -### **62\. CopyQ** +### 62、CopyQ CopyQ 是一个简单但是非常有用的剪切板管理器，它保存你的系统剪切板内容，无论你做了什么改变，你都可以在你需要的时候恢复它。它是一个很棒的工具，支持文本、图像、HTML、和其它格式。 @@ -651,7 +647,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install copyq ``` -### **63\. Tilix** +### 63、Tilix Tilix 是一个功能丰富的高级 GTX3 瓷砖终端模拟器。如果你使用 GNOME 桌面环境，那你会爱上 Tilix，因为它遵循了 GNOME 人类界面指导。Tilix 模拟器与大多数 Linux 发行版上默认终端模拟器相比，它给了你分离终端窗口为多个终端面板。 @@ -665,9 +661,9 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install tilix ``` -### **64\. Anbox** +### 64、Anbox -Anbox 是一个 Android 模拟器，让你在 Linux 系统中安装和运行 Android 应用。它是免费和开源的 Android 模拟器，通过使用 Linux 容器来执行 Android 运行时环境。它使用最新的 Linux 技术 和 Android 发布版，所以你可以运行任何原生的 Android 应用。 +Anbox 是一个 Android 模拟器，让你在 Linux 系统中安装和运行 Android 应用。它是自由开源的 Android 模拟器，通过使用 Linux 容器来执行 Android 运行时环境。它使用最新的 Linux 技术 和 Android 发布版，所以你可以运行任何原生的 Android 应用。 ![][70] @@ -682,7 +678,7 @@ $ sudo apt install anbox-modules-dkms Now install Anbox using snap $ snap install --devmode -- beta anbox ``` -### **65\. OpenShot** +### 65、OpenShot 你会发现 OpenShot 是 Linux 发行版中最好的开源视频编辑器。它是跨平台的视频编辑器，易于使用，不在性能方面妥协。它支持所有主流的音频、视频、图像格式。 @@ -696,7 +692,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install openshot -qt ``` -### **66\. Plank** +### 66、Plank 如果你在为你的 Ubuntu 桌面寻找一个 Dock 导航栏，那 Plank 应该是一个选择。它是完美的，安装后你不需要任何的修改，除非你想这么做，它有内置的偏好面板，你可以自定义主题，Dock 大小和位置。 @@ -711,7 +707,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install plank ``` -### **67\. Filezilla** +### 67、Filezilla Filezilla 是一个免费和跨平台的 FTP 应用，包括 Filezilla 客户端和服务器。它让你使用 FTP 和加密的 FTP 像 FTPS 和 SFTP 传输文件，支持 IPv6 网络协议。 @@ -719,7 +715,7 @@ Filezilla 是一个免费和跨平台的 FTP 应用，包括 Filezilla 客户端 它是一个简单的文件传输应用，支持拖拽，支持世界范围的各种语言，多任务的强大用户界面，控制和配置传输速度。 -### **68\. Stacer** +### 68、Stacer Stacer 是一个开源的系统诊断和优化工具，使用 Electron 开发框架开发的。它有一个优秀的用户界面，你可以清理缓存内存，启动应用，卸载不需要的应用，掌控后台系统进程。 @@ -733,7 +729,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install stacer ``` -### **69\. 4K Video Downloader** +### 69、4K Video Downloader 4K Video Downloader 是一个简单的视频下载工具，你可以用来从 Vimeo、Facebook、YouTube 和其它在线视频流站点下载视频，播放列表，频道。它支持下载 YouTuBe 播放列表和频道，以 MP4, MKV, M4A, 3GP 和很多其它 音/视频格式。 @@ -741,7 +737,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install stacer 4K Video Downloader 不是你想的那么简单，除了正常的视频下载，它支持 3D 和 360 度 视频下载。它同样提供内置应用协议链接，直连 iTunes。你可以从[这里][76]下载。 -### 70\. **Qalculate** +### 70、Qalculate Qalculate 是一个多目的、跨平台的桌面计算器，简单但是强大。它可以用来解决复杂的数学问题和等式，货币汇率转换和很多其它日常计算。 @@ -749,7 +745,7 @@ Qalculate 是一个多目的、跨平台的桌面计算器，简单但是强大 它有优秀的用户界面，提供了自定义功能，单元计算，符号计算，算数，画图，和很多你可以在科学计算器上发现的功能。 -### **71\. Hiri** +### 71、Hiri Hiri 是一个跨平台的邮件客户端，使用 Python 语言开发的。它有平滑的用户界面，就它的功能和服务而言，是 Micorsoft Outlook 的很好的替代品。这是很棒的邮件客户端，可以用来发送和接收邮件，管理通讯录，日历和任务。 @@ -762,7 +758,7 @@ Hiri 是一个跨平台的邮件客户端，使用 Python 语言开发的。它 $ sudo snap install hiri ``` -### **72\. Sublime Text** +### 72、Sublime Text Sublime Text 是一个跨平台的源代码编辑器，用 C++ 和 Python 写的。它有 Python 语言编程接口（API），支持所有主流的编程语言和标记语言。它是简单轻量级的文本编辑器，可被用作 IDE，包含自动补全，语法高亮，分窗口编辑等功能。 @@ -774,7 +770,7 @@ Sublime Text 是一个跨平台的源代码编辑器，用 C++ 和 Python 写的 $ sudo apt-get install sublime-text ``` -### **73\. TeXstudio** +### 73、TeXstudio Texstudio 是一个创建和编辑 LaTex 文件的集成写作环境。它是开源的编辑器，提供了语法高亮、集成查看、交互式拼写检查、代码折叠、拖拽等特点。 @@ -782,7 +778,7 @@ Texstudio 是一个创建和编辑 LaTex 文件的集成写作环境。它是开 它是跨平台的编辑器，有简单轻量级的用户界面，易于使用。它集成了 BibTex和 BibLatex 目录管理器，同样有集成的 PDF 查看器。你可以从[官网][81]和 Ubuntu 软件中心下载 Texstudio。 -### **74\. QtQR** +### 74、QtQR QtQR 是一个基于 Qt 的应用，让你在 Ubuntu 中创建和读取二维码。它是用 Python 和 Qt 开发的，有简单和轻量级的用户界面，你可以编码网站地址、邮件、文本、短消息等。你也可以用网络相机解码二维码。 @@ -796,7 +792,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install qtqr ``` -### **75\. Kontact** +### 75、Kontact Kontact 是一个由 KDE 为 KDE 桌面环境开发的集成的个人信息管理器（PIM）。它集成了多个软件到一个集合中，集成了 KMail、KOrganizer和 KAddressBook 到一个用户界面，你可以管理所有的邮件、通讯录、日程表等。 @@ -808,7 +804,7 @@ Kontact 是一个由 KDE 为 KDE 桌面环境开发的集成的个人信息管 $ sudo apt-get install kontact ``` -### **76\. NitroShare** +### 76、NitroShare NitroShare 是一个跨平台、开源的网络文件共享应用。它让你轻松的在局域网的多个操作系统中共享文件。它简单而强大，当在局域网中运行 NitroShare 时，它会自动侦查其它设备。 @@ -822,7 +818,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install nitroshare ``` -### **77\. Konversation** +### 77、Konversation Konversation 是一个为 KDE 桌面环境开发的开源的网络中继聊天（IRC）客户端。它给了到 Freenode 网络平岛的快速入口，你可以为大多数发行版找到支持。 @@ -834,7 +830,7 @@ Konversation 是一个为 KDE 桌面环境开发的开源的网络中继聊天 $ sudo apt-get install konversation ``` -### **78\. Discord** +### 78、Discord 如果你是硬核游戏玩家，经常玩在线游戏，我有一个很棒的应用推荐给你。Discord 是一个免费的网络电话应用，尤其是为在线游戏者们设计的。它是一个跨平台的应用，可用来文字或语音聊天。 @@ -842,7 +838,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install konversation Discord 是一个非常流行的语音通话应用游戏社区，因为它是完全免费的，它是 Skype，Ventrilo，Teamspeak 的很好的竞争者。它同样提供清晰的语音质量，现代的文本聊天，你可以共享图片，视频和链接。 -### **79\. QuiteRSS** +### 79、QuiteRSS QuiteRSS是一个开源的 RSS 的新闻聚合和 Atom 新闻要点应用。它是跨平台的要点阅读器，用 Qt 和 C++ 写的。它有简单的用户界面，你可以改变为经典或者报纸模式。它集成了 webkit 浏览器，因此，你可以在单个窗口执行所有任务。 @@ -854,9 +850,9 @@ QuiteRSS 自带了很多功能，像内容过滤，自动规划摘要，导入/ $ sudo apt-get install quiterss ``` -### **80\. MPV Media Player** +### 80、MPV Media Player -MPV 是一个免费和开源的媒体播放器，基于 MPlayer 和 MPlayer 2。它有简单的用户界面，用户之需要拖拽音/视频文件来播放，因为在 GUI 上没有添加媒体文件的选项。 +MPV 是一个自由开源的媒体播放器，基于 MPlayer 和 MPlayer 2。它有简单的用户界面，用户之需要拖拽音/视频文件来播放，因为在 GUI 上没有添加媒体文件的选项。 ![][88] @@ -868,7 +864,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install -y mpv ``` -### **81\. Plume Creator** +### 81、Plume Creator 如果你是一个作家，那么 Plume Creator 是你必不可少的应用，因为你在 Ubuntu 上找不到其它应用像 Plume Creater 这样。写作和编辑故事、章节是繁重的任务，在 Plume Creator 这个令人惊奇的工具的帮助下，将大大帮你简化这个任务。 @@ -880,11 +876,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install -y mpv $ sudo apt-get install plume-creator ``` -### **82\. Chromium Web Browser** +### 82、Chromium Web Browser Chromium 是一个由 Google 开发和发布的开源 web 浏览器。Chromium 就其外观和特点而言，很容易被误认为是 Chrome。它是轻量级和快速的网络浏览器，拥有最小用户界面。 -### **83\. Simple Weather Indicator** +### 83、Simple Weather Indicator Simple Weather Indicator 是用 Python 开发的开源天气提示应用。它自动侦查你的位置，并显示你天气信息像温度，下雨的可能性，湿度，风速和可见度。 @@ -892,7 +888,7 @@ Simple Weather Indicator 是用 Python 开发的开源天气提示应用。它 Weather indicator 自带一些可配置项，例如位置检测，温度 SI 单元，位置可见度开关等等。它是一个酷应用，可以根据你的桌面来调整舒服。 -### **84\. SpeedCrunch** +### 84、SpeedCrunch SpeedCrunch 是一个快速和高精度的科学计算器。它预置了数学函数，用户定义函数，复数和单位转换支持。它有简单的用户界面并易于使用。 @@ -901,15 +897,15 @@ SpeedCrunch 是一个快速和高精度的科学计算器。它预置了数学 这个科学计算器有令人吃惊的特点像结果预览，语法高亮和自动补全。它是跨平台的，并有多语言支持。 -### **85\. Scribus** +### 85、Scribus -Scribus 是一个免费和开源的桌面出版应用，允许你创建宣传海报，杂志和图书。它是基于 Qt 工具器的跨平台英语，在 GNU 通用公共证书下发布。它是一个专业的应用，拥有 CMYK 和 ICC 颜色管理的功能，基于 Python 的脚本引擎，和 PDF 创建。 +Scribus 是一个自由开源的桌面出版应用，允许你创建宣传海报，杂志和图书。它是基于 Qt 工具器的跨平台英语，在 GNU 通用公共证书下发布。它是一个专业的应用，拥有 CMYK 和 ICC 颜色管理的功能，基于 Python 的脚本引擎，和 PDF 创建。 ![][93] Scribus 有相当好的用户界面，易于使用，轻松在低配置下使用。在所有的最新的 Linux 发行版的软件中心可以下载它。 -### **86.** **Cura** +### 86. Cura Cura 是一个由 David Braam 开发的开源的 3D 打印应用。Ultimaker Cura 是 3D 打印世界最流行的软件，并世界范围的百万用户使用。它遵守 3D 打印模型的 3 步：设计，准备，打印。 @@ -917,7 +913,7 @@ Cura 是一个由 David Braam 开发的开源的 3D 打印应用。Ultimaker Cur 它是功能丰富的 3D 打印应用，为 CAD 插件和扩展提供了无缝支持。它是一款简单易于使用的工具，新手艺术家可以马上开始了。它支持主流的文件格式像 STL，3MF，和 OBJ。 -### **87\. Nomacs** +### 87、Nomacs Nomacs 是一款开源、跨平台的图像浏览器，支持所有主流的图片格式包括 RAW 和 psd 图像。它可以浏览 zip 文件中的图像或者 Microsoft Office 文件并提取到目录。 @@ -931,7 +927,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install nomacs ``` -### **88\. BitTicker** +### 88、BitTicker BitTicker 是一个 Ubuntu 上的在线比特币-USDT 收报。它是一个简单的工具，能够连接到 bittrex.com　市场，提取最新的　BTC-USDT 并在系统托盘显示 Ubuntu 时钟。 @@ -939,7 +935,7 @@ BitTicker 是一个 Ubuntu 上的在线比特币-USDT 收报。它是一个简 它是简单但有用的工具，如果你经常有规律的投资比特币并且必须了解价格波动的话。 -### **89\. Organize My Files** +### 89、Organize My Files Organize My Files 是一个跨平台的一键点击文件组织工具，它在 Ubuntu 中以 Snap 包的形式获得。它简单但是强大，帮助你找到未组织的文件，通过简单点击来掌控它们。 @@ -947,7 +943,7 @@ Organize My Files 是一个跨平台的一键点击文件组织工具，它在 U 它有易于理解的用户界面，强大且快速。它提供了很多功能：自动组织，递归组织，智能过滤和多层文件夹组织等。 -### **90\. GnuCash** +### 90、GnuCash GnuCash 是一个金融账户软件，在 GNU 公共证书下免费使用。它是个人和商业账户的理想软件。它有简单的用户界面允许你追踪银行账户，股票，收入和花费。 @@ -955,7 +951,7 @@ GnuCash 是一个金融账户软件，在 GNU 公共证书下免费使用。它 GnuCash 实现了双入口记账系统，基于专业的账户原则来确保帐薄的平衡和报告的精确。 -v### **91\. Calibre** +v### 91、Calibre Calibre 是一个跨平台开源的面向你所有电子书需要的解决方案。它是一个简单的电子书管理器，提供显示、创建、编辑电子书、组织已存在的电子书到虚拟书库、同步和其它更多。 @@ -963,7 +959,7 @@ Calibre 是一个跨平台开源的面向你所有电子书需要的解决方案 Calibre 同样帮你转换电子书到你需要的格式并发送到你的电子书阅读设备。Calibre 是一个很棒的工具，如果你经常阅读和管理电子书的话。 -### **92\. MATE Dictionary** +### 92、MATE Dictionary MATE Dictionary 是一个简单的词典，基本上是为 MATE 桌面环境开发的。你可以仅仅输入字然后这个字典会显示意思和引用。 @@ -971,7 +967,7 @@ MATE Dictionary 是一个简单的词典，基本上是为 MATE 桌面环境开 它简单和轻量级的在线词典，有最小的用户接口。 -### **93\. Converseen** +### 93、Converseen Converseen 是免费的跨平台的批量图片处理应用，允许你转换、编辑、调整、旋转、裁剪大量图像，仅仅一次鼠标调集。它提供了图像批量重命名的功能，使用前缀或后缀，从一个 Windows 图标文件提取图像等。 @@ -979,7 +975,7 @@ Converseen 是免费的跨平台的批量图片处理应用，允许你转换、 它有很好的用户界面，易于使用，即时你是一个新手。它也能够转换整个 PDF 文件为图像集合。 -### **94\. Tiled Map Editor** +### 94、Tiled Map Editor Tiled 是一个免费的水平映射图编辑器，允许你编辑各种形式的投影映射图，例如正交、等轴、和六角的。这个工具对于游戏开发者在游戏引擎开发周期内可能非常有用。 @@ -987,9 +983,9 @@ Tiled 是一个免费的水平映射图编辑器，允许你编辑各种形式 Tiled 是一个通用的映射图编辑器，让你创建强大的促进位置，图布局，碰撞区域和敌人位置。它保存所有的数据为 tmx 格式。 -### **95.** **Qmmp** +### 95. Qmmp -Qmmp 是一个免费和开源的音频播放器，用 C++ 和 Qt 开发的。它是跨平台的音频播放器，界面与 Winamp 很相似。 它有简单的直观的用户界面，Winamp 皮肤可替代默认的 UI。 +Qmmp 是一个自由开源的音频播放器，用 C++ 和 Qt 开发的。它是跨平台的音频播放器，界面与 Winamp 很相似。 它有简单的直观的用户界面，Winamp 皮肤可替代默认的 UI。 ![][103] @@ -1001,7 +997,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install qmmp qmmp-q4 qmmp-plugin-pack-qt4 ``` -### **96\. Arora** +### 96、Arora Arora 是一个免费开源的 web 浏览器，提供了专有的下载管理器，书签，私密模式，选项卡式浏览。 @@ -1009,7 +1005,7 @@ Arora 是一个免费开源的 web 浏览器，提供了专有的下载管理器 Arora web 浏览器由 Benjamin C. Meyer 开发，它由于它的轻量自然灵活的特点在 Linux 用户间很受欢迎。 -### **97\. XnSketch** +### 97、XnSketch XnSketch 是一个 Ubuntu 上的酷应用，只需要几次点击，就能帮你转换你的图片为卡通或素描图。它展现了 18 个不同的效果例如：锐化、白描、铅笔画和其它的。 @@ -1017,7 +1013,7 @@ XnSketch 是一个 Ubuntu 上的酷应用，只需要几次点击，就能帮你 它有优秀的用户界面，易于使用。一些额外的特点包括容量和边缘强度调整，对比，亮度，饱和度调整。 -### **98\. Geany** +### 98、Geany Geany 是一个简单轻量级的文本编辑器，像一个集成开发环境。它是跨平台的文本编辑器，支持所有主流编程语言包括Python、C++、LaTex、Pascal、 C#、 etc。 @@ -1025,7 +1021,7 @@ Geany 是一个简单轻量级的文本编辑器，像一个集成开发环境 $ sudo apt-get install geany ``` -### **99\. Mumble** +### 99、Mumble Mumble 是另一个 IP 上的语音应用相似与 Discord。Mumble 同样最初是为在线游戏者使用的，在端到端的聊天上用了客户端-服务器架构。声音质量在 Mumble 上非常好，它提供了端到端的加密来确保私密性。 @@ -1037,7 +1033,7 @@ Mumble 是一个开源应用，有简单的用户界面，易于使用。Mumble $ sudo apt-get install mumble-server ``` -### **100\. Deluge** +### 100、Deluge Deluge 是一个跨平台的轻量级的 BitTorrent 客户端，能够用来在 Ubuntu 上下载文件。BitTorrent 客户端与很多 Linux 发行版一起发行，但 Deluge 是最好的 BitTorrent 客户端，界面简单，易于使用。 @@ -1175,7 +1171,7 @@ via: https://linuxhint.com/100_best_ubuntu_apps/ [108]:https://linuxhint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Deluge.png [109]:https://twitter.com/linuxhint [110]:https://twitter.com/SwapTirthakar - +[111]:https://linux.cn/lctt/ From 8795bf9a92459d0a0afb11448c3506f269e9bd39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 14:05:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0633/1265] PRF:20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md @geekpi --- ...0190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md | 34 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md b/translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md index 96d3a4b6b9..3ac5b62007 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Using i3 with multiple monitors) @@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ ![][1] -你在 Linux 工作站上使用多个显示器吗？一次看到很多东西可能是有益的。但在我们的工作中通常有比实际显示器更多的窗口 - 这是一件好事，因为一次看到太多东西可能会分散注意力。因此能够切换我们在单个显示器上看到的内容似乎很重要。 +你在 Linux 工作站上使用多个显示器吗？一次看到很多东西可能是有益的。但在我们的工作中通常有比实际显示器更多的窗口 —— 这是一件好事，因为一次看到太多东西可能会分散注意力。因此能够切换我们在单个显示器上看到的内容似乎很重要。 -让我们来谈谈 i3，它是一个流行的平铺窗口管理器，可以与多个显示器配合使用。并且有许多其他窗口管理器没有的便利功能，它能够独立地在各个显示器上切换工作区。 +让我们来看看 i3，它是一个流行的平铺窗口管理器，可以与多个显示器配合使用。并且有许多其他窗口管理器没有的便利功能，它能够独立地在各个显示器上切换工作区。 ### 快速介绍 i3 -大约三年前，[Fedora Magazine 已经写了一篇关于 i3 的文章][2]。这是有史以来最受欢迎的文章之一！虽然情况并非总是如此，但 i3 非常稳定，而且这篇文章如今也很准确。所以，这次不会重复太多，本篇只涵盖了让 i3 启动和运行，如果你是 i3 的新手，想要了解更多基础知识的话，欢迎你继续阅读。 +大约三年前，[Fedora Magazine 已经写了一篇关于 i3 的文章][2]。这是有史以来最受欢迎的文章之一！虽然情况并非总是如此，但 i3 非常稳定，而且那篇文章如今也很准确。所以，这次不会重复太多内容，本篇只涵盖了让 i3 启动和运行的极少内容，如果你是 i3 的新手，想要了解更多基础知识的话，欢迎你继续阅读。 要在系统上安装 i3，请运行以下命令： @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ $ sudo dnf install i3 完成后，注销，然后在登录屏幕上选择 i3 作为窗口管理器，然后重新登录。 -当你第一次运行 i3 时，系统会询问你是否要继续进行自动配置 - 在此处回答是。之后，你将被要求选择 “mod 键”。如果你在这里不确定，只需接受默认值，即将 Windows/Super 键设置为 mod 键。你将主要使用此键用于窗口管理器中的快捷方式。 +当你第一次运行 i3 时，系统会询问你是否要继续进行自动配置 —— 在此处回答是。之后，你将被要求选择 “mod 键”。如果你不确定，只需接受默认值，即将 Windows/Super 键设置为 mod 键。你将主要使用此键用于窗口管理器中的快捷方式。 此时，你应该在底部看到一个小条和一个空白屏幕。我们来看看一些基本的快捷方式。 @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ $mod + shift + q 还有更多的快捷方式，但这些足够让你开始使用 i3。 -要退出 i3（退出登录）按： +要退出 i3（并退出登录）按： ``` $mod + shift + e @@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ $mod + shift + e 现在我们已经启动并运行了 i3，让我们把所有这些屏幕都用到！ -为此，我们需要使用命令行，因为 i3 非常轻量级，并且没有 gui 来管理其他屏幕。如果这听起来很难也不用担心，它实际上非常简单！ +为此，我们需要使用命令行，因为 i3 非常轻量级，并且没有 GUI 来管理其他屏幕。如果这听起来很难也不用担心，它实际上非常简单！ -我们将使用的命令称为 xrandr。如果你的系统上没有 xrandr，请运行以下命令安装： +我们将使用的命令称为 `xrandr`。如果你的系统上没有 `xrandr`，请运行以下命令安装： ``` $ sudo dnf install xrandr @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ $ sudo dnf install xrandr $ xrandr ``` -输出列出了所有可用输出，并通过显示支持的分辨率指示哪些输出连接了屏幕（通过电缆连接的显示器）。好消息是，我们不需要关心使它们工作的分辨率。 +输出列出了所有可用输出设备，并通过显示支持的分辨率指示哪些输出连接了屏幕（通过电缆连接的显示器）。好消息是，我们不需要关心使它们工作的分辨率。 这个例子显示了笔记本电脑的主屏幕（名为 eDP1），以及连接到 HDMI-2 输出的第二个显示器，它位于笔记本电脑的右侧。要打开它，请运行以下命令： @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ $ xrandr --output HDMI-2 --auto --right-of eDP1 就是这样！你的屏幕现已激活。 -![Second screen active. The commands shown on this screenshot are slightly different than in the article, as they set a smaller resolution to make the screenshots more readable.][3] +![第二个屏幕激活。截屏上显示命令与文章中略有不同，它设置了更小的分辨率以使截屏适合阅读][3] ### 在多个屏幕上管理工作区 @@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ $mod + NUMBER 你可以独立切换各个显示器上的工作区！ -![Workspace 2 on the left screen, workspace 4 on the right screen.][4] +![工作空间 2 在左侧屏幕，工作空间 4 在右侧屏幕][4] -![Left screen switched to workspace 3, right screen still showing workspace 4.][5] +![左侧屏幕切换为工作空间 3，右侧屏幕仍为工作空间 4][5] -![Right screen switched to workspace 4, left screen still showing workspace 3.][6] +![右侧屏幕切换为工作空间 5，左侧屏幕仍为空间空间 3][6] ### 在显示器之间移动工作区 @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ $mod + shift + NUMBER 我们也可以将工作区移动到不同的屏幕。但是，此操作没有默认快捷方式，因此我们必须先创建它。 -要创建自定义快捷方式，你需要在你选择的文本编辑器中打开配置文件（本文使用 _vim_）： +要创建自定义快捷方式，你需要在你选择的文本编辑器中打开配置文件（本文使用 `vim`）： ``` $ vim ~/.config/i3/config @@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ $mod + shift + r $mod + p ``` -![Workspace 2 with Firefox on the left screen][7] +![打开火狐浏览器的工作空间 2 在左侧][7] -![Workspace 2 with Firefox moved to the second screen][8] +![打开火狐浏览器的工作空间 2 移动到第二个屏幕][8] 就是这些了！享受你的新多显示器体验，并了解更多 i3，欢迎阅读 Fedora Magazine 上之前关于 i3 的文章，或者查看官方 i3 文档。 @@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/using-i3-with-multiple-monitors/ 作者：[Adam Šamalík][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c081d7480027e2b33419e9014bffd63bc6437bc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 14:05:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0634/1265] PUB:20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11031-1.html --- .../20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md b/published/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md rename to published/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md index 3ac5b62007..33eeeac1e2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md +++ b/published/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11031-1.html) [#]: subject: (Using i3 with multiple monitors) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/using-i3-with-multiple-monitors/) [#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/) From 9d0a35dd9c672049a67066cadeb62910d7ff8458 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 14:14:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0635/1265] Rename sources/tech/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md to sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md --- .../20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md b/sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md rename to sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md From fa081608a4ce754f7c32983eb5772ccd23891d74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 14:30:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0636/1265] APL:20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story --- .../20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md b/sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md index 16464c696a..6a316b000c 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 3672f2b5512395a72765a03f34edea467ed0a618 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 15:43:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0637/1265] TSL&APL:20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md --- ...DOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md | 95 ------------------ ...DOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md | 97 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md b/sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6a316b000c..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,95 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (FreeDOS turns 25 years old: An origin story) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/freedos-anniversary) -[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall) - -FreeDOS turns 25 years old: An origin story -====== -The operating system's history is a great example of the open source -software model: developers working together to create something. -![FreeDOS fish logo and command prompt on computer][1] - -June 29 marks the 25th anniversary of [FreeDOS][2]. That's a major milestone for any open source software project, and I'm proud of the work that we've done on it over the past quarter century. I'm also proud of how we built FreeDOS because it is a great example of how the open source software model works. - -For its time, MS-DOS was a powerful operating system. I'd used DOS for years, ever since my parents replaced our aging Apple II computer with a newer IBM machine. MS-DOS provided a flexible command line, which I quite liked and that came in handy to manipulate my files. Over the years, I learned how to write my own utilities in C to expand its command-line capabilities even further. - -Around 1994, Microsoft announced that its next planned version of Windows would do away with MS-DOS. But I liked DOS. Even though I had started migrating to Linux, I still booted into MS-DOS to run applications that Linux didn't have yet. - -I figured that if we wanted to keep DOS, we would need to write our own. And that's how FreeDOS was born. - -On June 29, 1994, I made a small announcement about my idea to the comp.os.msdos.apps newsgroup on Usenet. - -> ANNOUNCEMENT OF PD-DOS PROJECT: -> A few months ago, I posted articles relating to starting a public domain version of DOS. The general support for this at the time was strong, and many people agreed with the statement, "start writing!" So, I have… -> -> Announcing the first effort to produce a PD-DOS. I have written up a "manifest" describing the goals of such a project and an outline of the work, as well as a "task list" that shows exactly what needs to be written. I'll post those here, and let discussion follow. - -While I announced the project as PD-DOS (for "public domain," although the abbreviation was meant to mimic IBM's "PC-DOS"), we soon changed the name to Free-DOS and later FreeDOS. - -I started working on it right away. First, I shared the utilities I had written to expand the DOS command line. Many of them reproduced MS-DOS features, including CLS, DATE, DEL, FIND, HELP, and MORE. Some added new features to DOS that I borrowed from Unix, such as TEE and TRCH (a simple implementation of Unix's tr). I contributed over a dozen FreeDOS utilities - -By sharing my utilities, I gave other developers a starting point. And by sharing my source code under the [GNU General Public License][3] (GNU GPL), I implicitly allowed others to add new features and fix bugs. - -Other developers who saw FreeDOS taking shape contacted me and wanted to help. Tim Norman was one of the first; Tim volunteered to write a command shell (COMMAND.COM, later named FreeCOM). Others contributed utilities that replicated or expanded the DOS command line. - -We released our first alpha version as soon as possible. Less than three months after announcing FreeDOS, we had an Alpha 1 distribution that collected our utilities. By the time we released Alpha 5, FreeDOS boasted over 60 utilities. And FreeDOS included features never imagined in MS-DOS, including internet connectivity via a PPP dial-up driver and dual-monitor support using a primary VGA monitor and a secondary Hercules Mono monitor. - -New developers joined the project, and we welcomed them. By October 1998, FreeDOS had a working kernel, thanks to Pat Villani. FreeDOS also sported a host of new features that brought not just parity with MS-DOS but surpassed MS-DOS, including ANSI support and a print spooler that resembled Unix lpr. - -You may be familiar with other milestones. We crept our way towards the 1.0 label, finally releasing FreeDOS 1.0 in September 2006, FreeDOS 1.1 in January 2012, and FreeDOS 1.2 in December 2016. MS-DOS stopped being a moving target long ago, so we didn't need to update as frequently after the 1.0 release. - -Today, FreeDOS is a very modern DOS. We've moved beyond "classic DOS," and now FreeDOS features lots of development tools such as compilers, assemblers, and debuggers. We have lots of editors beyond the plain DOS Edit editor, including Fed, Pico, TDE, and versions of Emacs and Vi. FreeDOS supports networking and even provides a simple graphical web browser (Dillo). And we have tons of new utilities, including many that will make Linux users feel at home. - -FreeDOS got where it is because developers worked together to create something. In the spirit of open source software, we contributed to each other's work by fixing bugs and adding new features. We treated our users as co-developers; we always found ways to include people, whether they were writing code or writing documentation. And we made decisions through consensus based on merit. If that sounds familiar, it's because those are the core values of open source software: transparency, collaboration, release early and often, meritocracy, and community. That's the [open source way][4]! - -I encourage you to download FreeDOS 1.2 and give it a try. - -### More resources - - * [FreeDOS website][2] - * [FreeDOS wiki][5] - * [Download FreeDOS 1.2][6] - * [Free ebooks about FreeDOS][7] - * [A gentle introduction to FreeDOS][8] - * [The origin and evolution of FreeDOS][9] - * [4 cool facts you should know about FreeDOS][10] - * [How to upgrade your system BIOS using FreeDOS][11] - * [Celebrating 24 years of FreeDOS: Useful commands cheat sheet][12] - * [How to run DOS programs in Linux][13] - * [Keeping DOS alive and kicking with open source][14] - * [Running DOS on the Raspberry Pi][15] - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/freedos-anniversary - -作者：[Jim Hall][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/freedos-fish-laptop-color.png?itok=vfv_Lpph (FreeDOS fish logo and command prompt on computer) -[2]: https://www.freedos.org/ -[3]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.en.html -[4]: https://opensource.com/open-source-way -[5]: http://wiki.freedos.org/ -[6]: https://www.freedos.org/download/ -[7]: https://www.freedos.org/ebook/ -[8]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/gentle-introduction-freedos -[9]: https://opensource.com/article/17/10/freedos -[10]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/freedos-still-cool-today -[11]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/upgrade-bios-freedos -[12]: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/freedos-commands-cheat-sheet -[13]: https://opensource.com/article/17/10/run-dos-applications-linux -[14]: https://opensource.com/life/16/9/interview-jim-hall-freedos -[15]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/can-you-run-dos-raspberry-pi diff --git a/translated/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md b/translated/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cf7b377559 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (FreeDOS turns 25 years old: An origin story) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/freedos-anniversary) +[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall) + +FreeDOS 25 岁：起源故事 +====== + +> 操作系统的历史是开发人员共同造物的开源软件模型的很好例子。 + +![FreeDOS fish logo and command prompt on computer][1] + +6 月 29 日是 [FreeDOS][2] 25 周年的日子。不管对于哪个开源软件项目来说，这都是一个重要的里程碑，我为过去这 1/4 个世纪来我们在这方面所做的工作感到自豪。我也为我们如何构建 FreeDOS 感到自豪，因为它是开源软件模型如何工作的一个很好的例子。 + +在它的那个时代，MS-DOS 是一个功能强大的操作系统。自从我的父母用新的 IBM 机器取代了老化的 Apple II 计算机以来，我已经使用 DOS 多年了。MS-DOS 提供了一个灵活的命令行，我非常喜欢它，它可以方便地操作我的文件。多年来，我学会了如何在 C 中编写自己的实用程序，以进一步扩展其命令行功能。 + +大约在 1994 年，微软宣布其下一代的 Windows 将取消 MS-DOS。但我喜欢 DOS，即使我已经开始迁移到 Linux，我仍然会启动到 MS-DOS 来运行一些 Linux 尚未拥有的应用程序。 + +我想，如果我们想留下 DOS，我们需要自己编写一个。FreeDOS 就是这样诞生的。 + +1994 年 6 月 29 日，我向 Usenet 上的 comp.os.msdos.apps 新闻组发表了关于我的想法的一个小小公告： + +> PD-DOS 项目公告： +> +> 几个月前，我发布了有关启动公共域（PD）版本 DOS 的文章。当时对此的普遍支持很强烈，很多人都赞同：“开始编写吧！”所以，我… +> +> 宣布开发 PD-DOS 的首次尝试。我写了一个“清单”来描述这样的一个项目的目标和工作大纲，以及一个“任务列表”，它准确地显示了需要编码开发的内容。我会在这里发布，然后讨论。 +> + +虽然我宣布该项目为 PD-DOS（“公共领域”的意思，缩写是为了模仿 IBM 的“PC-DOS”），但我们很快将名称改为 Free-DOS，再后来又改为 FreeDOS。 + +我马上开始开发它。首先，我分享了我编写的用于扩展 DOS 命令行功能的实用程序。它们中的许多程序都重现了 MS-DOS 功能，包括 `CLS`、`DATE`、`DEL`、`FIND`、`HELP` 和 `MORE`。有些是我从 Unix 借来的新功能，比如 `TEE` 和 `TRCH`（Unix 的 `tr` 的简单实现）。我贡献了十几个 FreeDOS 工具。 + +通过分享我的实用程序，我给了其他开发人员一个起点。通过在 [GNU 通用公共许可证][3]（GNU GPL）下共享我的源代码，我隐含地允许其他人添加新功能并修复错误。 + +看到 FreeDOS 开始成型的其他开发人员联系了我并希望提供帮助。Tim Norman 是第一个人，Tim 自愿编写命令行 shell（`COMMAND.COM`，后来命名为 `FreeCOM`）。其他人贡献了复制或扩展了 DOS 命令行的实用程序。 + +我们尽快发布了第一个 alpha 版本。在宣布了 FreeDOS 后不到三个月，我们就有了一个集合了我们所编写的功能的 Alpha 1 发行版。当我们发布 Alpha 5 时，FreeDOS 已经拥有了 60 多个实用程序。FreeDOS 包含了 MS-DOS 中从未想过的功能，包括通过 PPP 拨号驱动程序实现的互联网连接，以及使用主 VGA 监视器和辅助单色监视器的双显示器支持。 + +新的开发人员加入了该项目，我们很欢迎他们。到 1998 年 10 月，感谢 Pat Villani，FreeDOS 有了一个可以工作的内核。FreeDOS 还提供了许多新功能，不仅带来了与 MS-DOS 的同等性，而且超越了 MS-DOS，包括 ANSI 支持和类似 Unix lpr 的打印后台处理程序。 + +你可能熟悉其他的里程碑版本。我们继续向 1.0 版本迈进，终于在 2006 年 9 月发布了 FreeDOS 1.0，在 2012 年 1 月发布了 FreeDOS 1.1，在 2016 年 12 月发布了 FreeDOS 1.2。而 MS-DOS 很久以前就停止了开发，因此我们在 1.0 发布之后不需要经常更新了。 + +如今，FreeDOS 已经是一个非常现代的 DOS。我们已经超越了“经典 DOS”，现在 FreeDOS 拥有许多开发工具，如编译器、汇编器和调试器。除了普通的 DOS Edit 编辑器之外，我们还有许多编辑器，包括 Fed、Pico、TDE 以及 Emacs 和 Vi 的一个版本。FreeDOS 支持网络，甚至还提供简单的图形 Web 浏览器（Dillo）。我们有大量的新工具，包括许多可以让 Linux 用户感到熟悉的实用工具。 + +正因为开发人员的共同创造，FreeDOS 才走到如今。本着开源软件的精神，我们通过修复错误和添加新功能为彼此的工作做出了贡献。我们将用户视为共同开发者；我们总能找到方法来吸引贡献者，无论是编写代码还是编写文档。我们基于优点达成共识。如果这听起来很熟悉，那是因为这些是开源软件的核心价值：透明度、协作、尽早发布、经常发布、精英管理和社区。这就是[开源方式][4]！ + +我鼓励你下载 FreeDOS 1.2 并尝试一下。 + +### 更多资源 + + * [FreeDOS 官方网站][2] + * [FreeDOS wiki][5] + * [下载 FreeDOS 1.2][6] + * [FreeDOS 的免费电子书][7] + * [FreeDOS 的简单介绍][8] + * [FreeDOS 起源与革命][9] + * [4 个 FreeDOS 的有趣事实][10] + * [如何使用 FreeDOS 升级你的系统 BIOS][11] + * [庆祝 FreeDOS 24 岁生日：有用的命令速查表][12] + * [如何在 Linux 中运行 DOS 程序][13] + * [让 DOS 活到现在并通过开源来起步][14] + * [在树莓派上运行 DOS][15] + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/freedos-anniversary + +作者：[Jim Hall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/freedos-fish-laptop-color.png?itok=vfv_Lpph (FreeDOS fish logo and command prompt on computer) +[2]: https://www.freedos.org/ +[3]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.en.html +[4]: https://opensource.com/open-source-way +[5]: http://wiki.freedos.org/ +[6]: https://www.freedos.org/download/ +[7]: https://www.freedos.org/ebook/ +[8]:https://linux.cn/article-9983-1.html +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/17/10/freedos +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/freedos-still-cool-today +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/upgrade-bios-freedos +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/freedos-commands-cheat-sheet +[13]: https://linux.cn/article-9014-1.html +[14]: https://opensource.com/life/16/9/interview-jim-hall-freedos +[15]: https://linux.cn/article-9544-1.html From 1449d32ff427583689d8a57ea4a8e6e4c45f9203 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 15:48:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0638/1265] PUB:20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md @wxy https://linux.cn/article-11033-1.html --- ...0190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md (96%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md b/published/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md similarity index 96% rename from translated/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md rename to published/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md index cf7b377559..bf11ae7964 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md +++ b/published/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11033-1.html) [#]: subject: (FreeDOS turns 25 years old: An origin story) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/freedos-anniversary) [#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall) -FreeDOS 25 岁：起源故事 +25 岁的 FreeDOS：起源故事 ====== > 操作系统的历史是开发人员共同造物的开源软件模型的很好例子。 -![FreeDOS fish logo and command prompt on computer][1] +![FreeDOS fish logo and command prompt on computer](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/29/154802szbavz4a0fa8a27f.jpg) 6 月 29 日是 [FreeDOS][2] 25 周年的日子。不管对于哪个开源软件项目来说，这都是一个重要的里程碑，我为过去这 1/4 个世纪来我们在这方面所做的工作感到自豪。我也为我们如何构建 FreeDOS 感到自豪，因为它是开源软件模型如何工作的一个很好的例子。 From 2888f4f730aa2a5b1543a130360aeeddb39c727c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 16:18:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0639/1265] PRF:20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @wahailin 翻译的不错~ --- .../news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md | 28 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md b/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md index cc384cb55d..56b768771e 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md +++ b/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wahailin) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Raspberry Pi 4 is here!) @@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ 树莓派 4 来袭！ ====== -售价 35 美元起的新一代树莓派计算机，装载了 1.5 GHz 的 Arm 芯片，并支持双 HDMI 4K 显示，全吞吐量千兆以太网，以及更多新特性。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201906/29/161918icu6zrn8qrg3p38u.png) + +> 售价 35 美元起的新一代树莓派单板计算机，装载了 1.5 GHz 的 Arm 芯片，并支持双 HDMI 4K 显示，全吞吐量千兆以太网，以及更多新特性。 ![Raspberry Pi 4 board][1] @@ -37,38 +40,33 @@ * PoE（以太网供电）供电针 * 完全兼容早期的树莓派产品 - - ### USB 接口和网络 树莓派 4 板载了更高速率的 USB 3 接口；它通过 Type C 接口供电，并提供两个 USB 3 接口和两个 USB 2 接口。USB 3 接口可以为连接的硬盘和其它外部设备提供更高的速率。 - ![Raspberry Pi 4 USBs][3] -基于 BCM2835 的树莓派 1 到 3 代的芯片只有一个本地 USB 接口，并且没有以太网接口，因而需要使用板子的 USB 集线器给出更多的 USB 接口和以太网接口。树莓派 3B+ 增加了一个专用的局域网（LAN）芯片，装载了千兆以太网，但它受到 USB 2 速率的限制。树莓派 4 板载了专门的千兆以太网，并且由于它不再收到 USB 速率的限制，网络速度要快得多。 +基于 BCM2835 的树莓派 1 到 3 代的芯片只有一个本地 USB 接口，并且没有以太网接口，因而需要使用板子的 USB 集线器给出更多的 USB 接口和以太网接口。树莓派 3B+ 增加了一个专用的局域网（LAN）芯片，装载了千兆以太网，但它受到 USB 2 速率的限制。树莓派 4 板载了专门的千兆以太网，并且由于它不再受到 USB 速率的限制，网络速度要快得多。 - -树莓派 4 采用了 3B+ 中已有的技术，这项技术使得树莓派 3B+ 成为了第一个带有双频无线网络的单板计算机，即可以同时连接 2.4 GHz 和 5 GHz 频率的网络。 +树莓派 4 采用了 3B+ 中已有的技术 —— 该技术使得树莓派 3B+ 成为了第一个带有双频无线网络的单板计算机，即可以同时连接 2.4 GHz 和 5 GHz 频率的网络。 ### 显示 -设计第一代树莓派时，其 CPU 和 GPU 性能的平衡大大偏向于 GPU。VideoCore IV 是一个非常强大的图形处理器，支持全高清 1080 p 多媒体的处理，这就是为什么树莓派一直作为家庭媒体中心而广受欢迎的原因。树莓派 2 代在某种程度上进行了权衡修改，并将 CPU 的性能进行提升，将树莓派从单核发展成四核 ARM 芯片。而树莓派 4 代将 CPU 和 GPU 的性能都进行了大幅提升。新的 VideoCore VI GPU 支持 4K 视频，并允许通过板子的两个 Micro HDMI 端口（板子特意保持了和旧有型号相同的尺寸）进行双显示输出，这里要用一个适配器或 Micro HDMI 转 full HDMI 的转换线连接到 HDMI 屏幕。 - -当你需要同时浏览多个窗口时，需要用到更多的物理显示屏，双显示的好处在此时就得到了绝佳体现。如果你正在编程，你可能会在其中一个屏幕上编写代码，构建网站或应用，而在另一个屏幕上查看数据库、Web 浏览器、电子邮件或其他内容。这是树莓派首次可以不必将开发局限在一台显示器上，从而可以让你在需要时，在不同的屏幕上构建具有不同内容的基于树莓派的项目。 +设计第一代树莓派时，其 CPU 和 GPU 性能的平衡大大偏向于 GPU。VideoCore IV 是一个非常强大的图形处理器，支持全高清 1080p 多媒体的处理，这就是为什么树莓派一直作为家庭媒体中心而广受欢迎的原因。树莓派 2 代在某种程度上进行了权衡修改，并将 CPU 的性能进行提升，将树莓派从单核发展成四核 ARM 芯片。而树莓派 4 代将 CPU 和 GPU 的性能都进行了大幅提升。新的 VideoCore VI GPU 支持 4K 视频，并允许通过板子上的两个 Micro HDMI 端口（板子特意保持了和旧有型号相同的尺寸）进行双显示输出，这里要用一个适配器或 Micro HDMI 转 full HDMI 的转换线连接到 HDMI 屏幕。 +当你需要同时浏览多个窗口时，需要用到更多的物理显示屏，双显示的好处在此时就得到了绝佳体现。如果你正在编程，你可能会在其中一个屏幕上编写代码，构建网站或应用，而在另一个屏幕上查看数据库、Web 浏览器、电子邮件或其他内容。这是树莓派首次可以不必将开发局限在一台显示器上，从而可以让你在需要时，在不同的屏幕上构建具有不同内容的基于树莓派的项目。 -树莓派还有一个显示器串行接口（DSI)，用于驱动另一个特殊的显示-这里并非指另一个监视器本身，而是通过一根挠性电缆连接的官方树莓派触摸屏显示器。 +该树莓派还有一个显示器串行接口（DSI)，用于驱动另一个特殊的显示-这里并非指另一个监视器本身，而是通过一根挠性电缆连接的官方树莓派触摸屏显示器。 ### Raspbian Buster -树莓派 4 发布后，紧接着更新了基于 Debian 的系统 Raspbian Buster，而新的树莓派对 OpenGL ES 3 的支持，使我们在 Raspbian Buster 上为树莓派 4 开发任意软件成为可能。 Buster 对界面进行了一些调整，并对很多软件进行了升级，其中包括 Python3.7。 +树莓派 4 发布后，紧接着更新了基于 Debian 的系统 Raspbian Buster，而新的树莓派对 OpenGL ES 3 的支持，使我们在 Raspbian Buster 上为树莓派 4 开发任意软件成为可能。Buster 对界面进行了一些调整，并对很多软件进行了升级，其中包括 Python3.7。 ![Raspbian Buster][4] ### 开源图形驱动程序 -在过去的五年中，Eric Anholt 一直致力于为树莓派编写开源图形驱动程序。现在，Raspbian 可以使用这个驱动程序加速树莓派上的 Web 浏览、桌面图形和 3D 应用，这取代了以前需要的大量封闭源代码。非常感谢 Eric 和 博通 的贡献。 +在过去的五年中，Eric Anholt 一直致力于为树莓派编写开源图形驱动程序。现在，Raspbian 可以使用这个驱动程序加速树莓派上的 Web 浏览、桌面图形和 3D 应用，这取代了以前需要的大量闭源代码。非常感谢 Eric 和博通的贡献。 按之前预计，树莓派 4 将于明年完成，但由于芯片设计比预期更早投入生产，树莓派 4 因而可以提早到现在发布。 @@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-4 作者：[Ben Nuttall][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/wahailin) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5cc5df1516301884f19f52df5bd962ee2f270e94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 16:19:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0640/1265] PUB:20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md @wahailin https://linux.cn/article-11034-1.html --- .../news => published}/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md b/published/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md rename to published/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md index 56b768771e..3aab50ec31 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md +++ b/published/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wahailin) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11034-1.html) [#]: subject: (Raspberry Pi 4 is here!) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/raspberry-pi-4) [#]: author: (Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall) From 7e7b2c582e17f864b48fcae94a84ad98c211b8a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 21:31:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0641/1265] PRF:20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md PART 2 --- .../tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 118 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md index fdacde6fb3..c1e54b5d6b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ### 1、Google Chrome 浏览器 -几乎所有 Linux 发行版都默认安装了 Mozilla Firefox 网络浏览器，并且它是 Google Chrome 的强力竞争对手。但是 Chrome 相对 Firefox 而言有它自己的优点，比如它可以让你直接访问你的 Google 账户，你可以通过它来同步你在其它操作系统和手机上的 Chrome 浏览器的书签、浏览历史、扩展等等。 +几乎所有 Linux 发行版都默认安装了 Mozilla Firefox 网络浏览器，它是 Google Chrome 的强力竞争对手。但是 Chrome 相对 Firefox 而言有它自己的优点，比如它可以让你直接访问你的 Google 账户，你可以通过它来同步你在其它操作系统和手机上的 Chrome 浏览器的书签、浏览历史、扩展等等。 ![Chrome][3] @@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ Google Chrome 为 Linux 集成了最新的 Flash 播放器，其它 Linux 上的 ### 2、Steam -现在在 Linux 上玩游戏已经不是问题了，这在很多年前还是一个遥不可及的梦。在 2013 年，Valve 发布了 Linux 上的 Steam 游戏客户端，此后一切都变了。早期用户犹豫着从 Windows 转到 Linux，只是因为它们不能在 Ubuntu 上玩它们最喜欢的游戏，但是现在已经不是这样了。 +现在在 Linux 上玩游戏已经不是问题了，这在很多年前还是一个遥不可及的梦。在 2013 年，Valve 发布了 Linux 上的 Steam 游戏客户端，此后一切都变了。早期用户犹豫着从 Windows 转到 Linux，只是因为他们不能在 Ubuntu 上玩它们最喜欢的游戏，但是现在已经不是这样了。 ![Steam][4] -一些用户可能发现在 Linux 上安装 Steam 有点棘手，但如果能在 Linux 上玩上千的 Steam 游戏时这么做就是值得的。一些流行的高端游戏，如《反恐精英:全球攻势》、《Hitman》、《Dota 2》在 Linux 上都能获取，你只需要确保你满足玩这些游戏的最小硬件需求。 +一些用户可能发现在 Linux 上安装 Steam 有点棘手，但如果能在 Linux 上玩上千的 Steam 游戏这么做就是值得的。一些流行的高端游戏，如《反恐精英：全球攻势》、《Hitman》、《Dota 2》在 Linux 上都能获取，你只需要确保你满足玩这些游戏的最小硬件需求。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository multiverse @@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install steam ### 3、WordPress 桌面客户端 -是的，没错，WordPress 有它专有的 Ubuntu 平台的客户端，你可以用来管理你的 WordPress 站点。你可以只在桌面客户端上撰写和设计你的站点而不用转到浏览器。 +是的，没错，WordPress 有它专属的 Ubuntu 平台的客户端，你可以用来管理你的 WordPress 站点。你可以在桌面客户端上撰写和设计你的站点而不用转到浏览器。 ![][5] -如果你拥有 WordPress 建立的站点，那么这个桌面客户端就是你必备的应用，它能够让你在单个窗口内追踪所有的 WordPress 通知。你也可以查看站点博客的数据。桌面客户端可以在 Ubuntu 软件中心中获取，你可以在那里下载和安装。 +如果你拥有使用 WordPress 建立的站点，那么这个桌面客户端就是你必备的应用，它能够让你在单个窗口内追踪所有的 WordPress 通知。你也可以查看你的站点上的博客数据。桌面客户端可以在 Ubuntu 软件中心中获取，你可以在那里下载和安装。 ### 4、VLC 媒体播放器 @@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install vlc qtwayland5 ### 5、Atom 文本编辑器 -由 GitHub 开发，Atom 是一个自由开源的文本编辑器，它同样能够被用做集成开发环境（IDE）来进行主流编程语言的编码和编辑。Atom 开发者声称它是完全可魔改的 21 世纪文本编辑器。 +由 GitHub 开发的 Atom 是一个自由开源的文本编辑器，它同样能够被用做集成开发环境（IDE）来进行主流编程语言的编码和编辑。Atom 开发者声称它是完全可魔改的 21 世纪文本编辑器。 ![][7] -Atom 文本编辑器属于最好的用户界面之一，它是一个富文本编辑器，提供了自动补全、语法高亮，支持扩展与插件。 +Atom 文本编辑器拥有最佳的用户界面，它是一个富文本编辑器，提供了自动补全、语法高亮，支持扩展与插件。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/atom @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install atom ### 6、GIMP 图像编辑器 -GIMP（GNU 图形操作程序）是 Ubuntu 上自由开源的图像编辑器。无疑它是 Windows 上 Adobe Photoshop 的最好替代品。如果你过去经常用 Adobe Photoshop，会觉得很难习惯 GIMP，但是你可以自定义 GIMP 使它看起来与 Photoshop 非常相似。 +GIMP（GNU 图形操作程序）是 Ubuntu 上的自由开源的图像编辑器。无疑它是 Windows 上 Adobe Photoshop 的最好替代品。如果你过去经常用 Adobe Photoshop，会觉得很难习惯 GIMP，但是你可以自定义 GIMP 使它看起来与 Photoshop 非常相似。 ![][8] @@ -81,27 +81,27 @@ $ sudo apt-get install gimp ### 7、Google Play 音乐桌面播放器 -Google Play 音乐桌面播放器是一个开源的音乐播放器，它是 Google Play 音乐的一个替代品，或者说比它更好。Google 一直少个桌面的音乐客户端，但第三方的应用完美的填充了空白。 +Google Play 音乐桌面播放器是一个开源的音乐播放器，它是 Google Play 音乐的一个复制品，或者说比它更好。Google 一直少个桌面的音乐客户端，但第三方的应用完美的填充了空白。 ![][9] -就像你在上述截屏里看到的，它的界面在外观和感觉上都是首屈一指的。你只需要登录 Google 账户，之后就会导入所有你的音乐和你的最爱到桌面客户端里。你可以从它的官方[站点][10]下载安装文件并使用软件中心安装它。 +就像你在上面的截屏里看到的，它的界面在外观和感觉上都是首屈一指的。你只需要登录 Google 账户，之后就会导入你的所有音乐和收藏到桌面客户端里。你可以从它的官方[站点][10]下载安装文件并使用软件中心安装它。 ### 8、Franz -Franz 是一个即时消息客户端，它将聊天和信息服务结合到了一个应用中。它是现代化的即时消息平台之一，在单个应用中支持 Facebook Messenger、WhatsApp、Telegram、微信、Google Hangouts、 Skype。 +Franz 是一个即时消息客户端，它将聊天和信息服务结合到了一个应用中。它是一个现代化的即时消息平台，在单个应用中支持了 Facebook Messenger、WhatsApp、Telegram、微信、Google Hangouts、 Skype。 ![][11] Franz 是一个完备的消息平台，你可以用于商业中管理大量的客户服务。要安装 Franz，你需要从它的[网站][12]下载安装包，在软件中心中打开。 -### 9、Synaptic 包管理器 +### 9、新立得包管理器 - Synaptic 包管理器是 Ubuntu 上必有工具之一，因为它为我们通常在命令行界面安装软件的 ‘apt-get’ 命令提供了用户图形界面。它是各种 Linux 发行版中默认的应用的强力对手。 +新立得包管理器是 Ubuntu 上必有工具之一，因为它为我们通常在终端里安装软件的 `apt-get` 命令提供了用户图形界面。它是各种 Linux 发行版中的默认应用商店的强力对手。 ![][13] -Synaptic 拥有非常简单的用户图形界面，相比其它的应用商店非常快并易于使用。左手边你可以浏览不同分类的各种应用，也可以轻松安装和卸载。 +新立得拥有非常简单的用户图形界面，相比其它的应用商店非常快并易于使用。在左手边你可以浏览不同分类的各种应用，也可以轻松安装和卸载。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install synaptic @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install synaptic ### 10、Skype -Skype 是一个非常流行的跨平台视频电话应用，如今在 Linux 系统的 Snap 应用中可以获取了。Skype 是一个即时通信应用，它提供了视频和音频通话，桌面共享等特点。 +Skype 是一个非常流行的跨平台视频电话应用，如今在 Linux 系统可以以 Snap 应用方式获取。Skype 是一个即时通信应用，它提供了视频和音频通话、桌面共享等功能。 ![][14] @@ -121,15 +121,15 @@ $ sudo snap install skype ### 13、VirtualBox -VirtualBox 是由 Oracle 公司开发的跨平台的虚拟化软件应用。如果你喜欢尝试新的操作系统，那么 VirtualBox 是为你准备的必备的 Ubuntu 应用。你可以尝试 Windows 内的 Linux，Mac 或者 Linux 系统中的 Windows 和 Mac。 +VirtualBox 是由 Oracle 公司开发的跨平台的虚拟化软件应用（LCTT 译注：实际上是由被 Oracle 公司收购的 Sun 公司开发的，包括 Java、Solaris 也是）。如果你喜欢尝试新的操作系统，那么 VirtualBox 是你必备的 Ubuntu 应用。你可以在 Windows 内尝试 Linux、Mac，也可以在 Linux 系统内尝试 Windows 和 Mac。 ![][15] -VB 实际做的是让你在宿机操作系统里可视化的运行顾客操作系统。它创建虚拟硬盘并在上面安装顾客操作系统。你可以在 Ubuntu 软件中心直接下载和安装。 +VirtualBox 实际做的是让你在宿机操作系统里可视化地运行访客操作系统。它可以创建虚拟硬盘并在上面安装访客操作系统。你可以在 Ubuntu 软件中心直接下载和安装它。 ### 12、Unity Tweak 工具 -Unity Tweak 工具（Gnome Tweak 工具）对于每个 Linux 用户都是必须有的，因为它给了用户根据需要自定义桌面的能力。你可以尝试新的 GTK 主题，设置桌面角落，自定义图标集，改变 unity 启动器，等。 +Unity Tweak 工具（Gnome Tweak 工具）对于每个 Linux 用户都是必须拥有的，因为它给了用户根据需要自定义桌面的能力。你可以尝试新的 GTK 主题、设置桌面热角、自定义图标集、调整 unity 启动器等等。 ![][16] @@ -141,11 +141,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool ### 13、Ubuntu Cleaner -Ubuntu Cleaner是一个系统管理工具，尤其被设计为移除不再使用的包，移除不必要的应用和清理浏览器缓存的。Ubuntu Cleaner 有易于使用的简易用户界面。 +Ubuntu Cleaner 是一个系统管理工具，其被特别设计用来移除不再使用的包、不需要的应用和清理浏览器缓存。Ubuntu Cleaner 有易于使用的简单用户界面。 ![][17] -Ubuntu Cleaner是 BleachBit 最好的替代品之一，BleachBit 是 Linux 发行版上的相当好的清理工具。 +Ubuntu Cleaner 是 BleachBit 最好的替代品之一，BleachBit 是 Linux 发行版上的相当好的清理工具。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gerardpuig/ppa @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-cleaner ### 14、Visual Studio Code -Visual Studio Code 是一个代码编辑器，你会发现它与 Atom 文本编辑器和 Sublime Text 非常相似，如果你曾用过的话。Visual Studio Code 证明是非常好的教育工具，因为它解释了所有东西，从 HTML 标签到编程中的语法。 +Visual Studio Code 是一个代码编辑器，你会发现它与你可能曾用过的 Atom 文本编辑器和 Sublime Text 非常相似。Visual Studio Code 被证明是非常好的教育工具，因为它可以对编程中的从 HTML 标签到语法的所有东西做出解释。 ![][18] @@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ Visual Studio 自身集成了 Git，它有优秀的用户界面，你会发现 ### 15、Corebird -如果你在找你可以用 Twitter 的桌面客户端，那 Corebird Twitter 客户端就是你在找的。它被争议是 Linux 发行版下可获得的最好的 Twitter 客户端，它提供了与你手机上的 Twitter 应用非常相似的功能。 +如果你在找你可以使用 Twitter 的桌面客户端，那 Corebird Twitter 客户端就是你在找的。它被视为 Linux 发行版下可获得的最好的 Twitter 客户端，它提供了与你手机上的 Twitter 应用非常相似的功能。 ![][19] - 当有人喜欢或者转发你的 tweet 或者给你发消息时，Corebird Twitter 客户端同样会给你通知。你同样可以在这个客户端上添加多个 Twitter 账户。 +当有人喜欢或者转发你的 tweet 或者给你发消息时，Corebird Twitter 客户端同样会给你通知。你同样可以在这个客户端上添加多个 Twitter 账户。 ``` $ sudo snap install corebird @@ -175,19 +175,19 @@ $ sudo snap install corebird ### 16、Pixbuf -Pixbuf 是来自 Pixbuf 图片社区中心的一个桌面客户端，让你上传，分享和出售你的相片。它支持图片共享到社交媒体像 Facebook，Pinterest，Instagram，Twitter，等等，也包括照相服务像 Flickr，500px and Youpic。 +Pixbuf 是来自 Pixbuf 图片社区中心的一个桌面客户端，可以让你上传、分享和出售你的相片。它支持图片共享，如像 Facebook、Pinterest、Instagram、Twitter 等社交媒体，以及像 Flickr、500px 和 Youpic 等相片服务。 ![][20] -Pixbuf提供了分析等功能，可以让你统计点击量、转发量、照片的回复、预定的帖子、专用的iOS 扩展。它同样有移动应用，因此你可以在任何地方连接到你的 Pixbuf 账户。 Pixbuf 在 Ubuntu 软件中心以 Snap 包的形式获得。 +Pixbuf 提供了分析等功能，可以让你统计点击量、转发量、照片的回复数、定时发帖、iOS 专有的扩展信息。它同样有移动应用，因此你可以在任何地方连接到你的 Pixbuf 账户。Pixbuf 可以在 Ubuntu 软件中心以 Snap 包的形式获得。 ### 17、Clementine 音乐播放器 -Clementine 是一个跨平台的音乐播放器，并且是 Ubuntu 上默认音乐播放器 Rhythmbox 的良好竞争者。多亏它的友好的界面，它很快速并易于使用。它支持所有音频文件格式的声音回放。 +Clementine 是一个跨平台的音乐播放器，并且是 Ubuntu 上默认音乐播放器 Rhythmbox 的良好竞争者。它是一个快速而易用的音乐播放器，其用户界面友好。它支持所有主流音频文件格式的回放。 ![][21] -除了播放本地库中的音乐，你也可以在线听 Spotify, SKY.fm, Soundcloud 等的广播。它也支持其它的功能像智能动态播放列表，从像 Dropbox，Google Drive 这样的云存储中同步音乐。 +除了可以播放本地库中的音乐，你也可以在线听 Spotify、SKY.fm、Soundcloud 等的广播。它也支持其它的功能像智能和动态播放列表，可以从像 Dropbox、Google Drive 这样的云存储中同步音乐。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:me-davidsansome/clementine @@ -197,19 +197,19 @@ $ sudo apt-get install clementine ### 18、Blender -Blender 是一个自由开源的 3D 创建应用软件，你可以用来创建 3D 打印模型，动画电影，视频游戏，等。它自身集成了游戏引擎，你可以用来开发和测试视频游戏。 +Blender 是一个自由开源的 3D 创建应用软件，你可以用来创建 3D 打印模型、动画电影、视频游戏等。它自身集成了游戏引擎，你可以用来开发和测试视频游戏。 ![blender][22] -Blender 拥有赏心悦目的用户界面，易于使用，它包括了内置的渲染引擎，数字雕刻，仿真工具，动画工具，还有很多。考虑到它免费和它的特点，你甚至会认为它可能是 Ubuntu 上最好的应用之一。 +Blender 拥有赏心悦目的用户界面，易于使用，它包括了内置的渲染引擎、数字雕刻、仿真工具、动画工具，还有很多。考虑到它免费和它的特点，你甚至会认为它可能是 Ubuntu 上最好的应用之一。 ### 19、Audacity -Audacity 是一个开源的音频编辑应用，你可以用来记录、编辑音频文件。你可以从各种输入中录入音频，包括麦克风，电子吉它，等等。根据你的需要，它提供了编辑和裁剪音频的能力。 +Audacity 是一个开源的音频编辑应用，你可以用来记录、编辑音频文件。你可以从各种输入中录入音频，包括麦克风、电子吉它等等。它提供了根据你的需要编辑和裁剪音频的能力。 ![][23] -最近 Audacity 发布了 Ubuntu 上的新版本，新特点包括主题提升、放缩命令等。除了这些，它还提供了降噪等更多特点。 +最近 Audacity 发布了 Ubuntu 上的新版本，新特点包括主题改进、放缩命令等。除了这些，它还提供了降噪等音频效果的功能。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/audacity @@ -219,11 +219,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install audacity ### 20、Vim -Vim 是一个集成开发环境，你可以用作一个独立的应用或各种像 Python 等主流编程语言的命令行接口。 +Vim 是一个集成开发环境，你可以以一个独立应用或 CLI 程序使用它，用于各种像 Python 等主流编程语言的编程。 ![][24] -大多数程序员喜欢在 Vim 中编代码，因为它快速并且是一个可高度定制的集成开发环境。最初你可能觉得有点难用，但你会很快习惯它。 +大多数程序员喜欢在 Vim 中编写代码，因为它快速并且是一个可高度定制的集成开发环境。最初你可能觉得有点难用，但你会很快习惯它。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install vim @@ -231,11 +231,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install vim ### 21、Inkscape -Inkscape 是一个开源和跨平台的矢量图形编辑器，你会觉得它和 Corel Draw 和 Adobe Illustrator 很相似。用它可以创建和编辑矢量图形例如柱形图、logo、图表、插图等。 +Inkscape 是一个开源和跨平台的矢量图形编辑器，你会觉得它和 Corel Draw 和 Adobe Illustrator 很相似。用它可以创建和编辑矢量图形例如柱形图、徽标、图表、插图等。 ![][25] -Inkscape 使用规模矢量图形（SVG），一个基于 XML 的 W3C 标准格式。它只是各种格式包括 JPEG、PNG、GIF、PDF、AI（Adobe Illustrator 格式）、VSD 等等。 +Inkscape 使用可缩放矢量图形（SVG），这是一个基于 XML 的 W3C 标准格式。它支持各种格式，包括 JPEG、PNG、GIF、PDF、AI（Adobe Illustrator 格式）、VSD 等等。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:inkscape.dev/stable @@ -245,11 +245,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install inkscape ### 22、Shotcut -Shotcut 是一个免费、开源的跨平台的 Meltytech，LLC 在 MLT 多媒体框架下开发的视频编辑应用。你会发现它是 Linux 发行版上最强大的视频编辑器之一，因为它支持所有主要的音频，视频，图片格式。 +Shotcut 是一个 Meltytech, LLC 在 MLT 多媒体框架下开发的自由开源的跨平台视频编辑应用。你会发现它是 Linux 发行版上最强大的视频编辑器之一，它支持所有主要的音频、视频、图片格式。 ![][26] -它给了非线性编辑的各种文件格式多轨道视频的能力。它支持 4K 视频分辨率和各种音频，视频过滤，语气生成、音频混合和很多其它的。 +它提供了非线性编辑多轨编辑各种文件格式的视频的能力。它支持 4K 视频分辨率和各种音频、视频过滤、语气生成、音频混合和很多其它的。 ``` snap install shotcut -- classic @@ -257,11 +257,11 @@ snap install shotcut -- classic ### 23、SimpleScreenRecorder -SimpleScreenRecorder 是 Ubuntu 上的一个免费和轻量级的屏幕录制工具。屏幕录制非常有用，如果你是 YouTube 创作者或应用开发者。 +SimpleScreenRecorder 是 Ubuntu 上的一个免费而轻量级的屏幕录制工具。如果你是 YouTube 创作者或应用开发者，屏幕录制功能非常有用。 ![][27] -它可以捕获桌面屏幕的视频/音频记录或直接录制视频游戏。在屏幕录制前你可以设置视频分辨率、帧率等。它有简单的用户界面，你会发现非常易用。 +它可以捕获桌面屏幕的视频/音频记录或直接录制视频游戏。在录制屏幕前，你可以设置视频分辨率、帧率等。它有简单的用户界面，你会发现非常易用。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:marten-baert/simplescreenrecorder @@ -271,17 +271,19 @@ $ sudo apt-get install simplescreenrecorder ### 24、Telegram -Telegram 是一个基于云的即时通信和网络电话平台，近年来非常流行。它是开源和跨平台的，用户可以用来发送消息，共享视频，图片，音频和其它文件。 +Telegram 是一个基于云的即时通信和网络电话平台，近年来非常流行。它是开源和跨平台的，用户可以用来发送消息，共享视频、图片、音频和其它文件。 ![][28] -Telegram 中容易发现的特点是加密聊天，语音信息，远程视频通话，在线位置和社交登录。在 Telegram 中隐私和安全拥有最高优先级，因此，所有你发送和接收的是端对端加密的。 +Telegram 中容易注意到的特点是加密聊天、语音信息、机器人、远程视频通话、在线位置和社交登录。在 Telegram 中隐私和安全拥有最高优先级，因此，所有你发送和接收的是端对端加密的。 ``` $ sudo snap install telegram-desktop ``` -我们所知道的危害 Windows PC 的病毒不能危害 Ubuntu，因为在 Windows PC 中接收到的邮件的破坏性文件会破坏 Windows PC。因此，在 Linux 上有一些抗病毒应用是安全的。 +### 25、ClamTk + +正如我们知道的，危害 Windows PC 的病毒不能危害 Ubuntu，但是可能被来自包含破坏性文件的 Windows PC 中的邮件所感染。因此，在 Linux 上有一些抗病毒应用是安全的。 ![][29] @@ -289,27 +291,27 @@ ClamTk 是一个轻量级的病毒扫描器，可以扫描系统中的文件和 ### 26、MailSpring -早期的 MailSpring 以 Nylas Mail 或 Nylas N1 而著名，是开源的邮件客户端。它保存所有的邮件在电脑本地，因此你可以在任何需要的时候访问它。它提供了高级搜索的功能，使用与或操作，因此你可以基于不同的参数搜索邮件。 +MailSpring 早期名为 Nylas Mail 或 Nylas N1，是开源的邮件客户端。它在电脑本地保存所有的邮件，因此你可以在任何需要的时候访问它。它提供了高级搜索的功能，可以使用“与”和“或”操作，因此你可以基于不同的参数搜索邮件。 ![][30] -MailSpring 有着和其它易于上手的邮件客户端同样优秀的用户界面。MailSpring 同样提供了私密性、安全性、规划期、通讯录管理、日历等功能特点。 +MailSpring 有着和其它易于上手的邮件客户端同样优秀的用户界面。MailSpring 同样提供了私密性、安全性、日程、通讯录管理、日历等功能特点。 ### 27、PyCharm -PyCharm 是我最喜欢的继 Vim 之后的 Python IDE 之一，因为它有优雅的用户界面，有很多扩展和插件支持。基本上，它有两个版本，一个是自由开源的社区版，另一个是付费的专业版。 +继 Vim 之后，PyCharm 是我最喜欢的的 Python IDE 之一，因为它有优雅的用户界面，有很多扩展和插件支持。基本上，它有两个版本，一个是自由开源的社区版，另一个是付费的专业版。 ![][31] -PyCharm 是高度自定义的 IDE 并且有很多功能像错误高亮、代码分析、集成单元测试和 Python 调试器等。PyCharm 对于大多数 Python 程序员和开发者来说是首选的。 +PyCharm 是可高度自定义的 IDE 并且有很多功能，如错误高亮、代码分析、集成单元测试和 Python 调试器等。PyCharm 对于大多数 Python 程序员和开发者来说是首选 IDE。 -### 28、Caffeine +### 28、咖啡因 -想象一下你在 Youtube 上看视频或阅读一篇新文章，突然你的 Ubuntu 锁屏了，我知道它很烦人。我们很多人都会遇到这种情况，所以 Caffeine 是一个阻止 Ubuntu 锁屏或屏幕保护程序的工具。 +想象一下你在 Youtube 上看视频或阅读一篇新文章，突然你的 Ubuntu 锁屏了，我知道它很烦人。我们很多人都会遇到这种情况，所以咖啡因是一个阻止 Ubuntu 锁屏或屏幕保护程序的工具。 ![][32] -Caffeine Inhibitor 是一个轻量级的工具，它在通知栏添加图标，你可以在那里轻松的激活或禁止它。不需要额外的设置。 +咖啡因指示器是一个轻量级的工具，它添加图标到通知栏，你可以在那里轻松的激活或禁止它。不需要额外的设置。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:eugenesan/ppa @@ -319,15 +321,15 @@ $ sudo apt-get install caffeine -y ### 29、Etcher USB 镜像写入器 -Etcher 是一个有 resin.io 开发的 USB 镜像写入器。它是一个跨平台的应用，帮助你将 ZIP、ISO、IMG 格式的镜像文件写入到 USB 存储中。如果你总是尝试新的操作系统，那么 Ethcher 是你必有的简单可靠的系统。 +Etcher 是一个由 resin.io 开发的 USB 镜像写入器。它是一个跨平台的应用，可以帮助你将 ZIP、ISO、IMG 格式的镜像文件写入到 USB 存储中。如果你经常尝试新的操作系统，那么 Ethcher 是你必有的简单可靠的工具。 ![][33] -Etcher 有干净的用户界面指导你在三步内烧录镜像到 USB 驱动或 SD 卡的过程。步骤包括选择镜像文件，选择 USB 驱动 和最终的 flash（写文件到 USB 驱动）。你可以从它的[官网][34]下载和安装 Etcher。 +Etcher 有干净的用户界面，可以指导你在三步内烧录镜像到 USB 驱动或 SD 卡的过程。步骤包括选择镜像文件、选择 USB 驱动 和最终的烧录（写文件到 USB 驱动）。你可以从它的[官网][34]下载和安装 Etcher。 ### 30、Neofetch -Neofetch 是一个酷炫的系统信息工具，通过在终端中运行 “neofetch” 命令，它会给你关于你的系统的所有信息。它酷是因为它给你关于桌面环境，内核版本，bash 版本和你正在运行的 GTK 主题信息。 +Neofetch 是一个酷炫的系统信息工具，通过在终端中运行 `neofetch` 命令，它会给你关于你的系统的所有信息。它酷是因为它可以给你关于桌面环境、内核版本、bash 版本和你正在运行的 GTK 主题的信息。 ![][35] @@ -341,11 +343,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get update install neofetch ### 31、Liferea -Liferea（Linux 热点阅读器）是一个自由开源的新闻聚集工具，用于在线新闻订阅。使用新的聚集工具非常快捷和简单，支持各种格式例如 RSS/RDF，Atom 等。 +Liferea（Linux 订阅阅读器）是一个自由开源的新闻聚合工具，用于在线新闻订阅。使用新的聚合非常快捷和简单，支持各种格式例如 RSS/RDF，Atom 等。 ![][36] -Liferea 自带与 TinyTinyRSS 的同步支持，它给了你离线阅读的能力。你会发现，就可靠性和灵活性而言，它是 Linux 上最好的订阅工具之一。 +Liferea 自带与 TinyTinyRSS 的同步支持，它给了你离线阅读的能力。你会发现，就可靠性和灵活性而言，它是 Linux 上最好的订阅工具之一。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/apps @@ -355,19 +357,19 @@ $ sudo apt-get install liferea ### 32、Shutter -在 Ubuntu 中很容易截屏，但当编辑截屏时 Shutter 是你必不可少的应用。它帮助你捕获，编辑和轻松的共享截屏。使用 Shutter 的选择工具，你可以选择屏幕的特定区域来截屏。 +在 Ubuntu 中很容易截屏，但当需要编辑截屏时 Shutter 是你必不可少的应用。它帮助你捕获、编辑和轻松的共享截屏。使用 Shutter 的选择工具，你可以选择屏幕的特定区域来截屏。 ![][37] -Shutter 是一个功能强大的截图工具，提供了添加截图效果，画线等功能。它同样给你上传截屏到各种图像保存站点的选项。你可以直接在 Ubuntu 软件中心中下载和安装。 +Shutter 是一个功能强大的截图工具，提供了添加截图效果、画线等功能。它同样给你上传截屏到各种图像托管站点的选项。你可以直接在 Ubuntu 软件中心中下载和安装。 ### 33、Weather -Weather 是一个小的应用，给你关于你的城市或世界上其它位置的实时天气信息。它简单而且轻量级，给你超过 7 天的详细天气预报和今明两天的每个小时的细节信息。 +Weather 是一个小的应用，给你关于你的城市或世界上其它位置的实时天气信息。它简单而且轻量级，可以给你最多 7 天的详细天气预报和今明两天的每个小时的细节信息。 ![][38] -它集成在 GNOME shell 中，给你关于最近搜索位置的当前天气状态。它有最小的用户界面，在最小硬件需求下运行很顺畅。 +它集成在 GNOME shell 中，给你关于最近搜索位置的当前天气状态。它有极简的用户界面，在最小硬件需求下运行很顺畅。 ### 34、Ramme From 36043a6f277e65b8fdeac79315de2a4f1d7d375a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 21:48:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0642/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190624=20Linu?= =?UTF-8?q?x=20Package=20Managers=20Compared=20=E2=80=93=20AppImage=20vs?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Snap=20vs=20Flatpak?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190624 Linux Package Managers Compared - AppImage vs Snap vs Flatpak.md --- ... Compared - AppImage vs Snap vs Flatpak.md | 222 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 222 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190624 Linux Package Managers Compared - AppImage vs Snap vs Flatpak.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 Linux Package Managers Compared - AppImage vs Snap vs Flatpak.md b/sources/tech/20190624 Linux Package Managers Compared - AppImage vs Snap vs Flatpak.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..df5686d0a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190624 Linux Package Managers Compared - AppImage vs Snap vs Flatpak.md @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Linux Package Managers Compared – AppImage vs Snap vs Flatpak) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/linux-package-managers-compared-appimage-vs-snap-vs-flatpak/) +[#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) + +Linux Package Managers Compared – AppImage vs Snap vs Flatpak +====== + +![3 Linux Package Managers Compared][1] + +**Package managers** provide a way of packaging, distributing, installing, and maintaining apps in an operating system. With modern desktop, server and IoT applications of the Linux operating system and the hundreds of different distros that exist, it becomes necessary to move away from platform specific packaging methods to platform agnostic ones. This post explores 3 such tools, namely **AppImage** , **Snap** and **Flatpak** , that each aim to be the future of software deployment and management in Linux. At the end we summarize a few key findings. + +### 1\. AppImage + +**AppImage** follows a concept called **“One app = one file”**. This is to be understood as an AppImage being a regular independent “file” containing one application with everything it needs to run in the said file. Once made executable, the AppImage can be run like any application in a computer by simply double-clicking it in the users file system.[1] + +It is a format for creating portable software for Linux without requiring the user to install the said application. The format allows the original developers of the software (upstream developers) to create a platform and distribution independent (also called a distribution-agnostic binary) version of their application that will basically run on any flavor of Linux. + +AppImage has been around for a long time. **Klik** , a predecessor of AppImage was created by **Simon Peter** in 2004. The project was shut down in 2011 after not having passed the beta stage. A project named **PortableLinuxApps** was created by Simon around the same time and the format was picked up by a few portals offering software for Linux users. The project was renamed again in 2013 to its current name AppImage and a repository has been maintained in GitHub (project [link][2]) with all the latest changes to the same since 2018.[2][3] + +Written primarily in **C** and donning the **MIT license** since 2013, AppImage is currently developed by **The AppImage project**. It is a very convenient way to use applications as demonstrated by the following features: + + 1. AppImages can run on virtually any Linux system. As mentioned before applications derive a lot of functionality from the operating system and a few common libraries. This is a common practice in the software world since if something is already done, there is no point in doing it again if you can pick and choose which parts from the same to use. The problem is that many Linux distros might not have all the files a particular application requires to run since it is left to the developers of that particular distro to include the necessary packages. Hence developers need to separately include the dependencies of the application for each Linux distro they are publishing their app for. Using the AppImage format developers can choose to include all the libraries and files that they cannot possibly hope the target operating system to have as part of the AppImage file. Hence the same AppImage format file can work on different operating systems and machines without needing granular control. + 2. The one app one file philosophy means that user experience is simple and elegant in that users need only download and execute one file that will serve their needs for using the application. + 3. **No requirement of root access**. System administrators will require people to have root access to stop them from messing with computers and their default setup. This also means that people with no root access or super user privileges cannot install the apps they need as they please. The practice is common in a public setting (such as library or university computers or on enterprise systems). The AppImage file does not require users to “install” anything and hence users need only download the said file and **make it executable** to start using it. This removes the access dilemmas that system administrators have and makes their job easier without sacrificing user experience. + 4. **No effect on core operating system**. The AppImage-application format allows using applications with their full functionality without needing to change or even access most system files. Meaning whatever the applications do, the core operating system setup and files remain untouched. + 5. An AppImage can be made by a developer for a particular version of their application. Any updated version is made as a different AppImage. Hence users if need be can **test multiple versions of the same application** by running different instances using different AppImages. This is an invaluable feature when you need to test your applications from an end-user POV to notice differences. + 6. Take your applications where you go. As mentioned previously AppImages are archived files of all the files that an application requires and can be used without installing or even bothering about the distribution the system uses. Hence if you have a set of apps that you use regularly you may even mount a few AppImage files on a thumb drive and take it with you to use on multiple computers running multiple different distros without worrying whether they’ll work or not. + + + +Furthermore, the **AppImageKit** allows users from all backgrounds to build their own AppImages from applications they already have or for applications that are not provided an AppImage by their upstream developer. + +The package manager is platform independent but focuses primarily on software distribution to end users on their desktops with a dedicated daemon **AppImaged** for integrating the AppImage formats into respective desktop environments. AppImage is supported natively now by a variety of distros such as Ubuntu, Debian, openSUSE, CentOS, Fedora etc. and others may set it up as per their needs. AppImages can also be run on servers with limited functionality via the CLI tools included. + +To know more about AppImages, go to the official [**AppImage documentation**][3] page. + +* * * + +**Suggested read:** + + * [**Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms**][4] + + + +* * * + +### 2\. Snappy + +**Snappy** is a software deployment and package management system like AppImage or any other package manager for that instance. It is originally designed for the now defunct **Ubuntu Touch** Operating system. Snappy lets developers create software packages for use in a variety of Linux based distributions. The initial intention behind creating Snappy and deploying **“snaps”** on Ubuntu based systems is to obtain a unified single format that could be used in everything from IoT devices to full-fledged computer systems that ran some version of Ubuntu and in a larger sense Linux itself.[4] + +The lead developer behind the project is **Canonical** , the same company that pilots the Ubuntu project. Ubuntu had native snap support from version 16.04 LTS with more and more distros supporting it out of the box or via a simple setup these days. If you use Arch or Debian or openSUSE you’ll find it easy to install support for the package manager using simple commands in the terminal as explained later in this section. This is also made possible by making the necessary snap platform files available on the respective repos.[5] + +Snappy has the following important components that make up the entire package manager system.[6] + + * **Snap** – is the file format of the packages themselves. Individual applications that are deployed using Snappy are called “Snaps”. Any application may be packaged using the tools provided to make a snap that is intended to run on a different system running Linux. Snap, similar to AppImage is an all-inclusive file and contains all dependencies the application needs to run without assuming them to part of the target system. + * **Snapcraft** – is the tool that lets developers make snaps of their applications. It is basically a command that is part of the snap system as well as a framework that will let you build your own snaps. + * **Snapd** – is the background daemon that maintains all the snaps that are installed in your system. It integrates into the desktop environment and manages all the files and processes related to working with snaps. The snapd daemon also checks for updates normally **4 times a day** unless set otherwise. + * [**Snap Store**][5] – is an online gallery of sorts that lets developers upload their snaps into the repository. Snap store is also an application discovery medium for users and will let users see and experience the application library before downloading and installing them. + + + +The snapd component is written primarily in **C** and **Golang** whereas the Snapcraft framework is built using **Python**. Although both the modules use the GPLv3 license it is to be noted that snapd has proprietary code from Canonical for its server-side operations with just the client side being published under the GPL license. This is a major point of contention with developers since this involves developers signing a CLA form to participate in snap development.[7] + +Going deeper into the finer details of the Snappy package manager the following may be noted: + + 1. Snaps as noted before are all inclusive and contain all the necessary files (dependencies) that the application needs to run. Hence, developers need not to make different snaps for the different distros that they target. Being mindful of the runtimes is all that’s necessary if base runtimes are excluded from the snap. + 2. Snappy packages are meant to support transactional updates. Such a transactional update is atomic and fully reversible, meaning you can use the application while its being updated and that if an update does not behave the way its supposed to, you can reverse the same with no other effects whatsoever. The concept is also called as **delta programming** in which only changes to the application are transmitted as an update instead of the whole package. An Ubuntu derivative called **Ubuntu Core** actually promises the snappy update protocol to the OS itself.[8] + 3. A key point of difference between snaps and AppImages, is how they handle version differences. Using AppImages different versions of the application will have different AppImages allowing you to concurrently use 2 or more different versions of the same application at the same time. However, using snaps means conforming to the transactional or delta update system. While this means faster updates, it keeps you from running two instances of the same application at the same time. If you need to use the old version of an app you’ll need to reverse or uninstall the new version. Snappy does support a feature called [**“parallel install”**][6] which will let users accomplish similar goals, however, it is still in an experimental stage and cannot be considered to be a stable implementation. Snappy also makes use of channels meaning you can use the beta or the nightly build of an app and the stable version at the same time.[9] + 4. Extensive support from major Linux distros and major developers including Google, Mozilla, Microsoft, etc.[4] + 5. Snapd the desktop integration tool supports taking **“snapshots”** of the current state of all the installed snaps in the system. This will let users save the current configuration state of all the applications that are installed via the Snappy package manager and let users revert to that state whenever they desire so. The same feature can also be set to automatically take snapshots at a frequency deemed necessary by the user. Snapshots can be created using the **snap save command** in the snapd framework.[10] + 6. Snaps are designed to be sandboxed during operation. This provides a much-required layer of security and isolation to users. Users need not worry about snap-based applications messing with the rest of the software on their computer. Sandboxing is implemented using three levels of isolation viz, **classic** , **strict** and **devmode**. Each level of isolation allows the app different levels of access within the file system and computer.[11] + + + +On the flip side of things, snaps are widely criticized for being centered around **Canonical’s modus operandi**. Most of the commits to the project are by Canonical employees or contractors and other contributors are required to sign a release form (CLA). The sandboxing feature, a very important one indeed from a security standpoint, is flawed in that the sandboxing actually requires certain other core services to run (such as Mir) while applications running the X11 desktop won’t support the said isolation, hence making the said security feature irrelevant. Questionable press releases and other marketing efforts from Canonical and the “central” and closed app repository are also widely criticized aspects of Snappy. Furthermore, the file sizes of the different snaps are also **comparatively very large** compared to the app sizes of the packages made using AppImage.[7] + +For more details, check [**Snap official documentation**][7]. + +* * * + +**Related read:** + + * [**Install Snap packages in Arch Linux, and Fedora**][8] + + + +* * * + +### 3\. Flatpak + +Like the Snap/Snappy listed above, **Flatpak** is also a software deployment tool that aims to ease software distribution and use in Linux. Flatpak was previously known as **“xdg-app”** and was based on concept proposed by **Lennart Poettering** in 2004. The idea was to contain applications in a secure virtual sandbox allowing for using applications **without the need of root privileges** and without compromising on the systems security. **Alex** started tinkering with Klik (thought to be a former version of AppImage) and wanted to implement the concept better. **Alexander Larsson** who at the time was working with Red Hat wrote an implementation called xdg-app in 2015 that acted as a pre-cursor to the current Flatpak format. + +Flatpak officially came out in 2016 with backing from Red Hat, Endless Computers and Collabora. **Flathub** is the official repository of all Flatpak application packages. At its surface Flatpak like the other is a framework for building and packaging distribution agnostic applications for Linux. It simply requires the developers to conform to a few desktop environment guidelines in order for the application to be successfully integrated into the Flatpak environment. + +Targeted primarily at the three popular desktop implementations **FreeDesktop** , **KDE** , and **GNOME** , the Flatpak framework itself is written in **C** and works on a **LGPL** license. The maintenance repository can be accessed via the GitHub link **[here][9]**. + +A few features of Flatpak that make it stand apart are mentioned below. Notice that features Flatpak shares with AppImage and Snappy are omitted here. + + * Deep integration into popular Linux desktop environments such as GNOME & KDE so that users can simply use Flatpaks using Graphical software management tools instead of resorting to the terminal. Flatpak can be installed from the default repositories of major desktop environments now and once the apps themselves are set-up they can be used and provide features similar to normal desktop applications.[12][13] + * **Forward-compatibility** – Flatpaks are built from the ground up keeping the operating systems core kernel and runtimes in mind. Hence, even if you upgrade or update your distro the Flatpaks you have should still work unless there is a core update. This is especially crucial for people who prefer staying on rolling betas or development versions of their distros. For such people, since the kinks of the OS itself isn’t ironed out usually, the Flatpak application will run seamlessly without having to depend on the OS files or libraries for its operation.[13] + * **Sandboxing using Bubblewrap** – snaps are also by default sandboxed in that they run in isolation from the rest of the applications running while you’re using your computer. However, Flatpaks fully seal the application from accessing OS files and user files during its operation by default. This essentially means that system administrators can be certain that Flatpaks that are installed in their systems cannot exploit the computer and the files it contains whereas for end users this will mean that in order to access a few specific functions or user data root permission is required.[14] + * Flatpak supports decentralized distribution of application natively however the team behind Flatpak still maintains a central online repository of apps/Flatpaks called **Flathub**. Users may in fact configure Flatpak to use multiple remote repositories as they see necessary. As opposed to snap you can have multiple repositories.[13] + * Modular access through the sandbox. Although this capability comes at a great potential cost to the integrity of the system, Flatpak framework allows for channels to be created through the sandbox for exchange of specific information from within the sandbox to the host system or vice versa. The channel is in this case referred to as a portal. A con to this feature is discussed later in the section.[14] + + + +One of the most criticized aspects of Flatpak however is it’s the sandbox feature itself. Sandboxing is how package managers such as Snappy and Flatpak implement important security features. Sandboxing essentially isolates the application from everything else in the system only allowing for user defined exchange of information from within the sandbox to outside. The flaw with the concept being that the sandbox cannot be inherently impregnable. Data has to be eventually transferred between the two domains and simple Linux commands can simply get rid of the sandbox restriction meaning that malicious applications might potentially jump out of the said sandbox.[15] + +This combined with the worse than expected commitment to rolling out security updates for Flatpak has resulted in widespread criticism of the team’s tall claim of providing a secure framework. The blog (named **flatkill** ) linked at the end of this guide in fact mentions a couple of exploits that were not addressed by the Flatpak team as soon as they should’ve been.[15] + +For more details, I suggest you to read [**Flatpak official documentation**][10]. + +* * * + +**Related read:** + + * [**A Beginners Guide To Flatpak**][11] + + + +* * * + +### AppImage vs Snap vs Flatpak + +The table attached below summarizes all the above findings into a concise and technical comparison of the three frameworks. + +**Feature** | **AppImage** | **Snappy** | **Flatpak** +---|---|---|--- +**Unique feature** | Not an appstore or repository, its simply put a packaging format for software distribution. | Led by Canonical (Same company as Ubuntu), features central app repository and active contribution from Canonical. | Features an app store called FlatHub, however, individuals may still host packages and distribute it. +**Target system** | Desktops and Servers. | Desktops, Servers, IoT devices, Embedded devices etc. | Desktops and limited function on servers. +**Libraries/Dependencies** | Base system. Runtimes optional, Libraries and other dependencies packaged. | Base system or via Plugins or can be packaged. | GNOME, KDE, Freedesktop bundled or custom bundled. +**Developers** | Community Driven led by Simon Peter. | Corporate driven by Canonical Ltd. | Community driven by flatpak team supported by enterprise. +**Written in** | C. | Golang, C and Python. | C. +**Initial release** | 2004. | 2014. | 2015. +**Sandboxing** | Can be implemented. | 3 modes – strict, classic, and devmode with varying confinement capabilities. Runs in isolation. | Isolated but Uses system files to run applications by default. +**Sandboxing Platform** | Firejail, AppArmor, Bubblewrap. | AppArmor. | Bubblewrap. +**App Installation** | Not necessary. Will act as self mounted disc. | Installation using snapd. | Installed using flatpak client tools. +**App Execution** | Can be run after setting executing bit. | Using desktop integrated snap tools. Runs isolated with user defined resources. | Needs to be executed using flatpak command if CLI is used. +**User Privileges** | Can be run w/o root user access. | Can be run w/o root user access. | Selectively required. +**Hosting Applications** | Can be hosted anywhere by anybody. | Has to be hosted with Canonical servers which are proprietary. | Can be hosted anywhere by anybody. +**Portable Execution from non system locations** | Yes. | No. | Yes, after flatpak client is configured. +**Central Repository** | AppImageHub. | Snap Store. | Flathub. +**Running multiple versions of the app** | Possible, any number of versions simultaneously. | One version of the app in one channel. Has to be separately configured for more. | Yes. +**Updating applications** | Using CLI command AppImageUpdate or via an updater tool built into the AppImage. | Requires snapd installed. Supports delta updating, will automatically update. | Required flatpak installed. Update Using flatpak update command. +**Package sizes on disk** | Application remains archived. | Application remains archived. | Client side is uncompressed. + +Here is a long tabular comparison of AppImage vs. Snap vs. Flatpak features. Please note that the comparison is made from an AppImage perspective. + + * [**https://github.com/AppImage/AppImageKit/wiki/Similar-projects#comparison**][12] + + + +### Conclusion + +While all three of these platforms have a lot in common with each other and aim to be platform agnostic in approach, they offer different levels of competencies in a few areas. While Snaps can run on a variety of devices including embedded ones, AppImages and Flatpaks are built with the desktop user in mind. AppImages of popular applications on the other had have superior packaging sizes and portability whereas Flatpak really shines with its forward compatibility when its used in a set it and forget it system. + +If there are any flaws in this guide, please let us know in the comment section below. We will update the guide accordingly. + +**References:** + + * **[1]** [**Concepts — AppImage documentation**][13] + * **[2]** [**Slashdot – Point-and-klik Linux Software Installation**][14] + * **[3]** [**History of AppImage project**][15] + * **[4][Snapcraft – Snaps are universal Linux packages][16]** + * **[5][Installing snapd – Snap documentation][17]** + * **[6][Snap documentation][7]** + * **[7][On Snappy and Flatpak: business as usual in the Canonical propaganda department][18]** + * **[8][Snap Updates are getting smaller, here’s why][19]** + * **[9][What Are Linux Snap Packages? Why Use Them?][20]** + * **[10][Snapshots – Snap documentation][21]** + * **[11][Snap confinement – Snap documentation][22]** + * **[12][Desktop Integration – Flatpak documentation][23]** + * **[13][Introduction to Flatpak – Flatpak documentation][24]** + * **[14][Sandbox Permissions – Flatpak documentation][25]** + * **[15][Flatpak – a security nightmare][26]** + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/linux-package-managers-compared-appimage-vs-snap-vs-flatpak/ + +作者：[editor][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Linux-Package-Managers-Compared-1-720x340.png +[2]: https://github.com/AppImage/AppImageKit/blob/master/README.md +[3]: https://docs.appimage.org/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/search-linux-applications-on-appimage-flathub-and-snapcraft-platforms/ +[5]: https://snapcraft.io/store +[6]: https://blog.ubuntu.com/2019/06/20/parallel-installs-test-and-run-multiple-instances-of-snaps +[7]: https://docs.snapcraft.io/ +[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-snap-packages-arch-linux-fedora/ +[9]: https://github.com/flatpak/flatpak +[10]: http://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/index.html +[11]: https://www.ostechnix.com/flatpak-new-framework-desktop-applications-linux/ +[12]: https://github.com/AppImage/AppImageKit/wiki/Similar-projects#comparison +[13]: https://docs.appimage.org/introduction/concepts.html#one-app-one-file. +[14]: https://linux.slashdot.org/story/05/01/15/1815210/point-and-klik-linux-software-installation +[15]: https://github.com/AppImage/AppImageKit/wiki/History#timeline. +[16]: https://snapcraft.io/# +[17]: https://docs.snapcraft.io/installing-snapd +[18]: https://www.happyassassin.net/2016/06/16/on-snappy-and-flatpak-business-as-usual-in-the-canonical-propaganda-department/ +[19]: https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/08/01/snap-updates-are-getting-smaller-heres-why +[20]: https://www.feliciano.tech/blog/what-are-linux-snap-packages-why-use-them/ +[21]: https://docs.snapcraft.io/snapshots +[22]: https://docs.snapcraft.io/snap-confinement +[23]: http://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/desktop-integration.html?highlight=desktop%20integration +[24]: http://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/introduction.html +[25]: http://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/sandbox-permissions.html?highlight=sandboxing +[26]: https://flatkill.org/ From a08995287e7ff24b802fd2fd02cce3c08d47e3e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 21:57:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0643/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020180620=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20To=20Find=20The=20Port=20Number=20Of=20A=20Service=20In=20Li?= =?UTF-8?q?nux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md --- ...d The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md | 210 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 210 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7004a4350a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-the-port-number-of-a-service-in-linux/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux +====== + +![Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux OS][1] + +You might often need to find the port names and numbers for some reasons. If so, you’re in luck. Today, in this brief tutorial, we are going to see the easiest and quickest ways to find the port number of a service in Linux operating system. There could be many methods to do it, but I am aware of the following three methods only at present. Read on. + +### Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux + +**Method 1 – Using[Grep][2] command:** + +To find the default port number of a given service in Linux using grep command, just run: + +``` +$ grep /etc/services +``` + +For example, to find the default port of a SSH service, simply run: + +``` +$ grep ssh /etc/services +``` + +It’s that simple. This command should work on most Linux distributions. Here is the sample output from my Arch Linux test box: + +``` +ssh 22/tcp +ssh 22/udp +ssh 22/sctp +sshell 614/tcp +sshell 614/udp +netconf-ssh 830/tcp +netconf-ssh 830/udp +sdo-ssh 3897/tcp +sdo-ssh 3897/udp +netconf-ch-ssh 4334/tcp +snmpssh 5161/tcp +snmpssh-trap 5162/tcp +tl1-ssh 6252/tcp +tl1-ssh 6252/udp +ssh-mgmt 17235/tcp +ssh-mgmt 17235/udp +``` + +As you can see in the above output, the default port number of SSH service is 22. + +Let us find the port number of Apache web server. To do so, the command would be: + +``` +$ grep http /etc/services +# http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers +http 80/tcp www www-http # WorldWideWeb HTTP +http 80/udp www www-http # HyperText Transfer Protocol +http 80/sctp # HyperText Transfer Protocol +https 443/tcp # http protocol over TLS/SSL +https 443/udp # http protocol over TLS/SSL +https 443/sctp # http protocol over TLS/SSL +gss-http 488/tcp +gss-http 488/udp +webcache 8080/tcp http-alt # WWW caching service +webcache 8080/udp http-alt # WWW caching service +[...] +``` + +How about FTP port number? That’s easy! + +``` +$ grep ftp /etc/services +ftp-data 20/tcp +ftp-data 20/udp +# 21 is registered to ftp, but also used by fsp +ftp 21/tcp +ftp 21/udp fsp fspd +tftp 69/tcp +[...] +``` + +**Method 2 – Using getent command** + +As you can see, the above commands shows all port names and numbers for the given search term “ssh”, “http” and “ftp”. That means, you will get a quite long output of all port names that matches with the given search term. + +You can, however, narrow down the result to exact output using “getent” command like below: + +``` +$ getent services ssh +ssh 22/tcp + +$ getent services http +http 80/tcp www www-http + +$ getent services ftp +ftp 21/tcp +``` + +If you don’t know the port name but the port number, simply replace the port name with number like below: + +``` +$ getent services 80 +http 80/tcp +``` + +To display all port names and numbers, simply run: + +``` +$ getent services +``` + +* * * + +**Suggested read:** + + * [**How To Change Apache Default Port To A Custom Port**][3] + * [**How To Change FTP Default Port To A Custom Port**][4] + * [**How To Change SSH Default Port To A Custom Port**][5] + + + +* * * + +**Method 3 – Using Whatportis Utility** + +The **Whatportis** is a simple python script used to find port names and numbers. Unlike the above commands, this utility displays the output in a nice tabular column format. + +Make sure you have installed PIP package manager. If not, refer the following link. + + * [**How To Manage Python Packages Using Pip**][6] + + + +Once installed PIP, run the following command to install Whatportis utility. + +``` +$ pip install whatportis +``` + +Now, you can find what port is associated with a service as shown below. + +``` +$ whatportis ssh + +$ whatportis ftp + +$ whatportis http +``` + +Sample output from my CentOS 7 server: + +![][7] + +Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux + +If you don’t know the exact name of a service, use **–like** flag to display the relevant results. + +``` +$ whatportis mysql --like +``` + +The above commands helped you to find what port is associated with a service. You can also find what service is associated with a port number like below. + +``` +$ whatportis 993 +``` + +You can even display the results in **JSON** format. + +``` +$ whatportis 993 --json +``` + +![][8] + +For more details, refer the GitHub repository. + + * [**Whatportis GitHub Repository**][9] + + + +And, that’s all for now. You know now how to find the port names and numbers in Linux using three simple methods. If you know any other methods/commands, let me know in the comment section below. I will check and update this guide accordingly. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-the-port-number-of-a-service-in-linux/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Find-The-Port-Number-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/the-grep-command-tutorial-with-examples-for-beginners/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-change-apache-ftp-and-ssh-default-port-to-a-custom-port-part-1/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-change-apache-ftp-and-ssh-default-port-to-a-custom-port-part-2/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-change-apache-ftp-and-ssh-default-port-to-a-custom-port-part-3/ +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/manage-python-packages-using-pip/ +[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/whatportis.png +[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/whatportis-1.png +[9]: https://github.com/ncrocfer/whatportis From d6eac7076ae441b79053b5da55bae0236501ffa8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt-bot Date: Sat, 29 Jun 2019 17:00:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 0644/1265] Revert "translating by arrowfeng" This reverts commit 62c587d2b2fdd1c2b5bc8eb8fe75d94fbfd42ab9. --- sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md index d25298583c..4420b034e6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190521 How to Disable IPv6 on Ubuntu Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (arrowfeng) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e25a7e8e62227ae8f1cd911a33498d8d7e5b74fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 30 Jun 2019 11:49:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0645/1265] PRF:20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md @hopefully2333 --- ...y IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md | 39 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md b/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md index 8654707218..ebc87c919a 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md +++ b/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (hopefully2333) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo) @@ -9,12 +9,13 @@ 思科收购了物联网安全管理公司 Sentryo ====== -买下 Sentryo 将给思科在工业互联网的异常和实时威胁检测两方面予以支持。 +> 买下 Sentryo 将给思科在工业物联网的异常和实时威胁检测两方面予以支持。 + ![IDG Worldwide][1] -为了扩展自己的物联网安全管理产品，思科计划收购 Sentryo，这是一家位于法国的公司，Sentryo 为工业互联网提供异常检测和实时威胁检测。 +为了扩展自己的物联网安全管理产品，思科计划收购 Sentryo，这是一家总部位于法国的公司，Sentryo 为工业物联网提供异常检测和实时威胁检测。 -Sentryo 成立于 2014 年，产品包括 ICS CyberVision - 一种用于资产库存、网络监控和威胁情报的平台 - 以及 CyberVision 网络边界传感器，这用于分析网络流量。 +Sentryo 成立于 2014 年，产品包括 ICS CyberVision（一种用于资产库存、网络监控和威胁情报的平台）以及 CyberVision 网络边界传感器，这用于分析网络流量。 **更多关于物联网的信息：** @@ -25,29 +26,25 @@ Sentryo 成立于 2014 年，产品包括 ICS CyberVision - 一种用于资产 * [在物联网领域赚钱的六种方法][8] * [什么是数字双胞胎技术？ [以及它为什么重要]][9] * [区块链，以服务为中心的网络是物联网成功的关键][10] - * [物联网的网络和安全作为基础][11] + * [物联网以网络和安全作为基础][11] * [构建完整的物联网网络必须优先完成][12] - * [什么是工业互联网？ [为什么风险如此之高]][13] - - + * [什么是工业物联网？[为什么风险如此之高]][13] “我们通过思科的 IOx 应用框架将 Sentryo 的边缘传感器和我们的工业网络硬件相结合”，思科企业发展和思科投资的副总裁 Rob Salvagno 在一篇关于计划收购的博客中写道。 -“我们相信连接是物联网项目的基础，通过释放网络的力量，我们可以大大提高运作的效率并发现新的商业机会。随着 Sentryo 的加入，思科可以为系统控制工程师提供更加深入的资产可见度，以此来对系统进行优化，检测异常并保护他们的网络” +“我们相信连接是物联网项目的基础，通过释放网络的力量，我们可以大大提高运作的效率并发现新的商业机会。随着 Sentryo 的加入，思科可以为系统控制工程师提供更加深入的资产可见度，以此来对系统进行优化，检测异常并保护他们的网络。” -Gartner 对 Sentryo 的系统写道：“ICS CyberVision 这个产品为它的客户提供了可见性”所有的 OT 用户都将了解 OT 网络，而不仅仅是 IT 技术人员。随着黑客和监管机构越来越关注工业控制系统，一个组织的 OT 拥有完整的可见性是至关重要的一件事。很多的 OT 网络不仅在地理上位置分散，而且也很复杂，由成千上万的组件组成 +Gartner 对 Sentryo 的系统写道：“ICS CyberVision 产品以其所有 OT 用户都能理解的方式提供对其客户 OT 网络的可视性，而不仅仅是 IT 技术人员。随着黑客和监管机构越来越关注工业控制系统，一个组织的 OT 拥有完整的可见性是至关重要的一件事。很多的 OT 网络不仅在地理上位置分散，而且也很复杂，由成千上万的组件组成。” -Frost & Sullivan 的工业分析师 Nandini Natarajan 表示，Sentryo 的 ICS CyberVision 让企业能够确保其工业运作的连续性、动态弹性和安全性，并以此预防可能的网络攻击。“它将在标签的表单中使用一种独特的 ‘通用 OT 语言’ 来自动描述资产和通信流程，它会用纯文本的方式描述每个资产在做什么。ICS CyberVision 可以让任何人都能立刻查看一台设备的类别和行为；它利用人工智能算法提供很多不同的分析视图，来让用户深入了解到一个典型的工业控制系统可以产生多么庞大的数据。Sentryo 可以轻松查看重要或相关的信息” +Frost & Sullivan 的工业分析师 Nandini Natarajan 表示，Sentryo 的 ICS CyberVision 让企业能够确保其工业运作的连续性、动态弹性和安全性，并以此预防可能的网络攻击。“它将使用标签形式的独特的 ‘通用 OT 语言’ 来自动描述资产和通信流程，以纯文本的方式描述每个资产在做什么。ICS CyberVision 可以让任何人都能立刻查看一台设备的类别和行为；它利用人工智能算法提供很多不同的分析视图，来让用户深入了解到一个典型的工业控制系统可以产生多么庞大的数据。Sentryo 可以轻松查看重要或相关的信息。” Natarajan 表示，除此之外，Sentryo 的平台使用深度数据包检测（DPI）从工业设备之间的通信数据包里提取信息。DPI 引擎通过边缘计算架构进行部署，它可以运行在 Sentryo 传感器设备上，也可以在已经安装好的网络设备上运行。因此，Sentryo 可以将可见性和网络安全特性嵌入进工业网络中，而非部署带外监控网络。 - -**[[好消息！好消息！通过 PluralSight 的综合在线课程，成为一名光荣的认证信息安全系统专家，现在免费提供 10 天试用！走过路过不要错过！][17] ]** -Sentryo 的技术将扩大思科在物联网上的总体计划。在今年一月，思科推出了一整套的交换机、软件、开发工具和蓝图，这些东西将用于把物联网、基于意图联网的工业网络、传统信息安全、传统信息监控、应用开发支持融为一体。 +Sentryo 的技术将扩大思科在物联网上的总体计划。在今年一月，思科推出了一整套的交换机、软件、开发工具和蓝图，这些东西将用于把物联网、基于意图联网的工业网络、传统信息安全、传统信息监控、应用开发支持融为一体。 这个新平台可以通过思科的 DNA 中心进行管理，让客户能将他们的物联网、工业网络控制和他们的商业 IT 世界融为一体。 -DNA 中心是思科用于企业网络的中央管理工具，具有自动化、确保设置、结构配置、基于策略进行分割的功能。它也是公司 IBN 计划的核心，用于主动向客户提供动态自动化完成网络和策略变更的能力，并在这个过程中确保数据的交付。物联网领域网络的主管是软件，这个软件管理思科工业、连接的网格路由器、终端这多个业务的网络。 +DNA 中心是思科用于企业网络的中央管理工具，具有自动化、确保设置、结构配置、基于策略进行分割的功能。它也是该公司 IBN 计划的核心，用于主动向客户提供动态自动化实施网络和策略变更的能力，并在这个过程中确保数据的交付。IoT Field Network Director 是管理思科工业、连接网格路由器和终端的多服务网络的软件。 思科物联网业务部的高级副总裁兼总经理 Liz Centoni 表示，公司希望 Sentryo 的技术能以多种方式帮助物联网客户： @@ -55,15 +52,11 @@ DNA 中心是思科用于企业网络的中央管理工具，具有自动化、 随着设备识别和通信模式的建立，思科将把 DNA 中心和身份识别服务引擎（ISE）集成到一起，以便客户能够很轻松地定义分割策略。这种集成将使 OT 团队能够利用 IT 安全团队的专业知识来保护他们的环境，而不会对运营的流程造成风险。 -这些物联网设备缺乏现代嵌入式软件和安全功能，网络分段将成为允许运作设备向合法系统进行通信的关键技术，并降低像我们看见的 WannaCry 和 Norsk Hydro 那样网络安全事件的风险。 +由于这些物联网设备缺乏现代嵌入式软件和安全功能，网络分段将成为允许运作设备向合法系统进行通信的关键技术，并降低像我们看见的 WannaCry 和 Norsk Hydro 那样网络安全事件的风险。 -据 Crunchbase 称，Sentryo 的每年预计收入为 350 万美元，与 Cymmetria，Team8，和 Indegy 的竞争最为激烈。此次收购预期将在思科 2020 财年的第一季度 - 2019 年 10 月 26 日 - 结束前完成。思科并未详细披露此次收购的财务细节。 +据 Crunchbase 称，Sentryo 的每年预计收入为 350 万美元，与 Cymmetria、Team8 和 Indegy 的竞争最为激烈。此次收购预期将在思科 2020 财年的第一季度 - 2019 年 10 月 26 日 - 结束前完成。思科并未详细披露此次收购的财务细节。 -Sentryo 是思科今年的第二次收购。思科在今年一月收购了 Singularity，这是为了这家公司的网络分析技术。在 2018 年，思科收购了包含 Duo security software 在内的 6 家公司。 - -** ** - -加入 Facebook 和 LinkedIn 上的网络世界社区，评论最重要的主题。 +Sentryo 是思科今年的第二次收购。思科在今年一月收购了 Singularity 公司的网络分析技术。在 2018 年，思科收购了包含 Duo security software 在内的 6 家公司。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -72,7 +65,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400847/cisco-to-buy-iot-security-mana 作者：[Michael Cooney][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[hopefully2333](https://github.com/hopefully2333) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From fc4183b94b80b89fa88a85fd529756a8fc9a138f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 30 Jun 2019 11:49:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0646/1265] PUB:20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md @hopefully2333 https://linux.cn/article-11035-1.html --- ...0606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md b/published/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md rename to published/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md index ebc87c919a..302ea5e3f4 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md +++ b/published/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (hopefully2333) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11035-1.html) [#]: subject: (Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400847/cisco-to-buy-iot-security-management-firm-sentryo.html) [#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) From ef059f1fba1bd7a9c2e6de7bcf124506429a1ef3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 30 Jun 2019 14:09:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0647/1265] PRF:20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md @geekpi --- ...rnetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md | 30 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md b/translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md index 6ead832f0d..ebf7a7b766 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Kubernetes basics: Learn how to drive first) @@ -9,14 +9,16 @@ Kubernetes 基础：首先学习如何使用 ====== -放弃专注于新项目，专注于获取你的 Kubernetes 翻斗车商业驾驶执照。 + +> 不要被新项目分心，而是专注于取得你的 Kubernetes 翻斗车驾驶执照。 + ![Truck steering wheel and dash][1] -在本系列的前两篇文章中，我解释了为何 Kubernetes [像翻斗车][2]并且要理解优雅、专业的工具，如 [Kubernetes][4]（和翻斗车，起重机等）总是有[学习曲线][3]的。本文是下一步：学习如何驾驶。 +在本系列的前两篇文章中，我解释了为何 Kubernetes [像翻斗车][2]，并且想要理解像 [Kubernetes][4]（和翻斗车，起重机等）这样优雅、专业工具总是有[学习曲线][3]的。本文是下一步：学习如何驾驶。 -最近，我在 Reddit 上看到了一个关于[重要的 Kubernetes 项目][5]的帖子。人们似乎很想知道他们应该学习如何开始使用 Kubernetes。“驾驶翻斗车的类比”有助于确保问题保持正轨。帖子中的某个人提到你不应该运行自己的镜像仓库，除非你必须这样做，所以人们开始逐渐接受驱动 Kubernetes 而不是构建它。 +最近，我在 Reddit 上看到了一个关于[重要的 Kubernetes 项目][5]的帖子。人们似乎很想知道他们应该学习如何开始使用 Kubernetes。“驾驶翻斗车的类比”有助于确保这个问题回到轨道上去。在这个帖子中的某个人提到，除非必要，你不应该运行自己的镜像仓库，所以人们开始逐渐接受驾驭 Kubernetes 而不是构建它的想法。 -API 是 Kubernetes 的引擎和变速器。像翻斗车的方向盘、离合器、汽油和制动踏板一样，用于构建应用程序的 YAML 或 JSON 文件是机器的主要接口。当你第一次学习 Kubernetes 时，这应该是你的主要关注点。了解你的控制部件。不要被所有最新和最大的项目所左右。当你刚学会开车时，不要尝试驾驶实验性的翻斗车。相反，专注于基础知识。 +API 是 Kubernetes 的引擎和变速器。像翻斗车的方向盘、离合器、汽油和制动踏板一样，用于构建应用程序的 YAML 或 JSON 文件是机器的主要接口。当你第一次学习 Kubernetes 时，这应该是你的主要关注点。了解你的控制部件。不要分心于最新和最大的那些项目。当你刚学会开车时，不要尝试驾驶实验性的翻斗车。相反，请专注于基础知识。 ### 定义状态和实际状态 @@ -26,25 +28,25 @@ API 是 Kubernetes 的引擎和变速器。像翻斗车的方向盘、离合器 人类（开发人员/系统管理员/运维人员）使用他们提交给 Kubernetes API 的 YAML/JSON 文件指定定义的状态。然后，Kubernetes 使用控制器来分析 YAML/JSON 中定义的新状态与集群中的实际状态之间的差异。 -在上面的例子中，Replication Controller 可以看到用户指定的三个 pod 之间的差异，其中一个 pod 正在运行，并调度另外两个 Pod。如果你要登录 Kubernetes 并手动杀死其中一个 Pod，它会不断启动另一个来替换它。在实际状态与定义的状态匹配之前，Kubernetes 不会停止。这是非常强大的。 +在上面的例子中，Replication Controller 可以看到用户指定的三个 pod 之间的差异，其中一个 pod 正在运行，并调度另外两个 Pod。如果你登录 Kubernetes 并手动杀死其中一个 Pod，它会不断启动另一个来替换它。在实际状态与定义的状态匹配之前，Kubernetes 不会停止。这是非常强大的。 -### **原语** +### 原语 接下来，你需要了解可以在 Kubernetes 中指定的原语。 ![Kubernetes primitives][7] -它不仅仅有 Pods，还有部署 （Deployments）、持久化卷声明 （Persistent Volume Claims）、服务 （Services），路由 （routes） 等。使用支持 Kubernetes 的平台 [OpenShift][8]，你可以添加构建和 BuildConfigs。你大概需要一天左右的时间来了解这些原语。之后，当你的情况变得更加复杂时，你可以深入了解。 +这些原语不仅仅有 Pod，还有部署Deployment、持久化卷声明Persistent Volume Claim、服务Service，路由route等。使用支持 Kubernetes 的平台 [OpenShift][8]，你可以添加构建build和 BuildConfig。你大概需要一天左右的时间来了解这些原语。你可以在你的用例变得更加复杂时再深入了解。 -### 将开发者映射到传统 IT 环境 +### 将原生开发者映射到传统 IT 环境 最后，考虑这该如何映射到你在传统 IT 环境中的操作。 ![Mapping developer-native to traditional IT environments][9] -尽管是一个技术问题，但用户一直在尝试解决业务问题。从历史上看，我们使用诸如 playbook 之类的东西将业务逻辑与单一语言的 IT 系统绑定起来。对于运维人员来说，这很不错，但是当你尝试将其扩展到开发人员时，它会变得更加繁琐。 +尽管是一个技术问题，但用户一直在尝试解决业务问题。从历史上看，我们使用诸如剧本playbook之类的东西将业务逻辑与单一语言的 IT 系统绑定起来。对于运维人员来说，这很不错，但是当你尝试将其扩展到开发人员时，它会变得更加繁琐。 -直到 Kubernete 出现之前，我们从未能够以开发者的方式真正同时指定一组 IT 系统应如何表现和交互。如果你考虑一下，我们正在使用在 Kubernetes 中编写的 YAML/JSON 文件以非常便携和声明的方式扩展了管理存储、网络和计算资源的能力，但它们总会映射到某处的“真实”资源。我们不必以开发者身份担心它。 +直到 Kubernete 出现之前，我们从未能够以原生开发者的方式真正同时指定一组 IT 系统应如何表现和交互。如果你考虑一下，我们正在使用在 Kubernetes 中编写的 YAML/JSON 文件以非常便携和声明的方式扩展了管理存储、网络和计算资源的能力，但它们总会映射到某处的“真实”资源。我们不必以开发者身份担心它。 因此，快放弃关注 Kubernetes 生态系统中的新项目，而是专注开始使用它。在下一篇文章中，我将分享一些可以帮助你使用 Kubernetes 的工具和工作流程。 @@ -55,15 +57,15 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics 作者：[Scott McCarty][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/truck_steering_wheel_drive_car_kubernetes.jpg?itok=0TOzve80 (Truck steering wheel and dash) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-dump-truck -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-learning-curve +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-11011-1.html +[3]: https://linux.cn/article-11026-1.html [4]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-kubernetes [5]: https://www.reddit.com/r/kubernetes/comments/bsoixc/what_are_the_essential_kubernetes_related/ [6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/defined_state_-_actual_state.png (Defined state and actual state) From 420343f3438456e42ca15a3ad956775c889cbf5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 30 Jun 2019 14:10:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0648/1265] PUB:20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11036-1.html --- .../20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md b/published/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md rename to published/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md index ebf7a7b766..2e93d2d5d9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md +++ b/published/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11036-1.html) [#]: subject: (Kubernetes basics: Learn how to drive first) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics) [#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux) From 8ca325b9bc64f61750507b6309f422c5ab1cefe2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LazyWolf Lin Date: Sun, 30 Jun 2019 16:10:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0649/1265] Translating Looking into Linux modules. --- .../20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md | 30 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md b/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md index b4e7a118d5..0f3a1e317a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md @@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ lsmod 的主要用途之一是在系统不能正常工作时检查模块。然 **[ Also see:[Must-know Linux Commands][2] ]** -### 列出内核模块 +### 显示内核模块 -The easiest way to list modules is with the **lsmod** command. While this command provides a lot of detail, this is the most user-friendly output. +显示内核模块最简单的方法是使用 **lsmod** 命令。虽然这个命令包含了很多细节，但输出却是最用户友好。 ``` $ lsmod @@ -103,22 +103,22 @@ e1000e 245760 0 floppy 81920 0 ``` -In the output above: +在上面的输出中： - * "Module" shows the name of each module - * "Size" shows the module size (not how much memory it is using) - * "Used by" shows each module's usage count and the referring modules + * “Module”显示每个模块的名称 + * “Size”显示每个模块的大小（并不是它们使占的内存大小） + * “Used by”显示每个模块的被使用的计数和使用它们的模块 -Clearly, that's a _lot_ of modules. The number of modules loaded will depend on your system and distribution and what's running. We can count them like this: +显然，这有_很多_模块。加载的模块数取决于你的系统和版本以及正在运行的内容。我们可以这样计数： ``` $ lsmod | wc -l 67 ``` -To see the number of modules available on the system (not just running), try this command: +要查看系统中可用的模块数（不止运行当中的），试试这个命令： ``` $ modprobe -c | wc -l @@ -127,14 +127,14 @@ $ modprobe -c | wc -l ### 与内核模块相关的其他命令 -Linux provides several commands for listing, loading and unloading, examining, and checking the status of modules. +Linux 提供了几条用于罗列，加载及卸载，测试，以及检查模块状态的命令。 - * depmod -- generates modules.dep and map files - * insmod -- a simple program to insert a module into the Linux Kernel - * lsmod -- show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel - * modinfo -- show information about a Linux Kernel module - * modprobe -- add and remove modules from the Linux Kernel - * rmmod -- a simple program to remove a module from the Linux Kernel + * depmod —— 生成 modules.dep 和映射文件 + * insmod —— 一个往 Linux 内核插入模块的程序 + * lsmod —— 显示 Linux 内核中模块状态 + * modinfo —— 显示 Linux 内核模块信息 + * modprobe —— 添加或移除 Linux 内核模块 + * rmmod —— 一个从 Linux 内核移除模块的程序 From 3ac5f8aab60404e4ef295dafca09eb24a2ada0af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 00:02:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0650/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=92=E6=A1=A3=20201906?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md | 0 .../{ => 201906}/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md | 0 .../20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md | 0 ... Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md | 0 ...ript To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md | 0 ...180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md | 0 .../{ => 201906}/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md | 0 ... A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md | 0 .../20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md | 0 ... Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md | 0 ...hain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md | 0 ...uild a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md | 0 .../20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md | 0 ...Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md | 0 published/{ => 201906}/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md | 0 published/{ => 201906}/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md | 0 ...409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md | 0 .../20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md | 0 .../{ => 201906}/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md | 0 ...7 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md | 0 .../20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md | 0 .../20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md | 0 ...Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md | 0 .../20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md | 0 .../20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md | 0 .../20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md | 0 ...w To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md | 0 ...90508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md | 0 .../20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md | 0 ...e Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md | 0 .../20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md | 0 ...0190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md | 0 published/{ => 201906}/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md | 0 ...0520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md | 0 ...190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md | 0 ...522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md | 0 .../20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md | 0 .../20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md | 0 .../{ => 201906}/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md | 0 .../20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md | 0 .../{ => 201906}/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md | 0 .../20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md | 0 ...ilable Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 0 .../{ => 201906}/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md | 0 published/{ => 201906}/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md | 0 ...0 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md | 0 .../20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md | 0 ...20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md | 0 .../{ => 201906}/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md | 0 ...4 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md | 0 .../20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md | 0 ...stalled Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md | 0 .../20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md | 0 ...20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md | 0 .../20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md | 0 .../20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md | 0 published/{ => 201906}/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md | 0 ... Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md | 0 .../{ => 201906}/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md | 0 ...0190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md | 0 .../20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md | 0 ...610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md | 0 ...creen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md | 0 ...x Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md | 0 published/{ => 201906}/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md | 0 published/{ => 201906}/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md | 0 .../20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md | 0 ...e for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md | 0 ...190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md | 0 .../20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md | 0 .../20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md | 0 published/{ => 201906}/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md | 0 .../{ => 201906}/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md | 0 .../20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md | 0 ... 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message.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190111 Top 5 Linux Distributions for Productivity.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190219 5 Good Open Source Speech Recognition-Speech-to-Text Systems.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201906}/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md (100%) diff --git a/published/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md b/published/201906/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md rename to published/201906/20170410 Writing a Time Series Database from Scratch.md diff --git a/published/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md b/published/201906/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md rename to published/201906/20170414 5 projects for Raspberry Pi at home.md diff --git a/published/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md b/published/201906/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md rename to published/201906/20180324 Memories of writing a parser for man pages.md diff --git a/published/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md b/published/201906/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md rename to published/201906/20180416 How To Resize Active-Primary root Partition Using GParted Utility.md diff --git a/published/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md b/published/201906/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md rename to published/201906/20180604 BootISO - A Simple Bash Script To Securely Create A Bootable USB Device From ISO File.md diff --git a/published/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md b/published/201906/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md rename to published/201906/20180831 Get desktop notifications from Emacs shell commands .md diff --git a/published/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md b/published/201906/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md rename to published/201906/20180914 A day in the life of a log message.md diff --git a/published/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md b/published/201906/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md rename to published/201906/20190109 GoAccess - A Real-Time Web Server Log Analyzer And Interactive Viewer.md diff --git a/published/20190111 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And Its Types -Part 5.md rename to published/201906/20190308 Blockchain 2.0 - Explaining Smart Contracts And Its Types -Part 5.md diff --git a/published/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md b/published/201906/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md rename to published/201906/20190331 How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi.md diff --git a/published/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md b/published/201906/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md rename to published/201906/20190404 Running LEDs in reverse could cool computers.md diff --git a/published/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md b/published/201906/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md rename to published/201906/20190405 Blockchain 2.0 - Ongoing Projects (The State Of Smart Contracts Now) -Part 6.md diff --git a/published/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md b/published/201906/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md rename to published/201906/20190409 5 Linux rookie mistakes.md diff --git a/published/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md b/published/201906/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md rename to published/201906/20190409 5 open source mobile apps.md diff --git a/published/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md b/published/201906/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md rename to published/201906/20190409 VSCodium- 100- Open Source Version of Microsoft VS Code.md diff --git a/published/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md b/published/201906/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md rename to published/201906/20190410 How we built a Linux desktop app with Electron.md diff --git a/published/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md b/published/201906/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md rename to published/201906/20190411 Be your own certificate authority.md diff --git a/published/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md b/published/201906/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md rename to published/201906/20190417 Inter-process communication in Linux- Sockets and signals.md diff --git a/published/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md b/published/201906/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md rename to published/201906/20190422 4 open source apps for plant-based diets.md diff --git a/published/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md b/published/201906/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md rename to published/201906/20190423 Edge computing is in most industries- future.md diff --git a/published/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md b/published/201906/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md rename to published/201906/20190423 Epic Games Store is Now Available on Linux Thanks to Lutris.md diff --git a/published/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md b/published/201906/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md rename to published/201906/20190423 How to identify same-content files on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md b/published/201906/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md rename to published/201906/20190427 Monitoring CPU and GPU Temperatures on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md b/published/201906/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md rename to published/201906/20190428 Installing Budgie Desktop on Ubuntu -Quick Guide.md diff --git a/published/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md b/published/201906/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md rename to published/201906/20190505 How To Install-Uninstall Listed Packages From A File In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md b/published/201906/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md rename to published/201906/20190508 Why startups should release their code as open source.md diff --git a/published/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md b/published/201906/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md rename to published/201906/20190509 5 essential values for the DevOps mindset.md diff --git a/published/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md b/published/201906/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md rename to published/201906/20190513 How To Check Whether The Given Package Is Installed Or Not On Debian-Ubuntu System.md diff --git a/published/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md b/published/201906/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md rename to published/201906/20190517 10 Places Where You Can Buy Linux Computers.md diff --git a/published/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md b/published/201906/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md rename to published/201906/20190517 Using Testinfra with Ansible to verify server state.md diff --git a/published/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md b/published/201906/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md rename to published/201906/20190520 Getting Started With Docker.md diff --git a/published/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md b/published/201906/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md rename to published/201906/20190520 When IoT systems fail- The risk of having bad IoT data.md diff --git a/published/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md b/published/201906/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md rename to published/201906/20190520 Zettlr - Markdown Editor for Writers and Researchers.md diff --git a/published/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md b/published/201906/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md rename to published/201906/20190522 French IT giant Atos enters the edge-computing business.md diff --git a/published/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md b/published/201906/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md rename to published/201906/20190522 Securing telnet connections with stunnel.md diff --git a/published/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md b/published/201906/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md rename to published/201906/20190525 4 Ways to Run Linux Commands in Windows.md diff --git a/published/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md b/published/201906/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md rename to published/201906/20190527 20- FFmpeg Commands For Beginners.md diff --git a/published/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md b/published/201906/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md rename to published/201906/20190527 5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive.md diff --git a/published/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md b/published/201906/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md rename to published/201906/20190527 A deeper dive into Linux permissions.md diff --git a/published/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md b/published/201906/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md rename to published/201906/20190527 Dockly - Manage Docker Containers From Terminal.md diff --git a/published/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/published/201906/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md rename to published/201906/20190527 How To Check Available Security Updates On Red Hat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md diff --git a/published/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md b/published/201906/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md rename to published/201906/20190527 How to write a good C main function.md diff --git a/published/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md b/published/201906/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md rename to published/201906/20190529 NVMe on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md b/published/201906/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md rename to published/201906/20190530 A short primer on assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.md diff --git a/published/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md b/published/201906/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md rename to published/201906/20190531 Learn Python with these awesome resources.md diff --git a/published/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md b/published/201906/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md rename to published/201906/20190531 Unity Editor is Now Officially Available for Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md b/published/201906/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md rename to published/201906/20190531 Why translation platforms matter.md diff --git a/published/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md b/published/201906/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md rename to published/201906/20190604 How To Verify NTP Setup (Sync) is Working or Not In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md b/published/201906/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md rename to published/201906/20190604 Kubernetes is a dump truck- Here-s why.md diff --git a/published/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md b/published/201906/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md rename to published/201906/20190604 Two Methods To Check Or List Installed Security Updates on Redhat (RHEL) And CentOS System.md diff --git a/published/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md b/published/201906/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md rename to published/201906/20190605 How to navigate the Kubernetes learning curve.md diff --git a/published/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md b/published/201906/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md rename to published/201906/20190606 Cisco to buy IoT security, management firm Sentryo.md diff --git a/published/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md b/published/201906/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md rename to published/201906/20190606 How Linux can help with your spelling.md diff --git a/published/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md b/published/201906/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md rename to published/201906/20190606 Kubernetes basics- Learn how to drive first.md diff --git a/published/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md b/published/201906/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md rename to published/201906/20190607 5 reasons to use Kubernetes.md diff --git a/published/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md b/published/201906/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md rename to published/201906/20190608 An open source bionic leg, Python data pipeline, data breach detection, and more news.md diff --git a/published/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md b/published/201906/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md rename to published/201906/20190610 Applications for writing Markdown.md diff --git a/published/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md b/published/201906/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md rename to published/201906/20190610 Expand And Unexpand Commands Tutorial With Examples.md diff --git a/published/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md b/published/201906/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md rename to published/201906/20190610 Graviton- A Minimalist Open Source Code Editor.md diff --git a/published/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md b/published/201906/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md rename to published/201906/20190610 Neofetch - Display Linux system Information In Terminal.md diff --git a/published/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md b/published/201906/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md rename to published/201906/20190610 Screen Command Examples To Manage Multiple Terminal Sessions.md diff --git a/published/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md b/published/201906/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md rename to published/201906/20190610 Search Linux Applications On AppImage, Flathub And Snapcraft Platforms.md diff --git a/published/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md b/published/201906/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md rename to published/201906/20190610 Try a new game on Free RPG Day.md diff --git a/published/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md b/published/201906/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md rename to published/201906/20190610 Welcoming Blockchain 3.0.md diff --git a/published/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md b/published/201906/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md rename to published/201906/20190612 Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora.md diff --git a/published/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md b/published/201906/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md rename to published/201906/20190613 Open hardware for musicians and music lovers- Headphone, amps, and more.md diff --git a/published/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md b/published/201906/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md rename to published/201906/20190613 Ubuntu Kylin- The Official Chinese Version of Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md b/published/201906/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md rename to published/201906/20190614 How to send email from the Linux command line.md diff --git a/published/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md b/published/201906/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md rename to published/201906/20190614 Personal assistant with Mycroft and Fedora.md diff --git a/published/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md b/published/201906/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md rename to published/201906/20190617 Exploring -run on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md b/published/201906/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md rename to published/201906/20190619 Get the latest Ansible 2.8 in Fedora.md diff --git a/published/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md b/published/201906/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md rename to published/201906/20190621 Bash Script to Monitor Memory Usage on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md b/published/201906/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md rename to published/201906/20190622 Open Source Slack Alternative Mattermost Gets -50M Funding.md diff --git a/published/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md b/published/201906/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md rename to published/201906/20190624 Raspberry Pi 4 is here.md diff --git a/published/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md b/published/201906/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md rename to published/201906/20190624 Using i3 with multiple monitors.md diff --git a/published/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md b/published/201906/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md rename to published/201906/20190628 FreeDOS turns 25 years old- An origin story.md From cbd3da015495c3c2b960617a7eea5e3f8eb302ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 08:56:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0651/1265] translated --- .../20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md | 121 ----------------- .../20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md | 122 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 121 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md b/sources/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2dbdfc6770..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,121 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (4 cool terminal multiplexers) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-terminal-multiplexers/) -[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/) - -4 cool terminal multiplexers -====== - -![][1] - -The Fedora OS is comfortable and easy for lots of users. It has a stunning desktop that makes it easy to get everyday tasks done. Under the hood is all the power of a Linux system, and the terminal is the easiest way for power users to harness it. By default terminals are simple and somewhat limited. However, a _terminal multiplexer_ allows you to turn your terminal into an even more incredible powerhouse. This article shows off some popular terminal multiplexers and how to install them. - -Why would you want to use one? Well, for one thing, it lets you logout of your system while _leaving your terminal session undisturbed_. It’s incredibly useful to logout of your console, secure it, travel somewhere else, then remotely login with SSH and continue where you left off. Here are some utilities to check out. - -One of the oldest and most well-known terminal multiplexers is _screen._ However, because the code is no longer maintained, this article focuses on more recent apps. (“Recent” is relative — some of these have been around for years!) - -### Tmux - -The _tmux_ utility is one of the most widely used replacements for _screen._ It has a highly configurable interface. You can program tmux to start up specific kinds of sessions based on your needs. You’ll find a lot more about tmux in this article published earlier: - -> [Use tmux for a more powerful terminal][2] - -Already a tmux user? You might like [this additional article on making your tmux sessions more effective][3]. - -To install tmux, use the _sudo_ command along with _dnf_ , since you’re probably in a terminal already: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install tmux -``` - -To start learning, run the _tmux_ command. A single pane window starts with your default shell. Tmux uses a _modifier key_ to signal that a command is coming next. This key is **Ctrl+B** by default. If you enter **Ctrl+B, C** you’ll create a new window with a shell in it. - -Here’s a hint: Use **Ctrl+B, ?** to enter a help mode that lists all the keys you can use. To keep things simple, look for the lines starting with _bind-key -T prefix_ at first. These are keys you can use right after the modifier key to configure your tmux session. You can hit **Ctrl+C** to exit the help mode back to tmux. - -To completely exit tmux, use the standard _exit_ command or _Ctrl+D_ keystroke to exit all the shells. - -### Dvtm - -You might have recently seen the Magazine article on [dwm, a dynamic window manager][4]. Like dwm, _dvtm_ is for tiling window management — but in a terminal. It’s designed to adhere to the legacy UNIX philosophy of “do one thing well” — in this case managing windows in a terminal. - -Installing dvtm is easy as well. However, if you want the logout functionality mentioned earlier, you’ll also need the _abduco_ package which handles session management for dvtm. - -``` -$ sudo dnf install dvtm abduco -``` - -The dvtm utility has many keystrokes already mapped to allow you to manage windows in the terminal. By default, it uses **Ctrl+G** as its modifier key. This keystroke tells dvtm that the following character is going to be a command it should process. For instance, **Ctrl+G, C** creates a new window and **Ctrl+G, X** removes it. - -For more information on using dvtm, check out the dvtm [home page][5] which includes numerous tips and get-started information. - -### Byobu - -While _byobu_ isn’t truly a multiplexer on its own — it wraps _tmux_ or even the older _screen_ to add functions — it’s worth covering here too. Byobu makes terminal multiplexers better for novices, by adding a help menu and window tabs that are slightly easier to navigate. - -Of course it’s available in the Fedora repos as well. To install, use this command: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install byobu -``` - -By default the _byobu_ command runs _screen_ underneath, so you might want to run _byobu-tmux_ to wrap _tmux_ instead. You can then use the **F9** key to open up a help menu for more information to help you get started. - -### Mtm - -The _mtm_ utility is one of the smallest multiplexers you’ll find. In fact, it’s only about 1000 lines of code! You might find it helpful if you’re in a limited environment such as old hardware, a minimal container, and so forth. To get started, you’ll need a couple packages. - -``` -$ sudo dnf install git ncurses-devel make gcc -``` - -Then clone the repository where mtm lives: - -``` -$ git clone https://github.com/deadpixi/mtm.git -``` - -Change directory into the _mtm_ folder and build the program: - -``` -$ make -``` - -You might receive a few warnings, but when you’re done, you’ll have the very small _mtm_ utility. Run it with this command: - -``` -$ ./mtm -``` - -You can find all the documentation for the utility [on its GitHub page][6]. - -These are just some of the terminal multiplexers out there. Got one you’d like to recommend? Leave a comment below with your tips and enjoy building windows in your terminal! - -* * * - -_Photo by _[ _Michael_][7]_ on [Unsplash][8]._ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-terminal-multiplexers/ - -作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/tmuxers-4-816x345.jpg -[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-tmux-more-powerful-terminal/ -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-tips-better-tmux-sessions/ -[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/lets-try-dwm-dynamic-window-manger/ -[5]: http://www.brain-dump.org/projects/dvtm/#why -[6]: https://github.com/deadpixi/mtm -[7]: https://unsplash.com/photos/48yI_ZyzuLo?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText -[8]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/windows?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText diff --git a/translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md b/translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fd35fce491 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (4 cool terminal multiplexers) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-terminal-multiplexers/) +[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/) + +4 款很酷的终端复用器 +====== + +![][1] + +Fedora 系统对很多用户来说都很舒适。它有一个令人惊叹的桌面，可以轻松地完成日常任务。表面之下有 Linux 系统的全部功能，终端是高级用户使用它们的最简单的方法。默认的终端简单且功能有限。但是，_终端复用器_能让你的终端变得非常强大。本文展示了一些流行的终端多路复用器以及如何安装它们。 + + +你为什么要用它？嗯，首先，它可以让你注销你的系统，同时_让你的终端会话不受干扰_。退出你的控制台，加密它，在其他地方旅行时通过远程登录 SSH 继续之前的操作是非常有用的。这里有一些工具可以看下。 + +最古老和最知名的终端多路复用器之一是 _screen_。但是，由于代码不再维护，本文将重点介绍最近的应用。 （“最近的”是相对的，其中一些已存在多年！） + +### Tmux + +_tmux_ 是 _screen_ 的最广泛使用的替换之一。它有高度可配置的接口。你可以根据需要对 tmux 进行编程以启动特定类型的会话。在前面发表的这篇文章中你会发现更多关于 tmux 的信息： + +> [使用 tmux 实现更强大的终端][2] + +已经是 tmux 用户？你可能会喜欢[这篇使你的 tmux 会话更有效的文章][3]。 + +要安装 tmux，由于你可能已经在终端中，请使用 _dnf_ 并带上 _sudo_： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install tmux +``` + +要开始学习，请运行 _tmux_ 命令。单窗格窗口以你的默认 shell 启动。tmux 使用_修饰键_来表示接下来会发出命令。默认情况下，此键为 **Ctrl+B**。如果输入 **Ctrl+B, C**，你将创建一个带有 shell 的新窗口。 + +提示：使用 **Ctrl+B, ?** 进入帮助模式，会列出你可以使用的所有键。为了简单起见，你先查看 _bind-key -T prefix_ 开头的行。这些是你可以在修饰键之后立即使用的键，可以用来配置你的 tmux 会话。你可以按 **Ctrl+C** 退出帮助模式回 tmux。 + +要完全退出 tmux，请使用标准 _exit_ 命令或 _Ctrl+D_ 退出所有 shell。 + +### Dvtm + +你可能最近在 Fedroa Magzine上看到过一篇 [dwm，一个动态窗口管理器][4]的文章。像 dwm 一样，_dvtm_ 用于平铺窗口管理，但是用在终端中。它的设计坚持 UNIX 的“做好一件事”的理念，在这里是管理终端中的窗口。 + +安装 dvtm 也很简单。但是，如果你想要前面提到的注销功能，你还需要 _abduco_ 包来处理 dvtm 的会话管理。 + +``` +$ sudo dnf install dvtm abduco +``` + +dvtm 已经映射了许多管理终端窗口的按键。默认情况下，它使用 **Ctrl+G** 作为其修饰键。这个按键告诉 dvtm 接下来的字符将成为它应该处理的命令。例如， **Ctrl+G, C** 创建一个新窗口，**Ctrl+G, X** 将其关闭。 + +有关使用 dvtm 的更多信息，请查看 dvtm 的[主页][5]，其中包含大量提示和入门信息。 + +### Byobu + +虽然 _byobu_ 本身并不是真正的多路复用器 - 它封装了 _tmux_ 甚至更老的 _screen_ 来添加功能，但它也值得在这里一提。通过帮助菜单和窗口选项卡，以便更加容易地找到功能，Byobu 使终端复用器更适合初学者。 + +当然它也可以在 Fedora 仓库中找到。要安装它，请使用以下命令： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install byobu +``` + +默认情况下，_byobu_ 会在内部运行 _screen_，因此你可能希望运行 _byobu-tmux_ 来封装 _tmux_。你可以使用 **F9** 键打开帮助菜单以获取更多信息，来帮助你入门。 + +### Mtm + +_mtm_ 是你可以找到的最小的复用器之一。事实上，它只有大约 1000 行代码！如果你处于受限的环境（例如旧硬件、最小容器等）中，你可能会发现它很有用。要开始使用，你需要安装一些包。 + +``` +$ sudo dnf install git ncurses-devel make gcc +``` + +然后克隆 mtm 所在的仓库： + +``` +$ git clone https://github.com/deadpixi/mtm.git +``` + +进入 _mtm_ 文件夹并构建程序： + +``` +$ make +``` + +你可能会收到一些警告，但完成后，你将会有一个非常小的 _mtm_ 程序。使用以下命令运行它： + +``` +$ ./mtm +``` + +你可以在 [GitHub 页面][6]上找到该程序的所有文档。 + +这里只是一些终端复用器。你有想推荐的么？请在下面留下你的评论，享受在终端中创建窗口吧！ + +* * * + +_由 _[ _Michael_][7]_ 拍摄，发布于 [Unsplash][8]。_ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-terminal-multiplexers/ + +作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/tmuxers-4-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-tmux-more-powerful-terminal/ +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-tips-better-tmux-sessions/ +[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/lets-try-dwm-dynamic-window-manger/ +[5]: http://www.brain-dump.org/projects/dvtm/#why +[6]: https://github.com/deadpixi/mtm +[7]: https://unsplash.com/photos/48yI_ZyzuLo?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText +[8]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/windows?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText From ab66f12c51150022da182a27727e6965f16d3583 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 08:59:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0652/1265] translating --- ... BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md b/sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md index 52fcdc0569..446bf11a92 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md +++ b/sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e05218fa5d408139c0ac68e8f8ae4f70020dccf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sea0 <4127401@qq.com> Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 10:17:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0653/1265] Update and rename sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md to translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 提交译文 --- ...berry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md | 110 ------------------ ...berry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md | 105 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 110 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md b/sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2148648ee4..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,110 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wahailin) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-4/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment -====== - -_**Brief: Raspberry Pi 4 is here with the upgraded technical specifications. You get up to 4 GB of RAM and you can connect two 4K displays with it. With the new hardware, you should be more comfortable using it as a desktop. Starting price remains the $35 like the previous models.**_ - -The Raspberry Pi Foundation has just launched the new [Raspberry Pi 4 Model B][1]. - -It comes with some impressive upgrades which makes one of the most powerful [single board computers][2] under $40. - -![Raspberry Pi 4][3] - -### What’s new in Raspberry Pi 4? - -The Raspberry Pi 4 now supports a dual 4K monitor setup – if that is what you are looking for. In addition to this, you get a more powerful processor which can be coupled with up to 4 GB of RAM. That’s almost equivalent to a mid-end laptop. - -The upgraded specification makes it a competitor in the [Linux mini-PC][4] segment while the same price tag of $35 gives it an edge over [other single board computers][2]. - -Right after the launch, it’s almost out of stock at major online stores. So, let us take a look at what makes it so impressive. - -#### Raspberry Pi 4 key specifications - -![Raspberry Pi 4 Tech Specs][5] - - * Broadcom BCM2711, Quad core Cortex-A72 (ARM v8) 64-bit SoC @ 1.5GHz - * Up to 4GB RAM (choices are 1 GB, 2 GB and 4 GB) - * WiFi and Bluetooth 5.0 - * 2 USB 3.0 and a USB 2.0 ports - * 40 pin GPIO header (backward compatible) - * 2 micro-HDMI ports (supports 4K displays) - * USB-C (power supply) - * Gigabit Ethernet - - - -If you are curious to know more, do check out the [official tech specs][6] on their website. - -### Pricing and availability - -The pricing for just the Raspberry Pi 4 board starts from $35 and depending on the choice of RAM (1-4 GB), the cost shall vary. - - * Raspberry Pi 4 with 1 GB RAM: $35 - * Raspberry Pi 4 with 2 GB RAM: $45 - * Raspberry Pi 4 with 4 GB RAM: $55 - - - -Raspberry Pi 4 is available from different vendors depending on your country. It’s getting out of stock so you should either hurry up or wait for a few days/weeks. You can get purchase information on its official webpage. - -[Buy Raspberry Pi 4][1] - -You should note that [you need to have additional accessories in order to run Raspberry Pi][7]. This is why there are several starter kits available to give you all the necessary supporting accessories. - -[][8] - -Suggested read  Raspberry Pi Gets RAM Upgrade, In The Same Price - -#### Raspberry Pi 4 desktop Kit - -![Raspberry Pi 4 Desktop Kit][9] - -You can also purchase the official Raspberry Pi 4 desktop kit that comes with a Raspberry Pi 4, its case, keyboard, mouse, micro HDMI cables, USB-C power supply, user guide and 16GB [microSD card with Raspbian installed][10]. - -![Raspberry Pi Branded Desktop Kit][11] - -The entire kit is in red and white color and it looks pretty (if you care for the looks). You can get the purchase information on Raspberry Pi website. - -[Raspberry Pi 4 Desktop Kit][12] - -#### Raspberry Pi 4 is promising - -With all that spec buff, it is definitely going to be one of the best out there. Also, instead of getting an entry-level desktop, Raspberry Pi 4 will be a better choice. You can easily access your documents, manage your spreadsheets, and do a lot of things at a cheaper price tag. - -I’m definitely considering to purchase the Raspberry Pi 4 as a spare (but a powerful) entry-level desktop. Well, I won’t be going for the 4K dual monitor setup, but it surely is capable of that, at least on paper. - -What do you think about the new Raspberry Pi 4 Model B? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-4/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-alternatives/ -[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4.jpeg?resize=800%2C449&ssl=1 -[4]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-based-mini-pc/ -[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4-tech-specs.jpg?ssl=1 -[6]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/specifications/ -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/things-you-need-to-get-your-raspberry-pi-working/ -[8]: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-gets-ram-upgrade-in-the-same-price/ -[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4-desktop-kit.jpg?resize=800%2C427&ssl=1 -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/tutorial-how-to-install-raspberry-pi-os-raspbian-wheezy/ -[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-desktop-kit-official.jpg?ssl=1 -[12]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-desktop-kit/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md b/translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2810363cc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wahailin) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-4/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +升级配置后，树莓派 4 瞄准了桌面市场 +====== + +_**概要：树莓派 4 升级配置后开始发售，其 RAM 配置最高可达 4 GB，并支持双 4k 显示。最新硬件配置下，您可以轻松将其作为桌面使用。起售价格依然和旧有型号一样，为 35 美元。**_ + +树莓派基金会已经发布了最新版的[树莓派 4B][1] 单板计算机。 + +在升级了几个重要特性后，树莓派 4 成为了 40 美元以下的[单板计算机][2]市场中最强大的产品。 + +![Raspberry Pi 4][3] + +### 树莓派 4 的新特性 + +树莓派 4 开始支持双 4k 显示器设置 - 如果您对此有所需求的话。除此外，它还配备了更强大的处理器，其搭载的 RAM 最高可达 4 GB，这几乎可以媲美一个中端的便携电脑。 + +本次配置升级使树莓派可以参与[迷你 Linux 机][4]市场的竞争，而依旧 35 美元的起始售价使其比[其它单板计算机][2]更具优势。 + +树莓派 4 发布不久，各大主要的在线商店就几乎销售一空。那么，我们来看看它有哪些新卖点吧。 + +#### 树莓派 4 的核心配置 + +![Raspberry Pi 4 Tech Specs][5] + + * 博通 BCM2711，1.5 GHz 64 位 4 核心 Cortex-A72（ARM v8） + * 顶配 4 GB RAM（可选 RAM 配置为 1 GB，2 GB 和 4 GB） + * 无线网络和蓝牙 5.0 + * 两个 USB 3.0 接口，两个 USB 2.0 接口 + * 40 针 GPIO 引脚（向前兼容） + * 两个 Micro-HDMI 接口（支持 4k 显示） + * USB-C（供电接口） + * 千兆以太网 + + +如果您想更深入的了解配置信息，可以参考树莓派网站的[官方技术规格][6]。 + +### 定价和可用性 + +树莓派 4 的板子起始售价为 35 美元，根据可选配置不同（1-4 GB），售价也不同。 + + * 1 GB RAM 树莓派 4 售价：35 美元 + * 2 GB RAM 树莓派 4 售价：45 美元 + * 4 GB RAM 树莓派 4 售价：55 美元 + + +根据您所在国家或地区的不同，树莓派 4 有不同的供应商。现有库存即将售罄，如果您想购买一定尽快，否则就要再等上一段时日了，您还可以参考官方页面上的购买信息。 + +[购买树莓派 4][1] + +请注意，[运行树莓派需要额外的配件][7]，这就是为什么官方提供了可选的基础套件，套件中包含了所有必需的支持配件。 + + +#### 树莓派 4 桌面套件 + +![Raspberry Pi 4 Desktop Kit][9] + +您可以在购买树莓派 4 时同时购买树莓派 4 的桌面套件：外壳、键盘、鼠标、micro HDMI 线、USB-C 电源、用户指南以及[预装了 Rasbian 的 16 GB microSD 卡][10]。 + +![Raspberry Pi Branded Desktop Kit][11] + +整组套件采用红白颜色设计，看起来很美观（如果您关心外观的话）。您可以在树莓派网站上获取更多的购买信息。 + +[树莓派 4 桌面套件][12] + +#### 树莓派 4 的前景 + +拥有所有这些配置后，树莓派 4 无疑会成为同类产品中最好的之一。同样，相比购买入门级桌面计算机，购买树莓派 4 也会是更好的选择。您可以只花很便宜的价格，就能轻松访问文档，管理电子表格，以及完成更多其它操作。 + +我绝对会考虑购买树莓派 4 作为备用（但强大）的入门级桌面计算机，但不会配备 4k 显示器，但依据文档，树莓派 4 肯定是支持双 4k 显示设置的。 + +您怎么评价最新版的树莓派 4B? 欢迎在评论中说出您的想法。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-4/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/wahailin) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-alternatives/ +[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4.jpeg?resize=800%2C449&ssl=1 +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-based-mini-pc/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4-tech-specs.jpg?ssl=1 +[6]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/specifications/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/things-you-need-to-get-your-raspberry-pi-working/ +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-gets-ram-upgrade-in-the-same-price/ +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-4-desktop-kit.jpg?resize=800%2C427&ssl=1 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/tutorial-how-to-install-raspberry-pi-os-raspbian-wheezy/ +[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/raspberry-pi-desktop-kit-official.jpg?ssl=1 +[12]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-desktop-kit/ From 617c3a6d7e376d9da4a5b3da73cc6c0947f42e5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 11:32:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0654/1265] PRF:20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md @wahailin --- ...berry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md | 31 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md b/translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md index 2810363cc3..3f88a45a60 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wahailin) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment) @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ 升级配置后，树莓派 4 瞄准了桌面市场 ====== -_**概要：树莓派 4 升级配置后开始发售，其 RAM 配置最高可达 4 GB，并支持双 4k 显示。最新硬件配置下，您可以轻松将其作为桌面使用。起售价格依然和旧有型号一样，为 35 美元。**_ +> 树莓派 4 升级配置后开始发售，其 RAM 配置最高可达 4 GB，并支持双 4k 显示。最新硬件配置下，你可以轻松将其作为桌面使用。起售价格依然和旧有型号一样，为 35 美元。 树莓派基金会已经发布了最新版的[树莓派 4B][1] 单板计算机。 @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ _**概要：树莓派 4 升级配置后开始发售，其 RAM 配置最高可达 ### 树莓派 4 的新特性 -树莓派 4 开始支持双 4k 显示器设置 - 如果您对此有所需求的话。除此外，它还配备了更强大的处理器，其搭载的 RAM 最高可达 4 GB，这几乎可以媲美一个中端的便携电脑。 +树莓派 4 开始支持双 4k 显示器设置 —— 如果你对此有所需求的话。除此外，它还配备了更强大的处理器，其搭载的 RAM 最高可达 4 GB，这几乎可以媲美一个中端的便携电脑。 本次配置升级使树莓派可以参与[迷你 Linux 机][4]市场的竞争，而依旧 35 美元的起始售价使其比[其它单板计算机][2]更具优势。 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ _**概要：树莓派 4 升级配置后开始发售，其 RAM 配置最高可达 ![Raspberry Pi 4 Tech Specs][5] - * 博通 BCM2711，1.5 GHz 64 位 4 核心 Cortex-A72（ARM v8） + * 博通 BCM2711，1.5 GHz 64 位 4 核心 Cortex-A72（ARM v8） * 顶配 4 GB RAM（可选 RAM 配置为 1 GB，2 GB 和 4 GB） * 无线网络和蓝牙 5.0 * 两个 USB 3.0 接口，两个 USB 2.0 接口 @@ -39,8 +39,7 @@ _**概要：树莓派 4 升级配置后开始发售，其 RAM 配置最高可达 * USB-C（供电接口） * 千兆以太网 - -如果您想更深入的了解配置信息，可以参考树莓派网站的[官方技术规格][6]。 +如果你想更深入的了解配置信息，可以参考树莓派网站的[官方技术规格][6]。 ### 定价和可用性 @@ -50,33 +49,31 @@ _**概要：树莓派 4 升级配置后开始发售，其 RAM 配置最高可达 * 2 GB RAM 树莓派 4 售价：45 美元 * 4 GB RAM 树莓派 4 售价：55 美元 +根据你所在国家或地区的不同，树莓派 4 有不同的供应商。现有库存即将售罄，如果你想购买一定尽快，否则就要再等上一段时日了，你还可以参考官方页面上的购买信息。 -根据您所在国家或地区的不同，树莓派 4 有不同的供应商。现有库存即将售罄，如果您想购买一定尽快，否则就要再等上一段时日了，您还可以参考官方页面上的购买信息。 - -[购买树莓派 4][1] +- [购买树莓派 4][1] 请注意，[运行树莓派需要额外的配件][7]，这就是为什么官方提供了可选的基础套件，套件中包含了所有必需的支持配件。 - #### 树莓派 4 桌面套件 ![Raspberry Pi 4 Desktop Kit][9] -您可以在购买树莓派 4 时同时购买树莓派 4 的桌面套件：外壳、键盘、鼠标、micro HDMI 线、USB-C 电源、用户指南以及[预装了 Rasbian 的 16 GB microSD 卡][10]。 +你可以在购买树莓派 4 时同时购买树莓派 4 的桌面套件：外壳、键盘、鼠标、micro HDMI 线、USB-C 电源、用户指南以及[预装了 Rasbian 的 16 GB microSD 卡][10]。 ![Raspberry Pi Branded Desktop Kit][11] -整组套件采用红白颜色设计，看起来很美观（如果您关心外观的话）。您可以在树莓派网站上获取更多的购买信息。 +整组套件采用红白颜色设计，看起来很美观（如果你关心外观的话）。你可以在树莓派网站上获取更多的购买信息。 -[树莓派 4 桌面套件][12] +- [树莓派 4 桌面套件][12] -#### 树莓派 4 的前景 +### 树莓派 4 的前景 -拥有所有这些配置后，树莓派 4 无疑会成为同类产品中最好的之一。同样，相比购买入门级桌面计算机，购买树莓派 4 也会是更好的选择。您可以只花很便宜的价格，就能轻松访问文档，管理电子表格，以及完成更多其它操作。 +拥有所有这些配置后，树莓派 4 无疑会成为同类产品中最好的之一。同样，相比购买入门级桌面计算机，购买树莓派 4 也会是更好的选择。你可以只花很便宜的价格，就能轻松访问文档、管理电子表格，以及完成更多其它操作。 我绝对会考虑购买树莓派 4 作为备用（但强大）的入门级桌面计算机，但不会配备 4k 显示器，但依据文档，树莓派 4 肯定是支持双 4k 显示设置的。 -您怎么评价最新版的树莓派 4B? 欢迎在评论中说出您的想法。 +你怎么评价最新版的树莓派 4B? 欢迎在评论中说出你的想法。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -85,7 +82,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-4/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wahailin](https://github.com/wahailin) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d5ab3c6d69a1480986b1f630ca6bf9bc213f8471 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 11:33:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0655/1265] PUB:20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md @wahailin https://linux.cn/article-11039-1.html --- ...aded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md b/published/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md rename to published/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md index 3f88a45a60..54d28b5d1f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md +++ b/published/20190624 With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wahailin) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11039-1.html) [#]: subject: (With Upgraded Specs, Raspberry Pi 4 Takes Aim at Desktop Segment) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-4/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From 5afc2fb71928f4d294ab8b4787daa81e3ffe6625 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 12:36:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0656/1265] PRF:20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @chen-ni 翻译的很棒！ --- ...iny Linux distros to try before you die.md | 66 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md b/translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md index a0a2fa4f2d..f6e000a269 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md @@ -1,24 +1,26 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/marcobravo) -5 个不容错过的微型 Linux 发行版 +不容错过的 5 个微型 Linux 发行版 ====== -这些微型 Linux 发行版可以让你的老爷机复活、启动一个损坏的系统，或者是确保在公共电脑上进行安全的操作。 -![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1] + +> 这些微型 Linux 发行版可以让你的老爷机复活，可以启动一个损坏的系统，或者是确保在公共电脑上进行安全的操作。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/01/123700uva8cagcqywwj8jv.jpg) 可供日常使用的 Linux 发行版比比皆是，不过其中有一些发行版常常被我们忽视，因为它们实在是太小了。但这些微型 Linux 发行版其实是一种非常强大的创新：使用一套完整的操作系统驱动一台只有不到 1 GB 存储空间和 512 MB 内存的计算机，真的是终极的黑客作风。 微型发行版的用法有很多种，比如说： * 从垃圾桶边挽救回那些又老又慢的电脑。你可以继续使用那些本来已经计划报废的机器，直到它们彻底解体（而不是在刚开始感觉有点儿慢的时候就扔掉）。 - * 使用 U盘 启动一个损坏的系统来恢复数据或者修复启动分区。 - * 确保在安全和隐私的操作环境下使用公共电脑。如果使用 U盘 启动酒店大厅或者图书馆里的一台公共电脑，你是可以确定操作环境是安全的。 + * 使用 U盘启动一个损坏的系统来恢复数据或者修复启动分区。 + * 确保在安全和隐私的操作环境下使用公共电脑。如果使用 U 盘启动酒店大厅或者图书馆里的一台公共电脑，你是可以确定操作环境是安全的。 轻量级发行版有很多种，比如说 [Lubuntu][2]、[Peppermint OS][3] 和 [Bodhi][4]，但是那些真正微型的发行版又有一些独到之处。下面就是你不容错过的五个微型发行版： @@ -28,21 +30,21 @@ [Tiny Core Linux][6] 小得近乎不可思议：终端版本只有 11 MB，图形界面版本只有 16 MB。我翻了一下之前收集的旧 U盘，最小的一个是 128 MB 的，也有 Tiny Core 镜像文件的八倍之大呢。 -Tiny Core 默认包括只包括了基础操作系统，你需要通过以太网下载需要的应用程序。由于设计得极端精简，甚至安装完整操作系统的应用程序都没有被包含在内（不过需要的话可以从 Tiny Core 的软件仓库下载）。 +Tiny Core 默认包括只包括了基本的操作系统，你需要通过以太网下载需要的应用程序。由于设计得极端精简，甚至安装完整操作系统的应用程序都没有被包含在内（不过需要的话可以从 Tiny Core 的软件仓库下载）。 -我使用过一个 128 MB 的 U盘 在一台只有 512 MB 内存的机器上运行了 Tiny Core，对于一个只有 16 MB 的操作系统来说，效果算是非常棒了。只有在使用网页浏览器的时候速度才会变慢，但这主要是由于大部分现代网站太过复杂，而不是 Tiny Core 的问题。 +我使用过一个 128 MB 的 U盘在一台只有 512 MB 内存的机器上运行了 Tiny Core，对于一个只有 16 MB 的操作系统来说，效果算是非常棒了。只有在使用网页浏览器的时候速度才会变慢，但这主要是由于大部分现代网站太过复杂，而不是 Tiny Core 的问题。 如果不使用图形界面，运行 Tiny Core 就只需要 64 MB 的内存了。 #### 安装 -[下载 Tiny Core][7] 并使用 **dd** 或者 [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘。 +[下载 Tiny Core][7] 并使用 `dd` 或者 [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘。 你只需要点击屏幕底部启动栏上的 **Apps** 图标下载 **tc-install** 或者 **tc-install-GUI** 应用，就可以轻松安装 Tiny Core了。 ![Tiny Core installer][9] -安装 Tiny Core 有几种不同的方式。你可以把它安装在一个格式化为 Linux 驱动的 U盘 里（这要求你的电脑支持使用 USB 驱动启动。大多数现代电脑都支持，但是在老一些的电脑上不太常见），或者安装在微软 FAT 文件系统的 U盘 里（这对于大多数不支持从 USB 驱动启动的电脑来说非常管用），或者甚至安装在一个现有 Linux 分区的一个文件夹里。 +安装 Tiny Core 有几种不同的方式。你可以把它安装在一个格式化为 Linux 驱动器的 U盘里（这要求你的电脑支持使用 USB 驱动启动。大多数现代电脑都支持，但是在老一些的电脑上不太常见），或者安装在微软 FAT 文件系统的 U 盘里（这对于大多数不支持从 USB 驱动启动的电脑来说非常管用），或者甚至安装在一个现有 Linux 分区的一个文件夹里。 安装过程非常快，完成之后就可以重启计算机，进入到 Tiny Core Linux 系统中啦。 @@ -76,9 +78,9 @@ Tiny Core 非常适合性能不佳的老爷机、用来通过网络启动的镜 如果你挑花了眼，只想赶紧选择一个版本尝试一下的话，那就 [下载滚动发布版本吧][14]。这个版本有差不多 50 MB 大小，每周都会更新。如果你爱上了 SliTaz，而滚动发布版本又更新得 *过快* 了的话，可以再选择一个更符合你需求的版本。 -下载好你选择的 SliTaz 镜像文件之后，你就可以用 **dd** 或者 [Etcher][8] 将它写入 U盘，然后重启。 +下载好你选择的 SliTaz 镜像文件之后，你就可以用 `dd` 或者 [Etcher][8] 将它写入 U 盘，然后重启。 -将 SliTaz 安装在 U盘 或者硬盘上需要通过 **TazPanel** 这个应用程序来实现。它会引导你对硬盘进行需要的分区，然后将 SliTaz 安装在你选择的地方。 +将 SliTaz 安装在 U 盘或者硬盘上需要通过 **TazPanel** 这个应用程序来实现。它会引导你对硬盘进行需要的分区，然后将 SliTaz 安装在你选择的地方。 ![SliTaz installer][15] @@ -88,16 +90,16 @@ SliTaz 的控制中心是 **TazPanel** 这个应用程序。如果你喜欢 Open SliTaz 提供的应用程序可以满足大多数基本需求，如果你不是非常在意完成某一项任务必须使用哪一个应用程序的话，那么在 SliTaz 的软件仓库里应该可以找到你想要的应用。如果你有一些特别的需求（比如说想要使用 GIMP 2.10 而不是 GIMP 2.8），那么就需要学习如何生成 SliTaz 软件包了。好消息是，**tazpkg** 命令支持从好几种软件包格式转换过来，包括： - * Debian 软件包 (.deb, .udeb) - * RPM 软件包 (.rpm) - * Slackware 软件包 (.tgz) - * Puppy 软件包 (.sfs, .pet) - * NuTyX 软件包 (.cards.tar.xz) - * Arch 和 Alpine Linux 软件包 (.apk, .pkg.tar.gz, .pkg.tar.xz) - * OpenWrt 软件包 (.ipk, .opk) - * Paldo 软件包 (.tar.bz2) - * Void 软件包 (.xbps) - * Tiny Core 软件包 (.tce, .tcel, .tcem, .tcz) + * Debian 软件包（.deb，.udeb） + * RPM 软件包（.rpm） + * Slackware 软件包（.tgz） + * Puppy 软件包（.sfs，.pet） + * NuTyX 软件包（.cards.tar.xz） + * Arch 和 Alpine Linux 软件包（.apk，.pkg.tar.gz，.pkg.tar.xz） + * OpenWrt 软件包（.ipk，.opk） + * Paldo 软件包（.tar.bz2） + * Void 软件包（.xbps） + * Tiny Core 软件包（.tce，.tcel，.tcem， .tcz） #### 结论 @@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ Porteus 的基础镜像文件相对来说比较小，因此被称为是“微型 ![Porteus installer][19] -你可以根据 [官方的安装指南][20] 将 Porteus 安装到一个 U盘 或者是内部硬盘里。这两种方式非常相似，都会使用一个不能被改变的压缩根文件系统。这是一种稳定的、受限制的文件系统，会根据你的使用被修改。你所做的变更和安装的应用程序在重启的时候都会被加载到内存里，从而还原你关机前的使用环境。 +你可以根据 [官方的安装指南][20] 将 Porteus 安装到一个 U盘 或者是内部硬盘里。这两种方式非常相似，都会使用一个不可变的压缩根文件系统。这是一种稳定的、受限制的文件系统，会根据你的使用被修改。你所做的变更和安装的应用程序在重启的时候都会被加载到内存里，从而还原你关机前的使用环境。 #### 应用程序 @@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ Porteus 可以提供完整的 Linux 使用体验，却只使用了正常 Linux #### 安装 -[下载 Bodhi Linux][24]，通过 **dd** 或者 [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘，然后重启。 +[下载 Bodhi Linux][24]，通过 `dd` 或者 [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘，然后重启。 Bodhi 安装器可以在 **设置** 页面的 **应用程序** 菜单里找到。安装程序用的是 **Ubiquity**，所以整个过程和安装 Ubuntu 是一样的。如果你没有安装过 Ubuntu 也不必担心，因为这是最好安装的发行版之一了。 @@ -159,17 +161,17 @@ Bodhi Linux 相比一个标准的 Ubuntu 来说要小不少，但是相比其它 为了保证正常运行，Puppy 会在第一次启动之后引导用户完成必要的设置步骤。整个过程涉及很多个窗口，但是一旦完成，你就会对一切功能了如指掌，然后再决定是否需要安装。 -Puppy 有几乎 300 MB 大小，并且在我测试的 1 GB 内存的机器上并不能正常运行，所以它并不是一个特别微型的 Linux 发行版。尽管如此，它仍然是一个非常棒的 1 GB 以下的操作系统，并且在该类系统里算是非常友好的一个。 +Puppy 几乎有 300 MB 大小，并且在我测试的 1 GB 内存的机器上并不能正常运行，所以它并不是一个特别微型的 Linux 发行版。尽管如此，它仍然是一个非常棒的 1 GB 以下的操作系统，并且在该类系统里算是非常友好的一个。 #### 安装 -[下载 Puppy Linux][29]，然后通过 **dd** or [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘，或者是刻录到 CD 或者 DVD 里，然后重启。 +[下载 Puppy Linux][29]，然后通过 `dd` 或 [Etcher][8] 写入 U 盘，或者是刻录到 CD 或者 DVD 里，然后重启。 ![Puppy installer][30] Puppy 几乎可以安装在支持任何一种数据格式的载体上。你可以在顶部启动栏里找到 **Puppy Installer** 安装程序，这个程序负责安装 Puppy 以及 Puppy 的应用程序。 -Puppy 安装器会一步步引导你将系统安装在你提供的任何一种媒介上。Puppy 可以从 U盘、光盘、硬盘，或者甚至是 SD 卡上启动。我曾经在一台没有硬盘、光驱出了故障，并且也无法从 USB 启动的计算机上成功运行了 Puppy。由于 Puppy 支持在任何载体上写入你的配置选项，我甚至可以在一个拥有永久数据存储的外部设备上使用它。 +Puppy 安装器会一步步引导你将系统安装在你提供的任何一种媒介上。Puppy 可以从 U盘、光盘、硬盘，或者甚至是 SD 卡上启动。我曾经在一台没有硬盘、光驱出了故障，并且也无法从 USB 启动的计算机上成功运行了 Puppy。由于 Puppy 支持在任何载体上写入你的配置选项，我甚至可以在一个拥有长期数据存储的外部设备上使用它。 #### 应用程序 @@ -183,7 +185,7 @@ Puppy 是最早的微型 Linux。尽管它已经不是最微型的了，却是 ![SilverBlue, not tiny, but tiny-adjacent][32] -微型 Linux 这个概念是随着时间不断变化的。很久以前，微型 Linux 发行版意味着需要下载到 CD-R 里，从光驱启动，然后将修改写入外部媒介中。后来，你可以从 U盘 启动它，并且有专门用来记录永久修改的空间。现在的微型 Linux 不仅支持上面两种方法，还可以被直接安装在内部驱动或者文件夹里。 +微型 Linux 这个概念是随着时间不断变化的。很久以前，微型 Linux 发行版意味着需要下载到 CD-R 里，从光驱启动，然后将修改写入外部媒介中。后来，你可以从 U 盘启动它，并且有专门用来记录永久修改的空间。现在的微型 Linux 不仅支持上面两种方法，还可以被直接安装在内部驱动或者文件夹里。 大家都没有想到 Linux 开创了容器的热潮 —— 容器里应用程序是在半虚拟化的环境中运行的一套独立的 Linux 系统。曾经只是属于喜欢优化硬盘空间或者重新利用老爷机的人们的小众爱好，很快成为了那些想要开发容器但又不想在应用程序上添加太多负载的人的强烈需求。那些在极简化的、不起眼的 Linux 发行版上所付出的辛苦，一夜之间以一种意想不到的方式得到了回报。 @@ -193,7 +195,7 @@ Puppy 是最早的微型 Linux。尽管它已经不是最微型的了，却是 #### 安装 -[下载 Silverblue][34]，然后通过 **dd** or [Etcher][8] 写入 U盘，或者是刻录到 CD 或者 DVD 里，然后重启。 +[下载 Silverblue][34]，然后通过 `dd` 琥或 [Etcher][8] 写入 U 盘，或者是刻录到 CD 或者 DVD 里，然后重启。 启动到 Silverblue 之后，使用 [Anaconda][35]（标准的、友好的 Fedora 安装器）将它安装在一个内部硬盘里。 @@ -201,9 +203,9 @@ Puppy 是最早的微型 Linux。尽管它已经不是最微型的了，却是 #### 应用程序 -Silverblue 安装应用的方式和传统意义上不同：它是在基础操作系统之上运行容器。具体来说，它使用 Flatpaks 运行 GUI 应用程序，使用 [Toolbox][37] 运行命令。 +Silverblue 安装应用的方式和传统意义上不同：它是在基础操作系统之上运行容器。具体来说，它使用 Flatpak 运行 GUI 应用程序，使用 [Toolbox][37] 运行命令。 -由于 Flatpaks 并非像传统的 Fedora RPM 软件包一样常见，Silverblue 也提供了一种可以将 Fedora RPM 软件包转换成 Silverblue 形式的方法：**package layering**。 +由于 Flatpak 并非像传统的 Fedora RPM 软件包一样常见，Silverblue 也提供了一种可以将 Fedora RPM 软件包转换成 Silverblue 形式的方法：**软件包分层**。 #### 结论 @@ -217,7 +219,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ef948d70b41ff8e77f06a903ea8132dbd8b704ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 12:37:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0657/1265] PUB:20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-11040-1.html --- .../20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md b/published/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md rename to published/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md index f6e000a269..1105ff0e52 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md +++ b/published/20190625 5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11040-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 tiny Linux distros to try before you die) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/linux-distros-to-try) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/marcobravo) From 3085229786c3e06535de5e8973c25897e818b7de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 12:50:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0658/1265] PRF:20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md @geekpi --- ... Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md | 44 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md index 87175d5d90..90385fb2fe 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora) @@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ ![][1] -_ffsend_ 是 Firefox Send 的命令行客户端。本文将展示 Firefox Send 和 _ffsend_ 如何工作。还会详细介绍如何在 Fedora 中安装和使用它。 +`ffsend` 是 Firefox Send 的命令行客户端。本文将展示 Firefox Send 和 `ffsend` 如何工作。还会详细介绍如何在 Fedora 中安装和使用它。 ### 什么是 Firefox Send 和 ffsend？ -Firefox Send 是 Mozilla 的一个文件共享工具，它能将加密文件发送给其他用户。你可以在自己的服务器上安装 Send，也可以使用 Mozilla 托管的链接 [send.firefox.com][2]。它最大支持 1GB 的文件，链接会在可配置的下载次数（默认值为 1）或 24 小时后过期，然后会删除发送服务器上的所有文件。此工具仍_处于实验阶段_，因此不应在生产中使用或共享重要或敏感数据。 +Firefox Send 是 Mozilla 的一个文件共享工具，它能将加密文件发送给其他用户。你可以在自己的服务器上安装 Send，也可以使用 Mozilla 托管的链接 [send.firefox.com][2]。它最大支持 1GB 的文件，链接会在可配置的下载次数（默认值为 1）或 24 小时后过期，然后会删除发送服务器上的所有文件。此工具仍*处于实验阶段*，因此不应在生产中使用或共享重要或敏感数据。 -虽然 Firefox Send 本身就是工具，并且可以在 Web 中使用，但 _ffsend_ 是一个可以与脚本和参数一起使用的命令行程序。它有多种配置选项，并且可以在后台工作而无需任何人为干预。 +虽然 Firefox Send 本身就是工具，并且可以在 Web 中使用，但 `ffsend` 是一个可以与脚本和参数一起使用的命令行程序。它有多种配置选项，并且可以在后台工作而无需任何人为干预。 ### 它如何工作？ -ffsend 可以上传和下载文件。远程主机可以使用 Firefox 工具或其他 Web 浏览器来下载文件。 Firefox Send 和 _ffsend_ 都不需要使用 Firefox。 +`ffsend` 可以上传和下载文件。远程主机可以使用 Firefox 工具或其他 Web 浏览器来下载文件。 Firefox Send 和 `ffsend` 都不需要使用 Firefox。 -值得一提 _ffsend_ 使用了客户端加密。这意味着文件在上传_前_被加密。链接中就有密钥，因此在共享时要小心，因为任何有链接的人都可以下载该文件。作为额外的保护，你可以使用以下参数使用密码保护文件： +值得一提 `ffsend` 使用了客户端加密。这意味着文件在上传*前*被加密。链接中就有密钥，因此在共享时要小心，因为任何有链接的人都可以下载该文件。作为额外的保护，你可以使用以下参数使用密码保护文件： ``` ffsend password URL -p PASSWORD @@ -34,24 +34,22 @@ ffsend password URL -p PASSWORD 还有一些值得一提的其他功能： - * 链接到期前可配置的下载限制，范围从 1 到 20 次之间 -  * 内置解压和归档功能 -  * 跟踪共享文件的历史记录 -  * 检查或删除共享文件 -  * 文件夹也可以按原样共享，也可以作为压缩文件共享 -  * 生成 QR 码，便于在手机上下载 - - +* 链接到期前可配置的下载限制，范围从 1 到 20 次之间 +* 内置解压和归档功能 +* 跟踪共享文件的历史记录 +* 检查或删除共享文件 +* 文件夹也可以按原样共享，也可以作为压缩文件共享 +* 生成 QR 码，便于在手机上下载 ### 如何在 Fedora 中安装 -虽然 Fedora Send 可以在 Firefox 中使用而无需安装其他，但你需要安装 CLI 工具才能使用 _ffsend_。此工具在官方仓库中，因此你只需使用 _dnf_ 命令，并使用 _[sudo][3]_。 +虽然 Fedora Send 可以在 Firefox 中使用而无需安装其他，但你需要安装 CLI 工具才能使用 `ffsend`。此工具在官方仓库中，因此你只需使用 `dnf` 命令，并使用 [sudo][3]。 ``` $ sudo dnf install ffsend ``` -之后，你可以在终端使用 _ffsend_。 +之后，你可以在终端使用 `ffsend`。 ### 上传文件 @@ -66,7 +64,7 @@ Share link: https://send.firefox.com/download/05826227d70b9a4b/#RM_HSBq6kuyeBem 现在可以使用 “Share link” URL 轻松共享该文件。 -## 下载文件 +### 下载文件 下载文件和上传一样简单。 @@ -75,7 +73,7 @@ $ ffsend download https://send.firefox.com/download/05826227d70b9a4b/#RM_HSBq6ku Download complete ``` -在下载之前，检查文件是否存在并获取有关它的信息会有用。 _ffsend_ 为此提供了 2 个方便的命令。 +在下载之前，检查文件是否存在并获取有关它的信息会有用。`ffsend` 为此提供了 2 个方便的命令。 ``` $ ffsend exists https://send.firefox.com/download/88a6324e2a99ebb6/#YRJDh8ZDQsnZL2KZIA-PaQ @@ -87,9 +85,9 @@ Downloads: 0 of 1 Expiry: 23h59m (86388s ``` -## 上传历史 +### 上传历史 -_ffsend_ 还提供了一种查看使用工具上传的历史记录的方法。例如，如果你用脚本上传了大量文件并且想要跟踪每个文件的下载状态，那么这非常有用。 +`ffsend` 还提供了一种查看使用工具上传的历史记录的方法。例如，如果你用脚本上传了大量文件并且想要跟踪每个文件的下载状态，那么这非常有用。 ``` $ ffsend history @@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ LINK EXPIRY 2 https://send.firefox.com/download/KZIA-PaQ 23h54m ``` -## 删除文件 +### 删除文件 另一个有用的功能是删除文件。 @@ -106,7 +104,7 @@ LINK EXPIRY ffsend delete https://send.firefox.com/download/2d9faa7f34bb1478/#phITKvaYBjCGSRI8TJ9QNw ``` -Firefox Send 是一项很棒的服务，_ffsend_ 使得它在终端使用起来非常方便。[Gitlab 仓库[4]中有关于 _ffsend_ 的的更多示例和文档。 +Firefox Send 是一项很棒的服务，`ffsend` 使得它在终端使用起来非常方便。[Gitlab 仓库][4]中有关于 `ffsend` 的更多示例和文档。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-firefox-send-with-ffsend-in-fedora/ 作者：[Sylvia Sánchez][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 50c176db3edf06d7d06a851abb0d0074c4d1f79e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 12:50:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0659/1265] PUB:20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11042-1.html --- .../20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md b/published/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md rename to published/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md index 90385fb2fe..e5c11d0d8d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md +++ b/published/20190531 Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11042-1.html) [#]: subject: (Use Firefox Send with ffsend in Fedora) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/use-firefox-send-with-ffsend-in-fedora/) [#]: author: (Sylvia Sánchez https://fedoramagazine.org/author/lailah/) From e1fec066776adfab254998f8dff5c7160001b15a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 17:03:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0660/1265] PRF:20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md @heguangzhi --- ...o Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md | 117 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md index f80cbbd40a..f0e4e8ba94 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md @@ -1,33 +1,29 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (heguagnzhi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) - -在Linux中锁定和解锁用户帐户的三种方法 +在 Linux 中锁定和解锁用户帐户的三种方法 ====== +![](https://linux.cn/article-11043-1.html) -如果密码策略已经在你的组织中实施了，你无需看这篇文章了。 +如果你已经在你的组织中实施了某种密码策略，你无需看这篇文章了。但是在这种情况下，如果你给账户设置了 24 小时的锁定期，你需要手动解锁用户帐户。 -但是在这种情况下，如果你设置了24小时的锁定期，你需要手动解锁用户帐户。 - -本教程将帮助你在Linux中手动锁定和解锁用户帐户。 +本教程将帮助你在 Linux 中手动锁定和解锁用户帐户。 这可以通过三种方式使用以下两个 Linux 命令来完成。 - * **`passwd:`** passwd 命令用于更新用户的身份验证令牌。这个任务是通过调用 Linux-PAM 和 Libuser API 来实现。 - - * **`usermod:`** usermod 命令用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中，等等其他功能, - +* `passwd`：用于更新用户的身份验证令牌。这个任务是通过调用 Linux PAM 和 libuser API 来实现。 +* `usermod`：用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中等等功能。 为了说明这一点，我们选择 `daygeek` 用户帐户。让我们看看，怎么一步步来实现的。 -请注意，你必须使用你需要锁定或解锁的用户的帐户，而不是我们自己的帐户。 -您可以使用 `id Command` 检查给定的用户帐户在系统中是否可用。是的，我的帐户在系统中是可用的。 + +请注意，你必须使用你需要锁定或解锁的用户的帐户，而不是我们的帐户。你可以使用 `id` 命令检查给定的用户帐户在系统中是否可用。是的，我的这个帐户在我的系统中是可用的。 ``` # id daygeek @@ -37,11 +33,9 @@ uid=2240(daygeek) gid=2243(daygeek) groups=2243(daygeek),2244(ladmin) ### 方法1: 如何使用 passwd 命令锁定、解锁和检查 Linux 中给定用户帐户的状态？ -passwd 命令是 Linux 管理员经常使用的命令之一。 +`passwd` 命令是 Linux 管理员经常使用的命令之一。它用于更新 `/etc/shadow` 文件中用户的身份验证令牌。 -它用于更新 `/etc/shadow` 文件中用户的身份验证令牌。 - -使用 `-l` 开关运行 passwd 命令，锁定给定的用户帐户。 +使用 `-l` 开关运行 `passwd` 命令，锁定给定的用户帐户。 ``` # passwd -l daygeek @@ -50,22 +44,23 @@ Locking password for user daygeek. passwd: Success ``` -你可以通过 passwd 命令或从 /etc/shadow 文件中获取给定用户名来检查锁定的帐户状态。 +你可以通过 `passwd` 命令或从 `/etc/shadow` 文件中获取给定用户名来检查锁定的帐户状态。 -使用 passwd 命令检查用户帐户锁定状态。 +使用 `passwd` 命令检查用户帐户锁定状态。 ``` # passwd -S daygeek -or +或 # passwd --status daygeek daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) ``` -将输出给定帐户密码状态的简短信息。 - * **`LK:`**` ` 密码锁定 - * **`NP:`**` ` 没有密码 - * **`PS:`**` ` 密码设置 +这将输出给定帐户密码状态的简短信息。 + +* `LK`：密码被锁定 +* `NP`：没有设置密码 +* `PS`：密码已设置 使用 `/etc/shadow` 文件检查锁定的用户帐户状态。如果帐户已被锁定，密码前面将添加两个感叹号。 @@ -74,7 +69,8 @@ daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) daygeek:!!$6$tGvVUhEY$PIkpI43HPaEoRrNJSRpM3H0YWOsqTqXCxtER6rak5PMaAoyQohrXNB0YoFCmAuh406n8XOvBBldvMy9trmIV00:18047:7:90:7::: ``` -使用 `-u` 开关运行 passwd 命令，解锁给定的用户帐户。 + +使用 `-u` 开关运行 `passwd` 命令，可以解锁给定的用户帐户。 ``` # passwd -u daygeek @@ -83,26 +79,25 @@ Unlocking password for user daygeek. passwd: Success ``` -### 方法2:如何使用 usermod 命令在 Linux 中锁定、解锁和检查给定用户帐户的状态？ +### 方法2：如何使用 usermod 命令在 Linux 中锁定、解锁和检查给定用户帐户的状态？ -甚至，usermod 命令也经常被 Linux 管理员使用。 +`usermod` 命令也经常被 Linux 管理员使用。`usermod` 命令用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中，等等。 -usermod 命令用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中，等等。, - -使用 `-L` 开关运行 usermod 命令，锁定给定的用户帐户。 +使用 `-L` 开关运行 `usermod` 命令，锁定给定的用户帐户。 ``` # usermod --lock daygeek -or +或 # usermod -L daygeek ``` -你可以通过 passwd 命令或从 /etc/shadow 文件中获取给定用户名来检查锁定的帐户状态。 -使用 passwd 命令检查用户帐户锁定状态。 +你可以通过 `passwd` 命令或从 `/etc/shadow` 文件中获取给定用户名来检查锁定的帐户状态。 + +使用 `passwd` 命令检查用户帐户锁定状态。 ``` # passwd -S daygeek -or +或 # passwd --status daygeek daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) @@ -110,11 +105,11 @@ daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) 这将输出给定帐户密码状态的简短信息。 - * **`LK:`**` ` Password locked - * **`NP:`**` ` No password - * **`PS:`**` ` Password set +* `LK`：密码被锁定 +* `NP`：没有设置密码 +* `PS`：密码已设置 -使用 /etc/shadow 文件检查锁定的用户帐户状态。如果帐户已被锁定，密码前面将添加两个感叹号。 +使用 `/etc/shadow` 文件检查锁定的用户帐户状态。如果帐户已被锁定，密码前面将添加两个感叹号。 ``` # grep daygeek /etc/shadow @@ -122,29 +117,25 @@ daygeek LK 2019-05-30 7 90 7 -1 (Password locked.) daygeek:!!$6$tGvVUhEY$PIkpI43HPaEoRrNJSRpM3H0YWOsqTqXCxtER6rak5PMaAoyQohrXNB0YoFCmAuh406n8XOvBBldvMy9trmIV00:18047:7:90:7::: ``` -使用 `-U` 开关运行 usermod 命令以解锁给定的用户帐户。 +使用 `-U` 开关运行 `usermod` 命令以解锁给定的用户帐户。 ``` # usermod --unlock daygeek -or +或 # usermod -U daygeek ``` -###方法-3:如何在 Linux 中使用 usermod 命令禁用、启用对给定用户帐户的 SSH 访问？ +### 方法-3：如何在 Linux 中使用 usermod 命令禁用、启用对给定用户帐户的 SSH 访问？ -甚至，usermod 命令也是经常被 Linux 管理员使用的命令。 +`usermod` 命令也是经常被 Linux 管理员使用的命令。`usermod` 命令用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中，等等。 -usermod 命令用于修改/更新给定用户的帐户信息。它用于将用户添加到特定的组中，等等。, - - -或者，这可以通过将 `nologin` shell 分配给给定用户来完成。为此，可以运行以下命令。 +替代的，锁定可以通过将 `nologin` shell 分配给给定用户来完成。为此，可以运行以下命令。 ``` # usermod -s /sbin/nologin daygeek ``` -You can check the locked user account details by greping the given user name from /etc/passwd file. -你可以通过从 /etc/passwd 文件中给定用户名来检查锁定的用户帐户详细信息。 +你可以通过从 `/etc/passwd` 文件中给定用户名来检查锁定的用户帐户详细信息。 ``` # grep daygeek /etc/passwd @@ -152,17 +143,15 @@ You can check the locked user account details by greping the given user name fro daygeek:x:2240:2243::/home/daygeek:/sbin/nologin ``` -我们可以通过分配回原来的 shell 来启用用户 ssh 访问。 +我们可以通过分配回原来的 shell 来启用用户的 ssh 访问。 ``` # usermod -s /bin/bash daygeek ``` -###如何使用 shell 脚本锁定、解锁和检查 Linux 中多个用户帐户的状态？ - -如果你想锁定/解锁多个帐户，那么你需要寻找脚本。 - +### 如何使用 shell 脚本锁定、解锁和检查 Linux 中多个用户帐户的状态？ +如果你想锁定/解锁多个帐户，那么你需要找个脚本。 是的，我们可以编写一个小的 shell 脚本来执行这个操作。为此，请使用以下 shell 脚本。 @@ -186,17 +175,17 @@ u5 #!/bin/bash for user in `cat user-lists.txt` do -passwd -l $user + passwd -l $user done ``` -将`user-lock.sh` 文件设置为可执行权限 。 +将 `user-lock.sh` 文件设置为可执行权限。 ``` # chmod + user-lock.sh ``` -最后运行脚本来实现这一点。 +最后运行脚本来达成目标。 ``` # sh user-lock.sh @@ -221,7 +210,7 @@ passwd: Success #!/bin/bash for user in `cat user-lists.txt` do -passwd -S $user + passwd -S $user done ``` @@ -231,7 +220,7 @@ done # chmod + user-lock-status.sh ``` -最后运行脚本来实现这一点。 +最后运行脚本来达成目标。 ``` # sh user-lock-status.sh @@ -243,7 +232,6 @@ u4 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) u5 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) ``` - 使用下面的 shell 脚本来解锁多个用户。 ``` @@ -252,17 +240,17 @@ u5 LK 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password locked.) #!/bin/bash for user in `cat user-lists.txt` do -passwd -u $user + passwd -u $user done ``` -设置 `user-unlock.sh` 可执行权限。 +设置 `user-unlock.sh` 可执行权限。 ``` # chmod + user-unlock.sh ``` -最后运行脚本来实现这一点。 +最后运行脚本来达成目标。 ``` # sh user-unlock.sh @@ -279,7 +267,7 @@ Unlocking password for user u5. passwd: Success ``` -运行相同的 shell 脚本 `user-lock-status.sh` ，检查这些锁定的用户帐户在 Linux 中是否被解锁。 +运行相同的 shell 脚本 `user-lock-status.sh`，检查这些锁定的用户帐户在 Linux 中是否被解锁。 ``` # sh user-lock-status.sh @@ -290,6 +278,7 @@ u3 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) u4 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) u5 PS 2019-06-10 0 99999 7 -1 (Password set, SHA512 crypt.) ``` + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/ @@ -297,7 +286,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/ 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[heguangzhi](https://github.com/heguangzhi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ab3e54720bb07e0e3ae358e6f634767968927bde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 17:04:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0661/1265] PUB:20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md @heguangzhi https://linux.cn/article-11043-1.html --- ...621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md b/published/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md rename to published/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md index f0e4e8ba94..870285a844 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md +++ b/published/20190621 Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (heguagnzhi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11043-1.html) [#]: subject: (Three Ways to Lock and Unlock User Account in Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/lock-unlock-disable-enable-user-account-linux/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From 46e584364e688a8c68ddbfdc091cffa09f1e6d6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 17:40:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0662/1265] PRF:20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md PART 3 --- .../tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 63 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md index c1e54b5d6b..51c14581b1 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md @@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ Shutter 是一个功能强大的截图工具，提供了添加截图效果、画 ### 33、Weather -Weather 是一个小的应用，给你关于你的城市或世界上其它位置的实时天气信息。它简单而且轻量级，可以给你最多 7 天的详细天气预报和今明两天的每个小时的细节信息。 +Weather 是一个小的应用，可以给你关于你的城市或世界上其它位置的实时天气信息。它简单而且轻量级，可以给你最多 7 天的详细天气预报和今明两天的每个小时的细节信息。 ![][38] @@ -373,15 +373,15 @@ Weather 是一个小的应用，给你关于你的城市或世界上其它位置 ### 34、Ramme -Ramme 是一个很酷的非官方的 Instagram 桌面客户端，给你带来 Instagram 移动端的感觉。它是基于 Electron 的客户端，所以它替代了 Instagram 应用提供了主题自定义的功能。 +Ramme 是一个很酷的非官方的 Instagram 桌面客户端，给你带来 Instagram 移动端的感觉。它是基于 Electron 开发的客户端，所以它复现了 Instagram 应用的功能，并提供了主题自定义的功能。 ![][39] -但是由于 Instagram 的 API 限制，你不能使用 Ramme 客户端上传图像，但你总是可以通过订阅 Instagram，喜欢和评论，给好友发消息。你可以从 [Github]][40] 下载 Ramme 安装文件。 +但是由于 Instagram 的 API 限制，你不能使用 Ramme 客户端上传图像，但你可以订阅 Instagram 流、喜欢和评论文章，给好友发消息。你可以从 [Github][40] 下载 Ramme 安装文件。 ### 35、Thunderbird -Thunderbird 是一个开源的邮件客户端，是很多 Linux 发行版的默认邮件客户端。尽管在 2017 年与 Mozilla 分离，Thunderbird 仍然是 Linux 平台非常流行的最好的邮件客户端。它自带特点像垃圾短信过滤，IMAP 和 POP 邮件同步，日历支持，通讯录集成和很多其它特定。 +Thunderbird 是一个开源的邮件客户端，是很多 Linux 发行版的默认邮件客户端。尽管在 2017 年与 Mozilla 分离，Thunderbird 仍然是 Linux 平台非常流行的最好的邮件客户端。它自带的功能包括垃圾邮件过滤、IMAP 和 POP 邮件同步、日历支持、通讯录集成和很多其它可以开箱即用的功能。 ![][41] @@ -389,11 +389,11 @@ Thunderbird 是一个开源的邮件客户端，是很多 Linux 发行版的默 ### 36、Pidgin -Pidgin 是一个即时信息客户端，你能够在单个窗口下登录不同的即时网络。你可以登录到像 Google Talk，XMPP，AIM，Bonjour 等。 +Pidgin 是一个即时信息客户端，你能够在单个窗口下登录不同的即时网络。你可以登录到像 Google Talk、XMPP、AIM、Bonjour 等。 ![][42] -Pidgin 拥有所有你期待的即时通信的特点，你总是可以通过安装额外的插件来提升它的性能。 +Pidgin 拥有你期待的即时通信的所有特点，你总是可以通过安装额外的插件来提升其表现。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install pidgin @@ -401,18 +401,19 @@ $ sudo apt-get install pidgin ### 37、Krita -Krita 是由 KDE 开发的自由开源的数字打印，编辑和动画应用。它有优秀的用户界面，每个组件都放的很完美，因此你可以找到你需要的。 +Krita 是由 KDE 开发的自由开源的数字绘制、编辑和动画应用。它有优秀的用户界面，每个组件都恰到好处，因此你可以轻松找到你所需要的。 ![][43] -它使用 OpenGL 画布，这提升了 Krita 的性能，并且提供了很多特点相不同的绘画工具、动画工具、矢量工具、层、罩等很多。可在 Ubuntu 软件中心获取 Krita 并下载。 +它使用 OpenGL 画布，这提升了 Krita 的性能，并且提供了很多功能，如各种绘画工具、动画工具、矢量工具、层和遮罩等很多。可在 Ubuntu 软件中心获取 Krita 并下载。 ### 38、Dropbox -Dropbox 是一个出色的云存储播放器，一旦安装，它在 Ubuntu 中运行得非常好。即使 Google Drive 在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 和以后的版本中运行得不错，就 Dropbox 提供的特点而言，Dropbox 仍然是 Linux 上的首选云存储工具。 +Dropbox 是一个出色的云存储客户端，正确安装后，它在 Ubuntu 中运行得非常好。即使 Google Drive 在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 和以后的版本中运行得不错，就 Dropbox 提供的特点而言，Dropbox 仍然是 Linux 上的首选云存储工具。 ![][44] -它总是在后台运行，备份你系统上的新文件到云存储，持续在你的电脑和云存储间同步。 + +它总是在后台运行，备份你系统上的新文件到云存储，持续保持你的电脑和云存储间的同步。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install nautilus-dropbox @@ -420,43 +421,43 @@ $ sudo apt-get install nautilus-dropbox ### 39、Kodi -Kodi 的前身是人们熟知的 Xbox 媒体中心（XBMC），是一个开源的媒体播放器。你可以在线或离线播放音乐、视频、播客、视频游戏等。这个软件最初是为第一代的 Xbox 游戏控制台开发的，之后慢慢地面向了个人电脑。 +Kodi 的前身是人们熟知的 Xbox 媒体中心（XBMC），是一个开源的媒体播放器。你可以在线或离线播放音乐、视频、播客、视频游戏等。这个软件最初是为第一代的 Xbox 游戏主机开发的，之后慢慢地移植到了个人电脑上。 ![][45] -Kodi 有令人印象深刻的视频接口，快速而强大。它是可高度定制的媒体播放器，你可以通过安装插件，来获取在线流服务像 Pandora、 Spotify、Amazon Prime Video、Netflix and YouTube。 +Kodi 有令人印象深刻的视频接口，快速而强大。它是可高度定制的媒体播放器，你可以通过安装插件，来获取在线流服务，如 Pandora、Spotify、Amazon Prime Video、Netflix 和 YouTube 等等。 ### 40、Spotify -Spotify 是最好的在线媒体流站点之一。它提供免费和付费音乐、播客、视频流服务。早期的 Spotify 不支持 Linux，但现在它有全功能的 Ubuntu 客户端。 +Spotify 是最好的在线媒体流站点之一。它提供免费和付费的音乐、播客、视频流服务。早期的 Spotify 不支持 Linux，但现在它有了自己的全功能的 Ubuntu 客户端。 ![][46] - 与 Google Play 音乐播放器一样，Spotify 是必不可少的媒体播放器。你只需要登录你的 Spotify 账户，就能在任何地方获取你最爱的在线内容。 +与 Google Play 音乐播放器一样，Spotify 是必不可少的媒体播放器。你只需要登录你的 Spotify 账户，就能在任何地方获取你最爱的在线内容。 ### 41、Brackets -Brackets 是一个有 Adobe 开发的开源的文本编辑器。它可被用来进行 web 开发和设计，例如 HTML，CSS 和 JavaScript。它随改变实时预览是一个很棒的特点，当你在脚本中修改时，你可以获得实时预览效果。 +Brackets 是一个有 Adobe 开发的开源的文本编辑器。它可被用来进行 web 开发和设计，例如 HTML、CSS 和 JavaScript。它带有的实时预览模式是一个很棒的特点，当你在脚本中修改时，你可以获得实时预览效果。 ![][47] -它是 Ubuntu 上的现代文本编辑器之一，拥有平滑的用户界面，这将 web 开发任务带到新的水平。它同样提供行内编辑器的特点，支持流行的扩展像 Emmet、Beautify、Git、File Icons 等等。 +它是 Ubuntu 上的现代文本编辑器之一，拥有平滑的用户界面，这将 web 开发任务带到新的水平。它同样提供了行内编辑器的特点，支持流行的扩展像 Emmet、Beautify、Git、File Icons 等等。 ### 42、Bitwarden -现今，安全问题事件增加，用户密码被盗后，重要的数据受到连累，因此，账户安全性必须严肃对待。推荐你使用 Bitwarden，将你的所有账户和登录密码安全的存在一个地方。 +现今，安全问题事件增加，用户密码被盗后，重要的数据受到连累，因此，账户安全性必须严肃对待。推荐你使用 Bitwarden，将你的所有账户和登录密码安全地存在一个地方。 ![][48] -Bitwarden 使用 AES-256 加密技术来存储所有的登录细节，只有用户可以访问这些数据。它同样帮你创建健壮的密码，因为弱密码容易被黑。 +Bitwarden 使用 AES-256 加密技术来存储所有的登录细节，只有用户可以访问这些数据。它同样可以帮你创建健壮的密码，因为弱密码容易被黑。 ### 43、Terminator -Terminator 是一个开源终端模拟器，用 Java 语言开发的。它是一个跨平台的模拟器，允许你在单个窗口有多个终端，在 Linux 默认的终端模拟器中不是这样。 +Terminator 是一个开源终端模拟器，是用 Java 语言开发的。它是一个跨平台的模拟器，允许你在单个窗口有多个终端，在 Linux 默认的终端模拟器中不是这样。 ![][49] -Terminator 其它杰出的特点包括自动日志、拖、丢、智能垂直和水平滚动等。 +Terminator 其它杰出的特点包括自动日志、拖放、垂直和水平的智能滚动等。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install terminator @@ -464,11 +465,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install terminator ### 44、Yak Yak -Yak Yak 是一个开源的非官方的 Google Hangouts 消息的桌面客户端。它可能是一个不错的 Microsort 的 Skype 的替代品，自身拥有很多让人吃惊的特点。你可以允许桌面通知，语言偏好，工作在最小内存或电源需求等。 +Yak Yak 是一个开源的非官方的 Google Hangouts 消息的桌面客户端。它可能是一个不错的 Microsort 的 Skype 的替代品，自身拥有很多让人吃惊的特点。你可以启用桌面通知，设置语言偏好，使用最小内存或功率就可以工作等。 ![][50] -Yak Yak 拥有你期待的所有任何即时消息应用的所有特点，例如类型指示、拖、拽媒体文件，音/视频电话。 +Yak Yak 拥有你期待的所有任何即时消息应用的所有特点，例如输入指示、拖放媒体文件、音/视频电话。 ### 45、Thonny @@ -476,27 +477,29 @@ Thonny 是一个简单和轻量级的 IDE，尤其是为编程的初学者设计 ![][51] -Thonny 同样是一个很棒的调试工具，它支持调试过程中的活变量，除此之外，它还提供了执行函数调用是分离窗口、简易用户界面的特点。 +Thonny 同样是一个很棒的调试工具，它支持调试过程中的即时变量值显示，除此之外，它还提供了独立的窗口以执行函数调用，简易的用户界面的特点。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install thonny ``` -### 46、Font Manager +### 46、字体管理器 -Font Manager 是一个轻量级的工具，用于管理、添加、移除你的 Ubuntu 系统上的字体。尤其是为 Gnome 桌面环境构建的，当用户不知道如何在命令行管理字体的会发现这个工具非常有用。 +字体管理器是一个轻量级的工具，用于管理、添加、移除你的 Ubuntu 系统上的字体。它是特别为 Gnome 桌面环境构建的，在用户不知道如何在命令行管理字体时会发现这个工具非常有用。 ![][52] -Gtk+ Font Manager 不是为专业用户准备的，它有简单的用户界面，你会发现很容易导航。你只需要从网上下载字体文件，并使用 Font Manager 添加它们。 +Gtk+ 字体管理器不是为专业用户准备的，它有简单的用户界面，你会发现很容易使用。你只需要从网上下载字体文件，并使用字体管理器添加它们。 +``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:font-manager/staging $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install font-manager +``` -### 47、Atril Document Viewer +### 47、Atril 文档查看器 -Atril 是一个简单的文件查看器，支持便携文件格式（PDF）、PostScript（PS）、Encapsulated PostScript（EPS）、DJVU 和 DVI。Atril 绑定在 MATE 桌面环境中，它比大多数 Linux 发行版中默认的文件查看器 Evince 更理想。 +Atril 是一个简单的文件查看器，支持便携文件格式（PDF）、PostScript（PS）、Encapsulated PostScript（EPS）、DJVU 和 DVI。Atril 与 MATE 桌面环境捆绑在一起，它比大多数 Linux 发行版中默认的文件查看器 Evince 更理想。 ![][53] @@ -508,7 +511,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install atril ### 48、Notepadqq -如果你曾在 Windows 上用过 Notepad++，并且在 Linux 上寻找相似的程序，别担心，开发者们已经将它移植到 Linux，叫 Notepadqq。它是一个简单且强大的文本编辑器，你可以在日常生活中用它完成各种语言的任务。 +如果你曾在 Windows 上用过 Notepad++，并且想在 Linux 上寻找相似的程序，别担心，开发者们已经将它移植到 Linux，叫 Notepadqq。它是一个简单且强大的文本编辑器，你可以在日常生活中用它，或用各种语言编程。 ![][54] @@ -526,7 +529,7 @@ Amarok 是在 KDE 项目下开发的一个开源音乐播放器。它有直观 ![][55] -Amarok 上的一些顶尖的特点包括智能播放列表支持，集成在线服务像 MP3tunes、Last.fm、 Magnatune 等。 +Amarok 上的一些顶尖的特点，包括智能播放列表支持，集成在线服务像 MP3tunes、Last.fm、 Magnatune 等。 ### 50、Cheese From 3e7e05871ae6ec0deb37bd144390785672d3bebb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 18:14:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0663/1265] PRF:20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md PART 4 --- .../tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 62 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md index 51c14581b1..9f55121d87 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md @@ -541,11 +541,11 @@ Cheese 是 Linux 默认的网络摄像头应用，在视频聊天或即时消息 ### 51、MyPaint -MyPaint 是一个自由开源的光栅图形编辑器，关注于数字绘画而不是图像操作和相片处理。它是跨平台的应用，与 Corel Painter 很相似。 +MyPaint 是一个自由开源的光栅图形编辑器，专于数字绘画而不是图像操作和相片处理。它是跨平台的应用，与 Corel Painter 很相似。 ![][57] -MyPaint 可能是 Windows 上的 Microsoft Paint 应用的很好的替代。它有简单的用户界面，快速而强大。MyPaint 可以软件中心下载。 +MyPaint 可能是 Windows 上的 Microsoft Paint 应用的很好的替代品。它有简单的用户界面，快速而强大。MyPaint 可以软件中心下载。 ### 52、PlayOnLinux @@ -555,13 +555,13 @@ PlayOnLinux 是 WINE 模拟器的前端，允许你在 Linux 上运行 Windows ### 53、Akregator -Akregator 是在 KDE 项目下为 KDE Plasma 环境开发的默认的 RSS 阅读器。它有简单的用户界面，自带了 KDE 的 Konqueror 浏览器，所以你不需要在阅读新闻提要时切换应用。 +Akregator 是在 KDE 项目下为 KDE Plasma 环境开发的默认 RSS 阅读器。它有简单的用户界面，自带了 KDE 的 Konqueror 浏览器，所以你不需要在阅读新闻提要时切换应用。 -Akregator 同样提供了桌面通知、自动提要等功能。你会发现在大多数 Linux 发行版中它是最好的提要阅读器。 +Akregator 同样提供了桌面通知、自动摘要等功能。你会发现在大多数 Linux 发行版中它是最好的提要阅读器。 ### 54、Brave -Brave 是一个开源的 web 浏览器，阻挡了广告和追踪，所以你可以快速和安全的浏览你的内容。它实际做的是代表你像网站和油管主播支付了费用。如果你喜欢像网站和和油管主播共享而不是看广告，这个浏览器更适合你。 +Brave 是一个开源的 web 浏览器，拦截了广告和追踪，所以你可以快速和安全的浏览你的内容。它实际做的是代表你向网站和油管主播支付了费用。如果你宁可向网站和和油管主播做出支持而不是看广告，这个浏览器更适合你。 ![][60] @@ -569,11 +569,11 @@ Brave 是一个开源的 web 浏览器，阻挡了广告和追踪，所以你可 ### 55、Bitcoin Core -Bitcoin Core 是一个官方的客户端，非常安全和可靠。它持续追踪你的所有交易以保证你的所有交易都是有效的。它限制比特币矿工和银行完全掌控你的比特币钱包。 +Bitcoin Core 是一个比特币官方的客户端，非常安全和可靠。它持续追踪你的所有比特币交易以保证你的所有交易都是有效的。它可以防止比特币矿工和银行完全掌控你的比特币钱包。 ![][61] -Bitcoin Core 同样提供了其它重要的特点像私钥备份、冷存储、安全通知等。 +Bitcoin Core 同样提供了其它重要的特点，像私钥备份、冷存储、安全通知等。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bitcoin/bitcoin @@ -581,9 +581,9 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt ``` -### 56、Speedy Duplicate Finder +### 56、Speedy 重复查找工具 -Speedy Duplicate Finder 是一个跨平台的文件查找工具，用来帮助你查找你的系统上的重复文件，清理磁盘空间。它是一个智能工具，在整个硬盘上搜索重复文件，同样提供智能过滤功能，根据文件类型、扩展或大小帮你找到文件。 +Speedy 重复查找工具是一个跨平台的文件查找工具，用来帮助你查找你的系统上的重复文件，清理磁盘空间。它是一个智能工具，在整个硬盘上搜索重复文件，同样提供智能过滤功能，根据文件类型、扩展或大小帮你找到文件。 ![][62] @@ -591,15 +591,15 @@ Speedy Duplicate Finder 是一个跨平台的文件查找工具，用来帮助 ### 57、Zulip -Zulip 是一个自由开源的群聊应用，被 Dropbox 获得了。它是用 Python 写的，用 PostgreSQL 数据库。它被设计和开发为其它聊天应用像 Slack 和 HipChat 的好的替代品。 +Zulip 是一个自由开源的群聊应用，被 Dropbox 收购了。它是用 Python 写的，用 PostgreSQL 数据库。它被设计和开发为其它如 Slack 和 HipChat 的聊天应用的替代品。 ![][63] -Zulip 功能丰富，例如拖拽文件、群聊、私密聊天、图像预览等。它供养集成了 Github、JIRA、Sentry 和上百种其它服务。 +Zulip 功能丰富，支持例如拖放文件、群聊、私密聊天、图像预览等。它也集成了 Github、JIRA、Sentry 和上百种其它服务。 ### 58、Okular -Okular 是 KDE 为 KDE 桌面环境开发的跨平台的文件查看器。它是一个简单的文件查看器，支持 Portable Document Format (PDF), PostScript, DjVu, Microsoft Compiled HTML help 和很多其它文件格式。 +Okular 是为 KDE 桌面环境开发的跨平台的文件查看器。它是一个简单的文件查看器，支持 Portable Document Format (PDF)、PostScript、DjVu、Microsoft Compiled HTML help 和很多其它文件格式。 ![][64] @@ -607,30 +607,31 @@ Okular 是在 Ubuntu 上你应该尝试的最好的文件查看器之一，它 ### 59、FocusWriter -FocusWriter 是一个集中注意力的字处理工具，隐藏了你的桌面屏幕，因此你能够专注写作。正如你看到的屏幕截图，整个 Ubuntu 屏被隐藏了，只有你和你的字处理工具。但你总是可以进入 Ubuntu 屏幕，当你需要的时候，只需要将光标移动到屏幕的边缘。 +FocusWriter 是一个集中注意力的字处理工具，隐藏了你的桌面屏幕，因此你能够专注写作。正如你看到的屏幕截图，整个 Ubuntu 屏幕被隐藏了，只有你和你的字处理工具。但你总是可以进入 Ubuntu 屏幕，当你需要的时候，只需要将光标移动到屏幕的边缘。 ![][65] -它是一个轻量级的字处理其，支持 TXT、RTF、ODT 文件格式。它同样提供可完全定制的用户界面，还有定时器、警报、每日目标、声音效果等特点，支持翻译为 20 种语言。 +它是一个轻量级的字处理器，支持 TXT、RTF、ODT 文件格式。它同样提供了可完全定制的用户界面，还有定时器、警报、每日目标、声音效果等特点，已经被翻译为 20 种语言。 ### 60、Guake -Guake 是为 GNOME 桌面环境准备的酷炫的下拉式终端。当你任务完成后，你需要它消失时， Guake 会闪一下。你只需要按 F12 按钮来启动或退出，这样启动 Guake 币启动一个新的终端窗口更快。 +Guake 是为 GNOME 桌面环境准备的酷炫的下拉式终端。当你需要时，Guake 就会闪现，当你任务完成后，它就会消失。你只需要按 F12 按钮来启动或退出，这样启动 Guake 比启动一个新的终端窗口更快。 ![][66] -Guake 是一个特点丰富的终端，支持多栏，只需要点击几下就能将你的终端内容保存到文件，并且有完全可定制的用户界面。 +Guake 是一个功能丰富的终端，支持多栏，只需要点击几下就能将你的终端内容保存到文件，并且有完全可定制的用户界面。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install guake ``` + ### 61、KDE Connect -KDE Connect 在 Ubuntu 上是一个很棒的应用，我很想在这篇马拉松文章中将它提早列出来，但是竞争激烈。总之 KDE Connect 可以将你的 Android 智能手机的通知直接转到 Ubuntu 桌面来。 +KDE Connect 是 Ubuntu 上的一个很棒的应用，我很想在这篇马拉松文章中将它提早列出来，但是竞争太激烈。总之 KDE Connect 可以将你的 Android 智能手机的通知直接转到 Ubuntu 桌面来。 ![][67] -有了 KDE Connect，你可以做很多事，例如检查手机电池水平，在电脑和 Android 手机间交换文件，剪贴板同步，发送短信，你还可以将你的手机当作无线鼠标或键盘。 +有了 KDE Connect，你可以做很多事，例如检查手机电池电量，在电脑和 Android 手机间交换文件，剪贴板同步，发送短信，你还可以将你的手机当作无线鼠标或键盘。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/indicator-kedeconnect @@ -640,11 +641,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install kdeconnect indicator-kdeconnect ### 62、CopyQ -CopyQ 是一个简单但是非常有用的剪切板管理器，它保存你的系统剪切板内容，无论你做了什么改变，你都可以在你需要的时候恢复它。它是一个很棒的工具，支持文本、图像、HTML、和其它格式。 +CopyQ 是一个简单但是非常有用的剪贴板管理器，它保存你的系统剪贴板内容，无论你做了什么改变，你都可以在你需要的时候恢复它。它是一个很棒的工具，支持文本、图像、HTML 和其它格式。 ![][68] -CopyQ 自身有很多功能像拖拽、复制/拷贝、编辑、移除、排序、创建等。它同样支持集成文本编辑器，像 Vim，所以如果你是程序员，这非常有用。 +CopyQ 自身有很多功能像拖放、复制/拷贝、编辑、移除、排序、创建等。它同样支持集成文本编辑器，如 Vim，所以如果你是程序员，这非常有用。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:hluk/copyq @@ -654,11 +655,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install copyq ### 63、Tilix -Tilix 是一个功能丰富的高级 GTX3 瓷砖终端模拟器。如果你使用 GNOME 桌面环境，那你会爱上 Tilix，因为它遵循了 GNOME 人类界面指导。Tilix 模拟器与大多数 Linux 发行版上默认终端模拟器相比，它给了你分离终端窗口为多个终端面板。 +Tilix 是一个功能丰富的高级 GTX3 平铺式终端模拟器。如果你使用 GNOME 桌面环境，那你会爱上 Tilix，因为它遵循了 GNOME 用户界面指导。Tilix 模拟器与大多数 Linux 发行版上默认终端模拟器相比，它给了你切分终端窗口为多个终端面板的功能。 ![][69] -Tilix 提供了自定义链接、图片支持、多面板、拖拽、持续布局等功能。它同样支持键盘快捷方式，你可以根据你的需要在偏好设置中自定义快捷方式。 +Tilix 提供了自定义链接、图片支持、多面板、拖放、固定布局等功能。它同样支持键盘快捷方式，你可以根据你的需要在偏好设置中自定义快捷方式。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/terminix @@ -668,7 +669,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install tilix ### 64、Anbox -Anbox 是一个 Android 模拟器，让你在 Linux 系统中安装和运行 Android 应用。它是自由开源的 Android 模拟器，通过使用 Linux 容器来执行 Android 运行时环境。它使用最新的 Linux 技术 和 Android 发布版，所以你可以运行任何原生的 Android 应用。 +Anbox 是一个 Android 模拟器，可以让你在 Linux 系统中安装和运行 Android 应用。它是自由开源的 Android 模拟器，通过使用 Linux 容器来执行 Android 运行时环境。它使用最新的 Linux 技术 和 Android 发布版，所以你可以运行任何原生的 Android 应用。 ![][70] @@ -685,11 +686,11 @@ $ snap install --devmode -- beta anbox ### 65、OpenShot -你会发现 OpenShot 是 Linux 发行版中最好的开源视频编辑器。它是跨平台的视频编辑器，易于使用，不在性能方面妥协。它支持所有主流的音频、视频、图像格式。 +你会发现 OpenShot 是 Linux 发行版中最好的开源视频编辑器。它是跨平台的视频编辑器，易于使用，性能方面毫不逊色。它支持所有主流的音频、视频、图像格式。 ![][71] -OpenShot 有干净的用户界面，功能有拖拽、裁剪大小调整、大小调整、裁剪、快照、实时预览、音频混合和编辑等多种功能。 +OpenShot 有干净的用户界面，功能有拖放、片段大小、大小缩放、裁剪、快照、实时预览、音频混合和编辑等多种功能。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:openshot.developers/ppa @@ -703,8 +704,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install openshot -qt ![][72] -尽管是一个简单的导航栏，Plank 提供了通过拖拽来重新安排的功能，固定和运行应用图标，转换主题支持。 - +尽管是一个简单的导航栏，Plank 提供了通过拖放来重新摆放的功能，固定和运行应用图标，转换主题支持。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/docky @@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ Filezilla 是一个免费和跨平台的 FTP 应用，包括 Filezilla 客户端 ![][73] -它是一个简单的文件传输应用，支持拖拽，支持世界范围的各种语言，多任务的强大用户界面，控制和配置传输速度。 +它是一个简单的文件传输应用，支持拖放，支持世界范围的各种语言，多任务的强大用户界面，控制和配置传输速度。 ### 68、Stacer @@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install sublime-text ### 73、TeXstudio -Texstudio 是一个创建和编辑 LaTex 文件的集成写作环境。它是开源的编辑器，提供了语法高亮、集成查看、交互式拼写检查、代码折叠、拖拽等特点。 +Texstudio 是一个创建和编辑 LaTex 文件的集成写作环境。它是开源的编辑器，提供了语法高亮、集成查看、交互式拼写检查、代码折叠、拖放等特点。 ![][80] @@ -857,7 +857,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install quiterss ### 80、MPV Media Player -MPV 是一个自由开源的媒体播放器，基于 MPlayer 和 MPlayer 2。它有简单的用户界面，用户之需要拖拽音/视频文件来播放，因为在 GUI 上没有添加媒体文件的选项。 +MPV 是一个自由开源的媒体播放器，基于 MPlayer 和 MPlayer 2。它有简单的用户界面，用户之需要拖放音/视频文件来播放，因为在 GUI 上没有添加媒体文件的选项。 ![][88] @@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ via: https://linuxhint.com/100_best_ubuntu_apps/ 作者：[Swapnil Tirthakar][a] 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[warmfrog](https://github.com/warmfrog) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7b504f5720d3d8f89f081268afe6325e9993cacd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GraveAccent Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2019 18:25:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0664/1265] TSL:20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md --- ...4 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md | 102 ----------------- ...4 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md | 103 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md b/sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md deleted file mode 100644 index 76346907f3..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,102 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (GraveAccent) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399978/5g-will-augment-wi-fi-not-replace-it.html) -[#]: author: (Zeus Kerravala https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/) - -5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it -====== -Jeff Lipton, vice president of strategy and corporate development at Aruba, adds a dose of reality to the 5G hype, discussing how it and Wi-Fi will work together and how to maximize the value of both. -![Thinkstock][1] - -There’s arguably no technology topic that’s currently hotter than [5G][2]. It was a major theme of the most recent [Mobile World Congress][3] show and has reared its head in other events such as Enterprise Connect and almost every vendor event I attend. - -Some vendors have positioned 5G as a panacea to all network problems and predict it will eradicate all other forms of networking. Views like that are obviously extreme, but I do believe that 5G will have an impact on the networking industry and is something that network engineers should be aware of. - -To help bring some realism to the 5G hype, I recently interviewed Jeff Lipton, vice president of strategy and corporate development at Aruba, a Hewlett Packard company, as I know HPE has been deeply involved in the evolution of both 5G and Wi-Fi. - -**[ Also read:[The time of 5G is almost here][3] ]** - -### Zeus Kerravala: 5G is being touted as the "next big thing." Do you see it that way? - -**Jeff Lipton:** The next big thing is connecting "things" and generating actionable insights and context from those things. 5G is one of the technologies that serve this trend. Wi-Fi 6 is another — so are edge compute, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). These all are important, and they each have a place. - -### Do you see 5G eclipsing Wi-Fi in the enterprise? - -![Jeff Lipton, VP of strategy and corporate development, Aruba][4] - -**Lipton:** No. 5G, like all cellular access, is appropriate if you need macro area coverage and high-speed handoffs. But it’s not ideal for most enterprise applications, where you generally don’t need these capabilities. From a performance standpoint, [Wi-Fi 6][5] and 5G are roughly equal on most metrics, including throughput, latency, reliability, and connection density. Where they aren’t close is economics, where Wi-Fi is far better. I don’t think many customers would be willing to trade Wi-Fi for 5G unless they need macro coverage or high-speed handoffs. - -### Can Wi-Fi and 5G coexist? How would an enterprise use 5G and Wi-Fi together? - -**Lipton:** Wi-Fi and 5G can and should be complementary. The 5G architecture decouples the cellular core and Radio Access Network (RAN). Consequently, Wi-Fi can be the enterprise radio front end and connect tightly with a 5G core. Since the economics of Wi-Fi — especially Wi-Fi 6 — are favorable and performance is extremely good, we envision many service providers using Wi-Fi as the radio front end for their 5G systems where it makes sense, as an alternative to Distributed Antenna (DAS) and small-cell systems. - -Wi-Fi and 5G can and should be complementary." — Jeff Lipton - -### If a business were considering moving to 5G only, how would this be done and how practical is it? - -**Lipton:** To use 5G for primary in-building access, a customer would need to upgrade their network and virtually all of their devices. 5G provides good coverage outdoors, but cellular signals can’t reliably penetrate buildings. And this problem will become worse with 5G, which partially relies on higher frequency radios. So service providers will need a way to provide indoor coverage. To provide this coverage, they propose deploying DAS or small-cell systems — paid for by the end customer. The customers would then connect their devices directly to these cellular systems and pay a service component for each device. - -**[[Take this mobile device management course from PluralSight and learn how to secure devices in your company without degrading the user experience.][6] ]** - -There are several problems with this approach. First, DAS and small-cell systems are significantly more expensive than Wi-Fi networks. And the cost doesn’t stop with the network. Every device would need to have a 5G cellular modem, which costs tens of dollars wholesale and usually over a hundred dollars to an end user. Since few, if any MacBooks, PCs, printers or AppleTVs today have 5G modems, these devices would need to be upgraded. I don’t believe many enterprises would be willing to pay this additional cost and upgrade most of their equipment for an unclear benefit. - -### Are economics a factor in the 5G versus Wi-Fi debate? - -**Lipton:** Economics is always a factor. Let’s focus the conversation on in-building enterprise applications, since this is the use case some carriers intend to target with 5G. We’ve already mentioned that upgrading to 5G would require enterprises to deploy expensive DAS or small-cell systems for in-building coverage, upgrade virtually all of their equipment to contain 5G modems, and pay service contracts for each of these devices. It’s also important to understand 5G cellular networks and DAS systems operate over licensed spectrum, which is analogous to a private highway. Service providers paid billions of dollars for this spectrum, and this expense needs to be monetized and embedded in service costs. So, from both deployment and lifecycle perspectives, Wi-Fi economics are favorable to 5G. - -### Are there any security implications of 5G versus Wi-Fi? - -**Lipton:** Cellular technologies are perceived by some to be more secure than Wi-Fi, but that’s not true. LTE is relatively secure, but it also has weak points. For example, LTE is vulnerable to a range of attacks, including data interception and device tracking, according to researchers at Purdue and the University of Iowa. 5G improves upon LTE security with multiple authentication methods and better key management. - -Wi-Fi security isn’t standing still either and continues to advance. Of course, Wi-Fi implementations that do not follow best practices, such as those without even basic password protection, are not optimal. But those configured with proper access controls and passwords are highly secure. With new standards — specifically, WPA3 and Enhanced Open — Wi-Fi network security has improved even further. - -It’s also important to keep in mind that enterprises have made enormous investments in security and compliance solutions tailored to their specific needs. With cellular networks, including 5G, enterprises lose the ability to deploy their chosen security and compliance solutions, as well as most visibility into traffic flows. While future versions of 5G will offer high-levels of customization with a feature called network slicing, enterprises would still lose the level of security and compliance customization they currently need and have. - -### Any parting thoughts to add to the discussion around 5G versus Wi-Fi? - -**Lipton:** The debate around Wi-Fi versus 5G misses the point. They each have their place, and they are in many ways complementary. The Wi-Fi and 5G markets both will grow, driven by the need to connect and analyze a growing number of things. If a customer needs macro coverage or high-speed handoffs and can pay the additional cost for these capabilities, 5G makes sense. - -5G also could be a fit for certain industrial use cases where customers require physical network segmentation. But for the vast majority of enterprise customers, Wi-Fi will continue to prove its value as a reliable, secure, and cost-effective wireless access technology, as it does today. - -**More about 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6):** - - * [Why 802.11ax is the next big thing in wireless][7] - * [FAQ: 802.11ax Wi-Fi][8] - * [Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) is coming to a router near you][9] - * [Wi-Fi 6 with OFDMA opens a world of new wireless possibilities][10] - * [802.11ax preview: Access points and routers that support Wi-Fi 6 are on tap][11] - - - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399978/5g-will-augment-wi-fi-not-replace-it.html - -作者：[Zeus Kerravala][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/wireless_connection_speed_connectivity_bars_cell_tower_5g_by_thinkstock-100796921-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203489/what-is-5g-how-is-it-better-than-4g.html -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3354477/mobile-world-congress-the-time-of-5g-is-almost-here.html -[4]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/headshot_jlipton_aruba-100798360-small.jpg -[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html -[6]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fcourses%2Fmobile-device-management-big-picture -[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/mobile-wireless/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html -[8]: https://%20https//www.networkworld.com/article/3048196/mobile-wireless/faq-802-11ax-wi-fi.html -[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3311921/mobile-wireless/wi-fi-6-is-coming-to-a-router-near-you.html -[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332018/wi-fi/wi-fi-6-with-ofdma-opens-a-world-of-new-wireless-possibilities.html -[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3309439/mobile-wireless/80211ax-preview-access-points-and-routers-that-support-the-wi-fi-6-protocol-on-tap.html -[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md b/translated/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1daab85194 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20190604 5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (GraveAccent) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5G will augment Wi-Fi, not replace it) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399978/5g-will-augment-wi-fi-not-replace-it.html) +[#]: author: (Zeus Kerravala https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/) + + +5G 会增强 Wi-Fi，而不是取代它 +====== +Aruba 战略和企业发展副总裁 Jeff Lipton 为 5G 炒作增添了一些干货，讨论了它和 Wi-Fi 如何协同工作以及如何最大化两者的价值。 +![Thinkstock][1] + +可以说没有技术主题比 [5G][2] 更热。 这是最近 [移动世界大会][3] 节目的一个主题，并且已经在其他活动中占据了主导地位，例如 Enterprise Connect 和我参加的几乎所有供应商活动。 + +一些供应商将 5G 定位为解决所有网络问题的灵丹妙药，并预测它将消除所有其他形式的网络。 像这样的观点显然是极端的，但我相信 5G 会对网络行业产生影响，网络工程师应该意识到这一点。 + +为了帮助为5G炒作带来一些现实感，我最近采访了一家惠普公司 Aruba 的战略和企业发展副总裁 Jeff Lipton，因为我知道惠普已经深入参与了 5G 和 Wi-Fi 的发展。 + +**[ 另见：[5G 时代几乎已经来了][3] ]** + +### Zeus Kerravala: 5G 被吹捧为“下一件大事”。你是这样看的吗？ + +**Jeff Lipton:** 接下来的重点是连接“事物”并从这些事物中产生可操作的见解和背景。5G 是服务于这一趋势的技术之一。Wi-Fi 6 是另一个，还有边缘计算，蓝牙低功耗（BLE），人工智能（AI）和机器学习（ML）。这一切都很重要，全都有自己的用武之地。 + +### 你是否在企业中看到 5G 的风头盖过 Wi-Fi？ + +![Jeff Lipton, VP of strategy and corporate development, Aruba][4] + +**Lipton:** 与所有蜂窝接入一样，如果你需要宏观区域覆盖和高速切换，使用 5G 是合适的。但对于大多数企业级应用程序而言，它通常不需要这些功能。从性能角度来看，[Wi-Fi 6][5] 和 5G 在大多数指标上大致相等，包括吞吐量，延迟，可靠性和连接密度。它们并不相似的地方在经济方面，Wi-Fi要好得多。我不认为很多客户愿意用 Wi-Fi 交换 5G，除非他们需要宏观覆盖或高速切换。 + +### Wi-Fi 和 5G 可以共存吗？ 企业如何一起使用 5G 和 Wi-Fi？ + +**Lipton:** Wi-Fi 和 5G 可以并且应该是互补的。 5G 架构将蜂窝核心和无线接入网络（RAN）分离。 因此，Wi-Fi 可以是企业无线电前端，并与 5G 核心紧密连接。 由于 Wi-Fi 的经济性 - 特别是 Wi-Fi 6 - 是有利的并且性能非常好，我们设想许多服务提供商在有可行的地方使用 Wi-Fi 作为其 5G 系统的无线电前端，充当分布式天线（DAS）和小型蜂窝系统的替代。 + +“Wi-Fi 和 5G 可以并且应该是互补的。” — Jeff Lipton + +### 如果一个企业打算完全转向 5G，那将如何实现以及它的实用性如何？ + +**Lipton:** 为了将 5G 用于主要的室内访问，客户需要升级其网络和几乎所有设备。 5G 在室外提供良好的覆盖，但蜂窝信号不能可靠地穿透建筑物。 5G 会使这个问题变得更糟，因为它部分依赖于更高频率的无线电。因此，服务提供商需要一种提供室内覆盖的方法。为了提供这种覆盖，他们会部署 DAS 或小型蜂窝系统 - 由终端客户支付。然后，客户将他们的设备直连到这些蜂窝系统，并为每个设备支付服务合同。 + +**[[上 PluralSight 学习移动设备管理课程，了解如何在不降低用户体验的情况下保护公司中的设备。][6]]** + +这种方法存在一些问题。首先，DAS 和小型蜂窝系统比 Wi-Fi 网络贵得多。 并且成本不会因网络而停止。 每台设备都需要一台 5G 蜂窝调制解调器，批发价格高达数十美元，而终端用户通常需要花费一百多美元。 由于目前很少或者没有 MacBook、PC、打印机、AppleTV 有 5G 调制解调器，因此需要对这些设备进行升级。我不相信很多企业会愿意支付这笔额外费用并升级他们的大部分设备以获得不明确的好处。 + +### 经济是 5G 与 Wi-Fi 之争的一个要素吗？ + +**Lipton:** 经济始终是一个要素。让我们将对话集中在室内企业级应用程序上，因为这是一些运营商打算用 5G 定位的用例。 我们已经提到升级到 5G 将要求企业部署昂贵的 DAS 或小型蜂窝系统用于室内覆盖，几乎将所有设备升级到包含 5G 调制解调器，并为每个设备支付服务合同。理解 5G 蜂窝网络和 DAS 系统在许可频谱上运行也很重要，这类似于私人高速公路。 服务提供商为此频谱支付了数十亿美元，这笔费用需要货币化并嵌入服务成本中。 因此，从部署和生命周期的角度来看，Wi-Fi 在经济上比 5G 有利。 + +### 5G 与 Wi-Fi 有任何安全隐患吗？ + +**Lipton:** 一些人认为蜂窝技术比Wi-Fi更安全，但事实并非如此。LTE 相对安全，但也有弱点。例如，普渡大学和爱荷华大学的研究人员表示，LTE 容易受到一系列攻击，包括数据拦截和设备跟踪。5G 通过多种认证方法和更好的密钥管理改进了 LTE 安全性。 + +Wi-Fi 的安全性也没有停滞不前而是继续发展。当然，不遵循最佳实践的 Wi-Fi 实现，例如那些甚至没有基本密码保护的实现，并不是最佳的。但那些配置了适当的访问控制和密码的人是非常安全的。 随着新标准 - 特别是 WPA3 和增强开放（Enhanced Open） - Wi-Fi网络安全性进一步提高。 + +同样重要的是要记住，企业已根据其特定需求对安全性和合规性解决方案进行了大量投资。对于包括 5G 在内的蜂窝网络，企业将失去部署所选安全性和合规性解决方案的能力，以及对流量流的大多数可见性。 虽然 5G 的未来版本将通过称为网络切片的功能提供高级别的自定义，但企业仍将失去他们目前需要和拥有的安全性和合规性定制级别。 + +### 关于 5G 与 Wi-Fi 之间的讨论有什么最后的想法？ + +**Lipton:** 围绕 Wi-Fi 与 5G 的争论忽略了这一点。它们都有自己的用武之地，而且它们在很多方面都是互补的。由于需要连接和分析越来越多的东西，Wi-Fi 和 5G 市场都将增长。如果客户需要宏覆盖或高速切换，并且可以为这些功能支付额外成本，那么 5G 是可行的。 + +5G 也适用于客户需要物理网络分段的某些工业用例。但对于绝大多数企业客户而言，Wi-Fi 将继续像现在一样证明自己作为可靠，安全且经济高效的无线接入技术的价值。 + +**更多关于 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6):** + + * [为什么 802.11ax 是无线网络的下一件大事][7] + * [FAQ: 802.11ax Wi-Fi][8] + * [Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) 正在来到你附件的路由器][9] + * [带有 OFDMA 的 Wi-Fi 6 打开了一个全新的无线可能性世界][10] + * [802.11ax 预览：支持 Wi-Fi 6 的接入点和路由器随时可用][11] + + + +加入 [Facebook][12] 和 [LinkedIn][13] 上的 network world 社区，评论你认为最重要的话题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3399978/5g-will-augment-wi-fi-not-replace-it.html + +作者：[Zeus Kerravala][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[GraveAccent](https://github.com/graveaccent) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/05/wireless_connection_speed_connectivity_bars_cell_tower_5g_by_thinkstock-100796921-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203489/what-is-5g-how-is-it-better-than-4g.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3354477/mobile-world-congress-the-time-of-5g-is-almost-here.html +[4]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/headshot_jlipton_aruba-100798360-small.jpg +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html +[6]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fcourses%2Fmobile-device-management-big-picture +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3215907/mobile-wireless/why-80211ax-is-the-next-big-thing-in-wi-fi.html +[8]: https://%20https//www.networkworld.com/article/3048196/mobile-wireless/faq-802-11ax-wi-fi.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3311921/mobile-wireless/wi-fi-6-is-coming-to-a-router-near-you.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3332018/wi-fi/wi-fi-6-with-ofdma-opens-a-world-of-new-wireless-possibilities.html +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3309439/mobile-wireless/80211ax-preview-access-points-and-routers-that-support-the-wi-fi-6-protocol-on-tap.html +[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world \ No newline at end of file From 23b0b0a8b416d4a0fc3e0d266a0a41091a725e3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 00:25:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0665/1265] PRF:20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md @oneforalone --- ...190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md | 48 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md b/translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md index 16313fc019..cfec191579 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md @@ -1,58 +1,58 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (oneforalone) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Emacs for (even more of) the win) [#]: via: (https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs) [#]: author: (Norman Walsh https://so.nwalsh.com) -Emacs 的胜利（或是更多） +Emacs 的胜利（或是大胜） ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/02/002550x2ol48004hx6e0od.jpg) + 我天天用 Emacs，但我却从意识到。但是每当我用 Emacs 时，它都给我带来了很多乐趣。 ->如果你是个职业作家……Emacs 与其它的编辑器的相比就如皓日与群星一样。不仅更大、更亮，它轻而易举就让其他所有的东西都消失了。 +> 如果你是个职业作家……Emacs 与其它的编辑器的相比就如皓日与群星一样。不仅更大、更亮，它轻而易举就让其他所有的东西都消失了。 -我用 [Emacs][1] 已有二十多年了。我用它来写几乎所有的东西（Scala 和 Java 我用 [IntelliJ][2]）。看邮件的话我是能在 Emacs 里看就在里面看。 +我用 [Emacs][1] 已有二十多年了。我用它来写几乎所有的东西（我用 [IntelliJ][2] 编辑 Scala 和 Java ）。看邮件的话我是能在 Emacs 里看就在里面看。 -尽管我用 Emacs 已有数十年，我在新年前后才意识到，在过去10年或更长时间里，我对 Emacs 的使用几乎没有什么变化。当然，新的编辑模式出现了，我就会选一两个插件，几年前我确实是用了 [Helm][3]，但大多数时候，它只是完成了我需要的所有繁重工作，日复一日，没有抱怨，也没有妨碍我。一方面，这证明了它有多好。另一方面，这是一个邀请，让我深入挖掘，看看我错过了什么。 +尽管我用 Emacs 已有数十年，我在新年前后才意识到，在过去十几年里，我对 Emacs 的使用几乎没有什么变化。当然，新的编辑模式出现了，我就会选一两个插件，几年前我确实是用了 [Helm][3]，但大多数时候，它只是完成了我需要的所有繁重工作，日复一日，没有抱怨，也没有妨碍我。一方面，这证明了它有多好。另一方面，这是一个邀请，让我深入挖掘，看看我错过了什么。 于此同时，我也决定从以下几方面改进我的工作方式： - * **更好的议程管理** 我在工作中负责几个项目，这些项目有定期和临时的会议;有些我是我主持的，有些我只要参加就可以。 +* **更好的议程管理** 我在工作中负责几个项目，这些项目有定期和临时的会议；有些我是我主持的，有些我只要参加就可以。 -我意识到我对开会变得草率起来了了。坐在一个有会议要开的房间里实在是太容易了，但实际上你可以阅读电子邮件，处理其他事情。(我强烈反对在会议中“禁止携带笔记本电脑”的这条规定，但这就是另一个话题。) + 我意识到我对参加会议变得有些敷衍。往会议室里一坐很简单，但实际上我是在阅读电子邮件或处理其他事情。(我强烈反对在会议中“禁止携带笔记本电脑”的这条规定，但这是另一个话题。) -草率地去开会有几个问题。首先，这是对主持会议的人和其他参与者的不尊重。实际上这是不这么做的完美理由，但我还有意识到令一个问题：它忽视了会议的成本。 + 敷衍地去参加会议有几个问题。首先，这是对主持会议的人和其他参会者的不尊重。实际上这是不应该这么做的充分理由，但我还有意识到另一个问题：它掩盖了会议的成本。 -如果你在开会，但同时还要回复电子邮件，也许还要改 bug，那么这个会议就不需要花费任何东西（或同样多的钱）。如果会议成本低廉，那么会议数量将会更多。 + 如果你在开会，但同时回复了一封电子邮件，也许修复了一个 bug，那么这个会议就没什么成本（或没那么多）。如果会议成本低廉，那么会议数量将会更多。 -我想要少点、短些的会议。我不想忽视它们的成本，我想让开会变得很有价值，除非绝对必要，否则就可以避免。 + 我想要更少、更短的会议。我不想掩盖它们的成本，我想让开会变得很有价值，除非绝对必要，否则就干脆不要开。 -有时，开会是很有必要的。而且我认为一个简短的会能够很快的解决问题。但是，如果我一天有十个短会的话，那还是不要说我做了些有成果的事吧。 + 有时，开会是绝对有必要的。而且我认为一个简短的会有时候能够很快的解决问题。但是，如果我一天要开十个短会的话，那我觉得还是不要假装取得了什么效果吧。 -我决定在我参加的所有的会上做笔记。我并不是说一定要做会议记录，而是我在做某种会议记录。这会让我把注意力集中在开会上，而忽略其他事。 + 我决定在我参加的所有的会上做笔记。我并不是说一定要做会议记录，但是我肯定会花上几分钟。这会让我把注意力集中在开会上，而忽略其他事。 - * **更好的时间管理** 我有很多要做和想做的事，或工作的或私人的。之前，我有在问题清单和邮件进程（Emacs 和 [Gmail][4] 中，用于一些稍微不同的提醒）、日历、手机上各种各样的“待办事项列表”和小纸片上记录过它们。可能还有其他地方。 +* **更好的时间管理** 无论是工作的或私人的，我有很多要做和想做的事。我一直在问题列表中跟踪其中的一些，一些在保存的电子邮件线索中（Emacs 和 [Gmail][4] 中，用于一些稍微不同的提醒），还有一些在日历、手机上各种各样的“待办事项列表”和小纸片上。可能还有其他地方。 -我决定把它们放在一起。不是说我认为有一个地方就最好或更好，而是说我想完成两件事。首先，把它们都放在一个地方，我能够对我把精力放在哪里有一个更好、更全面的看法。第二，也是因为我想养成一个习惯。固定的或有规律的倾向或行为，尤指难以放弃的。记录、跟踪并保存它们。 + 我决定把它们放在一起。不是说我认为放到一个一致的地方就更好，而是我想完成两件事：首先，把它们都集中在一个地方，我能够更好更全面地了解我在哪里投入了更多的精力；其次，我想养成一个记录、跟踪并保存它们的习惯（习惯指“固定或规律的倾向或做法，尤指难以放弃的倾向或做法”）。 - * **更好的说明** 如果你在某些科学或工程领域工作，你就会养成记笔记的习惯。唉，我没有。但我决定这么做。 +* **更好的问责制** 如果你在某些科学或工程领域工作，你就会养成记笔记的习惯。唉，我没有。但我决定这么做。 -我对法律上鼓励装订页面或做永久标记并不感兴趣。我感兴趣的是养成做记录的习惯。我的目标是有一个地方记下想法和设计草图等。如果我突然有了灵感，或者我想到了一个不在测试套件中的边缘案例，我希望我的本能是把它写在我的日志中，而不是草草写在一张小纸片上，或者向自己保证我会记住它。 + 我对法律上鼓励使用装订页面或用永久记号笔涂抹并不感兴趣。我感兴趣的是养成做记录的习惯。我的目标是有一个地方记下想法和设计草图等。如果我突然有了灵感，或者我想到了一个不在测试套件中的边缘情况，我希望我的直觉是把它写在我的日志中，而不是草草写在一张小纸片上，或者自己觉得自己会记住它。 +这些决心让我很快或多或少指向了 [Org][6] 模式。Org 模式有一个庞大的、活跃的、忠诚的用户社区。我以前也用过它（顺带一提，我都[写过][7]关于它的文章，在几年前)，我花了很长的一段时间（将 [MarkLogic 集成][8]到其中。（这在过去的一两个星期里得到了回报！） +但我从没正经用过 Org 模式。 -这些决心让我很快或多或少地转到了 [Org][6]。Org 有一个庞大的、活跃的、忠诚的用户社区。我以前也用过它(顺带一提，我有[写过][7]它，至少在几年前)，我花了很长的一段时间（将 [MarkLogic 集成][8]到其中。（天哪，这在过去的一两个星期里得到了回报！） +我现在正在用它。我用了几分钟，我把所有要做的事情都记录下来，我还记了日记。我不确定我争论或列表它的所有功能能有多大价值，你可以通过网页快速地搜索找到很多。 -但我从没用过 Org。 +如果你用 Emacs，那你也应该用 Org 模式。如果没用过 Emacs，我相信你不会是第一个因 Org 模式而使用 Emacs 的人。Org 模式可以做很多。它需要一点时间来学习方法和快捷键，但我认为这是值得的。(如果你的口袋中有一台 [iOS][9] 设备，我推荐你在路上使用 [beorg][10] 来记录。) -我现在正在用它。我用了几分钟，我把所有要做的事情都记录下来，我还记了日记。我不确定我试图对它进行边界或列举它的所有特性有多大价值，你可以通过网页快速地搜索找到很多。 - -如果你用 Emacs，那你也应该用 Org。如果没用过Emacs，我相信你不会是第一个因 Org 而使用 Emacs 的人。Org 可以做很多。它需要一点时间来学习你的方法和快捷键，但我认为这是值得的。(如果你的口袋中有一台 [iOS][9] 设备，我推荐你在忙的时候使用 [beorg][10] 来记录。) - -当然，我想出了如何[将 XML 从其中提取出来][11]⊕“working out” 确实是“用 elisp 来编程”的一种有趣的拼写方式。然后，如何将它转换回我的 weblog 期望的标记（当然，在 Emacs 中按下一个按钮就可以做到）。这是第一次用 Org 写的帖子。这也不会是最后一次。 +当然，我想出了如何[将 XML 从其中提取出来][11]（“working out” 确实是“用 elisp 来编程”的一种有趣的魔法）然后，如何将它转换回我的博客用的标记（当然，在 Emacs 中按下一个按钮就可以做到）。这是用 Org 模式写的第一篇帖子。这也不会是最后一次。 附注：生日快乐，[小博客][12]。 @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ via: https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs 作者：[Norman Walsh][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[oneforalone](https://github.com/oneforalone) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 51d43fb0eae64d866368aa493f70f7893bf2b8c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 00:28:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0666/1265] PUB:20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md @oneforalone https://linux.cn/article-11046-1.html --- .../20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md b/published/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md rename to published/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md index cfec191579..7da7ab6a51 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md +++ b/published/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (oneforalone) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11046-1.html) [#]: subject: (Emacs for (even more of) the win) [#]: via: (https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs) [#]: author: (Norman Walsh https://so.nwalsh.com) -Emacs 的胜利（或是大胜） +Emacs 的（更多）胜利 ====== ![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/02/002550x2ol48004hx6e0od.jpg) From 3bb4c603b7a2c2769099a423f07785b50d8d878c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 00:51:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0667/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190701=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=20or=20Fedora:=20Which=20One=20Should=20You=20Use=20and=20Wh?= =?UTF-8?q?y?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md --- ...edora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md | 190 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 190 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md b/sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9b6b7727f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Ubuntu or Fedora: Which One Should You Use and Why) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-vs-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +Ubuntu or Fedora: Which One Should You Use and Why +====== + +_**Brief: Ubuntu or Fedora? What’s the difference? Which is better? Which one should you use? Read this comparison of Ubuntu and Fedora.**_ + +[Ubuntu][1] and [Fedora][2] are one of the most popular Linux distributions out there. Making a decision to choose between using Ubuntu and Fedora is not an easy one. I’ll try to help you in making your decision by comparing various features of Ubuntu and Fedora. + +Do note that this comparison is primarily from the desktop point of view. I am not going to focus on the container specific versions of Fedora or Ubuntu. + +### Ubuntu vs Fedora: Which one is better? + +![Ubuntu Vs Fedora][3] + +Almost all Linux distributions differ from one another primarily on these points: + + * Base distribution (Debian, Red Hat, Arch or from scratch) + * Installation + * Supported desktop environments + * Package management, software support and updates + * Hardware support + * Development team (backed by corporate or created by hobbyists) + * Release cycle + * Community and support + + + +Let’s see how similar or how different are Ubuntu and Fedora from each other. Once you know that, it should be perhaps easier for you to make a choice. + +#### Installation + +Ubuntu’s Ubiquity installer is one of easiest installers out there. I believe that it played an important role in Ubuntu’s popularity because when Ubuntu was just created in 2004, installing Linux itself was considered a huge task. + +The Ubuntu installer allows you to install Ubuntu in around 10 minutes. In most cases, it can identify Windows installed on your system and allows you to dual boot Ubuntu and Windows in a matter of clicks. + +You can also install updates and third-party codecs while installing Ubuntu. That’s an added advantage. + +![Ubuntu Installer][4] + +Fedora uses Anaconda installer. This too simplifies the installation process with the easy to use interface. + +![Fedora Installer | Image Credit Fedora Magazine][5] + +Fedora also provides a media writer tool for downloading and creating the live USB of Fedora on Windows operating system. When I last tried to use it around two years ago, it didn’t work and I had to use the regular live USB creating software. + +In my experience, installing Ubuntu is easier than installing Fedora. That doesn’t mean installing Fedora is a complex process. Just that Ubuntu is simpler. + +#### Desktop environments + +Both Ubuntu and Fedora use GNOME desktop environment by default. + +![GNOME Desktop in Fedora][6] + +While Fedora uses the stock GNOME desktop, Ubuntu has customized it to look and behave like its previous Unity desktop. + +![GNOME desktop customized by Ubuntu][7] + +Apart from GNOME, both Ubuntu and Fedora offer several other desktop variants. + +Ubuntu has Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Lubuntu etc., offering various desktop flavors. While they are the official flavor of Ubuntu, they are not directly developed by Ubuntu team from Canonical. The teams are separate. + +Fedora offers various desktop choices in the form of [Fedora Spins][8]. Unlike Kubuntu, Lubuntu etc,. they are not created and maintained by separate team. They are from core Fedora team. + +#### Package management and software availability + +Ubuntu uses APT package manager to provide and manage software (applications, libraries and other required codes) while Fedora uses DNF package manager. + +[][9] + +Suggested read  System76 Galago Pro: Specs, Price And Release Date + +[Ubuntu has vast software repositories][10] allowing you to easily install thousands of programs, both FOSS and non-FOSS, easily. Fedora on the other hand focuses on providing only open source software. This is changing in the new versions but Fedora’s repositories are still not as big as that of Ubuntu. + +Some third party software developer also provide click-to-install, .exe like packages for Linux. In Ubuntu, these packages are in .deb format and while Fedora supports .rpm packages. + +Most software vendors provide both DEB and RPM files for Linux users but I have experienced that sometimes software vendor only provide DEB file. For example, SEO tool [Screaming Frog][11] has only DEB packages. It’s extremely rare that a software is available in RPM but not in DEB format. + +#### Hardware support + +Linux in general has its fair share of trouble with some WiFi adapters and graphics cards. Both Ubuntu and Fedora are impacted from that. Take the example of Nvidia. It’s [open source Nouveau driver often results in troubles like system hanging at boot][12]. + +Ubuntu provides an easy way of installing additional proprietary drivers. This results in better hardware support in many cases. + +![Installing proprietary driver is easier in Ubuntu][13] + +Fedora, on the other hand, sticks to open source software and thus installing proprietary drivers on Fedora becomes a difficult task. + +#### Support and userbase + +Both Ubuntu and Fedora provide support through community forums. Ubuntu has two main forums: [UbuntuForums][14] and [Ask Ubuntu][15]. Fedora has one main forum [Ask Fedora][16]. + +In terms of userbase, Fedora has a large following. However, Ubuntu is more popular and has a larger following than Fedora. + +The popularity of Ubuntu has prompted a number of websites and blogs focused primarily on Ubuntu. This way, you get more troubleshooting tips and learning material on Ubuntu than Fedora. + +#### Release cycle + +A new Fedora version is released every six months and each Fedora release is supported for nine months only. Which means that between six to nine months, you must perform an upgrade. Upgrading Fedora version is simple but it does require a good internet connection. Not everyone can be happy with 1.5 GB of version upgrades every nine months. + +Ubuntu has two versions: regular release and the long term support (LTS) release. Regular release is similar to Fedora. It’s released at the interval of six months and is supported for nine months. + +The LTS release comes at an interval of two years and is supported for five years. Regular releases bring new features, new software versions while the LTS release holds on to the older versions. This makes it a great choice for people who don’t like frequent changes and prefer stability. + +#### Solid base distributions + +Ubuntu is based on [Debian][17]. Debian is one of the biggest community project and one of the most respected project in the [free software][18] world. + +Fedora is a community project from Red Hat. Red Hat is an enterprise focused Linux distribution. Fedora works as a ‘testing ground’ ([upstream][19] in technical term) for new features before those features are included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux. + +[][20] + +Suggested read  How To Manage StartUp Applications In Ubuntu + +#### Backed by enterprises + +Both Ubuntu and Fedora are backed by their parent corporations. Ubuntu is from [Canonical][21] while Fedora is from [Red Hat][22] (now [part of IBM][23]). Enterprise backing is important because it ensures that the Linux distribution is well-maintained. + +Hobbyists distributions created by a group of individuals often crumble under workload. You might have seen reasonably popular distribution projects being shutdown for this sole reason. [Antergos][24], Korora are just some of the many such examples where distributions were discontinued because the developers couldn’t get enough free time to work on the project. + +The fact that both Ubuntu and Fedora are supported by a two Linux-based enterprises makes them a viable choice over other independent distributions. + +#### Ubuntu vs Fedora as server + +The comparison between Ubuntu and Fedora was primarily aimed at desktop users so far. But a discussion about Linux is not complete until you include servers. + +![Ubuntu Server][25] + +Ubuntu is not only popular on desktop, it also has a good presence on the server side. If you are familiar with Ubuntu as desktop, you might not feel uncomfortable with Ubuntu server edition. I started with Ubuntu desktop and now my websites are hosted on Linux servers running Ubuntu. + +Fedora too has server edition and some people use it as well. But most sysadmins won’t prefer a server that has to be upgraded and rebooted every nine months. + +Knowing Fedora helps you in using Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). RHEL is a paid product and you’ll have to purchase a subscription. If you want an operating system for running server that is close to Fedora/Red Hat, I advise using CentOS. [CentOS][26] is also a community project affiliated with Red Hat but this one is focused on servers. + +#### Conclusion + +As you can see, both Ubuntu and Fedora are similar to each other on several points. Ubuntu does take lead when it comes to software availability, driver installation and online support. And _**these are the points that make Ubuntu a better choice, specially for inexperienced Linux users.**_ + +If you want to get familiar with Red Hat, Fedora is a good starting point. If you have some experience with Linux or if you want to use only open source software, Fedora is an excellent choice. + +In the end, it is really up to you to decide if you want to use Fedora or Ubuntu. I would suggest creating live USB of both distributions or try them out in virtual machine. + +What’s your opinion on Ubuntu vs Fedora? Which distribution do you prefer and why? Do share your views in the comment section. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-vs-fedora/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://ubuntu.com/ +[2]: https://getfedora.org/ +[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ubuntu-vs-fedora.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/install-linux-inside-windows-10.jpg?resize=800%2C479&ssl=1 +[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/fedora-installer.png?resize=800%2C598&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/gnome-desktop-fedora.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[7]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/applications_menu.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[8]: https://spins.fedoraproject.org/ +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/system-76-galago-pro/ +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/ +[11]: https://www.screamingfrog.co.uk/seo-spider/#download +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/fix-ubuntu-freezing/ +[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/software_updates_additional_drivers_nvidia.png?resize=800%2C523&ssl=1 +[14]: https://ubuntuforums.org/ +[15]: https://askubuntu.com/ +[16]: https://ask.fedoraproject.org/ +[17]: https://www.debian.org/ +[18]: https://www.fsf.org/ +[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_(software_development) +[20]: https://itsfoss.com/manage-startup-applications-ubuntu/ +[21]: https://canonical.com/ +[22]: https://www.redhat.com/en +[23]: https://itsfoss.com/ibm-red-hat-acquisition/ +[24]: https://itsfoss.com/antergos-linux-discontinued/ +[25]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ubuntu-server.png?resize=800%2C232&ssl=1 +[26]: https://centos.org/ From d31b0d6aeacd9b39d4baca0f896b6f51cd263541 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 00:52:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0668/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190701=20Lear?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20how=20to=20Record=20and=20Replay=20Linux=20Terminal=20Sessi?= =?UTF-8?q?ons=20Activity?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190701 Learn how to Record and Replay Linux Terminal Sessions Activity.md --- ...Replay Linux Terminal Sessions Activity.md | 292 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 292 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190701 Learn how to Record and Replay Linux Terminal Sessions Activity.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190701 Learn how to Record and Replay Linux Terminal Sessions Activity.md b/sources/tech/20190701 Learn how to Record and Replay Linux Terminal Sessions Activity.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bf076d08ea --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190701 Learn how to Record and Replay Linux Terminal Sessions Activity.md @@ -0,0 +1,292 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Learn how to Record and Replay Linux Terminal Sessions Activity) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/record-replay-linux-terminal-sessions-activity/) +[#]: author: (Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) + +Learn how to Record and Replay Linux Terminal Sessions Activity +====== + +Generally, all Linux administrators use **history** command to track which commands were executed in previous sessions, but there is one limitation of history command is that it doesn’t store the command’s output. There can be some scenarios where we want to check commands output of previous session and want to compare it with current session. Apart from this, there are some situations where we are troubleshooting the issues on Linux production boxes and want to save all terminal session activities for future reference, so in such cases script command become handy. + + + +Script is a command line tool which is used to capture or record your Linux server terminal sessions activity and later the recorded session can be replayed using scriptreplay command. In this article we will demonstrate how to install script command line tool and how to record Linux server terminal session activity and then later we will see how the recorded session can be replayed using **scriptreplay** command. + +### Installation of Script tool on RHEL 7/ CentOS 7 + +Script command is provided by the rpm package “**util-linux**”, in case it is not installed on your CentOS 7 / RHEL 7 system , run the following yum command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# yum install util-linux -y +``` + +**On RHEL 8 / CentOS 8** + +Run the following dnf command to install script utility on RHEL 8 and CentOS 8 system, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# dnf install util-linux -y +``` + +**Installation of Script tool on Debian based systems (Ubuntu / Linux Mint)** + +Execute the beneath apt-get command to install script utility + +``` +root@linuxtechi ~]# apt-get install util-linux -y +``` + +### How to Use script utility + +Use of script command is straight forward, type script command on terminal then hit enter, it will start capturing your current terminal session activities inside a file called “**typescript**” + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# script +Script started, file is typescript +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +To stop recording the session activities, type exit command and hit enter. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# exit +exit +Script done, file is typescript +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Syntax of Script command: + +``` +~ ] # script {options} {file_name} +``` + +Different options used in script command, + +![options-script-command][1] + +Let’s start recording of your Linux terminal session by executing script command and then execute couple of command like ‘**w**’, ‘**route -n**’ , ‘[**df -h**][2]’ and ‘**free-h**’, example is shown below + +![script-examples-linux-server][3] + +As we can see above, terminal session logs are saved in the file “typescript” + +Now view the contents of typescript file using [cat][4] / vi command, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ls -l typescript +-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1861 Jun 21 00:50 typescript +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +![typescript-file-content-linux][5] + +Above confirms that whatever commands we execute on terminal that have been saved inside the file “typescript” + +### Use Custom File name in script command + +Let’s assume we want to use our customize file name to script command, so specify the file name after script command, in the below example we are using a file name “session-log-(current-date-time).txt” + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# script sessions-log-$(date +%d-%m-%Y-%T).txt +Script started, file is sessions-log-21-06-2019-01:37:39.txt +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Now run the commands and then type exit, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# exit +exit +Script done, file is sessions-log-21-06-2019-01:37:39.txt +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +### Append the commands output to script file + +Let assume script command had already recorded the commands output to a file called session-log.txt file and now we want to append output of new sessions commands output to this file, then use “**-a**” command in script command + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# script -a sessions-log.txt +Script started, file is sessions-log.txt +[root@linuxtechi ~]# xfs_info /dev/mapper/centos-root +meta-data=/dev/mapper/centos-root isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=2746624 blks + = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1 + = crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0 +data = bsize=4096 blocks=10986496, imaxpct=25 + = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks +naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1 +log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=5364, version=2 + = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 +realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# exit +exit +Script done, file is sessions-log.txt +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +To view updated session’s logs, use “cat session-log.txt ” + +### Capture commands output to script file without interactive shell + +Let’s assume we want to capture commands output to a script file, then use **-c** option, example is shown below, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# script -c "uptime && hostname && date" root-session.txt +Script started, file is root-session.txt + 01:57:40 up 2:30, 3 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 +linuxtechi +Fri Jun 21 01:57:40 EDT 2019 +Script done, file is root-session.txt +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +### Run script command in quiet mode + +To run script command in quiet mode use **-q** option, this option will suppress the script started and script done message, example is shown below, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# script -c "uptime && date" -q root-session.txt + 02:01:10 up 2:33, 3 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 +Fri Jun 21 02:01:10 EDT 2019 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Record Timing information to a file and capture commands output to a separate file, this can be achieved in script command by passing timing file (**–timing**) , example is shown below, + +Syntax: + +~ ]# script -t <timing-file-name>  {file_name} + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# script --timing=timing.txt session.log +Script started, file is session.log +[root@linuxtechi ~]# uptime + 02:27:59 up 3:00, 3 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# date +Fri Jun 21 02:28:02 EDT 2019 +[root@linuxtechi ~]# free -h + total used free shared buff/cache available +Mem: 3.9G 171M 2.0G 8.6M 1.7G 3.3G +Swap: 3.9G 0B 3.9G +[root@linuxtechi ~]# whoami +root +[root@linuxtechi ~]# exit +exit +Script done, file is session.log +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +[root@linuxtechi ~]# ls -l session.log timing.txt +-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 673 Jun 21 02:28 session.log +-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 414 Jun 21 02:28 timing.txt +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +### Replay recorded Linux terminal session activity + +Now replay the recorded terminal session activities using scriptreplay command, + +**Note:** Scriptreplay is also provided by rpm package “**util-linux**”. Scriptreplay command requires timing file to work. + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# scriptreplay --timing=timing.txt session.log +``` + +Output of above command would be something like below, + + + +### Record all User’s Linux terminal session activities + +There are some business critical Linux servers where we want keep track on all users activity, so this can be accomplished using script command, place the following content in /etc/profile file , + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# vi /etc/profile +…………………………………………………… +if [ "x$SESSION_RECORD" = "x" ] +then +timestamp=$(date +%d-%m-%Y-%T) +session_log=/var/log/session/session.$USER.$$.$timestamp +SESSION_RECORD=started +export SESSION_RECORD +script -t -f -q 2>${session_log}.timing $session_log +exit +fi +…………………………………………………… +``` + +Save & exit the file. + +Create the session directory under /var/log folder, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# mkdir /var/log/session +``` + +Assign the permissions to session folder, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi ~]# chmod 777 /var/log/session/ +[root@linuxtechi ~]# +``` + +Now verify whether above code is working or not. Login to ordinary user to linux server, in my I am using pkumar user, + +``` +~ ] # ssh root@linuxtechi +root@linuxtechi's password: +[root@linuxtechi ~]$ uptime + 04:34:09 up 5:06, 3 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 +[root@linuxtechi ~]$ date +Fri Jun 21 04:34:11 EDT 2019 +[root@linuxtechi ~]$ free -h + total used free shared buff/cache available +Mem: 3.9G 172M 2.0G 8.6M 1.7G 3.3G +Swap: 3.9G 0B 3.9G +[root@linuxtechi ~]$ id +uid=1001(pkumar) gid=1002(pkumar) groups=1002(pkumar) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 +[root@linuxtechi ~]$ whoami +pkumar +[root@linuxtechi ~]$ exit + +Login as root and view user’s linux terminal session activity + +[root@linuxtechi ~]# cd /var/log/session/ +[root@linuxtechi session]# ls -l | grep pkumar +-rw-rw-r--. 1 pkumar pkumar 870 Jun 21 04:34 session.pkumar.19785.21-06-2019-04:34:05 +-rw-rw-r--. 1 pkumar pkumar 494 Jun 21 04:34 session.pkumar.19785.21-06-2019-04:34:05.timing +[root@linuxtechi session]# +``` + +![Session-output-file-linux][6] + +We can also use scriptreplay command to replay user’s terminal session activities, + +``` +[root@linuxtechi session]# scriptreplay --timing session.pkumar.19785.21-06-2019-04\:34\:05.timing session.pkumar.19785.21-06-2019-04\:34\:05 +``` + +That’s all from this tutorial, please do share your feedback and comments in the comments section below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/record-replay-linux-terminal-sessions-activity/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/options-script-command.png +[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/11-df-command-examples-in-linux/ +[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/script-examples-linux-server-1024x736.jpg +[4]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/cat-command-examples-for-beginners-in-linux/ +[5]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/typescript-file-content-linux-1024x794.jpg +[6]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Session-output-file-linux-1024x353.jpg From 984b7654c06721264fcca9999ad2e31fa4e8d648 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 00:53:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0669/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190701=20Get?= =?UTF-8?q?=20modular=20with=20Python=20functions?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190701 Get modular with Python functions.md --- ...90701 Get modular with Python functions.md | 337 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 337 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190701 Get modular with Python functions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190701 Get modular with Python functions.md b/sources/tech/20190701 Get modular with Python functions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a424323503 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190701 Get modular with Python functions.md @@ -0,0 +1,337 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Get modular with Python functions) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/get-modular-python-functions) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/xd-deng/users/nhuntwalker/users/don-watkins) + +Get modular with Python functions +====== +Minimize your coding workload by using Python functions for repeating +tasks. +![OpenStack source code \(Python\) in VIM][1] + +Are you confused by fancy programming terms like functions, classes, methods, libraries, and modules? Do you struggle with the scope of variables? Whether you're a self-taught programmer or a formally trained code monkey, the modularity of code can be confusing. But classes and libraries encourage modular code, and modular code can mean building up a collection of multipurpose code blocks that you can use across many projects to reduce your coding workload. In other words, if you follow along with this article's study of [Python][2] functions, you'll find ways to work smarter, and working smarter means working less. + +This article assumes enough Python familiarity to write and run a simple script. If you haven't used Python, read my [intro to Python][3] article first. + +### Functions + +Functions are an important step toward modularity because they are formalized methods of repetition. If there is a task that needs to be done again and again in your program, you can group the code into a function and call the function as often as you need it. This way, you only have to write the code once, but you can use it as often as you like. + +Here is an example of a simple function: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +import time + +def Timer(): +        print("Time is " + str(time.time() ) ) +``` + +Create a folder called **mymodularity** and save the function code as **timestamp.py**. + +In addition to this function, create a file called **__init__.py** in the **mymodularity** directory. You can do this in a file manager or a Bash shell: + + +``` +`$ touch mymodularity/__init__.py` +``` + +You have now created your own Python library (a "module," in Python lingo) in your Python package called **mymodularity**. It's not a very useful module, because all it does is import the **time** module and print a timestamp, but it's a start. + +To use your function, treat it just like any other Python module. Here's a small application that tests the accuracy of Python's **sleep()** function, using your **mymodularity** package for support. Save this file as **sleeptest.py** _outside_ the **mymodularity** directory (if you put this _into_ **mymodularity**, then it becomes a module in your package, and you don't want that). + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +import time +from mymodularity import timestamp + +print("Testing Python sleep()...") + +# modularity +timestamp.Timer() +time.sleep(3) +timestamp.Timer() +``` + +In this simple script, you are calling your **timestamp** module from your **mymodularity** package (twice). When you import a module from a package, the usual syntax is to import the module you want from the package and then use the _module name + a dot + the name of the function you want to call_ (e.g., **timestamp.Timer()**). + +You're calling your **Timer()** function twice, so if your **timestamp** module were more complicated than this simple example, you'd be saving yourself quite a lot of repeated code. + +Save the file and run it: + + +``` +$ python3 ./sleeptest.py +Testing Python sleep()... +Time is 1560711266.1526039 +Time is 1560711269.1557732 +``` + +According to your test, the sleep function in Python is pretty accurate: after three seconds of sleep, the timestamp was successfully and correctly incremented by three, with a little variance in microseconds. + +The structure of a Python library might seem confusing, but it's not magic. Python is _programmed_ to treat a folder full of Python code accompanied by an **__init__.py** file as a package, and it's programmed to look for available modules in its current directory _first_. This is why the statement **from mymodularity import timestamp** works: Python looks in the current directory for a folder called **mymodularity**, then looks for a **timestamp** file ending in **.py**. + +What you have done in this example is functionally the same as this less modular version: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +import time +from mymodularity import timestamp + +print("Testing Python sleep()...") + +# no modularity +print("Time is " + str(time.time() ) ) +time.sleep(3) +print("Time is " + str(time.time() ) ) +``` + +For a simple example like this, there's not really a reason you wouldn't write your sleep test that way, but the best part about writing your own module is that your code is generic so you can reuse it for other projects. + +You can make the code more generic by passing information into the function when you call it. For instance, suppose you want to use your module to test not the _computer's_ sleep function, but a _user's_ sleep function. Change your **timestamp** code so it accepts an incoming variable called **msg**, which will be a string of text controlling how the **timestamp** is presented each time it is called: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +import time + +# updated code +def Timer(msg): +    print(str(msg) + str(time.time() ) ) +``` + +Now your function is more abstract than before. It still prints a timestamp, but what it prints for the user is undefined. That means you need to define it when calling the function. + +The **msg** parameter your **Timer** function accepts is arbitrarily named. You could call the parameter **m** or **message** or **text** or anything that makes sense to you. The important thing is that when the **timestamp.Timer** function is called, it accepts some text as its input, places whatever it receives into a variable, and uses the variable to accomplish its task. + +Here's a new application to test the user's ability to sense the passage of time correctly: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +from mymodularity import timestamp + +print("Press the RETURN key. Count to 3, and press RETURN again.") + +input() +timestamp.Timer("Started timer at ") + +print("Count to 3...") + +input() +timestamp.Timer("You slept until ") +``` + +Save your new application as **response.py** and run it: + + +``` +$ python3 ./response.py +Press the RETURN key. Count to 3, and press RETURN again. + +Started timer at 1560714482.3772075 +Count to 3... + +You slept until 1560714484.1628013 +``` + +### Functions and required parameters + +The new version of your timestamp module now _requires_ a **msg** parameter. That's significant because your first application is broken because it doesn't pass a string to the **timestamp.Timer** function: + + +``` +$ python3 ./sleeptest.py +Testing Python sleep()... +Traceback (most recent call last): +  File "./sleeptest.py", line 8, in <module> +    timestamp.Timer() +TypeError: Timer() missing 1 required positional argument: 'msg' +``` + +Can you fix your **sleeptest.py** application so it runs correctly with the updated version of your module? + +### Variables and functions + +By design, functions limit the scope of variables. In other words, if a variable is created within a function, that variable is available to _only_ that function. If you try to use a variable that appears in a function outside the function, an error occurs. + +Here's a modification of the **response.py** application, with an attempt to print the **msg** variable from the **timestamp.Timer()** function: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +from mymodularity import timestamp + +print("Press the RETURN key. Count to 3, and press RETURN again.") + +input() +timestamp.Timer("Started timer at ") + +print("Count to 3...") + +input() +timestamp.Timer("You slept for ") + +print(msg) +``` + +Try running it to see the error: + + +``` +$ python3 ./response.py +Press the RETURN key. Count to 3, and press RETURN again. + +Started timer at 1560719527.7862902 +Count to 3... + +You slept for 1560719528.135406 +Traceback (most recent call last): +  File "./response.py", line 15, in <module> +    print(msg) +NameError: name 'msg' is not defined +``` + +The application returns a **NameError** message because **msg** is not defined. This might seem confusing because you wrote code that defined **msg**, but you have greater insight into your code than Python does. Code that calls a function, whether the function appears within the same file or if it's packaged up as a module, doesn't know what happens inside the function. A function independently performs its calculations and returns what it has been programmed to return. Any variables involved are _local_ only: they exist only within the function and only as long as it takes the function to accomplish its purpose. + +#### Return statements + +If your application needs information contained only in a function, use a **return** statement to have the function provide meaningful data after it runs. + +They say time is money, so modify your timestamp function to allow for an imaginary charging system: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +import time + +def Timer(msg): +    print(str(msg) + str(time.time() ) ) +    charge = .02 +    return charge +``` + +The **timestamp** module now charges two cents for each call, but most importantly, it returns the amount charged each time it is called. + +Here's a demonstration of how a return statement can be used: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +from mymodularity import timestamp + +print("Press RETURN for the time (costs 2 cents).") +print("Press Q RETURN to quit.") + +total = 0 + +while True: +    kbd = input() +    if kbd.lower() == "q": +        print("You owe $" + str(total) ) +        exit() +    else: +        charge = timestamp.Timer("Time is ") +        total = total+charge +``` + +In this sample code, the variable **charge** is assigned as the endpoint for the **timestamp.Timer()** function, so it receives whatever the function returns. In this case, the function returns a number, so a new variable called **total** is used to keep track of how many changes have been made. When the application receives the signal to quit, it prints the total charges: + + +``` +$ python3 ./charge.py +Press RETURN for the time (costs 2 cents). +Press Q RETURN to quit. + +Time is 1560722430.345412 + +Time is 1560722430.933996 + +Time is 1560722434.6027434 + +Time is 1560722438.612629 + +Time is 1560722439.3649364 +q +You owe $0.1 +``` + +#### Inline functions + +Functions don't have to be created in separate files. If you're just writing a short script specific to one task, it may make more sense to just write your functions in the same file. The only difference is that you don't have to import your own module, but otherwise the function works the same way. Here's the latest iteration of the time test application as one file: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +import time + +total = 0 + +def Timer(msg): +    print(str(msg) + str(time.time() ) ) +    charge = .02 +    return charge + +print("Press RETURN for the time (costs 2 cents).") +print("Press Q RETURN to quit.") + +while True: +    kbd = input() +    if kbd.lower() == "q": +        print("You owe $" + str(total) ) +        exit() +    else: +        charge = Timer("Time is ") +        total = total+charge +``` + +It has no external dependencies (the **time** module is included in the Python distribution), and produces the same results as the modular version. The advantage is that everything is located in one file, and the disadvantage is that you cannot use the **Timer()** function in some other script you are writing unless you copy and paste it manually. + +#### Global variables + +A variable created outside a function has nothing limiting its scope, so it is considered a _global_ variable. + +An example of a global variable is the **total** variable in the **charge.py** example used to track current charges. The running total is created outside any function, so it is bound to the application rather than to a specific function. + +A function within the application has access to your global variable, but to get the variable into your imported module, you must send it there the same way you send your **msg** variable. + +Global variables are convenient because they seem to be available whenever and wherever you need them, but it can be difficult to keep track of their scope and to know which ones are still hanging around in system memory long after they're no longer needed (although Python generally has very good garbage collection). + +Global variables are important, though, because not all variables can be local to a function or class. That's easy now that you know how to send variables to functions and get values back. + +### Wrapping up functions + +You've learned a lot about functions, so start putting them into your scripts—if not as separate modules, then as blocks of code you don't have to write multiple times within one script. In the next article in this series, I'll get into Python classes. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/get-modular-python-functions + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/xd-deng/users/nhuntwalker/users/don-watkins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/openstack_python_vim_1.jpg?itok=lHQK5zpm (OpenStack source code (Python) in VIM) +[2]: https://www.python.org/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/17/10/python-101 From 7c2a2b7779d4832e8a3ec9967a7c469177a5d2e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 00:55:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0670/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190701=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20use=20to=20infrastructure=20as=20code?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190701 How to use to infrastructure as code.md --- ...01 How to use to infrastructure as code.md | 373 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 373 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190701 How to use to infrastructure as code.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190701 How to use to infrastructure as code.md b/sources/tech/20190701 How to use to infrastructure as code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b8d931d0f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190701 How to use to infrastructure as code.md @@ -0,0 +1,373 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to use to infrastructure as code) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/infrastructure-code) +[#]: author: (Michael Zamot https://opensource.com/users/mzamot) + +How to use to infrastructure as code +====== +As your servers and applications grow, it becomes harder to maintain and +keep track of them if you don't treat your infrastructure as code. +![Magnifying glass on code][1] + +My previous article about [setting up a homelab][2] described many options for building a personal lab to learn new technology. Regardless of whichever solution you choose, as your servers and applications grow, it will become harder and harder to maintain and keep track of them if you don't establish control. To avoid this, it's essential to treat your infrastructure as code. + +This article is about infrastructure as code (IaC) best practices and includes a sample project automating the deployment of two virtual machines (VMs) and installing [Keepalived][3] and [Nginx][4] while implementing these practices. You can find all the [code for this project][5] on GitHub. + +### Why is IaC important? Aren't my scripts enough? + +No, scripts are not enough. Over time, scripts become hard to maintain and hard to keep track of. IaC can help you maintain uniformity and scalability while saving lots of time that you would waste if you did every task manually. + +One of the problems with the culture of managing servers manually or partially automated is the lack of consistency and control, which (more often than not) causes configuration drifts and undocumented changes to applications or servers. If a server or a virtual machine has to be replaced, it's time-consuming to manually install every piece of software and do every bit of configuration. + +With IaC, hundreds of servers can be provisioned, deployed, and configured, usually from a centralized location, and every configuration can be tracked in a version-control system. If a configuration file has to be modified, instead of connecting to every server, the file can be altered locally and the code pushed to the version-control system. The same is true with scaling up or replacing damaged servers. The entire infrastructure is managed centrally, all the code is kept in a version-control repository like Git, and any changes required by the servers are done using this code alone. No more unique unicorns! (Sorry, unicorns!) + +One of IaC's main benefits is its integration with [CI/CD][6] tools like [Jenkins][7], which allows you to test more often and create deployment pipelines that automate moving versions of applications from one environment to the next. + +### So, how do you start? + +Start by doing an inventory of every application, service, and configuration needed by a server; review every piece of software installed, collect the configuration files, verify their parameters, and find where you can replicate the server. + +When you have identified everything you need, remember: + + * Use version control; everything should be tracked using version control. + * Code everything; nothing should be done manually. Use code to describe the desired state. + * Idempotence. Every result from the code you write should always yield the same result, no matter how many times it is executed. + * Make your code modular. + * Test, test, test + * Again: Use version control. Don't _ever_ forget this. + + + +#### Prerequisites + +You need two virtual machines with CentOS 7 installed. SSH login with keys should be working. + +Create a directory called **homelab**. This will be your work directory, and this tutorial will refer to it as **$PWD**. Create two other directories inside this directory: **roles** and **group_vars**: + + +``` +$ mkdir -p homelab/{roles,group_vars} +$ cd homelab +``` + +#### Version control + +The first best practice is to always keep track of everything: automation, configuration files, templates. Version-control systems like Git make it easy for users to collaborate by providing a centralized repository where all the code, configurations, templates, etc. can be found. It also lets users review or restore older versions of files. + +If you don't have one, create an account in GitHub or GitLab (or use any other version-control provider of your choice). + +Inside **$PWD**, initialize your Git repo: + + +``` +$ echo "# IaC example" >> README.md +$ git init +$ git add README.md +$ git commit -m "First commit" +$ git remote add origin <your Git URL> +$ git push -u origin master +``` + +#### Code everything + +The main idea of IaC is to manage—as much as possible—all your infrastructure with code. Any change required in a server, application, or configuration must be defined in the code. Configuration files can be converted into templates to enable greater flexibility and reusability. Settings specific to applications or servers must also be coded, usually in variable files. + +When creating the automation, it is crucial to remember idempotence: No matter how many times the code is executed, it should always have the same result. Same input, same result. For example, when writing a piece of code that modifies a file, you must ensure that if the same code is executed again, the file will look the same. + +The following steps are automated, and the code is idempotent. + +### Modularity + +When writing infrastructure as code, it is imperative to think about reusability. Most of the code you write should be reusable and scalable. + +When writing [Ansible][8] roles, the best approach is to follow the Unix philosophy: "Write programs that do one thing and do it well." Therefore, create multiple roles, one for each piece of software: 1) a "base" or "common" role that prepares each VM regardless of its purpose; 2) a role to install and configure Keepalived (for high availability); 3) a role to install and configure Nginx (web server). This method allows each role to be reused for different kinds of servers and will save a lot of coding in the future. + +#### Create the base role + +This role will prepare the VM with all the steps it needs after it is provisioned. Think about any configurations or software each server needs; they should go in this module. In this example, the base role will: + + * Change the hostname + * Install security updates + * Enable [EPEL][9] and install utilities + * Customize the welcome message + + + +Create the basic role skeleton inside **$PWD/roles**: + + +``` +`$ ansible-galaxy init --offline base` +``` + +The main file for the role is **$PWD/roles/base/tasks/main.yml**. Modify it with the following content: + + +``` +\--- +# We set the hostname to the value in the inventory +\- name: Change hostname +  hostname: +    name: "{{ inventory_hostname }}" + +\- name: Update the system +  yum: +    name: "*" +    state: latest + +\- name: Install basic utilities +  yum: +    name: ['epel-release', 'tmux', 'vim', 'wget', 'nfs-utils'] +    state: present + +\- name: Copy motd +  template: +    src: motd.j2 +    dest: /etc/motd +``` + +Create the template file that will replace **/etc/motd** by creating the file **$PWD/roles/base/templates/motd.j2** + + +``` +UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO THIS DEVICE IS PROHIBITED + +You must have explicit, authorized permission to access or configure "{{ inventory_hostname }}". Unauthorized attempts and actions to access or use this system may result in civil and/or criminal penalties. All activities performed on this device are logged and monitored. +``` + +Every task in this code is idempotent. No matter how many times the code is executed, it will always yield exactly the same result. Notice how **/etc/motd** is modified; if the file were modified by adding or appending content (instead of using a template), it would have failed the idempotence rule, because a new line would be added every time it was executed. + +#### Create the Keepalived role + +You could create a role that includes both **Keepalived** and **Nginx**. But what would happen if you ever needed to install Keepalived without a web server? The code would have to be duplicated, wasting time, effort, and simplicity. Keeping roles minimal and straightforward is the way to go. + +The automation code should always handle configuration files so they can be tracked in your version-control system. But how do you handle configuration files when settings can have different values per host? Use templates! Templates allow you to use variables and facts, giving you flexibility with the benefits of uniformity. + +Create the Keepalived role skeleton within **$PWD/roles**: + + +``` +`$ ansible-galaxy init --offline keepalived` +``` + +Modify the main task file **$PWD/roles/keepalived/tasks/main.yml** as follows: + + +``` +\--- +\- name: Install keepalived +  yum: +    name: "keepalived" +    state: latest + +\- name: Configure keepalived with the right settings +  template: +    src: keepalived.j2 +    dest: /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf +  notify: restart keepalived +``` + +**$PWD/roles/keepalived/handlers/main.yml**: + + +``` +\--- +# handlers file for keepalived +\- name: restart keepalived +  service: +    name: keepalived +    enabled: yes +    state: restarted +``` + +And create the configuration template file **$PWD/roles/keepalived/templates/keepalived.j2**: + + +``` +#### File handled by Ansible. + +vrrp_script chk_nginx { +  script "pidof nginx" # check the nginx process +  interval 2 # every 2 seconds +  weight 2 # add 2 points if OK +} + +vrrp_instance LAB { +  interface {{ keepalived_nic }} # interface to monitor +  state {{ keepalived_state }} +  virtual_router_id {{ keepalived_vri }} +  priority {{ keepalived_priority }} +  virtual_ipaddress { +    {{ keepalived_vip }} +  } +  track_script { +    chk_nginx +  } +} +``` + +The Keepalived configuration file was converted into a template. It is a typical Keepalived configuration file, but instead of hardcoding values, it is parameterized. + +When automating infrastructure and configuration files, it's vital to analyze application configuration files carefully, noting which values are the same across the environments and which settings are unique to each server. Again, every time the template is processed, it should yield the same result. Create variables, use Ansible facts; this adds up to modularity and flexibility. + +#### Create the Nginx role + +This simple role will install and configure Nginx using a template, following the same principles discussed above. A template will be used for this role to generate an **index.html** with the host's internet protocol (IP). [Other facts][10] can be used, too. + +Modify the main task file **$PWD/roles/nginx/tasks/main.yml** as follows: + + +``` +\--- +# tasks file for nginx +\- name: Install nginx +  yum: +    name: 'nginx' +    state: 'latest' +  notify: start nginx + +\- name: Create web directory +  file: +    path: /var/www +    state: directory +    mode: '0755' + +\- name: Create index.html +  template: +    src: index.html.j2 +    dest: /var/www/index.html + +\- name: Configure nginx +  template: +    src: lb.conf.j2 +    dest: /etc/nginx/conf.d/lb.conf +  notify: restart nginx +``` + +Modify the main task file **$PWD/roles/nginx/handlers/main.yml** as follows: + + +``` +\--- +\- name: start nginx +  systemd: +    name: 'nginx' +    state: 'started' +    enabled: yes + +\- name: restart nginx +  systemd: +    name: 'nginx' +    state: 'restarted' +``` + +And create the following two configuration template files:  + +**$PWD/roles/nginx/templates/site.conf.j2:** + + +``` +server { +  listen {{ keepalived_vip }}:80; +  root /var/www; +  location / { +  } +} +``` + +**$PWD/roles/nginx/templates/index.html.j2**: + + +``` +`Hello, my ip is {{ ansible_default_ipv4.address }}` +``` + +### Put it all together + +You've created several roles; they are ready to be used, so create a playbook to use them. + +Create a file called **$PWD/main.yml**: + + +``` +\--- +\- hosts: webservers +  become: yes +  roles: + - base +  - nginx +  - keepalived +``` + +This file defines what roles go where. If more roles are available, they can be included to create different combinations as needed. Some servers can be web servers only, for example. This flexibility is one of the main reasons it's so essential to write minimal functional units. + +The previous roles require variables to work. Ansible is really flexible and lets you define variable files. This example creates a file called **all inside group_vars** (**$PWD/group_vars/all**). If more flexibility is needed, variables can be defined per host inside a folder called **host_vars**: + + +``` +\--- +keepalived_nic: eth0 +keepalived_vri: 51 +keepalived_vip: 192.168.2.180 +``` + +Configure **keepalived_nic** with your preferred Keepalived interface, usually **eth0**. The variable **keepalived_vip** should have the IP needed to use as a virtual IP. + +And finally, define the inventory. This inventory should keep track of your entire infrastructure. It's best to use dynamic inventories that gather all the information directly from the hypervisor so it doesn't have to be updated manually. Create a file called **inventory** with a section called **webservers** containing information about the two VMs: + + +``` +[webservers] +webserver01  ansible_user=centos ansible_host=192.168.2.101 keepalived_state=MASTER keepalived_priority=101 +webserver02  ansible_user=centos ansible_host=192.168.2.102 keepalived_state=BACKUP keepalived_priority=100 +``` + +The variable **ansible_user** should have the user Ansible will use to connect to the server. The variable **keepalived_state** should indicate if the host will be configured as a Master or Backup (as required in the Keepalived template file). Finally, set the variable **keepalived_priority** here because the master should have a higher priority than the backup. + +And that's it; you've automated configuration of two VMs, installing Keepalived and Nginx. + +Now save your changes: + + +``` +$ git add . +$ git commit -m "IaC playbook" +$ git push -u origin master +``` + +and deploy: + + +``` +`$ ansible-playbook -i inventory main.yml` +``` + +This project investigated basic IaC concepts, but it doesn't end here. Learn more by exploring how to do automated server provisioning, unit testing, and integration with CI/CD tools and pipelines. It's a long process, but it's worth it, both technically and career-wise. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/infrastructure-code + +作者：[Michael Zamot][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mzamot +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/find-file-linux-code_magnifying_glass_zero.png?itok=E2HoPDg0 (Magnifying glass on code) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/home-lab +[3]: https://www.keepalived.org/ +[4]: https://www.nginx.com/ +[5]: https://github.com/mzamot/os-homelab-example +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CI/CD +[7]: https://jenkins.io/ +[8]: https://www.ansible.com/ +[9]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL +[10]: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/user_guide/playbooks_variables.html#variables-discovered-from-systems-facts From e03b6cdabe2ae1025bea478567a92625b73e5471 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 00:57:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0671/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190701=20Temp?= =?UTF-8?q?ered=20Networks=20simplifies=20secure=20network=20connectivity?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20microsegmentation?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190701 Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation.md --- ...work connectivity and microsegmentation.md | 99 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190701 Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190701 Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation.md b/sources/talk/20190701 Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5cf40e865d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190701 Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405853/tempered-networks-simplifies-secure-network-connectivity-and-microsegmentation.html) +[#]: author: (Linda Musthaler https://www.networkworld.com/author/Linda-Musthaler/) + +Tempered Networks simplifies secure network connectivity and microsegmentation +====== +Tempered Networks’ Identity Defined Network platform uses the Host Identity Protocol to partition and isolate the network into trusted microsegments, providing an easy and cost-effective way to secure the network. +![Thinkstock][1] + +The TCP/IP protocol is the foundation of the internet and pretty much every single network out there. The protocol was designed 45 years ago and was originally only created for connectivity. There’s nothing in the protocol for security, mobility, or trusted authentication. + +The fundamental problem with TCP/IP is that the IP address within the protocol represents both the device location and the device identity on a network. This dual functionality of the address lacks the basic mechanisms for security and mobility of devices on a network. + +This is one of the reasons networks are so complicated today. To connect to things on a network or over the internet, you need VPNs, firewalls, routers, cell modems, etc. and you have all the configurations that come with ACLs, VLANs, certificates, and so on. The nightmare grows exponentially when you factor in internet of things (IoT) device connectivity and security. It’s all unsustainable at scale. + +Clearly, we need a more efficient and effective way to take on network connectivity, mobility, and security. + +**[ Also read: [What is microsegmentation? How getting granular improves network security][2] | Get regularly scheduled insights: [Sign up for Network World newsletters][3] ]** + +The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) tackled this problem with the Host Identity Protocol (HIP). It provides a method of separating the endpoint identifier and the locator roles of IP addresses. It introduces a new Host Identity (HI) name space, based on public keys, from which endpoint identifiers are taken. HIP uses existing IP addressing and forwarding for locators and packet delivery.The protocol is compatible with IPv4 and IPv6 applications and utilizes a customized IPsec tunnel mode for confidentiality, authentication, and integrity of network applications. + +Ratified by IETF in 2015, HIP represents a new security networking layer within the OSI stack. Think of it as Layer 3.5. It’s a flip of the trust model where TCP/IP is inherently promiscuous and will answer to anything that wants to talk to a device on that network. In contrast, HIP is a trust protocol that will not answer to anything on the network unless that connection has been authenticated and authorized based on its cryptographic identity. It is, in effect, a form of a [software-defined perimeter][4] around specific network resources. This is also known as [microsegmentation][5]. + +![][6] + +### Tempered Networks’ IDN platform creates segmented, encrypted network + +[Tempered Networks][7] has created a platform utilizing the HIP and a variety of technologies that partitions and isolates the network into trusted microsegments. Tempered Networks’ Identity Defined Networking (IDN) platform is deployed as an overlay technology that layers on top of any IP network. The HIP was designed to be both forward and backward compatible with any IP network without having to make any changes to the underlay network. The overlay network creates a direct tunnel between the two things you want to connect. + +**[ [Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][8] ]** + +The IDN platform uses three components to create a segmented and encrypted network: an orchestration engine called the Conductor, the HIPrelay identity-based router, and HIP Services enforcement points. + +The Conductor is a centralized orchestration and intelligence engine that connects, protects, and disconnects any resource globally through a single pane of glass. The Conductor is used to define and enforce policies for HIP Services. Policy configuration is done in a simple point-and-click manner. The Conductor is available as a physical or virtual appliance or in the Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud. + +HIP Services provide software-based policy enforcement, enabling secure connectivity among IDN-protected devices, as well as cloaking, segmentation, identity-based routing, and IP mobility. They can be deployed on or in-line to any device or system and come in the form of HIPswitch hardware, HIPserver, HIPclient, Cloud HIPswitch, or Virtual HIPswitch. HIP Services also can be embedded in customer hardware or applications. + +Placing HIPswitches in front of any connected device renders the device HIP-enabled and immediately microsegments the traffic, isolating inbound and outbound traffic from the underlying network. HIPswitches deployed on the network automatically register with the Conductor using their cryptographic identity. + +HIPrelay works with the HIP Service-enabled endpoints to deliver peer-to-peer connectivity for any device or system across all networks and transport options. Rather than using Layer 3 or 4 rule sets or traditional routing protocols, HIPrelay routes and connects encrypted communications based on provable cryptographic identities traversing existing infrastructure. + +It sounds complicated, but it really isn’t. A use case example should demonstrate the ease and power of this solution. + +### Use case: Smart Ships + +An international cruise line recently installed Tempered Networks’ IDN solution to provide tighter security around its critical maritime systems. Prior to deployment, the systems for fuel, propulsion, navigation, ballast, weather, and incinerators were on a flat Layer 2 network, which basically allowed authorized users of the network to see everything. + +Given that vendors of the different maritime systems had access to their own system, the lack of microsegmentation allowed them to see the other systems as well. The cruise line needed a simple way to segment access to these different systems — isolating them from each other — and they wanted to do it without having to put the ships in dry dock for the network reconfiguration. + +The original configuration looked like this: + +![][9] + +The company implemented microsegmentation of the network based on the functionality of the systems. This isolated and segmented vendor access to only their own systems — everything else was hidden to them. The implementation involved installing HIPrelay identity routing in the cloud, several HIPswitch wireless devices onboard the ships, and HIPclient software on the vendors’ and crew members’ devices. The Conductor appliance that managed the entire deployment was installed in AWS. + +All of that was done without impacting the underlying network, and no dry dock time was required for the deployment. In addition, the cruise line was able to eliminate internal firewalls and VPNs that had previously been used for segmentation and remote access. The resulting configuration looks like this: + +![][10] + +The color coding of the illustration above indicates what systems are now able to directly see and communicate with their corresponding controllers and sensors. Everything else on the network is hidden from view of those systems. + +The acquisition cost of the Tempered Networks’ solution was one-tenth that of a traditional microsegmentation solution. The deployment time was 2 FTE days per ship compared to the 40 FTE days a traditional solution would have needed. No additional staffing was required to support the solution, and no changes were made to the underlying network. + +### A time-tested microsegmentation solution + +This technology came out of Boeing and was deployed for over 12 years within their manufacturing facilities until 2014, when Boeing allowed the technology to become commercialized. Tempered Networks took the HIP and developed the full platform with easy, centralized management. It was purpose-built to provide secure connectivity to networks. The solution has been successfully deployed in industrial domains such as the utilities sector, oil and gas, electricity generation, and aircraft manufacturing, as well as in enterprise domains and healthcare. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][11] and [LinkedIn][12] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405853/tempered-networks-simplifies-secure-network-connectivity-and-microsegmentation.html + +作者：[Linda Musthaler][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Linda-Musthaler/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/01/network_security_hacker_virus_crime-100745979-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3236448/lan-wan/what-to-consider-when-deploying-a-next-generation-firewall.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3359363/software-defined-perimeter-brings-trusted-access-to-multi-cloud-applications-network-resources.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3247672/what-is-microsegmentation-how-getting-granular-improves-network-security.html +[6]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/07/hip-slide-100800735-large.jpg +[7]: https://www.temperednetworks.com/ +[8]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr +[9]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/07/cruise-ship-before-100800736-large.jpg +[10]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/07/cruise-ship-after-100800738-large.jpg +[11]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[12]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From b5fb98a086ec35dcfaa7f9b56e5dab536164142f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 08:51:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0672/1265] translated --- ... Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md | 88 ------------------- ... Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md | 83 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md diff --git a/sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md b/sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md deleted file mode 100644 index 446bf11a92..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released: Here’s What’s New) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/deluge-2-release/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released: Here’s What’s New -====== - -You probably already know that [Deluge][1] is one of the [best Torrent clients available for Linux users][2]. However, the last stable release was almost two years back. - -Even though it was in active development, a major stable release wasn’t there – until recently. The latest version while we write this happens to be 2.0.2. So, if you haven’t downloaded the latest stable version – do try it out. - -In either case, if you’re curious, let us talk about what’s new. - -![Deluge][3] - -### Major improvements in Deluge 2.0 - -The new release introduces multi-user support – which was a much needed addition. - -In addition to that, there has been several performance improvements to handle more torrents with faster loading times. - -Also, with version 2.0, Deluge used Python 3 with minimal support for Python 2.7. Even for the user interface, they migrated from GTK UI to GTK3. - -As per the release notes, there are several more significant additions/improvements, which include: - - * Multi-user support. - * Performance updates to handle thousands of torrents with faster loading times. - * A New Console UI which emulates GTK/Web UIs. - * GTK UI migrated to GTK3 with UI improvements and additions. - * Magnet pre-fetching to allow file selection when adding torrent. - * Fully support libtorrent 1.2 release. - * Language switching support. - * Improved documentation hosted on ReadTheDocs. - * AutoAdd plugin replaces built-in functionality. - - - -### How to install or upgrade to Deluge 2.0 - -![][4] - -You should follow the official [installation guide][5] (using PPA or PyPi) for any Linux distro. However, if you are upgrading, you should go through the note mentioned in the release note: - -“_Deluge 2.0 is not compatible with Deluge 1.x clients or daemons so these will require upgrading too._ _Also_ _third-party Python scripts may not be compatible if they directly connect to the Deluge client and will need migrating._“ - -So, they insist to always make a backup of your [config][6] before a major version upgrade to guard against data loss. - -[][7] - -Suggested read  Ubuntu's Snap Apps Website Gets Much Needed Improvements - -And, if you are an author of a plugin, you need to upgrade it make it compatible with the new release. - -Direct download app packages not yet available for Windows and Mac OS. However, the release note mentions that they are being worked on. - -As an alternative, you can install them manually by following the [installation guide][5] in the updated official documentation. - -**Wrapping Up** - -What do you think about the latest stable release? Do you utilize Deluge as your BitTorrent client? Or do you find something else as a better alternative? - -Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/deluge-2-release/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://dev.deluge-torrent.org/ -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-torrent-ubuntu/ -[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/deluge.jpg?fit=800%2C410&ssl=1 -[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Deluge-2-release.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[5]: https://deluge.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro/01-install.html -[6]: https://dev.deluge-torrent.org/wiki/Faq#WheredoesDelugestoreitssettingsconfig -[7]: https://itsfoss.com/snap-store/ diff --git a/translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md b/translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7c04b906fc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released: Here’s What’s New) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/deluge-2-release/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +BitTorrent 客户端 Deluge 2.0 发布：新功能介绍 +====== + +你可能已经知道 [Deluge][1] 是[最适合 Linux 用户的 Torrent 客户端][2]之一。然而，最近的稳定版本差不多是两年前的了。 + +尽管它在积极开发中，但直到最近才出了一个主要的稳定版本。我们写这篇文章时，最新版本恰好是 2.0.2。所以，如果你还没有下载最新的稳定版本，请尝试一下。 + +不管如何，如果你好奇的话，让我们谈下有哪些新的功能。 + +![Deluge][3] + +### Deluge 2.0 的主要改进 + +新版本引入了多用户支持，这是一个非常需要的功能。 + +除此之外，还有一些性能改进可以更快地加载更多的种子。 + +此外，在 2.0 版本中，Deluge 使用了 Python 3，对 Python 2.7 提供最低支持。即使是用户界面，他们也从 GTK UI 迁移到了 GTK3。 + +根据发行说明，还有一些更重要的补充/改进，包括： + + * 多用户支持。 +  * 性能提升，可以更快地加载数千个种子。 +  * 一个模拟 GTK/Web UI 的新控制台 UI。 +  * GTK UI 迁移到 GTK3，并伴随 UI 改进和补充。 +  * 磁链预获取功能以便在添加种子时选择文件。 +  * 完全支持 libtorrent 1.2。 +  * 语言切换支持。 +  * 改进了在 ReadTheDocs 托管的文档。 +  * AutoAdd 插件取代了内置功能。 + + + +### 如何安装或升级到 Deluge 2.0 + +![][4] + +对于任何 Linux 发行版，你都应该遵循官方[安装指南][5]（使用 PPA 或 PyPi）。但是，如果你要升级，你应该留意发行说明中提到的： + +“_Deluge 2.0与 Deluge 1.x 客户端或守护进程不兼容，因此这些也需要升级。如果第三方脚本直接连接到 Deluge 客户端，那么可能也不兼容且需要迁移。_” + +因此，坚持在升级主版本之前备份你的[配置][6]以免数据丢失。 + +而且，如果你是插件作者，那么需要升级它以使其与新版本兼容。 + +直接下载的安装包尚不包含 Windows 和 Mac OS。但是，说明中提到他们正在进行中。 + +除此之外，你可以按照更新后的官方文档中的[安装指南][5]来手动安装它们。 + +**总结** + +你如何看待最新的稳定版本？你是否将 Deluge 用作 BitTorrent 客户端？或者你是否找到了其他更好的选择？ + +请在下面的评论栏告诉我们你的想法。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/deluge-2-release/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://dev.deluge-torrent.org/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-torrent-ubuntu/ +[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/deluge.jpg?fit=800%2C410&ssl=1 +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Deluge-2-release.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[5]: https://deluge.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro/01-install.html +[6]: https://dev.deluge-torrent.org/wiki/Faq#WheredoesDelugestoreitssettingsconfig From 56399b7bc8449adb0d6278e64c7ebbd9a52f45f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 09:05:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0673/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=9A20190625=20The=20innovation=20delusion.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md | 93 ------------------- .../tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md | 88 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 93 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md b/sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md deleted file mode 100644 index 53f7ffb412..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,93 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (The innovation delusion) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/innovation-delusion) -[#]: author: (Jim Whitehurst https://opensource.com/users/jwhitehurst/users/jwhitehurst/users/n8chz/users/dhdeans) - -The innovation delusion -====== -Innovation is a messy process. Our stories about it aren't. We shouldn't -confuse the two. -![gears and lightbulb to represent innovation][1] - -If [traditional planning is dead][2], then why do so many organizations still invest in planning techniques optimized for the Industrial Revolution? - -One reason might be that we trick ourselves into thinking innovation is the kind of thing we can accomplish with a structured, linear process. When we do this, I think we're confusing our _stories_ about innovation with the _process_ of innovation itself—and the two are very different. - -The _process_ of innovation is chaotic and unpredictable. It doesn't operate according to clean, regimented timelines. It's filled with iterative phases, sudden changes in direction, various starts and stops, dead ends, (hopefully productive) failures, and unknowable variables. It's messy. - -But the stories we tell ourselves about innovation, including the books and articles we read about great inventions and the tales we tell each other about our successes in the workplace, tidy that process up. Think about how many social media posts you've seen that feature nothing but the "high points." - -That's the nature of good storytelling. It takes a naturally scattered collection of moments and puts them neatly into a beginning, middle, and end. It smoothes out all the rough patches and makes a result seem inevitable from the start, despite whatever moments of uncertainty, panic, even despair we experienced along the way. - -We shouldn't confuse messy process with simplified story. When we do, we might mistakenly assume we can approach innovation challenges with the same practices we bring to neat and linear processes. In other words, we apply a set of management techniques appropriate for one set of activities (for more rote, mechanical, and prescriptive tasks) to a set of activities they aren't really suited for (more creative, non-linear work requiring autonomy and experimentation). - -If traditional planning is dead, then why do so many organizations still invest in planning techniques optimized for the Industrial Revolution? - -### An innovation story - -Here's [one of my favorite examples][2] of how this idea in action. - -In the 1970s, the British motorcycle industry was desperately trying to figure out why its U.S. market share was plummeting while Honda's was skyrocketing. The company hired my former employer, the Boston Consulting Group, to help them figure out what was going wrong. BCG gathered some historical data, reviewed a two-decade sequence of events, and developed a neat, linear story explaining Honda's success. - -Honda, [BCG concluded][3], had executed an ingenious strategy: enter the U.S market with smaller motorcycles it could sell at lower cost, use the economies of scale it had developed in the Japense market to set low prices and grow a market, then further leverage those economies of scale to grow their share in the States as demand grew. By all accounts, Honda had done it brilliantly, playing to its strengths while thoroughly and accurately assessing the new, target U.S. consumer. It had outsmarted, outflanked, and outperformed competitors with a well-executed plan. - -It _sounded_ great. But the reality was much less straightforward. - -Yes, Honda _did_ want to enter the U.S. motorcycle market. It initially attempted to [copy its competitors there][4], building the larger bikes Americans seemed to favor. But bikes like that weren't one of Honda's strengths, and their versions had reliability issues. To make matters worse, their models didn't look much different than other offerings already in the market, so they weren't standing out. Suffice it to say, sales were not booming. - -But in a happy coincidence, Honda's Japanese representatives visiting the States had brought their own motorcycles with them. Those bikes were different than the ones the company was attempting to sell to the American market. They were smaller, zippier, less bulky, more efficient, and generally less expensive. Sears took notice, contacted the reps, and the companies struck a deal that let Sears carry this new motorcycle—called the "Super Cub"—in its American stores. - -And the rest, as they say, is history. The Super Cub would go on to become the [best-selling motorized vehicle of all time][5], and Honda [continues to produce it today][6]. - -In hindsight, the events that brought the Super Cub to the U.S. seem logical, almost boring. But Honda owed its success less to an ingenious master plan and much more to serendipity and happenstance than most people care to admit. - -When success depends on things we don't or can't predict, is getting exactly what you've planned for good enough? - -### Open (and messy) innovation - -Organizations (and especially leaders) like to think that success is always planned—that they've become masters of chaos and can almost predict the future. But they're often making those assessments with the benefit of hindsight, telling the stories of their haphazard journey in a way that organizes the chaos, essentially reflecting on a period of uncertainty and saying "we meant to do that." - -But as I said, we shouldn't assume those stories are mirror reflections of the innovation process itself and build future initiatives or experiments on that mistaken assumption. - -Imagine another motorcycle manufacturer looking to replicate Honda's success with the Super Cub by following BCG's narrative to the letter. Because the _story_ of Honda's success seems so logical and linear, the new company might assume it could use similar processes and get the same results: plan objectives, prescribe behaviors, and execute against knowable outcomes. But we know that Honda didn't really win its market with that kind of "plan, prescribe, execute" mentality. It won through flexibility and a bit of blind luck—something more like "[try, learn, modify][7]." - -When we're able to appreciate and accept that the innovation process is messy, we allow ourselves to think differently about approaching innovation in our organizations. We can begin building the kinds of open and agile organizations capable of _responding to innovation as it happens_ instead of over-investing resources into pre-formed plans that try to _force_ innovation into a linear timeline. - -I saw this kind of approach several years ago, when Red Hat released a new version of a product that included a major technology update. [Version 5.4 of Red Hat Enterprise Linux][8] was the first to include full support for a technology called the Kernel-based Virtual Machine (or "KVM"). For us it was a significant innovation that promised to deliver immense value not only to customers and partners, but also to open source software communities. - -The technology was evolving quickly. Luckily, because we're an open organization, we were adaptable enough to respond to that innovation as it was happening and help our customers and partners take advantage of it. It was too important, and the competitive landscape too volatile, to justify withholding just so we could "save" it for a milestone moment like version 6.0. - -When you go back and review [the archived release notes][9] for Red Hat Enterprise Linux, you'll see that it doesn't "read" like a typical software innovation tale. A game-changing development pops up at an unpredicted and unremarkable moment (version 5.4), rather than a pre-planned blockbuster milestone (version 6.0). In hindsight, we now know that KVM _was_ the kind of "big bang" advancement that could have warranted a milestone release name like "6.0." But that's just not how the innovation process unfolded. - -Don't get me wrong, organizations still need to maintain operational excellence and perform execution-oriented tasks well. But [different kinds of challenges require different kinds of approaches][10], and we need to get better at building flexible organizations just as capable of [responding to the unforeseen or unknowable][11]. - -An organization great at planning (and executing against that plan) will quite likely get the results it planned for. But when success depends on things we _don't_ or _can't_ predict, is getting exactly what you've planned for good enough? - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/innovation-delusion - -作者：[Jim Whitehurst][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jwhitehurst/users/jwhitehurst/users/n8chz/users/dhdeans -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/innovation_lightbulb_gears_devops_ansible.png?itok=TSbmp3_M (gears and lightbulb to represent innovation) -[2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MCbJmZQM9c -[3]: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/235319/0532.pdf -[4]: http://www.howardyu.org/the-revolutionary-approach-honda-took-to-rise-above-competition/ -[5]: https://autoweek.com/article/motorcycles/first-ride-honda-super-cub-c125-abs-all-new-and-still-super-cute -[6]: https://www.autoblog.com/2019/02/13/2019-honda-super-cub-first-ride-review/ -[7]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/3/try-learn-modify -[8]: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/5/html/5.4_release_notes/index -[9]: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/5/html/5.0_release_notes/index -[10]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/managed-enabled-empowered -[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-plan-world-full-unknowns-jim-whitehurst/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md b/translated/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8e20ad0d98 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190625 The innovation delusion.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The innovation delusion) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/innovation-delusion) +[#]: author: (Jim Whitehurst https://opensource.com/users/jwhitehurst/users/jwhitehurst/users/n8chz/users/dhdeans) + +创新的幻觉 +====== +创新是一种混乱的过程，但是关于创新的故事却很有条理。我们不应该把两者搞混了。 +![gears and lightbulb to represent innovation][1] + +如果说 [传统的规划方法已经消亡了][2]，为什么这么多机构还在孜孜不倦地运用那些针对工业革命所设计的规划方法呢？ + +其中的一个原因是，我们错误地认为创新是可以通过结构化的、线性的过程实现的。我觉得这样做是在混淆关于创新的 **故事** 和创新这个 **过程** 本身 —— 两者是截然不同的东西。 + +创新的过程是混乱和不可预测的，并不遵循井然有序的时间线。过程中充满了重复迭代、突然的改变方向、各式各样的启动和终止、死胡同、失败（但愿是有用的失败），以及很多不可知的变量。创新是混乱的。 + +但是关于创新的故事却让事情显得很简单，从讲述伟大发明的书籍和文章，到我们（简化了整个过程之后）讲述自己在工作上的成功都是这样。想想你在社交媒体上读的帖子里，有多少都只写了最好的、最愉快的部分吧。 + +好故事就是这样。我们把一些原本分散的时间点干净利落地整理到一起，有开头、有发展、也有结尾。尽管我们一路上经历了很多没有把握、恐慌、甚至是绝望的时刻，在故事里这些坎坷却都被抹平了，让事情看起来像是从一开始就注定是成功的。 + +我们不应该把混乱的过程和简化了的故事搞混。否则，我们会错误地认为可以使用在简单线性过程中所使用的同样的方法迎接创新的挑战。换句话说，我们将适用于一种类型的活动（比较偏死记硬背、机械和规则性的任务）的管理技术应用在了并不适用的另一种类型的活动（更加有创造性的、非线性的工作，需要自主性和试验）上。 + +### 一个创新的故事 + +下面这个故事可以很好地说明这一点。这是我 [最喜欢举的例子][2] 之一。 + +在 1970 年代，英国的摩托车行业怎么也想不明白为什么他们在美国的市场份额急剧下降，而本田公司的市场份额却急速攀升。他们雇佣了波士顿咨询公司（刚好是我之前的雇主）帮助他们找出问题所在。波士顿咨询搜集了一些历史数据，回看了二十年的历史事件，总结出了一个井井有条的、线性的故事，可以很好地解释本田公司的成功。 + +[波士顿咨询的结论是][3]，本田公司使用了一个巧妙的策略：通过一种可以以更低价格销售的偏小型摩托车进入美国市场，并且借助于他们在日本本土市场发展出来的规模经济，在美国市场使用低价策略发展市场份额，然后等到需求进一步增长的时候，再利用更大的规模经济发展他们在美国的市场份额。在所有人的眼中，本田公司都表现得非常出色，不仅发挥了自己的优势，还非常透彻和精准地理解了新的目标顾客：美国消费者。他们智胜一筹，通过一个执行得很好的计划占领了先机，胜过了竞争对手们。 + +这个故事 **听上去** 很厉害，但是实际情况没有这么简单。 + +没错，本田公司 **确实** 是想进入美国摩托车市场。他们最初是想 [效仿在美国的竞争对手][4]，也制造美国人似乎更喜欢的大型摩托车。但是大型摩托车并不是本田公司的强项，他们生产的大型摩托车存在可靠性上的问题。更糟的是，他们的产品和市面上的其它产品没有什么差别，所以并不能脱颖而出。简单来说，他们的产品销售额表现平平。 + +但是在一次奇妙的巧合里，本田公司出访美国的日本代表们带了几辆自己开的摩托车。这些摩托车和本田公司试图在美国市场上销售的摩托车完全不同，它们更为小巧灵活、不那么笨重、更有效率，并且一般来说也更便宜。西尔斯公司（LCTT 译注：美国零售业巨头）注意到了这些小巧的摩托车，并且和日本代表达成了一项协议，让西尔斯公司可以在他们在美国的商店里出售这种被称为“超级幼兽”的新型摩托车。 + +剩下的故事已经载入史册。超级幼兽成为了 [史上最畅销的机动车][5]，并且本田公司 [至今仍然在生产超级幼兽][6]。 + +事后看来，将超级幼兽带到美国的一连串事件似乎很有逻辑，近乎无聊了。但是本田公司的成功和“巧妙的计划”没有什么关系，而更应该归功于一些（大多数人不愿意承认的）机缘巧合。 + +### 开放（并且混乱的）创新 + +机构（特别是领导们）喜欢把成功说成是一件计划之内的事情 - 好像成功人士可以驾驭混乱，并且几乎可以预测未来。但是这些言论都是事后诸葛亮罢了，他们在讲述自己充满偶然性的经历的时候会刻意将无序的事情整理一番，对于毫无确定性的事情也会说“我们就是想要那么做的”。 + +但是正如我前面说的，我们不应该相信这些故事是创新过程的真实还原，也不应该在这种错误的假设的基础之上去构建未来的方案或者实验。 + +试想有另一家摩托车制造商想要复制本田公司在超级幼兽上的成功，就逐字逐句地照搬波士顿咨询总结的故事。由于本田公司成功的 **故事** 听上去是如此有逻辑，并且是线性的，这家新公司也许会假定他们可以通过类似的程序得到同样的结果：制定目标、谋划行动，然后针对可预期的结果进行执行。但是我们知道本田公司并不是真的靠这种“制定、谋划、执行”的方式赢得他们的市场份额的。他们是通过灵活性和一点运气获得成功的 - 更像是“尝试、学习、修改”。 + +当我们可以真正理解并且接受“创新过程是混乱的”这个事实的时候，我们就可以换种方式思考如何让我们的机构实现创新了。与其将资源浪费在预先制定的计划上，**强迫** 创新以一种线性时间线的方式发生，我们不如去构建一些开放并且敏捷的机构，可以 **在创新发生的时候做出及时的响应**。 + +几年前红帽公司发布一个包含了重大技术升级的产品的新版本的时候，我就看到了这样的方法。[红帽企业级 Linux 5.4 版本][8] 首次完全支持了一种被称为"基于内核的虚拟机"（KVM）的技术。这对于我们来说是一个重大的创新，不仅可以为顾客和合作伙伴带来巨大的价值，也有望为开源社区带来巨大的价值。 + +这项技术正在快速演进。幸运的事，因为我们是一个开放的机构，我们具有足够的适应能力，可以在这项创新发生的时候做出响应，从而帮助我们的顾客和合作伙伴可以更好地利用它。这项技术太重要了，并且竞争格局也太不稳定了，以至于我们没有理由要等到像 6.0 版本这样的里程碑时刻才出手。 + +如果你回看红帽企业级 Linux [已经存档的发行说明][9]，你会发现它读起来并不像一个典型的软件创新的故事。一次改变游戏规则的进展突然出现在一个没有预测到的、并不起眼的时刻（5.4 版本），而不是一个事先计划好的重要里程碑时刻（6.0 版本）。事后看来，我们现在知道 KVM 这种“大爆炸”级别的进步是足够担得起 “6.0 版本”这样的里程碑式的名字的。但是创新并不是按照这样的剧本发生的。 + +不要误解我，机构仍然需要保持出色的运转，高效完成执行性的任务。但是 [不同的挑战需要不同的方法去应对][10]，我们需要能够更好地建立灵活的机构，以及对 [意想不到和不可知的事情][11] 能够做出更好的响应。 + +一个在计划工作（以及按照计划执行）上做得很出色的公司很可能会得到他们计划要得到的结果。但是如果成功还取决于我们没有预测或者无法预测的的事情，那么仅仅精准地按照计划执行是不是就不够了？ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/6/innovation-delusion + +作者：[Jim Whitehurst][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jwhitehurst/users/jwhitehurst/users/n8chz/users/dhdeans +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/innovation_lightbulb_gears_devops_ansible.png?itok=TSbmp3_M (gears and lightbulb to represent innovation) +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MCbJmZQM9c +[3]: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/235319/0532.pdf +[4]: http://www.howardyu.org/the-revolutionary-approach-honda-took-to-rise-above-competition/ +[5]: https://autoweek.com/article/motorcycles/first-ride-honda-super-cub-c125-abs-all-new-and-still-super-cute +[6]: https://www.autoblog.com/2019/02/13/2019-honda-super-cub-first-ride-review/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/3/try-learn-modify +[8]: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/5/html/5.4_release_notes/index +[9]: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/5/html/5.0_release_notes/index +[10]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/managed-enabled-empowered +[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-plan-world-full-unknowns-jim-whitehurst/ From 81c92f9c411874564779d4be2a5a26cf41a76ab1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 09:14:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0674/1265] translating --- ...and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md b/sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md index 8c5c5decf9..35ba13853d 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md +++ b/sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 6064fdbd6b32553f9dd3cf147d64333e5316ce12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zionfuo Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 10:03:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0675/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=9A20190702=20Blockchain=202.0=20=E2=80=93=20Public=20Vs?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Private=20Blockchain=20Comparison=20[Part=207]?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7] --- ...Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7].md | 69 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190702 Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7].md diff --git a/translated/tech/20190702 Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7].md b/translated/tech/20190702 Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7].md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eba0bc472f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190702 Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7].md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +# 区块链 2.0：公有链 Vs 私有链（七） + +![](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2019/png/241708/1558488910255-ef5f4381-c3a0-4a43-bb6f-c6890b808d32.png) + +[区块链 2.0](https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/) 系列的前一篇文章探索了[智能合同的现状](https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/)。这篇文章旨在揭示可以创建的不同类型的区块链。每个协议都用于与众不同的应用程序，并且根据用例的不同，每个应用程序所遵循的协议也不同。现在，让我们比较一下公有链、开源软件与私有链、专有技术。 + +正如我们所知，基于区块链的分布式账本的基本三层结构如下: + +![图1 – 区块链分布式账本的基本结构](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2019/png/241708/1558488910943-95ae93e1-6e34-40e7-bff5-0ffdb384c103.png#align=left&display=inline&height=389&originHeight=389&originWidth=744&size=0&status=done&width=744)](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/blockchain-architecture.png) +图1 – 区块链分布式账本的基本结构 + +这里提到的类型之间的差异主要是因为底层区块链的协议。该协议规定了参与者的规则和参与的方式。 + +阅读本文时，请记住以下几点事项: + +- 任何平台的产生都是为了解决需求而生。技术应该采取最好的方向。例如，区块链具有巨大的应用价值，其中一些可能需要丢弃在其他设置中看起来很重要的功能。在这方面，**分布式存储**就是最好的例子。 +- 区块链基本上是数据库系统，通过时间戳和区块的形式组织数据来跟踪信息。此类区块链的创建者可以选择谁有权产出这些区块并进行修改。 +- 区块链也可以“中心化”，设置不同的参与程度，可以得出那些参与者是符合条件的“中心”节点。 + +大多数区块链要么是公有的，要么是私有的。一般来说，公有链可以被认为是开源软件的等价物，大多数私有链可以被视为源自公有链的专有平台。下图应该会让大多数人明显地看出基本的区别。 + +![图2 – 公有链/私有链与开源/专有技术的对比](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2019/png/241708/1558488910996-6cd845e3-22d7-4edd-b35e-bee59ffb99f8.png#align=left&display=inline&height=390&originHeight=358&originWidth=684&size=0&status=done&width=746)](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Public-vs-Private-blockchain-comparison.png) +图2 – 公有链/私有链与开源/专有技术的对比 + +虽然这是最受欢迎的理解。但是这并不是说所有的私有链都是从公有链中衍生出来的。 + +## 公有链 + +公有链可以被视为是一个开放的平台或网络。任何拥有专业知识和计算资源的人都可以参与其中。这将产生以下影响: + +- 任何人都可以加入公有链网络并参与到其中。“参与者” 所需要的只是稳定的网络资源和计算资源。 +- 参与包括了读取、写入、验证和交易期间的共识。比特币矿工就是很好的例子。作为网络的参与者，矿工会得到比特币作为回报。 +- 平台完全去中心，完全冗余。 +- 由于去中心化，没有一个主体可以完全控制分类账中记录的数据。所有 (或大多数) 参与者都需要通过验证区块的方式检查数据。 +- 这意味着，一旦信息被验证和记录，就不能轻易改变。即使这样，也不可能留下痕迹。 +- 在比特币和莱特币等平台上，参与者的身份仍然是匿名的。设计这些平台的目的是保护和保护用户身份。这主要是由上层协议栈提供的功能。 +- 在BITCOIN和LITECOIN等平台上，参与者的身份仍然是匿名的。这些平台的设计旨在保护和保护用户身份。这主要是由上层协议栈提供的功能。 +- 公有链有比特币、莱特币、以太坊等不同的网络。 +- 广泛的去中心化意味着，区块链分布式网络与实现的交易相比，在交易上获得共识可能需要一段时间，并且吞吐量对于旨在每时刻推动大量交易的大型企业来说可能是一个挑战。 +- 开放式参与，使比特币等公有链中的大量参与者，往往会增加对计算设备和能源成本的初始投资。 + + +## 私有链 + +相比之下，私有链是被许可的区块链。含义: + +- 参与网络的许可受到限制，并由监督网络的所有者或机构主持。这意味着，即使个人能够存储数据并进行交易 (例如，发送和接收付款)，这些交易的验证和存储也只能由选定的参与者来完成。 +- 参与者一旦获得中心机构的许可，将受到条款的限制。例如，在金融机构运营的私有链网络中，并不是每个客户都可以访问整个区块链的分布式账本，甚至在那些获得许可的客户中, 不是每个人都能访问所有的东西。在这种情况下，中心机构将授予访问选择服务的权限。这通常被称为 “通道”。 +- 与公有链相比，这种系统具有更大的吞吐量能力，也展示了更快的交易速度，因为区块只需要由少数几个人验证。 +- 公有链以设计安全著称。他们的实现依靠以下几点： + - 匿名参与者 + - 多个节点上的分布式和冗余的加密存储 + - 创建和更改数据需要大量的共识 + +私有链通常在其协议中没有任何特征。这使得该系统仅与目前使用的大多数基于云的数据库系统一样安全。 + +## 智者的观点 + +需要注意的一点是，它们被命名为 public 或 private (或 open 或 close) 的事实与底层代码库无关。在这两种情况下，平台所基于的代码或文字基础可能是公开的，也可能不是公开的。R3 是一家 DLT (**D**istributed **L**edger **T**echnology) 公司，领导着由 200 多家跨国机构组成的公有财团。他们的目标是在金融和商业领域进一步发展区块链和相关分布式账本技术。Corda 是这一共同努力的产物。R3 将 corda 定义为专门为企业构建的区块链平台。同样的代码库是开源的，鼓励世界各地的开发人员为这个项目做出贡献。然而，考虑到 corda 面临的业务性质和旨在满足的需求，corda 将被归类为许可的封闭区块链平台。这意味着企业可以在部署后选择网络的参与者，并通过使用本机可用的智能合约工具选择这些参与者可以访问的信息类型。 + +虽然像比特币和以太坊这样的公有链对这个领域的广泛认知和发展负有责任，这是一个现实, 仍然可以争辩说，为企业或商业环境中的特定用例设计的私有链将在短期内引领货币投资。这些都是我们大多数人在不久的将来会看到以实际方式运用起来的平台。 + +阅读本系列中写一篇文章是有关Hyperledger项目的。 + +- [**Blockchain 2.0 – An Introduction To Hyperledger Project (HLP)**](https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction-to-hyperledger-project-hlp/) + +我们正在研究更多有趣的区块链技术话题。敬请期待! + +[https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/](https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/) From ed3da4f2aa96a8d1a837f09246ce6bf4804b7632 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zionfuo Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 10:18:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0676/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=EF=BC=9A20190505?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Blockchain=202.0=20-=20Public=20Vs=20Private=20Blockchain=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Comparison=20-Part=207.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 20190505 Blockchain 2.0 - Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md --- ...Vs Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md} | 47 +++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename translated/tech/{20190702 Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7].md => 20190505 Blockchain 2.0 - Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md} (74%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190702 Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7].md b/translated/tech/20190505 Blockchain 2.0 - Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md similarity index 74% rename from translated/tech/20190702 Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7].md rename to translated/tech/20190505 Blockchain 2.0 - Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md index eba0bc472f..51ab44b6c5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190702 Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7].md +++ b/translated/tech/20190505 Blockchain 2.0 - Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md @@ -1,12 +1,22 @@ -# 区块链 2.0：公有链 Vs 私有链（七） +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (zionfuo) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7]) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/) +[#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) -![](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2019/png/241708/1558488910255-ef5f4381-c3a0-4a43-bb6f-c6890b808d32.png) +区块链 2.0：公有链 Vs 私有链（七） +====== -[区块链 2.0](https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/) 系列的前一篇文章探索了[智能合同的现状](https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/)。这篇文章旨在揭示可以创建的不同类型的区块链。每个协议都用于与众不同的应用程序，并且根据用例的不同，每个应用程序所遵循的协议也不同。现在，让我们比较一下公有链、开源软件与私有链、专有技术。 +![Public vs Private blockchain][1] + +[**区块链 2.0**][2]系列的前一篇文章探索了[**智能合同的现状**][3]。这篇文章旨在揭示可以创建的不同类型的区块链。每个协议都用于与众不同的应用程序，并且根据用例的不同，每个应用程序所遵循的协议也不同。现在，让我们比较一下公有链、开源软件与私有链、专有技术。 正如我们所知，基于区块链的分布式账本的基本三层结构如下: -![图1 – 区块链分布式账本的基本结构](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2019/png/241708/1558488910943-95ae93e1-6e34-40e7-bff5-0ffdb384c103.png#align=left&display=inline&height=389&originHeight=389&originWidth=744&size=0&status=done&width=744)](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/blockchain-architecture.png) +![][4] 图1 – 区块链分布式账本的基本结构 这里提到的类型之间的差异主要是因为底层区块链的协议。该协议规定了参与者的规则和参与的方式。 @@ -19,12 +29,12 @@ 大多数区块链要么是公有的，要么是私有的。一般来说，公有链可以被认为是开源软件的等价物，大多数私有链可以被视为源自公有链的专有平台。下图应该会让大多数人明显地看出基本的区别。 -![图2 – 公有链/私有链与开源/专有技术的对比](https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2019/png/241708/1558488910996-6cd845e3-22d7-4edd-b35e-bee59ffb99f8.png#align=left&display=inline&height=390&originHeight=358&originWidth=684&size=0&status=done&width=746)](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Public-vs-Private-blockchain-comparison.png) +![][5] 图2 – 公有链/私有链与开源/专有技术的对比 虽然这是最受欢迎的理解。但是这并不是说所有的私有链都是从公有链中衍生出来的。 -## 公有链 +### 公有链 公有链可以被视为是一个开放的平台或网络。任何拥有专业知识和计算资源的人都可以参与其中。这将产生以下影响: @@ -40,7 +50,7 @@ - 开放式参与，使比特币等公有链中的大量参与者，往往会增加对计算设备和能源成本的初始投资。 -## 私有链 +### 私有链 相比之下，私有链是被许可的区块链。含义: @@ -54,7 +64,7 @@ 私有链通常在其协议中没有任何特征。这使得该系统仅与目前使用的大多数基于云的数据库系统一样安全。 -## 智者的观点 +### 智者的观点 需要注意的一点是，它们被命名为 public 或 private (或 open 或 close) 的事实与底层代码库无关。在这两种情况下，平台所基于的代码或文字基础可能是公开的，也可能不是公开的。R3 是一家 DLT (**D**istributed **L**edger **T**echnology) 公司，领导着由 200 多家跨国机构组成的公有财团。他们的目标是在金融和商业领域进一步发展区块链和相关分布式账本技术。Corda 是这一共同努力的产物。R3 将 corda 定义为专门为企业构建的区块链平台。同样的代码库是开源的，鼓励世界各地的开发人员为这个项目做出贡献。然而，考虑到 corda 面临的业务性质和旨在满足的需求，corda 将被归类为许可的封闭区块链平台。这意味着企业可以在部署后选择网络的参与者，并通过使用本机可用的智能合约工具选择这些参与者可以访问的信息类型。 @@ -62,8 +72,25 @@ 阅读本系列中写一篇文章是有关Hyperledger项目的。 -- [**Blockchain 2.0 – An Introduction To Hyperledger Project (HLP)**](https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction-to-hyperledger-project-hlp/) +- [**Blockchain 2.0 – An Introduction To Hyperledger Project (HLP)**][6] 我们正在研究更多有趣的区块链技术话题。敬请期待! +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -[https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/](https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/) +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/ + +作者：[editor][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Public-Vs-Private-Blockchain-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/ +[4]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/blockchain-architecture.png +[5]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Public-vs-Private-blockchain-comparison.png +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction-to-hyperledger-project-hlp/ From b0858b62f1240fd57acd2d99c145b77f02531cde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LuMing <784315443@qq.com> Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 10:22:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0677/1265] translated --- ...acking down library injections on Linux.md | 139 ------------------ ...acking down library injections on Linux.md | 131 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 139 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 14b93d7258..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,139 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (LuuMing) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Tracking down library injections on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404621/tracking-down-library-injections-on-linux.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -Tracking down library injections on Linux -====== -Library injections are less common on Linux than they are on Windows, but they're still a problem. Here's a look at how they work and how to identify them. -![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] - -While not nearly commonly seen on Linux systems, library (shared object files on Linux) injections are still a serious threat. On interviewing Jaime Blasco from AT&T's Alien Labs, I've become more aware of how easily some of these attacks are conducted. - -In this post, I'll cover one method of attack and some ways that it can be detected. I'll also provide some links that will provide more details on both attack methods and detection tools. First, a little background. - -**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips: [Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]** - -### Shared library vulnerability - -Both DLL and .so files are shared library files that allow code (and sometimes data) to be shared by various processes. Commonly used code might be put into one of these files so that it can be reused rather than rewritten many times over for each process that requires it. This also facilitates management of commonly used code. - -Linux processes often make use of many of these shared libraries. The **ldd** (display shared object dependencies) command can display these for any program file. Here are some examples: - -``` -$ ldd /bin/date - linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffc5f179000) - libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f02bea15000) - /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f02bec3a000) -$ ldd /bin/netstat - linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffcb67cd000) - libselinux.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f45e5d7b000) - libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f45e5b90000) - libpcre.so.3 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcre.so.3 (0x00007f45e5b1c000) - libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f45e5b16000) - /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f45e5dec000) - libpthread.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f45e5af5000) -``` - -The **linux-vdso.so.1** file (which may have a different name on some systems) is one that the kernel automatically maps into the address space of every process. Its job is to find and locate other shared libraries that the process requires. - -One way that this library-loading mechanism is exploited is through the use of an environment variable called **LD_PRELOAD**. As Jaime Blasco explains in his research, "LD_PRELOAD is the easiest and most popular way to load a shared library in a process at startup. This environmental variable can be configured with a path to the shared library to be loaded before any other shared object." - -To illustrate how easily this is done, I created an extremely simple shared library and assigned it to my (formerly non-existent) LD_PRELOAD environment variable. Then I used the **ldd** command to see how this would affect a commonly used Linux command. - -**[ [Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][3] ]** - -``` -$ export LD_PRELOAD=/home/shs/shownum.so -$ ldd /bin/date - linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffe005ce000) - /home/shs/shownum.so (0x00007f1e6b65f000) <== there it is - libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f1e6b458000) - /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f1e6b682000) -``` - -Note that doing nothing more than assigning my new library to LD_PRELOAD now affects any process that I run. - -Since the libraries specified by the LD_PRELOAD setting are the first to load (following linux-vdso.so.1), those libraries could significantly change a process. They could, for example, redirect system calls to their own resources or make unexpected changes in how the process being run behaves. - -### The osquery tool can detect library injections - -The **osquery** tool (downloadable from [osquery.io][4] is a tool that provides a very unique way of looking at Linux systems. It basically represents the operating system as a high-performance relational database. And, as you probably suspect, that means it can be queried and SQL tables created that provide details on such things as: - - * Running processes - * Loaded kernel modules - * Open network connections - - - -One kernel table that provides information on running processes is called **process_envs**. It provides details on environment variables used by various processes. With a fairly complicated query provided by Jaime Blasco, you can get osquery to identify processes that are using LD_PRELOAD. - -Note that this query pulls data from the **process_envs** table. The attack ID (T1055) is a reference to [Mitre's explanation of the attack method][5]: - -``` -SELECT process_envs.pid as source_process_id, process_envs.key as environment_variable_key, process_envs.value as environment_variable_value, processes.name as source_process, processes.path as file_path, processes.cmdline as source_process_commandline, processes.cwd as current_working_directory, 'T1055' as event_attack_id, 'Process Injection' as event_attack_technique, 'Defense Evasion, Privilege Escalation' as event_attack_tactic FROM process_envs join processes USING (pid) WHERE key = 'LD_PRELOAD'; -``` - -Note that the LD_PRELOAD environment variable is at times used legitimately. Various security monitoring tools, for example, could use it, as might developers while they are troubleshooting, debugging or doing performance analysis. However, its use is still quite uncommon and should be viewed with some suspicion. - -It's also worth noting that osquery can be used interactively or be run as a daemon (osqueryd) for scheduled queries. See the reference at the bottom of this post for more on this. - -You might also be able to locate use of LD_PRELOAD by examining users' environment settings. If LD_PRELOAD is configured in a user account, you might determine that with a command like this (after asssuming the individual's identity): - -``` -$ env | grep PRELOAD -LD_PRELOAD=/home/username/userlib.so -``` - -If you've not previously heard of osquery, don't take it too hard. It's now in the process of becoming a more popular tool. Just last week, in fact, the Linux Foundation announced its intention to support the osquery commmunity with a brand-new [osquery foundation][6]. - -#### Wrap-up - -While library injection remains a serious threat, it's helpful to know that some excellent tools are available to help detect its use on your systems. - -#### Additional resources - -Links to important references and tools: - - * [Hunting for Linux library injection with osquery][7] from AT&T Cybersecurity - * [Linux: How's My Memory?][8] from TrustedSec - * [Download site for osquery][4] - * [osquery schema][9] - * [osqueryd (osquery deamon)][10] - * [Mitre's attack framework][11] - * [New osquery foundation announced][6] - - - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][12] and [LinkedIn][13] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404621/tracking-down-library-injections-on-linux.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/dll-injection-100800196-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua -[3]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr -[4]: https://osquery.io/ -[5]: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/ -[6]: https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/2019/06/the-linux-foundation-announces-intent-to-form-new-foundation-to-support-osquery-community/ -[7]: https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/hunting-for-linux-library-injection-with-osquery -[8]: https://www.trustedsec.com/2018/09/linux-hows-my-memory/ -[9]: https://osquery.io/schema/3.3.2 -[10]: https://osquery.readthedocs.io/en/stable/deployment/configuration/#schedule -[11]: https://attack.mitre.org/ -[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b747c959bd --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190626 Tracking down library injections on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (LuuMing) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Tracking down library injections on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404621/tracking-down-library-injections-on-linux.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +追溯 Linux 上的库注入 +====== +库注入Library injections在 Linux 上不如 Windows 上常见，但它仍然是一个问题。下来看看它们如何工作的，以及如何鉴别它们。 +![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1] + +尽管在 Linux 系统上几乎见不到，但库（Linux 上的共享目标文件）注入仍是一个严峻的威胁。在采访了来自 AT&T 公司 Alien 实验室的 Jaime Blasco 后，我更加意识到了其中一些攻击是多么的易实施。 + +在这篇文章中，我会介绍一种攻击方法和它的几种检测手段。我也会提供一些展示攻击细节的链接和一些检测工具。首先，引入一个小小的背景。 + +### 共享库漏洞 + +DLL 和 .so 文件都是允许代码（有时候是数据）被不同的进程共享的共享库文件。公用的代码可以放进一个文件中使得每个需要它的进程可以重新使用而不是多次被重写。这也促进了对公用代码的管理。 + +Linux 进程经常使用这些共享库。`ldd`（显示共享对象依赖）命令可以为任何程序显示共享库。这里有一些例子： + +``` +$ ldd /bin/date + linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffc5f179000) + libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f02bea15000) + /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f02bec3a000) +$ ldd /bin/netstat + linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffcb67cd000) + libselinux.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f45e5d7b000) + libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f45e5b90000) + libpcre.so.3 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcre.so.3 (0x00007f45e5b1c000) + libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f45e5b16000) + /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f45e5dec000) + libpthread.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f45e5af5000) +``` + +`linux-vdso.so.1` （在一些系统上也许会有不同的名字）是内核自动映射到每个进程地址空间的文件。它的工作是找到并定位进程所需的其他共享库。 + +利用这种库加载机制的一种方法是通过使用 `LD_PRELOAD` 环境变量。正如 Jaime Blasco 在他的研究中所解释的那样，“`LD_PRELOAD` 是最简单且最受欢迎的方法来在进程启动时加载共享库。可以使用共享库的路径配置环境变量，以便在加载其他共享对象之前加载该共享库。” + +为了展示有多简单，我创建了一个极其简单的共享库并且赋值给我的（之前不存在） `LD_PRELOAD` 环境变量。之后我使用 `ldd` 命令查看它对于常用 Linux 命令的影响。 + +``` +$ export LD_PRELOAD=/home/shs/shownum.so +$ ldd /bin/date + linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffe005ce000) + /home/shs/shownum.so (0x00007f1e6b65f000) <== there it is + libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f1e6b458000) + /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f1e6b682000) +``` + +注意，仅仅将新的库赋给 `LD_PRELOAD` 就影响到了运行的任何程序。 + +通过设置 `LD_PRELOAD` 指定的共享库首先被加载（紧随 linux-vdso.so.1），这些库可以极大程度上改变一个进程。例如，它们可以重定向系统调用到它们自己的资源，或对程序运行的行为方式进行意想不到的更改。 + +### osquery 工具可以检测库注入 + +`osquery` 工具（可以在 [osquery.io][4]下载）提供了一个非常独特的方式来照看 Linux 系统。它基本上将操作系统表示为高性能关系数据库。然后，也许你会猜到，这就意味着它可以用来查询并且生成 SQL 表，该表提供了诸如以下的详细信息： + + * 运行中的进程 + * 加载的内核模块 + * 进行的网络链接 + +一个提供了进程信息的内核表叫做 `process_envs`。它提供了各种进程使用环境变量的详细信息。Jaime Blasco 提供了一个相当复杂的查询，可以使用 `osquery` 标识使用 `LD_PRELOAD` 的进程。 + +注意，这个查询是从 `process_envs` 表中获取数据。攻击 ID（T1055）参考 [Mitre 对攻击方法的解释][5]。 + +``` +SELECT process_envs.pid as source_process_id, process_envs.key as environment_variable_key, process_envs.value as environment_variable_value, processes.name as source_process, processes.path as file_path, processes.cmdline as source_process_commandline, processes.cwd as current_working_directory, 'T1055' as event_attack_id, 'Process Injection' as event_attack_technique, 'Defense Evasion, Privilege Escalation' as event_attack_tactic FROM process_envs join processes USING (pid) WHERE key = 'LD_PRELOAD'; +``` + +注意 `LD_PRELOAD` 环境变量有时是合法使用的。例如，各种安全监控工具可能会使用到它，因为开发人员需要进行故障排除、调试或性能分析。然而，它的使用仍然很少见，应当加以防范。 + +同样值得注意的是 osquery 可以交互使用或是作为定期查询的守护进程去运行。了解更多请查阅文章末尾给出的参考。 + +你也能够通过查看用户的环境设置定位到 `LD_PRELOAD` 的使用。如果 `LD_PRELOAD` 使用用户账户配置，你可以使用这样的命令来查看（在认证了个人身法之后）： + +``` +$ env | grep PRELOAD +LD_PRELOAD=/home/username/userlib.so +``` + +如果你之前没有听说过 osquery，别太在意。它正在成为一个更受欢迎的工具。事实上就在上周，Linux 基金会宣布用新的 [osquery 基金会][6]支持 osquery 社区。 + +#### 总结 + +尽管库注入是一个严重的威胁，但了解一些优秀的工具来帮助你检测它是否存在是很有帮助的。 + +#### 扩展阅读 + +重要的参考和工具的链接： + + * [用 osquery 追寻 Linux 库注入][7]，AT&T 网络安全 + * [Linux：我的内存怎么了？][8]，TrustedSec + * [osquery 下载网站][4] + * [osquery 关系模式][9] + * [osqueryd（osquery 守护进程）][10] + * [Mitre 的攻击框架][11] + * [新的 osquery 基金会宣布][6] + +在 [Facebook][12] 和 [LinkedIn][13] 上加入网络会议参与讨论。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3404621/tracking-down-library-injections-on-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/LuuMing) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/dll-injection-100800196-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua +[3]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr +[4]: https://osquery.io/ +[5]: https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/ +[6]: https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/2019/06/the-linux-foundation-announces-intent-to-form-new-foundation-to-support-osquery-community/ +[7]: https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/hunting-for-linux-library-injection-with-osquery +[8]: https://www.trustedsec.com/2018/09/linux-hows-my-memory/ +[9]: https://osquery.io/schema/3.3.2 +[10]: https://osquery.readthedocs.io/en/stable/deployment/configuration/#schedule +[11]: https://attack.mitre.org/ +[12]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[13]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 93f82ff8ea26adbaee6f76b4bfb288f0660fa0af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zionfuo Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 10:46:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0678/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=EF=BC=9A20190505?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Blockchain=202.0=20-=20Public=20Vs=20Private=20Blockchain=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Comparison=20-Part=207.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...s Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md | 106 ------------------ 1 file changed, 106 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190505 Blockchain 2.0 - Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190505 Blockchain 2.0 - Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md b/sources/tech/20190505 Blockchain 2.0 - Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md deleted file mode 100644 index a954e8514e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190505 Blockchain 2.0 - Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison -Part 7.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,106 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7]) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/) -[#]: author: (editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/) - -Blockchain 2.0 – Public Vs Private Blockchain Comparison [Part 7] -====== - -![Public vs Private blockchain][1] - -The previous part of the [**Blockchain 2.0**][2] series explored the [**the state of Smart contracts**][3] now. This post intends to throw some light on the different types of blockchains that can be created. Each of these are used for vastly different applications and depending on the use cases, the protocol followed by each of these differ. Now let us go ahead and learn about **Public vs Private blockchain comparison** with Open source and proprietary technology. - -The fundamental three-layer structure of a blockchain based distributed ledger as we know is as follows: - -![][4] - -Figure 1 – Fundamental structure of Blockchain-based ledgers - -The differences between the types mentioned here is attributable primarily to the protocol that rests on the underlying blockchain. The protocol dictates rules for the participants and the behavior of the blockchain in response to the said participation. - -Remember to keep the following things in mind while reading through this article: - - * Platforms such as these are always created to solve a use-case requirement. There is no one direction that the technology should take that is best. Blockchains for instance have tremendous applications and some of these might require dropping features that seem significant in other settings. **Decentralized storage** is a major example in this regard. - * Blockchains are basically database systems keeping track of information by timestamping and organizing data in the form of blocks. Creators of such blockchains can choose who has the right to make these blocks and perform alterations. - * Blockchains can be “centralized” as well, and participation in varying extents can be limited to those who this “central authority” deems eligible. - - - -Most blockchains are either **public** or **private**. Broadly speaking, public blockchains can be considered as being the equivalent of open source software and most private blockchains can be seen as proprietary platforms deriving from the public ones. The figure below should make the basic difference obvious to most of you. - -![][5] - -Figure 2 – Public vs Private blockchain comparison with Open source and Proprietary Technology - -This is not to say that all private blockchains are derived from open public ones. The most popular ones however usually are though. - -### Public Blockchains - -A public blockchain can be considered as a **permission-less platform** or **network**. Anyone with the knowhow and computing resources can participate in it. This will have the following implications: - - * Anyone can join and participate in a public blockchain network. All the “participant” needs is a stable internet connection along with computing resources. - * Participation will include reading, writing, verifying, and providing consensus during transactions. An example for participating individuals would be **Bitcoin miners**. In exchange for participating in the network the miners are paid back in Bitcoins in this case. - * The platform is decentralized completely and fully redundant. - * Because of the decentralized nature, no one entity has complete control over the data recorded in the ledger. To validate a block all (or most) participants need to vet the data. - * This means that once information is verified and recorded, it cannot be altered easily. Even if it is, its impossible to not leave marks. - * The identity of participants remains anonymous by design in platforms such as **BITCOIN** and **LITECOIN**. These platforms by design aim for protecting and securing user identities. This is primarily a feature provided by the overlying protocol stack. - * Examples for public blockchain networks are **BITCOIN** , **LITECOIN** , **ETHEREUM** etc. - * Extensive decentralizations mean that gaining consensus on transactions might take a while compared to what is typically possible over blockchain ledger networks and throughput can be a challenge for large enterprises aiming for pushing a very high number of transactions every instant. - * The open participation and often the high number of such participants in open chains such as bitcoin add up to considerable initial investments in computing equipment and energy costs. - - - -### Private Blockchain - -In contrast, a private blockchain is a **permissioned blockchain**. Meaning: - - * Permission to participate in the network is restricted and is presided over by the owner or institution overseeing the network. Meaning even though an individual will be able to store data and transact (send and receive payments for example), the validation and storage of these transactions will be done only by select participants. - * Participation even once permission is given by the central authority will be limited by terms. For instance, in case of a private blockchain network run by a financial institution, not every customer will have access to the entire blockchain ledger, and even among those with the permission, not everyone will be able to access everything. Permissions to access select services will be given by the central figure in this case. This is often referred to as **“channeling”**. - * Such systems have significantly larger throughput capabilities and also showcase much faster transaction speeds compared to their public counterparts because a block of information only needs to be validated by a select few. - * Security by design is something the public blockchains are renowned for. They achieve this -by: - * Anonymizing participants, - * Distributed & redundant but encrypted storage on multiple nodes, - * Mass consensus required for creating and altering data. - - - -Private blockchains usually don’t feature any of these in their protocol. This makes the system only as secure as most cloud-based database systems currently in use. - -### A note for the wise - -An important point to note is this, the fact that they’re named public or private (or open or closed) has nothing to do with the underlying code base. The code or the literal foundations on which the platforms are based on may or may not be publicly available and or developed in either of these cases. **R3** is a **DLT** ( **D** istributed **L** edger **T** echnology) company that leads a public consortium of over 200 multinational institutions. Their aim is to further development of blockchain and related distributed ledger technology in the domain of finance and commerce. **Corda** is the product of this joint effort. R3 defines corda as a blockchain platform that is built specially for businesses. The codebase for the same is open source and developers all over the world are encouraged to contribute to the project. However, given its business facing nature and the needs it is meant to address, corda would be categorized as a permissioned closed blockchain platform. Meaning businesses can choose the participants of the network once it is deployed and choose the kind of information these participants can access through the use of natively available smart contract tools. - -While it is a reality that public platforms like Bitcoin and Ethereum are responsible for the widespread awareness and development going on in the space, it can still be argued that private blockchains designed for specific use cases in enterprise or business settings is what will lead monetary investments in the short run. These are the platforms most of us will see implemented the near future in practical ways. - -Read the next guide about Hyperledger project in this series. - - * [**Blockchain 2.0 – An Introduction To Hyperledger Project (HLP)**][6] - - - -We are working on many interesting topics on Blockchain technology. Stay tuned! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-public-vs-private-blockchain-comparison/ - -作者：[editor][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Public-Vs-Private-Blockchain-720x340.png -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/ -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-ongoing-projects-the-state-of-smart-contracts-now/ -[4]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/blockchain-architecture.png -[5]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Public-vs-Private-blockchain-comparison.png -[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction-to-hyperledger-project-hlp/ From d0bdd710411a579644da8d633e02d7c06b5d84fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 10:57:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0679/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md b/sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md index 9b6b7727f3..e369693ea7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 366b47982ce9eec4387d0808494ba7f5620bdce8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "qfzy1233@163.com" Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 11:14:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0680/1265] Update 20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md --- ...A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md | 54 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md b/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md index 5de5c372cb..e37ba4877e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md @@ -7,84 +7,82 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/understanding-linux-permissions) [#]: author: (Bryant Son https://opensource.com/users/brson/users/greg-p/users/tj) -A beginner's guide to Linux permissions +Linux 权限入门指南 ====== -Linux security permissions designate who can do what with a file or -directory. +Linux安全权限能够指定谁可以对文件或目录执行什么操作。 ![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1] -One of the main benefits of Linux systems is that they are known to be less prone to security vulnerabilities and exploits than other systems. Linux definitely gives users more flexibility and granular controls over its file systems' security permissions. This may imply that it's critical for Linux users to understand security permissions. That isn't necessarily true, but it's still wise for beginning users to understand the basics of Linux permissions. +与其他系统相比而言 Linux 系统的众多优点中最为主要一个便是Linux 系统有着更少的安全漏洞和被攻击的隐患。Linux无疑为用户提供了更为灵活和精细化的文件系统安全权限控制。这可能意味着Linux用户理解安全权限是至关重要的。虽然这并不一定是必要的，但是对于初学者来说，理解Linux权限的基本知识仍是一个明智之选。 -### View Linux security permissions +### 查看 Linux 安全权限 -To start learning about Linux permissions, imagine we have a newly created directory called **PermissionDemo**. Run **cd** inside the directory and use the **ls -l** command to view the Linux security permissions. If you want to sort them by time modified, add the **-t** option. +在开始 Linux 权限的相关学习之前，假设我们新建了一个名为 **PermissionDemo**的目录。使用 **cd** 命令进入这个目录，然后使用 **ls -l** 命令查看 Linux 安全管理权限信息。如果你想以时间为序排列，加上 **-t** 选项 ``` `ls -lt` ``` -Since there are no files inside this new directory, this command returns nothing. +因为这一目录下没有文件，所以这一命令执行不会返回结果。 ![No output from ls -l command][2] -To learn more about the **ls** option, access its man page by entering **man ls** on the command line. +要了解关于 **ls** 命令的更多信息，请通过在命令行中输入 **man ls** 来查看命令手册。 ![ls man page][3] -Now, let's create two files: **cat.txt** and **dog.txt** with empty content; this is easy to do using the **touch** command. Let's also create an empty directory called **Pets** with the **mkdir** command. We can use the **ls -l** command again to see the permissions for these new files. + 现在，让我们创建两个名为 **cat.txt** 和 **dog.txt** 的空白文件；这一步使用 **touch** 命令将更为简便。然后继续使用 **mkdir** 命令创建一个名为 **Pets** 的空目录。我们可以再次使用**ls -l**命令查看这些新文件的权限。 ![Creating new files and directory][4] -We need to pay attention to two sections of output from this command. +我们需要留意这个命令输出结果的两个部分。 -### Who has permission? +### 谁拥有权限？ -The first thing to examine indicates _who_ has permission to access the file/directory. Note the section highlighted in the red box below. The first column refers to the _user_ who has access, while the second column refers to the _group_ that has access. +首先要注意的是 _who_ 具有访问文件/目录的权限。请注意下面红色框中突出显示的部分。第一列是指具有访问权限的 _user(用户)_ ，而第二列是指具有访问权限的 _group（组）_ 。 ![Output from -ls command][5] -There are three main types of users: **user** , **group** ; and **other** (essentially neither a user nor a group). There is one more: **all** , which means practically everyone. +用户的类型主要有三种:**user**、**group**；和**other**(本质上既不是用户也不是组)。还有一个**all**，意思是几乎所有人。 ![User types][6] -Because we are using **root** as the user, we can access any file or directory because **root** is the superuser. However, this is generally not the case, and you will probably be restricted to your username. A list of all users is stored in the **/etc/passwd** file. +由于我们使用 **root** 作为当前用户，所以我们可以访问任何文件或目录，因为 **root** 是超级用户。然而，通常情况并非如此，您可能会被限定使用您的普通用户登录。所有的用户都存储在 **/etc/passwd** 文件中。 ![/etc/passwd file][7] -Groups are maintained in the **/etc/group** file. + “组“的相关信息保存在 **/etc/group** 文件中。 ![/etc/passwd file][8] -### What permissions do they have? +### 他们有什么权限？ -The other section of the output from **ls -l** that we need to pay attention to relates to enforcing permissions. Above, we confirmed that the owner and group permissions for the files dog.txt and cat.txt and the directory Pets we created belong to the **root** account. We can use that information about who owns what to enforce permissions for the different user ownership types, as highlighted in the red box below. +我们需要注意的是 **ls -l** 命令输出结果的另一部分与执行权限有关。以上，我们查看了创建的dog.txt 和 cat.txt文件以及Pets目录的所有者和组权限都属于 **root** 用户。我们可以通过这一信息了解到不同用户组所拥有的相应权限，如下面的红色框中的标示。 ![Enforcing permissions for different user ownership types][9] -We can dissect each line into five bits of information. The first part indicates whether it is a file or a directory; files are labeled with a **-** (hyphen), and directories are labeled with **d**. The next three parts refer to permissions for **user** , **group** , and **other** , respectively. The last part is a flag for the [**access-control list**][10] (ACL), a list of permissions for an object. +我们可以把每一行分解成五部分。第一部分标志着它是文件还是目录;文件用 **-** (连字符)标记，目录用 **d** 来标记。接下来的三个部分分别是**user**、**group**和**other**的对应权限。最后一部分是[**access-control list**][10] (ACL)（访问控制列表）的标志，是记录着特定用户或者用户组对该文件的操作权限的列表。 ![Different Linux permissions][11] -Linux permission levels can be identified with letters or numbers. There are three privilege types: - - * **read** : r or 4 - * **write:** w or 2 - * **executable:** e or 1 - +Linux 的权限级别可以用字母或数字标识。有三种权限类型: + * **read(读):** r or 4 + * **write（写）:** w or 2 + * **executable（可执行）:** x or 1 +（LCTT译注：原文此处对应的字母标示 **x** 误写为 **e** 已更正） ![Privilege types][12] -The presence of each letter symbol ( **r** , **w** , or **x** ) means that the permission exists, while **-** indicates it does not. In the example below, the file is readable and writeable by the owner, only readable if the user belongs to the group, and readable and executable by anyone else. Converted to numeric notation, this would be 645 (see the image below for an explanation of how this is calculated). +每个字母符号(**r**、**w**或**x**)表示有该项权限，而 **-** 表示无该项权限。在下面的示例中，文件的所有者可读可写，用户组成员仅可读，其他人可读可执行。转换成数字表示法，对应的是645(如何计算，请参见下图的图示)。 ![Permission type example][13] -Here are a few more examples: +以下是一些示例： ![Permission type examples][14] -Test your knowledge by going through the following exercises. +完成下面的测试，检查你是否掌握了权限管理相关的知识。 ![Permission type examples][15] @@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/understanding-linux-permissions 作者：[Bryant Son][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/qfzy1233) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4940b92cfaabdcaba2f6027f50dfee1602456bb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 11:20:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0681/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md b/translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md rename to translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md From df46a53ce9f18da3fae98793577471413dfcb412 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: guevaraya Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 12:23:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0682/1265] translating by guevaraya MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 申请翻译 --- sources/tech/20190628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20190628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md index 84699fbc8e..abbbeef6a2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190628 How to Install and Use R on Ubuntu.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (guevaraya) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7f65d0171584d59cfb3d2177aee7fc3ddc7ed8b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 14:32:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0683/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...6 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md index c7dc93c70a..42676f7a14 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md +++ b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +qfzy1233 is translating [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) From 951079d49d74956784a6e040dc503aad129f3cae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 14:34:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0684/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md index 42676f7a14..f5342383bc 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md +++ b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ -qfzy1233 is translating [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (qfzy1233) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From a9c765250b384a1d779858e6937a11bb4749d7ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 14:48:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0685/1265] Update 20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md --- ... Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md index f5342383bc..c7dc93c70a 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md +++ b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (qfzy1233) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 1f8574f16ba00f79bda2d4e317d6b84ef45b87d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "qfzy1233@163.com" Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 14:55:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0686/1265] =?UTF-8?q?Revert=20"=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=88=90"?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit This reverts commit 4940b92cfaabdcaba2f6027f50dfee1602456bb1. --- .../tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated => sources}/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md b/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md rename to sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md From 4098f2e740d924b6b8b7253f2b08ee2744ab7646 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2019 15:09:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0687/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md (99%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md b/translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md similarity index 99% rename from sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md rename to translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md index e37ba4877e..29154e0709 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/understanding-linux-permissions 作者：[Bryant Son][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/qfzy1233) +译者：[qfzy1233](https://github.com/qfzy1233) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8455d8d0433510b06a5e47d73accdb1b8344ff4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 00:52:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0688/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190703=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20Manually=20Install=20Security=20Updates=20on=20Debian/U?= =?UTF-8?q?buntu=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190703 How to Manually Install Security Updates on Debian-Ubuntu.md --- ...stall Security Updates on Debian-Ubuntu.md | 251 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 251 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190703 How to Manually Install Security Updates on Debian-Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190703 How to Manually Install Security Updates on Debian-Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20190703 How to Manually Install Security Updates on Debian-Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4dff50d061 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190703 How to Manually Install Security Updates on Debian-Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Manually Install Security Updates on Debian/Ubuntu?) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/manually-install-security-updates-ubuntu-debian/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +How to Manually Install Security Updates on Debian/Ubuntu? +====== + +Installing a package in Linux from command line is a simple task. + +In a single command or combining of multiple commands could make you to complete your task easily. + +The same can be done for security updates as well. + +In this tutorial, we will show you how to check available security update and install them on Debian based systems such as Ubuntu, LinuxMint, etc,. + +It can be done using three methods. All these methods are described in this article in details. + +As a Linux administrator, you should keep your system up-to-date, that makes your system more secure. It protects your system against unwanted attack. + +If you are not able to patch entire system with all updates due to some application dependency. At-least, you should install only security patches to make your system 100% compliance. + +### How to Install unattended-upgrades package in Debian/Ubuntu? + +By default `unattended-upgrades` package should be installed on your system. But in case if it’s not installed use the following command to install it. + +Use **[APT-GET Command][1]** or **[APT Command][2]** to install unattended-upgrades package. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install unattended-upgrades +or +$ sudo apt install unattended-upgrades +``` + +### Method-1: How to Check if any Security Updates are available in Debian/Ubuntu? + +It’s always a good practice to check list of available security updates before performing the patch installation. It will give you the list of packages that are going to be updated in your system. + +**What’s dry run?** Most of the Linux commands have a dry run option, which stimulate the actual output but nothing will be downloaded or installed. + +To do so, you need to add `--dry-run` option with unattended-upgrades command. + +``` +$ sudo unattended-upgrade --dry-run -d + +Initial blacklisted packages: +Initial whitelisted packages: +Starting unattended upgrades script +Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=bionic, o=Ubuntu,a=bionic-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=bionic +Using (^linux-image-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^linux-headers-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^linux-image-extra-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^linux-modules-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^linux-modules-extra-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^linux-signed-image-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^kfreebsd-image-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^kfreebsd-headers-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^gnumach-image-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^.*-modules-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^.*-kernel-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^linux-backports-modules-.*-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^linux-modules-.*-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^linux-tools-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*|^linux-cloud-tools-[0-9]+\.[0-9\.]+-.*) regexp to find kernel packages +Using (^linux-image-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^linux-headers-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^linux-image-extra-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^linux-modules-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^linux-modules-extra-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^linux-signed-image-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^kfreebsd-image-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^kfreebsd-headers-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^gnumach-image-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^.*-modules-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^.*-kernel-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^linux-backports-modules-.*-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^linux-modules-.*-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^linux-tools-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$|^linux-cloud-tools-4\.15\.0\-51\-generic$) regexp to find running kernel packages +Checking: apt ([]) +adjusting candidate version: apt=1.6.6ubuntu0.1 +Checking: apt-utils ([]) +adjusting candidate version: apt-utils=1.6.6ubuntu0.1 +Checking: bash ([]) +. +. +Checking: xxd ([, ]) +pkgs that look like they should be upgraded: binutils +binutils-common +binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu +cpp +cpp-7 +dbus +dbus-user-session +dbus-x11 +firefox +firefox-locale-en +g++ +g++-7 +gcc +gcc-7 +gcc-7-base +gcc-8-base +libasan4 +libatomic1 +libbinutils +libcc1-0 +libcilkrts5 +libdbus-1-3 +libdbus-1-dev +libgcc-7-dev +libgcc1 +libgfortran4 +libgomp1 +libitm1 +liblsan0 +libmpx2 +libquadmath0 +libstdc++-7-dev +libstdc++6 +libtsan0 +libubsan0 +vim-common +vim-tiny +xxd +``` + +If the above command output says **“No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals”** in the Terminal, this implies your System is up-to-date. + +### How to Install available Security Updates in Debian/Ubuntu? + +If your got any package updates in the above command output. Then run the following command to install them. + +``` +$ sudo unattended-upgrade -d +``` + +Alternatively this can be done from apt-get command. It’s bit tricky. However, i would suggest users to go with first option. + +### Method-2: How to Check if any Security Updates are available in Debian/Ubuntu Using apt-get Command? + +Run the following command to check list of available security updates in your Debian/Ubuntu system + +``` +$ sudo apt-get -s dist-upgrade | grep "^Inst" | grep -i securi + +Inst libquadmath0 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst libitm1 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst gcc-8-base [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libmpx2:amd64 libgcc1:amd64 libtsan0:amd64 liblsan0:amd64 libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libcc1-0:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ] +Inst libgcc1 [1:8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (1:8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libmpx2:amd64 libtsan0:amd64 liblsan0:amd64 libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libcc1-0:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ] +Inst libmpx2 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libtsan0:amd64 liblsan0:amd64 libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libcc1-0:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ] +Inst liblsan0 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libtsan0:amd64 libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libcc1-0:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ] +Inst libtsan0 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libcc1-0:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ] +Inst libcc1-0 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libgomp1:amd64 libatomic1:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ] +Inst libatomic1 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libgomp1:amd64 libstdc++6:amd64 ] +Inst libgomp1 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libstdc++6:amd64 ] +Inst libstdc++6 [8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] (8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +Inst libdbus-1-dev [1.12.2-1ubuntu1] (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst dbus-user-session [1.12.2-1ubuntu1] (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst dbus-x11 [1.12.2-1ubuntu1] (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst dbus [1.12.2-1ubuntu1] (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst libdbus-1-3 [1.12.2-1ubuntu1] (1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +Inst xxd [2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1] (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +Inst vim-tiny [2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1] (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst vim-common [2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1] (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [all]) +Inst binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu [2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] (2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [binutils:amd64 ] +Inst binutils-common [2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] (2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [binutils:amd64 libbinutils:amd64 ] +Inst binutils [2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] (2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [libbinutils:amd64 ] +Inst libbinutils [2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] (2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +Inst libasan4 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst libubsan0 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst libcilkrts5 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst g++-7 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst gcc-7 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst libstdc++-7-dev [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst libgcc-7-dev [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst libgfortran4 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst cpp-7 [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) [] +Inst gcc-7-base [7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] (7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +Inst cpp [4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1] (4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +Inst firefox [67.0.1+build1-0ubuntu0.18.04.1] (67.0.2+build2-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +Inst firefox-locale-en [67.0.1+build1-0ubuntu0.18.04.1] (67.0.2+build2-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +Inst gcc [4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1] (4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +Inst g++ [4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1] (4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64]) +``` + +### How to Install available Security Updates in Debian/Ubuntu Using apt-get Command? + +If you found any package updates in the above output. Finally run the following command to install them. + +``` +$ sudo apt-get -s dist-upgrade | grep "^Inst" | grep -i securi | awk -F " " {'print $2'} | xargs apt-get install +``` + +Alternatively this can be done from apt command. It’s bit tricky. However, i would suggest users to go with first option. + +### Method-3: How to Check if any Security Updates are available in Debian/Ubuntu Using apt Command? + +Run the following command to check list of available security updates in your Debian/Ubuntu system + +``` +$ sudo apt list --upgradable | grep -e "-security" + +binutils/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] +binutils-common/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] +binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] +cpp/bionic-updates,bionic-security 4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 amd64 [upgradable from: 4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1] +cpp-7/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] +dbus/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.12.2-1ubuntu1] +dbus-user-session/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.12.2-1ubuntu1] +dbus-x11/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.12.2-1ubuntu1] +firefox/bionic-updates,bionic-security 67.0.2+build2-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 67.0.1+build1-0ubuntu0.18.04.1] +firefox-locale-en/bionic-updates,bionic-security 67.0.2+build2-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 67.0.1+build1-0ubuntu0.18.04.1] +g++/bionic-updates,bionic-security 4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 amd64 [upgradable from: 4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1] +g++-7/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] +gcc/bionic-updates,bionic-security 4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3 amd64 [upgradable from: 4:7.3.0-3ubuntu2.1] +gcc-7/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] +gcc-7-base/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] +gcc-8-base/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +libasan4/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] +libatomic1/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +libbinutils/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.2 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04] +libcc1-0/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +libcilkrts5/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] +libdbus-1-3/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.12.2-1ubuntu1] +libdbus-1-dev/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1.12.2-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.12.2-1ubuntu1] +libgcc-7-dev/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] +libgcc1/bionic-updates,bionic-security 1:8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 1:8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +libgfortran4/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] +libgomp1/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +libitm1/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +liblsan0/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +libmpx2/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +libquadmath0/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +libstdc++-7-dev/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] +libstdc++6/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +libtsan0/bionic-updates,bionic-security 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04] +libubsan0/bionic-updates,bionic-security 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04] +vim-common/bionic-updates,bionic-updates,bionic-security,bionic-security 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 all [upgradable from: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1] +vim-tiny/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1] +xxd/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1] +``` + +### How to Install available Security Updates in Debian/Ubuntu Using apt Command? + +If you found any package updates in the above output. Finally run the following command to install them. + +``` +$ sudo apt list --upgradable | grep -e "-security" | awk -F "/" '{print $1}' | xargs apt install +``` + +Also, the following file will give you the packages update count. + +``` +$ sudo cat /var/lib/update-notifier/updates-available + +190 packages can be updated. +39 updates are security updates. +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/manually-install-security-updates-ubuntu-debian/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ +[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/ From d7c6f580e4a2ef4fab43c372f6802a821e083ecd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 00:52:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0689/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190702=20Jupy?= =?UTF-8?q?ter=20and=20data=20science=20in=20Fedora?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md --- ...0702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md | 246 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 246 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7126376617 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,246 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Jupyter and data science in Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Avi Alkalay https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/) + +Jupyter and data science in Fedora +====== + +![][1] + +In the past, kings and leaders used oracles and magicians to help them predict the future — or at least get some good advice due to their supposed power to perceive hidden information. Nowadays, we live in a society obsessed with quantifying everything. So we have data scientists to do this job. + +Data scientists use statistical models, numerical techniques and advanced algorithms that didn’t come from statistical disciplines, along with the data that exist on databases, to find, to infer, to predict data that doesn’t exist yet. Sometimes this data is about the future. That is why we do a lot of predictive analytics and prescriptive analytics. + +Here are some questions to which data scientists help find answers: + + 1. Who are the students with high propensity to abandon the class? For each one, what are the reasons for leaving? + 2. Which house has a price above or below the fair price? What is the fair price for a certain house? + 3. What are the hidden groups that my clients classify themselves? + 4. Which future problems this premature child will develop? + 5. How many calls will I get in my call center tomorrow 11:43 AM? + 6. My bank should or should not lend money to this customer? + + + +Note how the answer to all these question is not sitting in any database waiting to be queried. These are all data that still doesn’t exist and has to be calculated. That is part of the job we data scientists do. + +Throughout this article you’ll learn how to prepare a Fedora system as a Data Scientist’s development environment and also a production system. Most of the basic software is RPM-packaged, but the most advanced parts can only be installed, nowadays, with Python’s _pip_ tool. + +### Jupyter — the IDE + +Most modern data scientists use Python. And an important part of their work is EDA (exploratory data analysis). EDA is a manual and interactive process that retrieves data, explores its features, searches for correlations, and uses plotted graphics to visualize and understand how data is shaped and prototypes predictive models. + +Jupyter is a web application perfect for this task. Jupyter works with Notebooks, documents that mix rich text including beautifully rendered math formulas (thanks to [mathjax][2]), blocks of code and code output, including graphics. + +Notebook files have extension _.ipynb_, which means Interactive Python Notebook. + +#### Setting up and running Jupyter + +First, install essential packages for Jupyter ([using][3] _[sudo][3]_): + +``` +$ sudo dnf install python3-notebook mathjax sscg +``` + +You might want to install additional and optional Python modules commonly used by data scientists: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install python3-seaborn python3-lxml python3-basemap python3-scikit-image python3-scikit-learn python3-sympy python3-dask+dataframe python3-nltk +``` + +Set a password to log into Notebook web interface and avoid those long tokens. Run the following command anywhere on your terminal: + +``` +$ mkdir -p $HOME/.jupyter +$ jupyter notebook password +``` + +Now, type a password for yourself. This will create the file _$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json_ with your encrypted password. + +Next, prepare for SSLby generating a self-signed HTTPS certificate for Jupyter’s web server: + +``` +$ cd $HOME/.jupyter; sscg +``` + +Finish configuring Jupyter by editing your _$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json_ file. Make it look like this: + +``` +{ + "NotebookApp": { + "password": "sha1:abf58...87b", + "ip": "*", + "allow_origin": "*", + "allow_remote_access": true, + "open_browser": false, + "websocket_compression_options": {}, + "certfile": "/home/aviram/.jupyter/service.pem", + "keyfile": "/home/aviram/.jupyter/service-key.pem", + "notebook_dir": "/home/aviram/Notebooks" + } +} +``` + +The parts in red must be changed to match your folders. Parts in blue were already there after you created your password. Parts in green are the crypto-related files generated by _sscg_. + +Create a folder for your notebook files, as configured in the _notebook_dir_ setting above: + +``` +$ mkdir $HOME/Notebooks +``` + +Now you are all set. Just run Jupyter Notebook from anywhere on your system by typing: + +``` +$ jupyter notebook +``` + +Or add this line to your _$HOME/.bashrc_ file to create a shortcut command called _jn_: + +``` +alias jn='jupyter notebook' +``` + +After running the command _jn_, access __ from any browser on the network to see the Jupyter user interface. You’ll need to use the password you set up earlier. Start typing some Python code and markup text. This is how it looks: + +![Jupyter with a simple notebook][4] + +In addition to the IPython environment, you’ll also get a web-based Unix terminal provided by _terminado_. Some people might find this useful, while others find this insecure. You can disable this feature in the config file. + +### JupyterLab — the next generation of Jupyter + +JupyterLab is the next generation of Jupyter, with a better interface and more control over your workspace. It’s currently not RPM-packaged for Fedora at the time of writing, but you can use _pip_ to get it installed easily: + +``` +$ pip3 install jupyterlab --user +$ jupyter serverextension enable --py jupyterlab +``` + +Then run your regular _jupiter notebook_ command or _jn_ alias. JupyterLab will be accessible from __**. + +### Tools used by data scientists + +In this section you can get to know some of these tools, and how to install them. Unless noted otherwise, the module is already packaged for Fedora and was installed as prerequisites for previous components. + +#### **Numpy** + +_Numpy_ is an advanced and C-optimized math library designed to work with large in-memory datasets. It provides advanced multidimensional matrix support and operations, including math functions as log(), exp(), trigonometry etc. + +#### Pandas + +In this author’s opinion, Python is THE platform for data science mostly because of Pandas. Built on top of numpy, Pandas makes easy the work of preparing and displaying data. You can think of it as a no-UI spreadsheet, but ready to work with much larger datasets. Pandas helps with data retrieval from a SQL database, CSV or other types of files, columns and rows manipulation, data filtering and, to some extent, data visualization with matplotlib. + +#### Matplotlib + +Matplotlib is a library to plot 2D and 3D data. It has great support for notations in graphics, labels and overlays + +![matplotlib pair of graphics showing a cost function searching its optimal value through a gradient descent algorithm][5] + +#### Seaborn + +Built on top of matplotlib, Seaborn’s graphics are optimized for a more statistical comprehension of data. It automatically displays regression lines or Gauss curve approximations of plotted data. + +![Linear regression visualised with SeaBorn][6] + +#### [StatsModels][7] + +StatsModels provides algorithms for statistical and econometrics data analysis such as linear and logistic regressions. Statsmodel is also home for the classical family of [time series algorithms][8] known as ARIMA. + +![Normalized number of passengers across time \(blue\) and ARIMA-predicted number of passengers \(red\)][9] + +#### Scikit-learn + +The central piece of the machine-learning ecosystem, [scikit][10] provides predictor algorithms for [regression][11] (Elasticnet, Gradient Boosting, Random Forest etc) and [classification][11] and clustering (K-means, DBSCAN etc). It features a very well designed API. Scikit also has classes for advanced data manipulation, dataset split into train and test parts, dimensionality reduction and data pipeline preparation. + +#### XGBoost + +XGBoost is the most advanced regressor and classifier used nowadays. It’s not part of scikit-learn, but it adheres to scikit’s API. [XGBoost][12] is not packaged for Fedora and should be installed with pip. [XGBoost can be accelerated with your nVidia GPU][13], but not through its _pip_ package. You can get this if you compile it yourself against CUDA. Get it with: + +``` +$ pip3 install xgboost --user +``` + +#### Imbalanced Learn + +[imbalanced-learn][14] provides ways for under-sampling and over-sampling data. It is useful in fraud detection scenarios where known fraud data is very small when compared to non-fraud data. In these cases data augmentation is needed for the known fraud data, to make it more relevant to train predictors. Install it with _pip_: + +``` +$ pip3 install imblearn --user +``` + +#### NLTK + +The [Natural Language toolkit][15], or NLTK, helps you work with human language data for the purpose of building chatbots (just to cite an example). + +#### SHAP + +Machine learning algorithms are very good on predicting, but aren’t good at explaining why they made a prediction. [SHAP][16] solves that, by analyzing trained models. + +![Where SHAP fits into the data analysis process][17] + +Install it with _pip_: + +``` +$ pip3 install shap --user +``` + +#### [Keras][18] + +Keras is a library for deep learning and neural networks. Install it with _pip_: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install python3-h5py +$ pip3 install keras --user +``` + +#### [TensorFlow][19] + +TensorFlow is a popular neural networks builder. Install it with _pip_: + +``` +$ pip3 install tensorflow --user +``` + +* * * + +_Photo courtesy of [FolsomNatural][20] on [Flickr][21] (CC BY-SA 2.0)._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/ + +作者：[Avi Alkalay][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/jupyter-816x345.jpg +[2]: http://mathjax.org +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ +[4]: https://avi.alkalay.net/articlefiles/2018/07/jupyter-fedora.png +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/gradient-descent-cost-function-optimization.png +[6]: https://seaborn.pydata.org/_images/regression_marginals.png +[7]: https://www.statsmodels.org/ +[8]: https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/examples/index.html#stats +[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/time-series.png +[10]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/ +[11]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/supervised_learning.html#supervised-learning +[12]: https://xgboost.ai +[13]: https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gpu/index.html +[14]: https://imbalanced-learn.readthedocs.io +[15]: https://www.nltk.org +[16]: https://github.com/slundberg/shap +[17]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/slundberg/shap/master/docs/artwork/shap_diagram.png +[18]: https://keras.io +[19]: https://www.tensorflow.org +[20]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/87249144@N08/ +[21]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/87249144@N08/45871861611/ From e28cdd627e93f24bff680bee41598808f1cc586d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 00:54:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0690/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190702=20Make?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Linux=20stronger=20with=20firewalls?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md --- ...0702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md | 276 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 276 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md b/sources/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d558f16931 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md @@ -0,0 +1,276 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Make Linux stronger with firewalls) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/make-linux-stronger-firewalls) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +Make Linux stronger with firewalls +====== +Learn how firewalls work and which settings to tweak for better Linux +security. +![People working together to build ][1] + +Everyone's heard of firewalls, even if only as a plot device in a TV cybercrime drama. Many people also know that their computer is (likely) running a firewall, but fewer people understand how to take control of their firewall when necessary. + +Firewalls block unwanted network traffic, but different networks have different threat levels. For instance, if you're at home, you probably trust the other computers and devices on your network a lot more than when you're out at the local café using public WiFi. You can hope your computer differentiates between a trusted network and an untrusted one, or you can learn to manage, or at least verify, your security settings yourself. + +### How firewalls work + +Communication between devices on a network happens through gateways called _ports_. Port, in this context, doesn't mean a physical connection like a USB port or an HDMI port. In network lingo, a port is an entirely virtual concept representing pathways for a specific type of data to either arrive at or depart from a computer. This system could have been called anything, like "connections" or "doorways," but they were named ports at least [as early as 1981][2], and that's the name in use today. The point is, there's nothing special about any port; they're just a way to designate an address where data transference may happen. + +Back in 1972, [a list of port numbers][3] (then called "sockets") was published, and this has since evolved into a set of well-known standard port numbers that help manage specific kinds of traffic. For instance, you access ports 80 and 443 on a daily basis when you visit a website, because most everyone on the internet has agreed, implicitly or explicitly, that data is transferred from web servers over those ports. You can test this theory by opening a web browser and navigating to a website with a nonstandard port appended to the URL. For instance, if you navigate to **example.com:42**, your request is denied because example.com does not serve a website at port 42. + +![Navigating to a nonstandard port produces an error][4] + +If you revisit the same website at port 80, you get a website, as expected. You can specify port 80 with **:80** at the end of the URL, but because port 80 is the standard port for HTTP traffic, your web browser assumes port 80 by default. + +When a computer, like a web server, expects traffic at a specific port, it's acceptable (and necessary) to have the port open for traffic. The danger is leaving ports open that you have no reason to expect traffic on, and that's exactly what a firewall is for. + +### Install firewalld + +There are many interfaces for firewall configuration. This article covers [**firewalld**][5], which integrates with Network Manager on the desktop and **firewall-cmd** in the terminal. Many Linux distributions ship with these tools installed. If yours doesn't, you can either take this article as general advice for firewall management and apply it to what you use, or you can install **firewalld**. + +On Ubuntu, for instance, you must enable the **universe** repository, deactivate the default **ufw** firewall, and then install **firewalld**: + + +``` +$ sudo systemctl disable ufw +$ sudo add-apt-repository universe +$ sudo apt install firewalld +``` + +Fedora, CentOS, RHEL, OpenSUSE, and many others include **firewalld** by default. + +Regardless of your distribution, for a firewall to be effective, it must be active and set to be loaded at boot. The less you have to think about firewall maintenance, the better. + + +``` +`$ sudo systemctl enable --now firewalld` +``` + +### Choose your zone with Network Manager + +You probably connect to many different networks every day. You're on one network at work, another at the café, and yet another at home. Your computer can detect which network you use more frequently than others, but it doesn't know which you trust. + +A firewall _zone_ contains presets deciding what ports to open and close. Using zones, you can choose a policy that makes the most sense for the network you're currently on. + +To see a list of available zones, open the Network Manager Connection Editor, found in your Applications menu, or with the **nm-connection-editor &** command. + +![Network Manager Connection Editor][6] + +From the list of network connections, double-click on your current network. + +In the network configuration window that appears, click the General tab. + +In the General panel, click the drop-down menu next to Firewall Zone for a list of all available zones. + +![Firewall zones][7] + +You can get this same list with this terminal command: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-zones` +``` + +The zone titles indicate what their designers had in mind when creating them, but you can get the specifics of any zone with this terminal command: + + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --zone work --list-all +work +  target: default +  icmp-block-inversion: no +  interfaces: +  sources: +  services: ssh dhcpv6-client +  ports: +  protocols: +  [...] +``` + +In this example, the **work** zone is configured to permit SSH and DHCPv6-client incoming traffic but drops any other incoming traffic not explicitly requested by the user. (In other words, the **work** zone doesn't block HTTP response traffic when you visit a website, but it _does_ deny an HTTP request on your port 80.) + +View each zone to get familiar with the traffic each one allows. The most common ones are: + + * **Work:** Use this one when on a network you mostly trust. SSH, DHCPv6, and mDNS are permitted, and you can add more as needed. This zone is meant to be a starting point for a custom work environment based on your daily office requirements. + * **Public:** For networks you do not trust. This zone is the same as the work zone, but presumably, you would not add the same exceptions as your work zone. + * **Drop:** All incoming connections are dropped with no response given. This is as close to a stealth mode as you can get without shutting off networking entirely because only outgoing network connections are possible (even a casual port scanner could detect your computer from outgoing traffic, though, so don't mistake this zone for a cloaking device). This is arguably the safest zone when on public WiFi, and definitely the best when you have reason to believe a network is hostile. + * **Block:** All incoming connections are rejected with a message declaring that the requested port is prohibited. Only network connections you initiate are possible. This is a "friendly" version of the drop zone because, even though no port is open for incoming traffic, a port verbosely declines an uninitiated connection. + * **Home:** Use this when you trust other computers on the network. Only selected incoming connections are accepted, and you can add more as needed. + * **Internal:** Similar to the work zone, this is intended for internal networks where you mostly trust the other computers. You can open more ports and services as needed but still maintain a different rule set than you have on your work zone. + * **Trusted:** All network connections are accepted. Good for troubleshooting or on networks you absolutely trust. + + + +### Assigning a zone to a network + +You can assign a zone to any network connection you make. Furthermore, you can assign a different zone to each network interface (Ethernet cable, WiFi, and so on) that attaches to each network. + +Select the zone you want and click the Save button to commit the change. + +![Setting a new zone][8] + +The easiest way to get into the habit of assigning a zone to a network interface is to tend to the networks you use most often. Assign the home zone to your home network, the work zone to your work network, and the public network to your favorite library or café network. + +Once you have assigned a zone to all your usual networks, make an effort to assign a zone to the next new network you join, whether it's a new café or your mate's home network. Assigning zones is the best way to reinforce your own awareness that networks are not all equal and that you're not any more secure than anybody else just because you run Linux. + +### Default zone + +Rather than prompting you for a zone every time you join a new network, firewalld assigns any unknown network a default zone. Open a terminal and type this command to get your default zone: + + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-default +public +``` + +In this example, the public zone is the default. It's expected that you will keep the public zone highly restrictive, so it's a pretty safe zone to assign unknown networks. However, you can set your own default instead. + +For instance, if you're more paranoid than most, or if you know that you frequent networks you have reason to distrust, you can assign a highly restrictive zone as default: + + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --set-default-zone drop +success +$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-default +drop +``` + +Now any new network you join will be subject to the drop zone rules unless you manually change it to something less restrictive. + +### Customizing zones by opening ports and services + +Firewalld's developers don't intend for their zone definitions to satisfy the needs of all the different networks and levels of trust in existence. They're just starting points for you to use and customize. + +You don't have to know much about firewalls to be able to open and close ports based on the kinds of network activity you know you generate. + +#### Predefined services + +The simplest way to add permissions to your firewall is to add a predefined service. Strictly speaking, there's no such thing as a "service" as far as your firewall knows, because firewalls understand port numbers and protocol types. However, firewalld provides collections of ports and protocols based on standards and conventions. + +For example, if you're a web developer and want to open your computer up on your local network so your colleagues can see the website you're building, you would add the **http** and **https** services. If you're a gamer and you're running the open source [murmur][9] voice-chat server for your guild, then you'd add the **murmur** service. There are many other services available, which you can view with this command: + + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-services +amanda-client amanda-k5-client bacula bacula-client \ +bgp bitcoin bitcoin-rpc ceph cfengine condor-collector \ +ctdb dhcp dhcpv6 dhcpv6-client dns elasticsearch \ +freeipa-ldap freeipa-ldaps ftp [...] +``` + +If you see a service you need, add it to your current firewall configuration, for example: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service murmur` +``` + +This command opens all the ports and protocols needed for a particular service _within your default zone_, but only until you reboot your computer or restart your firewall. To make your changes permanent, use the **\--permanent** flag: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service murmur --permanent` +``` + +You can also issue the command for a zone other than your default: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service murmur --permanent --zone home` +``` + +#### Ports + +Sometimes you want to allow traffic for something that just isn't defined by firewalld's services. Maybe you're setting up a nonstandard port for a common service or you need to open an arbitrary port. + +For example, maybe you're running the open source [virtual tabletop][10] software [MapTool][11]. Since you're running the MapTool server and there's no industry standard governing which port MapTool runs on, you can decide what port it uses and then "poke a hole" in your firewall to allow traffic on that port. + +The process is basically the same as for services: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 51234/tcp` +``` + +This command opens port 51234 to incoming TCP connections _in your default zone_, but only until you reboot your computer or restart your firewall. To make your changes permanent, use the **\--permanent** flag: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 51234/tcp --permanent` +``` + +You can also issue the command for a zone other than your default: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 51234/tcp --permanent --zone home` +``` + +Allowing traffic through your computer is different from letting traffic through your router"s firewall. Your router probably has a different interface for its own embeded firewall (though the principle is the same), which is outside the scope of this article. + +### Removing ports and services + +If you decide a service or a port is no longer needed, you can restart your firewall to clear your changes, unless you use the **\--permanent** flag. + +If you made your changes permanent, use the **\--remove-port** or **\--remove-service** flag: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --remove-port 51234/tcp --permanent` +``` + +You can remove ports and services from a zone other than your default zone by specifying a zone in your command: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --remove-service murmur --permanent --zone home` +``` + +### Custom zones + +You can use and abuse the default zones provided by firewalld, but you also have the freedom to create your own. For instance, if it makes sense for you to have a zone specific to gaming, then you can create one and switch over to it only while gaming. + +To create a new, empty zone, create a new zone called **game** and reload the firewall rules so that your new zone becomes active: + + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --new-zone game --permanent +success +$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload +``` + +Once it's created and active, you can customize it with all the services and ports you need to have open for game night. + +### Diligence + +Start thinking about your firewall strategy today. Start slow, and build up some sane defaults that make sense for you. It may take time before you make it a habit to think about your firewall and understand which network services you use, but with a little exploration, you can strengthen your Linux workstation no matter what your environment. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/make-linux-stronger-firewalls + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BUSINESS_buildtogether.png?itok=9Tvz64K5 (People working together to build ) +[2]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc793 +[3]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc433 +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/web-port-nonstandard.png (Navigating to a nonstandard port produces an error) +[5]: https://firewalld.org/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nm-connection-editor.png (Network Manager Connection Editor) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nm-zone.png (Firewall zones) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nm-set.png (Setting a new zone) +[9]: https://www.mumble.com/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/maptool +[11]: https://github.com/RPTools From b6bdd979ee2755510d2a2ca3f4f3678d25abb636 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 00:55:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0691/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190702=20What?= =?UTF-8?q?=20makes=20a=20good=20code=20review=20in=20DevOps=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190702 What makes a good code review in DevOps.md --- ...What makes a good code review in DevOps.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 84 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190702 What makes a good code review in DevOps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190702 What makes a good code review in DevOps.md b/sources/tech/20190702 What makes a good code review in DevOps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0979cf09b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190702 What makes a good code review in DevOps.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (What makes a good code review in DevOps?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/code-reviews-devops) +[#]: author: (Patrick Housley https://opensource.com/users/patrickhousley/users/juliegund/users/ghaff) + +What makes a good code review in DevOps? +====== +Well-run code reviews balance the freedom to innovate rapidly with code +quality and security. +![Pair programming][1] + +Improving the software development lifecycle, the speed we deliver software to customers, and the quality of that software are all great premises of [DevOps][2]. They are goals that the tools and techniques prescribed by the DevOps movement attempt to achieve. As a developer, I feel freer to make changes rapidly, not just to source code, but also to infrastructure and configuration code. As a DevOps practitioner, my goal is to balance that freedom with quality and security. How? One tool we can use is code reviews. + +Code reviews are not a new concept. They are often used as a manual gate-check for code changes before merging them to the trunk branch. This helps ensure quality and security by preventing developers from working in vacuums. It can also help ensure the entire team is aware of what's going on in their project. Much like anything in technology, there are many different ways to implement code reviews, and there can be some confusion around how to operate code reviews and what the goals of a code review are. Let's start by looking at who on the team should be doing the reviewing in code reviews. + +### Who should be reviewing code? + +It is easy to assume that the more senior developers on the team should be the ones reviewing code before it makes it to the trunk branch. That is only partly true. Everyone on the team should feel empowered and obligated to take time out of their day to review the code going into the repositories they work in most often. Why? It's all about perspective, and the more people we have engaging in code review, the more perspectives we can take advantage of. + +A developer's perspective when reviewing code is derived from a culmination of their years of experience as well as their _unique_ experiences. Unique experiences help diversify the team and can be a source of new, innovative solutions. Having more years of experience does not necessarily equate to having a diverse set of unique experiences. How does this fit into the junior-senior developer dynamic as applied to code reviews? Before we get too deep into the title war, let's first define what we mean by "code review." + +### Code review is a conversation + +Take a moment and think about what a code review means to you. Is it a manual gate to ensure the quality of the code making it to your trunk branch? Is it a chance to have the more senior developers, or maybe the developers more familiar with the area of the code base, review the code? These would all be good answers, but there is a better one. + +_Code reviews are a chance for you, the committer, and your peers to have a conversation about the changes being made before they are merged to the trunk branch._ + +Our goal should be simply to talk about the changes being made. It sounds simple, but, like any digital conversation, we simple humans always try to imply tone to the words we read. I have seen junior developers take seemingly innocuous questioning in a code review as a call to action. Instead of engaging in conversation, they immediately change the code. I think we all can say we have seen more senior developers use poor wording that implies improper tone in their code reviews and conversations around code changes. Many open source communities are trying to address this through Code of Conduct declarations. I have been privy to a solution for this issue that I still use today and recommend to all developers of every level: comment tagging. + +#### Comment tagging + +My previous example of a junior developer taking a question as a call to action doesn't come from thin air. I noticed this behavior some years ago when I would make comments or ask questions on pull requests as part of a code review. It really upset me at the time, because I was trying to have an honest conversation, not trying to imply the developer did anything wrong or needed to change the code. Luckily, I had great leadership that was able to help find the problem and come up with a solution. That solution was to start tagging our comments in the pull requests using the tags: _comment_, _question_, _blocker_, and _recommended_. It would look something like: + +> [comment] I think you meant to use the forEach prototype method here instead of map. +> [blocker] This constructor is too large and should be broken up into individual, specialized methods. +> [question] Is this method needed in this class with the merging of feature X? Feature x makes this a global utility method. +> [recommended] You could add a test case here to check for negative outcomes. This would help ensure future code changes do not break our expectations. + +It may seem simple, maybe even extreme, but it really helped spark conversations in our code reviews. Junior developers felt more empowered to have and stick to their opinions in the face of questioning from more senior developers. More importantly, they also felt empowered to question and comment in code reviews for changes made by more senior developers. + +### Leave your title at the door + +Through our discussion of who should be doing the reviewing in code reviews and what a code review is, one thing should be clear: the junior and senior titles mean very little. In fact, they can detract from the overall goal of code reviews, as was the case in the experience I described above. The concept is very simple: _No matter how senior you are, you can still make mistakes, and no matter how junior you are, you can still provide valuable and innovative solutions._ + +We will leave the comparison of what makes a junior and senior developer for another article. For now, let's get back to our code review conversation. We have covered the what and why of code reviews, but just as important is the when. When should you be doing code review? How often? + +### Code-review continuously + +I have seen code reviews performed in many ways over the past few years. Not long ago, I was on a team that did weekly, one-hour meetings for code review. Today, my team operates code reviews on an ongoing basis as part of our pull request process. In case you are not familiar with them, pull requests are a process commonly found in [Git][3] tooling like GitHub and GitLab where a developer makes a formal request to have the changes in their branch merged into another branch. + +How you and your team operate may be different, and you should always strive to find what works best for your team and project. My team and those around me use code reviews for two purposes: to formalize the code review process and to block merges to trunk based on automated code-quality checks. While we are having our conversation about the code changes in the pull request, our continuous integration pipeline is operating in the background to perform a sanity build of the project, run tests, linting, and static code analysis. The results are provided back to the pull request and help influence our code review. + +How often do we have these code reviews and pull requests? As often as possible. Complying with lean development practices indicates we make small commits and merges often. If that's the case, multiple pull requests happen daily, and many conversations happen continuously. This can become a little overwhelming but, if the changes being made are small, theoretically the conversations are also small, short, and sweet. + +### Put it all together + +Team dynamics will always play a substantial role in how practices like code reviews are performed. I typically like to start my day off by seeing what pull requests are open and what discussions are happening. It provides a nice, gradual start to my day, and I can catch up on what people are working on. I will typically go back throughout the day, as I take breaks from what I am working on, to check for more pull requests. This works great for me and might work well for you, so I encourage you to give it a try. + +No matter how you decide to conduct your code reviews, I typically discourage the one hour a week meeting. First, it can work counter to the lean development practice of committing small and often. Developers may wait to do any merging or open pull requests until code review. By that time, the code is not fresh in their mind, and things in the project may have changed that affect the changes they are making. Second, if your team is more than two developers, an hour meeting will probably not be long enough to adequately review all the changes from all the team members that need to go in. This could lead to changes being merged without code review, and that could be detrimental to code quality and security. + +Instead of using that one hour to dig through code changes, I find it better to talk higher-level. It's always good for a team to come together and discuss how they are architecting their code, how their features may affect or tie into each other, and what blockers they might be having. All in all, communication is key, and continuous code review should work to drive more communication. + +Is DevOps fundamentally about changing culture in an IT organization? That seemingly simple... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/code-reviews-devops + +作者：[Patrick Housley][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/patrickhousley/users/juliegund/users/ghaff +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/collab-team-pair-programming-code-keyboard.png?itok=kBeRTFL1 (Pair programming) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/devops +[3]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-git From 65b7b632c20fc57aa8f2dff476c961b6bf5e412f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 00:56:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0692/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190702=20One?= =?UTF-8?q?=20CI/CD=20pipeline=20per=20product=20to=20rule=20them=20all?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190702 One CI-CD pipeline per product to rule them all.md --- ...D pipeline per product to rule them all.md | 136 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 136 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190702 One CI-CD pipeline per product to rule them all.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190702 One CI-CD pipeline per product to rule them all.md b/sources/tech/20190702 One CI-CD pipeline per product to rule them all.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2a7fcb31de --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190702 One CI-CD pipeline per product to rule them all.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (One CI/CD pipeline per product to rule them all) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/cicd-pipeline-rule-them-all) +[#]: author: (Willy-Peter Schaub https://opensource.com/users/wpschaub/users/bclaster/users/matt-micene/users/barkerd427) + +One CI/CD pipeline per product to rule them all +====== +Is the idea of a unified continuous integration and delivery pipeline a +pipe dream? +![An intersection of pipes.][1] + +When I joined the cloud ops team, responsible for cloud operations and engineering process streamlining, at WorkSafeBC, I shared my dream for one instrumented pipeline, with one continuous integration build and continuous deliveries for every product. + +According to Lukas Klose, [flow][2] (within the context of software engineering) is "the state of when a system produces value at a steady and predictable rate." I think it is one of the greatest challenges and opportunities, especially in the complex domain of emergent solutions. Strive towards a continuous and incremental delivery model with consistent, efficient, and quality solutions, building the right things and delighting our users. Find ways to break down our systems into smaller pieces that are valuable on their own, enabling teams to deliver value incrementally. This requires a change of mindset for both business and engineering. + +### Continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD) pipeline + +The CI/CD pipeline is a DevOps practice for delivering code changes more often, consistently, and reliably. It enables agile teams to increase _deployment frequency_ and decrease _lead time for change_, _change-failure rate_, and _mean time to recovery_ key performance indicators (KPIs), thereby improving _quality_ and delivering _value_ faster. The only prerequisites are a solid development process, a mindset for quality and accountability for features from ideation to deprecation, and a comprehensive pipeline (as illustrated below). + +![Prerequisites for a solid development process][3] + +It streamlines the engineering process and products to stabilize infrastructure environments; optimize flow; and create consistent, repeatable, and automated tasks. This enables us to turn complex tasks into complicated tasks, as outlined by Dave Snowden's [Cynefin Sensemaking][4] model, reducing maintenance costs and increasing quality and reliability. + +Part of streamlining our flow is to minimize waste for the [wasteful practice types][5] Muri (overloaded), Mura (variation), and Muda (waste). + + * **Muri:** avoid over-engineering, features that do not link to business value, and excessive documentation + * **Mura:** improve approval and validation processes (e.g., security signoffs); drive the [shift-left][6] initiative to push unit testing, security vulnerability scanning, and code quality inspection; and improve risk assessment + * **Muda:** avoid waste such as technical debt, bugs, and upfront, detailed documentation + + + +It appears that 80% of the focus and intention is on products that provide an integrated and collaborative engineering system that can take an idea and plan, develop, test, and monitor your solutions. However, a successful transformation and engineering system is only 5% about products, 15% about process, and 80% about people. + +There are many products at our disposal. For example, Azure DevOps offers rich support for continuous integration (CI), continuous delivery (CD), extensibility, and integration with open source and commercial off-the-shelve (COTS) software as a service (SaaS) solutions such as Stryker, SonarQube, WhiteSource, Jenkins, and Octopus. For engineers, it is always a temptation to focus on products, but remember that they are only 5% of our journey. + +![5% about products, 15% about process, 80% about people][7] + +The biggest challenge is breaking down a process based on decades of rules, regulations, and frustrating areas of comfort: "_It is how we have always done it; why change?_"  + +The friction between people in development and operation results in a variety of fragmented, duplicated, and incessant integration and delivery pipelines. Development wants access to everything, to iterate continuously, to enable users, and to release continuously and fast. Operations wants to lock down everything to protect the business and users and drive quality. This inadvertently and often entails processes and governance that are hard to automate, which results in slower-than-expected release cycles. + +Let us explore the pipeline with snippets from a recent whiteboard discussion. + +The variation of pipelines is difficult and costly to support; the inconsistency of versioning and traceability complicates live site incidents, and continuous streamlining of the development process and pipelines is a challenge. + +![Improving quality and visibility of pipelines][8] + +I advocate a few principles that enable one universal pipeline per product: + + * Automate everything automatable + * Build once + * Maintain continuous integration and delivery + * Maintain continuous streamlining and improvement + * Maintain one build definition + * Maintain one release pipeline definition + * Scan for vulnerabilities early and often, and _fail fast_ + * Test early and often, and _fail fast_ + * Maintain traceability and observability of releases + + + +If I poke the hornet's nest, however, the most important principle is to _keep it simple_. If you cannot explain the reason (_what_, _why_) and the process (_how_) of your pipelines, you do not understand your engineering process. Most of us are not looking for the best, ultramodern, and revolutionary pipeline—we need one that is functional, valuable, and an enabler for engineering. Tackle the 80%—the culture, people, and their mindset—first. Ask your CI/CD knights in shining armor, with their TLA (two/three-lettered acronym) symbols on their shield, to join the might of practical and empirical engineering. + +### Unified pipeline + +Let us walk through one of our design practice whiteboard sessions. + +![CI build/CD release pipeline][9] + +Define one CI/CD pipeline with one build definition per application that is used to trigger _pull-request pre-merge validation_ and _continuous integration_ builds. Generate a _release_ build with debug information and upload to the [Symbol Server][10]. ****This enables developers to debug locally and remotely in production without having to worry which build and symbols they need to load—the symbol server performs that magic for us. + +![Breaking down the CI build pipeline][11] + +Perform as many validations as possible in the build—_shift left_—allowing feature teams to fail fast, continuously raise the overall product quality, and include invaluable evidence for the reviewers with every pull request. Do you prefer a pull request with a gazillion commits? Or a pull request with a couple of commits and supporting evidence such as security vulnerabilities, test coverage, code quality, and [Stryker][12] mutant remnants? Personally, I vote for the latter. + +![Breaking down the CD release pipeline][13] + +Do not use build transformation to generate multiple, environment-specific builds. Create one build and perform release-time _transformation_, _tokenization_, and/or XML/JSON _value replacement_. In other words, _shift-right_ the environment-specific configuration. + +![Shift-right the environment-specific configuration][14] + +Securely store release configuration data and make it available to both Dev and Ops teams based on the level of _trust_ and _sensitivity_ of the data. Use the open source Key Manager, Azure Key Vault, AWS Key Management Service, or one of many other products—remember, there are many hammers in your toolkit! + +![Dev-QA-production pipeline][15] + +Use _groups_ instead of _users_ to move approver management from multiple stages across multiple pipelines to simple group membership. + +![Move approver management to simple group membership][16] + +Instead of duplicating pipelines to give teams access to their _areas of interest_, create one pipeline and grant access to _specific stages_ of the delivery environments. + +![Pipeline with access to specific delivery stages][17] + +Last, but not least, embrace pull requests to help raise insight and transparency into your codebase, improve the overall quality, collaborate, and release pre-validation builds into selected environments; e.g., the Dev environment. + +Here is a more formal view of the whole whiteboard sketch. + +![The full pipeline][18] + +So, what are your thoughts and learnings with CI/CD pipelines? Is my dream of _one pipeline to rule them all_ a pipe dream? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/cicd-pipeline-rule-them-all + +作者：[Willy-Peter Schaub][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/wpschaub/users/bclaster/users/matt-micene/users/barkerd427 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LAW-Internet_construction_9401467_520x292_0512_dc.png?itok=RPkPPtDe (An intersection of pipes.) +[2]: https://continuingstudies.sauder.ubc.ca/courses/agile-delivery-methods/ii861 +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-2.png (Prerequisites for a solid development process) +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynefin_framework +[5]: https://www.lean.org/lexicon/muda-mura-muri +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_left_testing +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-3.png (5% about products, 15% about process, 80% about people) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-4_0.png (Improving quality and visibility of pipelines) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-5_0.png (CI build/CD release pipeline) +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Symbol_Server +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-6.png (Breaking down the CI build pipeline) +[12]: https://stryker-mutator.io/ +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-7.png (Breaking down the CD release pipeline) +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-8.png (Shift-right the environment-specific configuration) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-9.png (Dev-QA-production pipeline) +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-10.png (Move approver management to simple group membership) +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-11.png (Pipeline with access to specific delivery stages) +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/devops_pipeline_pipe-12.png (The full pipeline) From 11ad2e6bca129436ae5c3d5b088c41c1ed30c2c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 00:58:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0693/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190702=20SD-W?= =?UTF-8?q?AN=20Buyers=20Should=20Think=20Application=20Performance=20as?= =?UTF-8?q?=20well=20as=20Resiliency?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190702 SD-WAN Buyers Should Think Application Performance as well as Resiliency.md --- ...ation Performance as well as Resiliency.md | 49 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190702 SD-WAN Buyers Should Think Application Performance as well as Resiliency.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190702 SD-WAN Buyers Should Think Application Performance as well as Resiliency.md b/sources/talk/20190702 SD-WAN Buyers Should Think Application Performance as well as Resiliency.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3bddd4cdc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190702 SD-WAN Buyers Should Think Application Performance as well as Resiliency.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (SD-WAN Buyers Should Think Application Performance as well as Resiliency) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3406456/sd-wan-buyers-should-think-application-performance-as-well-as-resiliency.html) +[#]: author: (Zeus Kerravala https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/) + +SD-WAN Buyers Should Think Application Performance as well as Resiliency +====== + +![istock][1] + +As an industry analyst, not since the days of WAN Optimization have I seen a technology gain as much interest as I am seeing with [SD-WANs][2] today. Although full deployments are still limited, nearly every network manager, and often many IT leaders I talk to, are interested in it. The reason for this is two-fold – the WAN has grown in importance for cloud-first enterprises and is badly in need of an overhaul. This hasn’t gone unnoticed by the vendor community as there has been an explosion of companies bringing a broad range of SD-WAN offerings to market. The great news for buyers is that there is no shortage of choices. The bad news is there are too many choices and making the right decision difficult. + +One area of differentiation for SD-WAN vendors is how they handle application performance.  I think of the SD-WAN market as being split into two categories – basic and advanced SD-WANs.  A good analogy is to think of the virtualization market.  There are many vendors that offer hypervisors – in fact there are a number of free ones.  So why do companies pay a premium for VMware? It’s because VMware offers many advanced features and capabilities that make its solution do more than just virtualize servers. + +Similarly, basic SD-WAN solutions do a great job of helping to lower costs and to increase application resiliency through path selection capabilities but do nothing to improve application performance. One myth that needs busting is that all SD-WANs make your applications perform better. That’s simply not true as application availability and performance are two different things. It’s possible to have great performance and poor availability or high availability with lackluster performance.  + +Consider the case where a business runs a hybrid WAN and voice and video traffic is sent over the MPLS connection and broadband is used for other traffic. If the MPLS link becomes congested, but doesn’t go down, most SD-WAN solutions will continue to send video and voice over it, which obviously degrades the performance. If multiple broadband connections are used, the chances of congestion related issues are even more likely.  + +This is an important point for IT professionals to understand. The business justification for SD-WAN was initially built around saving money but if application performance suffers, the entire return on investment (ROI) for the project might as well be tossed out the window.  For many companies, the network is the business, so a poor performing network means equally poor performing applications which results lost productivity, lower revenues and possibly brand damage from customer experience issues.  + +I’ve talked to many organizations that had digital initiatives fail because the network wasn’t transformed. For example, a luxury retailer implemented a tablet program for in store personnel to be able to show merchandise to customers. High end retail is almost wholly impulse purchases so the more inventory that can be shown to a customer, the larger the resulting sales. The WAN that was in place was causing the mobile application to perform poorly causing the digital initiative to have a negative effect. Instead of driving sales, the mobile initiative was chasing customers from the store.  The idea was right but the poor performing WAN caused the project to fail. + +SD-WAN decision makers need to look to suppliers that have specific technologies integrated into it that can act when congestion occurs.  A great example of this is the Silver Peak [Unity EdgeConnect™][3] SD-WAN edge platform with [path conditioning][4], [traffic shaping][5] and sub-second link failover. This ensures the best possible quality for all critical applications, even when an underlying link experiences congestion or an outage, even for [voice and video over broadband][6]. This is a foundational component of advanced SD-WAN providers as they offer the same resiliency and cost benefits as a basic SD-WAN but also ensure application performance remains high.  + +The SD-WAN era is here, and organizations should be aggressive with deployments as it will transform the WAN and make it a digital transformation enabler. Decision makers should choose their provider carefully and ensure the vendor also improves application performance.  Without it, the digital initiatives will likely fail and negate any ROI the company was hoping to realize. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3406456/sd-wan-buyers-should-think-application-performance-as-well-as-resiliency.html + +作者：[Zeus Kerravala][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Zeus-Kerravala/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/07/istock-157647179-100800860-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.silver-peak.com/sd-wan/sd-wan-explained +[3]: https://www.silver-peak.com/products/unity-edge-connect +[4]: https://www.silver-peak.com/products/unity-edge-connect/path-conditioning +[5]: https://www.silver-peak.com/products-solutions/unity/traffic-shaping +[6]: https://www.silver-peak.com/sd-wan/voice-video-over-broadband From d229ce68e86719b8eec17386b80e3f3d6b1c0bdc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 01:09:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0694/1265] PRF:20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md PART 5 --- .../tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 65 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md index 9f55121d87..06b0db2c75 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ Skype 有一个优秀的用户图形界面，与 Windows 上的桌面客户端 $ sudo snap install skype ``` -### 13、VirtualBox +### 11、VirtualBox VirtualBox 是由 Oracle 公司开发的跨平台的虚拟化软件应用（LCTT 译注：实际上是由被 Oracle 公司收购的 Sun 公司开发的，包括 Java、Solaris 也是）。如果你喜欢尝试新的操作系统，那么 VirtualBox 是你必备的 Ubuntu 应用。你可以在 Windows 内尝试 Linux、Mac，也可以在 Linux 系统内尝试 Windows 和 Mac。 @@ -381,19 +381,19 @@ Ramme 是一个很酷的非官方的 Instagram 桌面客户端，给你带来 In ### 35、Thunderbird -Thunderbird 是一个开源的邮件客户端，是很多 Linux 发行版的默认邮件客户端。尽管在 2017 年与 Mozilla 分离，Thunderbird 仍然是 Linux 平台非常流行的最好的邮件客户端。它自带的功能包括垃圾邮件过滤、IMAP 和 POP 邮件同步、日历支持、通讯录集成和很多其它可以开箱即用的功能。 +Thunderbird 是一个开源的邮件客户端，是很多 Linux 发行版的默认邮件客户端。尽管在 2017 年与 Mozilla 分道扬镳（LCTT 译注： Thunderbird 现在由 Thunderbird 议会独立决策，只是将财务和法律关系留在 Mozilla 基金会），Thunderbird 仍然是 Linux 平台非常流行的最好的邮件客户端。它自带的功能包括垃圾邮件过滤、IMAP 和 POP 邮件同步、日历支持、通讯录集成和很多其它可以开箱即用的功能。 ![][41] -它是一个跨平台的邮件客户端，在所有支持的平台上完全由社区提供支持。多亏它的高度自定义特点，你总是可以改变它的外观和观感。 +它是一个跨平台的邮件客户端，由社区提供对所有平台提供支持。因其可以高度自定义，你可以改变它的外观和观感。 ### 36、Pidgin -Pidgin 是一个即时信息客户端，你能够在单个窗口下登录不同的即时网络。你可以登录到像 Google Talk、XMPP、AIM、Bonjour 等。 +Pidgin 是一个即时信息客户端，你能够在单个窗口下登录不同的即时通讯网络。你可以登录到像 Google Talk、XMPP、AIM、Bonjour 等即时通讯。 ![][42] -Pidgin 拥有你期待的即时通信的所有特点，你总是可以通过安装额外的插件来提升其表现。 +Pidgin 拥有你所期待的即时通信的所有特点，你总是可以通过安装额外的插件来提升其表现。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install pidgin @@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install pidgin ### 37、Krita -Krita 是由 KDE 开发的自由开源的数字绘制、编辑和动画应用。它有优秀的用户界面，每个组件都恰到好处，因此你可以轻松找到你所需要的。 +Krita 是由 KDE 开发的自由开源的数字绘制、编辑和动画的应用。它有优秀的用户界面，每个组件都恰到好处，因此你可以轻松找到你所需要的。 ![][43] @@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ Dropbox 是一个出色的云存储客户端，正确安装后，它在 Ubuntu ![][44] -它总是在后台运行，备份你系统上的新文件到云存储，持续保持你的电脑和云存储间的同步。 +它总是在后台运行，可以备份你系统上的新文件到云存储，持续保持你的电脑和云存储间的同步。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install nautilus-dropbox @@ -421,11 +421,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install nautilus-dropbox ### 39、Kodi -Kodi 的前身是人们熟知的 Xbox 媒体中心（XBMC），是一个开源的媒体播放器。你可以在线或离线播放音乐、视频、播客、视频游戏等。这个软件最初是为第一代的 Xbox 游戏主机开发的，之后慢慢地移植到了个人电脑上。 +Kodi 的前身是人们所熟知的 Xbox 媒体中心（XBMC），它是一个开源的媒体播放器。你可以在线或离线播放音乐、视频、播客、视频游戏等。这个软件最初是为第一代的 Xbox 游戏主机开发的，之后慢慢地移植到了个人电脑上。 ![][45] -Kodi 有令人印象深刻的视频接口，快速而强大。它是可高度定制的媒体播放器，你可以通过安装插件，来获取在线流服务，如 Pandora、Spotify、Amazon Prime Video、Netflix 和 YouTube 等等。 +Kodi 有令人印象深刻的视频界面，快速而强大。它是可高度定制的媒体播放器，你可以通过安装插件，来获取在线流服务，如 Pandora、Spotify、Amazon Prime Video、Netflix 和 YouTube 等等。 ### 40、Spotify @@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ Spotify 是最好的在线媒体流站点之一。它提供免费和付费的音 ### 41、Brackets -Brackets 是一个有 Adobe 开发的开源的文本编辑器。它可被用来进行 web 开发和设计，例如 HTML、CSS 和 JavaScript。它带有的实时预览模式是一个很棒的特点，当你在脚本中修改时，你可以获得实时预览效果。 +Brackets 是一个由 Adobe 开发的开源的文本编辑器。它可以用来进行 web 开发和设计，例如 HTML、CSS 和 JavaScript。它带有的实时预览模式是一个很棒的特点，当你在脚本中修改时，你可以获得实时预览效果。 ![][47] @@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ Brackets 是一个有 Adobe 开发的开源的文本编辑器。它可被用来 ### 42、Bitwarden -现今，安全问题事件增加，用户密码被盗后，重要的数据受到连累，因此，账户安全性必须严肃对待。推荐你使用 Bitwarden，将你的所有账户和登录密码安全地存在一个地方。 +现今，账户安全是一个严重的问题，我们可以看到用户密码被盗和重要数据受到侵害的安全漏洞在不断增加。推荐你使用 Bitwarden，将你的所有账户和登录密码安全地存在一个地方。 ![][48] @@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ Bitwarden 使用 AES-256 加密技术来存储所有的登录细节，只有用 ### 43、Terminator -Terminator 是一个开源终端模拟器，是用 Java 语言开发的。它是一个跨平台的模拟器，允许你在单个窗口有多个终端，在 Linux 默认的终端模拟器中不是这样。 +Terminator 是一个开源的终端模拟器，是用 Java 语言开发的。它是一个跨平台的模拟器，允许你在单个窗口有多个终端，在 Linux 默认的终端模拟器中不是这样。 ![][49] @@ -465,11 +465,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install terminator ### 44、Yak Yak -Yak Yak 是一个开源的非官方的 Google Hangouts 消息的桌面客户端。它可能是一个不错的 Microsort 的 Skype 的替代品，自身拥有很多让人吃惊的特点。你可以启用桌面通知，设置语言偏好，使用最小内存或功率就可以工作等。 +Yak Yak 是一个开源的非官方的 Google Hangouts 消息的桌面客户端。它可以作为 Microsort Skype 的一个不错的替代品，自身拥有很多让人吃惊的特点。你可以启用桌面通知、设置语言偏好，使用很少的内存和处理能力就可以工作。 ![][50] -Yak Yak 拥有你期待的所有任何即时消息应用的所有特点，例如输入指示、拖放媒体文件、音/视频电话。 +Yak Yak 拥有你期待的任何即时消息应用的所有特点，例如输入指示、拖放媒体文件、音/视频电话。 ### 45、Thonny @@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ Thonny 是一个简单和轻量级的 IDE，尤其是为编程的初学者设计 ![][51] -Thonny 同样是一个很棒的调试工具，它支持调试过程中的即时变量值显示，除此之外，它还提供了独立的窗口以执行函数调用，简易的用户界面的特点。 +Thonny 同样是一个很棒的调试工具，它支持调试过程中的变量值即时显示，除此之外，它还提供了独立的窗口以执行函数调用，简单的用户界面等等。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install thonny @@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install thonny ![][52] -Gtk+ 字体管理器不是为专业用户准备的，它有简单的用户界面，你会发现很容易使用。你只需要从网上下载字体文件，并使用字体管理器添加它们。 +这个 Gtk+ 字体管理器不是为专业用户准备的，它有简单的用户界面，你会发现很容易使用。你只需要从网上下载字体文件，并使用字体管理器添加它们。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:font-manager/staging @@ -511,11 +511,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install atril ### 48、Notepadqq -如果你曾在 Windows 上用过 Notepad++，并且想在 Linux 上寻找相似的程序，别担心，开发者们已经将它移植到 Linux，叫 Notepadqq。它是一个简单且强大的文本编辑器，你可以在日常生活中用它，或用各种语言编程。 +如果你曾在 Windows 上用过 Notepad++，并且想在 Linux 上寻找相似的程序，别担心，开发者们已经将它移植到 Linux，名为 Notepadqq。它是一个简单而强大的文本编辑器，你可以在日常使用它，或用于各种语言进行编程。 ![][54] -尽管作为一个简单的文本编辑器，它有一些令人惊奇的特点，例如，你可以设置主题为暗黑或明亮模式、多选、正则搜索和实时高亮。 +尽管是作为一个简单的文本编辑器，它有一些令人惊奇的特点，例如，你可以设置主题为暗黑或明亮模式、多选、正则搜索和实时高亮。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:notpadqq-team/notepadqq @@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install notepadqq ### 49、Amarok -Amarok 是在 KDE 项目下开发的一个开源音乐播放器。它有直观的界面，让你感觉在家一样，因此你可以轻易的发现你最喜爱的音乐。除了 Clementine，当你在寻找 Ubuntu 上的完美的音乐播放器时，Amarok 是一个很棒的选择。 +Amarok 是在 KDE 项目下开发的一个开源音乐播放器。它有直观的界面，让你感觉在家一样，因此你可以轻易的发现你最喜爱的音乐。除了 Clementine，当你寻找 Ubuntu 上的完美的音乐播放器时，Amarok 是一个很棒的选择。 ![][55] @@ -561,11 +561,11 @@ Akregator 同样提供了桌面通知、自动摘要等功能。你会发现在 ### 54、Brave -Brave 是一个开源的 web 浏览器，拦截了广告和追踪，所以你可以快速和安全的浏览你的内容。它实际做的是代表你向网站和油管主播支付了费用。如果你宁可向网站和和油管主播做出支持而不是看广告，这个浏览器更适合你。 +Brave 是一个开源的 web 浏览器，拦截了广告和追踪，所以你可以快速和安全的浏览你的内容。它实际做的是代表你向网站和 Youtube 主播支付了费用。如果你宁可支持网站和 Youtube 主播也不愿意看广告，这个浏览器更适合你。 ![][60] -对于那些想要安全浏览但有不想错过互联网上重要数据的人来说，这是一个新概念，一个不错的浏览器。 +对于那些想要安全浏览，但又不想错过互联网上重要信息的人来说，这是一个新概念，一个不错的浏览器。 ### 55、Bitcoin Core @@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install bitcoin-qt ### 56、Speedy 重复查找工具 -Speedy 重复查找工具是一个跨平台的文件查找工具，用来帮助你查找你的系统上的重复文件，清理磁盘空间。它是一个智能工具，在整个硬盘上搜索重复文件，同样提供智能过滤功能，根据文件类型、扩展或大小帮你找到文件。 +Speedy 重复查找工具是一个跨平台的文件查找工具，用来帮助你查找你的系统上的重复文件，清理磁盘空间。它是一个智能工具，可以在整个硬盘上搜索重复文件，它同样提供了智能过滤功能，根据文件类型、扩展或大小帮你找到文件。 ![][62] @@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ Okular 是在 Ubuntu 上你应该尝试的最好的文件查看器之一，它 ### 59、FocusWriter -FocusWriter 是一个集中注意力的字处理工具，隐藏了你的桌面屏幕，因此你能够专注写作。正如你看到的屏幕截图，整个 Ubuntu 屏幕被隐藏了，只有你和你的字处理工具。但你总是可以进入 Ubuntu 屏幕，当你需要的时候，只需要将光标移动到屏幕的边缘。 +FocusWriter 是一个集中注意力的字处理工具，隐藏了你的桌面屏幕，让你能够专注写作。正如你看到的屏幕截图，整个 Ubuntu 屏幕被隐藏了，只有你和你的字处理工具。但你总是可以进入 Ubuntu 屏幕，当你需要的时候，只需要将光标移动到屏幕的边缘即可。 ![][65] @@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install guake ### 61、KDE Connect -KDE Connect 是 Ubuntu 上的一个很棒的应用，我很想在这篇马拉松文章中将它提早列出来，但是竞争太激烈。总之 KDE Connect 可以将你的 Android 智能手机的通知直接转到 Ubuntu 桌面来。 +KDE Connect 是 Ubuntu 上的一个很棒的应用，我很想在这篇马拉松文章中将它提早列出来，但是竞争太激烈了。总之 KDE Connect 可以将你的 Android 智能手机的通知直接转到 Ubuntu 桌面来。 ![][67] @@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install kdeconnect indicator-kdeconnect ### 62、CopyQ -CopyQ 是一个简单但是非常有用的剪贴板管理器，它保存你的系统剪贴板内容，无论你做了什么改变，你都可以在你需要的时候恢复它。它是一个很棒的工具，支持文本、图像、HTML 和其它格式。 +CopyQ 是一个简单但是非常有用的剪贴板管理器，它保存你的系统剪贴板内容，无论你做了什么改变，你都可以在你需要的时候搜索和恢复它。它是一个很棒的工具，支持文本、图像、HTML 和其它格式。 ![][68] @@ -680,17 +680,22 @@ Anbox 是现代和功能丰富的模拟器之一，提供的功能包括无限 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:morphis/anbox-support $ sudo apt-get update -$ sudo apt install anbox-modules-dkms Now install Anbox using snap +$ sudo apt install anbox-modules-dkms +``` + +然后你可以使用 snap 来安装 Anbox。 + +``` $ snap install --devmode -- beta anbox ``` ### 65、OpenShot -你会发现 OpenShot 是 Linux 发行版中最好的开源视频编辑器。它是跨平台的视频编辑器，易于使用，性能方面毫不逊色。它支持所有主流的音频、视频、图像格式。 +你会发现 OpenShot 是 Linux 发行版中最好的开源的视频编辑器。它是跨平台的视频编辑器，易于使用，性能方面毫不逊色。它支持所有主流的音频、视频、图像格式。 ![][71] -OpenShot 有干净的用户界面，功能有拖放、片段大小、大小缩放、裁剪、快照、实时预览、音频混合和编辑等多种功能。 +OpenShot 有干净的用户界面，功能有拖放、剪切缩放、尺寸缩放、裁剪、快照、实时预览、音频混合和编辑等多种功能。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:openshot.developers/ppa @@ -700,11 +705,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install openshot -qt ### 66、Plank -如果你在为你的 Ubuntu 桌面寻找一个 Dock 导航栏，那 Plank 应该是一个选择。它是完美的，安装后你不需要任何的修改，除非你想这么做，它有内置的偏好面板，你可以自定义主题，Dock 大小和位置。 +如果你在为你的 Ubuntu 桌面寻找一个 Dock 导航栏，那 Plank 应该是一个选择。它是完美的，安装后你不需要任何的修改，除非你想这么做，它有内置的偏好面板，你可以自定义主题、Dock 大小和位置。 ![][72] -尽管是一个简单的导航栏，Plank 提供了通过拖放来重新摆放的功能，固定和运行应用图标，转换主题支持。 +尽管是一个简单的导航栏，Plank 提供了通过拖放来重新摆放，固定和运行应用图标，透明主题支持等功能。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/docky From f52ab282610a4a5f92a4912ac054fc79120ae6d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 08:50:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0695/1265] translated --- ...ello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md | 85 ------------------- ...ello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md | 80 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md diff --git a/sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md b/sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md deleted file mode 100644 index 35ba13853d..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,85 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released -====== - -[OpenProject][1] is a collaborative open source project management software. It’s an alternative to proprietary solutions like [Trello][2] and [Jira][3]. - -You can use it for free if it’s for personal use and you set it up (and host it) on your own server. This way, you control your data. - -Of course, you get access to premium features and priority help if you are a [Cloud or Enterprise edition user][4]. - -The OpenProject 9 release emphasizes on new board views, package list view, and work templates. - -If you didn’t know about this, you can give it a try. But, if you are an existing user – you should know what’s new before migrating to OpenProject 9. - -### What’s New in OpenProject 9? - -Here are some of the major changes in the latest release of OpenProject. - -#### Scrum & Agile Boards - -![][5] - -For Cloud and Enterprise editions, there’s a new [scrum][6] and [agile][7] board view. You also get to showcase your work in a [kanban-style][8] fashion, making it easier to support your agile and scrum teams. - -The new board view makes it easy to know who’s assigned for the task and update the status in a jiffy. You also get different board view options like basic board, status board, and version boards. - -#### Work Package templates - -![Work Package Template][9] - -You don’t have to create everything from scratch for every unique work package. So, instead, you just keep a template – so that you can use it whenever you need to create a new work package. It will save a lot of time. - -#### New Work Package list view - -![Work Package View][10] - -In the work package list, there’s a subtle new addition that lets you view the avatars of the assigned people for a specific work. - -#### Customizable work package view for my page - -Your own page to display what you are working on (and the progress) shouldn’t be always boring. So, now you get the ability to customize it and even add a Gantt chart to visualize your work. - -[][11] - -Suggested read Ubuntu 12.04 Has Reached End of Life - -**Wrapping Up** - -For detailed instructions on migrating and installation, you should follow the [official announcement post][12] covering all the essential details for the users. - -Also, we would love to know about your experience with OpenProject 9, let us know about it in the comments section below! If you use some other project management software, feel free to suggest it to us and rest of your fellow It’s FOSS readers. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.openproject.org/ -[2]: https://trello.com/ -[3]: https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira -[4]: https://www.openproject.org/pricing/ -[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/open-project-9-scrum-agile.jpeg?fit=800%2C517&ssl=1 -[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development) -[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development -[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban -[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/work-package-template.jpg?ssl=1 -[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/work-package-view.jpg?fit=800%2C454&ssl=1 -[11]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-12-04-end-of-life/ -[12]: https://www.openproject.org/openproject-9-new-scrum-agile-board-view/ diff --git a/translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md b/translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..699331d982 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +替代 Trello 的免费开源 OpenProject 9 发布了 +====== + +[OpenProject][1] 是一个开源项目协作管理软件。它是 [Trello][2] 和 [Jira][3] 等专有方案的替代品。 + +如果个人使用，你可以免费使用它，并在你自己的服务器上进行设置（并托管它）。这样，你就可以控制数据。 + +当然，如果你是[云或企业版用户][4]，那么你可以使用高级功能和更优先的帮助。 + +OpenProject 9 的重点是新的看板试图，包列表视图和工作模板。 + +如果你对此不了解，可以尝试一下。但是，如果你是现有用户 - 在迁移到 OpenProject 9 之前，你应该知道这些新功能。 + +### OpenProject 9 有什么新功能？ + +以下是最新版 OpenProjec t的一些主要更改。 + +#### Scrum 和敏捷看板 + +![][5] + +对于云和企业版，有一个新的 [scrum][6] 和[敏捷][7]看板视图。你还可以 [kanban 风格][8]方式展示你的工作，从而更轻松地支持你的敏捷和 scrum 团队。 + +新的看板视图使你可以轻松了解为该任务分配的人员并快速更新状态。你还有不同的看板视图选项，如基本看板、状态看板和版本看板。 + +#### 工作包模板 + +![Work Package Template][9] + +你不必为每个独立的工作包从头开始创建所有内容。而是，你只需保留一个模板，这样你就可以在需要创建新工作包时使用它。这将节省大量时间。 + +#### 新的工作包列表视图 + +![Work Package View][10] + +在工作包列表中，有一个微小的新增功能，可让你查看特定工作的已分配人员的头像。 + +#### “我的”页面的可自定义工作包视图 + +“我的”页面显示你正在处理的内容（以及进度），它不应该一直很无聊。因此，现在你可以自定义它，甚至可以添加甘特图来可视化你的工作。 + +**总结** + +有关迁移和安装的详细说明，请参阅[官方的公告帖][12]，其中包含了必要的细节。 + +另外，我们很想知道你使用 OpenProject 9 的经历，请在下面的评论栏告诉我们！如果你使用其他一些项目管理软件，请随时向我们和其他 FOSS 读者推荐。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.openproject.org/ +[2]: https://trello.com/ +[3]: https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira +[4]: https://www.openproject.org/pricing/ +[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/open-project-9-scrum-agile.jpeg?fit=800%2C517&ssl=1 +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development) +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/work-package-template.jpg?ssl=1 +[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/work-package-view.jpg?fit=800%2C454&ssl=1 +[12]: https://www.openproject.org/openproject-9-new-scrum-agile-board-view/ From 7742b8482e37f24a31dadcb1c06b87727d75c4f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 08:57:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0696/1265] translating --- ...0180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md index 7004a4350a..d934e10782 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 1e295d466062aa2ed92d8b591ac097f65c915781 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 11:19:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0697/1265] translating by qfzy1233 translating by qfzy1233 --- ... Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md index c7dc93c70a..f5342383bc 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md +++ b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (qfzy1233) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7a16a401ae12b5ebb4d17230de460773030c4c37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 12:32:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0698/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...edora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md | 190 ------------------ ...edora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md | 182 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 182 insertions(+), 190 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md b/sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md deleted file mode 100644 index e369693ea7..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,190 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Ubuntu or Fedora: Which One Should You Use and Why) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-vs-fedora/) -[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) - -Ubuntu or Fedora: Which One Should You Use and Why -====== - -_**Brief: Ubuntu or Fedora? What’s the difference? Which is better? Which one should you use? Read this comparison of Ubuntu and Fedora.**_ - -[Ubuntu][1] and [Fedora][2] are one of the most popular Linux distributions out there. Making a decision to choose between using Ubuntu and Fedora is not an easy one. I’ll try to help you in making your decision by comparing various features of Ubuntu and Fedora. - -Do note that this comparison is primarily from the desktop point of view. I am not going to focus on the container specific versions of Fedora or Ubuntu. - -### Ubuntu vs Fedora: Which one is better? - -![Ubuntu Vs Fedora][3] - -Almost all Linux distributions differ from one another primarily on these points: - - * Base distribution (Debian, Red Hat, Arch or from scratch) - * Installation - * Supported desktop environments - * Package management, software support and updates - * Hardware support - * Development team (backed by corporate or created by hobbyists) - * Release cycle - * Community and support - - - -Let’s see how similar or how different are Ubuntu and Fedora from each other. Once you know that, it should be perhaps easier for you to make a choice. - -#### Installation - -Ubuntu’s Ubiquity installer is one of easiest installers out there. I believe that it played an important role in Ubuntu’s popularity because when Ubuntu was just created in 2004, installing Linux itself was considered a huge task. - -The Ubuntu installer allows you to install Ubuntu in around 10 minutes. In most cases, it can identify Windows installed on your system and allows you to dual boot Ubuntu and Windows in a matter of clicks. - -You can also install updates and third-party codecs while installing Ubuntu. That’s an added advantage. - -![Ubuntu Installer][4] - -Fedora uses Anaconda installer. This too simplifies the installation process with the easy to use interface. - -![Fedora Installer | Image Credit Fedora Magazine][5] - -Fedora also provides a media writer tool for downloading and creating the live USB of Fedora on Windows operating system. When I last tried to use it around two years ago, it didn’t work and I had to use the regular live USB creating software. - -In my experience, installing Ubuntu is easier than installing Fedora. That doesn’t mean installing Fedora is a complex process. Just that Ubuntu is simpler. - -#### Desktop environments - -Both Ubuntu and Fedora use GNOME desktop environment by default. - -![GNOME Desktop in Fedora][6] - -While Fedora uses the stock GNOME desktop, Ubuntu has customized it to look and behave like its previous Unity desktop. - -![GNOME desktop customized by Ubuntu][7] - -Apart from GNOME, both Ubuntu and Fedora offer several other desktop variants. - -Ubuntu has Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Lubuntu etc., offering various desktop flavors. While they are the official flavor of Ubuntu, they are not directly developed by Ubuntu team from Canonical. The teams are separate. - -Fedora offers various desktop choices in the form of [Fedora Spins][8]. Unlike Kubuntu, Lubuntu etc,. they are not created and maintained by separate team. They are from core Fedora team. - -#### Package management and software availability - -Ubuntu uses APT package manager to provide and manage software (applications, libraries and other required codes) while Fedora uses DNF package manager. - -[][9] - -Suggested read  System76 Galago Pro: Specs, Price And Release Date - -[Ubuntu has vast software repositories][10] allowing you to easily install thousands of programs, both FOSS and non-FOSS, easily. Fedora on the other hand focuses on providing only open source software. This is changing in the new versions but Fedora’s repositories are still not as big as that of Ubuntu. - -Some third party software developer also provide click-to-install, .exe like packages for Linux. In Ubuntu, these packages are in .deb format and while Fedora supports .rpm packages. - -Most software vendors provide both DEB and RPM files for Linux users but I have experienced that sometimes software vendor only provide DEB file. For example, SEO tool [Screaming Frog][11] has only DEB packages. It’s extremely rare that a software is available in RPM but not in DEB format. - -#### Hardware support - -Linux in general has its fair share of trouble with some WiFi adapters and graphics cards. Both Ubuntu and Fedora are impacted from that. Take the example of Nvidia. It’s [open source Nouveau driver often results in troubles like system hanging at boot][12]. - -Ubuntu provides an easy way of installing additional proprietary drivers. This results in better hardware support in many cases. - -![Installing proprietary driver is easier in Ubuntu][13] - -Fedora, on the other hand, sticks to open source software and thus installing proprietary drivers on Fedora becomes a difficult task. - -#### Support and userbase - -Both Ubuntu and Fedora provide support through community forums. Ubuntu has two main forums: [UbuntuForums][14] and [Ask Ubuntu][15]. Fedora has one main forum [Ask Fedora][16]. - -In terms of userbase, Fedora has a large following. However, Ubuntu is more popular and has a larger following than Fedora. - -The popularity of Ubuntu has prompted a number of websites and blogs focused primarily on Ubuntu. This way, you get more troubleshooting tips and learning material on Ubuntu than Fedora. - -#### Release cycle - -A new Fedora version is released every six months and each Fedora release is supported for nine months only. Which means that between six to nine months, you must perform an upgrade. Upgrading Fedora version is simple but it does require a good internet connection. Not everyone can be happy with 1.5 GB of version upgrades every nine months. - -Ubuntu has two versions: regular release and the long term support (LTS) release. Regular release is similar to Fedora. It’s released at the interval of six months and is supported for nine months. - -The LTS release comes at an interval of two years and is supported for five years. Regular releases bring new features, new software versions while the LTS release holds on to the older versions. This makes it a great choice for people who don’t like frequent changes and prefer stability. - -#### Solid base distributions - -Ubuntu is based on [Debian][17]. Debian is one of the biggest community project and one of the most respected project in the [free software][18] world. - -Fedora is a community project from Red Hat. Red Hat is an enterprise focused Linux distribution. Fedora works as a ‘testing ground’ ([upstream][19] in technical term) for new features before those features are included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux. - -[][20] - -Suggested read  How To Manage StartUp Applications In Ubuntu - -#### Backed by enterprises - -Both Ubuntu and Fedora are backed by their parent corporations. Ubuntu is from [Canonical][21] while Fedora is from [Red Hat][22] (now [part of IBM][23]). Enterprise backing is important because it ensures that the Linux distribution is well-maintained. - -Hobbyists distributions created by a group of individuals often crumble under workload. You might have seen reasonably popular distribution projects being shutdown for this sole reason. [Antergos][24], Korora are just some of the many such examples where distributions were discontinued because the developers couldn’t get enough free time to work on the project. - -The fact that both Ubuntu and Fedora are supported by a two Linux-based enterprises makes them a viable choice over other independent distributions. - -#### Ubuntu vs Fedora as server - -The comparison between Ubuntu and Fedora was primarily aimed at desktop users so far. But a discussion about Linux is not complete until you include servers. - -![Ubuntu Server][25] - -Ubuntu is not only popular on desktop, it also has a good presence on the server side. If you are familiar with Ubuntu as desktop, you might not feel uncomfortable with Ubuntu server edition. I started with Ubuntu desktop and now my websites are hosted on Linux servers running Ubuntu. - -Fedora too has server edition and some people use it as well. But most sysadmins won’t prefer a server that has to be upgraded and rebooted every nine months. - -Knowing Fedora helps you in using Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). RHEL is a paid product and you’ll have to purchase a subscription. If you want an operating system for running server that is close to Fedora/Red Hat, I advise using CentOS. [CentOS][26] is also a community project affiliated with Red Hat but this one is focused on servers. - -#### Conclusion - -As you can see, both Ubuntu and Fedora are similar to each other on several points. Ubuntu does take lead when it comes to software availability, driver installation and online support. And _**these are the points that make Ubuntu a better choice, specially for inexperienced Linux users.**_ - -If you want to get familiar with Red Hat, Fedora is a good starting point. If you have some experience with Linux or if you want to use only open source software, Fedora is an excellent choice. - -In the end, it is really up to you to decide if you want to use Fedora or Ubuntu. I would suggest creating live USB of both distributions or try them out in virtual machine. - -What’s your opinion on Ubuntu vs Fedora? Which distribution do you prefer and why? Do share your views in the comment section. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-vs-fedora/ - -作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://ubuntu.com/ -[2]: https://getfedora.org/ -[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ubuntu-vs-fedora.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/install-linux-inside-windows-10.jpg?resize=800%2C479&ssl=1 -[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/fedora-installer.png?resize=800%2C598&ssl=1 -[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/gnome-desktop-fedora.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[7]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/applications_menu.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[8]: https://spins.fedoraproject.org/ -[9]: https://itsfoss.com/system-76-galago-pro/ -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/ -[11]: https://www.screamingfrog.co.uk/seo-spider/#download -[12]: https://itsfoss.com/fix-ubuntu-freezing/ -[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/software_updates_additional_drivers_nvidia.png?resize=800%2C523&ssl=1 -[14]: https://ubuntuforums.org/ -[15]: https://askubuntu.com/ -[16]: https://ask.fedoraproject.org/ -[17]: https://www.debian.org/ -[18]: https://www.fsf.org/ -[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_(software_development) -[20]: https://itsfoss.com/manage-startup-applications-ubuntu/ -[21]: https://canonical.com/ -[22]: https://www.redhat.com/en -[23]: https://itsfoss.com/ibm-red-hat-acquisition/ -[24]: https://itsfoss.com/antergos-linux-discontinued/ -[25]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ubuntu-server.png?resize=800%2C232&ssl=1 -[26]: https://centos.org/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md b/translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5850ac7963 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Ubuntu or Fedora: Which One Should You Use and Why) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-vs-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +你应该选择 Ubuntu 还是 Fedora？ +====== + +_**摘要：选择 Ubuntu 还是 Fedora？它们的区别是什么？哪一个更好？你应该使用哪一个？看看这篇对比 Ubuntu 和 Fedora 的文章吧。**_ + +Ubuntu 和 Fedora 都是最流行的 Linux 发行版之一，在两者之间做出选择实非易事。在这篇文章里，我会对比一下 Ubuntu 和 Fedora 的不同特点，帮助你进行决策。 + +请注意，这篇文章主要是从桌面版的角度进行对比的。Fedora 或者 Ubuntu 针对容器的特殊版本不会被考虑在内。 + +### Ubuntu vs Fedora: 哪一个更好？ + +![Ubuntu Vs Fedora][3] + +不同 Linux 发行版之间的区别主要体现在以下几个方面： + + * 基础发行版（Debian、红帽、Arch，或者是从头做起） + * 安装方式 + * 支持的桌面环境 + * 软件包管理、软件支持和更新 + * 硬件支持 + * 开发团队（由企业支持，还是由业余爱好者创建） + * 发布周期 + * 社区和线上支持 + +下面我们来看一下 Ubuntu 和 Fedora 之间的相似之处和不同之处。掌握了这些信息之后，也许就更容易在两者之间做出选择了。 + +#### 安装方式 + +Ubuntu 的 Ubiquity 安装器是最好用的安装器之一。我认为这是让 Ubuntu 如此流行的重要原因之一，因为在 2004 年 Ubuntu 刚刚诞生的时候，安装 Linux 还是一个很庞大的工程。 + +Ubuntu 安装器可以让你在大约 10 分钟左右完成安装。大多数情况下，它还可以识别出机器里安装的 Windows 系统，并且只需要几下点击就可以实现 Ubuntu 和 Windows 的双系统启动。 + +锦上添花的是，在安装 Ubuntu 的过程中你还可以进行系统更新，或者是安装第三方编译码器。 + +![Ubuntu Installer][4] + +Fedora 使用的是 Anaconda 安装器，拥有简单易用的界面，同样简化了安装过程。 + +![Fedora Installer | Image Credit Fedora Magazine][5] + +Fodora 还提供了一个可以在 Windows 操作系统上下载并创建 Fedora live USB 的写入工具。不过我在大约两年前尝试使用它的时候并不成功，最后使用了一个常规的创建 live USB 的软件。 + +根据我的经验，安装 Ubuntu 要比安装 Fedora 容易一些。不过这并不是说安装 Fedora 有多困难，只是 Ubuntu 更简单而已。 + +#### 桌面环境 + +Ubuntu 和 Fedora 默认都使用 GNOME 桌面环境。 + +![GNOME Desktop in Fedora][6] + +Fedora 使用的是 stock GNOME 桌面，而 Ubuntu 则在此基础上做了个性化调整，让它看起来就像 Ubuntu 之前使用的 Unity 桌面环境。 + +![GNOME desktop customized by Ubuntu][7] + +除了 GNOME，Ubuntu 和 Fedora 都提供了一些其它桌面环境的版本。 + +Ubuntu 有 Kubuntu、Xubuntu、Lubuntu 等版本，分别提供不同的桌面环境。虽然它们都是 Ubuntu 的官方版本，但是却不是由 Canonical 的 Ubuntu 团队直接开发的，而是由另外的团队开发。 + +Fedora 通过 [Fedora Spins][8] 的方式提供了一些不同桌面环境的版本。和 Kubuntu、Lubuntu 等版本不同的是，这些版本并非由独立团队开发，而是由 Fedora 核心团队开发的。 + +#### 软件包管理和可用软件数量 + +Ubuntu 使用 APT 软件包管理器提供软件并进行管理（包括应用程序、库，以及其它所需代码），而 Fedora 使用 DNF 软件包管理器。 + +[][9] + +[Ubuntu 拥有庞大的软件仓库][10]，能够让你轻松安装数以千计的程序，包括 FOSS（LCTT 译注：Free and Open-Source Software 的缩写，自由开源软件）和非 FOSS 的软件。Fedora 则只专注于提供开源软件。虽然这一点在最近的版本里有所转变，但是 Fedora 的软件仓库在规模上仍然比 Ubuntu 的要逊色一些。 + +一些第三方软件开发者为 Linux 提供像 .exe 文件一样可以点击安装的软件包。在 Ubuntu 里这些软件包是 .deb 格式的，在 Fedora 里是 .rpm 格式的。 + +大多数软件供应商都为 Linux 用户提供 DEM 和 RPM 文件，但是我也经历过供应商只提供 DEB 文件的情况。比如说 SEO 工具 [Screaming Frog][11] 就只提供 DEB 软件包。反过来，一个软件只有 RPM 格式但是没有 DEB 格式这种情况就极其罕见了。 + +#### 硬件支持 + +一般来说，Linux 在 WiFi 适配器和显卡的兼容性上容易出现问题，Ubuntu 和 Fedora 都受此影响。以 Nvidia 为例，它的 [开源驱动程序 Nouveau 经常会引发系统启动时假死机之类的问题][12]。 + +在 Ubuntu 上你可以轻松安装专有驱动程序作为补充。在很多情况下，这样可以获得对硬件更好的支持。 + +![Installing proprietary driver is easier in Ubuntu][13] + +Fedora 则坚持使用开源软件，所以在 Fedora 上安装专有驱动程序就比较困难了。 + +#### 线上支持和用户群 + +Ubuntu 和 Fedora 都通过社区论坛提供了很好的线上支持。Ubuntu 主要有两个论坛：[UbuntuForums][14] 和 [Ask Ubuntu][15]。Fedora 主要的论坛则是 [Ask Fedora][16]。 + +就用户群体而言，Fedora 有着庞大的用户数量。不过 Ubuntu 更为流行，用户数量甚至更为庞大。 + +Ubuntu 的流行催生了很多专注于 Ubuntu 的网站和博客。所以相比 Fedora，你可以得到更多关于 Ubuntu 的故障排除指导和学习材料。 + +#### 发布周期 + +Fedora 每六个月发布一个新版本，每个版本有九个月的支持周期。也就是说，你必须在六个月到九个月之间进行一次系统升级。进行 Fedora 版本升级并不是一件困难的事情，但是需要良好的网络连接。并非所有人都喜欢每九个月进行一次 1.5 GB 的版本升级。 + +Ubuntu 有两种版本：常规发布版本和长期支持（LTS）发布版本。常规版本和 Fedora 比较类似，每隔六个月发布一次，有九个月的支持周期。 + +而长期支持发布版本则每两年发布一次，有五年的支持周期。常规发布版本探索新功能特性和新的软件版本，而长期支持发布版本则支持旧版本软件。对于不喜欢经常改变、青睐稳定性的人来说，这是一个很好的选择。 + +#### 强大的基础发行版 + +Ubuntu 是基于 [Debian][17] 发行版的。Debian 是最大的社区项目之一，并且也是 [自由软件][18] 世界里最受尊敬的项目之一。 + +Fedora 则是红帽公司的一个社区项目。红帽公司是一个专注于 Linux 发行版的公司。Fedora 充当了一个“试验田”的角色（用技术术语来说叫做“上游”），用来在红帽企业级 Linux 发布新功能之前对这些新功能进行试验。 + +#### 在背后支持的企业 + +Ubuntu 和 Fedora 都有来自母公司的支持。Ubuntu 源自 [Canonical][21] 公司，而 Fedora 源自 [红帽公司][22](现在是 [IBM 的一部分][23])。背后企业的支持非常重要，因为可以确保 Linux 发行版良好的维护。 + +有一些发行版是由一群独立的业余爱好者们共同创建的，但是在工作负荷之下经常会崩溃。你也许见过一些还算比较流行的发行版项目仅仅是因为这个原因而终止了。很多这样的发行版由于开发者没有足够的业余时间可以投入到项目上而不得不终止，比如 [Antergos][24] 和 Korora。 + +Ubuntu 和 Fedora 的背后都有基于 Linux 的企业的支持，这让它们比其它独立的发行版更胜一筹。 + +#### Ubuntu vs Fedora：服务端 + +到目前为止，我们在 Ubuntu 和 Fedora 之间的对比主要都集中在桌面端。不过如果不考虑一下服务端的话，对 Linux 的讨论就不能算是完整的。 + +![Ubuntu Server][25] + +Ubuntu 不仅在桌面端很流行，在服务端也有很强的存在感。如果你能够在桌面端熟练使用 Ubuntu，那么也不会对 Ubuntu 服务器版本感到陌生。我就是从使用 Ubuntu 桌面端开始的，现在我的网站都运行在 Ubuntu 服务器上。 + +Fedora 同样有服务端版本，并且也有人在使用。但是大多数系统管理者不会喜欢一个每九个月就需要重启升级的服务器。 + +学习 Fedora 可以更好地帮助你使用红帽企业级 Linux（RHEL）。RHEL 是一个付费产品，你需要购买订阅才可以使用。如果你希望在服务器上运行一个和 Fedora 或者红帽类似的操作系统，我推荐使用 CentOS。[CentOS][26] 同样是红帽公司附属的一个社区项目，但是专注于服务端。 + +#### 结论 + +你可以看到，Ubuntu 和 Fedora 有很多相似之处。不过就可用软件数量、驱动安装和线上支持来说，Ubuntu 的确更有优势。**Ubuntu 也因此成为了一个更好的选择，尤其是对于没有经验的 Linux 新手而言。** + +如果你想要熟悉红帽的话，Fedora 是一个很好的开始。如果你对 Linux 有一定经验，或者是只想要使用开源软件，Fedora 就是一个很棒的选择。 + +最终还是需要你自己来决定是使用 Fedora 还是 Ubuntu。我会建议为两个发行版分别创建一个 live USB，并且在虚拟机上体验一下。 + +你对于 Ubuntu vs Fedora 的看法是什么呢？你更喜欢哪一个发行版，为什么？在评论里分享你的看法吧。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-vs-fedora/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://ubuntu.com/ +[2]: https://getfedora.org/ +[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ubuntu-vs-fedora.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/install-linux-inside-windows-10.jpg?resize=800%2C479&ssl=1 +[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/fedora-installer.png?resize=800%2C598&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/gnome-desktop-fedora.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[7]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/applications_menu.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[8]: https://spins.fedoraproject.org/ +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/system-76-galago-pro/ +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/ +[11]: https://www.screamingfrog.co.uk/seo-spider/#download +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/fix-ubuntu-freezing/ +[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/software_updates_additional_drivers_nvidia.png?resize=800%2C523&ssl=1 +[14]: https://ubuntuforums.org/ +[15]: https://askubuntu.com/ +[16]: https://ask.fedoraproject.org/ +[17]: https://www.debian.org/ +[18]: https://www.fsf.org/ +[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_(software_development) +[20]: https://itsfoss.com/manage-startup-applications-ubuntu/ +[21]: https://canonical.com/ +[22]: https://www.redhat.com/en +[23]: https://itsfoss.com/ibm-red-hat-acquisition/ +[24]: https://itsfoss.com/antergos-linux-discontinued/ +[25]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ubuntu-server.png?resize=800%2C232&ssl=1 +[26]: https://centos.org/ From 0812bf69ec9e4bbd1e8d692dc877cfadf926d061 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 15:21:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0699/1265] Rename sources/talk/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md to sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md --- ...0190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{talk => news}/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md b/sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md rename to sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md From 570b2e6414b832c36a6c7435d2e25963f5950d54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 15:56:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0700/1265] PRF:20190619 Leading in the Python community.md @chen-ni --- ...0190619 Leading in the Python community.md | 23 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md b/translated/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md index 69c82b8d4c..632f7938bb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md @@ -1,43 +1,44 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Leading in the Python community) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/naomi-ceder-python-software-foundation) [#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) -Python 社区的领袖 +领导 Python 社区 ====== -对话现任 Python 软件基金会董事会主席 Naomi Ceder -![Hands together around the word trust][1] +> 对话现任 Python 软件基金会董事会主席 Naomi Ceder。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/03/155715vrhkvapiiia9i3zp.jpg) 和开源软件世界的很多其他领袖一样，[Python 软件基金会][3]（PSF）的董事会主席 [Naomi Ceder][2] 通过一种不同寻常的方式走进了 Python 世界。正如她在 2017 年 PyCon España 大会上的 [keynote][4] 的标题所说，她是因为这个编程语言而来，因为这个社区而留下的。在我们和她的一次近期的交流中，她分享了自己成为 Python 社区领袖的历程，并且就“是什么让 Python 如此特别”这个问题提供了一些独到的见解。 ### 从授课到编程 -Naomi 的职业生涯是从古典文学开始的。她取得了拉丁文和古希腊文的博士学位，并且辅修了印欧语言学。在一家私立学校教授拉丁语的同时，她开始接触了计算机，学习如何编程、如何拆机进行升级或者维修。1995 年，她开始在 [Yggdrasil Linux][5] 系统上开发开源软件，并且帮助建立了印第安纳州韦恩堡的 [Linux 用户小组][6] +Naomi 的职业生涯是从古典文学开始的。她取得了拉丁文和古希腊文的博士学位，并且辅修了印欧语言学。在一家私立学校教授拉丁语的同时，她开始接触了计算机，学习如何编程、如何拆机进行升级或者维修。1995 年，她开始在 [Yggdrasil Linux][5] 系统上开发开源软件，并且帮助建立了印第安纳州韦恩堡的 [Linux 用户小组][6]。 作为一名教师，Naomi 相信在中学教授编程课程是非常重要的，因为等到大多数人上大学的时候，他们已经认为编程和科技相关的职业已经不是自己可以从事的了。她表示，更早地教授相关课程有助于增加科技人才的供给，提高人才的多元化和经验的广度，从而更好地满足行业需求。 -大约在 2001 年前后，她决定从学习人类语言转向研究计算机语言，并同时教授计算机课程和管理学校的 IT 系统。在 2001 年的 Linux World 大会上听了一整天 PSF 主席 Guido Van Rossum 关于 Python 的演讲之后，她对 Python 的热情被点燃了。在那个时候，Python 还只是一门晦涩难懂的语言，但是她是如此喜欢 Python，以至于在她的学校开始使用 Python 记录学生信息、进行系统管理。 +大约在 2001 年前后，她决定从学习人类语言转向研究计算机语言，并同时教授计算机课程和管理学校的 IT 系统。在 2001 年的 Linux World 大会上听了一整天时任 PSF 主席 Guido Van Rossum （LCTT 译注：也是 Python 创始人）关于 Python 的演讲之后，她对 Python 的热情被点燃了。在那个时候，Python 还只是一门晦涩难懂的语言，但是她是如此喜欢 Python，以至于在她的学校开始使用 Python 记录学生信息、进行系统管理。 ### 领导 Python 社区 Naomi 表示，“社区是 Python 成功背后的关键因素。开源软件的核心思想是分享，很少有人真的喜欢一个人坐在那儿盯着屏幕写代码。真正的满足来源于和别人交流想法，并且共同创造一些东西。” -她在第一届 [PyCon][7] 大会上发表了演讲，并且从此之后一直是一名参与者和领导者。她组织了一些 birds-of-a-feather 讨论会（LCTT 译注：一种在大会参与者之间进行的基于兴趣的小规模讨论活动）、PyCon 和 PyCon UK 大会的海报展示会、教育峰会，以及 PyCon 大会的西班牙语频道。 +她在第一届 [PyCon][7] 大会上发表了演讲，并且从此之后一直是一名参与者和领导者。她组织了一些 趣味相投birds-of-a-feather 讨论会（LCTT 译注：birds-of-a-feather，一种在大会参与者之间进行的基于兴趣的非正式小规模讨论活动）、PyCon 和 PyCon UK 大会的海报展示会、教育峰会，以及 PyCon 大会的西班牙语频道。 -她同时是 *[The Quick Python Book][9]* 一书的作者，并且联合创立了 [Trans\*Code][10]，“英国唯一一个专注于变性者的问题和机遇的黑客节”（LCTT 译注：黑客节是一种让软件开发、设计、项目管理等相关人员相聚在一起，针对软件项目进行高强度合作的活动）。Naomi 表示，“随着科技能够提供越来越多的机遇，确保传统意义上的边缘化群体能够同等地享受到这些机遇成为了一件更为重要的事情。” +她同时是 《[The Quick Python Book][9]》一书的作者，并且联合创立了 [Trans*Code][10]，“英国唯一一个专注于变性者的问题和机遇的黑客节”（LCTT 译注：黑客节hack event是一种让软件开发、设计、项目管理等相关人员相聚在一起，针对软件项目进行高强度合作的活动）。Naomi 表示，“随着科技能够提供越来越多的机遇，确保传统意义上的边缘化群体能够同等地享受到这些机遇成为了一件更为重要的事情。” ### 通过 PSF 进行贡献 作为 PSF 的董事会主席，Naomi 积极地参与着该组织对 Python 语言和其使用者的支持工作。除了赞助 PyCon 大会的举办之外，PSF 基金会还为世界各地的小型聚会、大型会议和研习会提供资助。2018 年，该组织发放的资助接近 335000 美元，其中大多数款项的金额都在 500 美元到 5000 美元之间。 -PSF 的短期目标是成为一个由专业员工维护的可持续的、稳定的、成熟的非盈利机构。它的长期目标包括发展可以提供对 Python 开发工作有效支持的各种资源，以及扩展该组织对全世界范围内 Python 教育工作的支持。 +PSF 的短期目标是成为一个由专业人员维护的可持续的、稳定的、成熟的非盈利机构。它的长期目标包括发展可以提供对 Python 开发工作有效支持的各种资源，以及扩展该组织对全世界范围内 Python 教育工作的支持。 -这些工作都需要来自社区的经济上的支持。Naomi 表示，PSF “最大的资金来源是 PyCon 大会。为了确保 PSF 的可持续性，我们同事也关注使用 Python 的企业的赞助，这是我们增长最快的部分。”会员价格是每年 99 美元，并且 [捐款和募捐人][12] 同样也在帮助维持该组织的工作。 +这些工作都需要来自社区的经济上的支持。Naomi 表示，PSF “最大的资金来源是 PyCon 大会。为了确保 PSF 的可持续性，我们同时也关注使用 Python 的企业的赞助，这是我们增长最快的部分。”会员费是每年 99 美元，并且 [捐款和募捐人][12] 同样也在帮助维持该组织的工作。 你可以在 PSF 的 [年度报告][13] 中了解该组织的更多工作情况。 @@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/naomi-ceder-python-software-foundation 作者：[Don Watkins][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 65c11b3f1d0f779b6cb96f6c0986957e00122700 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 15:57:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0701/1265] PUB:20190619 Leading in the Python community.md @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-11049-1.html --- .../20190619 Leading in the Python community.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md b/published/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md rename to published/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md index 632f7938bb..9e75b8db87 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md +++ b/published/20190619 Leading in the Python community.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11049-1.html) [#]: subject: (Leading in the Python community) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/naomi-ceder-python-software-foundation) [#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins) From dcd9a40b5437a92738b22dcdebb9afae05533709 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 16:02:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0702/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md index 7126376617..a80c3b462f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 8659816c4a2aeaf8a940d4b3e90a663561117888 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 16:35:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0703/1265] PRF:20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md @geekpi --- ... Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md | 42 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md b/translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md index 7c04b906fc..8e2e5ef13c 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md +++ b/translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released: Here’s What’s New) @@ -12,33 +12,27 @@ BitTorrent 客户端 Deluge 2.0 发布：新功能介绍 你可能已经知道 [Deluge][1] 是[最适合 Linux 用户的 Torrent 客户端][2]之一。然而，最近的稳定版本差不多是两年前的了。 -尽管它在积极开发中，但直到最近才出了一个主要的稳定版本。我们写这篇文章时，最新版本恰好是 2.0.2。所以，如果你还没有下载最新的稳定版本，请尝试一下。 +尽管它仍在积极开发中，但直到最近才出了一个主要的稳定版本。我们写这篇文章时，最新版本恰好是 2.0.2。所以，如果你还没有下载最新的稳定版本，请尝试一下。 -不管如何，如果你好奇的话，让我们谈下有哪些新的功能。 - -![Deluge][3] +不管如何，如果你感兴趣的话，让我们看看有哪些新的功能。 ### Deluge 2.0 的主要改进 -新版本引入了多用户支持，这是一个非常需要的功能。 - -除此之外，还有一些性能改进可以更快地加载更多的种子。 +新版本引入了多用户支持，这是一个非常需要的功能。除此之外，还有一些性能改进可以更快地加载更多的种子。 此外，在 2.0 版本中，Deluge 使用了 Python 3，对 Python 2.7 提供最低支持。即使是用户界面，他们也从 GTK UI 迁移到了 GTK3。 根据发行说明，还有一些更重要的补充/改进，包括： - * 多用户支持。 -  * 性能提升，可以更快地加载数千个种子。 -  * 一个模拟 GTK/Web UI 的新控制台 UI。 -  * GTK UI 迁移到 GTK3，并伴随 UI 改进和补充。 -  * 磁链预获取功能以便在添加种子时选择文件。 -  * 完全支持 libtorrent 1.2。 -  * 语言切换支持。 -  * 改进了在 ReadTheDocs 托管的文档。 -  * AutoAdd 插件取代了内置功能。 - - +* 多用户支持。 +* 性能提升，可以更快地加载数千个种子。 +* 一个模拟 GTK/Web UI 的新控制台 UI。 +* GTK UI 迁移到 GTK3，并带有 UI 改进和补充。 +* 磁链预获取功能可以在添加种子时选择文件。 +* 完全支持 libtorrent 1.2。 +* 语言切换支持。 +* 改进了在 ReadTheDocs 托管的文档。 +* AutoAdd 插件取代了内置功能。 ### 如何安装或升级到 Deluge 2.0 @@ -46,17 +40,15 @@ BitTorrent 客户端 Deluge 2.0 发布：新功能介绍 对于任何 Linux 发行版，你都应该遵循官方[安装指南][5]（使用 PPA 或 PyPi）。但是，如果你要升级，你应该留意发行说明中提到的： -“_Deluge 2.0与 Deluge 1.x 客户端或守护进程不兼容，因此这些也需要升级。如果第三方脚本直接连接到 Deluge 客户端，那么可能也不兼容且需要迁移。_” +> “_Deluge 2.0 与 Deluge 1.x 客户端或守护进程不兼容，因此这些也需要升级。如果第三方脚本直接连接到 Deluge 客户端，那么可能也不兼容且需要迁移。_” -因此，坚持在升级主版本之前备份你的[配置][6]以免数据丢失。 - -而且，如果你是插件作者，那么需要升级它以使其与新版本兼容。 +因此，坚持在升级主版本之前备份你的[配置][6]以免数据丢失。而且，如果你是插件作者，那么需要升级它以使其与新版本兼容。 直接下载的安装包尚不包含 Windows 和 Mac OS。但是，说明中提到他们正在进行中。 除此之外，你可以按照更新后的官方文档中的[安装指南][5]来手动安装它们。 -**总结** +### 总结 你如何看待最新的稳定版本？你是否将 Deluge 用作 BitTorrent 客户端？或者你是否找到了其他更好的选择？ @@ -69,7 +61,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/deluge-2-release/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6c2325620202642910a5103edfeea00ca8d855d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 16:35:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0704/1265] PUB:20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11050-1.html --- ...itTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md b/published/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md rename to published/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md index 8e2e5ef13c..7f100cfc52 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md +++ b/published/20190612 BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released- Here-s What-s New.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11050-1.html) [#]: subject: (BitTorrent Client Deluge 2.0 Released: Here’s What’s New) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/deluge-2-release/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From 9f153d2ba85c0311fb49f3d619a9798f5f17e678 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 16:56:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0705/1265] PRF MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @robsean 请翻译完自己读一遍是否通顺。有时候原文词不达意，我们应该根据理解补完和整理一下。 --- ...emove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md | 69 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md b/translated/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md index c8ddd01d91..5b21251a8c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md @@ -1,34 +1,30 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-unwanted-junk-files-free-up-space-ubuntu-mint-debian/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -5种简单的方法来在 Ubuntu 上释放空间(移除不想要的或没有用的文件) +5 种在 Ubuntu 上释放空间的简单方法 ====== -我们中的大多数人可能在系统磁盘存储不足的情况下执行这个操作。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/03/165641h0xy91x9109wz19w.jpg) -我们中的大多数人可能在 Linux 系统磁盘存储不足的情况下执行这个操作。 +大多数人可能在系统磁盘存储不足的情况下执行释放空间这个操作，也可能在 Linux 系统磁盘存储满了的情况下执行这个操作。 -它应该被经常执行，来为安装一个新的应用程序和处理其它文件弥补磁盘存储空间。 - -内务处理是 Linux 管理员的一个日常任务，管理员允许内务处理在阈值下维持磁盘利用率。 +它应该被经常执行，来为安装一个新的应用程序和处理其它文件弥补磁盘存储空间。保持可用空间是 Linux 管理员的一个日常任务，以允许磁盘利用率维持在阈值之下。 这里有一些我们可以清理我们系统空间的方法。 -当你有 TB 级存储容量时，不需要清理你的系统。 - -但是，如果你空间有限，那么释放磁盘空间，变的不可避免。 +当你有 TB 级存储容量时，可能不需要清理你的系统。但是，如果你空间有限，那么释放磁盘空间就变的不可避免。 在这篇文章中，我将向你展示一些最容易的或简单的方法来清理你的 Ubuntu 系统，获得更多空间。 ### 在 Ubuntu 系统上如何检查可用的空间？ -在你的系统上使用 **[df 命令][1]** 来检查当前磁盘利用率。 +在你的系统上使用 [df 命令][1] 来检查当前磁盘利用率。 ``` $ df -h @@ -42,17 +38,12 @@ tmpfs 997M 0 997M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup ``` 图形界面用户可以使用“磁盘利用率分析器工具”来查看当前利用率。 -[![][2]![][2]][3] -### 1) 移除不再需要的软件包 +![][3] -下面的命令移除系统不再需要依赖的库和软件包。 +#### 1) 移除不再需要的软件包 -这些软件包自动地安装来使一个被安装软件包满足的依赖关系。 - -同样，它移除安装在系统中的旧的 Linux 内核。 - -它移除不再被系统需要的孤立的软件包，但是不清除它们。 +下面的命令移除系统不再需要的依赖库和软件包。这些软件包是自动安装的，以使一个安装的软件包满足依赖关系。同样，它也会移除安装在系统中的 Linux 旧内核。它会移除不再被系统需要的孤儿软件包，但是不会清除它们。 ``` $ sudo apt-get autoremove @@ -71,7 +62,7 @@ After this operation, 189 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] ``` -为清除它们，与命令一起使用 `--purge` 选项。 +为清除它们，可以与命令一起使用 `--purge` 选项。 ``` $ sudo apt-get autoremove --purge @@ -90,26 +81,21 @@ After this operation, 189 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] ``` -### 2) 清空回收站 +#### 2) 清空回收站 -这可能有风险，你可能有大量的无用数据存在于你的回收站中。 - -它占用你的系统空间。这是最好的一个方法来在你的系统上清理这些无用的数据，并获取一些可用的空间。 +有可能你的回收站里面有大量的无用数据。它会占用你的系统空间。最好解决方法之一是在你的系统上清理这些无用的数据，以获取一些可用的空间。 为清理这些，简单地使用文件管理器来清空你的回收站。 -[![][2]![][2]][4] -### 3) 清理 APT 缓存文件 +![][4] -Ubuntu 使用 **[APT 命令][5]** (高级软件包工具)用于软件包管理，像：安装，移除，搜索等等。 +#### 3) 清理 APT 缓存文件 -默认情况下，每个 Linux 操作系统在它们各自的命令保留下载和安装的软件包的缓冲。 +Ubuntu 使用 [APT 命令][5]（高级软件包工具）用于软件包管理，如：安装、移除、搜索等等。 -Ubuntu 也做相同的事，它以缓冲的形式在你的磁盘上保留它下载和安装的每次更新。 +一般 Linux 操作系统会在各自的目录下保留下载和安装的软件包的缓冲文件。 -Ubuntu 在 /var/cache/apt/archives 目录中保留 DEB 软件包的缓冲文件。 - -随着时间推移，这些缓存可能快速增长，并在你的系统上占有很多空间。 +Ubuntu 也一样，它在你的磁盘上以缓冲的形式保留它下载和安装的每次更新。Ubuntu 在 `/var/cache/apt/archives` 目录中保留 DEB 软件包的缓冲文件。随着时间推移，这些缓存可能快速增长，并在你的系统上占有很多空间。 运行下面的命令来检查当前 APT 缓存文件的使用率。 @@ -118,30 +104,29 @@ $ sudo du -sh /var/cache/apt 147M /var/cache/apt ``` -它清理过时的 deb 软件包。我想说，一点都清理不干净。 +下面的命令会清理过时的 deb 软件包。我想说，一点都清理不干净。 ``` $ sudo apt-get autoclean ``` -它移除所有在 apt 缓存中的软件包。 +下面的命令会移除所有在 apt 缓存中的软件包。 ``` $ sudo apt-get clean ``` -### 4) 卸载不使用的应用程序 +#### 4) 卸载不使用的应用程序 -我可能要求你来检查在你的系统上安装的软件包和游戏，，删除它们，如果你很少使用。 +这需要你来检查在你的系统上安装的软件包和游戏，删除它们，如果你很少使用的话。 -这可以简单地完成，通过 “Ubuntu 软件中心”。 -[![][2]![][2]][6] +这可以通过 “Ubuntu 软件中心” 简单地做到。 -### 5) 清理缩略图缓存 +![][6] -缓存文件夹是程序存储它们可能再次需要的数据的地方，它是为速度保留的，而不是必需保留的。它可以被再次生成或再次下载。 +#### 5) 清理缩略图缓存 -假如它真的填满你的硬盘，那么你可以删除一些东西而不用担心。 +缓存文件夹是程序存储它们可能再次需要的数据的地方，它是为速度保留的，而不是必需保留的。它可以被再次生成或再次下载。假如它真的填满了你的硬盘，那么你可以删除一些东西而不用担心。 运行下面的命令来检查当前 APT 缓存的利用率。 @@ -163,7 +148,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-unwanted-junk-files-free-up-sp 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 2a3890962ac2bdf2c49a42a4618b252446395fca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 16:57:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0706/1265] PUB @robsean https://linux.cn/article-11051-1.html --- ...Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md b/published/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md rename to published/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md index 5b21251a8c..530d71d66e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md +++ b/published/20190610 5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11051-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 Easy Ways To Free Up Space (Remove Unwanted or Junk Files) on Ubuntu) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-unwanted-junk-files-free-up-space-ubuntu-mint-debian/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From d97c01c8a806f517ac7092544bb2cd2e0c83b6f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 00:53:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0707/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190703=20Pars?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20arguments=20with=20Python?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190703 Parse arguments with Python.md --- .../20190703 Parse arguments with Python.md | 200 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 200 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190703 Parse arguments with Python.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190703 Parse arguments with Python.md b/sources/tech/20190703 Parse arguments with Python.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..73933c53ed --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190703 Parse arguments with Python.md @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Parse arguments with Python) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/parse-arguments-python) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/notsag) + +Parse arguments with Python +====== +Parse Python like a pro with the argparse module. +![COBOL punch card][1] + +If you're using [Python][2] for any amount of development, you have probably issued a command in a terminal, even if only to launch a Python script or install a Python module with [pip][3]. Commands may be simple and singular: + + +``` +`$ ls` +``` + +Commands also might take an argument: + + +``` +`$ ls example` +``` + +Commands can also have options or flags: + + +``` +`$ ls --color example` +``` + +Sometimes options also have arguments: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd  --list-all --zone home` +``` + +### Arguments + +The POSIX shell automatically splits whatever you type as a command into an array. For instance, here is a simple command: + + +``` +`$ ls example` +``` + +The command **ls** is position **$0**, and the argument **example** is in position **$1**. + +You _could_ write a loop to iterate over each item; determine whether it is the command, an option, or an argument; and take action accordingly. Luckily, a module called [argparse][4] already exists for that. + +### Argparse + +The argparse module is easy to integrate into your Python programs and has several convenience features. For instance, if your user changes the order of options or uses one option that takes no arguments (called a _Boolean_, meaning the option toggles a setting on or off) and then another that requires an argument (such as **\--color red**, for example), argparse can handle the variety. If your user forgets an option that's required, the argparse module can provide a friendly error message. + +Using argparse in your application starts with defining what options you want to provide your user. There are several different kinds of arguments you can accept, but the syntax is consistent and simple. + +Here's a simple example: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python +import argparse +import sys + +def getOptions(args=sys.argv[1:]): +    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Parses command.") +    parser.add_argument("-i", "--input", help="Your input file.") +    parser.add_argument("-o", "--output", help="Your destination output file.") +    parser.add_argument("-n", "--number", type=int, help="A number.") +    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose",dest='verbose',action='store_true', help="Verbose mode.") +    options = parser.parse_args(args) +    return options +``` + +This code sample creates a function called **getOptions** and tells Python to look at each potential argument preceded by some recognizable string (such as **\--input** or **-i**). Any option that Python finds is returned out of the function as an **options** object (**options** is an arbitrary name and has no special meaning; it's just a data object containing a summary of all the arguments that the function has parsed). + +By default, any argument given by the user is seen by Python as a string. If you need to ingest an integer (a number), you must specify that an option expects **type=int**, as in the **\--number** option in the sample code. + +If you have an argument that just turns a feature on or off, then you must use the **boolean** type, as with the **\--verbose** flag in the sample code. This style of option simply stores **True** or **False**, specifying whether or not the user used the flag. If the option is used, then **stored_true** is activated. + +Once the **getOptions** function runs, you can use the contents of the **options** object and have your program make decisions based on how the user invoked the command. You can see the contents of **options** with a test print statement. Add this to the bottom of your example file: + + +``` +`print(getOptions())` +``` + +Then run the code with some arguments: + + +``` +$ python3 ./example.py -i foo -n 4 +Namespace(input='foo', number=4, output=None, verbose=False) +``` + +### Retrieving values + +The **options** object in the sample code contains any value provided by the user (or a derived Boolean value) in keys named after the long option. In the sample code, for instance, the **\--number** option can be retrieved by looking at **options.number**. + + +``` +options = getOptions(sys.argv[1:]) + +if options.verbose: +    print("Verbose mode on") +else: +    print("Verbose mode off") + +print(options.input) +print(options.output) +print(options.number) + +# Insert Useful Python Code Here... +``` + +The Boolean option, **\--verbose** in the example, is determined by testing whether **options.verbose** is True (meaning the user did use the **\--verbose** flag) or False (the user did not use the **\--verbose** flag), and taking some action accordingly. + +### Help and feedback + +Argparse also includes a built-in **\--help** (**-h** for short) option that provides a helpful tip on how the command is used. This is derived from your code, so it takes no extra work to generate this help system: + + +``` +$ ./example.py --help +usage: example.py [-h] [-i INPUT] [-o OUTPUT] [-n NUMBER] [-v] + +Parses command. + +optional arguments: +  -h, --help            show this help message and exit +  -i INPUT, --input INPUT +                        Your input file. +  -o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT +                        Your destination output file. +  -n NUMBER, --number NUMBER +                        A number. +  -v, --verbose         Verbose mode. +``` + +### Python parsing like a pro + +This a simple example that demonstrates how to deal with parsing arguments in a Python application and how to quickly and efficiently document their syntax. The next time you write a quick Python script, give it some options with argparse. You'll thank yourself later, and your command will feel less like a quick hack and more like a "real" Unix command! + +Here's the sample code, which you can use for testing: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# GNU All-Permissive License +# Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, +# are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright +# notice and this notice are preserved.  This file is offered as-is, +# without any warranty. + +import argparse +import sys + +def getOptions(args=sys.argv[1:]): +    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Parses command.") +    parser.add_argument("-i", "--input", help="Your input file.") +    parser.add_argument("-o", "--output", help="Your destination output file.") +    parser.add_argument("-n", "--number", type=int, help="A number.") +    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose",dest='verbose',action='store_true', help="Verbose mode.") +    options = parser.parse_args(args) +    return options + +options = getOptions(sys.argv[1:]) + +if options.verbose: +    print("Verbose mode on") +else: +    print("Verbose mode off") + +print(options.input) +print(options.output) +print(options.number) +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/parse-arguments-python + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/notsag +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cobol-card-punch-programming-code.png?itok=6W6PUqUi (COBOL punch card) +[2]: https://www.python.org/ +[3]: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/ +[4]: https://pypi.org/project/argparse/ From eec74c28c8ccac117822cb11e8d45f8856cdc3c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 00:54:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0708/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190703=206=20?= =?UTF-8?q?open=20source=20web=20browser=20alternatives?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190703 6 open source web browser alternatives.md --- ... 6 open source web browser alternatives.md | 199 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 199 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190703 6 open source web browser alternatives.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190703 6 open source web browser alternatives.md b/sources/tech/20190703 6 open source web browser alternatives.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a965cc74c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190703 6 open source web browser alternatives.md @@ -0,0 +1,199 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (6 open source web browser alternatives) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/open-source-browsers) +[#]: author: (Bryant Son https://opensource.com/users/brson/users/lauren-pritchett/users/scottnesbitt) + +6 open source web browser alternatives +====== +Chrome and Firefox are on the list, but you'll find some other +interesting options, too. +![web development and design, desktop and browser][1] + +Open source web browsers have come a long way since Microsoft dominated the web browser market with its closed source Internet Explorer (IE). For many years, IE was the standard browser for Microsoft's Windows operating system, while Safari (also closed source) was the default browser for MacOS. Then Mozilla's introduction of Firefox, followed by Google's release of Chrome, sparked a revolution in open source internet browsers. Those two are extremely well known but are not the only open source browsers available. + +This article introduces seven open source browsers, summarizes their features, and shares how you can contribute to them. + +Name / Link to Contribute | License | Supported OSes +---|---|--- +[Brave][2] | MPL 2.0 | All +[Chrome/Chromium][3] | BSD | All +[Firefox][4] | MPL 2.0 | All +[Konqueror][5] | GPL | Linux +[Lynx][6] | GPL | Linux, Windows, DOS +[Midori][7] | LGPL | Linux, Windows + +### Brave + +The [Brave browser][8] was created with the goal of blocking all but user-approved advertisements and website trackers. [Brendan Eich][9], the creator of JavaScript and a co-founder of the Mozilla Foundation, leads the Brave project as the CEO and a co-founder. + +**Pros of Brave:** + + * No ads or web trackers + * Speed + * Security + * Chromium [extension support][10] + * Bugs are tracked in [Brave QA central][11] + + + +**Cons of Brave:** + + * The opt-in micro-payment system to support content creators has an unclear pathway to get your payments to your intended recipient + + + +You can find Brave's source code (available under the Mozilla Public License) in its extensive [GitHub repositories][2] (there are 140 repos as of this writing). + +### Chrome/Chromium + +[Google Chrome][12], inarguably, is the most [widely used][13] internet browser—open source or otherwise. I remember when Google introduced the first version of Chrome. Mozilla Firefox, which came out much earlier, was riding a wave of popularity. The first version of Chrome was so slow, buggy, and disappointing, which led me to think it wouldn't be successful. But, boy, I was wrong. Chrome got better and better, and the browser eventually surpassed Firefox's browser market share. Google Chrome is still known as a "memory hog" due to its heavy random access memory (RAM) utilization. Regardless, Chrome is by far the most popular browser, and it's loved by many due to its simplicity and speed. + +**Pros of Google Chrome/Chromium:** + + * Simplicity + * Speed + * Many useful built-in features + + + +**Cons of Google Chrome/Chromium:** + + * Heavy memory usage + * Chrome (not Chromium) has proprietary code + + + +Chromium, which is the open source project behind the Chrome browser, is available under the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) license. Note that the Chrome browser also has some closed source code. To contribute, visit the [Contributing to Chromium][14] page. + +### Firefox + +Although Chrome is now the most popular browser, [Mozilla Firefox][15] is the one that started the whole open source web browser sensation. Before Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer seemed to be undefeatable. But the birth of Firefox shook that belief. One interesting bit of trivia is that its co-founder [Blake Ross][16] was only 19 years old when Firefox was released. + +**Pros of Mozilla Firefox:** + + * Security + * Many extensions are available + * Uniform user experience across different systems + + + +**Cons of Mozilla Firefox:** + + * Heavy memory usage + * Some HTML5 compatibility issue + + + +Firefox's source code is available under the Mozilla Public License (MPL), and it maintains comprehensive guidelines on [how to contribute][4]. + +### Konqueror + +[Konqueror][17] may not be the most well-known internet browser, and that is okay because it is responsible for KHTML, the browser engine forked by Apple and then Google for the Safari and Chrome browsers (and subsequently used by Brave, Vivaldi, and several other browsers). Today, Konqueror can use either its native KHTML engine or the Chromium fork. Konqueror is maintained by the international [KDE][18] free software community, and it's easy to find on most Linux desktops. + +**Pros of Konqueor:** + + * Pre-installed on many Linux desktops + * Fast and efficient + * Built-in ad-blocker and pop-up blocker + * Customizable URL shortcuts + * Doubles as a file manager, man page viewer, and much more + + + +**Cons of Konqueror:** + + * Primarily runs in Linux + * Requires several KDE libraries to be installed + + + +Konqueror's source code is available under the GNU Public License (GPL). You can find its detailed [documentation][19] and [source code][5] on the KDE website. + +### Lynx + +Ah, [Lynx][20]. Lynx is a unique browser as it is entirely text-based. It is also the oldest web browser still in use and still under development. You might think, "who would use a text-based browser?" But it works, and there is a big community supporting this special open source browser. + +**Pros of Lynx:** + + * Extremely lightweight + * Extremely minimal + * Extremely secure + * Supports DOS and Windows + * Ideal for testing and safe browsing + + + +**Cons of Lynx:** + + * Nothing but text + + + +Lynx's source code is available under the GNU Public License (GPL) and maintained on [GitHub][6]. + +### Midori + +If you hear "Midori," you might think of a green-hued cocktail. But the [Midori browser][21] is an open source, lightweight browser. If you want a simple and lightweight browser, Midori might be an interesting one to look at. But note that there is no stable release for this browser, and it is known to be quite buggy. + +**Pros of Midori:** + + * Simple + * Lightweight + + + +**Cons of Midori:** + + * Still no stable release + * Buggy + * Almost no extensions + * No process isolation + + + +Midori's source code is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and maintained on [GitHub][7]. + +* * * + +Do you know another open source browser that I should have mentioned on this list? Please share it in the comments. + +Web browsers that run in a terminal window are alive and kicking. They're niche, but still get the... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/open-source-browsers + +作者：[Bryant Son][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brson/users/lauren-pritchett/users/scottnesbitt +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/web_browser_desktop_devlopment_design_system_computer.jpg?itok=pfqRrJgh (web development and design, desktop and browser) +[2]: https://github.com/brave +[3]: https://www.chromium.org/Home +[4]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Developer_guide/Introduction +[5]: https://kde.org/applications/internet/org.kde.konqueror/development +[6]: https://github.com/kurtchen/Lynx +[7]: https://github.com/midori-browser/core +[8]: https://brave.com +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Eich +[10]: https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360017909112-How-can-I-add-extensions-to-Brave- +[11]: https://community.brave.com/c/legacy/qa +[12]: https://www.google.com/chrome/ +[13]: https://www.statista.com/statistics/544400/market-share-of-internet-browsers-desktop/ +[14]: https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/docs/contributing.md +[15]: https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/ +[16]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Ross +[17]: https://kde.org/applications/internet/org.kde.konqueror +[18]: https://kde.org +[19]: https://docs.kde.org/stable5/en/applications/konqueror/index.html +[20]: http://lynx.browser.org/ +[21]: https://www.midori-browser.org/ From 8b3fdcbfc0cc888d68f2ed046fa3829cb513ece7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 00:55:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0709/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190703=20An?= =?UTF-8?q?=20eco-friendly=20internet=20of=20disposable=20things=20is=20co?= =?UTF-8?q?ming?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190703 An eco-friendly internet of disposable things is coming.md --- ...internet of disposable things is coming.md | 92 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190703 An eco-friendly internet of disposable things is coming.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190703 An eco-friendly internet of disposable things is coming.md b/sources/talk/20190703 An eco-friendly internet of disposable things is coming.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8d1e827aa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190703 An eco-friendly internet of disposable things is coming.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (An eco-friendly internet of disposable things is coming) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3406462/an-eco-friendly-internet-of-disposable-things-is-coming.html) +[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) + +An eco-friendly internet of disposable things is coming +====== +Researchers are creating a non-hazardous, bacteria-powered miniature battery that can be implanted into shipping labels and packaging to monitor temperature and track packages in real time. +![Thinkstock][1] + +Get ready for a future of disposable of internet of things (IoT) devices, one that will mean everything is connected to networks. It will be particularly useful in logistics, being used in single-use plastics in retail packaging and throw-away shippers’ carboard boxes. + +How it will happen? The answer is when non-hazardous, disposable bio-batteries make it possible. And that moment might be approaching. Researchers say they’re closer to commercializing a bacteria-powered miniature battery that they say will propel the IoDT. + +**[ Learn more: [Download a PDF bundle of five essential articles about IoT in the enterprise][2] ]** + +The “internet of disposable things is a new paradigm for the rapid evolution of wireless sensor networks,” says Seokheun Choi, an associate professor at Binghamton University, [in an article on the school’s website][3]. + +“Current IoDTs are mostly powered by expensive and environmentally hazardous batteries,” he says. Those costs can be significant in any kind of large-scale deployment, he says. And furthermore, with exponential growth, the environmental concerns would escalate rapidly. + +The miniaturized battery that Choi’s team has come up with is uniquely charged through power created by bacteria. It doesn’t have metals and acids in it. And it’s designed specifically to provide energy to sensors and radios in single-use IoT devices. Those could be the kinds of sensors ideal for supply-chain logistics where the container is ultimately going to end up in a landfill, creating a hazard. + +Another use case is real-time analysis of packaged food, with sensors monitoring temperature and location, preventing spoilage and providing safer food handling. For example, a farm product could be tracked for on-time delivery, as well as have its temperature measured, all within the packaging, as it moves from packaging facility to consumer. In the event of a food-borne illness outbreak, say, one can quickly find out where the product originated—which apparently is hard to do now. + +Other use cases could be battery-impregnated shipping labels that send real-time data to the internet. Importantly, in both use cases, packaging can be discarded without added environmental concerns. + +### How the bacteria-powered batteries work + +A slow release of nutrients provide the energy to the bacteria-powered batteries, which the researchers say can last up to eight days. “Slow and continuous reactions” convert the microbial nutrients into “long standing power,” they say in [their paper's abstract][4]. + +“Our biobattery is low-cost, disposable, and environmentally-friendly,” Choi says. + +Origami, the Japanese paper-folding skill used to create objects, was an inspiration for a similar microbial-based battery project the group wrote about last year in a paper. This one is liquid-based and not as long lasting. A bacteria-containing liquid was absorbed along the porous creases in folded paper, creating the paper-delivered power source, perhaps to be used in a shipping label. + +“Low-cost microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be done efficiently by using a paper substrate and origami techniques,” [the group wrote then][5]. + +Scientists, too, envisage electronics now printed on circuit boards (PCBs) and can be toxic on disposal being printed entirely on eco-friendly paper. Product cycles, such as those found now in mobile devices and likely in future IoT devices, are continually getting tighter—thus PCBs are increasingly being disposed. Solutions are needed, experts say. + +Put the battery in the paper, too, is the argument here. And while you’re at it, get the biodegradation of the used-up biobattery to help break-down the organic-matter paper. + +Ultimately, Choi believes that the power-creating bacteria could even be introduced naturally by the environment—right now it’s added on by the scientists. + +**More on IoT:** + + * [What is the IoT? How the internet of things works][6] + * [What is edge computing and how it’s changing the network][7] + * [Most powerful Internet of Things companies][8] + * [10 Hot IoT startups to watch][9] + * [The 6 ways to make money in IoT][10] + * [What is digital twin technology? [and why it matters]][11] + * [Blockchain, service-centric networking key to IoT success][12] + * [Getting grounded in IoT networking and security][2] + * [Building IoT-ready networks must become a priority][13] + * [What is the Industrial IoT? [And why the stakes are so high]][14] + + + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][15] and [LinkedIn][16] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3406462/an-eco-friendly-internet-of-disposable-things-is-coming.html + +作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2017/04/green-data-center-intro-100719502-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269736/internet-of-things/getting-grounded-in-iot-networking-and-security.html +[3]: https://www.binghamton.edu/news/story/1867/everything-will-connect-to-the-internet-someday-and-this-biobattery-could-h +[4]: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378775319305580 +[5]: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148117311606 +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3224893/internet-of-things/what-is-edge-computing-and-how-it-s-changing-the-network.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2287045/internet-of-things/wireless-153629-10-most-powerful-internet-of-things-companies.html +[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3270961/internet-of-things/10-hot-iot-startups-to-watch.html +[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3279346/internet-of-things/the-6-ways-to-make-money-in-iot.html +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3280225/internet-of-things/what-is-digital-twin-technology-and-why-it-matters.html +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276313/internet-of-things/blockchain-service-centric-networking-key-to-iot-success.html +[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276304/internet-of-things/building-iot-ready-networks-must-become-a-priority.html +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/internet-of-things/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html +[15]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[16]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 99d87b057b82e456e7321585aa25bdc5b094bbac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 08:51:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0710/1265] translated --- ...d The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md | 210 ------------------ ...d The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md | 195 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 195 insertions(+), 210 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index d934e10782..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,210 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux) -[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-the-port-number-of-a-service-in-linux/) -[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) - -How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux -====== - -![Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux OS][1] - -You might often need to find the port names and numbers for some reasons. If so, you’re in luck. Today, in this brief tutorial, we are going to see the easiest and quickest ways to find the port number of a service in Linux operating system. There could be many methods to do it, but I am aware of the following three methods only at present. Read on. - -### Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux - -**Method 1 – Using[Grep][2] command:** - -To find the default port number of a given service in Linux using grep command, just run: - -``` -$ grep /etc/services -``` - -For example, to find the default port of a SSH service, simply run: - -``` -$ grep ssh /etc/services -``` - -It’s that simple. This command should work on most Linux distributions. Here is the sample output from my Arch Linux test box: - -``` -ssh 22/tcp -ssh 22/udp -ssh 22/sctp -sshell 614/tcp -sshell 614/udp -netconf-ssh 830/tcp -netconf-ssh 830/udp -sdo-ssh 3897/tcp -sdo-ssh 3897/udp -netconf-ch-ssh 4334/tcp -snmpssh 5161/tcp -snmpssh-trap 5162/tcp -tl1-ssh 6252/tcp -tl1-ssh 6252/udp -ssh-mgmt 17235/tcp -ssh-mgmt 17235/udp -``` - -As you can see in the above output, the default port number of SSH service is 22. - -Let us find the port number of Apache web server. To do so, the command would be: - -``` -$ grep http /etc/services -# http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers -http 80/tcp www www-http # WorldWideWeb HTTP -http 80/udp www www-http # HyperText Transfer Protocol -http 80/sctp # HyperText Transfer Protocol -https 443/tcp # http protocol over TLS/SSL -https 443/udp # http protocol over TLS/SSL -https 443/sctp # http protocol over TLS/SSL -gss-http 488/tcp -gss-http 488/udp -webcache 8080/tcp http-alt # WWW caching service -webcache 8080/udp http-alt # WWW caching service -[...] -``` - -How about FTP port number? That’s easy! - -``` -$ grep ftp /etc/services -ftp-data 20/tcp -ftp-data 20/udp -# 21 is registered to ftp, but also used by fsp -ftp 21/tcp -ftp 21/udp fsp fspd -tftp 69/tcp -[...] -``` - -**Method 2 – Using getent command** - -As you can see, the above commands shows all port names and numbers for the given search term “ssh”, “http” and “ftp”. That means, you will get a quite long output of all port names that matches with the given search term. - -You can, however, narrow down the result to exact output using “getent” command like below: - -``` -$ getent services ssh -ssh 22/tcp - -$ getent services http -http 80/tcp www www-http - -$ getent services ftp -ftp 21/tcp -``` - -If you don’t know the port name but the port number, simply replace the port name with number like below: - -``` -$ getent services 80 -http 80/tcp -``` - -To display all port names and numbers, simply run: - -``` -$ getent services -``` - -* * * - -**Suggested read:** - - * [**How To Change Apache Default Port To A Custom Port**][3] - * [**How To Change FTP Default Port To A Custom Port**][4] - * [**How To Change SSH Default Port To A Custom Port**][5] - - - -* * * - -**Method 3 – Using Whatportis Utility** - -The **Whatportis** is a simple python script used to find port names and numbers. Unlike the above commands, this utility displays the output in a nice tabular column format. - -Make sure you have installed PIP package manager. If not, refer the following link. - - * [**How To Manage Python Packages Using Pip**][6] - - - -Once installed PIP, run the following command to install Whatportis utility. - -``` -$ pip install whatportis -``` - -Now, you can find what port is associated with a service as shown below. - -``` -$ whatportis ssh - -$ whatportis ftp - -$ whatportis http -``` - -Sample output from my CentOS 7 server: - -![][7] - -Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux - -If you don’t know the exact name of a service, use **–like** flag to display the relevant results. - -``` -$ whatportis mysql --like -``` - -The above commands helped you to find what port is associated with a service. You can also find what service is associated with a port number like below. - -``` -$ whatportis 993 -``` - -You can even display the results in **JSON** format. - -``` -$ whatportis 993 --json -``` - -![][8] - -For more details, refer the GitHub repository. - - * [**Whatportis GitHub Repository**][9] - - - -And, that’s all for now. You know now how to find the port names and numbers in Linux using three simple methods. If you know any other methods/commands, let me know in the comment section below. I will check and update this guide accordingly. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-the-port-number-of-a-service-in-linux/ - -作者：[sk][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Find-The-Port-Number-720x340.png -[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/the-grep-command-tutorial-with-examples-for-beginners/ -[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-change-apache-ftp-and-ssh-default-port-to-a-custom-port-part-1/ -[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-change-apache-ftp-and-ssh-default-port-to-a-custom-port-part-2/ -[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-change-apache-ftp-and-ssh-default-port-to-a-custom-port-part-3/ -[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/manage-python-packages-using-pip/ -[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/whatportis.png -[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/whatportis-1.png -[9]: https://github.com/ncrocfer/whatportis diff --git a/translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3f42a4cb4c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-the-port-number-of-a-service-in-linux/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +如何在 Linux 中查找服务的端口号 +====== + +![Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux OS][1] + +由于某些原因，你可能经常需要查找端口名称和端口号。如果是这样，你很幸运。今天，在这个简短的教程中，我们将看到在 Linux 系统中最简单、最快捷的查找服务端口号的方法。可能有很多方法可以做到，但我目前只知道以下三种方法。请继续阅读。 + +### 在 Linux 中查找服务的端口号 + +**方法1：使用 [grep][2] 命令** + +要使用 grep 命令在 Linux 中查找指定服务的默认端口号，只需运行： + +``` +$ grep /etc/services +``` + +例如，要查找 SSH 服务的默认端口，只需运行： + +``` +$ grep ssh /etc/services +``` + +就这么简单。此命令应该适用于大多数 Linux 发行版。以下是我的 Arch Linux 测试机中的示例输出： + +``` +ssh 22/tcp +ssh 22/udp +ssh 22/sctp +sshell 614/tcp +sshell 614/udp +netconf-ssh 830/tcp +netconf-ssh 830/udp +sdo-ssh 3897/tcp +sdo-ssh 3897/udp +netconf-ch-ssh 4334/tcp +snmpssh 5161/tcp +snmpssh-trap 5162/tcp +tl1-ssh 6252/tcp +tl1-ssh 6252/udp +ssh-mgmt 17235/tcp +ssh-mgmt 17235/udp +``` + +正如你在上面的输出中所看到的，SSH 服务的默认端口号是 22。 + +让我们找到 Apache Web 服务器的端口号。为此，命令是： + +``` +$ grep http /etc/services +# http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers +http 80/tcp www www-http # WorldWideWeb HTTP +http 80/udp www www-http # HyperText Transfer Protocol +http 80/sctp # HyperText Transfer Protocol +https 443/tcp # http protocol over TLS/SSL +https 443/udp # http protocol over TLS/SSL +https 443/sctp # http protocol over TLS/SSL +gss-http 488/tcp +gss-http 488/udp +webcache 8080/tcp http-alt # WWW caching service +webcache 8080/udp http-alt # WWW caching service +[...] +``` + +FTP 端口号是什么？这很简单！ + +``` +$ grep ftp /etc/services +ftp-data 20/tcp +ftp-data 20/udp +# 21 is registered to ftp, but also used by fsp +ftp 21/tcp +ftp 21/udp fsp fspd +tftp 69/tcp +[...] +``` + +**方法 2：使用 getent 命令** + +如你所见，上面的命令显示指定搜索词 “ssh”、“http” 和 “ftp” 的所有端口名称和数字。这意味着，你将获得与给定搜索词匹配的所有端口名称的相当长的输出。 + +但是，你可以使用 “getent” 命令精确输出结果，如下所示： + +``` +$ getent services ssh +ssh 22/tcp + +$ getent services http +http 80/tcp www www-http + +$ getent services ftp +ftp 21/tcp +``` + +如果你不知道端口名称，但是知道端口号，那么你只需将端口名称替换为数字： + +``` +$ getent services 80 +http 80/tcp +``` + +要显示所有端口名称和端口号，只需运行： + +``` +$ getent services +``` + +**方法 3：使用 Whatportis 程序** + +**Whatportis** 是一个简单的 python 脚本，来用于查找端口名称和端口号。与上述命令不同，此程序以漂亮的表格形式输出。 + +确保已安装 PIP 包管理器。如果没有，请参考以下链接。 + + * [**如何使用 Pip 管理 Python 包**][6] + + + +安装 PIP 后，运行以下命令安装 Whatportis 程序。 + +``` +$ pip install whatportis +``` + +现在，你可以找到与服务关联的端口，如下所示。 + +``` +$ whatportis ssh + +$ whatportis ftp + +$ whatportis http +``` + +我的 CentOS 7 服务器的示例输出： + +![][7] + +在 Linux 中查找服务的端口号 + +如果你不知道服务的确切名称，请使用 **–like** 标志来显示相关结果。 + +``` +$ whatportis mysql --like +``` + +上述命令帮助你查找与服务关联的端口。你还可以找到与端口号相关联的服务，如下所示。 + +``` +$ whatportis 993 +``` + +你甚至可以以 **JSON** 格式显示结果。 + +``` +$ whatportis 993 --json +``` + +![][8] + +有关更多详细信息，请参阅 GitHub 仓库。 + + * [**Whatportis GitHub 仓库**][9] + + + +就是这些了。你现在知道了如何使用三种简单方法在 Linux 中查找端口名称和端口号。如果你知道任何其他方法/命令，请在下面的评论栏告诉我。我会查看并更相应地更新本指南。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-the-port-number-of-a-service-in-linux/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Find-The-Port-Number-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/the-grep-command-tutorial-with-examples-for-beginners/ +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/manage-python-packages-using-pip/ +[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/whatportis.png +[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/whatportis-1.png +[9]: https://github.com/ncrocfer/whatportis From 3ac8e27f3dcac296bb2c9193fdaf70a68a052371 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 08:55:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0711/1265] translating --- sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md | 5 ++--- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md b/sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md index 1b0c88752e..e9dd941109 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ How to use Tig to browse Git logs ====== -Tig is more than just a text-mode interface for Git. Here's how it can -enhance your daily workflow. +Tig is more than just a text-mode interface for Git. Here's how it can enhance your daily workflow. ![A person programming][1] If you work with Git as your version control system, you've likely already resigned yourself to the fact that Git is a complicated beast. It is a fantastic tool, but it can be cumbersome to navigate Git repositories. That's where a tool like [Tig][2] comes in. From fbe8b2d0192fcde10982e2c85ac947f514a8d504 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 12:51:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0712/1265] PRF:20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md @geekpi --- .../20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md | 49 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md b/translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md index fd35fce491..b7bbcd914a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (4 cool terminal multiplexers) @@ -12,50 +12,49 @@ ![][1] -Fedora 系统对很多用户来说都很舒适。它有一个令人惊叹的桌面，可以轻松地完成日常任务。表面之下有 Linux 系统的全部功能，终端是高级用户使用它们的最简单的方法。默认的终端简单且功能有限。但是，_终端复用器_能让你的终端变得非常强大。本文展示了一些流行的终端多路复用器以及如何安装它们。 +Fedora 系统对很多用户来说都很舒适。它有一个令人惊叹的桌面，可以轻松地完成日常任务。而在这光鲜的表面之下是由 Linux 系统提供的支持，而终端是高级用户使用这些底层能力的最简单方法。默认的终端简单且功能有限。但是，*终端复用器*能让你的终端变得非常强大。本文展示了一些流行的终端多路复用器以及如何安装它们。 +为什么要用它？嗯，首先，它可以让你注销你的系统，而同时*让你的终端会话不受干扰*。退出你的控制台，这样安全，在其他地方旅行时通过远程登录 SSH 继续之前的操作是非常有用的。这里有一些工具可以看下。 -你为什么要用它？嗯，首先，它可以让你注销你的系统，同时_让你的终端会话不受干扰_。退出你的控制台，加密它，在其他地方旅行时通过远程登录 SSH 继续之前的操作是非常有用的。这里有一些工具可以看下。 - -最古老和最知名的终端多路复用器之一是 _screen_。但是，由于代码不再维护，本文将重点介绍最近的应用。 （“最近的”是相对的，其中一些已存在多年！） +最古老和最知名的终端多路复用器之一是 `screen`。但是，由于其代码不再维护，本文将重点介绍最近的应用。 （“最近的”是相对而言的，其中一些已存在多年！） ### Tmux -_tmux_ 是 _screen_ 的最广泛使用的替换之一。它有高度可配置的接口。你可以根据需要对 tmux 进行编程以启动特定类型的会话。在前面发表的这篇文章中你会发现更多关于 tmux 的信息： +`tmux` 是 `screen` 最广泛使用的替代品之一。它有高度可配置的接口。你可以根据需要对 `tmux` 进行编程以启动特定类型的会话。在前面发表的这篇文章中你会发现更多关于 tmux 的信息： -> [使用 tmux 实现更强大的终端][2] +- [使用 tmux 实现更强大的终端][2] -已经是 tmux 用户？你可能会喜欢[这篇使你的 tmux 会话更有效的文章][3]。 +已经是 `tmux` 用户？你可能会喜欢[这篇使你的 tmux 会话更有效的文章][3]。 -要安装 tmux，由于你可能已经在终端中，请使用 _dnf_ 并带上 _sudo_： +要安装 `tmux`，由于你可能已经在终端中，请带上 `sudo` 使用 `dnf`： ``` $ sudo dnf install tmux ``` -要开始学习，请运行 _tmux_ 命令。单窗格窗口以你的默认 shell 启动。tmux 使用_修饰键_来表示接下来会发出命令。默认情况下，此键为 **Ctrl+B**。如果输入 **Ctrl+B, C**，你将创建一个带有 shell 的新窗口。 +要开始学习，请运行 `tmux` 命令。单窗格窗口以你的默认 shell 启动。tmux 使用*修饰键*来表示接下来会发出命令。默认情况下，此键为 `Ctrl+B`。如果输入 `Ctrl+B, C`，你将创建一个带有 shell 的新窗口。 -提示：使用 **Ctrl+B, ?** 进入帮助模式，会列出你可以使用的所有键。为了简单起见，你先查看 _bind-key -T prefix_ 开头的行。这些是你可以在修饰键之后立即使用的键，可以用来配置你的 tmux 会话。你可以按 **Ctrl+C** 退出帮助模式回 tmux。 +提示：使用 `Ctrl+B, ?` 进入帮助模式，会列出你可以使用的所有键。为了简单起见，你先查看 `bind-key -T prefix` 开头的行。这些是你可以在修饰键之后立即使用的键，可以用来配置你的 `tmux` 会话。你可以按 `Ctrl+C` 退出帮助模式回 `tmux`。 -要完全退出 tmux，请使用标准 _exit_ 命令或 _Ctrl+D_ 退出所有 shell。 +要完全退出 `tmux`，请使用标准 `exit` 命令或 `Ctrl+D` 退出所有 shell。 ### Dvtm -你可能最近在 Fedroa Magzine上看到过一篇 [dwm，一个动态窗口管理器][4]的文章。像 dwm 一样，_dvtm_ 用于平铺窗口管理，但是用在终端中。它的设计坚持 UNIX 的“做好一件事”的理念，在这里是管理终端中的窗口。 +你可能最近在 Fedroa Magzine 上看到过一篇 [dwm，一个动态窗口管理器][4]的文章。像 `dwm` 一样，`dvtm` 用于平铺窗口管理，但是是用在终端中。它的设计坚持 UNIX 的“做好一件事”的理念，在这里是管理终端中的窗口。 -安装 dvtm 也很简单。但是，如果你想要前面提到的注销功能，你还需要 _abduco_ 包来处理 dvtm 的会话管理。 +安装 `dvtm` 也很简单。但是，如果你想要前面提到的注销功能，你还需要 `abduco` 包来处理 dvtm 的会话管理。 ``` $ sudo dnf install dvtm abduco ``` -dvtm 已经映射了许多管理终端窗口的按键。默认情况下，它使用 **Ctrl+G** 作为其修饰键。这个按键告诉 dvtm 接下来的字符将成为它应该处理的命令。例如， **Ctrl+G, C** 创建一个新窗口，**Ctrl+G, X** 将其关闭。 +`dvtm` 已经映射了许多管理终端窗口的按键。默认情况下，它使用 `Ctrl+G` 作为其修饰键。这个按键告诉 `dvtm` 接下来的字符将成为它应该处理的命令。例如， `Ctrl+G, C` 创建一个新窗口，`Ctrl+G, X` 将其关闭。 -有关使用 dvtm 的更多信息，请查看 dvtm 的[主页][5]，其中包含大量提示和入门信息。 +有关使用 `dvtm` 的更多信息，请查看 `dvtm` 的[主页][5]，其中包含大量提示和入门信息。 ### Byobu -虽然 _byobu_ 本身并不是真正的多路复用器 - 它封装了 _tmux_ 甚至更老的 _screen_ 来添加功能，但它也值得在这里一提。通过帮助菜单和窗口选项卡，以便更加容易地找到功能，Byobu 使终端复用器更适合初学者。 +虽然 `byobu` 本身并不是真正的多路复用器 —— 它封装了 `tmux` 甚至更老的 `screen` 来添加功能，但它也值得在这里一提。通过帮助菜单和窗口选项卡，以便更加容易地找到那些功能，`byobu` 使终端复用器更适合初学者。 当然它也可以在 Fedora 仓库中找到。要安装它，请使用以下命令： @@ -63,29 +62,29 @@ dvtm 已经映射了许多管理终端窗口的按键。默认情况下，它使 $ sudo dnf install byobu ``` -默认情况下，_byobu_ 会在内部运行 _screen_，因此你可能希望运行 _byobu-tmux_ 来封装 _tmux_。你可以使用 **F9** 键打开帮助菜单以获取更多信息，来帮助你入门。 +默认情况下，`byobu` 会在内部运行 `screen`，因此你可能希望运行 `byobu-tmux` 来封装 `tmux`。你可以使用 `F9` 键打开帮助菜单以获取更多信息，来帮助你入门。 ### Mtm -_mtm_ 是你可以找到的最小的复用器之一。事实上，它只有大约 1000 行代码！如果你处于受限的环境（例如旧硬件、最小容器等）中，你可能会发现它很有用。要开始使用，你需要安装一些包。 +`mtm` 是你可以找到的最小的复用器之一。事实上，它只有大约 1000 行代码！如果你处于受限的环境（例如旧硬件、最小容器等）中，你可能会发现它很有用。要开始使用，你需要安装一些包。 ``` $ sudo dnf install git ncurses-devel make gcc ``` -然后克隆 mtm 所在的仓库： +然后克隆 `mtm` 所在的仓库： ``` $ git clone https://github.com/deadpixi/mtm.git ``` -进入 _mtm_ 文件夹并构建程序： +进入 `mtm` 文件夹并构建程序： ``` $ make ``` -你可能会收到一些警告，但完成后，你将会有一个非常小的 _mtm_ 程序。使用以下命令运行它： +你可能会收到一些警告，但完成后，你将会有一个非常小的 `mtm` 程序。使用以下命令运行它： ``` $ ./mtm @@ -95,10 +94,6 @@ $ ./mtm 这里只是一些终端复用器。你有想推荐的么？请在下面留下你的评论，享受在终端中创建窗口吧！ -* * * - -_由 _[ _Michael_][7]_ 拍摄，发布于 [Unsplash][8]。_ - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-terminal-multiplexers/ @@ -106,7 +101,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-terminal-multiplexers/ 作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 99499a06ea5fdfa403ab05cd09ca2f01d3bb8f54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 12:52:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0713/1265] PUB:20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11054-1.html --- .../20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md b/published/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md rename to published/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md index b7bbcd914a..2b7ba72802 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md +++ b/published/20190320 4 cool terminal multiplexers.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11054-1.html) [#]: subject: (4 cool terminal multiplexers) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-terminal-multiplexers/) [#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/) From d5347c26a3cd0f08f21ccdb9b95afa5a2deb6dba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 13:36:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0714/1265] PRF --- ...A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md | 41 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md b/translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md index 29154e0709..d89061eb52 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (qfzy1233) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (A beginner's guide to Linux permissions) @@ -9,14 +9,16 @@ Linux 权限入门指南 ====== -Linux安全权限能够指定谁可以对文件或目录执行什么操作。 -![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1] -与其他系统相比而言 Linux 系统的众多优点中最为主要一个便是Linux 系统有着更少的安全漏洞和被攻击的隐患。Linux无疑为用户提供了更为灵活和精细化的文件系统安全权限控制。这可能意味着Linux用户理解安全权限是至关重要的。虽然这并不一定是必要的，但是对于初学者来说，理解Linux权限的基本知识仍是一个明智之选。 +> Linux 安全权限能够指定谁可以对文件或目录执行什么操作。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/04/133751argz0pp7hy5gvv7q.jpg) + +与其他系统相比而言 Linux 系统的众多优点中最为主要一个便是 Linux 系统有着更少的安全漏洞和被攻击的隐患。Linux 无疑为用户提供了更为灵活和精细化的文件系统安全权限控制。这可能意味着 Linux 用户理解安全权限是至关重要的。虽然这并不一定是必要的，但是对于初学者来说，理解 Linux 权限的基本知识仍是一个明智之选。 ### 查看 Linux 安全权限 -在开始 Linux 权限的相关学习之前，假设我们新建了一个名为 **PermissionDemo**的目录。使用 **cd** 命令进入这个目录，然后使用 **ls -l** 命令查看 Linux 安全管理权限信息。如果你想以时间为序排列，加上 **-t** 选项 +在开始 Linux 权限的相关学习之前，假设我们新建了一个名为 `PermissionDemo` 的目录。使用 `cd` 命令进入这个目录，然后使用 `ls -l` 命令查看 Linux 安全管理权限信息。如果你想以时间为序排列，加上 `-t` 选项 ``` @@ -27,11 +29,11 @@ Linux安全权限能够指定谁可以对文件或目录执行什么操作。 ![No output from ls -l command][2] -要了解关于 **ls** 命令的更多信息，请通过在命令行中输入 **man ls** 来查看命令手册。 +要了解关于 `ls` 命令的更多信息，请通过在命令行中输入 `man ls` 来查看命令手册。 ![ls man page][3] - 现在，让我们创建两个名为 **cat.txt** 和 **dog.txt** 的空白文件；这一步使用 **touch** 命令将更为简便。然后继续使用 **mkdir** 命令创建一个名为 **Pets** 的空目录。我们可以再次使用**ls -l**命令查看这些新文件的权限。 +现在，让我们创建两个名为 `cat.txt` 和 `dog.txt` 的空白文件；这一步使用 `touch` 命令将更为简便。然后继续使用 `mkdir` 命令创建一个名为 `Pets` 的空目录。我们可以再次使用`ls -l`命令查看这些新文件的权限。 ![Creating new files and directory][4] @@ -39,42 +41,43 @@ Linux安全权限能够指定谁可以对文件或目录执行什么操作。 ### 谁拥有权限？ -首先要注意的是 _who_ 具有访问文件/目录的权限。请注意下面红色框中突出显示的部分。第一列是指具有访问权限的 _user(用户)_ ，而第二列是指具有访问权限的 _group（组）_ 。 +首先要注意的是*谁*具有访问文件/目录的权限。请注意下面红色框中突出显示的部分。第一列是指具有访问权限的*用户*，而第二列是指具有访问权限的*组*。 ![Output from -ls command][5] -用户的类型主要有三种:**user**、**group**；和**other**(本质上既不是用户也不是组)。还有一个**all**，意思是几乎所有人。 +用户的类型主要有三种：用户、组和其他人（本质上既不是用户也不是组）。还有一个*全部*，意思是几乎所有人。 ![User types][6] -由于我们使用 **root** 作为当前用户，所以我们可以访问任何文件或目录，因为 **root** 是超级用户。然而，通常情况并非如此，您可能会被限定使用您的普通用户登录。所有的用户都存储在 **/etc/passwd** 文件中。 +由于我们使用 `root` 作为当前用户，所以我们可以访问任何文件或目录，因为 `root` 是超级用户。然而，通常情况并非如此，你可能会被限定使用你的普通用户登录。所有的用户都存储在 `/etc/passwd` 文件中。 ![/etc/passwd file][7] - “组“的相关信息保存在 **/etc/group** 文件中。 +“组“的相关信息保存在 `/etc/group` 文件中。 ![/etc/passwd file][8] ### 他们有什么权限？ -我们需要注意的是 **ls -l** 命令输出结果的另一部分与执行权限有关。以上，我们查看了创建的dog.txt 和 cat.txt文件以及Pets目录的所有者和组权限都属于 **root** 用户。我们可以通过这一信息了解到不同用户组所拥有的相应权限，如下面的红色框中的标示。 +我们需要注意的是 `ls -l` 命令输出结果的另一部分与执行权限有关。以上，我们查看了创建的 `dog.txt` 和 `cat.txt` 文件以及 `Pets` 目录的所有者和组权限都属于 `root` 用户。我们可以通过这一信息了解到不同用户组所拥有的相应权限，如下面的红色框中的标示。 ![Enforcing permissions for different user ownership types][9] -我们可以把每一行分解成五部分。第一部分标志着它是文件还是目录;文件用 **-** (连字符)标记，目录用 **d** 来标记。接下来的三个部分分别是**user**、**group**和**other**的对应权限。最后一部分是[**access-control list**][10] (ACL)（访问控制列表）的标志，是记录着特定用户或者用户组对该文件的操作权限的列表。 +我们可以把每一行分解成五部分。第一部分标志着它是文件还是目录：文件用 `-`（连字符）标记，目录用 `d` 来标记。接下来的三个部分分别是用户、组和其他人的对应权限。最后一部分是[访问控制列表][10] （ACL）的标志，是记录着特定用户或者用户组对该文件的操作权限的列表。 ![Different Linux permissions][11] Linux 的权限级别可以用字母或数字标识。有三种权限类型: - * **read(读):** r or 4 - * **write（写）:** w or 2 - * **executable（可执行）:** x or 1 -（LCTT译注：原文此处对应的字母标示 **x** 误写为 **e** 已更正） + * 可读取：`r` 或 `4` + * 可写入：`w` 或 `2` + * 可执行：`x` 或 `1` + +（LCTT 译注：原文此处对应的字母标示 `x` 误写为 `e`，已更正） ![Privilege types][12] -每个字母符号(**r**、**w**或**x**)表示有该项权限，而 **-** 表示无该项权限。在下面的示例中，文件的所有者可读可写，用户组成员仅可读，其他人可读可执行。转换成数字表示法，对应的是645(如何计算，请参见下图的图示)。 +每个字母符号（`r`、`w` 或 `x`）表示有该项权限，而 `-` 表示无该项权限。在下面的示例中，文件的所有者可读可写，用户组成员仅可读，其他人可读可执行。转换成数字表示法，对应的是 `645`（如何计算，请参见下图的图示）。 ![Permission type example][13] @@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/understanding-linux-permissions 作者：[Bryant Son][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[qfzy1233](https://github.com/qfzy1233) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8f7af84e7e381c1cfd9f8f7544d3eb44e73f2c03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 13:38:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0715/1265] PUB @qfzy1233 https://linux.cn/article-11056-1.html --- .../20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md b/published/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md rename to published/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md index d89061eb52..a8206c14d4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md +++ b/published/20190618 A beginner-s guide to Linux permissions.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (qfzy1233) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11056-1.html) [#]: subject: (A beginner's guide to Linux permissions) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/understanding-linux-permissions) [#]: author: (Bryant Son https://opensource.com/users/brson/users/greg-p/users/tj) From 81f526be0b2fd452f561966a40356640eb372522 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 14:56:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0716/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md | 246 ------------------ ...0702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md | 244 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 244 insertions(+), 246 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md deleted file mode 100644 index a80c3b462f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,246 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Jupyter and data science in Fedora) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/) -[#]: author: (Avi Alkalay https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/) - -Jupyter and data science in Fedora -====== - -![][1] - -In the past, kings and leaders used oracles and magicians to help them predict the future — or at least get some good advice due to their supposed power to perceive hidden information. Nowadays, we live in a society obsessed with quantifying everything. So we have data scientists to do this job. - -Data scientists use statistical models, numerical techniques and advanced algorithms that didn’t come from statistical disciplines, along with the data that exist on databases, to find, to infer, to predict data that doesn’t exist yet. Sometimes this data is about the future. That is why we do a lot of predictive analytics and prescriptive analytics. - -Here are some questions to which data scientists help find answers: - - 1. Who are the students with high propensity to abandon the class? For each one, what are the reasons for leaving? - 2. Which house has a price above or below the fair price? What is the fair price for a certain house? - 3. What are the hidden groups that my clients classify themselves? - 4. Which future problems this premature child will develop? - 5. How many calls will I get in my call center tomorrow 11:43 AM? - 6. My bank should or should not lend money to this customer? - - - -Note how the answer to all these question is not sitting in any database waiting to be queried. These are all data that still doesn’t exist and has to be calculated. That is part of the job we data scientists do. - -Throughout this article you’ll learn how to prepare a Fedora system as a Data Scientist’s development environment and also a production system. Most of the basic software is RPM-packaged, but the most advanced parts can only be installed, nowadays, with Python’s _pip_ tool. - -### Jupyter — the IDE - -Most modern data scientists use Python. And an important part of their work is EDA (exploratory data analysis). EDA is a manual and interactive process that retrieves data, explores its features, searches for correlations, and uses plotted graphics to visualize and understand how data is shaped and prototypes predictive models. - -Jupyter is a web application perfect for this task. Jupyter works with Notebooks, documents that mix rich text including beautifully rendered math formulas (thanks to [mathjax][2]), blocks of code and code output, including graphics. - -Notebook files have extension _.ipynb_, which means Interactive Python Notebook. - -#### Setting up and running Jupyter - -First, install essential packages for Jupyter ([using][3] _[sudo][3]_): - -``` -$ sudo dnf install python3-notebook mathjax sscg -``` - -You might want to install additional and optional Python modules commonly used by data scientists: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install python3-seaborn python3-lxml python3-basemap python3-scikit-image python3-scikit-learn python3-sympy python3-dask+dataframe python3-nltk -``` - -Set a password to log into Notebook web interface and avoid those long tokens. Run the following command anywhere on your terminal: - -``` -$ mkdir -p $HOME/.jupyter -$ jupyter notebook password -``` - -Now, type a password for yourself. This will create the file _$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json_ with your encrypted password. - -Next, prepare for SSLby generating a self-signed HTTPS certificate for Jupyter’s web server: - -``` -$ cd $HOME/.jupyter; sscg -``` - -Finish configuring Jupyter by editing your _$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json_ file. Make it look like this: - -``` -{ - "NotebookApp": { - "password": "sha1:abf58...87b", - "ip": "*", - "allow_origin": "*", - "allow_remote_access": true, - "open_browser": false, - "websocket_compression_options": {}, - "certfile": "/home/aviram/.jupyter/service.pem", - "keyfile": "/home/aviram/.jupyter/service-key.pem", - "notebook_dir": "/home/aviram/Notebooks" - } -} -``` - -The parts in red must be changed to match your folders. Parts in blue were already there after you created your password. Parts in green are the crypto-related files generated by _sscg_. - -Create a folder for your notebook files, as configured in the _notebook_dir_ setting above: - -``` -$ mkdir $HOME/Notebooks -``` - -Now you are all set. Just run Jupyter Notebook from anywhere on your system by typing: - -``` -$ jupyter notebook -``` - -Or add this line to your _$HOME/.bashrc_ file to create a shortcut command called _jn_: - -``` -alias jn='jupyter notebook' -``` - -After running the command _jn_, access __ from any browser on the network to see the Jupyter user interface. You’ll need to use the password you set up earlier. Start typing some Python code and markup text. This is how it looks: - -![Jupyter with a simple notebook][4] - -In addition to the IPython environment, you’ll also get a web-based Unix terminal provided by _terminado_. Some people might find this useful, while others find this insecure. You can disable this feature in the config file. - -### JupyterLab — the next generation of Jupyter - -JupyterLab is the next generation of Jupyter, with a better interface and more control over your workspace. It’s currently not RPM-packaged for Fedora at the time of writing, but you can use _pip_ to get it installed easily: - -``` -$ pip3 install jupyterlab --user -$ jupyter serverextension enable --py jupyterlab -``` - -Then run your regular _jupiter notebook_ command or _jn_ alias. JupyterLab will be accessible from __**. - -### Tools used by data scientists - -In this section you can get to know some of these tools, and how to install them. Unless noted otherwise, the module is already packaged for Fedora and was installed as prerequisites for previous components. - -#### **Numpy** - -_Numpy_ is an advanced and C-optimized math library designed to work with large in-memory datasets. It provides advanced multidimensional matrix support and operations, including math functions as log(), exp(), trigonometry etc. - -#### Pandas - -In this author’s opinion, Python is THE platform for data science mostly because of Pandas. Built on top of numpy, Pandas makes easy the work of preparing and displaying data. You can think of it as a no-UI spreadsheet, but ready to work with much larger datasets. Pandas helps with data retrieval from a SQL database, CSV or other types of files, columns and rows manipulation, data filtering and, to some extent, data visualization with matplotlib. - -#### Matplotlib - -Matplotlib is a library to plot 2D and 3D data. It has great support for notations in graphics, labels and overlays - -![matplotlib pair of graphics showing a cost function searching its optimal value through a gradient descent algorithm][5] - -#### Seaborn - -Built on top of matplotlib, Seaborn’s graphics are optimized for a more statistical comprehension of data. It automatically displays regression lines or Gauss curve approximations of plotted data. - -![Linear regression visualised with SeaBorn][6] - -#### [StatsModels][7] - -StatsModels provides algorithms for statistical and econometrics data analysis such as linear and logistic regressions. Statsmodel is also home for the classical family of [time series algorithms][8] known as ARIMA. - -![Normalized number of passengers across time \(blue\) and ARIMA-predicted number of passengers \(red\)][9] - -#### Scikit-learn - -The central piece of the machine-learning ecosystem, [scikit][10] provides predictor algorithms for [regression][11] (Elasticnet, Gradient Boosting, Random Forest etc) and [classification][11] and clustering (K-means, DBSCAN etc). It features a very well designed API. Scikit also has classes for advanced data manipulation, dataset split into train and test parts, dimensionality reduction and data pipeline preparation. - -#### XGBoost - -XGBoost is the most advanced regressor and classifier used nowadays. It’s not part of scikit-learn, but it adheres to scikit’s API. [XGBoost][12] is not packaged for Fedora and should be installed with pip. [XGBoost can be accelerated with your nVidia GPU][13], but not through its _pip_ package. You can get this if you compile it yourself against CUDA. Get it with: - -``` -$ pip3 install xgboost --user -``` - -#### Imbalanced Learn - -[imbalanced-learn][14] provides ways for under-sampling and over-sampling data. It is useful in fraud detection scenarios where known fraud data is very small when compared to non-fraud data. In these cases data augmentation is needed for the known fraud data, to make it more relevant to train predictors. Install it with _pip_: - -``` -$ pip3 install imblearn --user -``` - -#### NLTK - -The [Natural Language toolkit][15], or NLTK, helps you work with human language data for the purpose of building chatbots (just to cite an example). - -#### SHAP - -Machine learning algorithms are very good on predicting, but aren’t good at explaining why they made a prediction. [SHAP][16] solves that, by analyzing trained models. - -![Where SHAP fits into the data analysis process][17] - -Install it with _pip_: - -``` -$ pip3 install shap --user -``` - -#### [Keras][18] - -Keras is a library for deep learning and neural networks. Install it with _pip_: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install python3-h5py -$ pip3 install keras --user -``` - -#### [TensorFlow][19] - -TensorFlow is a popular neural networks builder. Install it with _pip_: - -``` -$ pip3 install tensorflow --user -``` - -* * * - -_Photo courtesy of [FolsomNatural][20] on [Flickr][21] (CC BY-SA 2.0)._ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/ - -作者：[Avi Alkalay][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/jupyter-816x345.jpg -[2]: http://mathjax.org -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ -[4]: https://avi.alkalay.net/articlefiles/2018/07/jupyter-fedora.png -[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/gradient-descent-cost-function-optimization.png -[6]: https://seaborn.pydata.org/_images/regression_marginals.png -[7]: https://www.statsmodels.org/ -[8]: https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/examples/index.html#stats -[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/time-series.png -[10]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/ -[11]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/supervised_learning.html#supervised-learning -[12]: https://xgboost.ai -[13]: https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gpu/index.html -[14]: https://imbalanced-learn.readthedocs.io -[15]: https://www.nltk.org -[16]: https://github.com/slundberg/shap -[17]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/slundberg/shap/master/docs/artwork/shap_diagram.png -[18]: https://keras.io -[19]: https://www.tensorflow.org -[20]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/87249144@N08/ -[21]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/87249144@N08/45871861611/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..43e2a498fe --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Jupyter and data science in Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Avi Alkalay https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/) + +在 Fedora 上搭建 Jupyter 和数据科学环境 +====== + +![][1] + +在过去，神谕和魔法师被认为拥有发现奥秘的力量，国王和统治者们会借助他们预测未来，或者至少是听取一些建议。如今我们生活在一个痴迷于将一切事情量化的社会里，这份工作就交给数据科学家了。 + +数据科学家通过使用统计模型、数值分析，以及统计学之外的高级算法，结合数据库里已经存在的数据，去发掘、推断和预测尚不存在的数据（有时是关于未来的数据）。这就是为什么我们要做这么多的预测分析和规划分析。 + +下面是一些可以借助数据科学家回答的问题： + + 1. 哪些学生有旷课倾向？每个人旷课的原因分别是什么？ + 2. 哪栋房子的售价比合理价格要高或者低？一栋房子的合理价格是多少？ + 3. 如何将我们的客户按照潜在的特质进行分组？ + 4. 这个孩子的早熟可能会在未来引发什么问题？ + 5. 我们的呼叫中心在明天早上 11 点 43 分会接收到多少次呼叫？ + 6. 我们的银行是否应该向这位客户发放贷款？ + +请注意，这些问题的答案是在任何数据库里都查询不到的，因为它们尚不存在，需要被计算出来才行。这就是我们数据科学家从事的工作。 + +在这篇文章中你会学习如何将 Fedora 系统打造成数据科学家的开发环境和生产系统。其中大多数基本软件都有 RPM 软件包，但是最先进的组件目前只能通过 Python 的 **pip** 工具安装。 + +### Jupyter IDE + +大多数现代数据科学家使用 Python 工作。他们工作中很重要的一部分是 探索性数据分析Exploratory Data Analysis（EDA）。EDA 是一种手动进行的、交互性的过程，包括提取数据、探索数据特征、寻找相关性、通过绘制图形进行数据可视化并理解数据的分布特征，以及实现简易的预测模型。 + +Jupyter 是能够完美胜任该工作的一个 web 应用。Jupyter 使用的 Notebook 文件支持丰富的文本，包括渲染精美的数学公式（得益于 [mathjax][2]）、代码块和代码输出（包括图形输出）。 + +Notebook 文件的后缀是 **.ipynb**，意思是“交互式 Python Notebook”。 + +#### 搭建并运行 Jupyter + +首先，[使用 sudo][3] 安装 Jupyter 核心软件包： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install python3-notebook mathjax sscg +``` +你或许需要安装数据科学家常用的一些附加可选模块： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install python3-seaborn python3-lxml python3-basemap python3-scikit-image python3-scikit-learn python3-sympy python3-dask+dataframe python3-nltk +``` + +设置一个用来登陆 Notebook 的 web 界面的密码，从而避免使用冗长的令牌。你可以在终端里任何一个位置运行下面的命令： + +``` +$ mkdir -p $HOME/.jupyter +$ jupyter notebook password +``` + +然后输入你的密码，这时会自动创建 ** $HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json ** 这个文件，包含了你的密码的加密后版本。 + +接下来，通过使用 SSLby 为 Jupyter 的 web 服务器生成一个自签名的 HTTPS 证书： + +``` +$ cd $HOME/.jupyter; sscg +``` + +配置 Jupyter 的最后一步是编辑 **$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json** 这个文件。按照下面的模版编辑该文件： + +``` +{ + "NotebookApp": { + "password": "sha1:abf58...87b", + "ip": "*", + "allow_origin": "*", + "allow_remote_access": true, + "open_browser": false, + "websocket_compression_options": {}, + "certfile": "/home/aviram/.jupyter/service.pem", + "keyfile": "/home/aviram/.jupyter/service-key.pem", + "notebook_dir": "/home/aviram/Notebooks" + } +} +``` + +红色的部分应该替换为你的文件夹。蓝色的部分在你创建完密码之后就已经自动生成了。绿色的部分是 **sscg** 生成的和加密相关的文件。 + +接下来创建一个用来存放 notebook 文件的文件夹，应该和上面配置里 **notebook_dir** 一致： + +``` +$ mkdir $HOME/Notebooks +``` + +你已经完成了配置。现在可以在系统里的任何一个地方通过以下命令启动 Jupyter Notebook： + +``` +$ jupyter notebook +``` + +或者是将下面这行代码添加到 **$HOME/.bashrc** 文件，创建一个叫做 **jn** 的快捷命令： + +``` +alias jn='jupyter notebook' +``` + +运行 **jn** 命令之后，你可以通过网络内部的任何一个浏览器访问 **** （LCTT 译注：将域名替换为服务器的域名），就可以看到 Jupyter 的用户界面了，需要使用前面设置的密码登录。你可以尝试键入一些 Python 代码和标记文本，看起来会像下面这样： + +![Jupyter with a simple notebook][4] + +除了 IPython 环境，安装过程还会生成一个由 **terminado** 提供的基于 web 的 Unix 终端。有人觉得这很实用，也有人觉得这样不是很安全。你可以在配置文件里禁用这个功能。 + +### JupyterLab — 下一代 Jupyter + +JupyterLab 是下一代的 Jupyter，拥有更好的用户界面和对工作空间更强的操控性。在写这篇文章的时候 JupyterLab 还没有可用的 RPM 软件包，但是你可以使用 **pip** 轻松完成安装： + +``` +$ pip3 install jupyterlab --user +$ jupyter serverextension enable --py jupyterlab +``` + +然后运行 **jupiter notebook** 命令或者 **jn** 快捷命令。访问 **** LCTT 译注：将域名替换为服务器的域名）就可以使用 JupyterLab 了。 + +### 数据科学家使用的工具 + +在下面这一节里，你将会了解到数据科学家使用的一些工具及其安装方法。除非另作说明，这些工具应该已经有 Fedora 软件包版本，并且已经作为前面组件所需要的软件包而被安装了。 + +#### **Numpy** + +**Numpy** 是一个针对 C 语言优化过的高级库，用来处理内存里的大型数据集。它支持高级多维矩阵及其运算，并且包含了 log()、exp()、三角函数等数学函数。 + +#### Pandas + +在我看来，正是 Pandas 成就了 Python 作为数据科学首选平台的地位。Pandas 构建在 numpy 之上，可以让数据准备和数据呈现工作变得简单很多。你可以把它想象成一个没有用户界面的电子表格程序，但是能够处理的数据集要大得多。Pandas 支持从 SQL 数据库或者 CSV 等格式的文件中提取数据、按列或者按行进行操作、数据筛选，以及通过 matplotlib 实现数据可视化的一部分功能。 + +#### Matplotlib + +Matplotlib 是一个用来绘制 2D 和 3D 数据图像的库，在图象注解、标签和叠加层方面都提供了相当不错的支持。 + +![matplotlib pair of graphics showing a cost function searching its optimal value through a gradient descent algorithm][5] + +#### Seaborn + +Seaborn 构建在 matplotlib 之上，它的绘图功能经过了优化，更加适合数据的统计学研究，比如说可以自动显示所绘制数据的近似回归线或者正态分布曲线。 + +![Linear regression visualised with SeaBorn][6] + +#### [StatsModels][7] + +StatsModels 为统计学和经济计量学的数据分析问题（例如线形回归和逻辑回归）提供算法支持，同时提供经典的 [时间序列算法][8] 家族：ARIMA。 + +![Normalized number of passengers across time \(blue\) and ARIMA-predicted number of passengers \(red\)][9] + +#### Scikit-learn + +作为机器学习生态系统的核心部件，[scikit][10] 为不同类型的问题提供预测算法，包括 [回归问题][11]（算法包括 Elasticnet、Gradient Boosting、随机森林等等）、[分类问题][11] 和聚类问题（算法包括 K-means 和 DBSCAN 等等），并且拥有设计精良的 API。Scikit 还定义了一些专门的 Python 类，用来支持数据操作的高级技巧，比如将数据集拆分为训练集和测试集、降维算法、数据准备管道流程等等。 + +#### XGBoost + +XGBoost 是目前可以使用的最先进的回归器和分类器。它并不是 scikit-learn 的一部分，但是却遵循了 scikit 的 API。[XGBoost][12] 并没有针对 Fedora 的软件包，但可以使用 pip 安装。[使用英伟达显卡可以提升 XGBoost 算法的性能][13]，但是这并不能通过 **pip** 软件包来实现。如果你希望使用这个功能，可以针对 CUDA （LCTT 译注：英伟达开发的并行计算平台）自己进行编译。使用下面这个命令安装 XGBoost： + +``` +$ pip3 install xgboost --user +``` + +#### Imbalanced Learn + +[imbalanced-learn][14] 是一个解决数据欠采样和过采样问题的工具。比如在反欺诈问题中，欺诈数据相对于正常数据来说数量非常小，这个时候就需要对欺诈数据进行数据增强，从而让预测器能够更好地适应数据集。使用 **pip** 安装： + +``` +$ pip3 install imblearn --user +``` + +#### NLTK + +[Natural Language toolkit][15]（简称 NLTK）是一个处理人类语言数据的工具，举例来说，它可以被用来开发一个聊天机器人。 + + +#### SHAP + +机器学习算法拥有强大的预测能力，但并不能够很好地解释为什么做出这样或那样的预测。[SHAP][16] 可以通过分析训练后的模型来解决这个问题。 + +![Where SHAP fits into the data analysis process][17] + +使用 **pip** 安装： + +``` +$ pip3 install shap --user +``` + +#### [Keras][18] + +Keras 是一个深度学习和神经网络模型的库，使用 **pip** 安装： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install python3-h5py +$ pip3 install keras --user +``` + +#### [TensorFlow][19] + +TensorFlow 是一个非常流行的神经网络模型搭建工具，使用 **pip** 安装： + +``` +$ pip3 install tensorflow --user +``` + +* * * + +_Photo courtesy of [FolsomNatural][20] on [Flickr][21] (CC BY-SA 2.0)._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/ + +作者：[Avi Alkalay][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/jupyter-816x345.jpg +[2]: http://mathjax.org +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ +[4]: https://avi.alkalay.net/articlefiles/2018/07/jupyter-fedora.png +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/gradient-descent-cost-function-optimization.png +[6]: https://seaborn.pydata.org/_images/regression_marginals.png +[7]: https://www.statsmodels.org/ +[8]: https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/examples/index.html#stats +[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/time-series.png +[10]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/ +[11]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/supervised_learning.html#supervised-learning +[12]: https://xgboost.ai +[13]: https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gpu/index.html +[14]: https://imbalanced-learn.readthedocs.io +[15]: https://www.nltk.org +[16]: https://github.com/slundberg/shap +[17]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/slundberg/shap/master/docs/artwork/shap_diagram.png +[18]: https://keras.io +[19]: https://www.tensorflow.org +[20]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/87249144@N08/ +[21]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/87249144@N08/45871861611/ From dbc42f83f99989785e017f0826d42f8a73a1d0da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yuping Zhang Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 16:56:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0717/1265] Translating by PandaWizard --- sources/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md b/sources/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md index 007f8f0c76..693a583a6b 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md +++ b/sources/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (PandaWizard ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 15f33195f2459bbeb69609f567b3479592425304 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "qfzy1233@163.com" Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 16:59:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0718/1265] Update 20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md --- ...Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 37 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md index f5342383bc..d2201433fe 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md +++ b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -7,44 +7,45 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/zorin-os-15-release/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release +随着 Zorin 15 的发布，Zorin OS 变得更为强大 ====== -Zorin OS has always been known as one of the [beginner-focused Linux distros][1] out there. Yes, it may not be the most popular – but it sure is a good distribution specially for Windows migrants. +长久以来 Zorin OS 一直在 [初学者适用的Linux发行版排行][1] 中占有一席之地。的确，它可能不是最受欢迎的，但是对于从 Windows 阵营转向 Linux 的用户而言，它一定是最好的一个发行版。 -A few years back, I remember, a friend of mine always insisted me to install [Zorin OS][2]. Personally, I didn’t like the UI back then. But, now that Zorin OS 15 is here – I have more reasons to get it installed as my primary OS. +我还记得，在几年前，我的一位朋友一直坚持让我安装[Zorin OS][2]。就我个人而言，当时我并不喜欢它的 UI 风格。但是，现如今 Zorin OS 15 发布了，这也让我有了更多的理由安装并将它作为我日常的操作系统。 +不要担心，在这篇文章里，我会向你介绍你所需要了解的一切。 Fret not, in this article, we’ll talk about everything that you need to know. -### New Features in Zorin 15 +### Zorin 15 中的新特性 -Let’s see the major changes in the latest release of Zorin. Zorin 15 is based on Ubuntu 18.04.2 and thus it brings the performance improvement under the hood. Other than that, there are several UI (User Interface) improvements. +让我们来看一下最新版本的 Zorin 有哪些主要的改变。Zorin 15 以 Ubuntu 18.04.2 为底层，因此带来了许多性能上的提升。除此之外，也有许多的 UI (用户界面)得到了改进。 #### Zorin Connect ![Zorin Connect][3] -Zorin OS 15’s main highlight is – Zorin Connect. If you have an Android device, you are in for a treat. Similar to [PushBullet][4], [Zorin Connect][5] integrates your phone with the desktop experience. +Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 - Zorin Connect。如果你使用的是安卓设备，那你一定会喜欢这一功能。类似于[PushBullet][4]（LCTT译注：PushBullet-子弹推送，一款跨平台推送工具），[Zorin Connect][5]会提升你的手机和桌面一体化的体验。 -You get to sync your smartphone’s notifications on your desktop while also being able to reply to it. Heck, you can also reply to the SMS messages and view those conversations. +你可以在桌面上同步智能手机的通知，同时还可以回复它。最要命的是，你甚至可以回复短信并查看这部分对话。 -In addition to these, you get the following abilities: +总的来说，你可以体验到以下功能： - * Share files and web links between devices - * Use your phone as a remote control for your computer - * Control media playback on your computer from your phone, and pause playback automatically when a phone call arrives + * 在设备间分享文件或链接 + * 将你的手机作为电脑的遥控器 + * 使用手机控制电脑上媒体的播放，并且当有来电接入时自动停止播放 -As mentioned in their [official announcement post][6], the data transmission will be on your local network and no data will be transmitted to the cloud. To access Zorin Connect, navigate your way through – Zorin menu > System Tools > Zorin Connect. +正如他们在[官方公告][6]中提到的, 数据的传输仅限于本地网络之间，并且不会有数据被上传到云端服务器。通过以下操作体验 Zorin Connect ，找到 – Zorin menu （Zorin 菜单） > System Tools （系统工具） > Zorin Connect。 -[Get ZORIN CONNECT ON PLAY STORE][5] +[在手机应用商店中获取 ZORIN CONNECT][5] -#### New Desktop Theme (with dark mode!) +#### 新的桌面主题(包含夜间模式!) -![Zorin Dark Mode][7] +![Zorin 夜间模式][7] -I’m all in when someone mentions “Dark Mode” or “Dark Theme”. For me, this is the best thing that comes baked in with Zorin OS 15. +一提到 “夜间模式” 时我就毫无抵抗力。对我而言，这是Zorin OS 15 自带的最好的功能。 [][8] @@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ It’s so pleasing to my eyes when I enable the dark mode on anything, you with Not just a dark theme, the UI is a lot cleaner and intuitive with subtle new animations. You can find all the settings from the Zorin Appearance app built-in. -#### Adaptive Background & Night Light +#### 自适应背景调整 & Dark Light You get an option to let the background adapt according to the brightness of the environment every hour of the day. Also, you can find the night mode if you don’t want the blue light to stress your eyes. @@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ Yes! Other major changes include the support for Flatpak, a touch layout for con If you want the detailed list of changes along with the minor improvements, you can follow the [announcement post][6]. If you are already a Zorin user, you would notice that they have refreshed their website with a new look as well. -### Download Zorin OS 15 +### 下载 Zorin OS 15 **Note** : _Direct upgrades from Zorin OS 12 to 15 – without needing to re-install the operating system – will be available later this year._ From 529abd5c64c3a50d6458fa2e5b58da36e900802b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yuping Zhang Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 17:02:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0719/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=9D=E6=AD=A5=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md | 85 ------------------- translated/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md | 85 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md b/sources/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md deleted file mode 100644 index 693a583a6b..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,85 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (PandaWizard ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (What is DevSecOps?) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-devsecops) -[#]: author: (Brett Hunoldt https://opensource.com/users/bretthunoldtcom) - -What is DevSecOps? -====== -The journey to DevSecOps begins with empowerment, enablement, and education. Here's how to get started. -![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/devop.png?itok=Yicb2nnZ) - -> “DevSecOps enables organizations to deliver inherently secure software at DevOps speed.” -Stefan Streichsbier - -DevSecOps as a practice or an art form is an evolution on the concept of DevOps. To better understand DevSecOps, you should first have an understanding of what DevOps means. - -DevOps was born from merging the practices of development and operations, removing the silos, aligning the focus, and improving efficiency and performance of both the teams and the product. A new synergy was formed, with DevOps focused on building products and services that are easy to maintain and that automate typical operations functions. - -Security is a common silo in many organizations. Security’s core focus is protecting the organization, and sometimes this means creating barriers or policies that slow down the execution of new services or products to ensure that everything is well understood and done safely and that nothing introduces unnecessary risk to the organization. - -**[[Download the Getting started with DevSecOps guide]][1]** - -Because of the distinct nature of the security silo and the friction it can introduce, development and operations sometimes bypass or work around security to meet their objectives. At some firms, the silo creates an expectation that security is entirely the responsibility of the security team and it is up to them to figure out what security defects or issues may be introduced as a result of a product. - -DevSecOps looks at merging the security discipline within DevOps. By enhancing or building security into the developer and/or operational role, or including a security role within the product engineering team, security naturally finds itself in the product by design. - -This allows companies to release new products and updates more quickly and with full confidence that security is embedded into the product. - -### Where does rugged software fit into DevSecOps? - -Building rugged software is more an aspect of the DevOps culture than a distinct practice, and it complements and enhances a DevSecOps practice. Think of a rugged product as something that has been battle-hardened through experimentation or experience. - -It’s important to note that rugged software is not necessarily 100% secure (although it may have been at some point in time). However, it has been designed to handle most of what is thrown at it. - -The key tenets of a rugged software practice are fostering competition, experimentation, controlled failure, and cooperation. - -### How do you get started in DevSecOps? - -Gettings started with DevSecOps involves shifting security requirements and execution to the earliest possible stage in the development process. It ultimately creates a shift in culture where security becomes everyone’s responsibility, not only the security team’s. - -You may have heard teams talking about a "shift left." If you flatten the development pipeline into a horizontal line to include the key stages of the product evolution—from initiation to design, building, testing, and finally to operating—the goal of a security is to be involved as early as possible. This allows the risks to be better evaluated, socialized, and mitigated by design. The "shift-left" mentality is about moving this engagement far left in this pipeline. - -This journey begins with three key elements: - - * empowerment - * enablement - * education - - - -Empowerment, in my view, is about releasing control and allowing teams to make independent decisions without fear of failure or repercussion (within reason). The only caveat in this process is that information is critical to making informed decisions (more on that below). - -To achieve empowerment, business and executive support (which can be created through internal sales, presentations, and establishing metrics to show the return on this investment) is critical to break down the historic barriers and siloed teams. Integrating security into the development and operations teams and increasing both communication and transparency can help you begin the journey to DevSecOps. - -This integration and mobilization allows teams to focus on a single outcome: Building a product for which they share responsibility and collaborate on development and security in a reliable way. This will take you most of the way towards empowerment. It places the shared responsibility for the product with the teams building it and ensures that any part of the product can be taken apart and maintain its security. - -Enablement involves placing the right tools and resources in the hands of the teams. It’s about creating a culture of knowledge-sharing through forums, wikis, and informal gatherings. - -Creating a culture that focuses on automation and the concept that repetitive tasks should be coded will likely reduce operational overhead and strengthen security. This scenario is about more than providing knowledge; it is about making this knowledge highly accessible through multiple channels and mediums (which are enabled through tools) so that it can be consumed and shared in whatever way teams or individuals prefer. One medium might work best when team members are coding and another when they are on the road. Make the tools accessible and simple and let the team play with them. - -Different DevSecOp teams will have different preferences, so allow them to be independent whenever possible. This is a delicate balancing exercise because you do want economies of scale and the ability to share among products. Collaboration and involvement in the selection and renewal of these tools will help lower the barriers of adoption. - -Finally, and perhaps most importantly, DevSecOps is about training and awareness building. Meetups, social gatherings, or formal presentations within the organization are great ways for peers to teach and share their learnings. Sometimes these highlight shared challenges, concerns, or risks others may not have considered. Sharing and teaching are also effective ways to learn and to mentor teams. - -In my experience, each organization's culture is unique, so you can’t take a “one-size-fits-all” approach. Reach out to your teams and find out what tools they want to use. Test different forums and gatherings and see what works best for your culture. Seek feedback and ask the teams what is working, what they like, and why. Adapt and learn, be positive, and never stop trying, and you’ll almost always succeed. - -[Download the Getting started with DevSecOps guide][1] - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-devsecops - -作者：[Brett Hunoldt][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bretthunoldtcom -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/downloads/devsecops diff --git a/translated/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md b/translated/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8d82d68cc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (PandaWizard) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (What is DevSecOps?) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-devsecops) +[#]: author: (Brett Hunoldt https://opensource.com/users/bretthunoldtcom) + +什么是 DevSecOps？ +====== +DevSecOps 的实践之旅开始于 DevSecOps 授权，启用和培养。下面就介绍如何开始学习使用 DevSecOps。 +![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/devop.png?itok=Yicb2nnZ) + +> Stephen Streichsbier 说过： DevSecOps 使得组织可以用 DevOps 的速度发布内在安全的软件。 + +DevSecOps 是一场关于 DevOps 概念实践或艺术形式的变革。为了更好理解 DevSecOps，你应该首先理解 DevOps 的含义。 + +DevOps 起源于通过合并开发和运维实践，消除隔离，统一关注点，提升团队和产品的效率和性能。它是一种注重构建容易维持和易于平常自动运营维护产品和服务的新型协作方式。 + +安全在很多团队中都是常见的隔离点。安全的核心关注点是保护团队，而有时这也意味着生成延缓新服务或是新产品发布的障碍或是策略，用于保障任何事都能被很好的理解和安全的执行，并且没有给团队带来不必要的风险。 + +**[[点击下载 DevSecOps 的引导手册]][1]** + +因为安全方面的明显特征和它可能带来的摩擦，开发和运维有时会避开或是满足客观的安全要求。在一些公司，这种隔离形成了一种产品安全完全是安全团队责任的期望，并取决于安全团队去寻找产品的安全缺陷或是可能带来的问题。 + +DevSecOps 看起来是通过给开发或是运维角色加强或是建立安全意识，或是在产品团队中引入一个安全工程师角色，在产品设计中找到安全问题，从而把安全要求汇聚在 Devops 中。 + +这样使得公司能更快发布和更新产品，并且充分相信安全已经嵌入产品中。 + +### 坚固的软件哪里适用 DevSecOps？ + +建造坚固的软件是 DevOps 文化的一个层面而不是一个特别的实践，它完善和增强了 DevSecops 的实践。想想一款坚固的软件就像是某些经历过残酷战斗过程的事物。 + +有必要指出坚固的软件并不是 100% 安全可靠的（虽然它可能最终是在某些方面）。然而，它被设计成可以处理大部分被抛过来的问题。 + +践行坚固软件最重要的原则是促进竞争，实践，可控的失败与合作。 + +### 你如何开始学习 DevSecOps ？ + +开始实践 DevSecOps 涉及提升安全需求和在开发过程中最早期可能的阶段实践。它最终在公司文化上提升了安全的重要性，使得安全成为所有人的责任，而并不只是安全团队的责任。 + +你可能在团队中听说过“左上升”这个词，如果你把开发周期包括产品变革的的关键时期线放平在一条横线上，从初始化到设计，建造，测试以及最终的运行。安全的目的就是今早的参与进来。这使得风险可以在设计中能更好的评估、交流和减轻。“左提升”的含义是指促使安全能在开发周期线上更往左走。 + +这篇入门文章有三个关键要素： + + * 授权 + * 启用 + * 培养 + + + +授权，在我看来，是关于释放控制权以及使得团队做出独立决定而不用害怕失败或影响（理性分析）。这个过程的唯一告诫信息就是要严格的做出明智的决定（不要比这更低要求）。 + +为了实现授权，商务和行政支持（通过内部销售，展示来建立，通过建立矩阵来 展示这项投资的回报）是打破历史障碍和分割的团队的关键。合并安全人员到开发和运维团队中，提升交流和透明度透明度有助于 DevSecOps 的开始之旅。 + +这次整合和移动使得团队只关注单一的结果：打造一个他们共同负责的产品，让开发和安全人员相互依赖合作。这将引领你们共同走向授权。这是产品研发团队的共同责任，并保证每个可分割的产品都保持其安全性。 + +启用涉及正确的使用掌握在团队手中的工具和资源。这是准备建立一种通过论坛、维基、信息聚合的知识分享文化。 + +打造一种注重自动化、重复任务应该编码来尽可能减少以后的操作并增强安全性。这种场景不仅仅是提供知识，而是让这种知识能够通过多种渠道和媒介（通过某些工具）可获取，以便它可以被团队或是个人以他喜欢的方式去消化和分享。一种工具可以更好的实现当团队成员正在编码而另一组成员正在来的路上。让工具简单可用和让团队可以使用它们。 + +不同的 DevSecOps 团队有不同的喜好，因此允许它们尽可能的保持独立。这是一种微笑平衡的练习，因为你真的很想在经济规模和能力中分享产品。在选择中协作参与并更新工具方法有助于减少使用中的障碍。 + +最后，也可能是最重要的， DevSecOps 是有关训练和兴趣打造。聚会、社交或是组织中通常的报告会都是很棒的方式让同事们教学和分享他们的知识。有时，这些高光的被分享的挑战、关注点或是一些其他人没有关注到的风险。分享和教学也是一种高效的学习和指导团队的方法。 + +在我个人经验中，每个团队的文化都是独一无二的，因此你不能用“一种尺寸适合所有”的方法。走进你的团队并找到他们想要使用的工具方法。尝试不同的论坛和聚会并找出最适用于你们文化的方式。寻找反馈并询问团队如何工作，他们喜欢什么以及对应的原因。适应和学习，保持乐观，不要停止尝试，你们将会有所收获。 + +[下载 DevSecOps 的入门手册][1] + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-devsecops + +作者：[Brett Hunoldt][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[PandaWizard](https://github.com/PandaWizard) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bretthunoldtcom +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/downloads/devsecops From 2c257c89fe86f9cdb77e554f228bf309ac3f8bc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 17:42:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0720/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; 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charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md | 246 ------------------ ...0702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md | 244 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 244 insertions(+), 246 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md b/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md deleted file mode 100644 index a80c3b462f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,246 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Jupyter and data science in Fedora) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/) -[#]: author: (Avi Alkalay https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/) - -Jupyter and data science in Fedora -====== - -![][1] - -In the past, kings and leaders used oracles and magicians to help them predict the future — or at least get some good advice due to their supposed power to perceive hidden information. Nowadays, we live in a society obsessed with quantifying everything. So we have data scientists to do this job. - -Data scientists use statistical models, numerical techniques and advanced algorithms that didn’t come from statistical disciplines, along with the data that exist on databases, to find, to infer, to predict data that doesn’t exist yet. Sometimes this data is about the future. That is why we do a lot of predictive analytics and prescriptive analytics. - -Here are some questions to which data scientists help find answers: - - 1. Who are the students with high propensity to abandon the class? For each one, what are the reasons for leaving? - 2. Which house has a price above or below the fair price? What is the fair price for a certain house? - 3. What are the hidden groups that my clients classify themselves? - 4. Which future problems this premature child will develop? - 5. How many calls will I get in my call center tomorrow 11:43 AM? - 6. My bank should or should not lend money to this customer? - - - -Note how the answer to all these question is not sitting in any database waiting to be queried. These are all data that still doesn’t exist and has to be calculated. That is part of the job we data scientists do. - -Throughout this article you’ll learn how to prepare a Fedora system as a Data Scientist’s development environment and also a production system. Most of the basic software is RPM-packaged, but the most advanced parts can only be installed, nowadays, with Python’s _pip_ tool. - -### Jupyter — the IDE - -Most modern data scientists use Python. And an important part of their work is EDA (exploratory data analysis). EDA is a manual and interactive process that retrieves data, explores its features, searches for correlations, and uses plotted graphics to visualize and understand how data is shaped and prototypes predictive models. - -Jupyter is a web application perfect for this task. Jupyter works with Notebooks, documents that mix rich text including beautifully rendered math formulas (thanks to [mathjax][2]), blocks of code and code output, including graphics. - -Notebook files have extension _.ipynb_, which means Interactive Python Notebook. - -#### Setting up and running Jupyter - -First, install essential packages for Jupyter ([using][3] _[sudo][3]_): - -``` -$ sudo dnf install python3-notebook mathjax sscg -``` - -You might want to install additional and optional Python modules commonly used by data scientists: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install python3-seaborn python3-lxml python3-basemap python3-scikit-image python3-scikit-learn python3-sympy python3-dask+dataframe python3-nltk -``` - -Set a password to log into Notebook web interface and avoid those long tokens. Run the following command anywhere on your terminal: - -``` -$ mkdir -p $HOME/.jupyter -$ jupyter notebook password -``` - -Now, type a password for yourself. This will create the file _$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json_ with your encrypted password. - -Next, prepare for SSLby generating a self-signed HTTPS certificate for Jupyter’s web server: - -``` -$ cd $HOME/.jupyter; sscg -``` - -Finish configuring Jupyter by editing your _$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json_ file. Make it look like this: - -``` -{ - "NotebookApp": { - "password": "sha1:abf58...87b", - "ip": "*", - "allow_origin": "*", - "allow_remote_access": true, - "open_browser": false, - "websocket_compression_options": {}, - "certfile": "/home/aviram/.jupyter/service.pem", - "keyfile": "/home/aviram/.jupyter/service-key.pem", - "notebook_dir": "/home/aviram/Notebooks" - } -} -``` - -The parts in red must be changed to match your folders. Parts in blue were already there after you created your password. Parts in green are the crypto-related files generated by _sscg_. - -Create a folder for your notebook files, as configured in the _notebook_dir_ setting above: - -``` -$ mkdir $HOME/Notebooks -``` - -Now you are all set. Just run Jupyter Notebook from anywhere on your system by typing: - -``` -$ jupyter notebook -``` - -Or add this line to your _$HOME/.bashrc_ file to create a shortcut command called _jn_: - -``` -alias jn='jupyter notebook' -``` - -After running the command _jn_, access __ from any browser on the network to see the Jupyter user interface. You’ll need to use the password you set up earlier. Start typing some Python code and markup text. This is how it looks: - -![Jupyter with a simple notebook][4] - -In addition to the IPython environment, you’ll also get a web-based Unix terminal provided by _terminado_. Some people might find this useful, while others find this insecure. You can disable this feature in the config file. - -### JupyterLab — the next generation of Jupyter - -JupyterLab is the next generation of Jupyter, with a better interface and more control over your workspace. It’s currently not RPM-packaged for Fedora at the time of writing, but you can use _pip_ to get it installed easily: - -``` -$ pip3 install jupyterlab --user -$ jupyter serverextension enable --py jupyterlab -``` - -Then run your regular _jupiter notebook_ command or _jn_ alias. JupyterLab will be accessible from __**. - -### Tools used by data scientists - -In this section you can get to know some of these tools, and how to install them. Unless noted otherwise, the module is already packaged for Fedora and was installed as prerequisites for previous components. - -#### **Numpy** - -_Numpy_ is an advanced and C-optimized math library designed to work with large in-memory datasets. It provides advanced multidimensional matrix support and operations, including math functions as log(), exp(), trigonometry etc. - -#### Pandas - -In this author’s opinion, Python is THE platform for data science mostly because of Pandas. Built on top of numpy, Pandas makes easy the work of preparing and displaying data. You can think of it as a no-UI spreadsheet, but ready to work with much larger datasets. Pandas helps with data retrieval from a SQL database, CSV or other types of files, columns and rows manipulation, data filtering and, to some extent, data visualization with matplotlib. - -#### Matplotlib - -Matplotlib is a library to plot 2D and 3D data. It has great support for notations in graphics, labels and overlays - -![matplotlib pair of graphics showing a cost function searching its optimal value through a gradient descent algorithm][5] - -#### Seaborn - -Built on top of matplotlib, Seaborn’s graphics are optimized for a more statistical comprehension of data. It automatically displays regression lines or Gauss curve approximations of plotted data. - -![Linear regression visualised with SeaBorn][6] - -#### [StatsModels][7] - -StatsModels provides algorithms for statistical and econometrics data analysis such as linear and logistic regressions. Statsmodel is also home for the classical family of [time series algorithms][8] known as ARIMA. - -![Normalized number of passengers across time \(blue\) and ARIMA-predicted number of passengers \(red\)][9] - -#### Scikit-learn - -The central piece of the machine-learning ecosystem, [scikit][10] provides predictor algorithms for [regression][11] (Elasticnet, Gradient Boosting, Random Forest etc) and [classification][11] and clustering (K-means, DBSCAN etc). It features a very well designed API. Scikit also has classes for advanced data manipulation, dataset split into train and test parts, dimensionality reduction and data pipeline preparation. - -#### XGBoost - -XGBoost is the most advanced regressor and classifier used nowadays. It’s not part of scikit-learn, but it adheres to scikit’s API. [XGBoost][12] is not packaged for Fedora and should be installed with pip. [XGBoost can be accelerated with your nVidia GPU][13], but not through its _pip_ package. You can get this if you compile it yourself against CUDA. Get it with: - -``` -$ pip3 install xgboost --user -``` - -#### Imbalanced Learn - -[imbalanced-learn][14] provides ways for under-sampling and over-sampling data. It is useful in fraud detection scenarios where known fraud data is very small when compared to non-fraud data. In these cases data augmentation is needed for the known fraud data, to make it more relevant to train predictors. Install it with _pip_: - -``` -$ pip3 install imblearn --user -``` - -#### NLTK - -The [Natural Language toolkit][15], or NLTK, helps you work with human language data for the purpose of building chatbots (just to cite an example). - -#### SHAP - -Machine learning algorithms are very good on predicting, but aren’t good at explaining why they made a prediction. [SHAP][16] solves that, by analyzing trained models. - -![Where SHAP fits into the data analysis process][17] - -Install it with _pip_: - -``` -$ pip3 install shap --user -``` - -#### [Keras][18] - -Keras is a library for deep learning and neural networks. Install it with _pip_: - -``` -$ sudo dnf install python3-h5py -$ pip3 install keras --user -``` - -#### [TensorFlow][19] - -TensorFlow is a popular neural networks builder. Install it with _pip_: - -``` -$ pip3 install tensorflow --user -``` - -* * * - -_Photo courtesy of [FolsomNatural][20] on [Flickr][21] (CC BY-SA 2.0)._ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/ - -作者：[Avi Alkalay][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/jupyter-816x345.jpg -[2]: http://mathjax.org -[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ -[4]: https://avi.alkalay.net/articlefiles/2018/07/jupyter-fedora.png -[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/gradient-descent-cost-function-optimization.png -[6]: https://seaborn.pydata.org/_images/regression_marginals.png -[7]: https://www.statsmodels.org/ -[8]: https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/examples/index.html#stats -[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/time-series.png -[10]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/ -[11]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/supervised_learning.html#supervised-learning -[12]: https://xgboost.ai -[13]: https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gpu/index.html -[14]: https://imbalanced-learn.readthedocs.io -[15]: https://www.nltk.org -[16]: https://github.com/slundberg/shap -[17]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/slundberg/shap/master/docs/artwork/shap_diagram.png -[18]: https://keras.io -[19]: https://www.tensorflow.org -[20]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/87249144@N08/ -[21]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/87249144@N08/45871861611/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3956ad9a09 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Jupyter and data science in Fedora) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/) +[#]: author: (Avi Alkalay https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/) + +在 Fedora 上搭建 Jupyter 和数据科学环境 +====== + +![][1] + +在过去，神谕和魔法师被认为拥有发现奥秘的力量，国王和统治者们会借助他们预测未来，或者至少是听取一些建议。如今我们生活在一个痴迷于将一切事情量化的社会里，这份工作就交给数据科学家了。 + +数据科学家通过使用统计模型、数值分析，以及统计学之外的高级算法，结合数据库里已经存在的数据，去发掘、推断和预测尚不存在的数据（有时是关于未来的数据）。这就是为什么我们要做这么多的预测分析和规划分析。 + +下面是一些可以借助数据科学家回答的问题： + + 1. 哪些学生有旷课倾向？每个人旷课的原因分别是什么？ + 2. 哪栋房子的售价比合理价格要高或者低？一栋房子的合理价格是多少？ + 3. 如何将我们的客户按照潜在的特质进行分组？ + 4. 这个孩子的早熟可能会在未来引发什么问题？ + 5. 我们的呼叫中心在明天早上 11 点 43 分会接收到多少次呼叫？ + 6. 我们的银行是否应该向这位客户发放贷款？ + +请注意，这些问题的答案是在任何数据库里都查询不到的，因为它们尚不存在，需要被计算出来才行。这就是我们数据科学家从事的工作。 + +在这篇文章中你会学习如何将 Fedora 系统打造成数据科学家的开发环境和生产系统。其中大多数基本软件都有 RPM 软件包，但是最先进的组件目前只能通过 Python 的 **pip** 工具安装。 + +### Jupyter IDE + +大多数现代数据科学家使用 Python 工作。他们工作中很重要的一部分是 探索性数据分析Exploratory Data Analysis（EDA）。EDA 是一种手动进行的、交互性的过程，包括提取数据、探索数据特征、寻找相关性、通过绘制图形进行数据可视化并理解数据的分布特征，以及实现简易的预测模型。 + +Jupyter 是能够完美胜任该工作的一个 web 应用。Jupyter 使用的 Notebook 文件支持丰富的文本，包括渲染精美的数学公式（得益于 [mathjax][2]）、代码块和代码输出（包括图形输出）。 + +Notebook 文件的后缀是 **.ipynb**，意思是“交互式 Python Notebook”。 + +#### 搭建并运行 Jupyter + +首先，[使用 sudo][3] 安装 Jupyter 核心软件包： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install python3-notebook mathjax sscg +``` +你或许需要安装数据科学家常用的一些附加可选模块： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install python3-seaborn python3-lxml python3-basemap python3-scikit-image python3-scikit-learn python3-sympy python3-dask+dataframe python3-nltk +``` + +设置一个用来登陆 Notebook 的 web 界面的密码，从而避免使用冗长的令牌。你可以在终端里任何一个位置运行下面的命令： + +``` +$ mkdir -p $HOME/.jupyter +$ jupyter notebook password +``` + +然后输入你的密码，这时会自动创建 ** $HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json ** 这个文件，包含了你的密码的加密后版本。 + +接下来，通过使用 SSLby 为 Jupyter 的 web 服务器生成一个自签名的 HTTPS 证书： + +``` +$ cd $HOME/.jupyter; sscg +``` + +配置 Jupyter 的最后一步是编辑 **$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json** 这个文件。按照下面的模版编辑该文件： + +``` +{ + "NotebookApp": { + "password": "sha1:abf58...87b", + "ip": "*", + "allow_origin": "*", + "allow_remote_access": true, + "open_browser": false, + "websocket_compression_options": {}, + "certfile": "/home/aviram/.jupyter/service.pem", + "keyfile": "/home/aviram/.jupyter/service-key.pem", + "notebook_dir": "/home/aviram/Notebooks" + } +} +``` + +红色的部分应该替换为你的文件夹。蓝色的部分在你创建完密码之后就已经自动生成了。绿色的部分是 **sscg** 生成的和加密相关的文件。 + +接下来创建一个用来存放 notebook 文件的文件夹，应该和上面配置里 **notebook_dir** 一致： + +``` +$ mkdir $HOME/Notebooks +``` + +你已经完成了配置。现在可以在系统里的任何一个地方通过以下命令启动 Jupyter Notebook： + +``` +$ jupyter notebook +``` + +或者是将下面这行代码添加到 **$HOME/.bashrc** 文件，创建一个叫做 **jn** 的快捷命令： + +``` +alias jn='jupyter notebook' +``` + +运行 **jn** 命令之后，你可以通过网络内部的任何一个浏览器访问 **** （LCTT 译注：将域名替换为服务器的域名），就可以看到 Jupyter 的用户界面了，需要使用前面设置的密码登录。你可以尝试键入一些 Python 代码和标记文本，看起来会像下面这样： + +![Jupyter with a simple notebook][4] + +除了 IPython 环境，安装过程还会生成一个由 **terminado** 提供的基于 web 的 Unix 终端。有人觉得这很实用，也有人觉得这样不是很安全。你可以在配置文件里禁用这个功能。 + +### JupyterLab — 下一代 Jupyter + +JupyterLab 是下一代的 Jupyter，拥有更好的用户界面和对工作空间更强的操控性。在写这篇文章的时候 JupyterLab 还没有可用的 RPM 软件包，但是你可以使用 **pip** 轻松完成安装： + +``` +$ pip3 install jupyterlab --user +$ jupyter serverextension enable --py jupyterlab +``` + +然后运行 **jupiter notebook** 命令或者 **jn** 快捷命令。访问 **** LCTT 译注：将域名替换为服务器的域名）就可以使用 JupyterLab 了。 + +### 数据科学家使用的工具 + +在下面这一节里，你将会了解到数据科学家使用的一些工具及其安装方法。除非另作说明，这些工具应该已经有 Fedora 软件包版本，并且已经作为前面组件所需要的软件包而被安装了。 + +#### **Numpy** + +**Numpy** 是一个针对 C 语言优化过的高级库，用来处理内存里的大型数据集。它支持高级多维矩阵及其运算，并且包含了 log()、exp()、三角函数等数学函数。 + +#### Pandas + +在我看来，正是 Pandas 成就了 Python 作为数据科学首选平台的地位。Pandas 构建在 numpy 之上，可以让数据准备和数据呈现工作变得简单很多。你可以把它想象成一个没有用户界面的电子表格程序，但是能够处理的数据集要大得多。Pandas 支持从 SQL 数据库或者 CSV 等格式的文件中提取数据、按列或者按行进行操作、数据筛选，以及通过 matplotlib 实现数据可视化的一部分功能。 + +#### Matplotlib + +Matplotlib 是一个用来绘制 2D 和 3D 数据图像的库，在图象注解、标签和叠加层方面都提供了相当不错的支持。 + +![matplotlib pair of graphics showing a cost function searching its optimal value through a gradient descent algorithm][5] + +#### Seaborn + +Seaborn 构建在 matplotlib 之上，它的绘图功能经过了优化，更加适合数据的统计学研究，比如说可以自动显示所绘制数据的近似回归线或者正态分布曲线。 + +![Linear regression visualised with SeaBorn][6] + +#### [StatsModels][7] + +StatsModels 为统计学和经济计量学的数据分析问题（例如线形回归和逻辑回归）提供算法支持，同时提供经典的 [时间序列算法][8] 家族：ARIMA。 + +![Normalized number of passengers across time \(blue\) and ARIMA-predicted number of passengers \(red\)][9] + +#### Scikit-learn + +作为机器学习生态系统的核心部件，[scikit][10] 为不同类型的问题提供预测算法，包括 [回归问题][11]（算法包括 Elasticnet、Gradient Boosting、随机森林等等）、[分类问题][11] 和聚类问题（算法包括 K-means 和 DBSCAN 等等），并且拥有设计精良的 API。Scikit 还定义了一些专门的 Python 类，用来支持数据操作的高级技巧，比如将数据集拆分为训练集和测试集、降维算法、数据准备管道流程等等。 + +#### XGBoost + +XGBoost 是目前可以使用的最先进的回归器和分类器。它并不是 scikit-learn 的一部分，但是却遵循了 scikit 的 API。[XGBoost][12] 并没有针对 Fedora 的软件包，但可以使用 pip 安装。[使用英伟达显卡可以提升 XGBoost 算法的性能][13]，但是这并不能通过 **pip** 软件包来实现。如果你希望使用这个功能，可以针对 CUDA （LCTT 译注：英伟达开发的并行计算平台）自己进行编译。使用下面这个命令安装 XGBoost： + +``` +$ pip3 install xgboost --user +``` + +#### Imbalanced Learn + +[imbalanced-learn][14] 是一个解决数据欠采样和过采样问题的工具。比如在反欺诈问题中，欺诈数据相对于正常数据来说数量非常小，这个时候就需要对欺诈数据进行数据增强，从而让预测器能够更好地适应数据集。使用 **pip** 安装： + +``` +$ pip3 install imblearn --user +``` + +#### NLTK + +[Natural Language toolkit][15]（简称 NLTK）是一个处理人类语言数据的工具，举例来说，它可以被用来开发一个聊天机器人。 + + +#### SHAP + +机器学习算法拥有强大的预测能力，但并不能够很好地解释为什么做出这样或那样的预测。[SHAP][16] 可以通过分析训练后的模型来解决这个问题。 + +![Where SHAP fits into the data analysis process][17] + +使用 **pip** 安装： + +``` +$ pip3 install shap --user +``` + +#### [Keras][18] + +Keras 是一个深度学习和神经网络模型的库，使用 **pip** 安装： + +``` +$ sudo dnf install python3-h5py +$ pip3 install keras --user +``` + +#### [TensorFlow][19] + +TensorFlow 是一个非常流行的神经网络模型搭建工具，使用 **pip** 安装： + +``` +$ pip3 install tensorflow --user +``` + +* * * + +_Photo courtesy of [FolsomNatural][20] on [Flickr][21] (CC BY-SA 2.0)._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/ + +作者：[Avi Alkalay][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/jupyter-816x345.jpg +[2]: http://mathjax.org +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ +[4]: https://avi.alkalay.net/articlefiles/2018/07/jupyter-fedora.png +[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/gradient-descent-cost-function-optimization.png +[6]: https://seaborn.pydata.org/_images/regression_marginals.png +[7]: https://www.statsmodels.org/ +[8]: https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/examples/index.html#stats +[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/time-series.png +[10]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/ +[11]: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/supervised_learning.html#supervised-learning +[12]: https://xgboost.ai +[13]: https://xgboost.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gpu/index.html +[14]: https://imbalanced-learn.readthedocs.io +[15]: https://www.nltk.org +[16]: https://github.com/slundberg/shap +[17]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/slundberg/shap/master/docs/artwork/shap_diagram.png +[18]: https://keras.io +[19]: https://www.tensorflow.org +[20]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/87249144@N08/ +[21]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/87249144@N08/45871861611/ From 3eb6c8ef1eb632532d49a75d6150a8e254c3fe5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 21:59:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0723/1265] PRF:20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md PART 6 --- .../tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 139 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md index 06b0db2c75..d5c3505d10 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md @@ -719,19 +719,19 @@ $ sudo apt-get install plank ### 67、Filezilla -Filezilla 是一个免费和跨平台的 FTP 应用，包括 Filezilla 客户端和服务器。它让你使用 FTP 和加密的 FTP 像 FTPS 和 SFTP 传输文件，支持 IPv6 网络协议。 +Filezilla 是一个免费和跨平台的 FTP 应用，包括 Filezilla 客户端和服务器。它让你使用 FTP 和加密的 FTP，如 FTPS 和 SFTP 传输文件，支持 IPv6 网络协议。 ![][73] -它是一个简单的文件传输应用，支持拖放，支持世界范围的各种语言，多任务的强大用户界面，控制和配置传输速度。 +它是一个简单的文件传输应用，支持拖放，支持世界范围的各种语言，多任务的强大用户界面，可以控制和配置传输速度。 ### 68、Stacer -Stacer 是一个开源的系统诊断和优化工具，使用 Electron 开发框架开发的。它有一个优秀的用户界面，你可以清理缓存内存，启动应用，卸载不需要的应用，掌控后台系统进程。 +Stacer 是一个开源的系统诊断和优化工具，使用 Electron 开发框架开发。它有一个优秀的用户界面，你可以清理缓存内存、启动应用、卸载不需要的应用、掌控后台系统进程。 ![][74] -它同样让你检查磁盘，内存和 CPU 使用情况，给你下载和上传的实时状态。它看起来像 Ubuntu clener 的强力竞争者，但是两者都有独特的特点。 +它也可以让你检查磁盘、内存和 CPU 使用情况，给你下载和上传的实时状态。它看起来像 Ubuntu clener 的强力竞争者，但是两者都有独特的特点。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:oguzhaninan/stacer @@ -739,30 +739,29 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install stacer ``` -### 69、4K Video Downloader +### 69、4K 视频下载器 -4K Video Downloader 是一个简单的视频下载工具，你可以用来从 Vimeo、Facebook、YouTube 和其它在线视频流站点下载视频，播放列表，频道。它支持下载 YouTuBe 播放列表和频道，以 MP4, MKV, M4A, 3GP 和很多其它 音/视频格式。 +4K 视频下载器是一个简单的视频下载工具，你可以用来从 Vimeo、Facebook、YouTube 和其它在线视频流站点下载视频、播放列表、频道。它支持下载 YouTuBe 播放列表和频道，可以采用 MP4、MKV、M4A、3GP 和很多其它音/视频格式。 ![][75] -4K Video Downloader 不是你想的那么简单，除了正常的视频下载，它支持 3D 和 360 度 视频下载。它同样提供内置应用协议链接，直连 iTunes。你可以从[这里][76]下载。 +4K 视频下载器不是你想的那么简单，除了正常的视频下载，它支持 3D 和 360 度视频下载。它同样提供应用内代理设置、直连 iTunes 等功能。你可以从[这里][76]下载。 -### 70、Qalculate +### 70、Qalculate -Qalculate 是一个多目的、跨平台的桌面计算器，简单但是强大。它可以用来解决复杂的数学问题和等式，货币汇率转换和很多其它日常计算。 +Qalculate 是一个多用途、跨平台的桌面计算器，简单而强大。它可以用来解决复杂的数学问题和等式、货币汇率转换和很多其它日常计算。 ![][77] -它有优秀的用户界面，提供了自定义功能，单元计算，符号计算，算数，画图，和很多你可以在科学计算器上发现的功能。 +它有优秀的用户界面，提供了自定义功能、单位计算、符号计算、四则运算、画图和很多你可以在科学计算器上发现的功能。 ### 71、Hiri -Hiri 是一个跨平台的邮件客户端，使用 Python 语言开发的。它有平滑的用户界面，就它的功能和服务而言，是 Micorsoft Outlook 的很好的替代品。这是很棒的邮件客户端，可以用来发送和接收邮件，管理通讯录，日历和任务。 +Hiri 是一个跨平台的邮件客户端，使用 Python 语言开发的。它有平滑的用户界面，就它的功能和服务而言，是 Micorsoft Outlook 的很好的替代品。这是很棒的邮件客户端，可以用来发送和接收邮件，管理通讯录、日历和任务。 ![][78] -它是一个丰富特点的邮件客户端，提供的功能有集成的任务管理器，邮件同步，邮件评分，邮件过滤等多种功能。 - +它是一个具有丰富特点的邮件客户端，提供的功能有集成的任务管理器、邮件同步、邮件评分、邮件过滤等多种功能。 ``` $ sudo snap install hiri @@ -770,11 +769,11 @@ $ sudo snap install hiri ### 72、Sublime Text -Sublime Text 是一个跨平台的源代码编辑器，用 C++ 和 Python 写的。它有 Python 语言编程接口（API），支持所有主流的编程语言和标记语言。它是简单轻量级的文本编辑器，可被用作 IDE，包含自动补全，语法高亮，分窗口编辑等功能。 +Sublime Text 是一个跨平台的源代码编辑器，用 C++ 和 Python 写的。它有 Python 语言编程接口（API），支持所有主流的编程语言和标记语言。它是简单轻量级的文本编辑器，可被用作 IDE，包含自动补全、语法高亮、分窗口编辑等功能。 ![][79] -这个文本编辑器包括一些额外特点：去任何地方、去定义、多选、命令模板和完全定制的用户界面。 +这个文本编辑器包括一些额外特点：任意跳转、跳转定义、多选、命令模式和可完全定制的用户界面。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install sublime-text @@ -782,11 +781,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install sublime-text ### 73、TeXstudio -Texstudio 是一个创建和编辑 LaTex 文件的集成写作环境。它是开源的编辑器，提供了语法高亮、集成查看、交互式拼写检查、代码折叠、拖放等特点。 +Texstudio 是一个创建和编辑 LaTex 文件的集成写作环境。它是开源的编辑器，提供了语法高亮、集成的查看器、交互式拼写检查、代码折叠、拖放等特点。 ![][80] -它是跨平台的编辑器，有简单轻量级的用户界面，易于使用。它集成了 BibTex和 BibLatex 目录管理器，同样有集成的 PDF 查看器。你可以从[官网][81]和 Ubuntu 软件中心下载 Texstudio。 +它是跨平台的编辑器，有简单轻量级的用户界面，易于使用。它集成了 BibTex 和 BibLatex 目录管理器，同样有集成的 PDF 查看器。你可以从[官网][81]和 Ubuntu 软件中心下载 Texstudio。 ### 74、QtQR @@ -794,7 +793,7 @@ QtQR 是一个基于 Qt 的应用，让你在 Ubuntu 中创建和读取二维码 ![][82] -如果你经常处理产品销售和服务，QtQR 会证明是有用的工具，但是我不认为在最小硬件要求下有和 QtQR 这样相似并顺畅运行的应用了。 +如果你经常处理产品销售和服务，QtQR 会证明是有用的工具，我觉得没有能在如此低硬件的要求下能和 QtQR 一样提供类似功能顺畅运行的应用了。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa: qr-tools-developers/qr-tools-stable @@ -804,11 +803,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install qtqr ### 75、Kontact -Kontact 是一个由 KDE 为 KDE 桌面环境开发的集成的个人信息管理器（PIM）。它集成了多个软件到一个集合中，集成了 KMail、KOrganizer和 KAddressBook 到一个用户界面，你可以管理所有的邮件、通讯录、日程表等。 +Kontact 是一个为 KDE 桌面环境开发的集成的个人信息管理器（PIM）。它集成了多个软件到一个集合中，在一个用户界面集成了 KMail、KOrganizer和 KAddressBook，你可以管理所有的邮件、通讯录、日程表等。 ![][83] -它可能是 Microsoft Outlook 的非常好的替代，因为它快速且高度高配置的消息管理工具。它有很好的用户界面，你会发现很容易上手。 +它可能是 Microsoft Outlook 的非常好的替代品，因为它是快速且高度高配置的消息管理工具。它有很好的用户界面，你会发现很容易上手。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install kontact @@ -820,7 +819,7 @@ NitroShare 是一个跨平台、开源的网络文件共享应用。它让你轻 ![][84] -文件传输速度让 NitroShare 称为一个杰出的文件共享应用，它在能够胜任的硬件中能够达到 GB 级的传输速度。没有必要额外配置，安装完成后你就可以开始文件传输。 +文件传输速度让 NitroShare 成为一个杰出的文件共享应用，它在能够胜任的硬件中能够达到 GB 级的传输速度。没有必要额外配置，安装完成后你就可以开始文件传输。 ``` $ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:george-edison55/nitroshare @@ -830,11 +829,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install nitroshare ### 77、Konversation -Konversation 是一个为 KDE 桌面环境开发的开源的网络中继聊天（IRC）客户端。它给了到 Freenode 网络平岛的快速入口，你可以为大多数发行版找到支持。 +Konversation 是一个为 KDE 桌面环境开发的开源的网络中继聊天（IRC）客户端。它给了你到 Freenode 网络频道的快速入口，你可以为大多数发行版找到支持。 ![][85] -它是一个简单的聊天客户端，支持 IPv6 链接， SSL 服务器支持，书签，屏幕通知，UTF-8 检测和另外的主题。它易于使用的 GUI 是高度可配置的。 +它是一个简单的聊天客户端，支持 IPv6 链接、SSL 服务器支持、书签、屏幕通知、UTF-8 检测和另外的主题。它易于使用的 GUI 是高度可配置的。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install konversation @@ -846,15 +845,15 @@ $ sudo apt-get install konversation ![][86] -Discord 是一个非常流行的语音通话应用游戏社区，因为它是完全免费的，它是 Skype，Ventrilo，Teamspeak 的很好的竞争者。它同样提供清晰的语音质量，现代的文本聊天，你可以共享图片，视频和链接。 +Discord 是一个非常流行的语音通话应用游戏社区，因为它是完全免费的，它是 Skype、Ventrilo、Teamspeak 的很好的竞争者。它同样提供清晰的语音质量、现代的文本聊天，你可以共享图片、视频和链接。 ### 79、QuiteRSS -QuiteRSS是一个开源的 RSS 的新闻聚合和 Atom 新闻要点应用。它是跨平台的要点阅读器，用 Qt 和 C++ 写的。它有简单的用户界面，你可以改变为经典或者报纸模式。它集成了 webkit 浏览器，因此，你可以在单个窗口执行所有任务。 +QuiteRSS是一个开源的 RSS 和 Atom 新闻摘要的聚合应用。它是跨平台的摘要阅读器，用 Qt 和 C++ 写的。它有简单的用户界面，你可以改变为经典或者报纸模式。它集成了 webkit 浏览器，因此，你可以在单个窗口执行所有任务。 ![][87] -QuiteRSS 自带了很多功能，像内容过滤，自动规划摘要，导入/到处 OPML，系统托盘集成和很多其它你期待任何要点阅读器有的特点。 +QuiteRSS 自带了很多功能，像内容过滤、自动规划摘要、导入/导出 OPML、系统托盘集成了很多其它摘要阅读器有的特点。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install quiterss @@ -862,11 +861,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install quiterss ### 80、MPV Media Player -MPV 是一个自由开源的媒体播放器，基于 MPlayer 和 MPlayer 2。它有简单的用户界面，用户之需要拖放音/视频文件来播放，因为在 GUI 上没有添加媒体文件的选项。 +MPV 是一个自由开源的媒体播放器，基于 MPlayer 和 MPlayer 2。它有简单的用户界面，用户只需要拖放音/视频文件来播放，因为在 GUI 上没有添加媒体文件的选项。 ![][88] -关于 MPV 的一件事是它可以轻松播放 4K 视频，Linux 发行版中的其它媒体播放器可能不是这样。它同样给了用户播放在线视频流站点像 YouTube 和 Dailymotion 的能力。 +关于 MPV 的一件事是它可以轻松播放 4K 视频，Linux 发行版中的其它媒体播放器可能做不到。它同样给了用户播放在线视频流站点如 YouTube 和 Dailymotion 的能力。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mc3man/mpv-tests @@ -880,48 +879,51 @@ $ sudo apt-get install -y mpv ![][89] -它是一个开源的应用，拥有最小的用户界面，开始你可能觉得困惑，但不久你就会习惯的。它提供的功能有：编辑笔记，摘要，导出 HTML 和 ODT 格式支持，富文本编辑。 +它是一个开源的应用，拥有精简的用户界面，开始你可能觉得困惑，但不久你就会习惯的。它提供的功能有：编辑笔记、摘要、导出 HTML 和 ODT 格式、富文本编辑。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install plume-creator ``` -### 82、Chromium Web Browser +### 82、Chromium Web 浏览器 -Chromium 是一个由 Google 开发和发布的开源 web 浏览器。Chromium 就其外观和特点而言，很容易被误认为是 Chrome。它是轻量级和快速的网络浏览器，拥有最小用户界面。 +Chromium 是一个由 Google 开发和发布的开源 Web 浏览器。Chromium 就其外观和特点而言，很容易被误认为是 Chrome。它是轻量级和快速的网络浏览器，拥有最小用户界面。 -### 83、Simple Weather Indicator +![][90] -Simple Weather Indicator 是用 Python 开发的开源天气提示应用。它自动侦查你的位置，并显示你天气信息像温度，下雨的可能性，湿度，风速和可见度。 +如果你经常在 Windows 上使用 Google Chrome，而想在 Linux 上寻找一个类似的浏览器，那么 Chromium 就是你的最佳选择，你可以登录到你的 Google 账户以访问包括 Gmail 在内的所有 Google 服务。 + +### 83、简单天气指示器 + +简单天气指示器是用 Python 开发的开源天气提示应用。它自动侦查你的位置，并显示你天气信息像温度，下雨的可能性，湿度，风速和可见度。 ![][91] -Weather indicator 自带一些可配置项，例如位置检测，温度 SI 单元，位置可见度开关等等。它是一个酷应用，可以根据你的桌面来调整舒服。 +简单天气指示器自带一些可配置项，例如位置检测、温度单位、位置可见度开关等等。它是一个还酷的应用，可以根据你的桌面来调整。 ### 84、SpeedCrunch -SpeedCrunch 是一个快速和高精度的科学计算器。它预置了数学函数，用户定义函数，复数和单位转换支持。它有简单的用户界面并易于使用。 +SpeedCrunch 是一个快速和高精度的科学计算器。它预置了数学函数、用户定义函数、复数和单位转换支持。它有简单的用户界面并易于使用。 ![][92] -这个科学计算器有令人吃惊的特点像结果预览，语法高亮和自动补全。它是跨平台的，并有多语言支持。 - +这个科学计算器有令人吃惊的特点，如结果预览、语法高亮和自动补全。它是跨平台的，并有多语言支持。 ### 85、Scribus -Scribus 是一个自由开源的桌面出版应用，允许你创建宣传海报，杂志和图书。它是基于 Qt 工具器的跨平台英语，在 GNU 通用公共证书下发布。它是一个专业的应用，拥有 CMYK 和 ICC 颜色管理的功能，基于 Python 的脚本引擎，和 PDF 创建。 +Scribus 是一个自由开源的桌面出版应用，允许你创建宣传海报、杂志和图书。它是基于 Qt 工具器的跨平台应用，在 GNU 通用公共许可证下发布。它是一个专业的应用，拥有 CMYK 和 ICC 颜色管理的功能、基于 Python 的脚本引擎，和 PDF 创建功能。 ![][93] -Scribus 有相当好的用户界面，易于使用，轻松在低配置下使用。在所有的最新的 Linux 发行版的软件中心可以下载它。 +Scribus 有相当好的用户界面，易于使用，可以在低配置下轻松使用。在所有的最新的 Linux 发行版的软件中心可以下载它。 ### 86. Cura -Cura 是一个由 David Braam 开发的开源的 3D 打印应用。Ultimaker Cura 是 3D 打印世界最流行的软件，并世界范围的百万用户使用。它遵守 3D 打印模型的 3 步：设计，准备，打印。 +Cura 是一个由 David Braam 开发的开源的 3D 打印应用。Ultimaker Cura 是 3D 打印世界最流行的软件，世界范围有百万用户在使用。它遵守 3D 打印模型的 3 步：设计、准备、打印。 ![][94] -它是功能丰富的 3D 打印应用，为 CAD 插件和扩展提供了无缝支持。它是一款简单易于使用的工具，新手艺术家可以马上开始了。它支持主流的文件格式像 STL，3MF，和 OBJ。 +它是功能丰富的 3D 打印应用，为 CAD 插件和扩展提供了无缝支持。它是一款简单易于使用的工具，新手艺术家可以马上开始了。它支持主流的文件格式像 STL、3MF 和 OBJ。 ### 87、Nomacs @@ -929,7 +931,7 @@ Nomacs 是一款开源、跨平台的图像浏览器，支持所有主流的图 ![][95] -Nomacs 拥有非常简单的用户界面，图像缩略图在顶部，它提供了一些基本的图像操作特点像修改，调整大小，旋转，颜色纠正等。 +Nomacs 拥有非常简单的用户界面，图像缩略图在顶部，它提供了一些基本的图像操作特点像修改、调整大小、旋转、颜色纠正等。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nomacs/stable @@ -939,7 +941,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install nomacs ### 88、BitTicker -BitTicker 是一个 Ubuntu 上的在线比特币-USDT 收报。它是一个简单的工具，能够连接到 bittrex.com　市场，提取最新的　BTC-USDT 并在系统托盘显示 Ubuntu 时钟。 +BitTicker 是一个 Ubuntu 上的在线的 BTC-USDT 价格接收器。它是一个简单的工具，能够连接到 bittrex.com　市场，提取最新的　BTC-USDT 价格，并在系统托盘显示 Ubuntu 时钟。 ![][96] @@ -947,59 +949,59 @@ BitTicker 是一个 Ubuntu 上的在线比特币-USDT 收报。它是一个简 ### 89、Organize My Files -Organize My Files 是一个跨平台的一键点击文件组织工具，它在 Ubuntu 中以 Snap 包的形式获得。它简单但是强大，帮助你找到未组织的文件，通过简单点击来掌控它们。 +Organize My Files 是一个跨平台的一键点击文件组织工具，它在 Ubuntu 中以 Snap 包的形式获得。它简单而强大，可以帮助你找到未组织的文件，通过简单点击来掌控它们。 ![][97] -它有易于理解的用户界面，强大且快速。它提供了很多功能：自动组织，递归组织，智能过滤和多层文件夹组织等。 +它有易于理解的用户界面，强大且快速。它提供了很多功能：自动组织、递归组织、智能过滤和多层文件夹组织等。 ### 90、GnuCash -GnuCash 是一个金融账户软件，在 GNU 公共证书下免费使用。它是个人和商业账户的理想软件。它有简单的用户界面允许你追踪银行账户，股票，收入和花费。 +GnuCash 是一个金融账户软件，在 GNU 公共证书下自由使用。它是个人和商业账户的理想软件。它有简单的用户界面允许你追踪银行账户、股票、收入和花费。 ![][98] GnuCash 实现了双入口记账系统，基于专业的账户原则来确保帐薄的平衡和报告的精确。 -v### 91、Calibre +### 91、Calibre -Calibre 是一个跨平台开源的面向你所有电子书需要的解决方案。它是一个简单的电子书管理器，提供显示、创建、编辑电子书、组织已存在的电子书到虚拟书库、同步和其它更多。 +Calibre 是一个跨平台的开源的面向电子书需求的解决方案。它是一个简单的电子书管理器，提供显示、创建、编辑电子书、组织已存在的电子书到虚拟书库、同步和其它更多功能。 ![][99] -Calibre 同样帮你转换电子书到你需要的格式并发送到你的电子书阅读设备。Calibre 是一个很棒的工具，如果你经常阅读和管理电子书的话。 +Calibre 同样可以帮你转换电子书到你需要的格式并发送到你的电子书阅读设备。Calibre 是一个很棒的工具，如果你经常阅读和管理电子书的话。 -### 92、MATE Dictionary +### 92、MATE 词典 -MATE Dictionary 是一个简单的词典，基本上是为 MATE 桌面环境开发的。你可以仅仅输入字然后这个字典会显示意思和引用。 +MATE 词典是一个简单的词典，基本上是为 MATE 桌面环境开发的。你可以仅仅输入字然后这个字典会显示意思和引用。 ![][100] -它简单和轻量级的在线词典，有最小的用户接口。 +它是简单和轻量级的在线词典，有极简的用户界面。 ### 93、Converseen -Converseen 是免费的跨平台的批量图片处理应用，允许你转换、编辑、调整、旋转、裁剪大量图像，仅仅一次鼠标调集。它提供了图像批量重命名的功能，使用前缀或后缀，从一个 Windows 图标文件提取图像等。 +Converseen 是免费的跨平台的批量图片处理应用，允许你转换、编辑、调整、旋转、裁剪大量图像，而仅仅需要一次鼠标点击。它提供了使用前缀或后缀图像批量重命名和从一个 Windows 图标文件提取图像等功能。 ![][101] 它有很好的用户界面，易于使用，即时你是一个新手。它也能够转换整个 PDF 文件为图像集合。 -### 94、Tiled Map Editor +### 94、贴片地图编辑器 -Tiled 是一个免费的水平映射图编辑器，允许你编辑各种形式的投影映射图，例如正交、等轴、和六角的。这个工具对于游戏开发者在游戏引擎开发周期内可能非常有用。 +贴片地图编辑器是一个免费的关卡地图编辑器，允许你以正交、等轴、和六角等方向编辑地图。这个工具对于游戏开发者在游戏引擎开发阶段内可能非常有用。 ![][102] -Tiled 是一个通用的映射图编辑器，让你创建强大的促进位置，图布局，碰撞区域和敌人位置。它保存所有的数据为 tmx 格式。 +它是一个通用的地图编辑器，让你创建升级位置、地图布局、碰撞区域和敌人位置。它保存所有的数据为 tmx 格式。 ### 95. Qmmp -Qmmp 是一个自由开源的音频播放器，用 C++ 和 Qt 开发的。它是跨平台的音频播放器，界面与 Winamp 很相似。 它有简单的直观的用户界面，Winamp 皮肤可替代默认的 UI。 +Qmmp 是一个自由开源的音频播放器，用 C++ 和 Qt 开发的。它是跨平台的音频播放器，界面与 Winamp 很相似。 它有简单的直观的用户界面，可以用 Winamp 皮肤替代默认的 UI。 ![][103] -它提供了自动唱片集封面获取，多艺术家支持，另外的插件和扩展支持和其它与 Winamp 相似的特点。 +它提供了自动唱片集封面获取、支持多艺术家，另外的插件和扩展支持和其它与 Winamp 相似的特点。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:forkotov02/ppa @@ -1009,7 +1011,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install qmmp qmmp-q4 qmmp-plugin-pack-qt4 ### 96、Arora -Arora 是一个免费开源的 web 浏览器，提供了专有的下载管理器，书签，私密模式，选项卡式浏览。 +Arora 是一个免费开源的 web 浏览器，提供了专有的下载管理器、书签、私密模式、选项卡式浏览。 ![][104] @@ -1017,15 +1019,20 @@ Arora web 浏览器由 Benjamin C. Meyer 开发，它由于它的轻量自然灵 ### 97、XnSketch -XnSketch 是一个 Ubuntu 上的酷应用，只需要几次点击，就能帮你转换你的图片为卡通或素描图。它展现了 18 个不同的效果例如：锐化、白描、铅笔画和其它的。 +XnSketch 是一个 Ubuntu 上的酷应用，只需要几次点击，就能帮你转换你的图片为卡通或素描图。它展现了 18 个不同的效果，例如：锐化、白描、铅笔画等等。 ![][105] -它有优秀的用户界面，易于使用。一些额外的特点包括容量和边缘强度调整，对比，亮度，饱和度调整。 +它有优秀的用户界面，易于使用。一些额外的特点包括透明度和边缘锐化调整、对比度、亮度、饱和度调整。 ### 98、Geany -Geany 是一个简单轻量级的文本编辑器，像一个集成开发环境。它是跨平台的文本编辑器，支持所有主流编程语言包括Python、C++、LaTex、Pascal、 C#、 etc。 +Geany 是一个简单而轻量级的文本编辑器，像一个集成开发环境。它是跨平台的文本编辑器，支持所有主流编程语言包括 Python、C++、LaTex、Pascal、C#、etc。 + + +![][106] + +Geany 有个类似于 Notepad++ 编程编辑器的简单用户界面。它提供了 IDE 的功能，如代码导航、自动补完、格式高亮，并支持扩展。 ``` $ sudo apt-get install geany @@ -1033,7 +1040,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get install geany ### 99、Mumble -Mumble 是另一个 IP 上的语音应用相似与 Discord。Mumble 同样最初是为在线游戏者使用的，在端到端的聊天上用了客户端-服务器架构。声音质量在 Mumble 上非常好，它提供了端到端的加密来确保私密性。 +Mumble 是又一个 VoIP 应用，与 Discord 类似。Mumble 同样最初是为在线游戏玩家设计的，使用客户端-服务器架构提供了端到端的聊天。在 Mumble 上的声音质量非常好，它提供了端到端的加密来确保私密性。 ![][107] @@ -1045,11 +1052,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install mumble-server ### 100、Deluge -Deluge 是一个跨平台的轻量级的 BitTorrent 客户端，能够用来在 Ubuntu 上下载文件。BitTorrent 客户端与很多 Linux 发行版一起发行，但 Deluge 是最好的 BitTorrent 客户端，界面简单，易于使用。 +Deluge 是一个跨平台的轻量级的 BitTorrent 客户端，能够用来在 Ubuntu 上下载文件。BitTorrent 客户端与很多 Linux 发行版一起发行，但 Deluge 是最好的 BitTorrent 客户端，界面简单、易于使用。 ![][108] -Deluge 拥有你发现的其它 BitTorrent 客户端有的所有功能，但是一个功能特别突出，它给了用户从其它设备进入客户端的能力，这样你可以远程下载文件了。 +Deluge 拥有你可以在其它 BitTorrent 客户端上发现的所有功能，但是一个功能特别突出，它给了用户从其它设备访问客户端的能力，这样你可以远程下载文件了。 ``` $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deluge-team/ppa @@ -1057,7 +1064,7 @@ $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install deluge ``` -所以这些就是 2018 年我为大家选择的 Ubuntu 上最好的 100 个应用了。所有列出的应用都在 Ubuntu 18.04 上测试了，肯定在老版本上也能运行。请在 [@LinuxHint][109] 和 [@SwapTirthakar][110] 自由分享你的观点。 +所以这些就是 2018 年我为大家选择的 Ubuntu 上最好的 100 个应用了。所有列出的应用都在 Ubuntu 18.04 上测试了，肯定在老版本上也能运行。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From f8bbf167d1851af69ed293c42278967eb572406d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 22:01:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0724/1265] PUB:20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @warmfrog 这确实是一篇很长的文章，辛苦了，不过要是能更用心翻译和校对的话，这篇肯定是一篇精品了。 --- {translated/tech => published}/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md b/published/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md rename to published/20180629 100 Best Ubuntu Apps.md From 12376d732c210c3032f5ac867b2ae5a8dcb594f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 22:55:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0725/1265] Update 20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md --- ...Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 42 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md index d2201433fe..ac11a72915 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md +++ b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ 我还记得，在几年前，我的一位朋友一直坚持让我安装[Zorin OS][2]。就我个人而言，当时我并不喜欢它的 UI 风格。但是，现如今 Zorin OS 15 发布了，这也让我有了更多的理由安装并将它作为我日常的操作系统。 不要担心，在这篇文章里，我会向你介绍你所需要了解的一切。 -Fret not, in this article, we’ll talk about everything that you need to know. + ### Zorin 15 中的新特性 @@ -45,51 +45,47 @@ Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 - Zorin Connect。如果你使用的 ![Zorin 夜间模式][7] -一提到 “夜间模式” 时我就毫无抵抗力。对我而言，这是Zorin OS 15 自带的最好的功能。 +一提到 “夜间模式” 我就毫无抵抗力。对我而言，这是Zorin OS 15 自带的最好的功能。 -[][8] +[推荐阅读 ： Necuno 是一款新的智能手机开源 KDE][8] -Suggested read Necuno is a New Open Source Smartphone Running KDE +当我在任意界面深色模式时，我的眼睛都舒适，你不想来试试么？ -It’s so pleasing to my eyes when I enable the dark mode on anything, you with me? +它不单单是一个深色的主题，而是 UI 更干净直观，并且带有恰到好处的新动画。你可以从Zorin 内置的外观应用程序里找到所有的相关内建的所有设置。 -Not just a dark theme, the UI is a lot cleaner and intuitive with subtle new animations. You can find all the settings from the Zorin Appearance app built-in. +#### 自适应背景调整 & 深色浅色模式 -#### 自适应背景调整 & Dark Light - -You get an option to let the background adapt according to the brightness of the environment every hour of the day. Also, you can find the night mode if you don’t want the blue light to stress your eyes. +你可以选择让桌面背景根据一天中每小时的环境亮度进行自动调整。此外，如果你想避免蓝光给眼睛带来伤害，你可以使用夜间模式。 #### To do app ![Todo][9] -I always wanted this to happen so that I don’t have to use a separate service that offers a Linux client to add my tasks. It’s good to see a built-in app with integration support for Google Tasks and Todoist. +我一直希望支持这个功能，这样我就不必使用其他 Linux 客户端程序来添加任务。很高兴看到内置的应用程序集成并支持谷歌任务和 Todoist。 -#### There’s More? +#### 还有更多么？ -Yes! Other major changes include the support for Flatpak, a touch layout for convertible laptops, a DND mode, and some redesigned apps (Settings, Libre Office) to give you better user experience. +是的！其他主要的变化包括对 Flatpak 的支持，支持平板笔记本二合一电脑的触摸布局，DND 模式，以及一些重新设计的应用程序(设置，Libre Office)，以此来给你更好的用户体验。 -If you want the detailed list of changes along with the minor improvements, you can follow the [announcement post][6]. If you are already a Zorin user, you would notice that they have refreshed their website with a new look as well. +如果你想要了解所有更新和改动的详细信息，你可以查看[官方公告][6]。如果你已经是Zorin的用户，你应该已经注意到他们他们的网站已经启用了一个全新的外观。 ### 下载 Zorin OS 15 -**Note** : _Direct upgrades from Zorin OS 12 to 15 – without needing to re-install the operating system – will be available later this year._ +**注释** : _今年的晚些时候将会推出从 Zorin OS 12 直升 15 版本而不需要重新安装的升级包。_ -In case you didn’t know, there are three versions of Zorin OS – Ultimate, Core, and the Lite version. +为了防止您不够了解，Zorin OS有三个版本—旗舰版本、核心板和轻量版。 -If you want to support the devs and the project while unlocking the full potential of Zorin OS, you should get the ultimate edition for $39. +如果你想支持开发者和项目，同时解锁 Zorin OS 全部的功能，你可以花39美元购买旗舰版本。 -If you just want the essentials, the core edition will do just fine (which you can download for free). In either case, if you have an old computer, the lite version is the one to go with. +如果你只是想要一些基本功能，核心版就可以了(你可以免费下载)。如果是情况下，比如如果你有一台旧电脑，那么你可以使用轻量版。 -[DOWNLOAD ZORIN OS 15][10] +[下载 ZORIN OS 15][10] -**What do you think of Zorin 15?** +**你觉得 Zorin 15 怎么样？** -[][11] +[推荐阅读 Ubuntu 14.04 代号为值得信赖的塔尔羊][11] -Suggested read Ubuntu 14.04 Codenamed Trusty Tahr - -I’m definitely going to give it a try as my primary OS – fingers crossed. What about you? What do you think about the latest release? Feel free to let us know in the comments below. +我肯定会尝试一下，将 Zorin OS 作为我的主要操作系统-(手动狗头)。你呢?你觉得最新的版本怎么样?欢迎在下面的评论中告诉我们。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From de786ac2df256ab4b89c69b369b40068e23697ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 22:57:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0726/1265] Update 20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md --- ...in OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 6 ++---- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md index ac11a72915..540214606f 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md +++ b/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 - Zorin Connect。如果你使用的 正如他们在[官方公告][6]中提到的, 数据的传输仅限于本地网络之间，并且不会有数据被上传到云端服务器。通过以下操作体验 Zorin Connect ，找到 – Zorin menu （Zorin 菜单） > System Tools （系统工具） > Zorin Connect。 -[在手机应用商店中获取 ZORIN CONNECT][5] +[][5] #### 新的桌面主题(包含夜间模式!) @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 - Zorin Connect。如果你使用的 一提到 “夜间模式” 我就毫无抵抗力。对我而言，这是Zorin OS 15 自带的最好的功能。 -[推荐阅读 ： Necuno 是一款新的智能手机开源 KDE][8] +[][8] 当我在任意界面深色模式时，我的眼睛都舒适，你不想来试试么？ @@ -83,8 +83,6 @@ Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 - Zorin Connect。如果你使用的 **你觉得 Zorin 15 怎么样？** -[推荐阅读 Ubuntu 14.04 代号为值得信赖的塔尔羊][11] - 我肯定会尝试一下，将 Zorin OS 作为我的主要操作系统-(手动狗头)。你呢?你觉得最新的版本怎么样?欢迎在下面的评论中告诉我们。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From ecf563d98535d8a8bc3795aac3289aba831cedea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 23:00:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0727/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 原文中推广阅读的链接和文本已经删除 --- ...06 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/translated/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md rename to translated/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md From 68ebf4060899f6ab98ec80db95483f27467de9cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 00:51:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0728/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190705=20Bash?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Script=20to=20Monitor=20Messages=20Log=20(Warning,=20Error?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20Critical)=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190705 Bash Script to Monitor Messages Log (Warning, Error and Critical) on Linux.md --- ... (Warning, Error and Critical) on Linux.md | 127 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 127 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190705 Bash Script to Monitor Messages Log (Warning, Error and Critical) on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190705 Bash Script to Monitor Messages Log (Warning, Error and Critical) on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190705 Bash Script to Monitor Messages Log (Warning, Error and Critical) on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d7799311d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190705 Bash Script to Monitor Messages Log (Warning, Error and Critical) on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Bash Script to Monitor Messages Log (Warning, Error and Critical) on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-messages-log-warning-error-critical-send-email/) +[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) + +Bash Script to Monitor Messages Log (Warning, Error and Critical) on Linux +====== + +There are many open source monitoring tools are currently available in market to monitor Linux systems performance. + +It will send an email alert when the system reaches the specified threshold limit. + +It monitors everything such as CPU utilization, Memory utilization, swap utilization, disk space utilization and much more. + +If you only have few systems and want to monitor them then writing a small shell script can make your task very easy. + +In this tutorial we have added a shell script to monitor Messages Log on Linux system. + +We had added many useful shell scripts in the past. If you want to check those, navigate to the below link. + + * **[How to automate day to day activities using shell scripts?][1]** + + + +This script will check **“warning, error and critical”** in the `/var/log/messages` file and trigger a mail to given email id, if it’s found anything related it. + +We can’t run this script frequently that may fill up your inbox if the server has many matching strings, instead we can run once in a day. + +To overcome this issue, i made the script to trigger an email in a different manner. + +If any given strings are found in the **“/var/log/messages”** file for yesterday’s date then the script will send an email alert to given email id. + +**Note:** You need to change the email id instead of ours. Also, you can change the Memory utilization threshold value as per your requirement. + +``` +# vi /opt/scripts/os-log-alert.sh + +#!/bin/bash + +#Set the variable which equal to zero + +prev_count=0 + +count=$(grep -i "`date --date='yesterday' '+%b %e'`" /var/log/messages | egrep -wi 'warning|error|critical' | wc -l) + +if [ "$prev_count" -lt "$count" ] ; then + +# Send a mail to given email id when errors found in log + +SUBJECT="WARNING: Errors found in log on "`date --date='yesterday' '+%b %e'`"" + +# This is a temp file, which is created to store the email message. + +MESSAGE="/tmp/logs.txt" + +TO="[email protected]" + +echo "ATTENTION: Errors are found in /var/log/messages. Please Check with Linux admin." >> $MESSAGE + +echo "Hostname: `hostname`" >> $MESSAGE + +echo -e "\n" >> $MESSAGE + +echo "+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+" >> $MESSAGE + +echo "Error messages in the log file as below" >> $MESSAGE + +echo "+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+" >> $MESSAGE + +grep -i "`date --date='yesterday' '+%b %e'`" /var/log/messages | awk '{ $3=""; print}' | egrep -wi 'warning|error|critical' >> $MESSAGE + +mail -s "$SUBJECT" "$TO" < $MESSAGE + +#rm $MESSAGE + +fi +``` + +Set an executable permission to `os-log-alert.sh` file. + +``` +$ chmod +x /opt/scripts/os-log-alert.sh +``` + +Finally add a cronjob to automate this. It will run everyday at 7'o clock. + +``` +# crontab -e +0 7 * * * /bin/bash /opt/scripts/os-log-alert.sh +``` + +**Note:** You will be getting an email alert everyday at 7 o'clock, which is for yesterday's log. + +**Output:** You will be getting an email alert similar to below. + +``` +ATTENTION: Errors are found in /var/log/messages. Please Check with Linux admin. + ++-----------------------------------------------------+ +Error messages in the log file as below ++-----------------------------------------------------+ +Jul 3 02:40:11 ns1 kernel: php-fpm[3175]: segfault at 299 ip 000055dfe7cc7e25 sp 00007ffd799d7d38 error 4 in php-fpm[55dfe7a89000+3a7000] +Jul 3 02:50:14 ns1 kernel: lmtp[8249]: segfault at 20 ip 00007f9cc05295e4 sp 00007ffc57bca1a0 error 4 in libdovecot-storage.so.0.0.0[7f9cc04df000+148000] +Jul 3 15:36:09 ns1 kernel: php-fpm[17846]: segfault at 299 ip 000055dfe7cc7e25 sp 00007ffd799d7d38 error 4 in php-fpm[55dfe7a89000+3a7000] +Jul 3 15:45:54 ns1 pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [WARNING] Authentication failed for user [daygeek] +Jul 3 16:25:36 ns1 pure-ftpd: ([email protected]) [WARNING] Sorry, cleartext sessions and weak ciphers are not accepted on this server.#012Please reconnect using TLS security mechanisms. +Jul 3 16:44:20 ns1 kernel: php-fpm[8979]: segfault at 299 ip 000055dfe7cc7e25 sp 00007ffd799d7d38 error 4 in php-fpm[55dfe7a89000+3a7000] +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-bash-script-to-monitor-messages-log-warning-error-critical-send-email/ + +作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/shell-script/ From 73c7f2291379eff464642476114fcb6c55f7e3c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 00:52:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0729/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190705=20Enab?= =?UTF-8?q?le=20=E2=80=98Tap=20to=20click=E2=80=99=20on=20Ubuntu=20Login?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Screen=20[Quick=20Tip]?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190705 Enable ‘Tap to click- on Ubuntu Login Screen -Quick Tip.md --- ... click- on Ubuntu Login Screen -Quick Tip.md | 100 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 100 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190705 Enable ‘Tap to click- on Ubuntu Login Screen -Quick Tip.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190705 Enable ‘Tap to click- on Ubuntu Login Screen -Quick Tip.md b/sources/tech/20190705 Enable ‘Tap to click- on Ubuntu Login Screen -Quick Tip.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c62453ef7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190705 Enable ‘Tap to click- on Ubuntu Login Screen -Quick Tip.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Enable ‘Tap to click’ on Ubuntu Login Screen [Quick Tip]) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/enable-tap-to-click-on-ubuntu-login-screen/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +Enable ‘Tap to click’ on Ubuntu Login Screen [Quick Tip] +====== + +_**Brief: The tap to click option doesn’t work on the login screen in Ubuntu 18.04 GNOME desktop. In this tutorial, you’ll learn to enable the ‘tap to click’ on the Ubuntu login screen.**_ + +One of the first few things I do after installing Ubuntu is to make sure that tap to click has been enabled. As a laptop user, I prefer to tap the touchpad for making a left click. This is more convenient than using the left click button on the touchpad all the time. + +This is what happens when I have logged in and using the operating system. But if you are at the login screen, the tap to click doesn’t work and that’s an annoyance. + +On the [GDM login screen][1] in Ubuntu (or other distributions using GNOME desktop), you have to click the username in order to bring the password field. Now if you are habitual of tap to click, it doesn’t work on the login screen even if you have it enabled and use it after logging into the system. + +This is a minor annoyance but an annoyance nonetheless. The good news is that you can fix this annoyance.Let me show you how to do that in this quick tip. + +### Enabling tap to click on Ubuntu login screen + +![][2] + +You’ll have to use the terminal and a few commands here. I hope you are comfortable with it. + +[Open a terminal using Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut in Ubuntu][3]. Since Ubuntu 18.04 is still using X server, you need to enable it to connect to the [x server][4]. For that, you can add gdm to access control list. + +Switch to root user first. It’s required because you have to switch as gdm user later and you cannot do that as a non-root user. + +``` +sudo -i +``` + +[There is no password set for root user in Ubuntu][5]. You access it with your admin user account. So when asked for password, use your own password. You won’t see anything being typed on the screen when you type in your password. + +``` +xhost +SI:localuser:gdm +``` + +Here’s the output for me: + +``` +xhost +SI:localuser:gdm +localuser:gdm being added to access control list +``` + +Now run this command so that the the ‘user gdm’ has the correct tap to click setting. + +``` +gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.peripherals.touchpad tap-to-click true +``` + +If you see a warning like this: (process:6339): dconf-WARNING **: 19:52:21.217: Unable to open /root/.local/share/flatpak/exports/share/dconf/profile/user: Permission denied . Don’t worry. Just ignore it. + +[][6] + +Suggested read  How To Change Hostname on Ubuntu & Other Linux Distributions + +This will enable you to perform a tap to click on the login screen. Why were you not able to use tap to click when you made the changes in the system settings before? It’s because at the login screen, you haven’t selected your username yet. You get to use your account only when you select the user on the screen. This is why you had to use the user gdm and add the correct settings with it. + +Restart Ubuntu and you’ll see that you can now use the tap to select your user account now. + +#### Revert the changes + +If you are not happy with the tap to click on the Ubuntu login screen for some reason, you can revert the changes. + +You’ll have to perform all the steps you did in the previous section: switch to root, connect gdm with x server, switch to gdm user. But instead of the last command, you need to run this command: + +``` +gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.peripherals.touchpad tap-to-click false +``` + +That’s it. + +As I said, it’s a tiny thing. I mean you can easily do a left click instead of the tap to click. It’s just a matter of one single click.However, it breaks the ‘continuity’ when you are forced to use the left click after a few taps. + +I hope you liked this quick little tweak. If you know some other cool tweaks, do share it with us. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/enable-tap-to-click-on-ubuntu-login-screen/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GDM +[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tap-to-click-on-ubuntu-login.jpg?ssl=1 +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-shortcuts/ +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/change-password-ubuntu/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/change-hostname-ubuntu/ From 64b07f8db1002b7288edd2ce0be3d23ebb90dbba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 00:56:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0730/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190704=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20be=20good=20at=20creating=20and=20maintaining=20systems?= =?UTF-8?q?=20at-large?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190704 How to be good at creating and maintaining systems at-large.md --- ...eating and maintaining systems at-large.md | 82 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190704 How to be good at creating and maintaining systems at-large.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190704 How to be good at creating and maintaining systems at-large.md b/sources/tech/20190704 How to be good at creating and maintaining systems at-large.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f26b85e30f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190704 How to be good at creating and maintaining systems at-large.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to be good at creating and maintaining systems at-large) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/book-review-building-evolutionary-architectures) +[#]: author: (Mike Bursell https://opensource.com/users/mikecamel) + +How to be good at creating and maintaining systems at-large +====== +A book review of "Building Evolutionary Architectures: Support Constant +Change" for open source and security folks +![An open book][1] + +Initially, this article was simply a review of the book, but as I got into it, I realised that I wanted to talk about how the approach it describes is applicable to a couple of different groups (security folks and open source projects), and so I’ve gone with it. + +How, then, did I come across the book? I was attending a conference a few months ago (DeveloperWeek San Diego), and decided to go to one of the sessions because it looked interesting. The speaker was Dr. Rebecca Parsons, and I liked what she was talking about so much that I ordered this book, whose subject was the topic of her talk, to arrive at home by the time I would return a couple of days later. + +![Building Evolutionary Architectures: Support Constant Change][2] + +[_Building Evolutionary Architectures: Support Constant Change_][3] is not a book about securitym, and I'm a security guy, but it deals with security as one application of its approach, and very convincingly. The central issue that the authors—all employees of ThoughtWorks—identify is, simplified, that although we’re good at creating features for applications, we’re less good at creating, and then maintaining, broader properties of systems. This problem is compounded, they suggest, by the fast and ever-changing nature of modern development practices, where "enterprise architects can no longer rely on static planning". + +The alternative that they propose is to consider "fitness functions", "objectives you want your architecture to exhibit or move towards". Crucially, these are properties of the architecture—or system—rather than features or specific functionality. Tests should be created to monitor the specific functions, but they won’t be your standard unit tests, nor will they necessarily be "point in time" tests. Instead, they will measure a variety of issues, possibly over a period of time, to let you know whether your system is meeting the particular fitness functions you are measuring. There’s a lot of discussion of how to measure these fitness functions, but I would have liked even more. From my point of view, it was one of the most valuable topics covered. + +Frankly, the above might be enough to recommend the book, but there’s more. They advocate strongly for creating incremental change to meet your requirements (gradual, rather than major changes) and "evolvable architectures", encouraging you to realise that: + + 1. you may not meet all your fitness functions at the beginning; + 2. applications which may have met the fitness functions at one point may _cease_ to meet them later on, for various reasons; + 3. your architecture is likely to change over time; + 4. your requirements, and therefore the priority that you give to each fitness function, will change over time; + 5. even if your fitness functions remain the same, the ways in which you need to monitor them may change. + + + +All of these are, in my view, extremely useful insights for anybody designing and building a system. Combining them with architectural thinking is even more valuable. + +As is standard for modern O’Reilly books, there are examples throughout, including a worked fake consultancy journey of a particular company with specific needs, leading you through some of the practices in the book. At times, this felt a little contrived, but the mechanism is generally helpful. There were times when the book seemed to stray from its core approach—which is architectural, as per the title—into explanations through pseudo code, but these support one of the useful aspects of the book, which is giving examples of what architectures are more or less suited to the principles expounded in the more theoretical parts. Some readers may feel more at home with the theoretical, others with the more example-based approach (I lean towards the former), but all in all, it seems like an appropriate balance. Relating these to the impact of "architectural coupling" was particularly helpful, in my view. + +There is a useful grounding in some of the advice in Conway’s Law ("Organizations which design systems … are constrained to produce designs which are copies of the communication structures of these organizations.") which led me to wonder how we could model open source projects—and their architectures—based on this perspective. There are also (as is also standard these days) patterns and anti-patterns: I would generally consider these a useful part of any book on design and architecture. + +### Why is this a book for security folks? + +The most important thing about this book, from my point of view as a security systems architect, is that it _isn’t_ about security. Security is mentioned, but is not considered core enough to the book to merit a mention in the appendix. The point, though, is that the security of a system—an embodiment of an architecture—is a perfect example of a fitness function. Taking this as a starting point for a project will help you do two things. + +First, you will avoid focussing on features and functionality, and look at the bigger picture. Second, you will consider what you _really_ need from security in the system, and how that translates into issues such as the security posture to be adopted, and the measurements you will take to validate it through the lifecycle. + +Possibly even more important than those two points is that it will force you to consider the priority of security in relation to other fitness functions (resilience, maybe, or ease of use?) and how the relative priorities will—and should—change over time. A realisation that we don’t live in a bubble, and that our priorities are not always that same as those of other stakeholders in a project, is always useful. + +### Why is this a book for open source folks? + +Very often—and for quite understandable and forgiveable reasons—the architectures of open source projects grow organically at first, needing major overhauls and refactoring at various stages of their lifecycles. This is not to say that this doesn’t happen in proprietary software projects as well, of course, but the sometimes frequent changes in open source projects' emphasis and requirements, the ebb and flow of contributors and contributions and the sometimes, um, reduced levels of documentation aimed at end users can mean that features are significantly prioritised over what we could think of as the core vision of the project. One way to remedy this would be to consider the appropriate fitness functions of the project, to state them upfront, and to have a regular cadence of review by the community, to ensure that they are: + + * still relevant; + * correctly prioritised at this stage in the project; + * actually being met. + + + +If any of the above come into question, it’s a good time to consider a wider review by the community, and maybe a refactoring or partial redesign of the project. + +Open source projects have—quite rightly—various different models of use and intended users. One of the happenstances that can negatively affect a project is when it is identified as a possible fit for a use case for which it was not originally intended. Academic software which is designed for accuracy over performance might not be a good fit for corporate research, for instance, in the same way that a project aimed at home users which prioritises minimal computing resources might not be appropriate for a high-availability enterprise roll-out. One of the ways of making this clear is by being very clear up-front about the fitness functions that you expect your project to meet—and, vice versa, about the fitness functions you are looking to fulfil when you are looking to select a project. It is easy to focus on features and functionality, and to overlook the more non-functional aspects of a system, and fitness functions allow us to make some informed choices about how to balance these decisions. + +_This article was originally posted on [Alice, Eve and Bob - a security blog][4]._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/book-review-building-evolutionary-architectures + +作者：[Mike Bursell][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mikecamel +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/open_book_color.jpg?itok=I-8tNQOP (An open book) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/uploads/building-evolutionary-architectures.jpg?itok=UlyKLSxV (Building Evolutionary Architectures: Support Constant Change) +[3]: https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/building-evolutionary-architectures/9781491986356/ +[4]: https://aliceevebob.com/2019/06/25/building-evolutionary-architectures-for-security-and-for-open-source/ From e6fe1f36ba77a1f9cf6cb838bdd4789762056e08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt-bot Date: Thu, 4 Jul 2019 17:00:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 0731/1265] =?UTF-8?q?Revert=20"=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E8=AE=A4?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=A2=86"?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit This reverts commit 191253c815756f842a783dd6f24d4dc082c225eb. --- .../20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md b/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md index 4763e5e215..1e3634a327 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190523 Run your blog on GitHub Pages with Python.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (QiaoN) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/run-your-blog-github-pages-python 作者：[Erik O'Shaughnessy][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[QiaoN](https://github.com/QiaoN) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8398cc85a6cd2b981fb08ce61cf339847ecdcef6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 08:52:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0732/1265] translated --- ...90627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md | 215 ----------------- ...90627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md | 216 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 216 insertions(+), 215 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md b/sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md deleted file mode 100644 index e9dd941109..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,215 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to use Tig to browse Git logs) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-tig) -[#]: author: (Olaf Alders https://opensource.com/users/oalders/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo) - -How to use Tig to browse Git logs -====== -Tig is more than just a text-mode interface for Git. Here's how it can enhance your daily workflow. -![A person programming][1] - -If you work with Git as your version control system, you've likely already resigned yourself to the fact that Git is a complicated beast. It is a fantastic tool, but it can be cumbersome to navigate Git repositories. That's where a tool like [Tig][2] comes in. - -From the [Tig man page][3]: - -> Tig is an ncurses-based text-mode interface for git(1). It functions mainly as a Git repository browser, but can also assist in staging changes for commit at chunk level and act as a pager for output from various Git commands. - -This basically means that Tig provides a text-based user interface you can run in your terminal. Tig makes it easy to browse your Git logs, but it can do much more than just bounce you around from your last commit to a previous one. - -![Tig screenshot][4] - -Many of the examples in this quick introduction to Tig have been poached directly from its excellent man page. I highly recommend reading it to learn more. - -### Install Tig - - * Fedora and RHEL: **sudo dnf install tig** - * Ubuntu and Debian: **sudo apt install tig** - * MacOS: **brew install tig** - - - -See the official [installation instructions][5] for even more options. - -### Browse commits in your current branch - -If you want to browse the latest commits in your branch, enter: - - -``` -`tig` -``` - -That's it. This three-character command will launch a browser where you can navigate the commits in your current branch. You can think of it as a wrapper around **git log**. - -To navigate the output, you can use the Up and Down arrow keys to move from one commit to another. Pressing the Return/Enter key will open a vertical split with the contents of the chosen commit on the right-hand side. You can continue to browse up and down in your commit history on the left-hand side, and your changes will appear on the right. Use **k** and **j** to navigate up and down by line and **-** and the Space Bar to page up and down on the right-hand side. Use **q** to exit the right-hand pane. - -Searching on **tig** output is simple as well. Use **/** to search forward and **?** to search backward on both the left and right panes. - -![Searching Tig][6] - -That's enough to get you started navigating your commits. There are too many key bindings to cover here, but clicking **h** will display a Help menu where you can discover its navigation and command options. You can also use **/** and **?** to search the Help menu. Use **q** to exit Help. - -![Tig Help][7] - -### Browse revisions for a single file - -Since Tig is a wrapper around **git log**, it conveniently accepts the same arguments that can be passed to **git log**. For instance, to browse the commit history for a single file, enter: - - -``` -`tig README.md` -``` - -Compare this with the output of the Git command being wrapped to get a clearer view of how Tig enhances the output. - - -``` -`git log README.md` -``` - -To include the patches in the raw Git output, you can add a **-p** option: - - -``` -`git log -p README.md` -``` - -If you want to narrow the commits down to a specific date range, try something like this: - - -``` -`tig --after="2017-01-01" --before="2018-05-16" -- README.md` -``` - -Again, you can compare this with the raw Git version: - - -``` -`git log --after="2017-01-01" --before="2018-05-16" -- README.md` -``` - -### Browse who changed a file - -Sometimes you want to find out who made a change to a file and why. The command: - - -``` -`tig blame README.md` -``` - -is essentially a wrapper around **git blame**. As you would expect, it allows you to see who the last person was to edit a given line, and it also allows you to navigate to the commit that introduced the line. This is somewhat like the **:Gblame** command Vim's **vim-fugitive** plugin provides. - -### Browse your stash - -If you're like me, you may have a pile of edits in your stash. It's easy to lose track of them. You can view the latest item in your stash via:  - - -``` -`git stash show -p stash@{0}` -``` - -You can find the second most recent item via: - - -``` -`git stash show -p stash@{1}` -``` - -and so on. If you can recall these commands whenever you need them, you have a much sharper memory than I do. - -As with the Git commands above, Tig makes it easy to enhance your Git output with a simple invocation: - - -``` -`tig stash` -``` - -Try issuing this command in a repository with a populated stash. You'll be able to browse _and search_ your stash items, giving you a quick overview of everything you saved for a rainy day. - -### Browse your refs - -A Git ref is the hash of something you have committed. This includes files as well as branches. Using the **tig refs** command allows you to browse all of your refs and drill down to specific commits. - - -``` -`tig refs` -``` - -When you're finished, use **q** to return to a previous menu. - -### Browse git status - -If you want to view which files have been staged and which are untracked, use **tig status**, a wrapper around **git status**. - -![Tig status][8] - -### Browse git grep - -You can use the **grep** command to search for expressions in text files. The command **tig grep** allows you to navigate the output of **git grep**. For example: - - -``` -`tig grep -i foo lib/Bar` -``` - -will navigate the output of a case-insensitive search for **foo** in the **lib/Bar** directory. - -### Pipe output to Tig via STDIN - -If you are piping a list of commit IDs to Tig, you must use the **\--stdin** flag so that **tig show** reads from stdin. Otherwise, **tig show** launches without input (rendering an empty screen). - - -``` -`git rev-list --author=olaf HEAD | tig show --stdin` -``` - -### Add custom bindings - -You can customize Tig with an [rc][9] file. Here's how you can configure Tig to your liking, using the example of adding some helpful custom key bindings. - -Create a file in your home directory called **.tigrc**. Open **~/.tigrc** in your favorite editor and add: - - -``` -# Apply the selected stash -bind stash a !?git stash apply %(stash) - -# Drop the selected stash item -bind stash x !?git stash drop %(stash) -``` - -Run **tig stash** to browse your stash, as above. However, with these bindings in place, you can press **a** to apply an item from the stash to your repository and **x** to drop an item from the stash. Keep in mind that you'll need to perform these commands when browsing the stash _list_. If you're browsing a stash _item_, enter **q** to exit that view and press **a** or **x** to get the effect you want. - -For more information, you can read more about [Tig key bindings][10]. - -### Wrapping up - -I hope this has been a helpful demonstration of how Tig can enhance your daily workflow. Tig can do even more powerful things (such as staging lines of code), but that's outside the scope of this introductory article. There's enough information here to make you dangerous, but there's still more to explore. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-tig - -作者：[Olaf Alders][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/oalders/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/computer_keyboard_laptop_development_code_woman.png?itok=vbYz6jjb (A person programming) -[2]: https://jonas.github.io/tig/ -[3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man1/tig.1.html -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig.jpg (Tig screenshot) -[5]: https://jonas.github.io/tig/INSTALL.html -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig-search.png (Searching Tig) -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig-help.png (Tig Help) -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig-status.png (Tig status) -[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_commands -[10]: https://github.com/jonas/tig/wiki/Bindings diff --git a/translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md b/translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..16993a0012 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md @@ -0,0 +1,216 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to use Tig to browse Git logs) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-tig) +[#]: author: (Olaf Alders https://opensource.com/users/oalders/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo) + +如何使用 Tig 浏览 Git 日志 +====== +Tig不仅仅是 Git 的文本界面。以下是它如何增强你的日常工作流程。 +![A person programming][1] + +如果你使用 Git 作为你的版本控制系统，你可能已经让自己接受 Git 是一个复杂的野兽。它是一个很棒的工具，但在 Git 仓库查找可能很麻烦。因此像 [Tig][2] 这样的工具出现了。 + +来自 [Tig 手册页][3]： + +> Tig 是 git(1) 的基于 ncurses 的文本界面。它主要用作 Git 仓库浏览器，但也有助于在块级别暂存提交更改，并显示各种 Git 命令的输出。 + +这基本上意味着 Tig 提供了一个可以在终端中运行的基于文本的用户界面。Tig 可以让你轻松浏览你的 Git 日志，但它可以做的远不止让你从最后的提交跳到前一个提交。 + +![Tig screenshot][4] + +这篇快速入门的 Tig 中的许多例子都是直接从其出色的手册页中拿出来的。我强烈建议你阅读它以了解更多信息。 + +### 安装 Tig + + * Fedora 和 RHEL： **sudo dnf install tig** + * Ubuntu 和 Debian： **sudo apt install tig** + * MacOS:**：brew install tig** + + + +有关更多选项，请参阅官方[安装说明][5]。 + +### 浏览当前分支中的提交 + +如果要浏览分支中的最新提交，请输入： + + +``` +`tig` +``` + +这是这样。这个三字符命令将启动一个浏览器，你可以在其中导航当前分支中的提交。你可以将其视为 **git log** 的封装器。 + +要浏览输出，可以使用向上和向下箭头键从一个提交移动到另一个提交。按回车键将会垂直分割窗口，右侧包含所选提交的内容。你可以继续在左侧的提交历史记录中上下浏览，你的更改将显示在右侧。使用 **k** 和 **j** 逐行上下浏览，**-** 和空格键在右侧上下翻页。使用 **q** 退出右侧窗格。 + +搜索 **tig** 输出也很简单。使用 **/** 向前搜索，使用 **?** 在左右窗格中向后搜索。 + +![Searching Tig][6] + +这足以让你开始浏览你的提交。这里有很多的键绑定，但单击 **h** 将显示“帮助”菜单，你可以在其中发现其导航和命令选项。你还可以使用 **/** 和 **?** 来搜索“帮助”菜单。使用 **q** 退出帮助。 + +![Tig Help][7] + +### 浏览单个文件的修改 + +由于 Tig 是 **git log** 的封装器，它可以方便地接受可以传递给 **git log** 的相同参数。例如，要浏览单个文件的提交历史记录，请输入： + + +``` +`tig README.md` +``` + +将其与被封装的 Git 命令的输出进行比较，以便更清楚地了解 Tig 如何增强输出。 + + +``` +`git log README.md` +``` + +要在原始 Git 输出中包含补丁，你可以添加 **-p** 选项： + + +``` +`git log -p README.md` +``` + +如果要将提交范围缩小到特定日期范围，请尝试以下操作： + + +``` +`tig --after="2017-01-01" --before="2018-05-16" -- README.md` +``` + +再一次，你可以将其与原始的 Git 版本进行比较： + + +``` +`git log --after="2017-01-01" --before="2018-05-16" -- README.md` +``` + +### 浏览谁更改了文件 + +有时你想知道谁对文件进行了更改以及原因。命令： + + +``` +`tig blame README.md` +``` + +本质上是 **git blame** 的封装。正如你 所期望的那样，它允许你查看谁是编辑指定行的最后一人，它还允许你查看到引入该行的提交。这有点像 vim 的 **vim-fugitive**插件提供的**:Gblame**命令。 + +### 浏览你的暂存 + +如果你像我一样，你可能会在你的暂存处有许多编辑。你很容易忘记它们。你可以通过以下方式查看暂存处中的最新项目： + + +``` +`git stash show -p stash@{0}` +``` + +你可以通过以下方式找到第二个最新项目： + + +``` +`git stash show -p stash@{1}` +``` + +以此类推。如果你在需要它们时调用这些命令，那么你会有比我更清晰的内存。 + + +与上面的 Git 命令一样，Tig 可以通过简单的调用轻松增强你的 Git 输出： + + +``` +`tig stash` +``` + +尝试在有暂存的仓库中执行此命令。你将能够浏览_并搜索_你的暂存项，快速浏览你的那些修改。 + +### 浏览你的引用 + +git ref 是你提交的东西的哈希值。这包括文件和分支。使用 **tig refs** 命令可以浏览所有引用并深入查看特定提交。 + + +``` +`tig refs` +``` + +完成后，使用 **q** 回到前面的菜单。 + +### 浏览 git 状态 + +如果要查看哪些文件已被暂存，哪些文件未被跟踪，请使用 **tig status**，它是 **git status** 的封装。 + +![Tig status][8] + +### 浏览 git grep + +你可以使用 **grep** 命令在文本文件中搜索表达式。命令 **tig grep** 允许你导览 **git grep** 的输出。例如： + + +``` +`tig grep -i foo lib/Bar` +``` + +它会导览 **lib/Bar** 目录中以大小写敏感的方式搜索 **foo** 的输出。 + +### 通过标准输入管道输出给 Tig + +如果要将提交 ID 列表传递给 Tig，那么必须使用 **\--stdin** 标志，以便 **tig show** 从标准输入读取。否则，**tig show** 会在没有输入的情况下启动（出现空白屏幕）。 + + +``` +`git rev-list --author=olaf HEAD | tig show --stdin` +``` + +### 添加自定义绑定 + +你可以使用 [rc][9] 文件自定义 Tig。以下是如何根据自己的喜好添加一些有用的自定义键绑定的示例。 + +在主目录中创建一个名为 **.tigrc** 的文件。在你喜欢的编辑器中打开 **~/.tigrc** 并添加： + + +``` +# Apply the selected stash +bind stash a !?git stash apply %(stash) + +# Drop the selected stash item +bind stash x !?git stash drop %(stash) +``` + +如上所述，运行 **tig stash** 以浏览你的暂存。但是，通过这些绑定，你可以按 **a**将暂存中的项目应用到仓库，并按 **x** 从暂存中删除项目。请记住，你要在浏览暂存_列表_时，才能执行这些命令。如果你正在浏览暂存_项_，请输入 **q** 退出该视图，然后按 **a** 或 **x** 以获得所需效果。 + +有关更多信息，你可以阅读有关 [Tig 键绑定][10]。 + +### 总结 + +我希望这有助于演示 Tig 如何增强你的日常工作流程。Tig 可以做更强大的事情（比如暂存代码行），但这超出了这篇介绍性文章的范围。这里有足够的让你危险的信息，但还有更多值得探索的地方。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-tig + +作者：[Olaf Alders][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/oalders/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/computer_keyboard_laptop_development_code_woman.png?itok=vbYz6jjb (A person programming) +[2]: https://jonas.github.io/tig/ +[3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man1/tig.1.html +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig.jpg (Tig screenshot) +[5]: https://jonas.github.io/tig/INSTALL.html +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig-search.png (Searching Tig) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig-help.png (Tig Help) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tig-status.png (Tig status) +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_commands +[10]: https://github.com/jonas/tig/wiki/Bindings From 25fa9ebea3a93d24407a0ffb757204a744f52174 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 08:59:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0733/1265] translating --- ...90628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md b/sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md index 4e383f1fe6..2954e5fac5 100644 --- a/sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md +++ b/sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 510a419e5ef1fc31095a40a302de3f366bbe0d57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: qfzy1233 Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 11:05:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0734/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...80406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md b/sources/tech/20180406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md index 8cf35ea8bf..046bf9f0e8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by qfzy1233 + MX Linux: A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity ====== From 204aa080a10a627340186b24790b1e27ab93b1b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 11:21:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0735/1265] PRF @qfzy1223 --- ...Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 53 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/translated/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md index 540214606f..f81f9a2238 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md +++ b/translated/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (qfzy1233) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release) @@ -10,24 +10,25 @@ 随着 Zorin 15 的发布，Zorin OS 变得更为强大 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/05/112128zmz2n2csi6h7y6s2.png) + 长久以来 Zorin OS 一直在 [初学者适用的Linux发行版排行][1] 中占有一席之地。的确，它可能不是最受欢迎的，但是对于从 Windows 阵营转向 Linux 的用户而言，它一定是最好的一个发行版。 -我还记得，在几年前，我的一位朋友一直坚持让我安装[Zorin OS][2]。就我个人而言，当时我并不喜欢它的 UI 风格。但是，现如今 Zorin OS 15 发布了，这也让我有了更多的理由安装并将它作为我日常的操作系统。 +我还记得，在几年前，我的一位朋友一直坚持让我安装 [Zorin OS][2]。就我个人而言，当时我并不喜欢它的 UI 风格。但是，现如今 Zorin OS 15 发布了，这也让我有了更多的理由安装并将它作为我日常的操作系统。 不要担心，在这篇文章里，我会向你介绍你所需要了解的一切。 - ### Zorin 15 中的新特性 -让我们来看一下最新版本的 Zorin 有哪些主要的改变。Zorin 15 以 Ubuntu 18.04.2 为底层，因此带来了许多性能上的提升。除此之外，也有许多的 UI (用户界面)得到了改进。 +让我们来看一下最新版本的 Zorin 有哪些主要的改变。Zorin 15 是基于 Ubuntu 18.04.2 的，因此带来了许多性能上的提升。除此之外，也有许多 UI（用户界面）的改进。 #### Zorin Connect ![Zorin Connect][3] -Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 - Zorin Connect。如果你使用的是安卓设备，那你一定会喜欢这一功能。类似于[PushBullet][4]（LCTT译注：PushBullet-子弹推送，一款跨平台推送工具），[Zorin Connect][5]会提升你的手机和桌面一体化的体验。 +Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 —— Zorin Connect。如果你使用的是安卓设备，那你一定会喜欢这一功能。类似于 [PushBullet][4]（LCTT 译注：PushBullet，子弹推送，一款跨平台推送工具）， [Zorin Connect][5] 会提升你的手机和桌面一体化的体验。 -你可以在桌面上同步智能手机的通知，同时还可以回复它。最要命的是，你甚至可以回复短信并查看这部分对话。 +你可以在桌面上同步智能手机的通知，同时还可以回复它。甚至，你可以回复短信并查看对话。 总的来说，你可以体验到以下功能： @@ -35,13 +36,11 @@ Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 - Zorin Connect。如果你使用的 * 将你的手机作为电脑的遥控器 * 使用手机控制电脑上媒体的播放，并且当有来电接入时自动停止播放 - - -正如他们在[官方公告][6]中提到的, 数据的传输仅限于本地网络之间，并且不会有数据被上传到云端服务器。通过以下操作体验 Zorin Connect ，找到 – Zorin menu （Zorin 菜单） > System Tools （系统工具） > Zorin Connect。 +正如他们在[官方公告][6]中提到的, 数据的传输仅限于本地网络之间，并且不会有数据被上传到云端服务器。通过以下操作体验 Zorin Connect ，找到：Zorin menu （Zorin 菜单） > System Tools （系统工具） > Zorin Connect。 [][5] -#### 新的桌面主题(包含夜间模式!) +#### 新的桌面主题（包含夜间模式！） ![Zorin 夜间模式][7] @@ -49,15 +48,15 @@ Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 - Zorin Connect。如果你使用的 [][8] -当我在任意界面深色模式时，我的眼睛都舒适，你不想来试试么？ +当我启用了界面的深色模式时，我的眼睛感到如此舒适，你不想来试试么？ -它不单单是一个深色的主题，而是 UI 更干净直观，并且带有恰到好处的新动画。你可以从Zorin 内置的外观应用程序里找到所有的相关内建的所有设置。 +它不单单是一个深色的主题，而是 UI 更干净直观，并且带有恰到好处的新动画。你可以从 Zorin 内置的外观应用程序里找到所有的相关设置。 #### 自适应背景调整 & 深色浅色模式 你可以选择让桌面背景根据一天中每小时的环境亮度进行自动调整。此外，如果你想避免蓝光给眼睛带来伤害，你可以使用夜间模式。 -#### To do app +#### 代办事项应用 ![Todo][9] @@ -65,25 +64,25 @@ Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 - Zorin Connect。如果你使用的 #### 还有更多么？ -是的！其他主要的变化包括对 Flatpak 的支持，支持平板笔记本二合一电脑的触摸布局，DND 模式，以及一些重新设计的应用程序(设置，Libre Office)，以此来给你更好的用户体验。 +是的！其他主要的变化包括对 Flatpak 的支持，支持平板笔记本二合一电脑的触摸布局，DND 模式，以及一些重新设计的应用程序（设置、Libre Office），以此来给你更好的用户体验。 -如果你想要了解所有更新和改动的详细信息，你可以查看[官方公告][6]。如果你已经是Zorin的用户，你应该已经注意到他们他们的网站已经启用了一个全新的外观。 +如果你想要了解所有更新和改动的详细信息，你可以查看[官方公告][6]。如果你已经是 Zorin 的用户，你应该已经注意到他们的网站也已经启用了一个全新的外观。 ### 下载 Zorin OS 15 -**注释** : _今年的晚些时候将会推出从 Zorin OS 12 直升 15 版本而不需要重新安装的升级包。_ +**注释** : 今年的晚些时候将会推出从 Zorin OS 12 直升 15 版本而不需要重新安装的升级包。 -为了防止您不够了解，Zorin OS有三个版本—旗舰版本、核心板和轻量版。 +提示一下，Zorin OS 有三个版本：旗舰版本、核心板和轻量版。 -如果你想支持开发者和项目，同时解锁 Zorin OS 全部的功能，你可以花39美元购买旗舰版本。 +如果你想支持开发者和项目，同时解锁 Zorin OS 全部的功能，你可以花 39 美元购买旗舰版本。 -如果你只是想要一些基本功能，核心版就可以了(你可以免费下载)。如果是情况下，比如如果你有一台旧电脑，那么你可以使用轻量版。 +如果你只是想要一些基本功能，核心版就可以了（你可以免费下载）。如果是这种情况，比如你有一台旧电脑，那么你可以使用轻量版。 -[下载 ZORIN OS 15][10] +- [下载 ZORIN OS 15][10] -**你觉得 Zorin 15 怎么样？** +你觉得 Zorin 15 怎么样？ -我肯定会尝试一下，将 Zorin OS 作为我的主要操作系统-(手动狗头)。你呢?你觉得最新的版本怎么样?欢迎在下面的评论中告诉我们。 +我肯定会尝试一下，将 Zorin OS 作为我的主要操作系统 -（手动狗头）。你呢？你觉得最新的版本怎么样？欢迎在下面的评论中告诉我们。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -91,8 +90,8 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/zorin-os-15-release/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[qfzy1233](https://github.com/qfzy1233) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -100,12 +99,12 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/zorin-os-15-release/ [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 [1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/ [2]: https://zorinos.com/ -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/zorin-connect.jpg?fit=800%2C473&ssl=1 +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/zorin-connect.jpg [4]: https://www.pushbullet.com/ [5]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.zorinos.zorin_connect&hl=en_IN [6]: https://zoringroup.com/blog/2019/06/05/zorin-os-15-is-here-faster-easier-more-connected/ -[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/zorin-dark-mode.jpg?fit=722%2C800&ssl=1 +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/zorin-dark-mode.jpg [8]: https://itsfoss.com/necunos-linux-smartphone/ -[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Todo.jpg?fit=800%2C652&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Todo.jpg [10]: https://zorinos.com/download/ [11]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-1404-codenamed-trusty-tahr/ From 7e752fdab9cb2288eadc1add925d933cb801cba8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 11:22:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0736/1265] PUB @qfzy1223 https://linux.cn/article-11058-1.html --- ...orin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/published/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md rename to published/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md index f81f9a2238..0d24af1b7f 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md +++ b/published/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (qfzy1233) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11058-1.html) [#]: subject: (Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/zorin-os-15-release/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From 497680a1afa63537e9d6dd1c4e74857d6b381eea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 12:14:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0737/1265] PRF MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @chen-ni 翻译的很好 --- ...edora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md b/translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md index 5850ac7963..910b14a3fb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Ubuntu or Fedora: Which One Should You Use and Why) @@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ 你应该选择 Ubuntu 还是 Fedora？ ====== -_**摘要：选择 Ubuntu 还是 Fedora？它们的区别是什么？哪一个更好？你应该使用哪一个？看看这篇对比 Ubuntu 和 Fedora 的文章吧。**_ +> 选择 Ubuntu 还是 Fedora？它们的区别是什么？哪一个更好？你应该使用哪一个？看看这篇对比 Ubuntu 和 Fedora 的文章吧。 -Ubuntu 和 Fedora 都是最流行的 Linux 发行版之一，在两者之间做出选择实非易事。在这篇文章里，我会对比一下 Ubuntu 和 Fedora 的不同特点，帮助你进行决策。 +[Ubuntu][1] 和 [Fedora][2] 都是最流行的 Linux 发行版之一，在两者之间做出选择实非易事。在这篇文章里，我会对比一下 Ubuntu 和 Fedora 的不同特点，帮助你进行决策。 请注意，这篇文章主要是从桌面版的角度进行对比的。Fedora 或者 Ubuntu 针对容器的特殊版本不会被考虑在内。 @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Ubuntu 和 Fedora 默认都使用 GNOME 桌面环境。 ![GNOME Desktop in Fedora][6] -Fedora 使用的是 stock GNOME 桌面，而 Ubuntu 则在此基础上做了个性化调整，让它看起来就像 Ubuntu 之前使用的 Unity 桌面环境。 +Fedora 使用的是原装的 GNOME 桌面，而 Ubuntu 则在此基础上做了个性化调整，让它看起来就像 Ubuntu 之前使用的 Unity 桌面环境。 ![GNOME desktop customized by Ubuntu][7] @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Fedora 通过 [Fedora Spins][8] 的方式提供了一些不同桌面环境的版 #### 软件包管理和可用软件数量 -Ubuntu 使用 APT 软件包管理器提供软件并进行管理（包括应用程序、库，以及其它所需代码），而 Fedora 使用 DNF 软件包管理器。 +Ubuntu 使用 APT 软件包管理器提供软件并进行管理（包括应用程序、库，以及其它所需编解码器），而 Fedora 使用 DNF 软件包管理器。 [][9] @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Ubuntu 使用 APT 软件包管理器提供软件并进行管理（包括应用 一些第三方软件开发者为 Linux 提供像 .exe 文件一样可以点击安装的软件包。在 Ubuntu 里这些软件包是 .deb 格式的，在 Fedora 里是 .rpm 格式的。 -大多数软件供应商都为 Linux 用户提供 DEM 和 RPM 文件，但是我也经历过供应商只提供 DEB 文件的情况。比如说 SEO 工具 [Screaming Frog][11] 就只提供 DEB 软件包。反过来，一个软件只有 RPM 格式但是没有 DEB 格式这种情况就极其罕见了。 +大多数软件供应商都为 Linux 用户提供 DEB 和 RPM 文件，但是我也经历过供应商只提供 DEB 文件的情况。比如说 SEO 工具 [Screaming Frog][11] 就只提供 DEB 软件包。反过来，一个软件只有 RPM 格式但是没有 DEB 格式这种情况就极其罕见了。 #### 硬件支持 @@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ Fedora 则是红帽公司的一个社区项目。红帽公司是一个专注于 #### 在背后支持的企业 -Ubuntu 和 Fedora 都有来自母公司的支持。Ubuntu 源自 [Canonical][21] 公司，而 Fedora 源自 [红帽公司][22](现在是 [IBM 的一部分][23])。背后企业的支持非常重要，因为可以确保 Linux 发行版良好的维护。 +Ubuntu 和 Fedora 都有来自母公司的支持。Ubuntu 源自 [Canonical][21] 公司，而 Fedora 源自 [红帽公司][22]（现在是 [IBM 的一部分][23]）。背后企业的支持非常重要，因为可以确保 Linux 发行版良好的维护。 -有一些发行版是由一群独立的业余爱好者们共同创建的，但是在工作负荷之下经常会崩溃。你也许见过一些还算比较流行的发行版项目仅仅是因为这个原因而终止了。很多这样的发行版由于开发者没有足够的业余时间可以投入到项目上而不得不终止，比如 [Antergos][24] 和 Korora。 +有一些发行版是由一群独立的业余爱好者们共同创建的，但是在工作压力之下经常会结束。你也许见过一些还算比较流行的发行版项目仅仅是因为这个原因而终止了。很多这样的发行版由于开发者没有足够的业余时间可以投入到项目上而不得不终止，比如 [Antergos][24] 和 Korora。 Ubuntu 和 Fedora 的背后都有基于 Linux 的企业的支持，这让它们比其它独立的发行版更胜一筹。 @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Fedora 同样有服务端版本，并且也有人在使用。但是大多数系 学习 Fedora 可以更好地帮助你使用红帽企业级 Linux（RHEL）。RHEL 是一个付费产品，你需要购买订阅才可以使用。如果你希望在服务器上运行一个和 Fedora 或者红帽类似的操作系统，我推荐使用 CentOS。[CentOS][26] 同样是红帽公司附属的一个社区项目，但是专注于服务端。 -#### 结论 +### 结论 你可以看到，Ubuntu 和 Fedora 有很多相似之处。不过就可用软件数量、驱动安装和线上支持来说，Ubuntu 的确更有优势。**Ubuntu 也因此成为了一个更好的选择，尤其是对于没有经验的 Linux 新手而言。** @@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-vs-fedora/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b074a0a727a912ca20a934b7b9c0ccce9302a307 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 12:15:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0738/1265] PUB @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-11059-1.html --- ...0701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md b/published/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md rename to published/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md index 910b14a3fb..af00aa2e34 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md +++ b/published/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11059-1.html) [#]: subject: (Ubuntu or Fedora: Which One Should You Use and Why) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-vs-fedora/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) From 1b426dd98f8dca4800e7083f198bee570bc958ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 13:12:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0739/1265] PRF @lujun9972 --- ... Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md | 114 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md index a3efed0db0..3d746e39fd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (lujun9972) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux) @@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ 在 Linux 上为你的任务创建一个自定义的系统托盘指示器 ====== -时至今日系统托盘图标依然很有用。只需要右击图标，然后选择想要的动作即可，你可以大幅简化你的生活并且减少日常行为中的大量无用的点击。 +系统托盘图标如今仍是一个很神奇的功能。只需要右击图标，然后选择想要的动作，你就可以大幅简化你的生活并且减少日常行为中的大量无用的点击。 -一说到有用的系统托盘图标，我们很容易就想到 Skype，Dropbox 和 VLC: +一说到有用的系统托盘图标，我们很容易就想到 Skype、Dropbox 和 VLC： -![Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 11][1] +![Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux][1] -然而系统托盘图标实际上要更有用得多; 你可以根据自己的需求创建自己的系统托盘图标。本指导将会教你通过简单的几个步骤来实现这一目的。 +然而系统托盘图标实际上要更有用得多；你可以根据自己的需求创建自己的系统托盘图标。本指导将会教你通过简单的几个步骤来实现这一目的。 ### 前置条件 -我们将要用 Python 来实现一个自定义的系统托盘指示器。Python 默认在所有主流的 Linux 发行版中都有安装，因此你只需要确定一下它已经确实被安装好了(版本为 2.7)。另外，我们还需要安装好 gir1.2-appindicator3 包。该库能够让我们很容易就能创建系统图标指示器。 +我们将要用 Python 来实现一个自定义的系统托盘指示器。Python 可能已经默安装在所有主流的 Linux 发行版中了，因此你只需要确定一下它已经被安装好了（此处使用版本为 2.7）。另外，我们还需要安装好 `gir1.2-appindicator3` 包。该库能够让我们很容易就能创建系统图标指示器。 在 Ubuntu/Mint/Debian 上安装： @@ -34,50 +34,45 @@ sudo apt-get install gir1.2-appindicator3 sudo dnf install libappindicator-gtk3 ``` -对于其他发行版，只需要搜索包含 appindicator 的包就行了。 +对于其他发行版，只需要搜索包含 “appindicator” 的包就行了。 -在 GNOME Shell 3.26 开始，系统托盘图标被删除了。你需要安装 [这个扩展 ][2] (或者其他扩展) 来为桌面启用该功能。否则你无法看到我们创建的指示器。 +在 GNOME Shell 3.26 开始，系统托盘图标被删除了。你需要安装 [这个扩展][2]（或者其他扩展）来为桌面启用该功能。否则你无法看到我们创建的指示器。 ### 基础代码 -下面是指示器的基础代码： +下面是该指示器的基础代码： ``` #!/usr/bin/python import os from gi.repository import Gtk as gtk, AppIndicator3 as appindicator - def main(): - indicator = appindicator.Indicator.new("customtray", "semi-starred-symbolic", appindicator.IndicatorCategory.APPLICATION_STATUS) - indicator.set_status(appindicator.IndicatorStatus.ACTIVE) - indicator.set_menu(menu()) - gtk.main() - + indicator = appindicator.Indicator.new("customtray", "semi-starred-symbolic", appindicator.IndicatorCategory.APPLICATION_STATUS) + indicator.set_status(appindicator.IndicatorStatus.ACTIVE) + indicator.set_menu(menu()) + gtk.main() def menu(): - menu = gtk.Menu() - - command_one = gtk.MenuItem('My Notes') - command_one.connect('activate', note) - menu.append(command_one) - - exittray = gtk.MenuItem('Exit Tray') - exittray.connect('activate', quit) - menu.append(exittray) - - menu.show_all() - return menu - + menu = gtk.Menu() + + command_one = gtk.MenuItem('My Notes') + command_one.connect('activate', note) + menu.append(command_one) + exittray = gtk.MenuItem('Exit Tray') + exittray.connect('activate', quit) + menu.append(exittray) + + menu.show_all() + return menu + def note(_): - os.system("gedit $HOME/Documents/notes.txt") - + os.system("gedit $HOME/Documents/notes.txt") def quit(_): - gtk.main_quit() - + gtk.main_quit() if __name__ == "__main__": - main() + main() ``` -我们待会会解释一下代码是怎么工作的。但是现在，让我们将该文本保存为 tray.py，然后使用 Python 运行之： +我们待会会解释一下代码是怎么工作的。但是现在，让我们将该文本保存为 `tray.py`，然后使用 Python 运行之： ``` python tray.py @@ -87,38 +82,27 @@ python tray.py ![Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux 13][3] -现在，让我们解释一下魔术的原理： +现在，让我们解释一下这个魔法的原理： * 前三行代码仅仅用来指明 Python 的路径并且导入需要的库。 - - * def main() : 此为指示器的主函数。该函数的代码用来初始化并创建指示器。 - - * indicator = appindicator.Indicator.new(“customtray”，“semi-starred-symbolic”，appindicator.IndicatorCategory.APPLICATION_STATUS) : 这里我们指明创建一个名为 `customtray` 的指示器。这是指示器的唯一名称这样系统就不会与其他运行中的指示器搞混了。同时我们使用名为 `semi-starred-symbolic` 的图标作为指示器的默认图标。你可以将之改成任何其他值; 比如 `firefox` (如果你希望该指示器使用 FireFox 的图标)，或任何其他希望的图标名。最后与 `APPLICATION_STATUS` 相关的部分是指明指示器类别/范围的常规代码。 - - * `indicator.set_status(appindicator.IndicatorStatus.ACTIVE)` : 这一行激活指示器。 - - * `indicator.set_menu(menu())` : 这里我的是我们想使用 `menu()` 函数 (我们会在后面定义) 来为我们的指示器创建菜单项。这很重要，可以让你右击指示器后看到一个可以实施行为的列别。 - - * `gtk.main()` : 运行 GTK 主循环。 - - * 在 `menu()` 中我们定义了想要指示器提供的行为或项目。`command_one = gtk.MenuItem(‘My Notes’)` 仅仅使用文本 “My notes” 来初始化第一个菜单项，接下来 `command_one.connect(‘activate’，note)` 将菜单的 `activate` 信号与后面定义的 `note()` 函数相连接; 换句话说，我们告诉我们的系统：“当该菜单项被点击，运行 note() 函数”。最后，`menu.append(command_one)` 将菜单项添加到列表中。 - - * `exittray` 相关的行是为了创建一个退出的菜单项让你在想要的时候关闭指示器。 - + * `def main()` ：此为指示器的主函数。该函数的代码用来初始化并创建指示器。 + * `indicator = appindicator.Indicator.new("customtray"，"semi-starred-symbolic"，appindicator.IndicatorCategory.APPLICATION_STATUS)` ：这里我们指明创建一个名为 `customtray` 的新指示器。这是指示器的唯一名称，这样系统就不会与其他运行中的指示器搞混了。同时我们使用名为 `semi-starred-symbolic` 的图标作为指示器的默认图标。你可以将之改成任何其他值；比如 `firefox` (如果你希望该指示器使用 FireFox 的图标)，或任何其他你想用的图标名。最后与 `APPLICATION_STATUS` 相关的部分是指明指示器类别/范围的常规代码。 + * `indicator.set_status(appindicator.IndicatorStatus.ACTIVE)`：这一行激活指示器。 + * `indicator.set_menu(menu())`：这里说的是我们想使用 `menu()` 函数（我们会在后面定义) 来为我们的指示器创建菜单项。这很重要，可以让你右击指示器后看到一个可以实施行为的列表。 + * `gtk.main()`：运行 GTK 主循环。 + * 在 `menu()` 中我们定义了想要指示器提供的行为或项目。`command_one = gtk.MenuItem('My Notes')` 仅仅使用文本 “My notes” 来初始化第一个菜单项，接下来 `command_one.connect('activate'，note)` 将菜单的 `activate` 信号与后面定义的 `note()` 函数相连接；换句话说，我们告诉我们的系统：“当该菜单项被点击，运行 `note()` 函数”。最后，`menu.append(command_one)` 将菜单项添加到列表中。 + * `exittray` 相关的行是为了创建一个退出的菜单项，以便让你在想要的时候关闭指示器。 * `menu.show_all()` 以及 `return menu` 只是返回菜单项给指示器的常规代码。 - - * 在 `note(_)` 下面是点击 “My Notes” 菜单项时需要执行的代码。这里只是 `os.system(“gedit $HOME/Documents/notes.txt”)` 这一句话; `os.system` 函数允许你在 Python 中运行 shell 命令，因此这里我们写了一行命令来使用 `gedit` 打开 home 目录下 `Documents` 目录中名为 `notes.txt` 的文件。例如，这个可以称为你今后的日常笔记程序了！ + * 在 `note(_)` 下面是点击 “My Notes” 菜单项时需要执行的代码。这里只是 `os.system("gedit $HOME/Documents/notes.txt")` 这一句话；`os.system` 函数允许你在 Python 中运行 shell 命令，因此这里我们写了一行命令来使用 `gedit` 打开家目录下 `Documents` 目录中名为 `notes.txt` 的文件。例如，这个可以称为你今后的日常笔记程序了！ ### 添加你所需要的任务 你只需要修改代码中的两块地方： - 1。在 `menu()` 中为你想要的任务定义新的菜单项。 + 1. 在 `menu()` 中为你想要的任务定义新的菜单项。 + 2. 创建一个新的函数让给该菜单项被点击时执行特定的行为。 - 2。创建一个新的函数让给该菜单项被点击时执行特定的行为。 - - -所以，比如说你想要创建一个新菜单项，在点击后，会使用 VLC 播放硬盘中某个特定的视频/音频文件？要做到这一点，只需要在地 17 行处添加下面三行内容： +所以，比如说你想要创建一个新菜单项，在点击后，会使用 VLC 播放硬盘中某个特定的视频/音频文件？要做到这一点，只需要在第 17 行处添加下面三行内容： ``` command_two = gtk.MenuItem('Play video/audio') @@ -126,14 +110,14 @@ command_two.connect('activate', play) menu.append(command_two) ``` -然后在地 30 行添加下面内容： +然后在第 30 行添加下面内容： ``` def play(_): - os.system("vlc /home//Videos/somevideo.mp4") + os.system("vlc /home//Videos/somevideo.mp4") ``` -将 /home//Videos/somevideo.mp4 替换成你想要播放的视频/音频文件路径。现在保存该文件然后再次运行该指示器： +将` `/home//Videos/somevideo.mp4` 替换成你想要播放的视频/音频文件路径。现在保存该文件然后再次运行该指示器： ``` python tray.py @@ -145,15 +129,15 @@ python tray.py 而且当你点击新创建的菜单项时，VLC 会开始播放！ -要创建其他项目/任务，只需要重复上面步骤即可。但是要小心，需要用其他命令来为 command_two 改名，比如 command_three，这样在变量之间才不会产生冲突。然后定义新函数，就像 play(_) 函数那样。 +要创建其他项目/任务，只需要重复上面步骤即可。但是要小心，需要用其他命令来替换 `command_two`，比如 `command_three`，这样在变量之间才不会产生冲突。然后定义新函数，就像 `play(_)` 函数那样。 -从这里开始的可能性是无穷的; 比如我用这种方法来从网上获取数据(使用 urllib2 库) 并显示出来。我也用它来在后台使用 mpg123 命令播放 mp3 文件，而且我还定义了另一个菜单项来杀掉所有的 mpg123 来随时停止播放音频。比如 Steam 上的 CS:GO 退出很费时间(窗口并不会自动关闭)，因此，作为一个变通的方法，我只是最小化窗口然后点击某个自建的菜单项，它会执行 killall -9 csgo_linux64 命令。 +可能性是无穷的；比如我用这种方法来从网上获取数据（使用 urllib2 库）并显示出来。我也用它来在后台使用 `mpg123` 命令播放 mp3 文件，而且我还定义了另一个菜单项来 `killall mpg123` 以随时停止播放音频。比如 Steam 上的 CS:GO 退出很费时间（窗口并不会自动关闭），因此，作为一个变通的方法，我只是最小化窗口然后点击某个自建的菜单项，它会执行 `killall -9 csgo_linux64` 命令。 -你可以使用这个指示器来做任何事情：升级系统包，运行其他脚本。字面上的任何事情。 +你可以使用这个指示器来做任何事情：升级系统包、运行其他脚本——字面上的任何事情。 ### 自动启动 -我们希望系统托盘指示器能在系统启动后自动启动，而不用每次都手工运行。要做到这一点，只需要在自启动应用程序中添加下面命令即可(但是你需要将 tray.py 的路径替换成你自己的路径): +我们希望系统托盘指示器能在系统启动后自动启动，而不用每次都手工运行。要做到这一点，只需要在自启动应用程序中添加下面命令即可（但是你需要将 `tray.py` 的路径替换成你自己的路径）: ``` nohup python /home//tray.py & @@ -175,7 +159,7 @@ via: https://fosspost.org/tutorials/custom-system-tray-icon-indicator-linux 作者：[M.Hanny Sabbagh][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f17836ec2ffba385a6539d013b478a8ab0fe7cf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 13:13:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0740/1265] PUB @lujun9972 https://linux.cn/article-11061-1.html --- ... a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md b/published/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md rename to published/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md index 3d746e39fd..9940c0e049 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md +++ b/published/20190302 Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (lujun9972) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11061-1.html) [#]: subject: (Create a Custom System Tray Indicator For Your Tasks on Linux) [#]: via: (https://fosspost.org/tutorials/custom-system-tray-icon-indicator-linux) [#]: author: (M.Hanny Sabbagh https://fosspost.org/author/mhsabbagh) From 17a65c075175bc17a9670b96722d231f2555aeb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 13:36:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0741/1265] PRF --- ...orin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md | 4 ---- ...0701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md | 2 -- 2 files changed, 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/published/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md b/published/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md index 0d24af1b7f..28a906fbdb 100644 --- a/published/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md +++ b/published/20190606 Zorin OS Becomes Even More Awesome With Zorin 15 Release.md @@ -38,16 +38,12 @@ Zorin OS 15 最主要的一个亮点就是 —— Zorin Connect。如果你使 正如他们在[官方公告][6]中提到的, 数据的传输仅限于本地网络之间，并且不会有数据被上传到云端服务器。通过以下操作体验 Zorin Connect ，找到：Zorin menu （Zorin 菜单） > System Tools （系统工具） > Zorin Connect。 -[][5] - #### 新的桌面主题（包含夜间模式！） ![Zorin 夜间模式][7] 一提到 “夜间模式” 我就毫无抵抗力。对我而言，这是Zorin OS 15 自带的最好的功能。 -[][8] - 当我启用了界面的深色模式时，我的眼睛感到如此舒适，你不想来试试么？ 它不单单是一个深色的主题，而是 UI 更干净直观，并且带有恰到好处的新动画。你可以从 Zorin 内置的外观应用程序里找到所有的相关设置。 diff --git a/published/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md b/published/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md index af00aa2e34..e4251ec54e 100644 --- a/published/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md +++ b/published/20190701 Ubuntu or Fedora- Which One Should You Use and Why.md @@ -71,8 +71,6 @@ Fedora 通过 [Fedora Spins][8] 的方式提供了一些不同桌面环境的版 Ubuntu 使用 APT 软件包管理器提供软件并进行管理（包括应用程序、库，以及其它所需编解码器），而 Fedora 使用 DNF 软件包管理器。 -[][9] - [Ubuntu 拥有庞大的软件仓库][10]，能够让你轻松安装数以千计的程序，包括 FOSS（LCTT 译注：Free and Open-Source Software 的缩写，自由开源软件）和非 FOSS 的软件。Fedora 则只专注于提供开源软件。虽然这一点在最近的版本里有所转变，但是 Fedora 的软件仓库在规模上仍然比 Ubuntu 的要逊色一些。 一些第三方软件开发者为 Linux 提供像 .exe 文件一样可以点击安装的软件包。在 Ubuntu 里这些软件包是 .deb 格式的，在 Fedora 里是 .rpm 格式的。 From 339a54def1795a9ee0b401f19caf3f59889bba41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 00:51:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0742/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190705=20Mana?= =?UTF-8?q?ge=20your=20shell=20environment?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190705 Manage your shell environment.md --- .../20190705 Manage your shell environment.md | 121 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 121 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190705 Manage your shell environment.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190705 Manage your shell environment.md b/sources/tech/20190705 Manage your shell environment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c9a4c94bac --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190705 Manage your shell environment.md @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Manage your shell environment) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/manage-your-shell-environment/) +[#]: author: (Eduard Lucena https://fedoramagazine.org/author/x3mboy/) + +Manage your shell environment +====== + +![][1] + +Some time ago, the Fedora Magazine has published an [article introducing ZSH][2] — an alternative shell to Fedora’s default, bash. This time, we’re going to look into customizing it to use it in a more effective way. All of the concepts shown in this article also work in other shells such as bash. + +### Alias + +Aliases are shortcuts for commands. This is useful for creating short commands for actions that are performed often, but require a long command that would take too much time to type. The syntax is: + +``` +$ alias yourAlias='complex command with arguments' +``` + +They don’t always need to be used for shortening long commands. Important is that you use them for tasks that you do often. An example could be: + +``` +$ alias dnfUpgrade='dnf -y upgrade' +``` + +That way, to do a system upgrade, I just type dnfUpgrade instead of the whole dnf command. + +The problem of setting aliases right in the console is that once the terminal session is closed, the alias would be lost. To set them permanently, resource files are used. + +### Resource Files + +Resource files (or rc files) are configuration files that are loaded per user in the beginning of a session or a process (when a new terminal window is opened, or a new program like vim is started). In the case of ZSH, the resource file is _.zshrc_, and for bash it’s _.bashrc_. + +To make the aliases permanent, you can either put them in your resource. You can edit your resource file with a text editor of your choice. This example uses vim: + +``` +$ vim $HOME/.zshrc +``` + +Or for bash: + +``` +$ vim $HOME/.bashrc +``` + +Note that the location of the resource file is specified relatively to a home directory — and that’s where ZSH (or bash) are going to look for the file by default for each user. + +Other option is to put your configuration in any other file, and then source it: + +``` +$ source /path/to/your/rc/file +``` + +Again, sourcing it right in your session will only apply it to the session, so to make it permanent, add the source command to your resource file. The advantage of having your source file in a different location is that you can source it any time. Or anywhere which is especially useful in shared environments. + +### Environment Variables + +Environment variables are values assigned to a specific name which can be then called in scripts and commands. They start with the $ dollar sign. One of the most common is $HOME that references the home directory. + +As the name suggests, environment variables are a part of your environment. Set a variable using the following syntax: + +``` +$ http_proxy="http://your.proxy" +``` + +And to make it an environment variable, export it with the following command: + +``` +$ export $http_proxy +``` + +To see all the environment variables that are currently set, use the _env_ command: + +``` +$ env +``` + +The command outputs all the variables available in your session. To demonstrate how to use them in a command, try running the following echo commands: + +``` +$ echo $PWD +/home/fedora +$ echo $USER +fedora +``` + +What happens here is variable expansion — the value stored in the variable is used in your command. + +Another useful variable is _$PATH_, that defines directories that your shell uses to look for binaries. + +### The $PATH variable + +There are many directories, or folders (the way they are called in graphical environments) that are important to the OS. Some directories are set to hold binaries you can use directly in your shell. And these directories are defined in the $PATH variable. + +``` +$ echo $PATH +/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/share/Modules/bin:/usr/lib64/ccache:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/libexec/sdcc:/usr/libexec/sdcc:/usr/bin:/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/opt/FortiClient +``` + +This will help you when you want to have your own binaries (or scripts) accessible in the shell. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/manage-your-shell-environment/ + +作者：[Eduard Lucena][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/x3mboy/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/manage-shell-env-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/set-zsh-fedora-system/ From 652f90d3733258f69a5b3e1a136f01e4c1232c8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 00:52:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0743/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190706=20Say?= =?UTF-8?q?=20WHAAAT=3F=20Mozilla=20has=20Been=20Nominated=20for=20the=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=9CInternet=20Villain=E2=80=9D=20Award=20in=20the=20UK?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md --- ... the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md | 102 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 102 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md b/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..253eae7967 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Say WHAAAT? Mozilla has Been Nominated for the “Internet Villain” Award in the UK) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mozilla-internet-villain/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Say WHAAAT? Mozilla has Been Nominated for the “Internet Villain” Award in the UK +====== + +Mozilla Firefox is one of the most popular browsers available out there. A lot of users prefer it over Chrome just because it encourages privacy protection and features options to keep your Internet activity as private as possible. + +But, one of the recently proposed features – **[DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS)][1]** which is still in the testing phase didn’t receive a good response from the UK’s ISPs trade association. + +So, the ISPA (Internet Services Providers Association) of UK decided to [nominate][2] Mozilla as one of the “Internet Villains” among the nominees for 2019. This is for an award ceremony to be held on 11th July in London by the ISP trade association of the UK. + +![][3] + +### Why “Mozilla” is the “Internet Villain” here? + +In their announcement, the ISPA mentioned that Mozilla is one of the Internet Villains for supporting **DoH** (DNS-over-HTTPS). + +> [@mozilla][4] is nominated for the [#ISPAs][5] [#InternetVillain][6] for their proposed approach to introduce DNS-over-HTTPS in such a way as to bypass UK filtering obligations and parental controls, undermining [#internet][7] safety standards in the UK. [pic.twitter.com/WeZhLq2uvi][8] +> +> — Internet Services Providers Association (ISPAUK) (@ISPAUK) [July 4, 2019][9] + +Along with Mozilla, Article 13 Copyright Directive and President Donald Trump also appear in the list. Here’s how ISPA explained in their announcement: + +_**Mozilla**_ _– for their proposed approach to introduce DNS-over-HTTPS in such a way as to bypass UK filtering obligations and parental controls, undermining internet safety standards in the UK_. + +**_Article_ _13 Copyright Directive_** _– for threatening freedom of expression online by requiring ‘content recognition technologies’ across platforms_ + +_**President Donald Trump**_ _– for causing a huge amount of uncertainty across the complex, global telecommunications supply chain in the course of trying to protect national security_ + +### What is DNS-over-HTTPS? + +DoH basically means that your DNS requests will be encrypted over an HTTPS connection. + +Traditionally, the DNS requests are unencrypted and your DNS provider or the ISP can monitor/control your browsing activity. Without DoH, you can easily enforce blocking/content filtering through your DNS provider or the ISP can do that when they want. + +[][10] + +Suggested read  Firefox: The Internet's Knight in Shining Armor + +However, DoH completely takes that out of the equation and hence, you get a private browsing experience. + +You can explore [how Mozilla implements this partnering with Cloudflare][11] and set it up for yourself if you want. + +### Is DoH helpful? + +Yes and no. + +Of course, on one side of the coin, it lets user bypass any content filters enforced by the DNS or the ISPs. So, it is a good thing that we want to put a stop to Internet censorship and DoH helps us with that. + +But, on the other side, if you are a parent, you can no longer [set content filters][12] if your kid utilizes DoH on Mozilla Firefox. It depends on how good/bad the [firewall is configured][13]. + +But potentially DoH is a solution for some to bypass parental controls, which could be a bad thing. + +Correct me if I’m wrong here – in the comments below. + +Also, using DoH means that you can no longer use the local host file (in case you are using it for ad blocking or something else) + +### Wrapping Up + +What do you think about DoH in general? Is it good enough? + +And, what’s your take on ISPA’s decision? Do you think that they are encouraging Internet censorship and government monitoring on netizens with this kind of announcement? + +Personally, I find it hilarious. Even if DoH isn’t the ultimate feature that everyone wants, it is always good to have an option to protect your privacy in some way. + +Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. Meanwhile, I’ll just put this quote here: + +> In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/mozilla-internet-villain/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_HTTPS +[2]: https://www.ispa.org.uk/ispa-announces-finalists-for-2019-internet-heroes-and-villains-trump-and-mozilla-lead-the-way-as-villain-nominees/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/mozilla-internet-villain.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[4]: https://twitter.com/mozilla?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[5]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISPAs?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[6]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/InternetVillain?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[7]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/internet?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[8]: https://t.co/WeZhLq2uvi +[9]: https://twitter.com/ISPAUK/status/1146725374455373824?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/why-firefox/ +[11]: https://blog.nightly.mozilla.org/2018/06/01/improving-dns-privacy-in-firefox/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-block-porn-by-content-filtering-on-ubuntu/ +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/set-up-firewall-gufw/ From 754a4de7b65f38210bfbf541faae1a1db30059d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 00:53:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0744/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190705=20Lear?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20object-oriented=20programming=20with=20Python?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190705 Learn object-oriented programming with Python.md --- ...object-oriented programming with Python.md | 311 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 311 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190705 Learn object-oriented programming with Python.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190705 Learn object-oriented programming with Python.md b/sources/tech/20190705 Learn object-oriented programming with Python.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b617517526 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190705 Learn object-oriented programming with Python.md @@ -0,0 +1,311 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Learn object-oriented programming with Python) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/get-modular-python-classes) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +Learn object-oriented programming with Python +====== +Make your code more modular with Python classes. +![Developing code.][1] + +In my previous article, I explained how to [make Python modular][2] by using functions, creating modules, or both. Functions are invaluable to avoid repeating code you intend to use several times, and modules ensure that you can use your code across different projects. But there's another component to modularity: the class. + +If you've heard the term _object-oriented programming_, then you may have some notion of the purpose classes serve. Programmers tend to consider a class as a virtual object, sometimes with a direct correlation to something in the physical world, and other times as a manifestation of some programming concept. Either way, the idea is that you can create a class when you want to create "objects" within a program for you or other parts of the program to interact with. + +### Templates without classes + +Assume you're writing a game set in a fantasy world, and you need this application to be able to drum up a variety of baddies to bring some excitement into your players' lives. Knowing quite a lot about functions, you might think this sounds like a textbook case for functions: code that needs to be repeated often but is written once with allowance for variations when called. + +Here's an example of a purely function-based implementation of an enemy generator: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +import random + +def enemy(ancestry,gear): +    enemy=ancestry +    weapon=gear +    hp=random.randrange(0,20) +    ac=random.randrange(0,20) +    return [enemy,weapon,hp,ac] + +def fight(tgt): +    print("You take a swing at the " + tgt[0] + ".") +    hit=random.randrange(0,20) +    if hit > tgt[3]: +        print("You hit the " + tgt[0] + " for " + str(hit) + " damage!") +        tgt[2] = tgt[2] - hit +    else: +        print("You missed.") + +foe=enemy("troll","great axe") +print("You meet a " + foe[0] + " wielding a " + foe[1]) +print("Type the a key and then RETURN to attack.") + +while True: +    action=input() + +    if action.lower() == "a": +        fight(foe) + +    if foe[2] < 1: +        print("You killed your foe!") +    else: +        print("The " + foe[0] + " has " + str(foe[2]) + " HP remaining") +``` + +The **enemy** function creates an enemy with several attributes, such as ancestry, a weapon, health points, and a defense rating. It returns a list of each attribute, representing the sum total of the enemy. + +In a sense, this code has created an object, even though it's not using a class yet. Programmers call this "enemy" an _object_ because the result (a list of strings and integers, in this case) of the function represents a singular but complex _thing_ in the game. That is, the strings and integers in the list aren't arbitrary: together, they describe a virtual object. + +When writing a collection of descriptors, you use variables so you can use them any time you want to generate an enemy. It's a little like a template. + +In the example code, when an attribute of the object is needed, the corresponding list item is retrieved. For instance, to get the ancestry of an enemy, the code looks at **foe[0]**, for health points, it looks at **foe[2]** for health points, and so on. + +There's nothing necessarily wrong with this approach. The code runs as expected. You could add more enemies of different types, you could create a list of enemy types and randomly select from the list during enemy creation, and so on. It works well enough, and in fact [Lua][3] uses this principle very effectively to approximate an object-oriented model. + +However, there's sometimes more to an object than just a list of attributes. + +### The way of the object + +In Python, everything is an object. Anything you create in Python is an _instance_ of some predefined template. Even basic strings and integers are derivatives of the Python **type** class. You can witness this for yourself an interactive Python shell: + + +``` +>>> foo=3 +>>> type(foo) +<class 'int'> +>>> foo="bar" +>>> type(foo) +<class 'str'> +``` + +When an object is defined by a class, it is more than just a collection of attributes. Python classes have functions all their own. This is convenient, logically, because actions that pertain only to a certain class of objects are contained within that object's class. + +In the example code, the fight code is a function of the main application. That works fine for a simple game, but in a complex one, there would be more than just players and enemies in the game world. There might be townsfolk, livestock, buildings, forests, and so on, and none of them ever need access to a fight function. Placing code for combat in an enemy class means your code is better organized; and in a complex application, that's a significant advantage. + +Furthermore, each class has privileged access to its own local variables. An enemy's health points, for instance, isn't data that should ever change except by some function of the enemy class. A random butterfly in the game should not accidentally reduce an enemy's health to 0. Ideally, even without classes, that would never happen, but in a complex application with lots of moving parts, it's a powerful trick of the trade to ensure that parts that don't need to interact with one another never do. + +Python classes are also subject to garbage collection. When an instance of a class is no longer used, it is moved out of memory. You may never know when this happens, but you tend to notice when it doesn't happen because your application takes up more memory and runs slower than it should. Isolating data sets into classes helps Python track what is in use and what is no longer needed. + +### Classy Python + +Here's the same simple combat game using a class for the enemy: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +import random + +class Enemy(): +    def __init__(self,ancestry,gear): +        self.enemy=ancestry +        self.weapon=gear +        self.hp=random.randrange(10,20) +        self.ac=random.randrange(12,20) +        self.alive=True + +    def fight(self,tgt): +        print("You take a swing at the " + self.enemy + ".") +        hit=random.randrange(0,20) + +        if self.alive and hit > self.ac: +            print("You hit the " + self.enemy + " for " + str(hit) + " damage!") +            self.hp = self.hp - hit +            print("The " + self.enemy + " has " + str(self.hp) + " HP remaining") +        else: +            print("You missed.") + +        if self.hp < 1: +            self.alive=False + +# game start +foe=Enemy("troll","great axe") +print("You meet a " + foe.enemy + " wielding a " + foe.weapon) + +# main loop +while True: +    +    print("Type the a key and then RETURN to attack.") +        +    action=input() + +    if action.lower() == "a": +        foe.fight(foe) +                +    if foe.alive == False: +        print("You have won...this time.") +        exit() +``` + +This version of the game handles the enemy as an object containing the same attributes (ancestry, weapon, health, and defense), plus a new attribute measuring whether the enemy has been vanquished yet, as well as a function for combat. + +The first function of a class is a special function called (in Python) an _init_, or initialization, function. This is similar to a [constructor][4] in other languages; it creates an instance of the class, which is identifiable to you by its attributes and to whatever variable you use when invoking the class (**foe** in the example code). + +### Self and class instances + +The class' functions accept a new form of input you don't see outside of classes: **self**. If you don't include **self**, then Python has no way of knowing _which_ instance of the class to use when you call a class function. It's like challenging a single orc to a duel by saying "I'll fight the orc" in a room full of orcs; nobody knows which one you're referring to, and so bad things happen. + +![Image of an Orc, CC-BY-SA by Buch on opengameart.org][5] + +CC-BY-SA by Buch on opengameart.org + +Each attribute created within a class is prepended with the **self** notation, which identifies that variable as an attribute of the class. Once an instance of a class is spawned, you swap out the **self** prefix with the variable representing that instance. Using this technique, you could challenge just one orc to a duel in a room full of orcs by saying "I'll fight the gorblar.orc"; when Gorblar the Orc hears **gorblar.orc**, he knows which orc you're referring to (him_self_), and so you get a fair fight instead of a brawl. In Python: + + +``` +gorblar=Enemy("orc","sword") +print("The " + gorblar.enemy + " has " + str(gorblar.hp) + " remaining.") +``` + +Instead of looking to **foe[0]** (as in the functional example) or **gorblar[0]** for the enemy type, you retrieve the class attribute (**gorblar.enemy** or **gorblar.hp** or whatever value for whatever object you need). + +### Local variables + +If a variable in a class is not prepended with the **self** keyword, then it is a local variable, just as in any function. For instance, no matter what you do, you cannot access the **hit** variable outside the **Enemy.fight** class: + + +``` +>>> print(foe.hit) +Traceback (most recent call last): +  File "./enclass.py", line 38, in <module> +    print(foe.hit) +AttributeError: 'Enemy' object has no attribute 'hit' + +>>> print(foe.fight.hit) +Traceback (most recent call last): +  File "./enclass.py", line 38, in <module> +    print(foe.fight.hit) +AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'hit' +``` + +The **hit** variable is contained within the Enemy class, and only "lives" long enough to serve its purpose in combat. + +### More modularity + +This example uses a class in the same text document as your main application. In a complex game, it's easier to treat each class almost as if it were its own self-standing application. You see this when multiple developers work on the same application: one developer works on a class, and the other works on the main program, and as long as they communicate with one another about what attributes the class must have, the two code bases can be developed in parallel. + +To make this example game modular, split it into two files: one for the main application and one for the class. Were it a more complex application, you might have one file per class, or one file per logical groups of classes (for instance, a file for buildings, a file for natural surroundings, a file for enemies and NPCs, and so on). + +Save one file containing just the Enemy class as **enemy.py** and another file containing everything else as **main.py**. + +Here's **enemy.py**: + + +``` +import random + +class Enemy(): +    def __init__(self,ancestry,gear): +        self.enemy=ancestry +        self.weapon=gear +        self.hp=random.randrange(10,20) +        self.stg=random.randrange(0,20) +        self.ac=random.randrange(0,20) +        self.alive=True + +    def fight(self,tgt): +        print("You take a swing at the " + self.enemy + ".") +        hit=random.randrange(0,20) + +        if self.alive and hit > self.ac: +            print("You hit the " + self.enemy + " for " + str(hit) + " damage!") +            self.hp = self.hp - hit +            print("The " + self.enemy + " has " + str(self.hp) + " HP remaining") +        else: +            print("You missed.") + +        if self.hp < 1: +            self.alive=False +``` + +Here's **main.py**: + + +``` +#!/usr/bin/env python3 + +import enemy as en + +# game start +foe=en.Enemy("troll","great axe") +print("You meet a " + foe.enemy + " wielding a " + foe.weapon) + +# main loop +while True: +    +    print("Type the a key and then RETURN to attack.") + +    action=input() + +    if action.lower() == "a": +        foe.fight(foe) + +    if foe.alive == False: +        print("You have won...this time.") +        exit() +``` + +Importing the module **enemy.py** is done very specifically with a statement that refers to the file of classes as its name without the **.py** extension, followed by a namespace designator of your choosing (for example, **import enemy as en**). This designator is what you use in the code when invoking a class. Instead of just using **Enemy()**, you preface the class with the designator of what you imported, such as **en.Enemy**. + +All of these file names are entirely arbitrary, although not uncommon in principle. It's a common convention to name the part of the application that serves as the central hub **main.py**, and a file full of classes is often named in lowercase with the classes inside it, each beginning with a capital letter. Whether you follow these conventions doesn't affect how the application runs, but it does make it easier for experienced Python programmers to quickly decipher how your application works. + +There's some flexibility in how you structure your code. For instance, using the code sample, both files must be in the same directory. If you want to package just your classes as a module, then you must create a directory called, for instance, **mybad** and move your classes into it. In **main.py**, your import statement changes a little: + + +``` +`from mybad import enemy as en` +``` + +Both systems produce the same results, but the latter is best if the classes you have created are generic enough that you think other developers could use them in their projects. + +Regardless of which you choose, launch the modular version of the game: + + +``` +$ python3 ./main.py +You meet a troll wielding a great axe +Type the a key and then RETURN to attack. +a +You take a swing at the troll. +You missed. +Type the a key and then RETURN to attack. +a +You take a swing at the troll. +You hit the troll for 8 damage! +The troll has 4 HP remaining +Type the a key and then RETURN to attack. +a +You take a swing at the troll. +You hit the troll for 11 damage! +The troll has -7 HP remaining +You have won...this time. +``` + +The game works. It's modular. And now you know what it means for an application to be object-oriented. But most importantly, you know to be specific when challenging an orc to a duel. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/get-modular-python-classes + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/code_development_programming.png?itok=M_QDcgz5 (Developing code.) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/get-modular-python-functions +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/17/4/how-program-games-raspberry-pi +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-java-constructor +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/orc-buch-opengameart_cc-by-sa.jpg (CC-BY-SA by Buch on opengameart.org) From e443b53c41a2122a4dd0e10de449fca5dcc688de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 00:53:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0745/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190705=20Copy?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20paste=20at=20the=20Linux=20command=20line=20with=20xcl?= =?UTF-8?q?ip?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md --- ...te at the Linux command line with xclip.md | 99 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md b/sources/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f13bfe6479 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/xclip) +[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt) + +Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip +====== +Learn how to get started with the Linux xclip utility. +![Green paperclips][1] + +How do you usually copy all or part of a text file when working on the Linux desktop? Chances are you open the file in a text editor, select all or just the text you want to copy, and paste it somewhere else. + +That works. But you can do the job a bit more efficiently at the command line using the [xclip][2] utility. xclip provides a conduit between commands you run in a terminal window and the clipboard in a Linux graphical desktop environment. + +### Installing xclip + +xclip isn't standard kit with many Linux distributions. To see if it's installed on your computer, open a terminal window and type **which xclip**. If that command returns output like _/usr/bin/xclip_, then you're ready to go. Otherwise, you need to install xclip. + +To do that, use your distribution's package manager. Or, if you're adventurous, [grab the source code][2] from GitHub and compile it yourself. + +### Doing the basics + +Let's say you want to copy the contents of a file to the clipboard. There are two ways to do that with xclip. Type either: + + +``` +`xclip file_name` +``` + +or + + +``` +`xclip -sel clip file_name` +``` + +What's the difference between the two commands (aside from the second one being longer)? The first command works if you use the middle button on the mouse to paste text. However, not everyone does. Many people are conditioned to use a right-click menu or to press Ctrl+V to paste text. If you're one of those people (I am!), using the **-sel clip** option ensures you can paste what you want to paste. + +### Using xclip with other applications + +Copying the contents of a file directly to the clipboard is a neat parlor trick. Chances are, you won't be doing that very often. There are other ways you can use xclip, and those involve pairing it with another command-line application. + +That pairing is done with a _pipe_ (|). The pipe redirects the output of one command line application to another. Doing that opens several possibilities. Let's take a look at three of them. + +Say you're a system administrator and you need to copy the last 30 lines of a log file into a bug report. Opening the file in a text editor, scrolling down to the end, and copying and pasting is a bit of work. Why not use xclip and the [tail][3] utility to quickly and easily do the deed? Run this command to copy those last 30 lines: + + +``` +`tail -n 30 logfile.log | xclip -sel clip` +``` + +Quite a bit of my writing goes into some content management system (CMS) or another for publishing on the web. However, I never use a CMS's WYSIWYG editor to write—I write offline in [plain text][4] formatted with [Markdown][5]. That said, many of those editors have an HTML mode. By using this command, I can convert a Markdown-formatted file to HTML using [Pandoc][6] and copy it to the clipboard in one fell swoop: + + +``` +`pandoc -t html file.md | xclip -sel clip` +``` + +From there, I paste away. + +Two of my websites are hosted using [GitLab Pages][7]. I generate the HTTPS certificates for those sites using a tool called [Certbot][8], and I need to copy the certificate for each site to GitLab whenever I renew it. Combining the [cat][9] command and xclip is faster and more efficient than using an editor. For example: + + +``` +`cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/website/fullchain.pem | xclip -sel clip` +``` + +Is that all you can do with xclip? Definitely not. I'm sure you can find more uses to fit your needs. + +### Final thoughts + +Not everyone will use xclip. That's fine. It is, however, one of those little utilities that really comes in handy when you need it. And, as I've discovered on a few occasions, you don't know when you'll need it. When that time comes, you'll be glad xclip is there. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/xclip + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/life_paperclips.png?itok=j48op49T (Green paperclips) +[2]: https://github.com/astrand/xclip +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_(Unix) +[4]: https://plaintextproject.online +[5]: https://gumroad.com/l/learnmarkdown +[6]: https://pandoc.org +[7]: https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/project/pages/ +[8]: https://certbot.eff.org/ +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_(Unix) From c1a96a3ec5a23e6fc5672a52e66a119d216cdf47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lctt-bot Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 17:00:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 0746/1265] Revert "translating by zhang5788" This reverts commit f8822176e4fda3349910a685430fcb064bd309cc. --- .../tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md b/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md index be1d265d8a..cf8f9351d9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (zhang5788) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 0f2a00c828808a278f3df1b25c10989633ced232 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 13:01:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0747/1265] PRF:20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md @geekpi --- ...ello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md | 23 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md b/translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md index 699331d982..bd4ddf109e 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md +++ b/translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md @@ -1,36 +1,37 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -替代 Trello 的免费开源 OpenProject 9 发布了 +替代 Trello 的 OpenProject 9 发布了 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/06/130201r9g70u01uuvvvvu7.jpg) [OpenProject][1] 是一个开源项目协作管理软件。它是 [Trello][2] 和 [Jira][3] 等专有方案的替代品。 如果个人使用，你可以免费使用它，并在你自己的服务器上进行设置（并托管它）。这样，你就可以控制数据。 -当然，如果你是[云或企业版用户][4]，那么你可以使用高级功能和更优先的帮助。 +当然，如果你是[企业云版的用户][4]，那么你可以使用高级功能和更优先的帮助。 -OpenProject 9 的重点是新的看板试图，包列表视图和工作模板。 +OpenProject 9 的重点是新的面板视图，包列表视图和工作模板。 -如果你对此不了解，可以尝试一下。但是，如果你是现有用户 - 在迁移到 OpenProject 9 之前，你应该知道这些新功能。 +如果你对此不了解，可以尝试一下。但是，如果你是已有用户 —— 在迁移到 OpenProject 9 之前，你应该知道这些新功能。 ### OpenProject 9 有什么新功能？ -以下是最新版 OpenProjec t的一些主要更改。 +以下是最新版 OpenProject 的一些主要更改。 #### Scrum 和敏捷看板 ![][5] -对于云和企业版，有一个新的 [scrum][6] 和[敏捷][7]看板视图。你还可以 [kanban 风格][8]方式展示你的工作，从而更轻松地支持你的敏捷和 scrum 团队。 +对于企业云版，有了一个新的 [scrum][6] 和[敏捷][7]面板视图。你还可以[看板风格][8]方式展示你的工作，从而更轻松地支持你的敏捷和 scrum 团队。 -新的看板视图使你可以轻松了解为该任务分配的人员并快速更新状态。你还有不同的看板视图选项，如基本看板、状态看板和版本看板。 +新的面板视图使你可以轻松了解为该任务分配的人员并快速更新状态。你还有不同的面板视图选项，如基本面板、状态面板和版本面板。 #### 工作包模板 @@ -46,9 +47,9 @@ OpenProject 9 的重点是新的看板试图，包列表视图和工作模板。 #### “我的”页面的可自定义工作包视图 -“我的”页面显示你正在处理的内容（以及进度），它不应该一直很无聊。因此，现在你可以自定义它，甚至可以添加甘特图来可视化你的工作。 +“我的”页面显示你正在处理的内容（以及进度），它不应该一直那么呆板。因此，现在你可以自定义它，甚至可以添加甘特图来可视化你的工作。 -**总结** +### 总结 有关迁移和安装的详细说明，请参阅[官方的公告帖][12]，其中包含了必要的细节。 @@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0f8b3c0ea662d51efeb4cd2e5c2d881d16edac93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 13:02:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0748/1265] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11063-1.html --- ...d Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md b/published/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md rename to published/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md index bd4ddf109e..59d8fa3be4 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md +++ b/published/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11063-1.html) [#]: subject: (Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/openproject-9-release/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From b7855c36c4de3e26470ca8f30b03105fa521c3f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 13:03:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0749/1265] PRF:20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md --- ...and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/published/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md b/published/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md index 59d8fa3be4..213044032e 100644 --- a/published/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md +++ b/published/20190607 Free and Open Source Trello Alternative OpenProject 9 Released.md @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ OpenProject 9 的重点是新的面板视图，包列表视图和工作模板。 以下是最新版 OpenProject 的一些主要更改。 -#### Scrum 和敏捷看板 +#### Scrum 和敏捷面板 ![][5] From 37187e24594fce5be57ce6ac9892e0c916a6d915 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 13:16:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0750/1265] PRF @chen-ni --- ...Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md | 22 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md b/translated/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md index 6153a838f8..4aa354ae91 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers) @@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ 对 Python 开发者而言，IPython 仍然是 Jupyter Notebook 的核心 ====== -Jupyter 项目提供的魔法般的开发体验很大程度上得益于它的 IPython 基因。 -![I love Free Software FSFE celebration][1] + +> Jupyter 项目提供的魔法般的开发体验很大程度上得益于它的 IPython 基因。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/06/131704z1lsfssamfxrrliq.jpg) 最近刚刚写过我为什么觉得觉得 Jupyter 项目（特别是 JupyterLab）提供了一种 [魔法般的 Python 开发体验][2]。在研究这些不同项目之间的关联的时候，我回顾了一下 Jupyter 最初从 IPython 分支出来的这段历史。正如 Jupyter 项目的 [大拆分™ 声明][3] 所说: @@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ Jupyter 项目提供的魔法般的开发体验很大程度上得益于它的 IP ### IPython 如今的作用 -IPython 提供了一个强大的、交互性的 Python shell，以及 Jupyter 的内核。安装完成之后，我可以在任何命令行运行 **ipython** 本身，将它当作一个（比默认 Python shell 好太多的）Python shell 来使用： +IPython 提供了一个强大的、交互性的 Python shell，以及 Jupyter 的内核。安装完成之后，我可以在任何命令行运行 `ipython` 本身，将它当作一个（比默认 Python shell 好太多的）Python shell 来使用： ``` @@ -50,15 +52,15 @@ In [4]: print(average) 6.571428571428571 ``` -这就让我们发现了一个更为重要的问题：是IPython 让 JupyterLab 可以在项目中执行代码，并且支持了一系列被称为 *magic*的功能（感谢 Nicholas Reith 在我上一篇文章的评论里提到这点）。 +这就让我们发现了一个更为重要的问题：是 IPython 让 JupyterLab 可以在项目中执行代码，并且支持了一系列被称为 *Magic* 的功能（感谢 Nicholas Reith 在我上一篇文章的评论里提到这点）。 ### IPython 让魔法成为现实 -JupyterLab 和其它使用 IPython 的前端工具可以让你感觉像是在最喜欢的 IDE 或者是终端模拟器的环境下工作。我非常喜欢 [dotfiles][5] 快捷键功能，magic 也有类似 dotfile 的特征。比如说，可以试一下 **[%bookmark][6]** 这个命令。我把默认开发文件夹 **~/Develop** 关联到了一个可以在任何时候直接跳转的快捷方式上。 +JupyterLab 和其它使用 IPython 的前端工具可以让你感觉像是在最喜欢的 IDE 或者是终端模拟器的环境下工作。我非常喜欢 [点文件][5] 快捷键功能，Magic 也有类似点文件的特征。比如说，可以试一下 [%bookmark][6] 这个命令。我把默认开发文件夹 `~/Develop` 关联到了一个可以在任何时候直接跳转的快捷方式上。 ![Screenshot of commands from JupyterLab][7] -**%bookmark**、**%cd**，以及我在前一篇文章里介绍过的 **!** 操作符，都是由 IPython 支持的。正如这篇 [文档][8] 所说： +`%bookmark`、`%cd`，以及我在前一篇文章里介绍过的 `!` 操作符，都是由 IPython 支持的。正如这篇 [文档][8] 所说： > Jupyter 用户你们好：Magic 功能是 IPython 内核提供的专属功能。一个内核是否支持 Magic 功能是由该内核的开发者针对该内核所决定的。 @@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ JupyterLab 和其它使用 IPython 的前端工具可以让你感觉像是在最 作为一个好奇的新手，我之前并不是特别确定 IPython 是否仍然和 Jupyter 生态还有任何联系。现在我对 IPython 的持续开发有了新的认识和，并且意识到它正是 JupyterLab 强大的用户体验的来源。这也是相当有才华的一批贡献者进行最前沿研究的成果，所以如果你在学术论文中使用到了 Jupyter 项目的话别忘了引用他们。为了方便引用，他们还提供了一个 [现成的引文][9]。 -如果你在考虑参与哪个开源项目的贡献的话，一定不要忘了 IPython 哦。记得看看 [最新发布说明][10]，在这里可以找到 magic 功能的完整列表。 +如果你在考虑参与哪个开源项目的贡献的话，一定不要忘了 IPython 哦。记得看看 [最新发布说明][10]，在这里可以找到 Magic 功能的完整列表。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -74,8 +76,8 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/ipython-still-heart-jupyterlab 作者：[Matthew Broberg][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 12b36ef85fd791776589145f70c0de569fe2c6d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 13:17:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0751/1265] PUB @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-11064-1.html --- ...ll the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md b/published/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md rename to published/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md index 4aa354ae91..c3e147d434 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md +++ b/published/20190613 IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11064-1.html) [#]: subject: (IPython is still the heart of Jupyter Notebooks for Python developers) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/ipython-still-heart-jupyterlab) [#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo) From fac6d58f34e11c82c4a9bf6004ea30795251cb6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 13:35:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0752/1265] PRF @geekpi --- ...d The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md | 34 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md index 3f42a4cb4c..d0ad022769 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux) @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ ### 在 Linux 中查找服务的端口号 -**方法1：使用 [grep][2] 命令** +#### 方法1：使用 grep 命令 -要使用 grep 命令在 Linux 中查找指定服务的默认端口号，只需运行： +要使用 `grep` 命令在 Linux 中查找指定服务的默认端口号，只需运行： ``` $ grep /etc/services @@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ tftp 69/tcp [...] ``` -**方法 2：使用 getent 命令** +#### 方法 2：使用 getent 命令 如你所见，上面的命令显示指定搜索词 “ssh”、“http” 和 “ftp” 的所有端口名称和数字。这意味着，你将获得与给定搜索词匹配的所有端口名称的相当长的输出。 -但是，你可以使用 “getent” 命令精确输出结果，如下所示： +但是，你可以使用 `getent` 命令精确输出结果，如下所示： ``` $ getent services ssh @@ -114,17 +114,15 @@ http 80/tcp $ getent services ``` -**方法 3：使用 Whatportis 程序** +#### 方法 3：使用 Whatportis 程序 -**Whatportis** 是一个简单的 python 脚本，来用于查找端口名称和端口号。与上述命令不同，此程序以漂亮的表格形式输出。 +Whatportis 是一个简单的 Python 脚本，来用于查找端口名称和端口号。与上述命令不同，此程序以漂亮的表格形式输出。 -确保已安装 PIP 包管理器。如果没有，请参考以下链接。 +确保已安装 pip 包管理器。如果没有，请参考以下链接。 - * [**如何使用 Pip 管理 Python 包**][6] +- [如何使用 pip 管理 Python 包][6] - - -安装 PIP 后，运行以下命令安装 Whatportis 程序。 +安装 pip 后，运行以下命令安装 Whatportis 程序。 ``` $ pip install whatportis @@ -144,9 +142,9 @@ $ whatportis http ![][7] -在 Linux 中查找服务的端口号 +*在 Linux 中查找服务的端口号* -如果你不知道服务的确切名称，请使用 **–like** 标志来显示相关结果。 +如果你不知道服务的确切名称，请使用 `–like` 标志来显示相关结果。 ``` $ whatportis mysql --like @@ -158,7 +156,7 @@ $ whatportis mysql --like $ whatportis 993 ``` -你甚至可以以 **JSON** 格式显示结果。 +你甚至可以以 JSON 格式显示结果。 ``` $ whatportis 993 --json @@ -168,9 +166,7 @@ $ whatportis 993 --json 有关更多详细信息，请参阅 GitHub 仓库。 - * [**Whatportis GitHub 仓库**][9] - - +* [Whatportis GitHub 仓库][9] 就是这些了。你现在知道了如何使用三种简单方法在 Linux 中查找端口名称和端口号。如果你知道任何其他方法/命令，请在下面的评论栏告诉我。我会查看并更相应地更新本指南。 @@ -181,7 +177,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-the-port-number-of-a-service-in-linux 作者：[sk][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8c90f140faabd47b4c5e3a43d76a4a1b546b359d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 13:35:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0753/1265] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11066-1.html --- ...80620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md b/published/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md rename to published/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md index d0ad022769..d3e1f04e62 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md +++ b/published/20180620 How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11066-1.html) [#]: subject: (How To Find The Port Number Of A Service In Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-find-the-port-number-of-a-service-in-linux/) [#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) From 558efa4b4ad387349ba9bf6e62bb1c5df96c6bcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 16:07:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0754/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md | 276 ------------------ ...0702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md | 261 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 261 insertions(+), 276 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md b/sources/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md deleted file mode 100644 index da69e07f9f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,276 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Make Linux stronger with firewalls) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/make-linux-stronger-firewalls) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) - -Make Linux stronger with firewalls -====== -Learn how firewalls work and which settings to tweak for better Linux -security. -![People working together to build ][1] - -Everyone's heard of firewalls, even if only as a plot device in a TV cybercrime drama. Many people also know that their computer is (likely) running a firewall, but fewer people understand how to take control of their firewall when necessary. - -Firewalls block unwanted network traffic, but different networks have different threat levels. For instance, if you're at home, you probably trust the other computers and devices on your network a lot more than when you're out at the local café using public WiFi. You can hope your computer differentiates between a trusted network and an untrusted one, or you can learn to manage, or at least verify, your security settings yourself. - -### How firewalls work - -Communication between devices on a network happens through gateways called _ports_. Port, in this context, doesn't mean a physical connection like a USB port or an HDMI port. In network lingo, a port is an entirely virtual concept representing pathways for a specific type of data to either arrive at or depart from a computer. This system could have been called anything, like "connections" or "doorways," but they were named ports at least [as early as 1981][2], and that's the name in use today. The point is, there's nothing special about any port; they're just a way to designate an address where data transference may happen. - -Back in 1972, [a list of port numbers][3] (then called "sockets") was published, and this has since evolved into a set of well-known standard port numbers that help manage specific kinds of traffic. For instance, you access ports 80 and 443 on a daily basis when you visit a website, because most everyone on the internet has agreed, implicitly or explicitly, that data is transferred from web servers over those ports. You can test this theory by opening a web browser and navigating to a website with a nonstandard port appended to the URL. For instance, if you navigate to **example.com:42**, your request is denied because example.com does not serve a website at port 42. - -![Navigating to a nonstandard port produces an error][4] - -If you revisit the same website at port 80, you get a website, as expected. You can specify port 80 with **:80** at the end of the URL, but because port 80 is the standard port for HTTP traffic, your web browser assumes port 80 by default. - -When a computer, like a web server, expects traffic at a specific port, it's acceptable (and necessary) to have the port open for traffic. The danger is leaving ports open that you have no reason to expect traffic on, and that's exactly what a firewall is for. - -### Install firewalld - -There are many interfaces for firewall configuration. This article covers [**firewalld**][5], which integrates with Network Manager on the desktop and **firewall-cmd** in the terminal. Many Linux distributions ship with these tools installed. If yours doesn't, you can either take this article as general advice for firewall management and apply it to what you use, or you can install **firewalld**. - -On Ubuntu, for instance, you must enable the **universe** repository, deactivate the default **ufw** firewall, and then install **firewalld**: - - -``` -$ sudo systemctl disable ufw -$ sudo add-apt-repository universe -$ sudo apt install firewalld -``` - -Fedora, CentOS, RHEL, OpenSUSE, and many others include **firewalld** by default. - -Regardless of your distribution, for a firewall to be effective, it must be active and set to be loaded at boot. The less you have to think about firewall maintenance, the better. - - -``` -`$ sudo systemctl enable --now firewalld` -``` - -### Choose your zone with Network Manager - -You probably connect to many different networks every day. You're on one network at work, another at the café, and yet another at home. Your computer can detect which network you use more frequently than others, but it doesn't know which you trust. - -A firewall _zone_ contains presets deciding what ports to open and close. Using zones, you can choose a policy that makes the most sense for the network you're currently on. - -To see a list of available zones, open the Network Manager Connection Editor, found in your Applications menu, or with the **nm-connection-editor &** command. - -![Network Manager Connection Editor][6] - -From the list of network connections, double-click on your current network. - -In the network configuration window that appears, click the General tab. - -In the General panel, click the drop-down menu next to Firewall Zone for a list of all available zones. - -![Firewall zones][7] - -You can get this same list with this terminal command: - - -``` -`$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-zones` -``` - -The zone titles indicate what their designers had in mind when creating them, but you can get the specifics of any zone with this terminal command: - - -``` -$ sudo firewall-cmd --zone work --list-all -work -  target: default -  icmp-block-inversion: no -  interfaces: -  sources: -  services: ssh dhcpv6-client -  ports: -  protocols: -  [...] -``` - -In this example, the **work** zone is configured to permit SSH and DHCPv6-client incoming traffic but drops any other incoming traffic not explicitly requested by the user. (In other words, the **work** zone doesn't block HTTP response traffic when you visit a website, but it _does_ deny an HTTP request on your port 80.) - -View each zone to get familiar with the traffic each one allows. The most common ones are: - - * **Work:** Use this one when on a network you mostly trust. SSH, DHCPv6, and mDNS are permitted, and you can add more as needed. This zone is meant to be a starting point for a custom work environment based on your daily office requirements. - * **Public:** For networks you do not trust. This zone is the same as the work zone, but presumably, you would not add the same exceptions as your work zone. - * **Drop:** All incoming connections are dropped with no response given. This is as close to a stealth mode as you can get without shutting off networking entirely because only outgoing network connections are possible (even a casual port scanner could detect your computer from outgoing traffic, though, so don't mistake this zone for a cloaking device). This is arguably the safest zone when on public WiFi, and definitely the best when you have reason to believe a network is hostile. - * **Block:** All incoming connections are rejected with a message declaring that the requested port is prohibited. Only network connections you initiate are possible. This is a "friendly" version of the drop zone because, even though no port is open for incoming traffic, a port verbosely declines an uninitiated connection. - * **Home:** Use this when you trust other computers on the network. Only selected incoming connections are accepted, and you can add more as needed. - * **Internal:** Similar to the work zone, this is intended for internal networks where you mostly trust the other computers. You can open more ports and services as needed but still maintain a different rule set than you have on your work zone. - * **Trusted:** All network connections are accepted. Good for troubleshooting or on networks you absolutely trust. - - - -### Assigning a zone to a network - -You can assign a zone to any network connection you make. Furthermore, you can assign a different zone to each network interface (Ethernet cable, WiFi, and so on) that attaches to each network. - -Select the zone you want and click the Save button to commit the change. - -![Setting a new zone][8] - -The easiest way to get into the habit of assigning a zone to a network interface is to tend to the networks you use most often. Assign the home zone to your home network, the work zone to your work network, and the public network to your favorite library or café network. - -Once you have assigned a zone to all your usual networks, make an effort to assign a zone to the next new network you join, whether it's a new café or your mate's home network. Assigning zones is the best way to reinforce your own awareness that networks are not all equal and that you're not any more secure than anybody else just because you run Linux. - -### Default zone - -Rather than prompting you for a zone every time you join a new network, firewalld assigns any unknown network a default zone. Open a terminal and type this command to get your default zone: - - -``` -$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-default -public -``` - -In this example, the public zone is the default. It's expected that you will keep the public zone highly restrictive, so it's a pretty safe zone to assign unknown networks. However, you can set your own default instead. - -For instance, if you're more paranoid than most, or if you know that you frequent networks you have reason to distrust, you can assign a highly restrictive zone as default: - - -``` -$ sudo firewall-cmd --set-default-zone drop -success -$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-default -drop -``` - -Now any new network you join will be subject to the drop zone rules unless you manually change it to something less restrictive. - -### Customizing zones by opening ports and services - -Firewalld's developers don't intend for their zone definitions to satisfy the needs of all the different networks and levels of trust in existence. They're just starting points for you to use and customize. - -You don't have to know much about firewalls to be able to open and close ports based on the kinds of network activity you know you generate. - -#### Predefined services - -The simplest way to add permissions to your firewall is to add a predefined service. Strictly speaking, there's no such thing as a "service" as far as your firewall knows, because firewalls understand port numbers and protocol types. However, firewalld provides collections of ports and protocols based on standards and conventions. - -For example, if you're a web developer and want to open your computer up on your local network so your colleagues can see the website you're building, you would add the **http** and **https** services. If you're a gamer and you're running the open source [murmur][9] voice-chat server for your guild, then you'd add the **murmur** service. There are many other services available, which you can view with this command: - - -``` -$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-services -amanda-client amanda-k5-client bacula bacula-client \ -bgp bitcoin bitcoin-rpc ceph cfengine condor-collector \ -ctdb dhcp dhcpv6 dhcpv6-client dns elasticsearch \ -freeipa-ldap freeipa-ldaps ftp [...] -``` - -If you see a service you need, add it to your current firewall configuration, for example: - - -``` -`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service murmur` -``` - -This command opens all the ports and protocols needed for a particular service _within your default zone_, but only until you reboot your computer or restart your firewall. To make your changes permanent, use the **\--permanent** flag: - - -``` -`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service murmur --permanent` -``` - -You can also issue the command for a zone other than your default: - - -``` -`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service murmur --permanent --zone home` -``` - -#### Ports - -Sometimes you want to allow traffic for something that just isn't defined by firewalld's services. Maybe you're setting up a nonstandard port for a common service or you need to open an arbitrary port. - -For example, maybe you're running the open source [virtual tabletop][10] software [MapTool][11]. Since you're running the MapTool server and there's no industry standard governing which port MapTool runs on, you can decide what port it uses and then "poke a hole" in your firewall to allow traffic on that port. - -The process is basically the same as for services: - - -``` -`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 51234/tcp` -``` - -This command opens port 51234 to incoming TCP connections _in your default zone_, but only until you reboot your computer or restart your firewall. To make your changes permanent, use the **\--permanent** flag: - - -``` -`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 51234/tcp --permanent` -``` - -You can also issue the command for a zone other than your default: - - -``` -`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 51234/tcp --permanent --zone home` -``` - -Allowing traffic through your computer is different from letting traffic through your router"s firewall. Your router probably has a different interface for its own embeded firewall (though the principle is the same), which is outside the scope of this article. - -### Removing ports and services - -If you decide a service or a port is no longer needed, you can restart your firewall to clear your changes, unless you use the **\--permanent** flag. - -If you made your changes permanent, use the **\--remove-port** or **\--remove-service** flag: - - -``` -`$ sudo firewall-cmd --remove-port 51234/tcp --permanent` -``` - -You can remove ports and services from a zone other than your default zone by specifying a zone in your command: - - -``` -`$ sudo firewall-cmd --remove-service murmur --permanent --zone home` -``` - -### Custom zones - -You can use and abuse the default zones provided by firewalld, but you also have the freedom to create your own. For instance, if it makes sense for you to have a zone specific to gaming, then you can create one and switch over to it only while gaming. - -To create a new, empty zone, create a new zone called **game** and reload the firewall rules so that your new zone becomes active: - - -``` -$ sudo firewall-cmd --new-zone game --permanent -success -$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload -``` - -Once it's created and active, you can customize it with all the services and ports you need to have open for game night. - -### Diligence - -Start thinking about your firewall strategy today. Start slow, and build up some sane defaults that make sense for you. It may take time before you make it a habit to think about your firewall and understand which network services you use, but with a little exploration, you can strengthen your Linux workstation no matter what your environment. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/make-linux-stronger-firewalls - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BUSINESS_buildtogether.png?itok=9Tvz64K5 (People working together to build ) -[2]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc793 -[3]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc433 -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/web-port-nonstandard.png (Navigating to a nonstandard port produces an error) -[5]: https://firewalld.org/ -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nm-connection-editor.png (Network Manager Connection Editor) -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nm-zone.png (Firewall zones) -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nm-set.png (Setting a new zone) -[9]: https://www.mumble.com/ -[10]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/maptool -[11]: https://github.com/RPTools diff --git a/translated/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md b/translated/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3561166c97 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190702 Make Linux stronger with firewalls.md @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Make Linux stronger with firewalls) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/make-linux-stronger-firewalls) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +使用防火墙让你的 Linux 更加强大 +====== +掌握防火墙的工作原理，以及如何设置防火墙来提高 Linux 的安全性 +![People working together to build ][1] + +所有人都听说过防火墙（哪怕仅仅是在网络犯罪片里看到过相关的情节设定），很多人也知道他们的计算机里很可能正运行着防火墙，但是很少有人明白在必要的时候如何驾驭防火墙。 + +防火墙被用来拦截那些不请自来的网络流量，然而不同网络需要的安全级别也不尽相同。比如说，和在外面一家咖啡馆里使用公共 WiFi 相比，你在家里的时候可以更加信任网络里的其它计算机和设备。你或许希望计算机能够区分可以信任和不可信任的网络，不过最好还是应该学会自己去管理（或者至少是核实）你的安全设置。 + +### 防火墙的工作原理 + +网络里不同设备之间的通信是通过一种叫做 **端口** 的网关实现的。这里的端口指的并不是像 USB 端口 或者 HDMI 端口这样的物理连接。在网络术语中，端口是一个纯粹的虚拟概念，用来表示某种类型的数据到达或离开一台计算机时候所走的路径。其实也可以换个名字来称呼，比如叫“连接”或者“门道”，不过 [早在 1981 年的时候][2] 它们就被称作端口了，这个叫法也沿用至今。其实端口这个东西没有任何特别之处，只是一种用来指代一个可能会发生数据传输的地址的方式。 + +1972 年，一份 [端口数字清单][3]（那时候的端口被称为“套接字”）被发布了，并且从此演化为一组众所周知的标准端口号，帮助管理特定类型的网络流量。比如说，你每天访问网站的时候都会使用 80 和 443 端口，因为互联网上的绝大多数人都同意（或者是默认）数据从 web 服务器上传输的时候是通过这两个端口的。如果想要验证这一点，你可以在使用浏览器访问网站的时候在 URL 后面加上一个非标准的端口号码。比如说，访问 **example.com:42** 的请求会被拒绝，因为 example.com 在 42 端口上并不提供网站服务。 + + +![Navigating to a nonstandard port produces an error][4] + +如果你是通过 80 端口访问同一个网站，就可以（不出所料地）正常访问了。你可以在 URL 后面加上 **:80** 来指定使用 80 端口，不过由于 80 端口是 HTTP 访问的标准端口，所以你的浏览器其实已经默认在使用 80 端口了。 + +当一台计算机（比如说 web 服务器）准备在指定端口接收网络流量的时候，保持该端口向网络流量开放是一种可以接受的（也是必要的）行为。但是不需要接收流量的端口如果也处在开放状态就比较危险了，这就是需要用防火墙解决的问题。 + +#### 安装 firewalld + +有很多种配置防火墙的方式，这篇文章介绍 [**firewalld**][5]。在桌面环境下它被集成在网络管理器（Network Manager）里，在终端里则是集成在 **firewall-cmd** 里。很多 Linux 发行版都预装了这些工具。如果你的发行版里没有，你可以把这篇文章当成是管理防火墙的通用性建议，在你所使用的防火墙软件里使用类似的方法，或者你也可以选择安装 **firewalld**。 + +比如说在 Ubuntu 上，你必须启用 **universe** 软件仓库，关闭默认的 **ufw** 防火墙，然后再安装 **firewalld**： + + +``` +$ sudo systemctl disable ufw +$ sudo add-apt-repository universe +$ sudo apt install firewalld +``` + +Fedora、CentOS、RHEL、OpenSUSE，以及其它很多发行版默认就包含了 **firewalld**。 + +无论你使用哪个发行版，如果希望防火墙发挥作用，就必须保持它在开启状态，并且设置成开机自动加载。你应该尽可能减少在防火墙维护工作上所花费的精力。 + +``` +`$ sudo systemctl enable --now firewalld` +``` + +### 使用网络管理器选择区域 + +或许你每天都会连接到很多不同的网络。在工作的时候使用的是一个网络，在咖啡馆里是另一个，在家里又是另一个。你的计算机可以判断出哪一个网络的使用频率比较高，但是它并不知道哪一个是你信任的网络。 + +一个防火墙的 **区域** 里包含了端口开放和关闭的预设规则。你可以通过使用区域来选择一个对当前网络最适用的策略。 + +你可以打开网络管理器里的连接编辑器（可以在应用菜单里找到），或者是使用 **nm-connection-editor &** 命令以获取所有可用区域的列表。 + +![Network Manager Connection Editor][6] + +在网络连接列表中，双击你现在所使用的网络。 + +在出现的网络配置窗口中，点击“通用”标签页。 + +在“通用”面板中，点击“防火墙区域”旁边的下拉菜单以获取所有可用区域的列表。 + +![Firewall zones][7] + +也可以使用下面的终端命令以获取同样的列表： + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-zones` +``` + +每个区域的名称已经可以透露出设计者创建这个区域的意图，不过你也可以使用下面这个终端命令获取任何一个区域的详细信息： + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --zone work --list-all +work +  target: default +  icmp-block-inversion: no +  interfaces: +  sources: +  services: ssh dhcpv6-client +  ports: +  protocols: +  [...] +``` + +在这个例子中，**工作**区域的配置是允许接收 SSH 和 DHCPv6-client 的流量，但是拒绝接收其他任何用户没有明确请求的流量。（换句话说，**工作**区域并不会在你浏览网站的时候拦截 HTTP 响应流量，但是 **会** 拦截一个针对你计算机上 80 端口的 HTTP 请求。） + +你可以依次查看每一个区域，弄清楚它们分别都允许什么样的流量。比较常见的有： + + * **工作：** 这个区域应该在你非常信任的网络上使用。它允许 SSH、DHCPv6 和 mDNS，并且还可以添加更多允许的项目。该区域非常适合作为一个基础配置，然后在此之上根据日常办公的需求自定义一个工作环境。 + * **公共：** 用在你不信任的网络上。这个区域的配置和工作区域是一样的，但是你不应该再继续添加其它任何允许项目。 + * **丢弃：** 所有传入连接都会被丢弃，并且不会有任何响应。在不彻底关闭网络的条件下，这已经是最接近隐形模式的配置了，因为只允许传出网络连接(不过随便一个端口扫描器就可以通过传出流量检测到你的计算机，所以这个区域并不是一个隐形装置)。如果你在使用公共 WiFi，这个区域可以说是最安全的选择；如果你觉得当前的网络比较危险，这个区域也一定是最好的选择。 + * **拦截：** 所有传入连接都会被拒绝，但是会返回一个消息说明所请求的端口被禁用了。只有你主动发起的网络连接是被允许的。这是一个友好版的 **丢弃** 区域，因为虽然还是没有任何一个端口允许传入流量，但是说明了会拒绝接收任何不是本机主动发起的连接。 + * **家庭：** 在你信任网络里的其它计算机的情况下使用这个区域。该区域只会允许你所选择的传入连接，但是你可以根据需求添加更多的允许项目。 + * **内部：** 和工作区域类似，该区域适用于内部网络，你应该在基本信任网络里的计算机的情况下使用。你可以根据需求开放更多的端口和服务，同时保持和工作区域不同的一套规则。 + * **信任：** 接受所有的网络连接。适合在故障排除的情况下或者是在你绝对信任的网络上使用。 + + +### 为网络指定一个区域 + +你可以为你的任何一个网络连接都指定一个区域，并且对于同一个网络的不同连接方式（比如以太网、WiFi 等等）也可以指定不同的区域。 + +选择你想要的区域，点击“保存”按钮提交修改。 + +![Setting a new zone][8] + +养成为网络连接指定区域的习惯的最好办法是从你最常用的网络开始。为你的家庭网络指定家庭区域，为工作网络指定工作区域，为你最喜欢的图书馆或者咖啡馆的网络指定公关区域。 + +一旦你为所有常用的网络都指定了一个区域，在之后加入新的网络的时候（无论是一个新的咖啡馆还是你朋友家的网络），试图也为它指定一个区域吧。这样可以很好地让你意识到不同的网络的安全性是不一样的，你并不会仅仅因为使用了 Linux 而比任何人更加安全。 + +### 默认区域 + +每次你加入一个新的网络的时候，firewalld 并不会提示你进行选择，而是会指定一个默认区域。你可以在终端里输入下面这个命令来获取你的默认区域： + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-default +public +``` + +在这个例子里，默认区域是公共区域。你应该保证公共区域有非常严格的限制规则，这样在将它指定到未知网络中的时候才比较安全。或者你也可以设置你自己的默认区域。 + +比如说，如果你是一个比较多疑的人，或者需要经常接触不可信任的网络的话，你可以设置一个非常严格的默认区域： + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --set-default-zone drop +success +$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-default +drop +``` + +这样一来，任何你新加入的网络都会被指定使用丢弃区域，除非你手动将它制定为另一个没有这么严格的区域。 + +### 通过开放端口和服务实现自定义区域 + +Firewalld 的开发者们并不是想让他们设定的区域能够适应世界上所有不同的网络和所有级别的信任程度。你可以直接使用这些区域，也可以在它们基础上进行个性化配置。 + +你可以根据自己所需要进行的网络活动决定开放或关闭哪些端口，这并不需要对防火墙有多深的理解。 + +#### 预设服务 + +在你的防火墙上添加许可的最简单的方式就是添加预设服务。严格来讲，你的防火墙并不懂什么是“服务”，因为它只知道端口号码和使用协议的类型。不过在标准和传统的基础之上，防火墙可以为你提供一套端口和协议的组合。 + +比如说，如果你是一个 web 开发者并且希望你的计算机对本地网络开放（这样你的同事就可以看到你正在搭建的网站了），可以添加 **http** 和 **https** 服务。如果你是一名游戏玩家，并且在为你的游戏公会运行开源的 [murmur][9] 语音聊天服务器，那么你可以添加 **murmur** 服务。还有其它很多可用的服务，你可以使用下面这个命令查看： + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-services +amanda-client amanda-k5-client bacula bacula-client \ +bgp bitcoin bitcoin-rpc ceph cfengine condor-collector \ +ctdb dhcp dhcpv6 dhcpv6-client dns elasticsearch \ +freeipa-ldap freeipa-ldaps ftp [...] +``` + +如果你找到了一个自己需要的服务，可以将它添加到当前的防火墙配置中，比如说： + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service murmur` +``` + +这个命令 **在你的默认区域里** 添加了指定服务所需要的所有端口和协议，不过在重启计算机或者防火墙之后就会失效。如果想让你的修改永久有效，可以使用 **\--permanent** 标志： + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service murmur --permanent` +``` + +你也可以将这个命令用于一个非默认区域： + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service murmur --permanent --zone home` +``` + +#### 端口 + +有时候你希望允许的流量并不在 firewalld 定义的服务之中。也许你想在一个非标准的端口上运行一个常规服务，或者就是想随意开放一个端口。 + +举例来说，也许你正在运行开源的 [虚拟桌游][10] 软件 [MapTool][11]。由于 MapTool 服务器应该使用哪个端口这件事情并没有一个行业标准，所以你可以自行决定使用哪个端口，然后在防火墙上“开一个洞”，让它允许该端口上的流量。 + +实现方式和添加服务差不多： + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 51234/tcp` +``` + +这个命令 **在你的默认区域** 里将 51234 端口向 TCP 传入连接开放，不过在重启计算机或者防火墙之后就会失效。如果想让你的修改永久有效，可以使用 **\--permanent** 标志： + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 51234/tcp --permanent` +``` + +你也可以将这个命令用于一个非默认区域： + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 51234/tcp --permanent --zone home` +``` + +在路由器的防火墙上设置允许流量和在本机上设置的方式是不同的。你的路由器可能会为它的内嵌防火墙提供一个不同的配置界面（原理上是相同的），不过这就超出本文范围了。 + +### 移除端口和服务 + +如果你不再需要某项服务或者某个端口了，并且设置的时候没有使用 **\--permanent** 标志的话，那么可以通过重启防火墙来清除修改。 + +如果你已经将修改设置为永久生效了，可以使用 **\--remove-port** 或者 **\--remove-service** 标志来清除： + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --remove-port 51234/tcp --permanent` +``` + +你可以通过在命令中指定一个区域以将端口或者服务从一个非默认区域中移除。 + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --remove-service murmur --permanent --zone home` +``` + +### 自定义区域 + +你可以随意使用 firewalld 默认提供的这些区域，不过也完全可以创建自己的区域。比如如果希望有一个针对游戏的特别区域，你可以创建一个，然后只有在玩儿游戏的时候切换到该区域。 + +如果想要创建一个新的空白区域，你可以创建一个名为 **game** 的新区域，然后重新加载 firewall 规则，这样你的新区域就启用了： + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --new-zone game --permanent +success +$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload +``` + +一旦创建好并且处于启用状态，你就可以通过添加玩游戏时所需要的服务和端口来实现个性化定制了。 + +### 勤勉 + +从今天起开始思考你的防火墙策略吧。不用着急，可以试着慢慢搭建一些合理的默认规则。你也许需要花上一段时间才能习惯于思考防火墙的配置问题，以及弄清楚你使用了哪些网络服务，不过无论是处在什么样的环境里，只要稍加探索你就可以让自己的 Linux 工作站变得更为强大。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/make-linux-stronger-firewalls + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BUSINESS_buildtogether.png?itok=9Tvz64K5 (People working together to build ) +[2]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc793 +[3]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc433 +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/web-port-nonstandard.png (Navigating to a nonstandard port produces an error) +[5]: https://firewalld.org/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nm-connection-editor.png (Network Manager Connection Editor) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nm-zone.png (Firewall zones) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nm-set.png (Setting a new zone) +[9]: https://www.mumble.com/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/maptool +[11]: https://github.com/RPTools From f28885261fe6362bcfce35bfd81d7b2703047afc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 16:47:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0755/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md b/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md index 253eae7967..7466550f25 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 6b966eedf0768e2d0d6eeb15baddb388b2dac40c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 17:38:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0756/1265] PRF @LuuMing --- ... concerned about memory levels on Linux.md | 31 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md index 3a985290d2..406f78da4e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md @@ -1,30 +1,32 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (luuming) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394603/when-to-be-concerned-about-memory-levels-on-linux.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) -何时需要关注 linux 的内存层面？ +何时需要关注 Linux 的内存用量？ ====== -Linux 上的内存管理很复杂。尽管使用率高但未必存在问题。你也应当关注一些其他的事情。 -![Qfamily \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] + +> Linux 上的内存管理很复杂。尽管使用率高但未必存在问题。你也应当关注一些其他的事情。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/06/173913n6rjbxwj6bfrjxwx.jpg) 在 Linux 上用光内存通常并不意味着存在严重的问题。为什么？因为健康的 Linux 系统会在内存中缓存磁盘活动，基本上占用掉了未被使用的内存，这显然是一件好事情。 -换句话说，它不让内存浪费掉。使用空闲的内存增加磁盘访问速度，并且不占用运行中应用程序的内存。你也能够想到，使用这种内存缓存比起直接访问硬盘驱动（HDD）快上数百倍，也比明显快于直接访问固态硬盘驱动。内存占满或几乎占满通常意味着系统正在尽可能高效地运行当中——并不是运行中遇到了问题。 +换句话说，它不让内存浪费掉。使用空闲的内存增加磁盘访问速度，并且不占用运行中应用程序的内存。你也能够想到，使用这种内存缓存比起直接访问硬盘驱动器（HDD）快上数百倍，也比明显快于直接访问固态硬盘驱动。内存占满或几乎占满通常意味着系统正在尽可能高效地运行当中 —— 并不是运行中遇到了问题。 ### 缓存如何工作 -磁盘缓存简单地意味着系统充分利用未使用的资源（空闲内存）来加速磁盘读取与写入。应用程序不会失去任何东西，并且大多数时间里能够按需求获得更多的内存。此外，磁盘缓存不会导致应用程序使用交换分区。反而，用作磁盘缓存的内存空间当被需要时会立即归还，并且磁盘内容会被更新。 +磁盘缓存简单地意味着系统充分利用未使用的资源（空闲内存）来加速磁盘读取与写入。应用程序不会失去任何东西，并且大多数时间里能够按需求获得更多的内存。此外，磁盘缓存不会导致应用程序转而使用交换分区。反而，用作磁盘缓存的内存空间当被需要时会立即归还，并且磁盘内容会被更新。 ### 主要和次要的页故障 -Linux 系统通过分割物理内存为进程分配空间，将分割成的块称为“页”，并且映射这些页到每个进程的虚拟内存上。不再会用到的页也许会从内存中移除，尽管相关的进程还在运行。当进程需要一个没有被映射或没在内存中页时，故障便会产生。所以，“故障fault”并不意味着“错误error”而是“不可用unavailables”，并且故障在内存管理中扮演者一个重要的角色。 +Linux 系统通过分割物理内存来为进程分配空间，将分割成的块称为“页”，并且映射这些页到每个进程的虚拟内存上。不再会用到的页也许会从内存中移除，尽管相关的进程还在运行。当进程需要一个没有被映射或没在内存中页时，故障便会产生。所以，这个“故障fault”并不意味着“错误error”而是“不可用unavailables”，并且故障在内存管理中扮演者一个重要的角色。 -次要故障意味着在内存中的页未分配给请求的进程或未在内存管理单元中标记为出现。主要故障意味着页不保留在内存中。 +次要故障意味着在内存中的页未分配给请求的进程，或未在内存管理单元中标记为出现。主要故障意味着页没有保留在内存中。 如果你想切身感受一下次要页故障和主要页故障出现的频率，像这样试一下 `ps` 命令。注意我们要的是与页故障和产生它的命令相关的项。输出中省略了很多行。`MINFL` 显示出次要故障的数目，而 `MAJFL` 表示了主要故障的数目。 @@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ $ ps -eo min_flt,maj_flt,cmd 927 0 gdm-session-worker [pam/gdm-password] ``` -汇报单一进程，你可以尝试这样的命令： +汇报单一进程，你可以尝试这样的命令（LCTT 译注：参数里面的 `1` 是要查看的进程的 PID）： ``` $ ps -o min_flt,maj_flt 1 @@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ $ ps -o min_flt,maj_flt 1 230064 150 ``` -你也可以添加其他的项，例如进程所有者的 UID 和 GID。 +你也可以添加其他的显示字段，例如进程所有者的 UID 和 GID。 ``` $ ps -o min_flt,maj_flt,cmd,args,uid,gid 1 @@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ $ ps -o min_flt,maj_flt,cmd,args,uid,gid 1 ### 多少才算满？ -一种较好的方法来掌握内存究竟使用了多少是用 `free -m` 命令。`-m` 选项指定了数字的单位是 MiBsmebibytes 而不是字节。 +一种较好的方法来掌握内存究竟使用了多少是用 `free -m` 命令。`-m` 选项指定了数字的单位是 MiBmebibyte 而不是字节。 ``` $ free -m @@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ Swap: 3535 0 3535 ### 什么时候要担心 -如果 Linux 系统上的性能表现良好——应用程序响应度高，命令行没有显示出问题——很可能系统状况良好。记住，一些应用也许会出于某种原因而变慢，但它不影响整个系统。 +如果 Linux 系统上的性能表现良好 —— 应用程序响应度高，命令行没有显示出问题 —— 很可能系统状况良好。记住，一些应用也许会出于某种原因而变慢，但它不影响整个系统。 过多的硬故障也许表明确实存在问题，但要将其与观察到的性能相比较。 @@ -91,11 +93,10 @@ Swap: 3535 0 3535 ### Linux 性能很复杂 -把所有的放在一边，Linux 系统上的内存可能会变满，并且性能可能会降低。当系统出现问题时不要仅将单一的内存使用报告作为指标。 +抛开这些不说，Linux 系统上的内存可能会变满，并且性能可能会降低。当系统出现问题时不要仅将单一的内存使用报告作为指标。 Linux 系统的内存管理很复杂，因为它采取的措施需要确保系统资源得到最好的利用。不要受到一开始内存占满的欺骗，使你认为系统存在问题，但实际上并没有。 -在 [Facebook][4] 和 [LinkedIn][5] 上加入网络研讨会发表你的评论。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394603/when-to-be-concerned-about-mem 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[LuuMing](https://github.com/LuuMing) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d8b1fa038a8081e2745cd2212955e49e24715288 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 17:39:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0757/1265] PUB @LuuMing https://linux.cn/article-11067-1.html --- ...90513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md b/published/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md rename to published/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md index 406f78da4e..dc63f7089f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md +++ b/published/20190513 When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (luuming) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11067-1.html) [#]: subject: (When to be concerned about memory levels on Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3394603/when-to-be-concerned-about-memory-levels-on-linux.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From 43d38730bd600e343012618b312c9e58baed1f0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 17:40:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0758/1265] APL:20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK --- ...Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md b/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md index 253eae7967..9663b50bf0 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From eadadbd151f0800e609a538619e6f71b2b6b9a03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 18:30:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0759/1265] Revert "APL:20190706 Say WHAAAT Mozilla has Been Nominated for the Internet Villain Award in the UK" --- ...Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md b/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md index 9663b50bf0..253eae7967 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 41af5e1cee6b92224c15a589dfa75f8f3cce1671 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 18:45:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0760/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190518=20Best?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Linux=20Distributions=20for=20Beginners?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190518 Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md --- ... Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md | 206 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 206 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190518 Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190518 Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md b/sources/tech/20190518 Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..afe9581280 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190518 Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Best Linux Distributions for Beginners) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/) +[#]: author: (Aquil Roshan https://itsfoss.com/author/aquil/) + +Best Linux Distributions for Beginners +====== + +_**Brief** : In this article, we will see the **best Linux distro for beginners**_. This will help new Linux users to pick their first distribution. + +Let’s face it, [Linux][1] can pose an overwhelming complexity to new users. But then, it’s not Linux itself that brings this complexity. Rather, it’s the “newness” factor that causes this. Not getting nostalgic, but remembering my first time with Linux, I didn’t even know what to expect. I liked it. But it was an upstream swim for me initially. + +Not knowing where to start can be a downer. Especially for someone who does not have the concept of something else running on their PC in place of Windows. + +Linux is more than an OS. It’s an idea where everybody grows together and there’s something for everybody. We have already covered: + + * [Best Linux distributions for Windows users][2] + * [Best lightweight Linux distros][3] + * [Best Linux distributions for hacking][4] + * [Best Linux distributions for gaming][5] + * [Best Linux distributions for privacy and anonymity][6] + * [Best Linux distributions that look like MacOS][7] + + + +In addition to that, there are distributions that cater to the needs of newcomers especially. So here are a few such Linux distros for beginners. You can watch it in a video and [subscribe to our YouTube channel][8] for more Linux related videos. + +### Best Linux Distros for Beginners + +Please remember that this list is no particular order. The main criteria for compiling this list is ease of installation, out of the box hardware software, ease of use and availability of software packages. + +#### 1\. Ubuntu + +If you’ve researched Linux on the internet, it’s highly probable that you have come across Ubuntu. Ubuntu is one of the leading Linux distributions. It is also the perfect path to begin your Linux journey. + +![][9] + +Ubuntu has been tagged as Linux for human beings. Now, this is because Ubuntu has put in a lot of effort on universal usability. Ubuntu does not require you to be technically sound for you to use it. It breaks the notion of Linux=Command line hassle. This is one of the major plus points that rocketed Ubuntu to where it is today. + +Ubuntu offers a very convenient installation procedure. The installer speaks plain English (or any major language you want). You can even try out Ubuntu before actually going through the installation procedure. The installer provides simple options to: + + * Install Ubuntu removing the older OS + * [Install Ubuntu alongside Windows][10] or any other existing OS (A choice is given at every startup to select the OS to boot). + * Configure partitions for users who know what they are doing. + + + +_Beginner tip: Select the second option if you are not sure about what to do._ + +Ubuntu’s user interface is called GNOME. It is as simple as well as productive as it gets. You can search anything from applications to files by pressing the Windows key. Is there any way you can make this simpler? + +There are no driver installation issues as Ubuntu comes with a hardware detector which detects, downloads and installs optimal drivers for your PC. Also, the installation comes with all the basic software like a music player, video player, an office suite and games for some time killing. + +Ubuntu has a great documentation and community support. [Ubuntu forums ][11]and [Ask Ubuntu][12] provide an appreciable quality support in almost all aspects regarding Ubuntu. It’s highly probable that any question you might have will already be answered. And the answers are beginner friendly. + +Do check out and download [Ubuntu][13] at the [official site.][13] + +#### 2\. Linux Mint Cinnamon + +For years, Linux Mint has been the **number one** Linux distribution on [Distrowatch][14]. Well deserved throne I must say. Linux mint is one of my personal favorites. It is elegant, graceful and provides a superior computing experience (out of the box). + +![][15] + +Linux Mint features the Cinnamon desktop environment. New Linux users who are still in the process of familiarizing themselves with Linux software will find Cinnamon very useful. All the software are very accessibly grouped under categories. Although this is nothing of a mind-blowing feature, to new users who do not know the names of Linux software, this is a huge bonus. + +[][16] + +Suggested read Installing Microsoft Visual Studio Code on Linux + +Linux Mint is fast. Runs fine on older computers. Linux Mint is built upon the rock-solid Ubuntu base. It uses the same software repository as Ubuntu. About the Ubuntu software repository, Ubuntu pushes software for general only use after extensive testing. This means users will not have to deal with unexpected crashes and glitches that some new software are prone to, which can be a real no-no for new Linux users. + +![][17] + +Windows 7 lovers who are really not into where Microsoft if heading with Windows 10 will find Linux Mint lovable. Linux Mint desktop is pretty similar to Windows 7 desktop. Similar toolbar, similar menu, similar tray icons are all set to make Windows users feel absolutely at home. + +Personally, I’m more likely to suggest Linux Mint to someone who is new to Linux world as Linux Mint does impress users enough for them to accept it. To me, Linux Mint should be the first among the list of Linux for beginners. + +Do check out [Linux Mint here][18]. Go for the Cinnamon version. + +#### 3\. Zorin OS + +A majority of computer users are Windows users. And when a [Windows user gets a Linux][2], there’s a fair amount of ‘unlearning process’ that user must go through. A huge amount of operations have been fixed in our muscle memory. For example, the mouse reaching to the lower left corner of the screen (Start) everytime you want to launch an application. So if we could find something that eases these issues on Linux, it’s half a battle won. Enter Zorin OS. + +![][19] + +Zorin OS is an Ubuntu-based, highly polished Linux distribution, entirely made for Windows refugees. Although pretty much every Linux distro is usable by everybody, some people might tend to be reluctant when the desktop looks too alien. Zorin OS dodges past this obstacle because of its similarities with Windows appearance wise. + +Package managers are something of a new concept to Linux newcomers. That’s why Zorin OS comes with a huge (I mean really huge) list of pre-installed software. Anything you need, there’s good chance it’s already installed on Zorin OS. As if that was not enough, [Wine and PlayOnLinux][20] come pre-installed so you can run your loved Windows software and [games][21] here too. + +![][22] + +Zorin OS comes with an amazing theme engine called the ‘Zorin look changer’. It offers some heavy customization options with presets to make your OS look like Windows 7, XP, 2000 or even a Mac for that matter. You’re going to feel home. + +![][23] + +These features make Zorin OS the _**best Linux distro for beginners**_ , isn’t it? Do check out the [Zorin OS website][24] to know more and download the OS. + +#### 4\. Elementary OS + +Since we have taken a look at Linux distros for Windows users, let’s swing by something for MacOS users too. Elementary OS very quickly rose to fame and now is always included in the list of top distros, all thanks to its aesthetic essence. Inspired by MacOS looks, Elementary OS is one of the most beautiful Linux distros. + +![][25] + +Elementary OS is another Ubuntu-based operating system which means the operating system itself is unquestionably stable. Elementary OS features the Pantheon desktop environment. You can immediately notice the resemblance to MacOS desktop. This is an advantage to MacOS users switching to Linux as they will much comfortable with the desktop and this really eases the process of coping to this change. + +![][26] + +The menu is simple and customizable according to user preferences. The operating system is zero intrusive so you can really focus on your work. It comes with a very small number of pre-installed software. So, any new user will not be repulsed by huge bloat. But hey, it’s got everything you need out of the box. For more software, Elementary OS provides a neat AppCenter. It is highly accessible and simple. Everything at one place. You can get all the software you want and perform upgrades in clicks. + +[][27] + +Suggested read How to Install and Use Slack in Linux + +Experience wise, [Elementary OS][28] is really a great piece of software. Definitely give [it a try.][28] + +#### 5\. Linux Mint Mate + +A good number of people who come to Linux are looking to revive older computers. With Windows 10, many computers that had decent specs just some years ago have become incompetent. A quick google will suggest you install Linux on such computers. In that way, you can keep them running up to the mark for the near future. Linux Mint Mate is a great Linux distro if you are looking for something to run your older computers. + +![][29] + +Linux Mint Mate is very light, resource efficient but still a polished distro. It can run smoothly on computers with less muscle power. The desktop environment does not come with bells and jingles. But in no way is it functionally inferior to any other desktop environments. The operating system is non-intrusive and allows you to have a productive computing experience without getting in your way. + +Again, the Linux Mint Mate is based on Ubuntu and has the advantage of huge base solid Ubuntu software repository. It comes with a minimum number of necessities pre-installed. Easy driver installation and setting management are made available. + +You can run Linux Mint Mate even if you have 512 MB RAM and 9 GB hard disk space (the more the merrier). + +The Mate desktop environment is really simple to use with no twists in the tale. This is really a huge plus point for Linux beginners. All the more reason to [try out Linux Mint Mate][30]. + +#### 6\. Manjaro Linux + +Ok. Any long time Linux user will say guiding a newcomer even in the general direction of Arch Linux is a sin. But hear me out. + +Arch is considered experts-only Linux because of it’s highly complex installation procedure. Manajro and Arch Linux have a common origin. But they differ extensively in everything else. + +![][31] + +Manajro Linux has an extremely beginner friendly installation procedure. A lot of things are automated like driver installation using ‘Hardware detection’. Manjaro hugely negates the hardware driver hassles that torments a lot of other Linux distros. And even if you face any issues, Manjaro has an amazing community support. + +Manjaro has its own software repository which maintains the latest of software. While providing up to date software to users is a priority, guaranteed stability is not at all compromised. This is one of the prime differences between Arch and Manjaro. Manjaro delays package releases to make sure they are absolutely stable and no regression will be caused. You can also access the Arch User Repository on Manjaro, so anything and everything you need, is always available. + +If you want to know more about Manjaro features, do read my colleague [John’s experience with Manjaro Linux and why he is hooked][32] to it. + +![][33] + +Manjaro Linux comes in XFCE, KDE, Gnome, Cinnamon and a host of more desktop environments. Do check out the [official website][34]. + +To install any of the above 6 operating systems, you need to create a bootable USB stick. If you are currently using Windows [use this guide to do so][35]. Mac OS users may [follow this guide][36]. + +**Your choice for the best Linux distro for beginners?** + +Linux might come with a learning curve, but that’s not something anybody ever regretted. Go ahead get an ISO and check out Linux. If you are already a Linux user, do share this article and help someone fall in love with Linux in this season of love. Cheers. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/ + +作者：[Aquil Roshan][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/aquil/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linux.com/what-is-linux +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/windows-like-linux-distributions/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/lightweight-linux-beginners/ +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-hacking-penetration-testing/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-distributions/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/privacy-focused-linux-distributions/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/macos-like-linux-distros/ +[8]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss +[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ubuntu-18-04-desktop.jpeg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/ +[11]: https://ubuntuforums.org/ +[12]: http://askubuntu.com/ +[13]: https://www.ubuntu.com/ +[14]: https://distrowatch.com/ +[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/LM_Home.jpg?ssl=1 +[16]: https://itsfoss.com/install-visual-studio-code-ubuntu/ +[17]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/LM_SS.jpg?ssl=1 +[18]: https://linuxmint.com/ +[19]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Zorin.jpg?ssl=1 +[20]: https://itsfoss.com/use-windows-applications-linux/ +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-gaming-guide/ +[22]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Zorin-office.jpg?ssl=1 +[23]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/OSX.jpg?ssl=1 +[24]: https://zorinos.com/ +[25]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Pantheon-Desktop.jpg?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[26]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Application-Menu.jpg?ssl=1 +[27]: https://itsfoss.com/slack-use-linux/ +[28]: https://elementary.io/ +[29]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/mate.jpg?ssl=1 +[30]: http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3182 +[31]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/manajro.jpg?ssl=1 +[32]: https://itsfoss.com/why-use-manjaro-linux/ +[33]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/manjaro-kde.jpg?ssl=1 +[34]: https://manjaro.org/ +[35]: https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/create-a-usb-stick-on-windows +[36]: https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/create-a-usb-stick-on-macos From 8027211e524a6990e5ac247e32cf097234ef3537 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zgj Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 21:30:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0761/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8F=90=E4=BA=A4=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=2020190609=20How=20to=20set=20ulimit=20and=20file=20descriptor?= =?UTF-8?q?s=20limit=20on=20Linux=20Servers?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md | 68 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md (55%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md b/translated/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md similarity index 55% rename from sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md rename to translated/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md index d7dab7ce06..59e818426a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md @@ -7,25 +7,26 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/set-ulimit-file-descriptors-limit-linux-servers/) [#]: author: (Shashidhar Soppin https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/shashidhar/) +如何在 Linux 服务器上设置 ulimit 和文件描述符数限制 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers ====== - -**Introduction: ** Challenges like number of open files in any of the production environment has become common now a day. Since many applications which are Java based and Apache based, are getting installed and configured, which may lead to too many open files, file descriptors etc. If this exceeds the default limit that is set, then one may face access control problems and file opening challenges. Many production environments come to standstill kind of situations because of this. +
**简介**：如今每天（遇到的）像是打开文件数这类的挑战在任何生产环境已经变得司空见惯了。因为许多基于 Java 和 Apache 的应用程序的正在安装和配置，可能会导致打开过多的文件、文件描述符等。如果（文件描述符等）超过默认设置限制，就可能会面临访问控制问题和打开文件的挑战。许多生产环境因此而陷入停滞状态。 -Luckily, we have “ **ulimit** ” command in any of the Linux based server, by which one can see/set/get number of files open status/configuration details. This command is equipped with many options and with this combination one can set number of open files. Following are step-by-step commands with examples explained in detail. +幸运的是，在任何基于 Linux 的服务器上，都有 “**ulimit**”命令，通过它可以查看/设置/获取文件打开的状态/配置详情的数量。此命令配备了许多选项，通过此组合可以设置打开文件的数量。下面是分步命令，并用示例详细说明。 -### To see what is the present open file limit in any Linux System -To get open file limit on any Linux server, execute the following command, +### 查看任何 Linux 系统中当前打开文件数的限制 + +要在任何 Linux 服务器上获得打开文件数限制，请执行以下命令， ``` [root@linuxtechi ~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max 146013 ``` -The above number shows that user can open ‘146013’ file per user login session. +上面的数字表明用户可以在每个用户登录会话中打开 ‘146013’ 个文件。 ``` [root@linuxtechi ~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max @@ -34,11 +35,12 @@ The above number shows that user can open ‘146013’ file per user login sessi 73906 ``` -This clearly indicates that individual Linux operating systems have different number of open files. This is based on dependencies and applications which are running in respective systems. +这清楚地表明，各个 Linux 操作系统具有不同数量的打开文件。这基于各自系统中运行的依赖关系和应用程序。 -### ulimit command : +### ulimit 命令 : + +顾名思义，ulimit(用户限制)用于显示和设置登录用户的资源限制。当我们使用 -a 选项运行 ulimit 命令时，它将打印登录用户的所有资源限制。现在让我们在Ubuntu/Debian 和 CentOS 系统上运行 “**ulimit-a**”， -As the name suggests, ulimit (user limit) is used to display and set resources limit for logged in user.When we run ulimit command with -a option then it will print all resources’ limit for the logged in user. Now let’s run “ **ulimit -a** ” on Ubuntu / Debian and CentOS systems, **Ubuntu / Debian System** , @@ -84,9 +86,9 @@ virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited file locks (-x) unlimited ``` -As we can be seen here different OS have different limits set. All these limits can be configured/changed using “ulimit” command. +正如我们可以在这里看到的，不同的操作系统有不同的限制设置。所有这些限制都可以使用 “ulimit” 命令进行配置/更改。 -To display the individual resource limit then pass the individual parameter in ulimit command, some of parameters are listed below: +要显示单个资源限制可以在 ulimit 命令中传递特定的参数，下面列出了一些参数： * ulimit -n –> It will display number of open files limit * ulimit -c –> It display the size of core file @@ -96,8 +98,7 @@ To display the individual resource limit then pass the individual parameter in u * ulimit -v –> It will display the maximum memory size limit - -Use below commands check hard and soft limits for number of open file for the logged in user +使用以下命令检查登录用户打开文件数量的硬限制和软限制 ``` root@linuxtechi ~}$ ulimit -Hn @@ -106,53 +107,54 @@ root@linuxtechi ~}$ ulimit -Sn 1024 ``` -### How to fix the problem when limit on number of Maximum Files was reached ? +### 如何修复达到最大文件数限制的问题 ? Let’s assume our Linux server has reached the limit of maximum number of open files and want to extend that limit system wide, for example we want to set 100000 as limit of number of open files. -Use sysctl command to pass fs.file-max parameter to kernel on the fly, execute beneath command as root user, +让我们假设我们的 Linux 服务器已经达到了打开文件的最大数量限制，并希望将该限制扩展到整个系统，例如，我们希望将 100000 设置为打开文件数量的限制。 ``` root@linuxtechi~]# sysctl -w fs.file-max=100000 fs.file-max = 100000 ``` -Above changes will be active until the next reboot, so to make these changes persistent across the reboot, edit the file **/etc/sysctl.conf** and add same parameter, +上述更改只会在下次重启之前有效，因此要使这些更改在重启后仍存在，请编辑文件 **/etc/sysctl.conf** 并添加相同的参数， ``` root@linuxtechi~]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf fs.file-max = 100000 ``` -save and exit file, +保存并推出文件 -Run the beneath command to make above changes into effect immediately without logout and reboot. +运行下面命令，使上述更改立即生效，而无需注销和重新启动。 ``` root@linuxtechi~]# sysctl -p ``` -Now verify whether new changes are in effect or not. + +现在验证新的更改是否生效。 ``` root@linuxtechi~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max 100000 ``` -Use below command to find out how many file descriptors are currently being utilized: + +使用以下命令找出当前正在使用的文件描述符数量： ``` [root@linuxtechi ~]# more /proc/sys/fs/file-nr 1216 0 100000 ``` -Note:- Command “ **sysctl -p** ” is used to commit the changes without reboot and logout. +注意：-命令 “**sysctl-p**” 用于在不重新启动和注销的情况下提交更改。 +### 通过 limit.conf 文件设置用户级资源限制 -### Set User level resource limit via limit.conf file +“**/etc/sysctl.conf**” 文件用于设置系统范围的资源限制，但如果要为 Oracle、MariaDB 和 Apache 等特定用户设置资源限制，则可以通过 “**/etc/security/limits.conf**” 文件去实现。 -“ **/etc/sysctl.conf** ” file is used to set resource limit system wide but if you want to set resource limit for specific user like Oracle, MariaDB and Apache then this can be achieved via “ **/etc/security/limits.conf** ” file. - -Sample Limit.conf is shown below, +示例 Limit.conf 如下所示， ``` root@linuxtechi~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max @@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ root@linuxtechi~]# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max ![Limits-conf-linux-part2][2] -Let’s assume we want to set hard and soft limit on number of open files for linuxtechi user and for oracle user set hard and soft limit on number of open process, edit the file “/etc/security/limits.conf” and add the following lines +假设我们要为 linuxtechi 用户设置打开文件数量的硬限制和软限制，而对于 oracle 用户设置打开进程数量的硬限制和软限制，编辑文件 “/etc/security/limits.conf” 并添加以下行 ``` # hard limit for max opened files for linuxtechi user @@ -176,9 +178,9 @@ oracle hard nproc 8096 oracle soft nproc 4096 ``` -Save & exit the file. +保存并退出文件 -**Note:** In case you want to put resource limit on a group instead of users, then it can also be possible via limit.conf file, in place of user name , type **@ ** and rest of the items will be same, example is shown below, +**注意：** 如果你想对一个组而不是用户进行资源限制，那么也可以通过limit.conf文件，输入 **@** 代替用户名，其余项都是相同的，示例如下， ``` # hard limit for max opened files for sysadmin group @@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ Save & exit the file. @sysadmin soft nofile 1024 ``` -Verify whether new changes are in effect or not, +验证新的更改是否生效 ``` ~]# su - linuxtechi @@ -203,11 +205,11 @@ Verify whether new changes are in effect or not, 4096 ``` -Note: Other majorly used command is “[ **lsof**][3]” which is used for finding out “how many files are opened currently”. This command is very helpful for admins. +注：其他主要使用的命令是 “[ **lsof**][3]” 用于找出“当前打开了多少个文件”，这命令对管理员非常有帮助。 -**Conclusion:** +**结尾：** -As mentioned in the introduction section “ulimit” command is very powerful and helps one to configure and make sure application installations are smoother without any bottlenecks. This command helps in fixing many of the number of file limitations in Linux based servers. +正如在介绍部分提到的，“ulimit” 命令非常强大，可以帮助用户配置并确保应用程序安装更加流畅，没有任何瓶颈。此命令有助于修复基于 Linux 的服务器中的（打开）大量文件的限制。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/set-ulimit-file-descriptors-limit-linux-servers/ 作者：[Shashidhar Soppin][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[zgj1024](https://github.com/zgj1024) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a310b6bc73529e6708311de2c08b76958619d562 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 22:06:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0762/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190703=20News?= =?UTF-8?q?boat=20=E2=80=93=20A=20Command=20line=20RSS/Atom=20Feed=20Reade?= =?UTF-8?q?r=20For=20Text=20Consoles?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190703 Newsboat - A Command line RSS-Atom Feed Reader For Text Consoles.md --- ... RSS-Atom Feed Reader For Text Consoles.md | 262 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 262 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190703 Newsboat - A Command line RSS-Atom Feed Reader For Text Consoles.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190703 Newsboat - A Command line RSS-Atom Feed Reader For Text Consoles.md b/sources/tech/20190703 Newsboat - A Command line RSS-Atom Feed Reader For Text Consoles.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dbca5db557 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190703 Newsboat - A Command line RSS-Atom Feed Reader For Text Consoles.md @@ -0,0 +1,262 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Newsboat – A Command line RSS/Atom Feed Reader For Text Consoles) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/newsbeuter-command-line-rssatom-feed-reader-unix-like-systems/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Newsboat – A Command line RSS/Atom Feed Reader For Text Consoles +====== + +![Newsboat RSS/Atom Feed reader][1] + +**Newsboat** , a fork of Newsbeuter, is a free, open source RSS/Atom feed reader for text consoles. It supports GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems. Compared to other slow and huge amount of memory consumed RSS feed readers, Newsboat is the best choice for anyone who are looking for a simple, slick and fast feed reader that can be completely managed via keyboard. + +Concerning about the features, we can list the following: + + * Subscribe to RSS 0.9x, 1.0, 2.0 and Atom feeds. + * Download podcasts. + * Configure your keyboard shortcuts as per your wish. + * Search through all downloaded articles. + * Categorize and query your subscriptions with a flexible tag system. + * Integrate any data source through a flexible filter and plugin system. + * Automatically remove unwanted articles through a “killfile”. + * Define “meta feeds” using a powerful query language. + * Synchronize newsboatr with your bloglines.com account. + * Import and exporting your subscriptions with the widely used OPML format. + * Customize the look and feel of Newsboat as per your liking. + * Keep all your feeds in sync with Google Reader. + * And many. + + + +In this brief guide, let us see how to install and use Newsboat in Linux. + +### Newsboat – A Command line RSS/Atom Feed Reader + +##### Installation + +**On Arch Linux and derivatives:** + +Newsboat is available in the [Community] repository of Arch Linux. So, you can install it using [**Pacman**][2] command as shown below. + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S newsboat +``` + +**On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint:** + +It is also available in the default repositories of DEB based systems such as Ubuntu, Linux Mint. To install it, run the following command: + +``` +$ sudo apt-get install newsboat +``` + +**On Fedora:** + +Newsboat is available in the official repositories of Fedora. To install it, run: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install newsboat +``` + +Newsboat is also available as [**Snap**][3], so you can install it using command: + +``` +$ sudo snap install newsboat +``` + +Once installed, launch it using command: + +``` +$ newsboat +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +Starting newsboat 2.10.2... +Loading configuration...done. +Opening cache...done. +Loading URLs from /home/sk/.newsboat/urls...done. +Error: no URLs configured. Please fill the file /home/sk/.newsboat/urls with RSS feed URLs or import an OPML file. + +newsboat 2.10.2 +usage: newsboat [-i |-e] [-u ] [-c ] [-x ...] [-h] +-e, --export-to-opml export OPML feed to stdout +-r, --refresh-on-start refresh feeds on start +-i, --import-from-opml= import OPML file +-u, --url-file= read RSS feed URLs from +-c, --cache-file= use as cache file +-C, --config-file= read configuration from +-X, --vacuum compact the cache +-x, --execute=... execute list of commands +-q, --quiet quiet startup +-v, --version get version information +-l, --log-level= write a log with a certain loglevel (valid values: 1 to 6) +-d, --log-file= use as output log file +-E, --export-to-file= export list of read articles to +-I, --import-from-file= import list of read articles from +-h, --help this help +``` + +As you see in the above screenshot, we haven’t added any URLs yet in Newsboat. + +##### Managing Feeds + +We can add, edit, tag, and delete feeds by editing the **urls** file. The default urls file is **~/.newsboat/urls**. If it is not available, just create it. + +**Add feeds** + +To add a feed, edit this file + +``` +$ vi ~/.newsboat/urls +``` + +Then, add the feed URLs one by one. + +``` +http://feeds.feedburner.com/Ostechnix +``` + +If the feed URL has protected with user name and password, you need to mention the username and password as shown below. + +``` +http://username:[email protected]/feed.rss +``` + +After adding all urls, save and close the file. + +**Add tags to the feeds** + +You can add one or more tags to categorize the feeds as per your liking. Specify the tags separated by space if you want to add more than one tags to a single feed. If you want to specify a single tag that contains a space, just mention it within double quotes like below. + +``` +http://feeds.feedburner.com/Ostechnix "All Linux news" +https://www.archlinux.org/feeds/packages/ "Only Arch Linux related news" +``` + +**Read feeds** + +To read feeds, just launch the Newsboat utility from the Terminal using command: + +``` +$ newsboat +``` + +Sample output: + +![][4] + +Newsboat Rss feed reader + +As you see in the above screenshot, I have added two RSS feeds. You can now start downloading the feeds, either by pressing **“R”** to download all feeds, or by pressing **“r”** to download the currently selected feed. + +Now, you will see the list of recent items in each feed. + +![][5] + +Alternatively, you can run the following command to refresh feeds on start: + +``` +$ newsboat -r +``` + +Use **Up/Down** arrows to choose a feed and hit **ENTER** key to open the currently selected feed. + +![][6] + +Press ENTER key to open the selected entry: + +![][7] + +To open the entry in your default web browser, simply press **o**. + +Here is the list of keyboard controls to manage your feeds. + + * Press **n** to go the next unread entry. + * Press **o** to open the selected entry in default web browser. + * Press **r** (small letter) to reload the currently selected feed. + * Press **R** (capital) to reload all feeds. + * Press **A** to mark as read. + * Press **/** to search for a specific entry. + * Press **s** to save single entry or all entries. + * Press **e** to enqueue. + * Press **?** (question mark) to open the help window at any time. + * And press **q** to go back and exit. + + + +**Remove feeds** + +To remove the feeds, just delete the URL in the urls file. + +**Useful tip for Arch Linux users** + +If you’re using a Arch based Linux distribution, I know a good way to read the Arch news page before updating your system. The reason for doing this is you can read the Arch news about current updating issues before actually updating your Arch Linux. + +Add the Arch news link in **~/.newsboat/urls** file: + +``` +$ https://www.archlinux.org/feeds/news/ +``` + +Open your **~/.bashrc** file and add the following line: + +``` +alias update='newsboat -r && sudo pacman -Syu' +``` + +Replace ‘update’ with any alias name of your choice. + +Now, run the following command to update your Arch Linux system. + +``` +$ update +``` + +Whenever you run the above command, it will load the Arch news feed in your Terminal. You can simply read about current issues and then update the Arch Linux system. + +For more details, refer the Newsboat help section using command: + +``` +$ newsboat -h +``` + +Also, refer the [**official documentation**][8] page for more detailed information. + +And, that’s all. Hope this helps. I will be soon here with another useful guide. If you find this article helpful, please take a moment to share it on your social, professional networks and support OSTechNix. + +**Resources:** + + * [**Newsboat website**][9] + * [**Newsboat GtiHub Repository**][10] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/newsbeuter-command-line-rssatom-feed-reader-unix-like-systems/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Newsboat-RSS-Atom-Feed-reader-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-pacman/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/introduction-ubuntus-snap-packages/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Newsboat.png +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Load-new-feeds.png +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Newboat1.png +[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Open-Rss-feed-entry.png +[8]: https://newsboat.org/releases/2.16.1/docs/newsboat.html +[9]: https://newsboat.org/ +[10]: https://github.com/newsboat/newsboat From eedacc87e1530e2530e37e545d04578a1fecb025 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 22:17:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0763/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190706=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20To=20Delete=20A=20Repository=20And=20GPG=20Key=20In=20Ubuntu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190706 How To Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu.md --- ...lete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu.md | 134 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 134 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190706 How To Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190706 How To Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20190706 How To Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..beb69ab1e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190706 How To Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How To Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-delete-a-repository-and-gpg-key-in-ubuntu/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +How To Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu +====== + +![Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu][1] + +The other day we discussed how to [**list the installed repositories**][2] in RPM and DEB-based systems. Today, we are going to learn how to delete a repository along with its GPG key in Ubuntu. For those wondering, a repository (shortly **repo** ) is a central place where the developers keep the software packages. The packages in the repositories are thoroughly tested and built specifically for each version by Ubuntu developers. The users can download and install these packages on their Ubuntu system using **Apt** **package manager**. Ubuntu has four official repositories namely **Main** , **Universe** , **Restricted** and **Multiverse**. + +Apart from the official repositories, there are many unofficial repositories maintained by developers (or package maintainers). The unofficial repositories usually have the packages which are not available in the official repositories. All packages are signed with pair of keys, a public and private key, by the package maintainer. As you already know, the public key is given out to the users and the private must be kept secret. Whenever you add a new repository in the sources list, you should also add the repository key if Apt package manager wants to trust the newly added repository. Using the repository keys, you can ensure that you’re getting the packages from the right person. Hope you got a basic idea about software repositories and repository keys. Now let us go ahead and see how to delete the repository and its key if it is no longer necessary in Ubuntu systems. + +### Delete A Repository In Ubuntu + +Whenever you add a repository using “add-apt-repository” command, it will be stored in **/etc/apt/sources.list** file. + +To delete a software repository from Ubuntu and its derivatives, just open the /etc/apt/sources.list file and look for the repository entry and delete it. + +``` +$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list +``` + +As you can see in the below screenshot, I have added [**Oracle Virtualbox**][3] repository in my Ubuntu system. + +![][4] + +virtualbox repository + +To delete this repository, simply remove the entry. Save and close the file. + +If you have added PPA repositories, look into **/etc/apt/sources.list.d/** directory and delete the respective entry. + +Alternatively, you can delete the repository using “add-apt-repository” command. For example, I am deleting the [**Systemback**][5] repository like below. + +``` +$ sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:nemh/systemback +``` + +Finally, update the software sources list using command: + +``` +$ sudo apt update +``` + +### Delete Repository keys + +We use “apt-key” command to add the repository keys. First, let us list the added keys using command: + +``` +$ sudo apt-key list +``` + +This command will list all added repository keys. + +``` +/etc/apt/trusted.gpg +-------------------- +pub rsa1024 2010-10-31 [SC] +3820 03C2 C8B7 B4AB 813E 915B 14E4 9429 73C6 2A1B +uid [ unknown] Launchpad PPA for Kendek + +pub rsa4096 2016-04-22 [SC] +B9F8 D658 297A F3EF C18D 5CDF A2F6 83C5 2980 AECF +uid [ unknown] Oracle Corporation (VirtualBox archive signing key) <[email protected]> +sub rsa4096 2016-04-22 [E] + +/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2012-archive.gpg +------------------------------------------------------ +pub rsa4096 2012-05-11 [SC] +790B C727 7767 219C 42C8 6F93 3B4F E6AC C0B2 1F32 +uid [ unknown] Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key (2012) <[email protected]> + +/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2012-cdimage.gpg +------------------------------------------------------ +pub rsa4096 2012-05-11 [SC] +8439 38DF 228D 22F7 B374 2BC0 D94A A3F0 EFE2 1092 +uid [ unknown] Ubuntu CD Image Automatic Signing Key (2012) <[email protected]> + +/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2018-archive.gpg +------------------------------------------------------ +pub rsa4096 2018-09-17 [SC] +F6EC B376 2474 EDA9 D21B 7022 8719 20D1 991B C93C +uid [ unknown] Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key (2018) <[email protected]> +``` + +As you can see in the above output, the long (40 characters) hex value is the repository key. If you want APT package manager to stop trusting the key, simply delete it using command: + +``` +$ sudo apt-key del "3820 03C2 C8B7 B4AB 813E 915B 14E4 9429 73C6 2A1B" +``` + +Or, specify the last 8 characters only: + +``` +$ sudo apt-key del 73C62A1B +``` + +Done! The repository key has been deleted. Run the following command to update the repository lists: + +``` +$ sudo apt update +``` + +**Resource:** + + * [**Software repositories – Ubuntu Community Wiki**][6] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-delete-a-repository-and-gpg-key-in-ubuntu/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Delete-a-repository-in-ubuntu-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/find-list-installed-repositories-commandline-linux/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-oracle-virtualbox-ubuntu-16-04-headless-server/ +[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/virtualbox-repository.png +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/systemback-restore-ubuntu-desktop-and-server-to-previous-state/ +[6]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu From 67341b949762eb7e693488c563c0c6db8b5d30c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 22:24:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0764/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190706=20Yout?= =?UTF-8?q?ube-dl=20Tutorial=20With=20Examples=20For=20Beginners?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190706 Youtube-dl Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md --- ...dl Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md | 446 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 446 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190706 Youtube-dl Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190706 Youtube-dl Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md b/sources/tech/20190706 Youtube-dl Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..578804041a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190706 Youtube-dl Tutorial With Examples For Beginners.md @@ -0,0 +1,446 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Youtube-dl Tutorial With Examples For Beginners) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/youtube-dl-tutorial-with-examples-for-beginners/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Youtube-dl Tutorial With Examples For Beginners +====== + +![Youtube-dl Tutorial With Examples For Beginners][1] + +There are numerous applications available to Download Youtube videos. We have covered such applications, namely [**ClipGrab**][2], and [**Mps-youtube**][3] etc., in the past. Today, we are going to learn about yet another Youtube downloader called **Youtube-dl**. Like Mps-youtube, Youtube-dl is also a command line program to download videos from Youtube and a lot of other websites listed [**here**][4]. Youtube-dl can be able to download a single track or entire playlist in one go. It is a free and open source command line program written in **Python**. It supports GNU/Linux, Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows. + +### Installing Youtube-dl + +The easiest and officially recommended way to install Youtube-dl is just download it, save it in your PATH, make it executable and start using it right away. + +``` +$ sudo curl -L https://yt-dl.org/downloads/latest/youtube-dl -o /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl +``` + +If you don’t have curl, use **wget** instead: + +``` +$ sudo wget https://yt-dl.org/downloads/latest/youtube-dl -O /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl + +$ sudo chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl +``` + +Alternatively, you can install it using [**Pip**][5] as shown below. + +``` +$ sudo -H pip install --upgrade youtube-dl +``` + +Youtube-dl is also available in the official repositories of some Linux distributions. For example, you can install it in Arch Linux using command: + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S youtube-dl +``` + +On Debian, Ubuntu, Linux mint: + +``` +$ sudo apt install youtube-dl +``` + +On Fedora: + +``` +$ sudo dnf install youtube-dl +``` + +FFmpeg is also required to download 720p videos from YouTube and convert videos to other formats. To install FFmpeg, refer the following guide. + + * [**How to install FFmpeg on Linux**][6] + + + +### Update Youtube-dl + +If you’ve manually installed Youtube-dl using curl or wget, run the following command to update it: + +``` +$ sudo youtube-dl -U +``` + +If you installed it using pip, do: + +``` +$ sudo pip install -U youtube-dl +``` + +Those who installed Youtube-dl using the distribution’s package manager, just use the appropriate update command. For example, on Arch Linux, you can update Youtube-dl by simply running the following command: + +``` +$ sudo pacman -Syu +``` + +On Debian, Ubuntu: + +``` +$ sudo apt update +``` + +Now, let us see some examples to learn to use Youtube-dl. + +### Youtube-dl Tutorial With Examples + +Here, I have compiled most commonly used Youtube-dl commands to download a video or playlist from youtube. + +####### **1\. Download video or playlist** + +To download a video or the entire playlist from Youtube, just mention the URL like below: + +``` +$ youtube-dl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +If you want to download video or playlist with a custom name of your choice, the command would be: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -o 'abdul kalam inspirational speech' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +Replace “abdul kalam inspirational speech” with your own name. + +You can also include additional details, such as the title, the uploader name (channel name) and upload date etc., in the file name by using the following command: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -o '%(title)s by %(uploader)s on %(upload_date)s in %(playlist)s.%(ext)s' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +####### **2\. Download multiple videos** + +Sometimes, you might want to download multiple videos from or any other site. If so, just mention the URL of the videos with space-separated like below: + +``` +$ youtube-dl +``` + +Alternatively, you can put them all in a text file and pass it to Youtube-dl as an argument like below. + +``` +$ youtube-dl -a url.txt +``` + +This command will download all videos mentioned in the url.txt file. + +####### **3\. Download audio-only from a video** + +Youtube-dl allows us to download audio only from a Youtube video. If you ever been in a situation to download only the audio, run: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -x https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +By default, Youtube-dl will save the audio in **Ogg** (opus) format. + +If you prefer to download any other formats, for example **mp3** , run: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -x --audio-format mp3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +This command will download the audio from the given video/playlist, convert it to an MP3 and save it in the current directory. Please note that you should install either [**ffmpeg**][7] or **avconv** to convert the file to mp3 format. + +####### **4\. Download video with description, metadata, annotations, subtitles and thumbnail** + +To download a video along with its other details such as description, metadata, annotations, subtitles, and thumbnail etc., use the following command: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --write-description --write-info-json --write-annotations --write-sub --write-thumbnail https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +####### **5\. List all available formats of video or playlist** + +To list all available formats that a video or playlist is available in, use the following command: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --list-formats https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +Or + +``` +$ youtube-dl -F https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +Sample output: + +![][8] + +List all available formats of a youtube video using youtube-dl + +As you can see in the above screenshot, Youtube-dl lists all available formats of the given video. From left to right, it displays the video format code, extension and resolution note of the respective video. This can be helpful when you want to download a video at a specific quality or format. + +####### **6\. Download videos in certain quality and/or format** + +By default, Youtube-dl will download the best available quality video. However, it is also possible to download a video or playlist at a specific quality or format. + +Youtube is capable of downloading videos in the following qualities: + + * **best** – Select the best quality format of the given file with video and audio. + * **worst** – Select the worst quality format (both video and audio). + * **bestvideo** – Select the best quality video-only format (e.g. DASH video). Please note that it may not be available. + * **worstvideo** – Select the worst quality video-only format. May not be available. + * **bestaudio** – Select the best quality audio only-format. May not be available. + * **worstaudio** – Select the worst quality audio only-format. May not be available. + + + +For example, if you want to download **best quality** format (both audio and video), just use the following command: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f best https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +Similarly, to download audio-only with best quality: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f bestaudio https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +To download worst quality video-only format, use the following command: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f worstvideo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +You also combine different format options like below. + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f bestvideo+bestaudio https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +The above command will download best quality video-only and best quality audio-only formats and merge them together with ffmpeg or avconv. Make sure you have installed any one of these tools on your system. + +If you don’t want to merge, replace **+** (plus) operator with **,** (comma) like below: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f 'bestvideo,bestaudio' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow -o '%(title)s.f%(format_id)s.%(ext)s' +``` + +This command will download best quality video and best quality audio and **will not mix them**. In this case, you will get two files, one is audio and another is video. In this example, an output template ( **-o** option) is recommended as bestvideo and bestaudio may have the same file name. + +We can even download a video or playlist at a specific quality with **specific resolution**. + +For instance, the following command will download the **best quality** video in **480 pixel resolution** (less than or equal to 480p). + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f "best[height<=480]" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +Like already said, we can group the format selectors to get a specific quality video. The following command will download best format available(both audio and video) but **no better than 480p**. + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f 'bestvideo[height<=480]+bestaudio/best[height<=480]' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +####### **7. Download videos using format code + +** + +All videos have format codes which we can use to download a video at specific quality. To find the format code, just list the available formats using any one of the following commands: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --list-formats https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +Or + +``` +$ youtube-dl -F https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +![][9] + +As you can see in the above screenshot, all format codes of the given video are listed in the first column. The best quality format is given at the end (the format code is **22** ). So, the command to download best quality format is: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f 22 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +Some videos may not have the same formats available while you download videos from playlist. In such cases, you can specify multiple format codes in any preferred order of your choice. Take a look at the following example: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f 22/17/18 +``` + +As per the above example, Youtube-dl will download the videos in format 22 if it is available. If the format 22 is not available, it will then download format 17 if it is available. If both 22 and 17 formats are not available, it will finally try to download format 18. If none of the specified formats are available, Youtube-dl will complain that no suitable formats are available for download. + +Please note that that slash is left-associative, i.e. formats on the left hand side are preferred. + +####### **8. Download videos by file extension + +** + +Download video(s) in your preferred format, say for example MP4, just run: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --format mp4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +Or, + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f mp4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +Like I already mentioned in the previous section, some videos may not available in your preferred formats. In such cases, Youtube-dl will download any other best available formats. For instance, this command will download best quality MP4 format file. If MP4 format is not available, then it will download any other best available format. + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f 'bestvideo[ext=mp4]+bestaudio[ext=m4a]/best[ext=mp4]/best' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +If you want to download them with custom filename, do: + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f mp4 -o '%(title)s.f%(format_id)s.%(ext)s' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +####### **9. Set size limit for videos + +** + +When you download multiple videos from a playlist, you might want to download videos within a certain size only. + +For example, this command will not download any videos smaller than the given size, say **100MB** : + +``` +$ youtube-dl --min-filesize 100M +``` + +If you don’t want to download videos larger than the given size, do: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --max-filesize 100M +``` + +We can also combine format selection operators to download certain size videos. + +The following command will download best video-only format but **not bigger than 100 MB**. + +``` +$ youtube-dl -f 'best[filesize<100M]' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7E-cwdnsiow +``` + +####### **10. Download videos by date-wise + +** + +Youtube-dl allows us to filter and download video or playlist by their upload date. This will be very helpful when you want to download videos from a playlist that contains 100s of videos. + +For instance, to download videos uploaded at an exact date, for example October 01, 2018, the command would be: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --date 20181001 +``` + +Download videos uploaded on or before a specific date: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --datebefore 20180101 +``` + +Download videos uploaded on or after a specific date: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --dateafter 20180101 +``` + +Download only the videos uploaded in the last 6 months: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --dateafter now-6months +``` + +To download videos between a specific date, for example January 01, 2018 to January 01, 2019, use the following command: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --dateafter 20180101 --datebefore 20190101 +``` + +####### **11. Download specific videos from playlist + +** + +This is yet another useful feature of Youtube-dl. It allows us to download a specific song(s) from a playlist that contains 100s of songs. + +For example, to download the 10th file from a playlist, run: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --playlist-items 10 +``` + +Similarly, to download multiple random files, just specify indices of the videos in the playlist separated by commas like below:: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --playlist-items 2,3,7,10 +``` + +You can also specify the range of songs. To download a video playlist starting from a certain video, say 10, to end: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --playlist-start 10 +``` + +To download only the files starting from 2nd to 5th in a playlist, use: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --playlist-start 2 --playlist-end 5 +``` + +####### 12\. Download only videos suitable for specific age + +This is another notable feature of Youtube-dl. It allows us to download only videos suitable for the given age. + +Say for example, to download all “Let’s Play” videos that aren’t marked “NSFW” or age-restricted for 7 year-olds from a playlist, run: + +``` +$ youtube-dl --match-title "let's play" --age-limit 7 --reject-title "nsfw" +``` + +Youtube-dl has a lot more options. I guess these 12 examples are just enough to use Youtube-dl to download videos from online. For more details, refer Youtube-dl help section. + +``` +$ youtube-dl --help +``` + +**Resources:** + + * [**Youtube-dl website**][10] + * [**Youtube-dl GitHub Repository**][11] + * [**https://jonlabelle.com/snippets/view/shell/youtube-dl-command**][12] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/youtube-dl-tutorial-with-examples-for-beginners/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/youtube-dl-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/clipgrab-youtube-downloader-converter/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/mps-youtube-commandline-youtube-player-downloader/ +[4]: https://ytdl-org.github.io/youtube-dl/supportedsites.html +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/manage-python-packages-using-pip/ +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-ffmpeg-linux/ +[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/20-ffmpeg-commands-beginners/ +[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/List-all-available-formats-youtube-dl.png +[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/List-all-available-formats-youtube-dl-1.png +[10]: https://ytdl-org.github.io/youtube-dl/index.html +[11]: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl +[12]: https://jonlabelle.com/snippets/view/shell/youtube-dl-command From 36da19c4f4e7f33fb6ab26f802d6c616f95037bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2019 22:25:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0765/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190706=20Inst?= =?UTF-8?q?all=20NetData=20Performance=20Monitoring=20Tool=20On=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190706 Install NetData Performance Monitoring Tool On Linux.md --- ...ta Performance Monitoring Tool On Linux.md | 312 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 312 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190706 Install NetData Performance Monitoring Tool On Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190706 Install NetData Performance Monitoring Tool On Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190706 Install NetData Performance Monitoring Tool On Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a0fa775728 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190706 Install NetData Performance Monitoring Tool On Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,312 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Install NetData Performance Monitoring Tool On Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/netdata-real-time-performance-monitoring-tool-linux/) +[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/) + +Install NetData Performance Monitoring Tool On Linux +====== + +![][1] + +**NetData** is a distributed, real-time, performance and health monitoring tool for systems and applications. It provides unparalleled insights of everything happening on a system in real-time. You can view the results in a highly interactive web-dashboard. Using Netdata, you can get a clear idea of what is happening now, and what happened before in your systems and applications. You don’t need to be an expert to deploy this tool in your Linux systems. NetData just works fine out of the box with zero configuration, and zero dependencies. Just install this utility and sit back, NetData will take care of the rest. + +It has its own built-in webserver to display the result in graphical format. NetData is quite fast and efficient, and it will immediately start to analyze the performance of your system in no time after installing it. It is written using **C** programming language, so it is extremely light weight. It consumes less than 3% of a single core CPU usage and a 10-15MB of RAM. We can easily embed the charts on any existing web pages, and also it has a plugin API, so that you can monitor any application. + +Here is the list of things that will be monitored by NetData utility in your Linux system. + + * CPU usage, + * RAM Usage, + * Swap memory usage, + * Kernel memory usage, + * Hard disks and its usage, + * Network interfaces, + * IPtables, + * Netfilter, + * DDoS protection, + * Processes, + * Applications, + * NFS server, + * Web server (Apache & Nginx), + * Database servers (MySQL), + * DHCP server, + * DNS server, + * Email serve,r + * Proxy server, + * Tomcat, + * PHP, + * SNP devices, + * And many more. + + + +NetData is free, open source tool and it supports Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS. + +### Install NetData On Linux + +Netdata can be installed on any Linux distributions that have **Bash** installed. + +The easiest way to install Netdata is to run the following one-liner command from the Terminal: + +``` +$ bash <(curl -Ss https://my-netdata.io/kickstart-static64.sh) +``` + +This will download and install everything needed to up and run Netdata. + +Some users may not want to inject something directly into Bash without investigating it. If you don’t like this method, you can follow the steps below to install it on your system. + +**On Arch Linux:** + +The latest version is available in the Arch Linux default repositories. So, we can install it with [**pacman**][2] using command: + +``` +$ sudo pacman -S netdata +``` + +**On DEB and RPM-based systems** + +NetData is not available in the default repositories of DEB based (Ubuntu / Debian) or RPM based (RHEL / CentOS / Fedora) systems. We need to install NetData manually from its Git repository. + +First install the required dependencies: + +``` +# Debian / Ubuntu +$ sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev uuid-dev libuv1-dev liblz4-dev libjudy-dev libssl-dev libmnl-dev gcc make git autoconf autoconf-archive autogen automake pkg-config curl + +# Fedora +$ sudo dnf install zlib-devel libuuid-devel libuv-devel lz4-devel Judy-devel openssl-devel libmnl-devel gcc make git autoconf autoconf-archive autogen automake pkgconfig curl findutils + +# CentOS / Red Hat Enterprise Linux +$ sudo yum install epel-release +$ sudo yum install autoconf automake curl gcc git libmnl-devel libuuid-devel openssl-devel libuv-devel lz4-devel Judy-devel lm_sensors make MySQL-python nc pkgconfig python python-psycopg2 PyYAML zlib-devel + +# openSUSE +$ sudo zypper install zlib-devel libuuid-devel libuv-devel liblz4-devel judy-devel openssl-devel libmnl-devel gcc make git autoconf autoconf-archive autogen automake pkgconfig curl findutils +``` + +After installing the required dependencies, install NetData on DEB or RPM based systems as shown below. + +Git clone the NetData repository: + +``` +$ git clone https://github.com/netdata/netdata.git --depth=100 +``` + +The above command will create a directory called **‘netdata’** in the current working directory. + +Change to the ‘netdata’ directory: + +``` +$ cd netdata/ +``` + +Finally, install and start NetData using command: + +``` +$ sudo ./netdata-installer.sh +``` + +**Sample output:** + +``` +Welcome to netdata! +Nice to see you are giving it a try! + +You are about to build and install netdata to your system. + +It will be installed at these locations: + +- the daemon at /usr/sbin/netdata + - config files at /etc/netdata + - web files at /usr/share/netdata + - plugins at /usr/libexec/netdata + - cache files at /var/cache/netdata + - db files at /var/lib/netdata + - log files at /var/log/netdata + - pid file at /var/run + +This installer allows you to change the installation path. +Press Control-C and run the same command with --help for help. + +Press ENTER to build and install netdata to your system > ## Press ENTER key +``` + +After installing NetData, you will see the following output at the end: + +``` +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +OK. NetData is installed and it is running (listening to *:19999). + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +INFO: Command line options changed. -pidfile, -nd and -ch are deprecated. +If you use custom startup scripts, please run netdata -h to see the +corresponding options and update your scripts. + +Hit http://localhost:19999/ from your browser. + +To stop netdata, just kill it, with: + +killall netdata + +To start it, just run it: + +/usr/sbin/netdata + + +Enjoy! + +Uninstall script generated: ./netdata-uninstaller.sh +``` + +![][3] + +Install NetData + +NetData has been installed and started. + +To install Netdata on other Linux distributions, refer the [**official installation instructions page**][4]. + +##### Allow NetData default port via Firewall or Router + +If your system stays behind any firewall or router, you must allow the default port **19999** to access the NetData web interface from any remote systems on the network,. + +**On Ubuntu / Debian:** + +``` +$ sudo ufw allow 19999 +``` + +**On CentOS / RHEL / Fedora:** + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=19999/tcp + +$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload +``` + +### Starting / Stopping NetData + +To enable and start Netdata service on systems that use **Systemd** , run: + +``` +$ sudo systemctl enable netdata + +$ sudo systemctl start netdata +``` + +To stop: + +``` +$ sudo systemctl stop netdata +``` + +To enable and start Netdata service on systems that use **Init** , run: + +``` +$ sudo service netdata start + +$ sudo chkconfig netdata on +``` + +To stop it: + +``` +$ sudo service netdata stop +``` + +### Access NetData via Web browser + +Open your web browser, and navigate to **** or **** or ****. You should see a screen something like below. + +![][5] + +Netdata dashboard + +From the dashboard, you will find the complete statistics of your Linux system. Scroll down to view each section. + +You can download and/or view NetData default configuration file at any time by simply navigating to ****. + +![][6] + +Netdata configuration file + +### Updating NetData + +In Arch Linux, just run the following command to update NetData. If the updated version is available in the repository, it will be automatically installed. + +``` +$ sudo pacman -Syyu +``` + +In DEB or RPM based systems, just go to the directory where you have cloned it (In our case it’s netdata). + +``` +$ cd netdata +``` + +Pull the latest update: + +``` +$ git pull +``` + +Then, rebuild and update it using command: + +``` +$ sudo ./netdata-installer.sh +``` + +### Uninstalling NetData + +Go to the location where you have cloned NetData. + +``` +$ cd netdata +``` + +Then, uninstall it using command: + +``` +$ sudo ./netdata-uninstaller.sh --force +``` + +In Arch Linux, the following command will uninstall it. + +``` +$ sudo pacman -Rns netdata +``` + +**Resources:** + + * [**NetData website**][7] + * [**NetData GitHub page**][8] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.ostechnix.com/netdata-real-time-performance-monitoring-tool-linux/ + +作者：[sk][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Install-netdata-720x340.png +[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/getting-started-pacman/ +[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Deepin-Terminal_002-6.png +[4]: https://docs.netdata.cloud/packaging/installer/ +[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Netdata-dashboard.png +[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Netdata-config-file.png +[7]: http://netdata.firehol.org/ +[8]: https://github.com/firehol/netdata From f2ee58b43ff875604fd315330096eebe03e243b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 08:28:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0766/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190630=20Dona?= =?UTF-8?q?ld=20Trump=20Now=20Wants=20to=20Ban=20End-to-End=20Encryption?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/news/20190630 Donald Trump Now Wants to Ban End-to-End Encryption.md --- ... Now Wants to Ban End-to-End Encryption.md | 49 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20190630 Donald Trump Now Wants to Ban End-to-End Encryption.md diff --git a/sources/news/20190630 Donald Trump Now Wants to Ban End-to-End Encryption.md b/sources/news/20190630 Donald Trump Now Wants to Ban End-to-End Encryption.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f4fadd248e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20190630 Donald Trump Now Wants to Ban End-to-End Encryption.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Donald Trump Now Wants to Ban End-to-End Encryption) +[#]: via: (https://news.softpedia.com/news/donald-trump-now-wants-to-ban-end-to-end-encryption-526567.shtml) +[#]: author: (Bogdan Popa https://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/bogdan-popa) + +Donald Trump Now Wants to Ban End-to-End Encryption +====== + +**After[banning][1] and [unbanning][2] Huawei, United States President Donald Trump is now planning to go after end-to-end encryption, with a new report claiming that senior White House officials met this week to discuss the first step the administration could make in this regard.** + +[Politico][3] notes, citing three people familiar with the matter, that number two officials from several key agencies discussed a potential offensive against end-to-end encryption. + +“The two paths were to either put out a statement or a general position on encryption, and [say] that they would continue to work on a solution, or to ask Congress for legislation,” one source was quoted as saying by the cited publication. + +While the White House administration wants to kill off end-to-end encryption in software developed by American companies, this proposal was received with mixed reactions from representatives of various agencies in the country. + +For example, the DHS “is internally divided,” Politico notes, as the agency is aware of the security implications that banning end-to-end encryption could generate. + +### The encryption dispute + +Pushing for regulations against end-to-end encryption is described as a decisive step in the efforts of intelligence agencies and law enforcement in the United States to access devices and data belonging to criminals and terrorists. + +The encryption, which the majority of American companies have already bundled into their products, including here Apple and Google, blocks investigators from accessing suspects’ data. Tech companies position end-to-end encryption as a key privacy feature, and several of them have warned that any regulation against it could even affect national security. + +Apple, in particular, is one of the biggest companies fighting against anti-encryption regulation. The company [**refused to unlock an iPhone used by the San Bernardino terrorist**][4], explaining that breaking into the device would have compromised the security of all customers. + +The FBI eventually unlocked the device using software developed by a third-party. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.softpedia.com/news/donald-trump-now-wants-to-ban-end-to-end-encryption-526567.shtml + +作者：[Bogdan Popa;Jun][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/bogdan-popa +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://news.softpedia.com/news/google-bans-huawei-from-using-android-google-play-gmail-other-services-526083.shtml +[2]: https://news.softpedia.com/news/breaking-donald-trump-says-huawei-can-buy-american-products-again-526564.shtml +[3]: https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/27/trump-officials-weigh-encryption-crackdown-1385306 +[4]: https://news.softpedia.com/news/judge-orders-apple-to-help-the-fbi-hack-san-bernardino-shooter-s-iphone-500517.shtml From d19e69ac905e89aeb654789bdb5caa8813eb91e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 08:30:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0767/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190705=20Less?= =?UTF-8?q?ons=20in=20Vendor=20Lock-in:=20Google=20and=20Huawei?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190705 Lessons in Vendor Lock-in- Google and Huawei.md --- ...ns in Vendor Lock-in- Google and Huawei.md | 59 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 59 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190705 Lessons in Vendor Lock-in- Google and Huawei.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190705 Lessons in Vendor Lock-in- Google and Huawei.md b/sources/talk/20190705 Lessons in Vendor Lock-in- Google and Huawei.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fef21470c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190705 Lessons in Vendor Lock-in- Google and Huawei.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Lessons in Vendor Lock-in: Google and Huawei) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/lessons-vendor-lock-google-and-huawei) +[#]: author: (Kyle Rankin https://www.linuxjournal.com/users/kyle-rankin) + +Lessons in Vendor Lock-in: Google and Huawei +====== +![](https://www.linuxjournal.com/sites/default/files/styles/850x500/public/nodeimage/story/bigstock-Us--China-Trade-War-Boxing-F-252887971_1.jpg?itok=oZBwXDrP) + +What happens when you're locked in to a vendor that's too big to fail, but is on the opposite end of a trade war? + +The story of Google no longer giving Huawei access to Android updates is still developing, so by the time you read this, the situation may have changed. At the moment, Google has granted Huawei a 90-day window whereby it will have access to Android OS updates, the Google Play store and other Google-owned Android assets. After that point, due to trade negotiations between the US and China, Huawei no longer will have that access. + +Whether or not this new policy between Google and Huawei is still in place when this article is published, this article isn't about trade policy or politics. Instead, I'm going to examine this as a new lesson in vendor lock-in that I don't think many have considered before: what happens when the vendor you rely on is forced by its government to stop you from being a customer? + +### Too Big to Fail + +Vendor lock-in isn't new, but until the last decade or so, it generally was thought of by engineers as a bad thing. Companies would take advantage the fact that you used one of their products that was legitimately good to use the rest of their products that may or may not be as good as those from their competitors. People felt the pain of being stuck with inferior products and rebelled. + +These days, a lot of engineers have entered the industry in a world where the new giants of lock-in are still growing and have only flexed their lock-in powers a bit. Many engineers shrug off worries about choosing a solution that requires you to use only products from one vendor, in particular if that vendor is a large enough company. There is an assumption that those companies are too big ever to fail, so why would it matter that you rely on them (as many companies in the cloud do) for every aspect of their technology stack? + +Many people who justify lock-in with companies who are too big to fail point to all of the even more important companies who use that vendor who would have even bigger problems should that vendor have a major bug, outage or go out of business. It would take so much effort to use cross-platform technologies, the thinking goes, when the risk of going all-in with a single vendor seems so small. + +Huawei also probably figured (rightly) that Google and Android were too big to fail. Why worry about the risks of being beholden to a single vendor for your OS when that vendor was used by other large companies and would have even bigger problems if the vendor went away? + +### The Power of Updates + +Google held a particularly interesting and subtle bit of lock-in power over Huawei (and any phone manufacturer who uses Android)—the power of software updates. This form of lock-in isn't new. Microsoft famously used the fact that software updates in Microsoft Office cost money (naturally, as it was selling that software) along with the fact that new versions of Office had this tendency to break backward compatibility with older document formats to encourage everyone to upgrade. The common scenario was that the upper-level folks in the office would get brand-new, cutting-edge computers with the latest version of Office on them. They would start saving new documents and sharing them, and everyone else wouldn't be able to open them. It ended up being easier to upgrade everyone's version of Office than to have the bosses remember to save new documents in old formats every time. + +The main difference with Android is that updates are critical not because of compatibility, but for security. Without OS updates, your phone ultimately will become vulnerable to exploits that attackers continue to find in your software. The Android OS that ships on phones is proprietary and therefore requires permission from Google to get those updates. + +Many people still don't think of the Android OS as proprietary software. Although people talk about the FOSS underpinnings in Android, only people who go to the extra effort of getting a pure-FOSS version of Android, like LineageOS, on their phones actually experience it. The version of Android most people tend to use has a bit of FOSS in the center, surrounded by proprietary Google Apps code. + +It's this Google Apps code that gives Google the kind of powerful leverage over a company like Huawei. With traditional Android releases, Google controls access to OS updates including security updates. All of this software is signed with Google's signing keys. This system is built with security in mind—attackers can't easily build their own OS update to install on your phone—but it also has a convenient side effect of giving Google control over the updates. + +What's more, the Google Apps suite isn't just a convenient way to load Gmail or Google Docs, it also includes the tight integration with your Google account and the Google Play store. Without those hooks, you don't have access to the giant library of applications that everyone expects to use on their phones. As anyone with a LineageOS phone that uses F-Droid can attest, while a large number of applications are available in the F-Droid market, you can't expect to see those same apps as on Google Play. Although you can side-load some Google Play apps, many applications, such as Google Maps, behave differently without a Google account. Note that this control isn't unique to Google. Apple uses similar code-signing features with similar restrictions on its own phones and app updates. + +### Conclusion + +Without access to these OS updates, Huawei now will have to decide whether to create its own LineageOS-style Android fork or a whole new phone OS of its own. In either case, it will have to abandon the Google Play Store ecosystem and use F-Droid-style app repositories, or if it goes 100% alone, it will need to create a completely new app ecosystem. If its engineers planned for this situation, then they likely are working on this plan right now; otherwise, they are all presumably scrambling to address an event that "should never happen". Here's hoping that if you find yourself in a similar case of vendor lock-in with an overseas company that's too big to fail, you never get caught in the middle of a trade war. + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/lessons-vendor-lock-google-and-huawei + +作者：[Kyle Rankin][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxjournal.com/users/kyle-rankin +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From c1117bc7392ced553c4012c3e1cf5ae34fb758f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 08:51:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0768/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md | 102 ------------------ ... the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md | 101 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md b/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7466550f25..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,102 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Say WHAAAT? Mozilla has Been Nominated for the “Internet Villain” Award in the UK) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mozilla-internet-villain/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -Say WHAAAT? Mozilla has Been Nominated for the “Internet Villain” Award in the UK -====== - -Mozilla Firefox is one of the most popular browsers available out there. A lot of users prefer it over Chrome just because it encourages privacy protection and features options to keep your Internet activity as private as possible. - -But, one of the recently proposed features – **[DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS)][1]** which is still in the testing phase didn’t receive a good response from the UK’s ISPs trade association. - -So, the ISPA (Internet Services Providers Association) of UK decided to [nominate][2] Mozilla as one of the “Internet Villains” among the nominees for 2019. This is for an award ceremony to be held on 11th July in London by the ISP trade association of the UK. - -![][3] - -### Why “Mozilla” is the “Internet Villain” here? - -In their announcement, the ISPA mentioned that Mozilla is one of the Internet Villains for supporting **DoH** (DNS-over-HTTPS). - -> [@mozilla][4] is nominated for the [#ISPAs][5] [#InternetVillain][6] for their proposed approach to introduce DNS-over-HTTPS in such a way as to bypass UK filtering obligations and parental controls, undermining [#internet][7] safety standards in the UK. [pic.twitter.com/WeZhLq2uvi][8] -> -> — Internet Services Providers Association (ISPAUK) (@ISPAUK) [July 4, 2019][9] - -Along with Mozilla, Article 13 Copyright Directive and President Donald Trump also appear in the list. Here’s how ISPA explained in their announcement: - -_**Mozilla**_ _– for their proposed approach to introduce DNS-over-HTTPS in such a way as to bypass UK filtering obligations and parental controls, undermining internet safety standards in the UK_. - -**_Article_ _13 Copyright Directive_** _– for threatening freedom of expression online by requiring ‘content recognition technologies’ across platforms_ - -_**President Donald Trump**_ _– for causing a huge amount of uncertainty across the complex, global telecommunications supply chain in the course of trying to protect national security_ - -### What is DNS-over-HTTPS? - -DoH basically means that your DNS requests will be encrypted over an HTTPS connection. - -Traditionally, the DNS requests are unencrypted and your DNS provider or the ISP can monitor/control your browsing activity. Without DoH, you can easily enforce blocking/content filtering through your DNS provider or the ISP can do that when they want. - -[][10] - -Suggested read  Firefox: The Internet's Knight in Shining Armor - -However, DoH completely takes that out of the equation and hence, you get a private browsing experience. - -You can explore [how Mozilla implements this partnering with Cloudflare][11] and set it up for yourself if you want. - -### Is DoH helpful? - -Yes and no. - -Of course, on one side of the coin, it lets user bypass any content filters enforced by the DNS or the ISPs. So, it is a good thing that we want to put a stop to Internet censorship and DoH helps us with that. - -But, on the other side, if you are a parent, you can no longer [set content filters][12] if your kid utilizes DoH on Mozilla Firefox. It depends on how good/bad the [firewall is configured][13]. - -But potentially DoH is a solution for some to bypass parental controls, which could be a bad thing. - -Correct me if I’m wrong here – in the comments below. - -Also, using DoH means that you can no longer use the local host file (in case you are using it for ad blocking or something else) - -### Wrapping Up - -What do you think about DoH in general? Is it good enough? - -And, what’s your take on ISPA’s decision? Do you think that they are encouraging Internet censorship and government monitoring on netizens with this kind of announcement? - -Personally, I find it hilarious. Even if DoH isn’t the ultimate feature that everyone wants, it is always good to have an option to protect your privacy in some way. - -Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. Meanwhile, I’ll just put this quote here: - -> In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/mozilla-internet-villain/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_HTTPS -[2]: https://www.ispa.org.uk/ispa-announces-finalists-for-2019-internet-heroes-and-villains-trump-and-mozilla-lead-the-way-as-villain-nominees/ -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/mozilla-internet-villain.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[4]: https://twitter.com/mozilla?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw -[5]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISPAs?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw -[6]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/InternetVillain?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw -[7]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/internet?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw -[8]: https://t.co/WeZhLq2uvi -[9]: https://twitter.com/ISPAUK/status/1146725374455373824?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/why-firefox/ -[11]: https://blog.nightly.mozilla.org/2018/06/01/improving-dns-privacy-in-firefox/ -[12]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-block-porn-by-content-filtering-on-ubuntu/ -[13]: https://itsfoss.com/set-up-firewall-gufw/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md b/translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..281ba28d9f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Say WHAAAT? Mozilla has Been Nominated for the “Internet Villain” Award in the UK) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mozilla-internet-villain/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +什么？Mozilla 被提名英国“互联网恶棍”奖 +====== + +Mozilla Firefox 是目前最流行的浏览器之一。很多用户喜欢它胜过 Chrome 就是因为它鼓励隐私保护，并且可以通过一些选项设置让你的互联网活动尽可能地私密。 + +不过最近推出的功能之一 —— 仍然处于测试阶段的 **[DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS)][1]** 功能却受到了英国互联网服务提供商行业协会的负面评价。 + +英国互联网服务提供商行业协会（Internet Services Providers Association，简称 ISPA）决定将 Mozilla 列入 2019 年“互联网恶棍”奖的最终入围者名单。该奖项将在 ISPA 于 7 月 11 日在伦敦举行的颁奖典礼上进行颁发。 + +![][3] + +### 为什么说 “Mozilla” 是 “互联网恶棍”？ + +ISPA 在他们的声明中表示，Mozilla 因为支持了 **DoH**（DNS-over-HTTPS）而被视为“互联网恶棍”。 + +> [@mozilla][4] 被提名为 [#ISPA][5] 的 [#互联网恶棍][6] 是因为他们试图推行 DNS-over-HTTPS 以绕开英国的内容过滤系统和家长监护模式，破坏了英国 [#互联网][7] 安全准则。 [pic.twitter.com/WeZhLq2uvi][8] +> +> — 英国互联网提供商行业协会 (ISPAUK) (@ISPAUK) [2019 年 7 月 4 日][9] + + +和 Mozilla 一同被列入最终入围者名单的还有欧盟版权指令第 13 条和美国总统特朗普。ISPA 在他们的声明里是这样解释的： + +**Mozilla**：因为试图推行 DNS-over-HTTPS 以绕开英国的内容过滤系统和家长监护模式，破坏了英国互联网安全准则。 + +**欧盟版权指令第 13 条**：因为要求各平台使用“内容识别技术”，威胁到了线上言论自由。 + +**美国总统特朗普**：因为在试图保护国家安全的过程中，为复杂的全球通信供应链带来了巨大的不确定性。 + +### 什么是 DNS-over-HTTPS? + +你可以将 DoH 理解为，域名解析服务（DNS）的请求在 HTTPS 连接中会被加密。 + +传统意义上的 DNS 请求是不会被加密的，因此你的 DNS 提供商或者是互联网服务提供商可以监视或者是控制你的浏览行为。如果没有 DoH，你很容易被 DNS 提供商强制推行拦截和内容过滤系统，并且你的互联网服务提供商也同样可以做到。 + +[][10] + +然而 DoH 颠覆了这一点，可以让你得到一个私密的浏览体验。 + +你可以研究一下 [Mozilla 是如何开展和 Cloudflare 的合作的][11]，并且可以自己配置一下 DoH（如果需要的话）。 + +### DoH 有用吗？ + +既有用又没有用。 + +当然了，从事情的一方面来看，DoH 可以帮助用户绕过 DNS 或者互联网服务提供商推行的内容过滤系统。如果说 DoH 有助于满足我们避开互联网审查的需求，那么它是一件好事情。 + +不过从事情的另一方面来看，如果你是一位家长，而你的孩子在 Mozilla Firefox 上使用了 DoH 的话，你就无法 [设置内容过滤器][12] 了。这取决于 [防火墙配置][13] 的好坏。 + +DoH 可能会成为一些人绕过家长监护的手段，这可能不是一件好事。 + +如果我这样的说法有问题，你可以在下面的评论区纠正我。 + +并且，使用 DoH 就意味着你没办法使用本地 host 文件了（如果你正用它作为广告拦截或者是其它用途的话）。 + +### 总结 + +你是如何看待 DoH 的呢？它足够好吗？ + +你又是如何看待 ISPA 的决定的呢？你觉得他们这样的声明是不是在鼓励互联网审查和政府对网民的监控呢？ + +我个人觉得这个决定非常可笑。即使 DoH 并不是所有人都需要的那个终极功能，能够有一种保护个人隐私的选择也总不是件坏事。 + +在下面的评论区里发表你的看法吧。最后我想引用这么一句话： + +> 在谎言遍地的时代，说真话是一种革命行为。（LCTT 译注：引自乔治奥威尔） + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/mozilla-internet-villain/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_HTTPS +[2]: https://www.ispa.org.uk/ispa-announces-finalists-for-2019-internet-heroes-and-villains-trump-and-mozilla-lead-the-way-as-villain-nominees/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/mozilla-internet-villain.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[4]: https://twitter.com/mozilla?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[5]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISPAs?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[6]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/InternetVillain?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[7]: https://twitter.com/hashtag/internet?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[8]: https://t.co/WeZhLq2uvi +[9]: https://twitter.com/ISPAUK/status/1146725374455373824?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/why-firefox/ +[11]: https://blog.nightly.mozilla.org/2018/06/01/improving-dns-privacy-in-firefox/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-block-porn-by-content-filtering-on-ubuntu/ +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/set-up-firewall-gufw/ From f0fbeff57673a584e1fe162efefd67ff429bc850 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 10:38:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0769/1265] PRF MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @chen-ni 翻译的很好 --- ... the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md | 29 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md b/translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md index 281ba28d9f..60d85ab16a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md @@ -1,47 +1,46 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Say WHAAAT? Mozilla has Been Nominated for the “Internet Villain” Award in the UK) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mozilla-internet-villain/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -什么？Mozilla 被提名英国“互联网恶棍”奖 +什么？！Mozilla 被提名英国“互联网恶棍”奖 ====== Mozilla Firefox 是目前最流行的浏览器之一。很多用户喜欢它胜过 Chrome 就是因为它鼓励隐私保护，并且可以通过一些选项设置让你的互联网活动尽可能地私密。 -不过最近推出的功能之一 —— 仍然处于测试阶段的 **[DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS)][1]** 功能却受到了英国互联网服务提供商行业协会的负面评价。 +不过最近推出的功能之一 —— 仍然处于测试阶段的 [DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS)][1] 功能却受到了英国互联网服务提供商行业协会的负面评价。 -英国互联网服务提供商行业协会（Internet Services Providers Association，简称 ISPA）决定将 Mozilla 列入 2019 年“互联网恶棍”奖的最终入围者名单。该奖项将在 ISPA 于 7 月 11 日在伦敦举行的颁奖典礼上进行颁发。 +英国互联网服务提供商行业协会Internet Services Providers Association（ISPA）决定将 Mozilla 列入 2019 年“互联网恶棍”奖的最终入围者名单。该奖项将在 ISPA 于 7 月 11 日在伦敦举行的颁奖典礼上进行颁发。 ![][3] ### 为什么说 “Mozilla” 是 “互联网恶棍”？ -ISPA 在他们的声明中表示，Mozilla 因为支持了 **DoH**（DNS-over-HTTPS）而被视为“互联网恶棍”。 +ISPA 在他们的声明中表示，Mozilla 因为支持了 DoH（DNS-over-HTTPS）而被视为“互联网恶棍”。 > [@mozilla][4] 被提名为 [#ISPA][5] 的 [#互联网恶棍][6] 是因为他们试图推行 DNS-over-HTTPS 以绕开英国的内容过滤系统和家长监护模式，破坏了英国 [#互联网][7] 安全准则。 [pic.twitter.com/WeZhLq2uvi][8] > > — 英国互联网提供商行业协会 (ISPAUK) (@ISPAUK) [2019 年 7 月 4 日][9] +![](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/D-n8WlvX4AAnWIW.jpg) -和 Mozilla 一同被列入最终入围者名单的还有欧盟版权指令第 13 条和美国总统特朗普。ISPA 在他们的声明里是这样解释的： +和 Mozilla 一同被列入最终入围者名单的还有欧盟《版权法第 13 条》和美国总统特朗普。ISPA 在他们的声明里是这样解释的： **Mozilla**：因为试图推行 DNS-over-HTTPS 以绕开英国的内容过滤系统和家长监护模式，破坏了英国互联网安全准则。 -**欧盟版权指令第 13 条**：因为要求各平台使用“内容识别技术”，威胁到了线上言论自由。 +**欧盟《版权法第 13 条》**：因为要求各平台使用“内容识别技术”，威胁到了线上言论自由。 -**美国总统特朗普**：因为在试图保护国家安全的过程中，为复杂的全球通信供应链带来了巨大的不确定性。 +**美国总统特朗普**：因为在试图保护其国家安全的过程中，为复杂的全球通信供应链带来了巨大的不确定性。 ### 什么是 DNS-over-HTTPS? -你可以将 DoH 理解为，域名解析服务（DNS）的请求在 HTTPS 连接中会被加密。 +你可以将 DoH 理解为，域名解析服务（DNS）的请求通过 HTTPS 连接加密传输。 -传统意义上的 DNS 请求是不会被加密的，因此你的 DNS 提供商或者是互联网服务提供商可以监视或者是控制你的浏览行为。如果没有 DoH，你很容易被 DNS 提供商强制推行拦截和内容过滤系统，并且你的互联网服务提供商也同样可以做到。 - -[][10] +传统意义上的 DNS 请求是不会被加密的，因此你的 DNS 提供商或者是互联网服务提供商（ISP）可以监视或者是控制你的浏览行为。如果没有 DoH，你很容易被 DNS 提供商强制拦截和进行内容过滤，并且你的互联网服务提供商也同样可以做到。 然而 DoH 颠覆了这一点，可以让你得到一个私密的浏览体验。 @@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ ISPA 在他们的声明中表示，Mozilla 因为支持了 **DoH**（DNS-over-HT 既有用又没有用。 -当然了，从事情的一方面来看，DoH 可以帮助用户绕过 DNS 或者互联网服务提供商推行的内容过滤系统。如果说 DoH 有助于满足我们避开互联网审查的需求，那么它是一件好事情。 +当然了，从事情的一方面来看，DoH 可以帮助用户绕过 DNS 或者互联网服务提供商强制的内容过滤系统。如果说 DoH 有助于满足我们避开互联网审查的需求，那么它是一件好事情。 不过从事情的另一方面来看，如果你是一位家长，而你的孩子在 Mozilla Firefox 上使用了 DoH 的话，你就无法 [设置内容过滤器][12] 了。这取决于 [防火墙配置][13] 的好坏。 @@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ DoH 可能会成为一些人绕过家长监护的手段，这可能不是一件 你又是如何看待 ISPA 的决定的呢？你觉得他们这样的声明是不是在鼓励互联网审查和政府对网民的监控呢？ -我个人觉得这个决定非常可笑。即使 DoH 并不是所有人都需要的那个终极功能，能够有一种保护个人隐私的选择也总不是件坏事。 +我个人觉得这个提名决定非常可笑。即使 DoH 并不是所有人都需要的那个终极功能，能够有一种保护个人隐私的选择也总不是件坏事。 在下面的评论区里发表你的看法吧。最后我想引用这么一句话： @@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/mozilla-internet-villain/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0af8654ac7a91c46f4c391adafe49c7ccaf65d4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 10:39:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0770/1265] PUB @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-11068-1.html --- ...en Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md b/published/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md rename to published/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md index 60d85ab16a..feddddee95 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md +++ b/published/20190706 Say WHAAAT- Mozilla has Been Nominated for the -Internet Villain- Award in the UK.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11068-1.html) [#]: subject: (Say WHAAAT? Mozilla has Been Nominated for the “Internet Villain” Award in the UK) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mozilla-internet-villain/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From e14be5c440e679a06245aa14ea96175a5ed2c415 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 11:18:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0771/1265] PRF --- ...90627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md | 108 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md b/translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md index 16993a0012..59fe3efea7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to use Tig to browse Git logs) @@ -9,14 +9,16 @@ 如何使用 Tig 浏览 Git 日志 ====== -Tig不仅仅是 Git 的文本界面。以下是它如何增强你的日常工作流程。 -![A person programming][1] -如果你使用 Git 作为你的版本控制系统，你可能已经让自己接受 Git 是一个复杂的野兽。它是一个很棒的工具，但在 Git 仓库查找可能很麻烦。因此像 [Tig][2] 这样的工具出现了。 +> Tig 可不仅仅是 Git 的文本界面。以下是它如何增强你的日常工作流程。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/07/111847v1zx3qk5qqhklyjp.png) + +如果你使用 Git 作为你的版本控制系统，你可能已经让自己接受了 Git 是一个复杂的野兽的事实。它是一个很棒的工具，但浏览 Git 仓库可能很麻烦。因此像 [Tig][2] 这样的工具出现了。 来自 [Tig 手册页][3]： -> Tig 是 git(1) 的基于 ncurses 的文本界面。它主要用作 Git 仓库浏览器，但也有助于在块级别暂存提交更改，并显示各种 Git 命令的输出。 +> Tig 是 `git`(1) 的基于 ncurses 的文本界面。它主要用作 Git 仓库浏览器，但也有助于在块级别暂存提交更改，并作为各种 Git 命令的输出分页器。 这基本上意味着 Tig 提供了一个可以在终端中运行的基于文本的用户界面。Tig 可以让你轻松浏览你的 Git 日志，但它可以做的远不止让你从最后的提交跳到前一个提交。 @@ -26,170 +28,154 @@ Tig不仅仅是 Git 的文本界面。以下是它如何增强你的日常工作 ### 安装 Tig - * Fedora 和 RHEL： **sudo dnf install tig** - * Ubuntu 和 Debian： **sudo apt install tig** - * MacOS:**：brew install tig** +* Fedora 和 RHEL： `sudo dnf install tig` +* Ubuntu 和 Debian： `sudo apt install tig` +* MacOS： `：brew install tig` - - -有关更多选项，请参阅官方[安装说明][5]。 +有关更多方式，请参阅官方[安装说明][5]。 ### 浏览当前分支中的提交 如果要浏览分支中的最新提交，请输入： - ``` -`tig` +tig ``` -这是这样。这个三字符命令将启动一个浏览器，你可以在其中导航当前分支中的提交。你可以将其视为 **git log** 的封装器。 +就是这样。这个三字符命令将启动一个浏览器，你可以在其中浏览当前分支中的提交。你可以将其视为 `git log` 的封装器。 -要浏览输出，可以使用向上和向下箭头键从一个提交移动到另一个提交。按回车键将会垂直分割窗口，右侧包含所选提交的内容。你可以继续在左侧的提交历史记录中上下浏览，你的更改将显示在右侧。使用 **k** 和 **j** 逐行上下浏览，**-** 和空格键在右侧上下翻页。使用 **q** 退出右侧窗格。 +要浏览这些输出，可以使用向上和向下箭头键从一个提交移动到另一个提交。按回车键将会垂直分割窗口，右侧包含所选提交的内容。你可以继续在左侧的提交历史记录中上下浏览，你的更改将显示在右侧。使用 `k` 和 `j` 可以逐行上下浏览，`-` 和空格键可以在右侧上下翻页。使用 `q` 退出右侧窗格。 -搜索 **tig** 输出也很简单。使用 **/** 向前搜索，使用 **?** 在左右窗格中向后搜索。 +搜索 `tig` 输出也很简单。使用 `/` （向前）或 `?` （向后）在左右窗格中搜索。 ![Searching Tig][6] -这足以让你开始浏览你的提交。这里有很多的键绑定，但单击 **h** 将显示“帮助”菜单，你可以在其中发现其导航和命令选项。你还可以使用 **/** 和 **?** 来搜索“帮助”菜单。使用 **q** 退出帮助。 +这些就足以让你浏览你的提交信息了。这里有很多的键绑定，但单击 `h` 将显示“帮助”菜单，你可以在其中发现其导航和命令选项。你还可以使用 `/` 和 `?` 来搜索“帮助”菜单。使用 `q` 退出帮助。 ![Tig Help][7] ### 浏览单个文件的修改 -由于 Tig 是 **git log** 的封装器，它可以方便地接受可以传递给 **git log** 的相同参数。例如，要浏览单个文件的提交历史记录，请输入： - +由于 Tig 是 `git log` 的封装器，它可以方便地接受可以传递给 `git log` 的相同参数。例如，要浏览单个文件的提交历史记录，请输入： ``` -`tig README.md` +tig README.md ``` 将其与被封装的 Git 命令的输出进行比较，以便更清楚地了解 Tig 如何增强输出。 - ``` -`git log README.md` +git log README.md ``` -要在原始 Git 输出中包含补丁，你可以添加 **-p** 选项： - +要在原始 Git 输出中包含补丁，你可以添加 `-p` 选项： ``` -`git log -p README.md` +git log -p README.md ``` 如果要将提交范围缩小到特定日期范围，请尝试以下操作： - ``` -`tig --after="2017-01-01" --before="2018-05-16" -- README.md` +tig --after="2017-01-01" --before="2018-05-16" -- README.md ``` 再一次，你可以将其与原始的 Git 版本进行比较： ``` -`git log --after="2017-01-01" --before="2018-05-16" -- README.md` +git log --after="2017-01-01" --before="2018-05-16" -- README.md ``` ### 浏览谁更改了文件 有时你想知道谁对文件进行了更改以及原因。命令： - ``` -`tig blame README.md` +tig blame README.md ``` -本质上是 **git blame** 的封装。正如你 所期望的那样，它允许你查看谁是编辑指定行的最后一人，它还允许你查看到引入该行的提交。这有点像 vim 的 **vim-fugitive**插件提供的**:Gblame**命令。 +器本质上是 `git blame` 的封装。正如你所期望的那样，它允许你查看谁是编辑指定行的最后一人，它还允许你查看到引入该行的提交。这有点像 vim 的 `vim-fugitive` 插件提供的 `:Gblame` 命令。 -### 浏览你的暂存 - -如果你像我一样，你可能会在你的暂存处有许多编辑。你很容易忘记它们。你可以通过以下方式查看暂存处中的最新项目： +### 浏览你的暂存区 +如果你像我一样，你可能会在你的暂存区做了许多修改。你很容易忘记它们。你可以通过以下方式查看暂存处中的最新项目： ``` -`git stash show -p stash@{0}` +git stash show -p stash@{0} ``` 你可以通过以下方式找到第二个最新项目： - ``` -`git stash show -p stash@{1}` +git stash show -p stash@{1} ``` -以此类推。如果你在需要它们时调用这些命令，那么你会有比我更清晰的内存。 - +以此类推。如果你在需要它们时调用这些命令，那么你会有比我更清晰的记忆。 与上面的 Git 命令一样，Tig 可以通过简单的调用轻松增强你的 Git 输出： - ``` -`tig stash` +tig stash ``` -尝试在有暂存的仓库中执行此命令。你将能够浏览_并搜索_你的暂存项，快速浏览你的那些修改。 +尝试在有暂存的仓库中执行此命令。你将能够浏览*并搜索*你的暂存项，快速浏览你的那些修改。 ### 浏览你的引用 -git ref 是你提交的东西的哈希值。这包括文件和分支。使用 **tig refs** 命令可以浏览所有引用并深入查看特定提交。 - +Git ref 是指你提交的东西的哈希值。这包括文件和分支。使用 `tig refs` 命令可以浏览所有的 ref 并深入查看特定提交。 ``` -`tig refs` +tig refs ``` -完成后，使用 **q** 回到前面的菜单。 +完成后，使用 `q` 回到前面的菜单。 ### 浏览 git 状态 -如果要查看哪些文件已被暂存，哪些文件未被跟踪，请使用 **tig status**，它是 **git status** 的封装。 +如果要查看哪些文件已被暂存，哪些文件未被跟踪，请使用 `tig status`，它是 `git status` 的封装。 ![Tig status][8] ### 浏览 git grep -你可以使用 **grep** 命令在文本文件中搜索表达式。命令 **tig grep** 允许你导览 **git grep** 的输出。例如： - +你可以使用 `grep` 命令在文本文件中搜索表达式。命令 `tig grep` 允许你浏览 `git grep` 的输出。例如： ``` -`tig grep -i foo lib/Bar` +tig grep -i foo lib/Bar ``` -它会导览 **lib/Bar** 目录中以大小写敏感的方式搜索 **foo** 的输出。 +它会让你浏览 `lib/Bar` 目录中以大小写敏感的方式搜索 `foo` 的输出。 ### 通过标准输入管道输出给 Tig -如果要将提交 ID 列表传递给 Tig，那么必须使用 **\--stdin** 标志，以便 **tig show** 从标准输入读取。否则，**tig show** 会在没有输入的情况下启动（出现空白屏幕）。 - +如果要将提交 ID 列表传递给 Tig，那么必须使用 `--stdin` 标志，以便 `tig show` 从标准输入读取。否则，`tig show` 会在没有输入的情况下启动（出现空白屏幕）。 ``` -`git rev-list --author=olaf HEAD | tig show --stdin` +git rev-list --author=olaf HEAD | tig show --stdin ``` ### 添加自定义绑定 你可以使用 [rc][9] 文件自定义 Tig。以下是如何根据自己的喜好添加一些有用的自定义键绑定的示例。 -在主目录中创建一个名为 **.tigrc** 的文件。在你喜欢的编辑器中打开 **~/.tigrc** 并添加： - +在主目录中创建一个名为 `.tigrc` 的文件。在你喜欢的编辑器中打开 `~/.tigrc` 并添加： ``` -# Apply the selected stash +# 应用选定的暂存内容 bind stash a !?git stash apply %(stash) -# Drop the selected stash item +# 丢弃选定的暂存内容 bind stash x !?git stash drop %(stash) ``` -如上所述，运行 **tig stash** 以浏览你的暂存。但是，通过这些绑定，你可以按 **a**将暂存中的项目应用到仓库，并按 **x** 从暂存中删除项目。请记住，你要在浏览暂存_列表_时，才能执行这些命令。如果你正在浏览暂存_项_，请输入 **q** 退出该视图，然后按 **a** 或 **x** 以获得所需效果。 +如上所述，运行 `tig stash` 以浏览你的暂存。但是，通过这些绑定，你可以按 `a` 将暂存中的项目应用到仓库，并按 `x` 从暂存中删除项目。请记住，你要在浏览暂存*列表*时，才能执行这些命令。如果你正在浏览暂存*项*，请输入 `q` 退出该视图，然后按 `a` 或 `x` 以获得所需效果。 有关更多信息，你可以阅读有关 [Tig 键绑定][10]。 ### 总结 -我希望这有助于演示 Tig 如何增强你的日常工作流程。Tig 可以做更强大的事情（比如暂存代码行），但这超出了这篇介绍性文章的范围。这里有足够的让你危险的信息，但还有更多值得探索的地方。 +我希望这有助于演示 Tig 如何增强你的日常工作流程。Tig 可以做更强大的事情（比如暂存代码行），但这超出了这篇介绍性文章的范围。这里有足够的让你置身于危险的信息，但还有更多值得探索的地方。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -198,7 +184,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-tig 作者：[Olaf Alders][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 578c9f8067030e408c66b3132bc4e255becb6b71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 11:19:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0772/1265] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11069-1.html --- .../20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md b/published/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md rename to published/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md index 59fe3efea7..53629b1d19 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md +++ b/published/20190627 How to use Tig to browse Git logs.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11069-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to use Tig to browse Git logs) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-tig) [#]: author: (Olaf Alders https://opensource.com/users/oalders/users/mbbroberg/users/marcobravo) From 518e2884afdf488ef05702d227a932daf20d6ae9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zgj Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 16:00:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0773/1265] remove the english title --- ...t ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md | 7 +++---- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md b/translated/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md index 59e818426a..5c18371c9b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190609 How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers.md @@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ [#]: author: (Shashidhar Soppin https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/shashidhar/) 如何在 Linux 服务器上设置 ulimit 和文件描述符数限制 -How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers ====== 
**简介**：如今每天（遇到的）像是打开文件数这类的挑战在任何生产环境已经变得司空见惯了。因为许多基于 Java 和 Apache 的应用程序的正在安装和配置，可能会导致打开过多的文件、文件描述符等。如果（文件描述符等）超过默认设置限制，就可能会面临访问控制问题和打开文件的挑战。许多生产环境因此而陷入停滞状态。 @@ -39,10 +38,10 @@ How to set ulimit and file descriptors limit on Linux Servers ### ulimit 命令 : -顾名思义，ulimit(用户限制)用于显示和设置登录用户的资源限制。当我们使用 -a 选项运行 ulimit 命令时，它将打印登录用户的所有资源限制。现在让我们在Ubuntu/Debian 和 CentOS 系统上运行 “**ulimit-a**”， +顾名思义，ulimit(用户限制)用于显示和设置登录用户的资源限制。当我们使用 -a 选项运行 ulimit 命令时，它将打印登录用户的所有资源限制。现在让我们在Ubuntu/Debian 和 CentOS 系统上运行 “**ulimit -a**”， -**Ubuntu / Debian System** , +**Ubuntu / Debian 系统** , ``` root@linuxtechi ~}$ ulimit -a @@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited file locks (-x) unlimited ``` -**CentOS System** +**CentOS 系统** ``` root@linuxtechi ~}$ ulimit -a From 449243eb88d8a4d081a183a96c61623ffe200039 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LazyWolf Lin Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 17:10:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0774/1265] Translated Looking into Linux modules. --- .../20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md | 219 ------------------ .../20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md | 28 +-- 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 233 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md b/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md deleted file mode 100644 index b49618fc2b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,219 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (LazyWolfLin) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Looking into Linux modules) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391362/looking-into-linux-modules.html#tk.rss_all) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -Looking into Linux modules -====== -The lsmod command can tell you which kernel modules are currently loaded on your system, along with some interesting details about their use. -![Rob Oo \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] - -### What are Linux modules? - -Kernel modules are chunks of code that are loaded and unloaded into the kernel as needed, thus extending the functionality of the kernel without requiring a reboot. In fact, unless users inquire about modules using commands like **lsmod** , they won't likely know that anything has changed. - -One important thing to understand is that there are _lots_ of modules that will be in use on your Linux system at all times and that a lot of details are available if you're tempted to dive into the details. - -One of the prime ways that lsmod is used is to examine modules when a system isn't working properly. However, most of the time, modules load as needed and users don't need to be aware of how they are working. - -**[ Also see:[Must-know Linux Commands][2] ]** - -### Listing modules - -The easiest way to list modules is with the **lsmod** command. While this command provides a lot of detail, this is the most user-friendly output. - -``` -$ lsmod -Module Size Used by -snd_hda_codec_realtek 114688 1 -snd_hda_codec_generic 77824 1 snd_hda_codec_realtek -ledtrig_audio 16384 2 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_realtek -snd_hda_codec_hdmi 53248 1 -snd_hda_intel 40960 2 -snd_hda_codec 131072 4 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel - ,snd_hda_codec_realtek -snd_hda_core 86016 5 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel - ,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_codec_realtek -snd_hwdep 20480 1 snd_hda_codec -snd_pcm 102400 4 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda - _core -snd_seq_midi 20480 0 -snd_seq_midi_event 16384 1 snd_seq_midi -dcdbas 20480 0 -snd_rawmidi 36864 1 snd_seq_midi -snd_seq 69632 2 snd_seq_midi,snd_seq_midi_event -coretemp 20480 0 -snd_seq_device 16384 3 snd_seq,snd_seq_midi,snd_rawmidi -snd_timer 36864 2 snd_seq,snd_pcm -kvm_intel 241664 0 -kvm 626688 1 kvm_intel -radeon 1454080 10 -irqbypass 16384 1 kvm -joydev 24576 0 -input_leds 16384 0 -ttm 102400 1 radeon -drm_kms_helper 180224 1 radeon -drm 475136 13 drm_kms_helper,radeon,ttm -snd 81920 15 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_seq,snd_seq_device,snd_hda - _codec_hdmi,snd_hwdep,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd - _hda_codec_realtek,snd_timer,snd_pcm,snd_rawmidi -i2c_algo_bit 16384 1 radeon -fb_sys_fops 16384 1 drm_kms_helper -syscopyarea 16384 1 drm_kms_helper -serio_raw 20480 0 -sysfillrect 16384 1 drm_kms_helper -sysimgblt 16384 1 drm_kms_helper -soundcore 16384 1 snd -mac_hid 16384 0 -sch_fq_codel 20480 2 -parport_pc 40960 0 -ppdev 24576 0 -lp 20480 0 -parport 53248 3 parport_pc,lp,ppdev -ip_tables 28672 0 -x_tables 40960 1 ip_tables -autofs4 45056 2 -raid10 57344 0 -raid456 155648 0 -async_raid6_recov 24576 1 raid456 -async_memcpy 20480 2 raid456,async_raid6_recov -async_pq 24576 2 raid456,async_raid6_recov -async_xor 20480 3 async_pq,raid456,async_raid6_recov -async_tx 20480 5 async_pq,async_memcpy,async_xor,raid456,async_raid6_re - cov -xor 24576 1 async_xor -raid6_pq 114688 3 async_pq,raid456,async_raid6_recov -libcrc32c 16384 1 raid456 -raid1 45056 0 -raid0 24576 0 -multipath 20480 0 -linear 20480 0 -hid_generic 16384 0 -psmouse 151552 0 -i2c_i801 32768 0 -pata_acpi 16384 0 -lpc_ich 24576 0 -usbhid 53248 0 -hid 126976 2 usbhid,hid_generic -e1000e 245760 0 -floppy 81920 0 -``` - -In the output above: - - * "Module" shows the name of each module - * "Size" shows the module size (not how much memory it is using) - * "Used by" shows each module's usage count and the referring modules - - - -Clearly, that's a _lot_ of modules. The number of modules loaded will depend on your system and distribution and what's running. We can count them like this: - -``` -$ lsmod | wc -l -67 -``` - -To see the number of modules available on the system (not just running), try this command: - -``` -$ modprobe -c | wc -l -41272 -``` - -### Other commands for examining modules - -Linux provides several commands for listing, loading and unloading, examining, and checking the status of modules. - - * depmod -- generates modules.dep and map files - * insmod -- a simple program to insert a module into the Linux Kernel - * lsmod -- show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel - * modinfo -- show information about a Linux Kernel module - * modprobe -- add and remove modules from the Linux Kernel - * rmmod -- a simple program to remove a module from the Linux Kernel - - - -### Listing modules that are built in - -As mentioned above, the **lsmod** command is the most convenient command for listing modules. There are, however, other ways to examine them. The modules.builtin file lists all modules that are built into the kernel and is used by modprobe when trying to load one of these modules. Note that **$(uname -r)** in the commands below provides the name of the kernel release. - -``` -$ more /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.builtin | head -10 -kernel/arch/x86/crypto/crc32c-intel.ko -kernel/arch/x86/events/intel/intel-uncore.ko -kernel/arch/x86/platform/intel/iosf_mbi.ko -kernel/mm/zpool.ko -kernel/mm/zbud.ko -kernel/mm/zsmalloc.ko -kernel/fs/binfmt_script.ko -kernel/fs/mbcache.ko -kernel/fs/configfs/configfs.ko -kernel/fs/crypto/fscrypto.ko -``` - -You can get some additional detail on a module by using the **modinfo** command, though nothing that qualifies as an easy explanation of what service the module provides. The omitted details from the output below include a lengthy signature. - -``` -$ modinfo floppy | head -16 -filename: /lib/modules/5.0.0-13-generic/kernel/drivers/block/floppy.ko -alias: block-major-2-* -license: GPL -author: Alain L. Knaff -srcversion: EBEAA26742DF61790588FD9 -alias: acpi*:PNP0700:* -alias: pnp:dPNP0700* -depends: -retpoline: Y -intree: Y -name: floppy -vermagic: 5.0.0-13-generic SMP mod_unload -sig_id: PKCS#7 -signer: -sig_key: -sig_hashalgo: md4 -``` - -You can load or unload a module using the **modprobe** command. Using a command like the one below, you can locate the kernel object associated with a particular module: - -``` -$ find /lib/modules/$(uname -r) -name floppy* -/lib/modules/5.0.0-13-generic/kernel/drivers/block/floppy.ko -``` - -If you needed to load the module, you could use a command like this one: - -``` -$ sudo modprobe floppy -``` - -### Wrap-up - -Clearly the loading and unloading of modules is a big deal. It makes Linux systems considerably more flexible and efficient than if they ran with a one-size-fits-all kernel. It also means you can make significant changes — including adding hardware — without rebooting. - -**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][3] ]** - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391362/looking-into-linux-modules.html#tk.rss_all - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/04/modules-100794941-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391029/must-know-linux-commands.html -[3]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua -[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md b/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md index 0f3a1e317a..39a0195b0d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md @@ -14,17 +14,17 @@ lsmod 命令能够告诉你当前系统上加载了哪些内核模块，以及 ### 什么是 Linux 内核模块？ -内核模块是根据需要加载到内核中或从内核中卸载的代码块，因此无需重启就可以扩展内核的功能。事实上，除非用户使用类似 **lsmod** 这样的命令来查询模块，否则用户不太可能知道内核发生的任何变化。 +内核模块是根据需要加载到内核中或从内核中卸载的代码块，因此无需重启就可以扩展内核的功能。事实上，除非用户使用类似 **lsmod** 这样的命令来查询模块信息，否则用户不太可能知道内核发生的任何变化。 -需要理解的重要一点是，在你的 Linux 系统上总会有_很多_模块可用，并且如果你想深入了解细节，那么有很多细节可以获得。 +需要知道的重要一点是，在你的 Linux 系统上总会有*很多*可用的模块，并且如果你想深入了解细节，那么可以获得很多细节。 -lsmod 的主要用途之一是在系统不能正常工作时检查模块。然而，大多数情况下，模块是根据需要加载的，而且用户不需要知道它们如何工作。 +lsmod 的主要用途之一是在系统不能正常工作时检查模块。然而，大多数情况下，模块会根据需要加载的，而且用户不需要知道它们如何运作。 -**[ Also see:[Must-know Linux Commands][2] ]** +**[ 扩展阅读：[必知的 Linux 命令][2] ]** ### 显示内核模块 -显示内核模块最简单的方法是使用 **lsmod** 命令。虽然这个命令包含了很多细节，但输出却是最用户友好。 +显示内核模块最简单的方法是使用 **lsmod** 命令。虽然这个命令包含了很多细节，但输出却是非常用户友好。 ``` $ lsmod @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ floppy 81920 0 -显然，这有_很多_模块。加载的模块数取决于你的系统和版本以及正在运行的内容。我们可以这样计数： +显然，这里有*很多*模块。加载的模块数量取决于你的系统和版本以及正在运行的内容。我们可以这样计数： ``` $ lsmod | wc -l @@ -138,9 +138,9 @@ Linux 提供了几条用于罗列，加载及卸载，测试，以及检查模 -### 列出内置的内核模块 +### 显示内置的内核模块 -As mentioned above, the **lsmod** command is the most convenient command for listing modules. There are, however, other ways to examine them. The modules.builtin file lists all modules that are built into the kernel and is used by modprobe when trying to load one of these modules. Note that **$(uname -r)** in the commands below provides the name of the kernel release. +正如前文所说，**lsmod** 命令是显示内核模块最方便的命令。然而，也有其他方式可以显示它们。modules.builtin 文件中列出了所有构建在内核中的模块，并被 modprobe 命令尝试添加文件中的模块时使用。注意，以下命令中的 **$(uname -r)** 提供了内核版本的名称。 ``` $ more /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.builtin | head -10 @@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ kernel/fs/configfs/configfs.ko kernel/fs/crypto/fscrypto.ko ``` -You can get some additional detail on a module by using the **modinfo** command, though nothing that qualifies as an easy explanation of what service the module provides. The omitted details from the output below include a lengthy signature. +你可以使用 **modinfo** 获得一个模块的更多细节，虽然没有对模块提供的服务的简单说明。下面输出内容中省略了冗长的签名。 ``` $ modinfo floppy | head -16 @@ -178,14 +178,14 @@ sig_key: sig_hashalgo: md4 ``` -You can load or unload a module using the **modprobe** command. Using a command like the one below, you can locate the kernel object associated with a particular module: +你可以使用 **modprobe** 命令加载或卸载模块。使用下面这条命令，你可以找到特定模块关联的内核对象： ``` $ find /lib/modules/$(uname -r) -name floppy* /lib/modules/5.0.0-13-generic/kernel/drivers/block/floppy.ko ``` -If you needed to load the module, you could use a command like this one: +如果你想要加载模块，你可以使用这个命令： ``` $ sudo modprobe floppy @@ -193,11 +193,11 @@ $ sudo modprobe floppy ### 总结一下 -Clearly the loading and unloading of modules is a big deal. It makes Linux systems considerably more flexible and efficient than if they ran with a one-size-fits-all kernel. It also means you can make significant changes — including adding hardware — without rebooting. +很明显，内核模块的加载和卸载非常重要。它使得 Linux 系统比使用通用内核运行时更加灵活和高效。这同样意味着你可以进行重大更改而无需重启，例如添加硬件。 -**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][3] ]** +**[ 两分钟学 Linux：[在这些两分钟视频教程中掌握大量 Linux 命令][3] ]** -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. +在 [Facebook][4] 和 [LinkedIn][5] 上关注我们并添加评论。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From f4a0b6c32c2cc63db59fdad9af4ae58ca78c4afe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 18:04:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0775/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...irtual environments for Python on MacOS.md | 61 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md (50%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md b/translated/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md similarity index 50% rename from sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md rename to translated/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md index db01ada8d4..2dfcd9832c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190603 How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS.md @@ -7,35 +7,34 @@ [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/virtual-environments-python-macos) [#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberg/users/moshez/users/mbbroberg/users/moshez) -How to set up virtual environments for Python on MacOS +MacOS 系统中如何设置 Python 虚拟环境 ====== -Save yourself a lot of confusion by managing your virtual environments -with pyenv and virtualwrapper. +使用 pyenv 和 virtualwrapper 来管理你的虚拟环境，可以避免很多困惑。 ![][1] -If you're a Python developer and a MacOS user, one of your first tasks upon getting a new computer is to set up your Python development environment. Here is the best way to do it (although we have written about [other ways to manage Python environments on MacOS][2]). +作为 Python 开发者和 MacOS 用户，拿到新机器首先要做的就是设置 Python 开发环境。下面是最佳实践（虽然我们已经写过 [在 MacOS 上管理 Python 的其它方法][2]）。 -### Preparation +### 预备 -First, open a terminal and enter **xcode-select --install** at its cold, uncaring prompt. Click to confirm, and you'll be all set with a basic development environment. This step is required on MacOS to set up local development utilities, including "many commonly used tools, utilities, and compilers, including make, GCC, clang, perl, svn, git, size, strip, strings, libtool, cpp, what, and many other useful commands that are usually found in default Linux installations," according to [OS X Daily][3]. +首先，打开终端，在其冰冷毫无提示的窗口输入 **xcode-select --install** 命令。点击确认后，基本的开发环境就会被配置上。MacOS 上需要此步骤来设置本地开发实用工具库，根据 [OS X Daily][3] 的说法，其包括 ”许多常用的工具、实用程序和编译器，如 make、GCC、clang、perl、svn、git、size、strip、strings、libtool、cpp、what 及许多在 Linux 中系统默认安装的有用命令“。 -Next, install [Homebrew][4] by executing the following Ruby script from the internet: +接下来,安装 [Homebrew][4], 执行如下的 Ruby 脚本。 ``` -`ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"` +ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)" ``` -If you, like me, have trust issues with arbitrarily running scripts from the internet, click on the script above and take a longer look to see what it does. +如果你像我一样，对随意就运行的来源于 internet 的脚本心存顾虑的话，可以点击上面的脚本去仔细看看其具体功能。 -Once this is done, congratulations, you have an excellent package management tool in Homebrew. Naively, you might think that you next **brew install python** or something. No, haha. Homebrew will give you a version of Python, but the version you get will be out of your control if you let the tool manage your environment for you. You want [pyenv][5], "a tool for simple Python version management," that can be installed on [many operating systems][6]. Run: +一旦安装完成后，就恭喜了，你拥有了一个优秀的包管理工具。自然的，你可能接下来会执行 **brew install python** 或其他的命令。不要这样，哈哈！Homebrew 是为我们提供了一个 Python 的管理版本，但让此工具来管理我们的 Python 环境话，很快会失控的。我们需要 [pyenv][5]，一款简单的 Python 版本管理工具，它可以安装运行在 [许多操作系统][6] 上。运行如下命令： ``` -`$ brew install pyenv` +$ brew install pyenv ``` -You want pyenv to run every time you open your prompt, so include the following in your configuration files (by default on MacOS, this is **.bash_profile** in your home directory): +想要每次打开命令提示框时 pyenv 都会运行的话，需要把下面的内容加入你的配置文件中（MacOS 中默认为 **.bash_profile**，位于家目录下）： ``` @@ -43,16 +42,16 @@ $ cd ~/ $ echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> .bash_profile ``` -By adding this line, every new terminal will initiate pyenv to manage the **PATH** environment variable in your terminal and insert the version of Python you want to run (as opposed to the first one that shows up in the environment. For more information, read "[How to set your $PATH variable in Linux][7].") Open a new terminal for the updated **.bash_profile** to take effect. +添加此行内容后，每个终端都会启动 pyenv 来管理其 **PATH** 环境变量，并插入你想要运行的 Python 版本（而不是在环境变量里面设置的初始版本。更详细的信息，请阅读 “[如何给 Linux 系统设置 PATH 变量][7]”）。打开新的终端以使修改的 **.bash_profile** 文件生效。 -Before installing your favorite version of Python, you'll want to install a couple of helpful tools: +在安装你中意的 Python 版本前，需要先安装一些有用的工具，如下示： ``` -`$ brew install zlib sqlite` +$ brew install zlib sqlite ``` -The [zlib][8] compression algorithm and the [SQLite][9] database are dependencies for pyenv and often [cause build problems][10] when not configured correctly. Add these exports to your current terminal window to ensure the installation completes: +Pyenv 依赖于 [zlib][8] 压缩算法和 [SQLite][9] 数据库，如果未正确配置，往往会[导致构建问题][10]。将这些导出配置命令加入当前的终端窗口执行，确保它们安装完成。 ``` @@ -60,18 +59,18 @@ $ export LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/opt/zlib/lib -L/usr/local/opt/sqlite/lib" $ export CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/opt/zlib/include -I/usr/local/opt/sqlite/include" ``` -Now that the preliminaries are done, it's time to install a version of Python that is fit for a modern person in the modern age: +现在准备工作已经完成，是时候安装一个适合于现代人的 Python 版本了： ``` -`$ pyenv install 3.7.3` +$ pyenv install 3.7.3 ``` -Go have a cup of coffee. From beans you hand-roast. After you pick them. What I'm saying here is it's going to take some time. +去喝杯咖啡吧，挑些豆类，亲自烧烤，然后品尝。说这些的意思是上面的安装过程需要一段时间。 -### Adding virtual environments +### 添加虚拟环境 -Once it's finished, it's time to make your virtual environments pleasant to use. Without this next step, you will effectively be sharing one Python development environment for every project you work on. Using virtual environments to isolate dependency management on a per-project basis will give us more certainty and reproducibility than Python offers out of the box. For these reasons, install **virtualenvwrapper** into the Python environment: +一旦完成，就可以愉快地使用虚拟环境了。如没有接下来的步骤的话，你只能在你所有的工作项目中共享同一个 Python 开发环境。使用虚拟环境来隔离每个项目的依赖关系的管理方式，比起 Python 自身提供的开箱即用功能来说，更加清晰明确和更具有重用性。基于这些原因，把 **virtualenvwrapper** 安装到 Python 环境中吧： ``` @@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ $ pyenv global 3.7.3 $ $(pyenv which python3) -m pip install virtualenvwrapper ``` -Open your **.bash_profile** again and add the following to be sure it works each time you open a new terminal: +再次打开 **.bash_profile** 文件，把下面内容添加进去，使得每次打开新终端时它都有效： ``` @@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ $ echo 'mkdir -p $WORKON_HOME' >> .bash_profile $ echo '. ~/.pyenv/versions/3.7.3/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh' >> .bash_profile ``` -Close the terminal and open a new one (or run **exec /bin/bash -l** to refresh the current terminal session), and you'll see **virtualenvwrapper** initializing the environment: +关掉终端再重新打开（或者运行 **exec /bin/bash -l** 来刷新当前的终端会话），你会看到 **virtualenvwrapper** 正在初始化环境配置： ``` @@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/postactivate virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /Users/moshe/.virtualenvs/get_env_details ``` -From now on, all your work should be in a virtual environment, allowing you to use temporary environments to play around with development safely. With this toolchain, you can set up multiple projects and switch between them, depending upon what you're working on at that moment: +从此刻开始，你的所有工作都是在虚拟环境中的，其允许你使用临时环境来安全地开发。使用此工具链，你可以根据工作所需，设置多个项目并在它们之间切换： ``` @@ -149,11 +148,11 @@ postmkproject premkproject (test1)$ ``` -The **deactivate** command exits you from the current environment. +此处， **deactivate** 命令可以退出当前环境。 -### Recommended practices +### 推荐实践 -You may already set up your long-term projects in a directory like **~/src**. When you start working on a new project, go into this directory, add a subdirectory for the project, then use the power of Bash interpretation to name the virtual environment based on your directory name. For example, for a project named "pyfun": +你可能已经在比如 **～/src** 这样的目录中添加了长期的项目。当要开始了一个新项目时，进入此目录，为此项目增加子文件夹，然后使用强大的 Bash 解释程序自动根据你的目录名来命令虚拟环境。例如，名称为 “pyfun” 的项目： ``` @@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ test2 $ ``` -Whenever you want to work on this project, go back to that directory and reconnect to the virtual environment by entering: +当需要处理此项目时，只要进入该目录，输入如下命令重新连接虚拟环境： ``` @@ -176,7 +175,7 @@ $ cd ~/src/pyfun (pyfun)$ workon . ``` -Since initializing a virtual environment means taking a point-in-time copy of your Python version and the modules that are loaded, you will occasionally want to refresh the project's virtual environment, as dependencies can change dramatically. You can do this safely by deleting the virtual environment because the source code will remain unscathed: +初始化虚拟环境意味着对 Python 版本和所加载的模块的时间点的拷贝。由于依赖关系会发生很大的改变，所以偶尔需要刷新项目的虚拟环境。这种情况，你可以通过删除虚拟环境来安全的执行此操作，源代码是不受影响的，如下所示： ``` @@ -185,9 +184,9 @@ $ rmvirtualenv $(basename $(pwd)) $ mkvirtualenv $(basename $(pwd)) ``` -This method of managing virtual environments with pyenv and virtualwrapper will save you from uncertainty about which version of Python you are running as you develop code locally. This is the simplest way to avoid confusion—especially when you're working with a larger team. +这种使用 pyenv 和 virtualwrapper 管理虚拟环境的方法可以避免开发环境和运行环境中 Python 版本的不一致出现的苦恼。这是避免混淆的最简单方法 - 尤其是你工作的团队很大的时候。 -If you are just beginning to configure your Python environment, read up on how to use [Python 3 on MacOS][2]. Do you have other beginner or intermediate Python questions? Leave a comment and we will consider them for the next article. +如果你是初学者，正准备配置 Python 环境，可以阅读下 [MacOS 中使用 Python 3][2] 文章。 你们有关于 Python 相关的问题吗，不管是初学者的还是中级使用者的？给我们留下评论信息，我们在下篇文章中会考虑讲解。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 4ea656d4665829c6c58f6a5a3533594822418fd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chen ni Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2019 20:46:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0776/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20190518 Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190518 Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md b/sources/tech/20190518 Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md index afe9581280..7a60eddded 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190518 Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190518 Best Linux Distributions for Beginners.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 69da8e55c3279c193d2bdd8e929d8bcdba29f8ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 00:51:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0777/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190708=20Linu?= =?UTF-8?q?x=20Games=20Get=20A=20Performance=20Boost=20for=20AMD=20GPUs=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Thanks=20to=20Valve=E2=80=99s=20New=20Compiler?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190708 Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md --- ...AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md | 82 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190708 Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190708 Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md b/sources/tech/20190708 Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..be3aa49c65 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190708 Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve’s New Compiler) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/linux-games-performance-boost-amd-gpu/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve’s New Compiler +====== + +It has been a few days since Steam asked for the public feedback in order to test ACO (a new Mesa [shader][1] compiler) for AMD GPUs. + +Currently, the AMD drivers use a shader compiler utilizing LLVM. However, [Mesa][2] is an open source alternative to [LLVM][3]. + +So, in this case, Valve wants to support AMD graphics to improve the performance of Linux games on various Linux distros. + +![][4] + +For gaming performance improvement, the compile time is critical and with the new ACO compiler, it reduces the time by almost 50%. Valve explained more about it in its [Steam community][5] post: + +> The AMD OpenGL and Vulkan drivers currently use a shader compiler that is part of the upstream LLVM project. That project is massive, and has many different goals, with online compilation of game shaders only being one of them. That can result in development tradeoffs, where improving gaming-specific functionality is harder than it otherwise would, or where gaming-specific features would often accidentally get broken by LLVM developers working on other things. In particular, shader compilation speed is one such example: it’s not really a critical factor in most other scenarios, just a nice-to-have. But for gaming, compile time is critical, and slow shader compilation can result in near-unplayable stutter. + +### Is there really a performance boost for Linux games? + +Yes, there is. + +The primary highlight here is the compile time. If the shader compilation time reduces dramatically, it should theoretically improve the performance of the game. + +And, as per the [initial benchmark reports][6], we really do see some significant improvements. + +![][7] + +Of course, the in-game FPS improvement isn’t huge. But, it is still a good progress in its early stage. + +If you’re curious about the compile time improvement, then here it is: + +![][8] + +Yes, even a big compile time reduction did not affect the in-game FPS by a large margin. But, it is still a big deal because currently, it is a work in progress. So, we can expect even more. + +[][9] + +Suggested read  Chrome OS Look-Alike Linux Distro Chromixium Released + +But, what more can be done? + +Well, the ACO compiler isn’t complete yet. Here’s why (as Valve mentioned): + +> Right now, ACO only handles pixel and compute shader stages. When the rest of the stages are implemented, we expect the compile times will be reduced even further. + +#### Wrapping Up + +Even though I don’t have an AMD GPU on board, it is actually interesting to see improvements for the Linux gaming scene in general. + +Also, we shall be expecting more benchmarks and reports as this progresses. + +What do you think? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below. If you have a benchmark report to share, do let us know about it. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/linux-games-performance-boost-amd-gpu/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shader +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics) +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLVM +[4]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Improved-Linux-Gaming.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[5]: https://steamcommunity.com/games/221410/announcements/detail/1602634609636894200 +[6]: https://gist.github.com/pendingchaos/aba1e4c238cf039d17089f29a8c6aa63 +[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/fps-improvement-amd.png?fit=800%2C412&ssl=1 +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/compile-time-amd-gpu-linux.png?ssl=1 +[9]: https://itsfoss.com/chromixiumos-released/ From 54ccc75fffbd83291f4542b16f9a041391e74a97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 08:52:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0778/1265] translated --- ...s Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md | 55 ------------------- ...s Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md | 55 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md diff --git a/sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md b/sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2954e5fac5..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405584/undo-releases-live-recorder-5-0-for-linux-debugging.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging -====== - -![André Gustavo Stumpf \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] - -Linux debugging has taken a giant step forward with the release of Live Recorder 5.0 from Undo. Just released on Wednesday, this product makes debugging on multi-process systems significantly easier. Based on flight recorder technology, it delves more deeply into processes to provide insight into what’s going on within each process. This includes memory, threads, program flow, service calls and more. To make this possible, Live Recorder 5.0's record, replay and debugging capabilities have been enhanced with the ability to: - - * Record the exact order in which processes altered shared memory variables. It is even possible to zero in on specific variables and skip backward to the last line of code in any process that altered the variable. - * Expose potential defects by randomizing thread execution to help reveal race conditions, crashes and other multi-threading defects. - * Record and replay the execution of individual Kubernetes and Docker containers to help resolve defects faster in microservices environments - - - -The Undo Live Recorder enables engineering teams to record and replay the execution of any software program -- no matter how complex -- and to diagnose and fix the root cause of any issue in test or production. - -Depending on your license, Live Recorder can be used on the command line with the **live-record** command that is somewhat similar to strace though, instead of printing system calls and signals, it creates an "Undo recording". Captured failings in recordings can then be debugged (far more effective than grappling with core dumps!). These recordings can also be can be shared with other members of the staff and can be replayed with the reversible debugger to further investigate the cause of the crash or other problem. - -The Undo Engine is supported on the following Linux distributions: - - * Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6 and 8.0 - * Fedora 28, 29 and 30 - * SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 12.3, 12.4 and 15 - * Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, 18.04 LTS, 18.10 and 19.04 - - - -Undo is a fast-growing, venture-backed technology start-up based in San Francisco and Cambridge, UK. They claim that the Live Recorder provides 100% certainty about the factors that led to any software failure -- even in the most complex software environments. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][2] and [LinkedIn][3] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405584/undo-releases-live-recorder-5-0-for-linux-debugging.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/flight_data_recorder-100800552-large.jpg -[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md b/translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b5a9d288f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405584/undo-releases-live-recorder-5-0-for-linux-debugging.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +Undo 发布用于 Linux 调试的 Live Recorder 5.0 +====== + +![André Gustavo Stumpf \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] + +随着 Undo 发布 Live Recorder 5.0，Linux 调试迈出了一大步。该产品刚于周三发布，这使得在多进程系统上的调试变得更加容易。它基于软件飞行记录仪技术，它更加深入进程，以深入了解每个进程的情况。这包括内存、线程、程序流，服务调用等。为了实现这一目标，Live Recorder 5.0 的记录，重放和调试功能都得到了增强，能够： + + * 记录进程更改共享内存变量的确切顺序。甚至可以针对特定变量并在任何进程中跳转到最后修改该变量的一行 + * 通过随机化线程执行来暴露潜在缺陷，以帮助揭示竞态，崩溃和其他多线程缺陷。 + * 记录并重放单个 Kubernetes 和 Docker 容器的执行，以帮助在微服务环境中更快地解决缺陷 + + + +Undo Live Recorder 使工程团队能够记录和重放任何软件程序的执行，而无论软件多么复杂。并且可以诊断和修复测试或生产中问题的根本原因。 + +根据你的许可证，Live Recorder 可以在命令行中使用 **live-record**命令，但有点类似于 strace，它不会打印系统调用和信号，而是创建一个“Undo 录制”。然后你可以调试录制中捕获的失败（远比分析核心转储高效！）。这些录制也可以与其他工作人员共享，并可以使用可逆调试器进行重放，以进一步调查崩溃原因或其他问题。 + +Undo 引擎支持以下 Linux 发行版： + + * Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.8、6.9、6.10、7.4、7.5、7.6 和 8.0 + * Fedora 28、29 和 30 + * SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 12.3、12.4 和 15 + * Ubuntu 16.04 LTS、18.04 LTS、18.10 和 19.04 + + + +Undo 是一家快速发展的，有风险投资支持的技术初创公司，它的总部位于旧金山和英国剑桥。他们称 Live Recorder 可以 100％ 确定导致任何软件故障的因素 - 即使在最复杂的软件环境中也是如此。 + +在 [Facebook][2] 和 [LinkedIn][3] 上加入 Network World 社区，评论你想说的话题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405584/undo-releases-live-recorder-5-0-for-linux-debugging.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/flight_data_recorder-100800552-large.jpg +[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From cfc553fda8344c65d748da787ee1648c8fcbf27e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LazyWolf Lin Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 11:26:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0779/1265] Translating. --- ...613 Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190613 Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel.md b/sources/tech/20190613 Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel.md index baf8f9f51b..d837cd9e67 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190613 Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190613 Continuous integration testing for the Linux kernel.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (LazyWolfLin) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/continuous-kernel-integration-linux 作者：[Major Hayden][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[LazyWolfLin](https://github.com/LazyWolfLin) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 36e9ff86b495ac4f93047b159d913ac3e2146662 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 13:02:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0780/1265] PRF @chen-ni --- ...0702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md | 64 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md b/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md index 3956ad9a09..3d86aa902d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Jupyter and data science in Fedora) @@ -27,15 +27,15 @@ 请注意，这些问题的答案是在任何数据库里都查询不到的，因为它们尚不存在，需要被计算出来才行。这就是我们数据科学家从事的工作。 -在这篇文章中你会学习如何将 Fedora 系统打造成数据科学家的开发环境和生产系统。其中大多数基本软件都有 RPM 软件包，但是最先进的组件目前只能通过 Python 的 **pip** 工具安装。 +在这篇文章中你会学习如何将 Fedora 系统打造成数据科学家的开发环境和生产系统。其中大多数基本软件都有 RPM 软件包，但是最先进的组件目前只能通过 Python 的 `pip` 工具安装。 ### Jupyter IDE -大多数现代数据科学家使用 Python 工作。他们工作中很重要的一部分是 探索性数据分析Exploratory Data Analysis（EDA）。EDA 是一种手动进行的、交互性的过程，包括提取数据、探索数据特征、寻找相关性、通过绘制图形进行数据可视化并理解数据的分布特征，以及实现简易的预测模型。 +大多数现代数据科学家使用 Python 工作。他们工作中很重要的一部分是 探索性数据分析Exploratory Data Analysis（EDA）。EDA 是一种手动进行的、交互性的过程，包括提取数据、探索数据特征、寻找相关性、通过绘制图形进行数据可视化并理解数据的分布特征，以及实现原型预测模型。 -Jupyter 是能够完美胜任该工作的一个 web 应用。Jupyter 使用的 Notebook 文件支持丰富的文本，包括渲染精美的数学公式（得益于 [mathjax][2]）、代码块和代码输出（包括图形输出）。 +Jupyter 是能够完美胜任该工作的一个 web 应用。Jupyter 使用的 Notebook 文件支持富文本，包括渲染精美的数学公式（得益于 [mathjax][2]）、代码块和代码输出（包括图形输出）。 -Notebook 文件的后缀是 **.ipynb**，意思是“交互式 Python Notebook”。 +Notebook 文件的后缀是 `.ipynb`，意思是“交互式 Python Notebook”。 #### 搭建并运行 Jupyter @@ -44,20 +44,21 @@ Notebook 文件的后缀是 **.ipynb**，意思是“交互式 Python Notebook ``` $ sudo dnf install python3-notebook mathjax sscg ``` + 你或许需要安装数据科学家常用的一些附加可选模块： ``` $ sudo dnf install python3-seaborn python3-lxml python3-basemap python3-scikit-image python3-scikit-learn python3-sympy python3-dask+dataframe python3-nltk ``` -设置一个用来登陆 Notebook 的 web 界面的密码，从而避免使用冗长的令牌。你可以在终端里任何一个位置运行下面的命令： +设置一个用来登录 Notebook 的 web 界面的密码，从而避免使用冗长的令牌。你可以在终端里任何一个位置运行下面的命令： ``` $ mkdir -p $HOME/.jupyter $ jupyter notebook password ``` -然后输入你的密码，这时会自动创建 ** $HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json ** 这个文件，包含了你的密码的加密后版本。 +然后输入你的密码，这时会自动创建 `$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json` 这个文件，包含了你的密码的加密后版本。 接下来，通过使用 SSLby 为 Jupyter 的 web 服务器生成一个自签名的 HTTPS 证书： @@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ $ jupyter notebook password $ cd $HOME/.jupyter; sscg ``` -配置 Jupyter 的最后一步是编辑 **$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json** 这个文件。按照下面的模版编辑该文件： +配置 Jupyter 的最后一步是编辑 `$HOME/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.json` 这个文件。按照下面的模版编辑该文件： ``` { @@ -83,9 +84,9 @@ $ cd $HOME/.jupyter; sscg } ``` -红色的部分应该替换为你的文件夹。蓝色的部分在你创建完密码之后就已经自动生成了。绿色的部分是 **sscg** 生成的和加密相关的文件。 +`/home/aviram/` 应该替换为你的文件夹。`sha1:abf58...87b` 这个部分在你创建完密码之后就已经自动生成了。`service.pem` 和 `service-key.pem` 是 `sscg` 生成的和加密相关的文件。 -接下来创建一个用来存放 notebook 文件的文件夹，应该和上面配置里 **notebook_dir** 一致： +接下来创建一个用来存放 Notebook 文件的文件夹，应该和上面配置里 `notebook_dir` 一致： ``` $ mkdir $HOME/Notebooks @@ -97,40 +98,40 @@ $ mkdir $HOME/Notebooks $ jupyter notebook ``` -或者是将下面这行代码添加到 **$HOME/.bashrc** 文件，创建一个叫做 **jn** 的快捷命令： +或者是将下面这行代码添加到 `$HOME/.bashrc` 文件，创建一个叫做 `jn` 的快捷命令： ``` alias jn='jupyter notebook' ``` -运行 **jn** 命令之后，你可以通过网络内部的任何一个浏览器访问 **** （LCTT 译注：将域名替换为服务器的域名），就可以看到 Jupyter 的用户界面了，需要使用前面设置的密码登录。你可以尝试键入一些 Python 代码和标记文本，看起来会像下面这样： +运行 `jn` 命令之后，你可以通过网络内部的任何一个浏览器访问 `` （LCTT 译注：请将域名替换为服务器的域名），就可以看到 Jupyter 的用户界面了，需要使用前面设置的密码登录。你可以尝试键入一些 Python 代码和标记文本，看起来会像下面这样： ![Jupyter with a simple notebook][4] -除了 IPython 环境，安装过程还会生成一个由 **terminado** 提供的基于 web 的 Unix 终端。有人觉得这很实用，也有人觉得这样不是很安全。你可以在配置文件里禁用这个功能。 +除了 IPython 环境，安装过程还会生成一个由 `terminado` 提供的基于 web 的 Unix 终端。有人觉得这很实用，也有人觉得这样不是很安全。你可以在配置文件里禁用这个功能。 -### JupyterLab — 下一代 Jupyter +### JupyterLab：下一代 Jupyter -JupyterLab 是下一代的 Jupyter，拥有更好的用户界面和对工作空间更强的操控性。在写这篇文章的时候 JupyterLab 还没有可用的 RPM 软件包，但是你可以使用 **pip** 轻松完成安装： +JupyterLab 是下一代的 Jupyter，拥有更好的用户界面和对工作空间更强的操控性。在写这篇文章的时候 JupyterLab 还没有可用的 RPM 软件包，但是你可以使用 `pip` 轻松完成安装： ``` $ pip3 install jupyterlab --user $ jupyter serverextension enable --py jupyterlab ``` -然后运行 **jupiter notebook** 命令或者 **jn** 快捷命令。访问 **** LCTT 译注：将域名替换为服务器的域名）就可以使用 JupyterLab 了。 +然后运行 `jupiter notebook` 命令或者 `jn` 快捷命令。访问 `` （LCTT 译注：将域名替换为服务器的域名）就可以使用 JupyterLab 了。 ### 数据科学家使用的工具 在下面这一节里，你将会了解到数据科学家使用的一些工具及其安装方法。除非另作说明，这些工具应该已经有 Fedora 软件包版本，并且已经作为前面组件所需要的软件包而被安装了。 -#### **Numpy** +#### Numpy -**Numpy** 是一个针对 C 语言优化过的高级库，用来处理内存里的大型数据集。它支持高级多维矩阵及其运算，并且包含了 log()、exp()、三角函数等数学函数。 +Numpy 是一个针对 C 语言优化过的高级库，用来处理大型的内存数据集。它支持高级多维矩阵及其运算，并且包含了 `log()`、`exp()`、三角函数等数学函数。 #### Pandas -在我看来，正是 Pandas 成就了 Python 作为数据科学首选平台的地位。Pandas 构建在 numpy 之上，可以让数据准备和数据呈现工作变得简单很多。你可以把它想象成一个没有用户界面的电子表格程序，但是能够处理的数据集要大得多。Pandas 支持从 SQL 数据库或者 CSV 等格式的文件中提取数据、按列或者按行进行操作、数据筛选，以及通过 matplotlib 实现数据可视化的一部分功能。 +在我看来，正是 Pandas 成就了 Python 作为数据科学首选平台的地位。Pandas 构建在 Numpy 之上，可以让数据准备和数据呈现工作变得简单很多。你可以把它想象成一个没有用户界面的电子表格程序，但是能够处理的数据集要大得多。Pandas 支持从 SQL 数据库或者 CSV 等格式的文件中提取数据、按列或者按行进行操作、数据筛选，以及通过 Matplotlib 实现数据可视化的一部分功能。 #### Matplotlib @@ -140,23 +141,23 @@ Matplotlib 是一个用来绘制 2D 和 3D 数据图像的库，在图象注解 #### Seaborn -Seaborn 构建在 matplotlib 之上，它的绘图功能经过了优化，更加适合数据的统计学研究，比如说可以自动显示所绘制数据的近似回归线或者正态分布曲线。 +Seaborn 构建在 Matplotlib 之上，它的绘图功能经过了优化，更加适合数据的统计学研究，比如说可以自动显示所绘制数据的近似回归线或者正态分布曲线。 ![Linear regression visualised with SeaBorn][6] -#### [StatsModels][7] +#### StatsModels -StatsModels 为统计学和经济计量学的数据分析问题（例如线形回归和逻辑回归）提供算法支持，同时提供经典的 [时间序列算法][8] 家族：ARIMA。 +[StatsModels][7] 为统计学和经济计量学的数据分析问题（例如线形回归和逻辑回归）提供算法支持，同时提供经典的 [时间序列算法][8] 家族 ARIMA。 ![Normalized number of passengers across time \(blue\) and ARIMA-predicted number of passengers \(red\)][9] #### Scikit-learn -作为机器学习生态系统的核心部件，[scikit][10] 为不同类型的问题提供预测算法，包括 [回归问题][11]（算法包括 Elasticnet、Gradient Boosting、随机森林等等）、[分类问题][11] 和聚类问题（算法包括 K-means 和 DBSCAN 等等），并且拥有设计精良的 API。Scikit 还定义了一些专门的 Python 类，用来支持数据操作的高级技巧，比如将数据集拆分为训练集和测试集、降维算法、数据准备管道流程等等。 +作为机器学习生态系统的核心部件，[Scikit][10] 为不同类型的问题提供预测算法，包括 [回归问题][11]（算法包括 Elasticnet、Gradient Boosting、随机森林等等）、[分类问题][11] 和聚类问题（算法包括 K-means 和 DBSCAN 等等），并且拥有设计精良的 API。Scikit 还定义了一些专门的 Python 类，用来支持数据操作的高级技巧，比如将数据集拆分为训练集和测试集、降维算法、数据准备管道流程等等。 #### XGBoost -XGBoost 是目前可以使用的最先进的回归器和分类器。它并不是 scikit-learn 的一部分，但是却遵循了 scikit 的 API。[XGBoost][12] 并没有针对 Fedora 的软件包，但可以使用 pip 安装。[使用英伟达显卡可以提升 XGBoost 算法的性能][13]，但是这并不能通过 **pip** 软件包来实现。如果你希望使用这个功能，可以针对 CUDA （LCTT 译注：英伟达开发的并行计算平台）自己进行编译。使用下面这个命令安装 XGBoost： +XGBoost 是目前可以使用的最先进的回归器和分类器。它并不是 Scikit-learn 的一部分，但是却遵循了 Scikit 的 API。[XGBoost][12] 并没有针对 Fedora 的软件包，但可以使用 `pip` 安装。[使用英伟达显卡可以提升 XGBoost 算法的性能][13]，但是这并不能通过 `pip` 软件包来实现。如果你希望使用这个功能，可以针对 CUDA （LCTT 译注：英伟达开发的并行计算平台）自己进行编译。使用下面这个命令安装 XGBoost： ``` $ pip3 install xgboost --user @@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ $ pip3 install xgboost --user #### Imbalanced Learn -[imbalanced-learn][14] 是一个解决数据欠采样和过采样问题的工具。比如在反欺诈问题中，欺诈数据相对于正常数据来说数量非常小，这个时候就需要对欺诈数据进行数据增强，从而让预测器能够更好地适应数据集。使用 **pip** 安装： +[Imbalanced-learn][14] 是一个解决数据欠采样和过采样问题的工具。比如在反欺诈问题中，欺诈数据相对于正常数据来说数量非常小，这个时候就需要对欺诈数据进行数据增强，从而让预测器能够更好地适应数据集。使用 `pip` 安装： ``` $ pip3 install imblearn --user @@ -174,31 +175,30 @@ $ pip3 install imblearn --user [Natural Language toolkit][15]（简称 NLTK）是一个处理人类语言数据的工具，举例来说，它可以被用来开发一个聊天机器人。 - #### SHAP 机器学习算法拥有强大的预测能力，但并不能够很好地解释为什么做出这样或那样的预测。[SHAP][16] 可以通过分析训练后的模型来解决这个问题。 ![Where SHAP fits into the data analysis process][17] -使用 **pip** 安装： +使用 `pip` 安装： ``` $ pip3 install shap --user ``` -#### [Keras][18] +#### Keras -Keras 是一个深度学习和神经网络模型的库，使用 **pip** 安装： +[Keras][18] 是一个深度学习和神经网络模型的库，使用 `pip` 安装： ``` $ sudo dnf install python3-h5py $ pip3 install keras --user ``` -#### [TensorFlow][19] +#### TensorFlow -TensorFlow 是一个非常流行的神经网络模型搭建工具，使用 **pip** 安装： +[TensorFlow][19] 是一个非常流行的神经网络模型搭建工具，使用 `pip` 安装： ``` $ pip3 install tensorflow --user @@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/ 作者：[Avi Alkalay][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ad2eafb1fe712627a4ca65c38b8e69c004175156 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 13:03:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0781/1265] PUB @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-11072-1.html --- .../20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md b/published/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md rename to published/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md index 3d86aa902d..00448d68bc 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md +++ b/published/20190702 Jupyter and data science in Fedora.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11072-1.html) [#]: subject: (Jupyter and data science in Fedora) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/jupyter-and-data-science-in-fedora/) [#]: author: (Avi Alkalay https://fedoramagazine.org/author/aviram/) From a045b20ebe76ce151d7fe8d0bea56692291755a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 13:33:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0782/1265] PRF @geekpi --- ...s Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md | 23 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md b/translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md index b5a9d288f7..2e49dcdf14 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md +++ b/translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging) @@ -9,20 +9,19 @@ Undo 发布用于 Linux 调试的 Live Recorder 5.0 ====== +> 随着 Undo 发布 Live Recorder 5.0，这使得在多进程系统上的调试变得更加轻松。 -![André Gustavo Stumpf \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] - -随着 Undo 发布 Live Recorder 5.0，Linux 调试迈出了一大步。该产品刚于周三发布，这使得在多进程系统上的调试变得更加容易。它基于软件飞行记录仪技术，它更加深入进程，以深入了解每个进程的情况。这包括内存、线程、程序流，服务调用等。为了实现这一目标，Live Recorder 5.0 的记录，重放和调试功能都得到了增强，能够： - - * 记录进程更改共享内存变量的确切顺序。甚至可以针对特定变量并在任何进程中跳转到最后修改该变量的一行 - * 通过随机化线程执行来暴露潜在缺陷，以帮助揭示竞态，崩溃和其他多线程缺陷。 - * 记录并重放单个 Kubernetes 和 Docker 容器的执行，以帮助在微服务环境中更快地解决缺陷 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/201907/08/133450i18fp2p011bs5pu6.jpg) +随着 Undo 发布 Live Recorder 5.0，Linux 调试迈出了一大步。该产品于上个月发布，这使得在多进程系统上的调试变得更加轻松。它基于飞行记录仪技术flight recorder technology，它更加深入进程之中，以深入了解每个进程的情况。这包括内存、线程、程序流，服务调用等。为了实现这一目标，Live Recorder 5.0 的记录、重放和调试功能都得到了增强，能够： + * 记录进程更改共享内存变量的确切顺序。甚至可以针对特定变量并在任何进程中跳转到最后修改该变量的一行。 + * 通过随机化线程执行来暴露潜在缺陷，以帮助揭示竞态、崩溃和其他多线程缺陷。 + * 记录并重放单个 Kubernetes 和 Docker 容器的执行，以帮助在微服务环境中更快地解决缺陷。 Undo Live Recorder 使工程团队能够记录和重放任何软件程序的执行，而无论软件多么复杂。并且可以诊断和修复测试或生产中问题的根本原因。 -根据你的许可证，Live Recorder 可以在命令行中使用 **live-record**命令，但有点类似于 strace，它不会打印系统调用和信号，而是创建一个“Undo 录制”。然后你可以调试录制中捕获的失败（远比分析核心转储高效！）。这些录制也可以与其他工作人员共享，并可以使用可逆调试器进行重放，以进一步调查崩溃原因或其他问题。 +根据你的许可证，Live Recorder 可以在命令行中使用 `live-record` 命令，但有点类似于 `strace`，但它不会打印系统调用和信号，而是创建一个“Undo 录制”。然后你可以调试录制中捕获的失败（远比分析核心转储高效！）。这些录制也可以与其他工作人员共享，并可以使用可逆调试器进行重放，以进一步调查崩溃原因或其他问题。 Undo 引擎支持以下 Linux 发行版： @@ -31,9 +30,7 @@ Undo 引擎支持以下 Linux 发行版： * SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 12.3、12.4 和 15 * Ubuntu 16.04 LTS、18.04 LTS、18.10 和 19.04 - - -Undo 是一家快速发展的，有风险投资支持的技术初创公司，它的总部位于旧金山和英国剑桥。他们称 Live Recorder 可以 100％ 确定导致任何软件故障的因素 - 即使在最复杂的软件环境中也是如此。 +Undo 是一家快速发展的，有风险投资支持的技术初创公司，它的总部位于旧金山和英国剑桥。他们称 Live Recorder 可以 100％ 确定导致任何软件故障的因素 —— 即使在最复杂的软件环境中也是如此。 在 [Facebook][2] 和 [LinkedIn][3] 上加入 Network World 社区，评论你想说的话题。 @@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405584/undo-releases-live-recorder-5- 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 646ac6bfa983d930d0a7144bce8d9e7f588ad48f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 13:34:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0783/1265] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-11073-1.html --- ...628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md b/published/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md rename to published/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md index 2e49dcdf14..41aa3fa172 100644 --- a/translated/news/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md +++ b/published/20190628 Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11073-1.html) [#]: subject: (Undo releases Live Recorder 5.0 for Linux debugging) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405584/undo-releases-live-recorder-5-0-for-linux-debugging.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From c2414a2cac01bbb270cf1ad73b8c1891700236ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 14:53:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0784/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190706=20How?= =?UTF-8?q?=20to=20enable=20DNS-over-HTTPS=20(DoH)=20in=20Firefox?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190706 How to enable DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) in Firefox.md --- ... enable DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) in Firefox.md | 117 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 117 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190706 How to enable DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) in Firefox.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190706 How to enable DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) in Firefox.md b/sources/tech/20190706 How to enable DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) in Firefox.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f2440f0fb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190706 How to enable DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) in Firefox.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to enable DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) in Firefox) +[#]: via: (https://www.zdnet.com/article/how-to-enable-dns-over-https-doh-in-firefox/) +[#]: author: (Catalin Cimpanu https://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/catalin.cimpanu/) + +How to enable DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) in Firefox +====== + +The DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) protocol is currently the talk of the town, and the Firefox browser is the only one to support it. + +However, the feature is not enabled by default for Firefox users, who will have to go through many hoops and modify multiple settings before they can get the DoH up and running. + +But before we go into a step-by-step tutorial on how someone can enable DoH support in Firefox, let's describe what it does first. + +### How DNS-over-HTTPS works + +The DNS-over-HTTPS protocol works by taking a domain name that a user has typed in their browser and sending a query to a DNS server to learn the numerical IP address of the web server that hosts that specific site. + +This is how normal DNS works, too. However, DoH takes the DNS query and sends it to a DoH-compatible DNS server (resolver) via an encrypted HTTPS connection on port 443, rather than plaintext on port 53. + +This way, DoH hides DNS queries inside regular HTTPS traffic, so third-party observers won't be able to sniff traffic and tell what DNS queries users have run and infer what websites they are about to access. + +Further, a secondary feature of DNS-over-HTTPS is that the protocol works at the app level. Apps can come with internally hardcoded lists of DoH-compatible DNS resolvers where they can send DoH queries. + +This mode of operation bypasses the default DNS settings that exist at the OS level, which, in most cases are the ones set by local internet service providers (ISPs). + +This also means that apps that support DoH can effectively bypass local ISPs traffic filters and access content that may be blocked by a local telco or local government -- and a reason why DoH is currently hailed as a boon for users' privacy and security. + +This is one of the reasons that DoH has gained quite the popularity in less than two years after it launched, and a reason why a group of [UK ISPs nominated Mozilla for the award of 2019 Internet Vilain][1] for its plans to support the DoH protocol, which they said would thwart their efforts in filtering bad traffic. + +As a response, and due to the complex situation in the UK where the government blocks access to copyright-infringing content, and where ISPs voluntarily block access to child abuse website, [Mozilla has decided not to enable this feature by default for British users][2]. + +The below step-by-step guide will show Firefox users in the UK and Firefox users all over the world how to enable the feature right now, and not wait until Mozilla enables it later down the road -- if it will ever do. There are two methods of enabling DoH support in Firefox. + +### Method 1 - via the Firefox settings + +**Step 1:** Go to the Firefox menu, choose **Tools** , and then **Preferences**. Optionally type **about:preferences** in the URL bar and press enter. This will open the Firefox prerences section. + +**Step 2:** In the **General** section, scroll down to the **Network Settings** panel, and press the **Settings** button. + +![DoH section in Firefox settings][3] + +Image: ZDNet + +**Step 3:** In the popup, scroll down and select " **Enable DNS over HTTPS** ," then configure your desired DoH resolver. You can use the built in Cloudflare resolver (a company with which Mozilla has [reached an agreement][4] to log less data about Firefox users), or use one of your choice, [from this list][4]. + +![DoH section in Firefox settings][5]![DoH section in Firefox settings][6] + +Image: ZDNet + +### Method 2 - via about:config + +**Step 1:** Type **about:config** in the URL bar and press Enter to access Firefox's hidden configuration panel. Here users will need to enable and modify three settings. + +**Step 2:** The first setting is **network.trr.mode**. This turns on DoH support. This setting supports four values: + + * 0 - Default value in standard Firefox installations (currently is 5, which means DoH is disabled) + * 1 - DoH is enabled, but Firefox picks if it uses DoH or regular DNS based on which returns faster query responses + * 2 - DoH is enabled, and regular DNS works as a backup + * 3 - DoH is enabled, and regular DNS is disabled + * 5 - DoH is disabled + + + +A value of 2 works best. + +![DoH in Firefox][5]![DoH in Firefox][7] + +Image: ZDNet + +**Step 3:** The second setting that needs to be modified is **network.trr.uri**. This is the URL of the DoH-compatible DNS server where Firefox will send DoH DNS queries. By default, Firefox uses Cloudflare's DoH service located at . However, users can use their own DoH server URL. They can select one from the many available servers, [from this list, here][8]. The reason why Mozilla uses Cloudflare in Firefox is because the companies [reached an agreement][4] following which Cloudflare would collect very little data on DoH queries coming from Firefox users. + +![DoH in Firefox][5]![DoH in Firefox][9] + +Image: ZDNet + +**Step 4:** The third setting is optional and you can skip this one. But if things don't work, you can use this one as a backup for Step 3. The option is called **network.trr.bootstrapAddress** and is an input field where users can enter the numerical IP address of the DoH-compatible DNS resolver they entered in Step 3. For Cloudflare, that would be 1.1.1.1. For Google's service, that would be 8.8.8.8. If you used another DoH resolver's URL, you'll need to track down that server's IP and enter it here, if ever necesarry. + +![DoH in Firefox][5]![DoH in Firefox][10] + +Image: ZDNet + +Normally, the URL entered in Step 3 should be enough, though. + +Settings should apply right away, but in case they don't work, give Firefox a restart. + +Article source: [Mozilla Wiki][11] + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.zdnet.com/article/how-to-enable-dns-over-https-doh-in-firefox/ + +作者：[Catalin Cimpanu][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/catalin.cimpanu/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/uk-isp-group-names-mozilla-internet-villain-for-supporting-dns-over-https/ +[2]: https://www.zdnet.com/article/mozilla-no-plans-to-enable-dns-over-https-by-default-in-the-uk/ +[3]: https://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/2019/07/07/df30c7b0-3a20-4de7-8640-3dea6d249a49/121bd379b6232e1e2a97c35ea8c7764e/doh-settings-1.png +[4]: https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/commitment-to-privacy/privacy-policy/firefox/ +[5]: +[6]: https://zdnet3.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/2019/07/07/8608af28-2a28-4ff1-952b-9b6d2deb1ea6/b1fc322caaa2c955b1a2fb285daf0e42/doh-settings-2.png +[7]: https://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/2019/07/06/0232b3a7-82c6-4a6f-90c1-faf0c090254c/6db9b36509021c460fcc7fe825bb74c5/doh-1.png +[8]: https://github.com/curl/curl/wiki/DNS-over-HTTPS#publicly-available-servers +[9]: https://zdnet2.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/2019/07/06/4dd1d5c1-6fa7-4f5b-b7cd-b544748edfed/baa7a70ac084861d94a744a57a3147ad/doh-2.png +[10]: https://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/2019/07/06/8ec20a28-673c-4a17-8195-16579398e90a/538fe8420f9b24724aeb4a6c8d4f0f0f/doh-3.png +[11]: https://wiki.mozilla.org/Trusted_Recursive_Resolver From 4a329865f93c7afb86eacbe0179f312f85021d0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 15:11:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0785/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190604=20Why?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Emacs?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190604 Why Emacs.md --- sources/talk/20190604 Why Emacs.md | 94 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190604 Why Emacs.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190604 Why Emacs.md b/sources/talk/20190604 Why Emacs.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0d9b12ba1a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190604 Why Emacs.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why Emacs) +[#]: via: (https://saurabhkukade.github.io/Why-Emacs/) +[#]: author: (Saurabh Kukade http://saurabhkukade.github.io/) + +Why Emacs +====== +![Image of Emacs][1] + +> “Emacs outshines all other editing software in approximately the same way that the noonday sun does the stars. It is not just bigger and brighter; it simply makes everything else vanish.” + +> -Neal Stephenson, “In the Beginning was the Command Line” + +### Introduction + +This is my first blog post about Emacs. I want to discuss step by step customization of Emacs for beginner. If you’re new to Emacs then you are in the right place, if you’re already familiar with Emacs then that is even better, I assure you that we will get to know many new things in here. + +Before getting into how to customize Emacs and what are the exciting features of Emacs I want to write about “why Emacs”. + +### Why Emacs? + +This was first question crossed my mind when one wise man asked me to try Emacs instead of VIM. Well, I am not writing this article to discuss a battle between two editors VIM and Emacs. That is a another story for another day. But Why Emacs? Well here are some things that justifies that Emacs is powerful and highly customizable. + +### 41 Years! + +Initial release year of Emacs is 1976 that means Emacs is standing and adapting changes from last 41 years. + +41 years of time for a software is huge and that makes Emacs is one of the best Software Engineering product. + +### Lisp (Emacs Lisp) + +If you are lisp programmer (lisper) then I don’t need to explain you. But for those who don’t know Lisp and its dialects like Scheme, Clojure then Lisp (and all dialects of Lips) is powerful programming language and it stands different from other languages because of its unique property of “Homoiconicity”. + +As Emacs is implemented in C and Emacs Lisp (Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language) it makes Emacs what is because, + + * The simple syntax of Lisp, together with the powerful editing features made possible by that simple syntax, add up to a more convenient programming system than is practical with other languages. Lisp and extensible editors are made for each other. + + * The simplicity of Lisp syntax makes intelligent editing operations easier to implement, while the complexity of other languages discourages their users from implementing similar operations for them. + + + + +### Highly Customizable + +To any programmer, tools gives power and convenience for reading, writing and managing a code. + +Hence, if a tool is programmatic-ally customizable then that makes it even more powerful. + +Emacs has above property and in fact is itself one of best tool known for its flexibility and easy customization. Emacs provides basic commands and key configuration for editing a text. This commands and key-configuration are editable and extensible. + +Beside basic configuration, Emacs is not biased towards any specific language for customization. One can customize Emacs for any programming language or extend easily existing customization. + +Emacs provides the consistent environment for multiple programming languages, email, organizer (via org-mode), a shell/interpreter, note taking, and document writing. + +For customizing you don’t need to learn Emacs-lisp from scratch. You can use existing packages available and that’s it. Installing and managing packages in Emacs is easy, Emacs has in-built package manager for it. + +Customization is very portable, one just need to place a file or directory containing personal customization file(s) in the right place and it’s done for getting personal customization to new place. ## Huge platform Support + +Emacs supports Lisp, Ruby, Python, PHP, Java, Erlang, JavaScript, C, C++, Prolog, Tcl, AWK, PostScript, Clojure, Scala, Perl, Haskell, Elixir all of these languages and more like mysql, pgsql etc. Because of the powerful Lisp core, Emacs is easy to extend to add support for new languages if need to. + +Also one can use the built-in IRC client ERC along with BitlBee to connect to your favorite chat services, or use the Jabber package to hop on any XMPP service. + +### Org-mode + +No matter if you are programmer or not. Org mode is for everyone. Org mode lets you to plan projects and organize schedule. It can be also use for publish notes and documents to different formats, like LaTeX->pdf, html, and markdown. + +In fact, Org-mode is so awesome enough that many non-Emacs users started learn Emacs. + +### Final note + +There are number of reason to argue that Emacs is cool and awesome to use. But I just wanted you to give glimpse of why to try Emacs. In the upcoming post I will be writing step by step information to customize Emacs from scratch to awesome IDE. + +Thank you! + +Please don’t forget to comment your thoughts and suggestions below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://saurabhkukade.github.io/Why-Emacs/ + +作者：[Saurabh Kukade][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: http://saurabhkukade.github.io/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://saurabhkukade.github.io/img/emacs.jpeg From fba1ad288b411ca16d2223447613a1a1c6d6f7fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 16:28:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0786/1265] PRF @LazyWolfLin --- .../20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md | 58 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md b/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md index 39a0195b0d..2787b617af 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (LazyWolfLin) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Looking into Linux modules) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391362/looking-into-linux-modules.html#tk.rss_all) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391362/looking-into-linux-modules.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) 深入学习 Linux 内核模块 ====== -lsmod 命令能够告诉你当前系统上加载了哪些内核模块，以及关于使用它们的一些有趣的细节。 + +> lsmod 命令能够告诉你当前系统上加载了哪些内核模块，以及关于使用它们的一些有趣的细节。 + ![Rob Oo \(CC BY 2.0\)][1] ### 什么是 Linux 内核模块？ -内核模块是根据需要加载到内核中或从内核中卸载的代码块，因此无需重启就可以扩展内核的功能。事实上，除非用户使用类似 **lsmod** 这样的命令来查询模块信息，否则用户不太可能知道内核发生的任何变化。 +内核模块是可以根据需要加载到内核中或从内核中卸载的代码块，因此无需重启就可以扩展内核的功能。事实上，除非用户使用类似 `lsmod` 这样的命令来查询模块信息，否则用户不太可能知道内核发生的任何变化。 -需要知道的重要一点是，在你的 Linux 系统上总会有*很多*可用的模块，并且如果你想深入了解细节，那么可以获得很多细节。 +需要知道的重要一点是，在你的 Linux 系统上总会有*很多*可用的模块，并且如果你可以深入其中了解到很多细节。 -lsmod 的主要用途之一是在系统不能正常工作时检查模块。然而，大多数情况下，模块会根据需要加载的，而且用户不需要知道它们如何运作。 - -**[ 扩展阅读：[必知的 Linux 命令][2] ]** +`lsmod` 的主要用途之一是在系统不能正常工作时检查模块。然而，大多数情况下，模块会根据需要加载的，而且用户不需要知道它们如何运作。 ### 显示内核模块 -显示内核模块最简单的方法是使用 **lsmod** 命令。虽然这个命令包含了很多细节，但输出却是非常用户友好。 +显示内核模块最简单的方法是使用 `lsmod` 命令。虽然这个命令包含了很多细节，但输出却是非常用户友好。 ``` $ lsmod @@ -105,11 +105,9 @@ floppy 81920 0 在上面的输出中： - * “Module”显示每个模块的名称 - * “Size”显示每个模块的大小（并不是它们使占的内存大小） - * “Used by”显示每个模块的被使用的计数和使用它们的模块 - - + * `Module` 显示每个模块的名称 + * `Size` 显示每个模块的大小（并不是它们占的内存大小） + * `Used by` 显示每个模块被使用的次数和使用它们的模块 显然，这里有*很多*模块。加载的模块数量取决于你的系统和版本以及正在运行的内容。我们可以这样计数： @@ -127,20 +125,18 @@ $ modprobe -c | wc -l ### 与内核模块相关的其他命令 -Linux 提供了几条用于罗列，加载及卸载，测试，以及检查模块状态的命令。 - - * depmod —— 生成 modules.dep 和映射文件 - * insmod —— 一个往 Linux 内核插入模块的程序 - * lsmod —— 显示 Linux 内核中模块状态 - * modinfo —— 显示 Linux 内核模块信息 - * modprobe —— 添加或移除 Linux 内核模块 - * rmmod —— 一个从 Linux 内核移除模块的程序 - +Linux 提供了几条用于罗列、加载及卸载、测试，以及检查模块状态的命令。 + * `depmod` —— 生成 `modules.dep` 和映射文件 + * `insmod` —— 一个往 Linux 内核插入模块的程序 + * `lsmod` —— 显示 Linux 内核中模块状态 + * `modinfo` —— 显示 Linux 内核模块信息 + * `modprobe` —— 添加或移除 Linux 内核模块 + * `rmmod` —— 一个从 Linux 内核移除模块的程序 ### 显示内置的内核模块 -正如前文所说，**lsmod** 命令是显示内核模块最方便的命令。然而，也有其他方式可以显示它们。modules.builtin 文件中列出了所有构建在内核中的模块，并被 modprobe 命令尝试添加文件中的模块时使用。注意，以下命令中的 **$(uname -r)** 提供了内核版本的名称。 +正如前文所说，`lsmod` 命令是显示内核模块最方便的命令。然而，也有其他方式可以显示它们。`modules.builtin` 文件中列出了所有构建在内核中的模块，在 `modprobe` 命令尝试添加文件中的模块时会使用它。注意，以下命令中的 `$(uname -r)` 提供了内核版本的名称。 ``` $ more /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.builtin | head -10 @@ -156,7 +152,7 @@ kernel/fs/configfs/configfs.ko kernel/fs/crypto/fscrypto.ko ``` -你可以使用 **modinfo** 获得一个模块的更多细节，虽然没有对模块提供的服务的简单说明。下面输出内容中省略了冗长的签名。 +你可以使用 `modinfo` 获得一个模块的更多细节，虽然没有对模块提供的服务的简单说明。下面输出内容中省略了冗长的签名。 ``` $ modinfo floppy | head -16 @@ -178,7 +174,7 @@ sig_key: sig_hashalgo: md4 ``` -你可以使用 **modprobe** 命令加载或卸载模块。使用下面这条命令，你可以找到特定模块关联的内核对象： +你可以使用 `modprobe` 命令加载或卸载模块。使用下面这条命令，你可以找到特定模块关联的内核对象： ``` $ find /lib/modules/$(uname -r) -name floppy* @@ -191,22 +187,18 @@ $ find /lib/modules/$(uname -r) -name floppy* $ sudo modprobe floppy ``` -### 总结一下 +### 总结 很明显，内核模块的加载和卸载非常重要。它使得 Linux 系统比使用通用内核运行时更加灵活和高效。这同样意味着你可以进行重大更改而无需重启，例如添加硬件。 -**[ 两分钟学 Linux：[在这些两分钟视频教程中掌握大量 Linux 命令][3] ]** - -在 [Facebook][4] 和 [LinkedIn][5] 上关注我们并添加评论。 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391362/looking-into-linux-modules.html#tk.rss_all +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391362/looking-into-linux-modules.html 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[LazyWolfLin](https://github.com/LazyWolfLin) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 81b7849ea4419f23c021b93884942a428bbd48f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 16:28:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0787/1265] PUB @LazyWolfLin https://linux.cn/article-11075-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md b/published/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md rename to published/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md index 2787b617af..59532ccedb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md +++ b/published/20190501 Looking into Linux modules.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (LazyWolfLin) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11075-1.html) [#]: subject: (Looking into Linux modules) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391362/looking-into-linux-modules.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From b66dfeea870f7dd795ab0c8b52105f3ebdb9d5f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "qfzy1233@163.com" Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 17:07:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0788/1265] Update 20180406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md --- ...406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20180406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md b/sources/tech/20180406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md index 046bf9f0e8..6aa5fb54be 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20180406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md +++ b/sources/tech/20180406 MX Linux- A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity.md @@ -1,6 +1,4 @@ -translating by qfzy1233 - -MX Linux: A Mid-Weight Distro Focused on Simplicity +MX Linux: 一款专注于简洁性的发行版 ====== ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/mxlinux.png?itok=OLjmCxT9) From d8173ae3d786ce09a24f06475047b7ccf79e3b29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 18:26:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0789/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190612=20Why?= =?UTF-8?q?=20['1',=20'7',=20'11'].map(parseInt)=20returns=20[1,=20NaN,=20?= =?UTF-8?q?3]=20in=20Javascript?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190612 Why --1-, -7-, -11--.map(parseInt) returns -1, NaN, 3- in Javascript.md --- ...eInt) returns -1, NaN, 3- in Javascript.md | 205 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 205 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190612 Why --1-, -7-, -11--.map(parseInt) returns -1, NaN, 3- in Javascript.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190612 Why --1-, -7-, -11--.map(parseInt) returns -1, NaN, 3- in Javascript.md b/sources/tech/20190612 Why --1-, -7-, -11--.map(parseInt) returns -1, NaN, 3- in Javascript.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4e892a4610 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190612 Why --1-, -7-, -11--.map(parseInt) returns -1, NaN, 3- in Javascript.md @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why ['1', '7', '11'].map(parseInt) returns [1, NaN, 3] in Javascript) +[#]: via: (https://medium.com/dailyjs/parseint-mystery-7c4368ef7b21) +[#]: author: (Eric Tong https://medium.com/@erictongs) + +Why ['1', '7', '11'].map(parseInt) returns [1, NaN, 3] in Javascript +====== +![][1]![][2]??? + +**Javascript is weird.** Don’t believe me? Try converting an array of strings into integers using map and parseInt. Fire up your console (F12 on Chrome), paste in the following, and press enter (or run the pen below). + +``` +['1', '7', '11'].map(parseInt); +``` + +Instead of giving us an array of integers `[1, 7, 11]`, we end up with `[1, NaN, 3]`. What? To find out what on earth is going on, we’ll first have to talk about some Javascript concepts. If you’d like a TLDR, I’ve included a quick summary at the end of this story. + +### Truthiness & Falsiness + +Here’s a simple if-else statement in Javascript: + +``` +if (true) { + // this always runs +} else { + // this never runs +} +``` + +In this case, the condition of the if-else statement is true, so the if-block is always executed and the else-block is ignored. This is a trivial example because true is a boolean. What if we put a non-boolean as the condition? + +``` +if ("hello world") { + // will this run? + console.log("Condition is truthy"); +} else { + // or this? + console.log("Condition is falsy"); +} +``` + +Try running this code in your developer’s console (F12 on Chrome). You should find that the if-block runs. This is because the string object `"hello world"` is truthy. + +Every Javascript object is either **truthy** or **falsy**. When placed in a boolean context, such as an if-else statement, objects are treated as true or false based on their truthiness. So which objects are truthy and which are falsy? Here’s a simple rule to follow: + +**All values are truthy except for:** `false` **,** `0` **,** `""` **(empty string),** `null` **,** `undefined` **, and** `NaN` **.** + +Confusingly, this means that the string `"false"`, the string `"0"`, an empty object `{}`, and an empty array `[]` are all truthy. You can double check this by passing an object into the Boolean function (e.g. `Boolean("0");`). + +For our purposes, it is enough to remember that `0` is falsy. + +### Radix + +``` +0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +``` + +When we count from zero to nine, we have different symbols for each of the numbers (0–9). However, once we reach ten, we need two different symbols (1 and 0) to represent the number. This is because our decimal counting system has a radix (or base) of ten. + +Radix is the smallest number which can only be represented by more than one symbol. **Different counting systems have different radixes, and so, the same digits can refer to different numbers in counting systems.** + +``` +DECIMAL BINARY HEXADECIMAL +RADIX=10 RADIX=2 RADIX=16 +0 0 0 +1 1 1 +2 10 + 2 +3 +11 3 +4 100 4 +5 101 5 +6 110 6 +7 111 7 +8 1000 8 +9 1001 9 +10 1010 A +11 1011 B +12 1100 C +13 1101 D +14 1110 E +15 1111 F +16 10000 10 +17 10001 +11 +``` + +For example, looking at the table above, we see that the same digits 11 can mean different numbers in different counting systems. If the radix is 2, then it refers to the number 3. If the radix is 16, then it refers to the number 17. + +You may have noticed that in our example, parseInt returned 3 when the input is 11, which corresponds to the Binary column in the table above. + +### Function arguments + +Functions in Javascript can be called with any number of arguments, even if they do not equal the number of declared function parameters. Missing arguments are treated as undefined and extra arguments are ignored (but stored in the array-like [arguments object][3]). + +``` +function foo(x, y) { + console.log(x); + console.log(y); +} +foo(1, 2); // logs 1, 2 +foo(1); // logs 1, undefined +foo(1, 2, 3); // logs 1, 2 +``` + +### map() + +We’re almost there! + +Map is a method in the Array prototype that returns a new array of the results of passing each element of the original array into a function. For example, the following code multiplies each element in the array by 3: + +``` +function multiplyBy3(x) { + return x * 3; +} +const result = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map(multiplyBy3);console.log(result); // logs [3, 6, 9, 12, 15]; +``` + +Now, let’s say I want to log each element using `map()` (with no return statements). I should be able to pass `console.log` as an argument into `map()`… right? + +``` +[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map(console.log); +``` + +![][4]![][5] + +Something very strange is going on. Instead of logging just the value, each `console.log` call also logged the index and full array. + +``` +[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map(console.log);// The above is equivalent to[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map( + (val, index, array) => console.log(val, index, array) +); +// and not equivalent to[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map( + val => console.log(val) +); +``` + +When a function is passed into `map()`, for each iteration, **three arguments are passed into the function** : `currentValue`, `currentIndex`, and the full `array`. That is why three entries are logged for each iteration. + +We now have all the pieces we need to solve this mystery. + +### Bringing it together + +ParseInt takes two arguments: `string` and `radix`. If the radix provided is falsy, then by default, radix is set to 10. + +``` +parseInt('11'); => 11 +parseInt('11', 2); => 3 +parseInt('11', 16); => 17 +parseInt('11', undefined); => 11 (radix is falsy) +parseInt('11', 0); => 11 (radix is falsy) +``` + +Now let’s run our example step-by-step. + +``` +['1', '7', '11'].map(parseInt); => [1, NaN, 3]// First iteration: val = '1', index = 0, array = ['1', '7', '11']parseInt('1', 0, ['1', '7', '11']); => 1 +``` + +Since 0 is falsy, the radix is set to the default value 10. `parseInt()` only takes two arguments, so the third argument `['1', '7', '11']` is ignored. The string `'1'` in radix 10 refers to the number 1. + +``` +// Second iteration: val = '7', index = 1, array = ['1', '7', '11']parseInt('7', 1, ['1', '7', '11']); => NaN +``` + +In a radix 1 system, the symbol `'7'` does not exist. As with the first iteration, the last argument is ignored. So, `parseInt()` returns `NaN`. + +``` +// Third iteration: val = '11', index = 2, array = ['1', '7', '11']parseInt('11', 2, ['1', '7', '11']); => 3 +``` + +In a radix 2 (binary) system, the symbol `'11'` refers to the number 3. The last argument is ignored. + +### Summary (TLDR) + +`['1', '7', '11'].map(parseInt)` doesn’t work as intended because `map` passes three arguments into `parseInt()` on each iteration. The second argument `index` is passed into parseInt as a `radix` parameter. So, each string in the array is parsed using a different radix. `'7'` is parsed as radix 1, which is `NaN`, `'11'` is parsed as radix 2, which is 3. `'1'` is parsed as the default radix 10, because its index 0 is falsy. + +And so, the following code will work as intended: + +``` +['1', '7', '11'].map(numStr => parseInt(numStr)); +``` + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://medium.com/dailyjs/parseint-mystery-7c4368ef7b21 + +作者：[Eric Tong][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://medium.com/@erictongs +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*uq5ZTlw6HLRRqbHaPYYL0g.png?q=20 +[2]: https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*uq5ZTlw6HLRRqbHaPYYL0g.png +[3]: https://javascriptweblog.wordpress.com/2011/01/18/javascripts-arguments-object-and-beyond/ +[4]: https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*rbrCQ_aNOft_OjayDtL6xg.png?q=20 +[5]: https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*rbrCQ_aNOft_OjayDtL6xg.png From f2303445767ac610fc03b0b1474186e4dca88eb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Beini Gu Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 10:38:15 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 0790/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 申领翻译 --- .../tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md b/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md index cf8f9351d9..6652a67875 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +Translating by Scoutydren.... + + [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) From 0b10603846bf28a5ee23e3dfa0dc5d3cdab4515a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 23:53:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0791/1265] PRF --- translated/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md | 13 ++++++------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md b/translated/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md index 83f051f11f..2d56cb3cf0 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md +++ b/translated/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Can schools be agile?) @@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ 学校可以变得敏捷吗？ ====== -我们一定不会希望用商业的方式运作我们的学校 —— 但是更加注重持续改进的教育机构是可以让我们受益的。 +> 我们一定不会希望用商业的方式运作我们的学校 —— 但是更加注重持续改进的教育机构是可以让我们受益的。 + ![][1] 我们都有过那种感觉一件事情“似曾相识”的经历。在 1980 年代末期我经常会有这种感觉，那时候我刚刚进入工业领域不久。当时正赶上一波组织变革的热潮，美国制造业在尝试各种各样不同的模型，让企业领导、经理人和像我这样的工程师重新思考我们应该如何处理质量、成本、创新以及股东价值这样的问题。我们似乎每一年（有时候更加频繁）都需要通过学习一本书来找到让我们更精简、更扁平、更灵活以及更加能满足顾客需求的“最佳方案”。 @@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ 这种不断改进的文化氛围遇到的第一个阻碍是，教育界普遍不愿意从其它行业借鉴可以为自己所用的思想 —— 特别是来自商界的思想。第二个阻碍是，主导教育界的仍然是一种自上而下的、等级制度森严的领导模式。人们往往只能在小范围内讨论这种系统性的、持续的改进方案，比如包括校长、助理校长、学校监管人（LCTT 译注：美国地方政府下设的一种官职，每个学校监管人管理一定数量的学校，接受学校校长的汇报）等等在内的学校领导和区域领袖。但是一小群人的参与是远远不足以带来整个组织层面的文化改革的。 -在进一步展开观点之前，我想强调一下，上面所做的概括一定是存在例外情况 的（我自己就见到过很多），不过我觉得任何一个教育界的利益相关者都应该会同意以下两点基本假设： +在进一步展开观点之前，我想强调一下，上面所做的概括一定是存在例外情况的（我自己就见到过很多），不过我觉得任何一个教育界的利益相关者都应该会同意以下两点基本假设： 1. 为学生提供高质量的、公平的教育和教学系统的工作所涉及到的任何人都应该将持续不断的改进作为思维方式里的重要部分； 2. 如果学校领导在做决策的时候可以更多地参考那些离学生最近的工作者的意见，那么学生以及学生所在的社区都将更加受益； @@ -37,12 +38,11 @@ 我并不是要呼吁大家像经营商业一样经营我们的学校。我所主张的是，用一种清晰而客观的态度去看待任何行业的任何思想，只要它们有可能帮助我们更好地迎合学生个体的需求。不过，如果想有效率地实现这个目标，我们需要仔细研究这个 100 多年来都停滞不前的领导结构。 - ### 把不断改进作为努力的目标 有一种说法认为教育和其它行业之间存在着巨大的差异，我虽然赞同这种说法，但同时也相信“重新思考组织和领导结构”这件事情对于任何一个希望对利益相关者负责（并且可以及时作出响应）的主体来说都是适用的。大多数其它行业都已经在重新审视它们传统的、封闭的、等级森严的结构，并且采用可以鼓励员工基于共有的优秀目标发挥自主性的组织结构 —— 这种组织结构对于不断改进来说十分关键。我们的学校和行政区是时候放开眼界了，而不应该拘泥于只听到来自内部的声音，因为它们的用意虽然是好的，但都没有脱离现有的范式。 -对于任何希望开始或者加速这个转变过程的学校，我推荐一本很好的书：Jim Whitehurst 的《开放的组织》（这不应该让你感到意外）。这本书不仅可以帮助我们理解教育者如何创造更加开放、覆盖面更广的领导领导结构 —— 在这样的结构下，互相尊重让人们可以基于实时数据作出更加灵活的决策 —— 并且它所使用的语言风格也和教育者们所习惯使用的奇怪的词汇库非常契合（这种词汇库简直是教育者们第二天性)。任何组织都可以借鉴开放组织的思维提供的实用主义方法让组织成员更加开放：分享想法和资源、拥抱以共同协作为核心的文化、通过快速制作原型来开发创新思维、基于价值（而不是提出者的职级）来评估一个想法，以及创造一种融入到组织 DNA 里的很强的社区观念。通过众包的方式，这样的开放组织不仅可以从组织内部，也能够从组织外部收集想法，创造一种可以让本地化的、以学生为中心的创新蓬勃发展的环境。 +对于任何希望开始或者加速这个转变过程的学校，我推荐一本很好的书：Jim Whitehurst 的《开放组织》（这不应该让你感到意外）。这本书不仅可以帮助我们理解教育者如何创造更加开放、覆盖面更广的领导领导结构 —— 在这样的结构下，互相尊重让人们可以基于实时数据作出更加灵活的决策 —— 并且它所使用的语言风格也和教育者们所习惯使用的奇怪的词汇库非常契合（这种词汇库简直是教育者们第二天性)。任何组织都可以借鉴开放组织的思维提供的实用主义方法让组织成员更加开放：分享想法和资源、拥抱以共同协作为核心的文化、通过快速制作原型来开发创新思维、基于价值（而不是提出者的职级）来评估一个想法，以及创造一种融入到组织 DNA 里的很强的社区观念。通过众包的方式，这样的开放组织不仅可以从组织内部，也能够从组织外部收集想法，创造一种可以让本地化的、以学生为中心的创新蓬勃发展的环境。 最重要的事情是：在快速变化的未来，我们在过去所做的事情不一定仍然适用了 —— 认清楚这一点对于创造一个不断改进的文化氛围是十分关键的。对于教育者来说，这意味着我们不能只是简单地依赖在针对工厂模型发展出来的解决方案和实践方式了。我们必须从其它行业（比如说非营利组织、军事、医疗以及商业 —— 没错，甚至是商业）里借鉴数不清的最佳方案，这样至少应该能让我们 *知道* 如何找到让学生受益最大的办法。从教育界传统的陈词滥调里超脱出来，才有机会拥有更广阔的视角。我们可以更好地顾全大局，用更客观地视角看待我们遇到的问题，同时也知道我们在什么方面已经做得很不错。 @@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ 坚持不懈地追求不断改进这件事情，不应该只局限于那种努力在一个全球化的、创新的经济环境中争取竞争力的机构，或者是负责运营学校的少数几个人。当机构里的每一个人都能不断思考怎样才能让今天比昨天做得更好的时候，这就是一个拥有优秀的文化氛围的机构。这种非常有注重协作性和创新的文化氛围，正是我们希望在这些负责改变年轻人命运的机构身上看到的。 - 我非常期待，有朝一日我能在学校里感受到这种精神，然后微笑着对自己说：“这种感觉多么似曾相识啊。” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/education-culture-agile 作者：[Ben Owens][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[chen-ni](https://github.com/chen-ni) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From aec38cbd607a9c28affb6636f8488132b2783eda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 23:53:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0792/1265] PUB @chen-ni https://linux.cn/article-11076-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20190416 Can schools be agile.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20190416 Can schools be agile.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md b/published/20190416 Can schools be agile.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md rename to published/20190416 Can schools be agile.md index 2d56cb3cf0..1e696ab2cd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20190416 Can schools be agile.md +++ b/published/20190416 Can schools be agile.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chen-ni) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11076-1.html) [#]: subject: (Can schools be agile?) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/education-culture-agile) [#]: author: (Ben Owens https://opensource.com/users/engineerteacher/users/ke4qqq/users/n8chz/users/don-watkins) From de6bb4920b044b996a59ae9a5502fe63486af6ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 9 Jul 2019 00:52:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0793/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190708=20Comm?= =?UTF-8?q?and=20line=20quick=20tips:=20Permissions?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190708 Command line quick tips- Permissions.md --- ...08 Command line quick tips- Permissions.md | 133 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 133 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190708 Command line quick tips- Permissions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190708 Command line quick tips- Permissions.md b/sources/tech/20190708 Command line quick tips- Permissions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a52c8f8c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190708 Command line quick tips- Permissions.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Command line quick tips: Permissions) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/command-line-quick-tips-permissions/) +[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/) + +Command line quick tips: Permissions +====== + +![][1] + +Fedora, like all Linux based systems, comes with a powerful set of security features. One of the basic features is _permissions_ on files and folders. These permissions allow files and folders to be secured from unauthorized access. This article explains a bit about these permissions, and shows you how to share access to a folder using them. + +### Permission basics + +Fedora is by nature a multi-user operating system. It also has _groups_, which users can be members of. But imagine for a moment a multi-user system with no concept of permissions. Different logged in users could read each other’s content at will. This isn’t very good for privacy or security, as you can imagine. + +Any file or folder on Fedora has three sets of permissions assigned. The first set is for the _user_ who owns the file or folder. The second is for the _group_ that owns it. The third set is for everyone else who’s not the user who owns the file, or in the group that owns the file. Sometimes this is called the _world_. + +### What permissions mean + +Each set of permissions comes in three flavors — _read_, _write_, and _execute_. Each of these has an initial that stands for the permission, thus _r_, _w_, and _x_. + +#### File permissions + +For _files_, here’s what these permissions mean: + + * Read (r): the file content can be read + + * Write (w): the file content can be changed + + * Execute (x): the file can be executed — this is used primarily for programs or scripts that are meant to be run directly + + * + + +You can see the three sets of these permissions when you do a long listing of any file. Try this with the _/etc/services_ file on your system: + +``` +$ ls -l /etc/services +-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 692241 Apr 9 03:47 /etc/services +``` + +Notice the groups of permissions at the left side of the listing. These are provided in three sets, as mentioned above — for the user who owns the file, for the group that owns the file, and for everyone else. The user owner is _root_ and the group owner is the _root_ group. The user owner has read and write access to the file. Anyone in the group _root_ can only read the file. And finally, anyone else can also only read the file. (The dash at the far left shows this is a regular file.) + +By the way, you’ll commonly find this set of permissions on many (but not all) system configuration files. They are only meant to be changed by the system administrator, not regular users. Often regular users need to read the content as well. + +#### Folder (directory) permissions + +For folders, the permissions have slightly different meaning: + + * Read (r): the folder contents can be read (such as the _ls_ command) + * Write (w): the folder contents can be changed (files can be created or erased in this folder) + * Execute (x): the folder can be searched, although its contents cannot be read. (This may sound strange, but the explanation requires more complex details of file systems outside the scope of this article. So just roll with it for now.) + + + +Take a look at the _/etc/grub.d_ folder for example: + +``` +$ ls -ld /etc/grub.d +drwx------. 2 root root 4096 May 23 16:28 /etc/grub.d +``` + +Note the _d_ at the far left. It shows this is a directory, or folder. The permissions show the user owner (_root_) can read, change, and _cd_ into this folder. However, no one else can do so — whether they’re a member of the _root_ group or not. Notice you can’t _cd_ into the folder, either: + +``` +$ cd /etc/grub.d +bash: cd: /etc/grub.d: Permission denied +``` + +Notice how your own home directory is setup: + +``` +$ ls -ld $HOME +drwx------. 221 paul paul 28672 Jul 3 14:03 /home/paul +``` + +Now, notice how no one, other than you as the owner, can access anything in this folder. This is intentional! You wouldn’t want others to be able to read your private content on a shared system. + +### Making a shared folder + +You can exploit this permissions capability to easily make a folder to share within a group. Imagine you have a group called _finance_ with several members who need to share documents. Because these are user documents, it’s a good idea to store them within the _/home_ folder hierarchy. + +To get started, [use][2] _[sudo][2]_ to make a folder for sharing, and set it to be owned by the _finance_ group: + +``` +$ sudo mkdir -p /home/shared/finance +$ sudo chgrp finance /home/shared/finance +``` + +By default the new folder has these permissions. Notice how it can be read or searched by anyone, even if they can’t create or erase files in it: + +``` +drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 6 15:35 finance +``` + +That doesn’t seem like a good idea for financial data. Next, use the _chmod_ command to change the mode (permissions) of the shared folder. Note the use of _g_ to change the owning group’s permissions, and _o_ to change other users’ permissions. Similarly, _u_ would change the user owner’s permissions: + +``` +$ sudo chmod g+w,o-rx /home/shared/finance +``` + +The resulting permissions look better. Now, anyone in the _finance_ group (or the user owner _root_) have total access to the folder and its contents: + +``` +drwxrwx---. 2 root finance 4096 Jul 6 15:35 finance +``` + +If any other user tries to access the shared folder, they won’t be able to do so. Great! Now our finance group can put documents in a shared place. + +### Other notes + +There are additional ways to manipulate these permissions. For example, you may want any files in this folder to be set as owned by the group _finance_. This requires additional settings not covered in this article, but stay tuned to the Magazine for more on that topic soon. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/command-line-quick-tips-permissions/ + +作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/commandlinequicktips-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/ From 54ae563ba5dc53dc2224f31e11131e3bdddfa7ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 9 Jul 2019 00:53:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0794/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190708=20Debi?= =?UTF-8?q?an=2010=20(Buster)=20Installation=20Steps=20with=20Screenshots?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190708 Debian 10 (Buster) Installation Steps with Screenshots.md --- ...er) Installation Steps with Screenshots.md | 217 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 217 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190708 Debian 10 (Buster) Installation Steps with Screenshots.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190708 Debian 10 (Buster) Installation Steps with Screenshots.md b/sources/tech/20190708 Debian 10 (Buster) Installation Steps with Screenshots.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b69cb0a76c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190708 Debian 10 (Buster) Installation Steps with Screenshots.md @@ -0,0 +1,217 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Debian 10 (Buster) Installation Steps with Screenshots) +[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/debian-10-buster-installation-guide/) +[#]: author: (Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) + +Debian 10 (Buster) Installation Steps with Screenshots +====== + +Debian Project has released its latest and stable operating system as **Debian 10**, code name for Debian 10 is “**Buster**“, this release will get 5 years of support. Debian 10 is available for both 32-bit and 64-bit systems. This release comes with lot of new features, some of them are listed below: + + * Introduction of new Debian 10 theme known as “**FuturePrototype**” + * Updated Desktop GNOME 3.30, Cinnamon 3.8, KDE Plasma 5.14, MATE 1.20 & Xfce 4.12 + * LTS kernel 4.19.0-4 + * New Python 3 (3.7.2), Perl 5.28 & PHP 7.3 + * Iptables are replaced by nftables + * Updated LibreOffice 6.1 & GIMP 2.10.8 + * Updated OpenJDK 11, MariaDB 10.3 and Apache 2.4.38 + * Updated Chromium 73.0 & Firefox 60.7 + * Improved support for UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) + + + +In this article we will demonstrate how to install Debian 10 “Buster” workstation on your Laptop & Desktop. + +**Recommended System Requirements for Debian 10** + + * 2 GB RAM + * 2 GHz Dual Core Processor + * 10 GB Free Hard disk space + * Bootable Installation Media (USB/ DVD) + * Internet connectivity (Optional) + + + +Let’s jump into the installation steps of Debian 10 + +### Step:1) Download Debian 10 ISO file + +Download the Debian 10 ISO file from its official portal, + + + +Once the ISO file is downloaded, burn it either into USB or DVD and make it bootable. + +### Step:2) Boot Your System with Installation Bootable Media (USB / DVD) + +Reboot your system in which you will be installing Debian 10 and go to bios settings and set the boot medium as USB or DVD.  Once the system is booted with installation bootable media then we will get the following screen. + + + +Choose the First option “**Graphical Install**” + +### Step:3) Choose Your preferred Language, Location and Keyboard Layout + +In this step you will be asked to choose your preferred language + + + +Click on Continue + +Select your preferred location, based on location, time zone will be automatically set for your system. + + + +Now Choose your keyboard layout that suits to your installation, + + + +Click on Continue to proceed further, + +### Step:4) Set Host name and Domain Name for Debian 10 System + +Set the hostname that suits to your environment and then click on Continue, in my case I am specifying the hostname as “**debian10-buster**” + + + +Specify the domain name that suits to environment and installation and then click on Continue + + + +### Step:5) Specify the root user’s password + +Specify the root password in the screen below and then click on Continue + + + +### Step:6) Create Local User and its password + +In this step you will be prompted to specify local user details like full name, user name and its password, + + + +Click on Continue + + + +Click on Continue and specify the password in the next window + + + +### Step:7) Choose Hard Disk Partitioning Scheme for Debian 10 + +In this step, select partitioning scheme for Debian 10, in my case I have 40 GB hard disk available for OS installation. Partitioning scheme is of two types: + + * Guided Partitioning (Installer will automatically create required partitions) + * Manual Partitioning (As name suggests using this we can create manual partitions scheme) + + + +In this tutorial we will use guided partitions with LVM on my 42 GB hard drive, + + + +Click on Continue to proceed further, + + + +As we can see I have around 42 GB hard disk space, so choose Continue + +In the next screen, you will be asked to choose partitions, if are a new Linux user then choose the first option and in case you want a separate home partition then choose second option and else third option, which will create a separate partition for /home, /var and /tmp. + +In my case I am going to create separate partition for /home, /var and /tmp by choosing the third option. + + + +In the next screen select “**yes**” to write changes to disk and Configure LVM and then click on Continue + + + +In the next screen, partition table will be displayed, cross verify the partitions size, file system type and mount point. + + + +Click on Continue to proceed further, + +In the next screen, choose “yes” to write changes to disk, + + + +Click on Continue to proceed with installation, + +### Step:7) Debian 10 Installation Started + +In this step, Installation of Debian 10 has been started and is in progress, + + + +During the installation, installer will prompt you to scan CD/DVD for configuring package manager, Choose No and then click on Continue + + + +In the next screen choose “yes” if you want to configure Package Manager based on Network but for this to work, make sure your system is connected to Internet, else Choose No + + + +Click on continue to configure package manager based on your location, In next couple of screens you will be prompted to choose location and Debian package repository URL, then you will get below screen + + + +Choose “No” to skip package survey step and then click on Continue + + + +In the next window, you will be prompted to choose Desktop environment and other packages, in my case I am selecting **Gnome Desktop**, **SSH Server** and **Standard System utilities** + + + +Click on Continue to proceed with Installation, + +Choose the option “yes” to install Grub Boot Loader + + + +Click on Continue to proceed further, then in the next window choose the disk (/dev/sda) on which bootloader will be installed + + + +Click on Continue to proceed with installation, Once the installation is completed then installer will prompt us to reboot the system, + + + +Click on Continue to reboot your system and don’t forget to change boot medium from Bios settings so that system boots up with hard disk on which we have installed Debian 10 OS. + +### Step:8) Boot your newly installed system with Debian 10 + +Once we reboot the system after the successful installation we will get below bootloader screen + + + +Choose the first option “**Debian GNU/Linux**” and hit enter, + +Once the system boots up, use the same local user and its password that we have created during the installation, + + + +Following will be Desktop screen after successful login, + + + +This confirms that Debian 10 has been installed successfully, that’s all from this article, explore this exciting Linux Distribution and have fun 😊 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/debian-10-buster-installation-guide/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From 7ffb50e6e690e7f11aa547307ea2f24883a93349 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 9 Jul 2019 00:53:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0795/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190709=20Clea?= =?UTF-8?q?r=20is=20better=20than=20clever?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190709 Clear is better than clever.md --- .../20190709 Clear is better than clever.md | 298 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 298 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190709 Clear is better than clever.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190709 Clear is better than clever.md b/sources/tech/20190709 Clear is better than clever.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7fca05416b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190709 Clear is better than clever.md @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Clear is better than clever) +[#]: via: (https://dave.cheney.net/2019/07/09/clear-is-better-than-clever) +[#]: author: (Dave Cheney https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney) + +Clear is better than clever +====== + +_This article is based on my_ [_GopherCon Singapore 2019_][1] _presentation. In the presentation I referenced material from my post [on declaring variables][2] and my [GolangUK 2017 presentation on SOLID design][3]. For brevity those parts of the talk have been elided from this article. If you prefer, you can [watch the recording of the talk][4]._ + +* * * + +Readability is often cited as one of Go’s core tenets, I disagree. In this article I’ll discuss the differences between clarity and readability, show you what I mean by clarity and how it applies to Go code, and argue that Go programmers should strive for clarity–not just readability–in their programs. + +### Why would I read your code? + +Before I pick apart the difference between clarity and readability, perhaps the question to ask is, “why would I read your code?” To be clear, when I say _I_, I don’t mean me, I mean you. And when I say _your code_ I also mean you, but in the third person. So really what I’m asking is, “why would _you read_ another person’s code?” + +I think Russ Cox, paraphrasing Titus Winters, put it best: + +> Software engineering is what happens to programming when you add time and other programmers. + +*–*Russ Cox, GopherCon Singapore 2018 + +The answer to the question, “why would I read your code” is, because we have to work together. Maybe we don’t work in the same office, or live in the same city, maybe we don’t even work at the same company, but we do collaborate on a piece of software, or more likely consume it as a dependency. + +This is the essence of Russ and Titus’ quote; software engineering is the collaboration of software engineers over time. I have to read your code, and you read mine, so that I can understand it, so that you can maintain it, and in short, so that any programmer can change it. + +Russ is making the distinction between software programming and software engineering. The former is a program you write for yourself, the latter is a program—​a project, a service, a product—​that many people will contribute to over time. Engineers will come and go, teams will grow and shrink, requirements will change, features will be added and bugs fixed. This is the nature of software engineering. + +### We don’t read code, we decode it + +> It was sometime after that presentation that I finally realized the obvious: Code is not literature. We don’t read code, we _decode_ it. + +_–_[Peter Seibel][5] + +The author Peter Seibel suggests that programs are not read, but are instead decoded. In hindsight this is obvious, after all we call it source code, not source literature. The source code of a program is an intermediary form, somewhere between our concept — what’s inside our heads — and the computer’s executable notation. + +In my experience, the most common complaint when faced with a foreign codebase written by someone, or some team, is the code is unreadable. Perhaps you agree with me? + +But readability as a concept is subjective. Readability is nit picking about line length and variable names. Readability is holy wars about brace position. Readability is the hand to hand combat of style guides and code review guidelines that regulate the use of whitespace. + +### Clarity ≠ Readability + +Clarity, on the other hand, is the property of the code on the page. Clear code is independent of the low level details of function names and indentation because clear code is concerned with what the code is doing, not just how it is written down. + +When you or I say that a foreign codebase is unreadable, what I think what we really mean is, _I don’t understand it_. For the remainder of this article I want to try to explore the difference between clear code and code that is simply readable, because the goal is not how quickly you can read a piece of code, but how quickly you can grasp its meaning. + +### Keep to the left + +Go programs are traditionally written in a style that favours guard clauses and preconditions. This encourages the success path to proceed down the page, rather than indented inside a conditional block. Mat Ryer calls this [line of sight coding][6], because, the active part of your function is not at risk of sliding out of sight beyond the right hand margin of your screen. + +By keeping conditional blocks short, and for the exceptional condition, we avoid nested blocks and potentially complex value shadowing. The successful flow of control continues down the page. At every point in the sequence of instructions, if you’ve arrived at that point, you are confident that a growing set of preconditions holds true. + +``` +func ReadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) { +       f, err := os.Open(path) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + defer f.Close() +        // ... + } +``` + +The canonical example of this is the classic error check idiom; `if err != nil` then return it to the caller, else continue with the function. We can generalise this pattern a little and in pseudocode we have: + +``` +if some condition { + // true: cleanup + return + } + // false: continue +``` + +If _some condition_ is true, then return to the caller, else continue onwards towards the end of the function.  + +This form holds true for all preconditions, error checks, map lookups, length checks, and so forth. The exact form of the precondition’s check changes, but the pattern is always the same; the cleanup code is inside the block, terminating with a return, the success condition lies outside the block, and is only reachable if the precondition is false. + +Even if you are unsure what the preceding and succeeding code does, how the precondition is formed, and how the cleanup code works, it is clear to the reader that this is a guard clause. + +### Structured programming + +Here we have a `comp` function that takes two `int`s and returns an `int`; + +``` +func comp(a, b int) int { + if a < b { + return -1 + } + if a > b { +               return 1 +        } +        return 0 +} +``` + +The `comp` function is written in a similar form to guard clauses from earlier. If `a` is less than `b`, the return -1 path is taken. If `a` is greater than `b`, the return 1 path is taken. Else, `a` and `b` are by induction equal, so the final return 0 path is taken. + +``` +func comp(a, b int) int { + if condition A { + body A + } +        if condition B { +                 body B +        } +        return 0 +} +``` + +The problem with `comp` as written is, unlike the guard clause, someone maintaining this function has to read all of it. To understand when 0 is returned, we have to read the conditions _and the body_ of each clause. This is reasonable when you’re dealing with functions which fit on a slide, but in the real world complicated functions–​the ones we’re paid for our expertise to maintain–are rarely slide sized, and their conditions and bodies are rarely simple. + +Let’s address the problem of making it clear under which condition 0 will be returned: + +``` +func comp(a, b int) int { + if a < b { + return -1 + } else if a > b { +                return 1 +        } else { +                return 0 +        } +} +``` + +Now, although this code is not what anyone would argue is readable–​long chains of `if else if` statements are broadly discouraged in Go–​it is clearer to the reader that zero is only returned if none of the conditions are met. + +How do we know this? The Go spec declares that each function that returns a value must end in a terminating statement. This means that the body of all conditions must return a value. Thus, this does not compile: + +``` +func comp(a, b int) int { +        if a > b { +                a = b // does not compile +        } else if a < b { +               return 1 +       } else { +               return 0 +        } +} +``` + +Now it is clear to the reader that this code isn’t actually a series of conditions, instead this is an example of selection. Only one path can be taken regardless of the operation of the condition blocks. Based on the inputs one of -1, 0, or 1 will always be returned.  + +``` +func comp(a, b int) int { +       if a < b { +               return -1 +       } else if a > b { +               return 1 +       } else { +               return 0 +       } +} +``` + +However this code is hard to read as each of the conditions is written differently, the first is a simple `if a < b`, the second is the unusual `else if a > b`, and the last conditional is actually unconditional. + +But it turns out there is a statement which we can use to make our intention much clearer to the reader; `switch`. + +``` +func comp(a, b int) int { +        switch { +        case a < b: +                return -1 +        case a > b: +                return 1 +        default: +                return 0 +        } +} +``` + +Now it is clear to the reader that this is a selection. Each of the selection conditions are documented in their own case statement, rather than varying `else` or `else if` clauses. + +By moving the default condition inside the switch, the reader only has to consider the cases that match their condition, as none of the cases can fall out of the switch block because if the default clause.1 + +> Structured programming submerges _structure_ and emphasises _behaviour_ + +*–Richard Bircher, *[_The limits of software_][7] + +I found this quote recently and I think it is apt. My arguments for clarity are in truth arguments to emphasise the behaviour of the code, rather than be side tracked by minutiae of the structure itself. Said another way, what is the code is trying to do, _not how it is trying to do it_. + +### Guiding principles + +I opened this article with a discussion of readability vs clarity and hinted that there were other principles of well written Go code. It seems fitting to close on a discussion of those other principles. + +Last year [Bryan Cantrill gave a wonderful presentation on operating system principles][8], wherein he highlighted that different operating systems focus on different principles. It is not that they ignore the principles that differ between their competitors, just that when the chips are down, they prioritise a core set. So what is that core set of principles for Go? + +#### Clarity + +If you were going to say readability, hopefully I’ve provided you with an alternative. + +> Programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute. + +_–Hal Abelson and Gerald Sussman_. _Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs_ + +Code is read many more times than it is written. A single piece of code will, over its lifetime, be read hundreds, maybe thousands of times. It will be read those hundreds or thousands of times because it must be understood. Clarity is important because all software, not just Go programs, is written by people to be read by other people. The fact that software is also consumed by machines is secondary. + +> The most important skill for a programmer is the ability to effectively communicate ideas. + +_–Gastón Jorquera_ + +Legal documents are double spaced to aide the reader, but to the layperson that does nothing to help them comprehend what they just read. Readability is a property of how easy it was to read the words on the screen. On the other hand, clarity is the answer to the question “did you understand what you just read?”. + +If you’re writing a program for yourself, maybe it only has to run once, or you’re the only person who’ll ever see it, then do what ever works for you. But if this is a piece of software that more than one person will contribute to, or that will be used by people over a long enough time that requirements, features, or the environment it runs in may change, then your goal must be for your program to be maintainable. + +The first step towards writing maintainable code is making sure intent of the code is clear. + +#### Simplicity + +The next principle is obviously simplicity. Some might argue the most important principle for any programming language, perhaps the most important principle full stop. + +Why should we strive for simplicity? Why is important that Go programs be simple? + +> The ability to simplify means to eliminate the unnecessary so that the necessary may speak + +_–Hans Hofmann_ + +We’ve all been in a situation where you say “I can’t understand this code”. We’ve all worked on programs we were scared to make a change because we were worried it’ll break another part of the program; a part you don’t understand and don’t know how to fix.  + +This is complexity. Complexity turns reliable software in unreliable software. Complexity is what kills software projects. Clarity and simplicity are interlocking forces that lead to maintainable software. + +#### Productivity + +The last Go principle I want to highlight is productivity. Developer productivity boils down to this; how much time do you spend doing useful work verses waiting for your tools or hopelessly lost in a foreign code-base. Go programmers should feel that they can get a lot done with Go. + +> “I started another compilation, turned my chair around to face Robert, and started asking pointed questions. Before the compilation was done, we’d roped Ken in and had decided to do something.” + +_–Rob Pike, [Less is Exponentially more][9]_ [][9] + +The joke goes that Go was designed while waiting for a C++ program to compile. Fast compilation is a key feature of Go and a key recruiting tool to attract new developers. While compilation speed remains a constant battleground, it is fair to say that compilations which take minutes in other languages, take seconds in Go. This helps Go developers feel as productive as their counterparts working in dynamic languages without the maintenance issues inherent in those languages. + +> Design is the art of arranging code to work _today_, and be changeable  _forever._ + +_–Sandi Metz_ + +More fundamental to the question of developer productivity, Go programmers realise that code is written to be read and so place the act of reading code above the act of writing it. Go goes so far as to enforce, via tooling and custom, that all code be formatted in a specific style. This removes the friction of learning a project specific dialect and helps spot mistakes because they just look incorrect. + +Go programmers don’t spend days debugging inscrutable compile errors. They don’t waste days with complicated build scripts or deploying code to production. And most importantly they don’t spend their time trying to understand what their coworker wrote. + +> Complexity is anything that makes software hard to understand or to modify. + +_–John Ousterhout_, [A Philosophy of Software Design][10] + +Something I know about each of you reading this post is you will eventually leave your current employer. Maybe you’ll be moving on to a new role, or perhaps a promotion, perhaps you’ll move cities, or follow your partner overseas. Whatever the reason, we must all consider the succession of the maintainership of the programs we create. + +If we strive to write programs that are clear, programs that are simple, and to focus on the productivity of those working with us that will set all Go programmers in good stead. + +Because if we don’t, then as we move from job to job we’ll leave behind programs which cannot be maintained. Programs which cannot be changed. Programs which are too hard to onboard new developers, and programs which feel like career digression for those that work on them. + +If software cannot be maintained, then it will be rewritten; and that could be the last time your company invests in Go. + + 1. The `fallthrough` keyword complicates this analysis, hence the general disapproval of `fallthrough` in switch statements. + + + +#### Related posts: + + 1. [Accidental method value][11] + 2. [Unhelpful abstractions][12] + 3. [What is the zero value, and why is it useful?][13] + 4. [Let’s talk about logging][14] + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://dave.cheney.net/2019/07/09/clear-is-better-than-clever + +作者：[Dave Cheney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://dave.cheney.net/author/davecheney +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://2019.gophercon.sg/ +[2]: https://dave.cheney.net/2014/05/24/on-declaring-variables +[3]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/08/20/solid-go-design +[4]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwEuRO_w8HE +[5]: http://www.gigamonkeys.com/code-reading/ +[6]: https://medium.com/@matryer/line-of-sight-in-code-186dd7cdea88 +[7]: https://www.amazon.com/Limits-Software-People-Projects-Perspectives/dp/0201433230 +[8]: https://www.slideshare.net/bcantrill/platform-values-rust-and-the-implications-for-system-software +[9]: https://commandcenter.blogspot.com/2012/06/less-is-exponentially-more.html +[10]: https://www.amazon.com/Philosophy-Software-Design-John-Ousterhout/dp/1732102201/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1524677319&sr=8-3&keywords=john+ousterhout +[11]: https://dave.cheney.net/2014/05/19/accidental-method-value (Accidental method value) +[12]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/02/06/unhelpful-abstractions (Unhelpful abstractions) +[13]: https://dave.cheney.net/2013/01/19/what-is-the-zero-value-and-why-is-it-useful (What is the zero value, and why is it useful?) +[14]: https://dave.cheney.net/2015/11/05/lets-talk-about-logging (Let’s talk about logging) From 2078d9667aa5a74733e9d54133424fa1f7e059da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 9 Jul 2019 00:54:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0796/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190708=2010?= =?UTF-8?q?=20ways=20to=20get=20started=20with=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190708 10 ways to get started with Linux.md --- ...90708 10 ways to get started with Linux.md | 184 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 184 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190708 10 ways to get started with Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190708 10 ways to get started with Linux.md b/sources/tech/20190708 10 ways to get started with Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a01b2548de --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190708 10 ways to get started with Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (10 ways to get started with Linux) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/ways-get-started-linux) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/don-watkins) + +10 ways to get started with Linux +====== +Ready to dive in and learn Linux? Try these 10 ways to get started. +![Penguins gathered together in the Artic][1] + +The article _[What is a Linux user?][2]_ by Anderson Silva made it clear that these days people are as likely to use Linux (in some way) as they are to use Windows, as long as your definition of "using Linux" is sufficiently broad. Still, if you don't have enough Linux in your life, now is a great time to try Linux in a way you've never tried before. + +Here are 10 ways to get started with Linux. Try one or try them all. + +### 1\. Join a free shell + +![Free shell screenshot][3] + +There are a lot of people running Linux with more Linux servers than they know what to do with (keep in mind that a "Linux server" can be anything from the latest supercomputer to a discarded 12-year-old laptop). To put excess computers to good use, many administrators open their spare boxes up for free shell accounts. + +If you want to log time in a Linux terminal to learn commands, shell scripting, Python, and the basics of web development, a free shell account is an easy, no-cost way to get started. Here's a short list to try: + + * [Freeshell.de][4] is a public access Linux system that's been online since 2002. You get SSH access (to experiment in a Linux shell), IPv6, and OpenSSL, and you can request a MySQL database. + * [Blinkenshell][5] provides a Linux shell to learn Unix, use IRC, host simple websites, and share files. It's been online since 2006. + * [SDF Public Access Unix System][6] was established in 1987 to offer free NetBSD accounts. NetBSD isn't Linux, of course, but it's open source Unix, so it offers a similar experience. It also has several homebrewed applications, so it straddles the line between old-school BBS and plain-old free shell. + + + +Free shell accounts are subject to a lot of abuse, so the more you demonstrate trustworthiness and willingness to participate in the goings-on of the collective, the better your experience. You can often gain access (through a special request or a small donation to demonstrate goodwill) to database engines, compilers, and advanced programming languages. You can also ask for additional software or libraries to be installed, subject to administrator approval. + +#### How to use it + +Public access shell accounts are a great way to try out a real Linux system. The fact that you don't get root access means you get to learn local software management without having to mow your own lawn or fix leaky faucets. You can do just enough real-life activities to make them viable for getting real work done, although they're not reliable enough to be mission critical. + +### 2\. Try Linux on Windows with WSL 2 + +Believe it or not, Microsoft started shipping Linux with Windows as of June 2019, meaning you can run Linux applications from Windows as the second iteration of the [Windows Subsystem for Linux][7] (WSL 2). While it's primarily aimed at developers, Windows users will find WSL 2 to be a Linux environment from the comfort of a familiar desktop without any virtualization taking up extra resources. This is Linux running as a process on your Windows machine. At this time, it's still a new initiative and a work in progress, so it's subject to change. If you try to push it too far too soon, you're likely to encounter a bug or two, but if you're just looking to get started with Linux, learn some commands, and get a feel for getting serious work done in a text-based environment, WSL 2 may be exactly what you need. + +#### How to use it + +WSL doesn't yet have a clear pathway or purpose, but it provides a Linux environment on your Windows machine. You get root access and can run Linux distributions and applications, so it's an easy and seamless way to learn. However, even though WSL _is Linux_, it's not exactly a typical Linux experience. It's Linux provided by Windows, and that's not what you're likely to encounter in the real world. WSL is a development and educational tool, but if it's available to you, then you should use it. + +### 3\. Carry Linux on a bootable thumb drive + +![Porteus Linux][8] + +Carry Linux, installed to a USB thumb drive, everywhere you go, and boot any computer you encounter from that thumb drive. You get a personalized Linux desktop, and you don't have to worry about the data on the host computer you've booted from. The computer doesn't touch your Linux OS, and your Linux OS doesn't affect the computer. It's ideal for public computers at hotel business centers, libraries, schools, or just to give yourself an excuse to boot into Linux from time to time. + +Unlike many other quick hacks to get to a Linux shell, this method offers you a full and robust Linux system, complete with a desktop, access to whatever software you need, and persistent data storage. + +The system never changes. Any data you want to save is written into a compressed filesystem, which is then applied as an overlay to the system when you boot. This flexibility allows you to choose whether to boot in persistent mode, saving all data back to the thumb drive, or in an ephemeral mode, so everything you do disappears once you power down. In other words, you can use this as a secure kiosk on an untrusted computer or as your portable OS on computers you trust. + +There are many [thumb drive distributions][9] you can try, some with minimal desktop environments for low-powered computers and others with a full desktop. I'm partial to [Porteus][10] Linux. I've carried it on my keychain every day for the past eight years, using it as my primary computing platform during business travel as well as a utility disk if computer problems strike at work or home. It's a reliable and stable operating system that's fun and easy to use. + +On Mac or Windows, download the [Fedora Media Writer][11] to create a bootable thumb drive of whatever portable distribution you download. + +#### How to use it + +Booting a "live Linux" from a USB thumb drive provides a complete Linux distribution. While data storage is done a little differently from a system you install to a hard drive, everything else is as you'd expect from a Linux desktop. There's little you can't do on a portable Linux OS, so install one on your keychain to unlock the full potential of every computer you encounter. + +### 4\. Take an online tour + +![Linux tour screenshot][12] + +Somebody over at Ubuntu thought up the brilliant idea of hosting an Ubuntu GNOME desktop in the browser. To try it out for yourself, open a web browser and navigate to [tour.ubuntu.com][13]. You can select which activity you want demonstrated, or you can skip individual lessons and click the Show Yourself Around button. + +Even if you're new to the Linux desktop, you might find showing yourself around is more familiar than you might expect. From the online tour, you can look around, see what applications are available, and view what a typical default Linux desktop is like. You can't adjust settings or launch another tour in Firefox (it was the first thing I tried, naturally), and while you can go through the motions of installing applications, you can't launch them. But if you've never used a Linux desktop before and you want to see what all the fuss is about, this is the whirlwind tour. + +#### How to use it + +An online tour is truly just a tour. If you've never seen a Linux desktop in action, this is an opportunity to get a glimpse of what it's like. Not intended for serious work, this is an attractive display to entice passers-by. + +### 5\. Run Linux in the browser with JavaScript + +![JSLinux][14] + +Not so long ago, virtualization used to be computationally expensive, limited to users with premium hardware. Now virtualization has been optimized to the point that it can be performed by a JavaScript engine, thanks to Fabrice Bellard, the creator of the excellent and open source [QEMU][15] machine emulator and virtualizer. + +Bellard also started the JSLinux project, which allows you to run Linux and other operating systems in a browser, in his spare time for fun. It's still an experimental project, but it's a technical marvel. Open a web browser to the [JSLinux][16] page, and you can boot a text-based Linux shell or a minimal graphical Linux environment. You can upload and download files to your JSLinux host or (theoretically) send your files to a network backup location, because JSLinux has access to the internet through a VPN socket (although at capped speeds, dependent upon the VPN service). + +#### How to use it + +You won't be doing serious work on JSLinux anytime soon, and the environment is arguably too unusual to learn broad lessons about how Linux normally works. If, however, you're bored of running Linux on a plain old PC and would like to try Linux on a truly distinctive platform, JSLinux is in a class all its own. + +### 6\. Read about it + +Not every Linux experience happens on the computer. Maybe you're the sort of person who likes to keep your distance, observe, and do your research before jumping into something new, or maybe you're just not clear yet on what "Linux" encompasses, or maybe you love full immersion. There's a wealth of information to read about how Linux works, what it's like to run Linux, and what's happening in the Linux world. + +The more you get familiar with the world of open source, the easier it is to understand the common lingo and to separate urban myth from actual experience. We publish [book lists][17] from time to time, but one of my favorites is [_The Charm of Linux_][18] by Hazel Russman. It's a tour through Linux from many different angles, written by an independent author out of excitement over discovering Linux. + +#### How to use it + +Nothing beats kicking back with a good book. This is the least traditional method of experiencing Linux, but for people who love the printed word, it's both comforting and effective. + +### 7\. Get a Raspberry Pi + +![Raspberry Pi 4][19] + +If you're using a [Raspberry Pi][20], you're running Linux. It's that easy to get started with Linux and low-powered computing. The great thing about the Pi, aside from it costing well under $100, is that its [website][21] is designed for education. You can learn all about what the Pi does, and while you're at it, all about what Linux can do for you. + +#### How to use it + +The Pi is, by design, a low-powered computer. That means you can't do as much multitasking as you might be used to, but that's a convenient way to keep yourself from getting overwhelmed. The Raspberry Pi is a great way to learn Linux and all of the possibilities that come with it, and it's a fun way to discover the power of eco-friendly, small-form-factor, simplified computing. And be sure to stay tuned to Opensource.com—especially during Pi Week every March—for [tips][22] and [tricks][23] and [fun][24] [activities][25]. + +### 8\. Climb aboard the container craze + +If you work near the back end of the mythical [cloud][26], then you've heard about the container craze. While you can run Docker and Kubernetes on Windows, Azure, Mac, and Linux, you may not know that the containers themselves are Linux. Cloud computing apps and infrastructure are literally minimal Linux systems that run partly virtualized and partly on bare metal. If you launch a container, you are launching a miniature, hyper-specific Linux distribution. + +Containers are [different][27] than virtual machines or physical servers. They're not intended to be used as a general-purpose operating system. However, if you are developing in a container, you might want to pause and have a look around. You'll get a glimpse of how a Linux system is structured, where important files are kept, and which commands are the most common. You can even [try a container online][28], and you can read all about how they work in my article about going [behind the scenes with Linux containers][29]. + +#### How to use it + +Containers are, by design, specific to a single task, but they're Linux, so they're extremely flexible. You can use them as they're intended, or you can build a container out into a mostly complete system for your Linux experiments. It's not a desktop Linux experience, but it's a full Linux experience. + +### 9\. Install Linux as a VM + +Virtualization is the easy way to try an operating system, and [VirtualBox][30] is a great open source way to virtualize. VirtualBox runs on Windows and Mac, so you can install Linux as a virtual machine (VM) and use it almost as if it were just another application. If you're not accustomed to installing an operating system, VirtualBox is also a very safe way to try Linux without accidentally installing it over your usual OS. + +#### How to use it + +Running Linux as a VM is convenient and easy, either as a trial run or an alternative to dual-booting or rebooting when you need a Linux environment. It's full-featured and, because it uses virtual hardware, the host operating system drives your peripherals. The only disadvantage to running Linux as a virtual machine is primarily psychological. If you intend to use Linux as your main OS, but end up defaulting to the host OS for all but the most Linux-specific tasks, then the VM has failed you. Otherwise, a VM is a triumph of modern technology, and using Linux in VirtualBox provides you with all the best features Linux has to offer. + +### 10\. Install it + +![Fedora Silverblue][31] + +When in doubt, there's always the traditional route. If you want to give Linux the attention it deserves, you can download Linux, burn the installer to a thumb drive (or a DVD, if you prefer optical media), and install it on your computer. Linux is open source, so it can be distributed by anyone who wants to take the time to bundle Linux—and all the bits and pieces that make it usable—into what is commonly called a _distribution_ (or "distro") for short. Ask any Linux user, and you're bound to get a different answer for which distribution is "best" (mostly because the term "best" is often left undefined). Most people admit that you should use the Linux distribution that works for you, meaning that you should test a few popular distros and settle on the one that makes your computer behave as you expect it to behave. This is a pragmatic and functional approach. For example, should a distribution fail to recognize your webcam and you want your webcam to work, then use a distribution that recognizes your webcam. + +If you've never installed an operating system before, you'll find most Linux distributions include a friendly and easy installer. Just download a distribution (they are delivered as ISO files), and download the [Fedora Media Writer][11] to create a bootable installation thumb drive. + +#### How to use it + +Installing Linux and using it as an operating system is a step toward becoming familiar and familial with it. There's no wrong way to use it. You might discover must-have features you never knew you needed, you might learn more about computers than you ever imagined you could, and you may shift in your worldview. Or you might use a Linux desktop because it was easy to download and install, or because you want to cut out the middleman of some corporate overlord, or because it helps you get your work done. + +Whatever your reason, just give Linux a try with any (or all) of these options. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/ways-get-started-linux + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth/users/don-watkins +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/OSDC_Penguin_Image_520x292_12324207_0714_mm_v1a.png?itok=p7cWyQv9 (Penguins gathered together in the Artic) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-linux-user +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/freeshell.png (Free shell screenshot) +[4]: https://freeshell.de +[5]: https://blinkenshell.org/wiki/Start +[6]: https://sdf.org/ +[7]: https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/wsl-2-is-now-available-in-windows-insiders/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/porteus.jpg (Porteus Linux) +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/tiny-linux-distros-you-have-try +[10]: http://porteus.org +[11]: https://getfedora.org/en/workstation/download/ +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_tour.jpg (Linux tour screenshot) +[13]: http://tour.ubuntu.com/en/# +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/jslinux.jpg (JSLinux) +[15]: https://www.qemu.org +[16]: https://bellard.org/jslinux/ +[17]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/tech-books-new-skils +[18]: http://www.lulu.com/shop/hazel-russman/the-charm-of-linux/paperback/product-21229401.html +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberry-pi-4-case.jpg (Raspberry Pi 4) +[20]: https://opensource.com/resources/raspberry-pi +[21]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/ +[22]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/raspberry-pi-projects +[23]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/piflash +[24]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/gamepad-raspberry-pi +[25]: https://opensource.com/life/16/3/make-music-raspberry-pi-milkytracker +[26]: https://opensource.com/resources/cloud +[27]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/how-ssh-running-container +[28]: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxd/try-it/ +[29]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/behind-scenes-linux-containers +[30]: https://virtualbox.org +[31]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/fedora-silverblue.png (Fedora Silverblue) From cc0065652d28f768144f883989a996213512415e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 9 Jul 2019 00:55:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0797/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190708=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20case=20for=20making=20the=20transition=20from=20sysadmin=20t?= =?UTF-8?q?o=20DevOps=20engineer?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190708 The case for making the transition from sysadmin to DevOps engineer.md --- ...sition from sysadmin to DevOps engineer.md | 106 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 106 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190708 The case for making the transition from sysadmin to DevOps engineer.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190708 The case for making the transition from sysadmin to DevOps engineer.md b/sources/tech/20190708 The case for making the transition from sysadmin to DevOps engineer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a786b77797 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190708 The case for making the transition from sysadmin to DevOps engineer.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The case for making the transition from sysadmin to DevOps engineer) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/devops-vs-sysadmin) +[#]: author: (Taz Brown https://opensource.com/users/heronthecli) + +The case for making the transition from sysadmin to DevOps engineer +====== +There's a learning curve, but there's no time like the present to get +started. +![Different color butterflies][1] + +The year is 2019, and [DevOps][2] is the hot topic. The day of the system administrator (sysadmin) has gone the way of mainframes if you will—but really, has it? The landscape has shifted as it so often does in technology. There is now this thing called DevOps, which can’t exist without Ops. + +I considered myself on the Ops side of the aisle prior to the evolution of DevOps as we know today. As a system administrator or engineer, it feels like you are stuck in a time warp, with a small tinge of fear because what you knew and must learn varies greatly, and is now much more time-sensitive than you might have anticipated. + +![Sysadmin/DevOps workstation][3] + +Why is this situation a problem? Well, it is not so much a problem as it is a bit of a barrier, at first. Web-scale products are built on Linux and other open source software, and the market for skilled professionals to maintain them is drying up. The demand has surpassed the available pool of talent. As a system administrator, you can no longer continue to operate at your current skill level. You need automation skills to manage large server/node environments, as well as to understand how everything works so you know what’s going wrong, and when and how to heal said environments. + +The path you must follow to get to DevOps is paved with many twists and turns as you learn the new technologies and tools needed to support the ever-changing environments the new DevOps way. So what is it like, or how can one transition from the system administrator mentality and world to the way of DevOps? Not surprisingly, this process begins with your thinking. It is not easy to change the way you have been doing things the last 10 or 20 years, but it’s mandatory. + +To start, embrace the idea that DevOps is not a position, but a set of practices. These practices lead to cohesion, breaking down silos, mitigating mistakes and bugs, more frequent and timely software life cycles, better communication between Dev and Ops, and constant testing and retesting for not only the code but the whole [continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD)][4] process. + +Along with changing your mindset comes acquiring the necessary skills in order to sustain and support your infrastructure, and ensure its reliability and availability to continuously integrate and deliver applications, services, and software. + +One area that you, as an Ops person, may be lacking is programming or coding skills. The way that sysadmins script as part of automating server patching, managing user accounts and files, and troubleshooting and documenting problems, is considered somewhat antiquated. Though scripting is still used on a smaller scale today, DevOps is about large-scale implementation, testing, building, and deploying. + +When you address automation, you have to address your probable weaknesses, which can be intimidating with the evolution of DevOps and [infrastructure automation][5] requiring that you be programmatic when you are not a developer. + +What’s the solution? You have to learn at least one programming language—such as Python—in order to stay relevant and competitive. It can be hard as an Ops professional, though, to shake the feeling that programming is for developers, and while you don’t have to acquire expert programming knowledge, it’s advantageous to know how to script, whether it be in Python, Bash, or even [Powershell][6]. + +Learning some programming so you aren’t in the weeds when working with the developers on the DevOps team, or with a client as a consultant, will demand your time and attention. Whether it’s 30 minutes or an hour a day, learning this skill has to become a priority. + +While there are common tasks among sysadmins and DevOps, there are some vital differences. Some have argued that a _sysadmin_ is more focused on configuring, maintaining, and keeping servers computer systems up and that while a _DevOps_-principled engineer can do everything a _sysadmin_ does, a _sysadmin_ cannot do everything a _DevOps_-principled engineer does. + +Does this opinion hold water? + +### System administration: One is the loneliest number + +While this article discusses the differences and similarities between system administration and DevOps, my belief is that there are really no major differences between them. System administrators have always performed the functions that DevOps have; they just didn’t call it DevOps back then. I think it’s important not to differentiate things for the sake of differentiating when it’s not entirely called for at all. You have to remember that DevOps is not a job title or position as a system administrator is, but a descriptor. + +I have to mention this because it would do DevOps and system administration a disservice not to point this out: System administration, in its traditional sense, involves possessing a certain set of skills and a focus on differing infrastructures. Not a one glove fits all proposition, but there are many common functional tasks carried out by sysadmins. + +Some of the traditional sysadmin tasks include being a handyman or woman of sorts, with no specialization. You might be the only sysadmin in your organization, so you are a Jack or Jill of all trades. You do everything from maintaining the printers and copy machines to performing network-related tasks like configuring and managing routers and switches, as well as setting firewall policies and rules. + +You are also responsible for upgrading hardware, checking and analyzing logs, security auditing, patching servers, troubleshooting, performing root cause analysis, and automating—usually through PowerShell scripting, Python, or Bash scripting. One example of [scripting][7] is with user and group account management. Creating users and setting permissions can be a tedious task since users come and go almost every day. Scripting means freeing up more time for larger scale infrastructure projects like switch and server refreshes, and other revenue-generating projects, though IT is often perceived to be a cost center. + +The goal of a sysadmin is not to waste time, and to save money any and every way possible. There are also sysadmins that work as part of a larger team with, say, Linux admins, Windows admins, database admins, storage admins, and so on. You might be on a traditional follow-the-sun schedule, or maybe a traditional 9 to 5 schedule, or maybe you work in a 24-hour datacenter. + +Sysadmins have had to evolve their state of mind over the years and think more strategically, considering the business in unison with their day-to-day responsibilities. The teams and departments they work with are challenged by lack of resources while trying to constantly stay aligned with the day-to-day business parameters. + +### DevOps: Development and operations are one + +[DevOps][8] is considered to be a philosophy in which IT, operations (Ops), and development is done. This way of looking at things is arguably the biggest game-changer to IT. Under the umbrella of DevOps are a team of software developers on one side of the aisle, and a team of operations folks on the other. Huddled in the same area are likely a product management team, a QA team, and a UX design team. These teams combine strengths to streamline and stabilize operations for rolling out new apps, and update the code to support and improve the whole business. + +At the core of DevOps is the software lifecycle development process. As operations is responsible for supporting developers, developers are tasked with knowing more than just the APIs that execute on the systems and their operating systems. They must also understand what’s under the hood and running their software—the hardware and operating system(s)—so they can better handle bug issues, solve problems, and communicate with operations. + +Sysadmins have the ability to transition to a DevOps team, as long as they are willing to learn current and emerging technologies, and are open to innovative ideas and solutions. These sysadmins don’t have to be full-blown programmers if they come from a traditional operations background, but learning a programming language like Ruby, Python, or Go will help to galvanize their place on the DevOps team. While sysadmins have traditionally been more alone in their day-to-day work and often thought of as loners, this is the complete opposite experience needed for an agile team applying DevOps principles. + +The topic of automation has become more and more important. Both sysadmins and DevOps are interested in scaling quickly, reducing errors, and finding and resolving existing errors fast. So automation is a similarity among these two fields. Sysadmins are responsible for cloud services like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud Platform. They have to understand CI/CD pipelines and how to carry them out by using [Jenkins][9], for instance. + +Also, sysadmins need to use configuration and orchestration tools like [Ansible][10], which is used to deploy ten or twenty servers in parallel. The premise is [Infrastructure as Code][11]. Everything is software, and software is everything. Essentially, some rethinking is necessary if the sysadmin of the future is to remain relevant. SysAdmins come from the Ops side and have to be able to effectively work with developers and vice versa. Two heads are definitely better than one. + +One last important piece of the puzzle is [Git][12]. Git has not traditionally been a part of a sysadmin's day-to-day responsibilities. This version control management system is used heavily by software engineering teams, DevOps, development teams, agile teams, and more. If you are working within the software lifecycle development process, you will work with it. + +Git is vast. You might never learn every Git command, but you will come to understand that this tool is the nucleus of collaboration, communication, and software production. Having a fundamental knowledge of Git will be important if you are on a DevOps team. + +If you are a sysadmin, you will need to level up your Git knowledge, understand the psychology of version control, and learn those common commands like **git status**, **git commit -m**, **git add**, **git pull**, **git push**, **git rebase**, **git branch**, **git diff**, and beyond. There are plenty of online training courses and books on the subject so that you can go from a novice to a pro with some dedicated focus. There are also [Git cheat sheets][13] out there as well so you don’t have to remember every command, but the more you use Git the better for you. + +### Conclusion + +Ultimately, it's up to you whether you want to remain a sysadmin or transition to DevOps. As you can see, there's a learning curve, but there's no time like the present to get started. Pick a programming language to learn, and while you're learning it, take advantage of the chance to [learn Git][14], a CI/CD tool like [Jenkins][15], and a Configuration and IT Automation tool like [Ansible][16]. Whatever you decide, make sure to always be learning and labbing. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/devops-vs-sysadmin + +作者：[Taz Brown][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/heronthecli +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bug-insect-butterfly-diversity-inclusion.png?itok=msS3ceW4 (Different color butterflies) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/devops +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/sysadmindevopsworkstation_600px.png (Sysadmin/DevOps workstation) +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CI/CD +[5]: https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/a-devops2/index.html +[6]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/scripting/overview?view=powershell-6 +[7]: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-scripting-languages/ +[8]: https://devops.com/ +[9]: https://jenkins.io/ +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansible_(software) +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_as_code +[12]: https://git-scm.com/ +[13]: https://github.github.com/training-kit/downloads/github-git-cheat-sheet.pdf +[14]: https://opensource.com/life/16/7/stumbling-git +[15]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/getting-started-jenkins-x +[16]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/quickstart-guide-ansible From fa83e3dc80df2ea6f6c72ede80c0cda157f92644 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 9 Jul 2019 01:18:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0798/1265] PRF PART 3 --- .../20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md | 32 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md b/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md index 56d961cf6b..96ef91318e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180902 Learning BASIC Like It-s 1983.md @@ -15,50 +15,50 @@ ### 1983 -就在上周，你在电视上看到 [Commodore 64 广告][3] ，现在 M\*A\*S\*H 播完了（LCTT 译注： 这是一部上世纪 70 年代初的电视剧），在星期一晚上，你正在市场上找一些没玩过的新东西。这个 Commodore 64 甚至看起来比鲁迪（LCTT 译注：应该是拥有 Apple II 的人）的家人放在地下室的 Apple II 更好。而且，广告吹牛说新的计算机会让你的朋友们“挤破”你家的大门。你在学校里认识的几个家伙宁愿挤在你的家里，也不愿去鲁迪的家里，只要他们能在这里玩 Zork 就行。 +就在上周，你在电视上看到 [Commodore 64 广告][3] ，现在 M\*A\*S\*H 播完了（LCTT 译注： 这是一部上世纪 70 年代初的电视剧），星期一晚上你可以找到新的事情做了。这个 Commodore 64 甚至看起来比鲁迪（LCTT 译注：应该是下文中拥有 Apple II 的人）的家人放在他们家地下室的 Apple II 更好。而且，广告中吹嘘说新的计算机会让你的朋友们“挤破”你家的大门。你知道学校里的几个家伙宁愿在你家闲逛，也不愿去鲁迪的家里，只要他们能玩 Zork 就行。 -所以，你说服你的父母去买一台.你的妈妈说，她们可以考虑它，如果有一台家庭电脑，意味着你离开娱乐厅。你勉强同意。你的爸爸想，他可以开始在 MultiPlan （译注：电子表格程序）中跟踪家庭的资金。 MultiPlan 是他曾听到过的电子表格程序， 这是为什么计算机放在客厅的原因。然而，一年后，你将是唯一仍然使用它的人。你最终被允许把它放到你的卧室中的桌子上，正好在你的警察海报下面。 +所以，你得说服你的父母去买一台。你的母亲说，他们可以考虑它，只要你不去游戏厅玩街机就给你买一台家庭电脑。虽然不太情愿，但是你还是同意了。而你的父亲则想，他可以开始用 MultiPlan （LCTT 译注：电子表格程序）跟踪家庭的资金状况，MultiPlan 是他曾听说过的一个电子表格程序，这就是为什么这台计算机被放在客厅的原因。然而，一年后，你仍然是唯一使用它的人。最终，他们允许你把它搬到了你的卧室中的桌子上，正好位于你的警察海报下方。 -(你的姐姐抗议这个决定,但是，它是在1983年，并且计算机[不是给她][4]。) +（你的姐姐对这个决定表示抗议，但是，在 1983 年电脑这种东西[并不适合女孩][4]。） -父亲在从工作到回家的路上从 [ComputerLand][5] 处拿到它。你俩把盒子放置在电视机的旁边，并打开它。外包装上说“欢迎来到友好的计算机世界”。二十分钟以后，你不确信—你俩仍然试图来连接 Commodore 到电视机，并且想知道是否电视机的天线电缆是75欧姆或300欧姆同轴电缆。但是，你最终能够转到你的电视机到频道3，并看到一个粒状的，紫色的图像。 +你的父亲在下班路上从 [ComputerLand][5] 那里把它捎了回来。你俩把盒子放置在电视机的旁边，并打开它。外包装上说“欢迎来到友好的计算机世界”。而二十分钟以后你就不再信这句话了 —— 你俩仍然在尝试把 Commodore 连接到电视机上，并在想电视机的天线电缆是 75 欧姆还是 300 欧姆的同轴电缆。但是，最终你把电视机调到了频道 3，看到了一个颗粒状的、紫色的图像。 ![Commodore 64 启动屏幕][6] -计算机报告，`READY`。你的爸爸把计算机推向你，标志着你应该第一个人来给它一个尝试。你小心翼翼地敲击每个字母，键入，`HELLO`。计算机的回应是令人困惑的。 +计算机显示了一个 `READY`。你的爸爸把计算机推向了你，这意思是你是第一个尝试它的人。你小心翼翼地敲击每个字母，键入了 `HELLO`。然而计算机的回应是令人困惑的。 ![Commodore 64 语法错误][7] -你尝试输入一些很少变化的不同的单词，但是回应总是相同的。你的爸爸说，你最好通读手册的剩余部分。这可能不意味着是秘籍—[随 Commodore 64 一起提供的手册][8] 是一小本书。但是这不会困住你，因为手册的引进是奇迹的预兆。 +你尝试输入一些稍有不同的单词，但是回应总是一样的。你父亲说，你最好仔细读一下手册的其它部分。这绝非易事，[随 Commodore 64 一起提供的手册][8] 是一本小书。但是这不会困住你，因为手册的介绍预兆着奇迹。 -Commodore 64，它声称，有“微型计算机工业中最高级的图画制作器”，能允许“设计你拥有四种不同颜色的图画，就像你在看到的街机电子游戏”。Commodore 64 也有“内置的音乐和声音效果，比得上很多著名的语言音响合成器”。所有的这些工具将被放到你的手上，因为手册将陪伴你贯穿它全部： +它声称，Commodore 64 有“微型计算机行业中最先进的图画制作器”，能允许“你设计拥有四种不同颜色的图画，就像你在街机视频游戏里看到的一样”。Commodore 64 也有“内置的音乐和声音效果，可以和很多著名的音乐合成器相媲美”。所有的这些工具都置身于你的手边，手册会引导你完成所有这些： -> 正像与所有可用的硬件重要一样，这本用户的指南将帮助你详尽阐述你的计算机的理解。它不会在这里告诉你有必要知道的关于计算机的任何事，但是它将谈及你到一个关于涉及的主题的详细情报方面的种类繁多的出版物。Commodore 希望你来真正地享受你的新 COMMODORE 64 。并且来玩得开心，记住：编程不是你能在一天内就学会的一种东西。你自己要有耐心，因为你将翻阅用户指南。 +> 与所有提供的硬件一样重要的是，这本用户指南将提高你对计算机的理解。它不能在这里告诉你有关计算机的所有信息，但是它会向你推荐各种出版物，以获取有关所提出主题的更多详细信息。Commodore 希望你真正喜欢你的新 COMMODORE 64。要想真正得到乐趣，请记住：编程不是一天就能学会的一种东西。通读这个用户指南你要有耐心。 -那一夜，在床上，你通读整个前三个章节—“安装”，“入门”，和“开始 BASIC 编程”—在最终抵挡不住睡意前，手册被交叉放在胸前。 +那一夜，你在床上通读了整个前三个章节：“安装”、“入门”和“开始 BASIC 编程”，在最终睡着时，手册打开着放在了胸前。 ### Commodore BASIC -现在是星期六早上，你急于尝试你已经学到的什么。手册教你如何做的第一件事是更改在显示器上的颜色。你仿效指令，按下 `CTRL-9` 来进入相反的情况的类型模式，然后拖住空格键来创建长行。你可以使用 `CTRL-1` 到 `CTRL-8` 在不同的颜色之间交换，在电视机屏幕上陶醉于你的突然的新的力量。 +现在是星期六早上，你渴望尝试你所学到的东西。手册教给你的第一件事是如何更改在显示器上的颜色。你按照操作说明，按下 `CTRL-9` 来进入反向输入模式，然后按住空格键来创建一个长长的行。你可以使用 `CTRL-1` 到 `CTRL-8` 在不同的颜色之间交换，让你的电视机屏幕焕发出新的力量。 ![Commodore 64 颜色带][9] -尽管这很酷，你意识到它不算为编程。为了编程计算机，你昨晚已经学到，你必须以一种称为 BASIC 的语言与计算机交谈。对于你，BASIC 看起来像星球大战外的一些东西，但是，到1983年，BASIC 大约二十年了。它由两位达特茅斯教授，John Kemeny 和 Tom Kurtz 发明，他们想让社会科学和人文科学中的本科生可访问计算机。它在微型计算机上是普遍地可用的，并流行在大学数学课中。在比尔盖茨和保罗艾伦为 Altair 编写 MicroSoft BASIC 解释器后，在微型计算机上变成标准。但是手册没有任何解释这个，并且你很多年不会学到它。 +尽管这很酷，但你觉得这不算是编程。要对计算机编程机，你昨晚已经学会了如何做，你必须以一种称为 BASIC 的语言与计算机交谈。对你来说，BASIC 看起来就像星球大战中的东西一样科幻，但是，在 1983 年的时候，其实 BASIC 已经快二十岁了。它是由两位达特茅斯教授 John Kemeny 和 Tom Kurtz 发明的，他们想让社会科学和人文科学中的本科生也可以使用计算机。它广泛使用在微型计算机上，在大学的数学课上很受欢迎。在比尔盖茨和保罗艾伦为 Altair 编写了微软 BASIC 解释器后，它就成为了微型计算机上的标准。但是手册对此没有任何解释，很多年你都没有学会它。 -手册建议你尝试中的第一个 BASIC 命令是 `PRINT` 命令。你慢慢地键入 `PRINT "COMMODORE 64"`，因为你花费一点时间来在`2`按键上面找到引号符号。你单击 `RETURN` ，这一次，并不是抱怨，计算机准确地做你告诉它去做的事，并在下一行中显示 “COMMODORE 64” 。 +手册中建议你尝试的第一个 BASIC 命令是 `PRINT` 命令。你输入了 `PRINT "COMMODORE 64"`，很慢，因为你需要花费一点时间才能在按键 `2` 上面找到引号符号。你单击 `RETURN`，这一次，计算机没有抱怨，完全是按照你告诉它做的，在下一行中显示了 “COMMODORE 64” 。 -现在你尝试在各种各样不同的东西上使用 `PRINT` 命令：两个数字加在一起，两个数字乘在一起，甚至几个十进制数字。你停止输入 `PRINT` ，并使用 `?` 代替，因为手册已经正式告知你 `?` 是 `PRINT` 的一个缩写，通常被专业程序员使用。你感觉已经像一个专家，不过你想起你还没有看“开始 BASIC 编程”的三个章节。 +现在你尝试对各种不同的东西上使用 `PRINT` 命令：两个数字加在一起，两个数字乘在一起，甚至几个十进制数字。你不再输入 `PRINT` ，而是使用 `?` 代替，因为手册中告知你 `?` 是 `PRINT` 的一个缩写，通常专业程序员这么使用。你感觉自己已经像是一个专家了，不过你想起你还没有看第三章“开始 BASIC 编程”。 -你不久达到目的。该章节开始催促你来写你的第一个真正的 BASIC 程序。你输入 `NEW` 并单击 `RETURN`，这给你一个干净黑板（slate）。然后你在其中输入你的程序： +你很快就开始阅读了。该章节提示你编写你的第一个真正的 BASIC 程序。你输入 `NEW` 并单击 `RETURN`，它给了你一个干净的黑板slate。然后你在其中输入你的程序： ``` 10 ?"COMMODORE 64" 20 GOTO 10 ``` -手册解释,10和20是行号。它们为计算机排序语句。它们也允许程序员来引用在某系命令中程序的其它行，正像你已经完成的 `GOTO` 命令， 它监督程序回到行10。“它是好的编程惯例”，手册认为，“以10的增量来编号行—以备你以后需要插入一些语句”。 +手册里解释说 10 和 20 是行号。它们为计算机排序了语句。它们也允许程序员在某些命令中引用程序的其它行，正像你在这里使用的 `GOTO` 命令一样，它将程序回指回到行 10。“这是一个很好的编程习惯”，手册认为，“以 10 的增量来编号行，可以防止你以后需要插入一些语句”。 -你输入 `RUN` ，并盯着用“COMMODORE 64”堵塞的屏幕 ，重复的一遍又一遍。 +你输入 `RUN`，并凝视充满了“COMMODORE 64”的屏幕，它一遍又一遍的重复。 ![Commodore 64 显示反复打印 "Commodore 64" 的结果][10] From 4e6092d3b5c739bf8db8861242aefdeff54c2c16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Beini Gu Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 13:42:21 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 0799/1265] Update 20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md --- .../tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md b/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md index 6652a67875..4d46fef81f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190510 Learn to change history with git rebase.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Translating by Scoutydren.... [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (Scoutydren) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From eca989fd101177832de12eaa7adfb1eb56faf3b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 9 Jul 2019 08:52:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0800/1265] translated --- ...te at the Linux command line with xclip.md | 99 ------------------- ...te at the Linux command line with xclip.md | 99 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md b/sources/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md deleted file mode 100644 index f13bfe6479..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,99 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/xclip) -[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt) - -Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip -====== -Learn how to get started with the Linux xclip utility. -![Green paperclips][1] - -How do you usually copy all or part of a text file when working on the Linux desktop? Chances are you open the file in a text editor, select all or just the text you want to copy, and paste it somewhere else. - -That works. But you can do the job a bit more efficiently at the command line using the [xclip][2] utility. xclip provides a conduit between commands you run in a terminal window and the clipboard in a Linux graphical desktop environment. - -### Installing xclip - -xclip isn't standard kit with many Linux distributions. To see if it's installed on your computer, open a terminal window and type **which xclip**. If that command returns output like _/usr/bin/xclip_, then you're ready to go. Otherwise, you need to install xclip. - -To do that, use your distribution's package manager. Or, if you're adventurous, [grab the source code][2] from GitHub and compile it yourself. - -### Doing the basics - -Let's say you want to copy the contents of a file to the clipboard. There are two ways to do that with xclip. Type either: - - -``` -`xclip file_name` -``` - -or - - -``` -`xclip -sel clip file_name` -``` - -What's the difference between the two commands (aside from the second one being longer)? The first command works if you use the middle button on the mouse to paste text. However, not everyone does. Many people are conditioned to use a right-click menu or to press Ctrl+V to paste text. If you're one of those people (I am!), using the **-sel clip** option ensures you can paste what you want to paste. - -### Using xclip with other applications - -Copying the contents of a file directly to the clipboard is a neat parlor trick. Chances are, you won't be doing that very often. There are other ways you can use xclip, and those involve pairing it with another command-line application. - -That pairing is done with a _pipe_ (|). The pipe redirects the output of one command line application to another. Doing that opens several possibilities. Let's take a look at three of them. - -Say you're a system administrator and you need to copy the last 30 lines of a log file into a bug report. Opening the file in a text editor, scrolling down to the end, and copying and pasting is a bit of work. Why not use xclip and the [tail][3] utility to quickly and easily do the deed? Run this command to copy those last 30 lines: - - -``` -`tail -n 30 logfile.log | xclip -sel clip` -``` - -Quite a bit of my writing goes into some content management system (CMS) or another for publishing on the web. However, I never use a CMS's WYSIWYG editor to write—I write offline in [plain text][4] formatted with [Markdown][5]. That said, many of those editors have an HTML mode. By using this command, I can convert a Markdown-formatted file to HTML using [Pandoc][6] and copy it to the clipboard in one fell swoop: - - -``` -`pandoc -t html file.md | xclip -sel clip` -``` - -From there, I paste away. - -Two of my websites are hosted using [GitLab Pages][7]. I generate the HTTPS certificates for those sites using a tool called [Certbot][8], and I need to copy the certificate for each site to GitLab whenever I renew it. Combining the [cat][9] command and xclip is faster and more efficient than using an editor. For example: - - -``` -`cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/website/fullchain.pem | xclip -sel clip` -``` - -Is that all you can do with xclip? Definitely not. I'm sure you can find more uses to fit your needs. - -### Final thoughts - -Not everyone will use xclip. That's fine. It is, however, one of those little utilities that really comes in handy when you need it. And, as I've discovered on a few occasions, you don't know when you'll need it. When that time comes, you'll be glad xclip is there. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/xclip - -作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/life_paperclips.png?itok=j48op49T (Green paperclips) -[2]: https://github.com/astrand/xclip -[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_(Unix) -[4]: https://plaintextproject.online -[5]: https://gumroad.com/l/learnmarkdown -[6]: https://pandoc.org -[7]: https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/project/pages/ -[8]: https://certbot.eff.org/ -[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_(Unix) diff --git a/translated/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md b/translated/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e96ab6311a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20190705 Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Copy and paste at the Linux command line with xclip) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/xclip) +[#]: author: (Scott Nesbitt https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt) + +使用 xclip 在 Linux 命令行中复制粘贴 +====== +了解如何在 Linux 中使用 xclip。 +![Green paperclips][1] + +在使用 Linux 桌面工作时，你通常如何复制全部或部分文本？你可能会在文本编辑器中打开文件，选择全部或仅选择要复制的文本，然后将其粘贴到其他位置。 + +这样没问题。但是你可以使用 [xclip][2] 在命令行中更有效地完成工作。xclip 提供了在终端窗口中运行的命令与 Linux 图形桌面环境中的剪贴板之间的管道。 + +### 安装 xclip + +xclip 并不是许多 Linux 发行版的标准套件。要查看它是否已安装在你的计算机上，请打开终端窗口并输入 **which xclip**。如果该命令返回像 _/usr/bin/xclip_ 这样的输出，那么你可以开始使用了。否则，你需要安装 xclip。 + +为此，请使用你的发行版的包管理器。如果你喜欢冒险，你可以[从 GitHub 获取源代码][2]并自己编译。 + +### 基础使用 + +假设你要将文件的内容复制到剪贴板。在 xclip 中可以使用两种方法。输入： + + +``` +`xclip file_name` +``` + +或者 + + +``` +`xclip -sel clip file_name` +``` + +两个命令之间有什么区别（除了第二个命令更长）？第一个命令在你如果使用鼠标中键粘贴的情况下有效。但是，不是每个人都这样做。许多人习惯使用右键单击菜单或按 Ctrl+V 粘贴文本。如果你时其中之一（我就是！），使用 **-sel clip** 选项可确保你可以粘贴要粘贴的内容。 + +### 将 xclip 与其他应用一起使用 + +将文件内容直接复制到剪贴板是个巧妙的技巧。很可能你不会经常这样做。还有其他方法可以使用 xclip，其中包括将其与另一个命令行程序结合。 + +结合是用_管道_（|）完成的。管道将一个命令行程序的输出重定向到另一个命令行程序。这样我们就会有更多的可能性，我们来看看其中的三个。 + +假设你是系统管理员，你需要将日志文件的最后 30 行复制到 bug 报告中。在文本编辑器中打开文件，向下滚动到最后，复制和粘贴有一点工作量。为什么不使用 xclip 和 [tail][3] 来快速轻松地完成？运行此命令以复制最后 30 行： + + +``` +`tail -n 30 logfile.log | xclip -sel clip` +``` + +我的写作有相当一部分用于内容管理系统 （CMS） 或者在其他网络中发布。但是，我从不使用 CMS 的 WYSIWYG 编辑器来编写 - 我离线采用 [Markdown][5] 格式编写[纯文本][4]。也就是说，许多编辑器都有 HTML 模式。通过使用此命令，我可以使用 [Pandoc][6] 将 Markdown 格式的文件转换为 HTML 并将其一次性复制到剪贴板： + + +``` +`pandoc -t html file.md | xclip -sel clip` +``` + +在其他地方，我粘贴完成。 + +我的两个网站使用 [GitLab Pages][7 ]托管。我使用名为 [Certbot][8] 的工具为这些站点生成 HTTPS 证书，每当我更新它时，我需要将每个站点的证书复制到 GitLab。结合 [cat][9] 命令和 xclip 比使用编辑器更快，更有效。例如： + + +``` +`cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/website/fullchain.pem | xclip -sel clip` +``` + +这就是全部可以用 xclip 做的事么？当然不是。我相信你可以找到更多用途来满足你的需求。 + +### 最后总结 + +不是每个人都会使用 xclip。没关系。然而，它是一个在你需要它时非常方便的一个小工具。而且，正如我几次发现的那样，你不知道什么时候需要它。等到时候，你会很高兴 xclip 在那里。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/xclip + +作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/life_paperclips.png?itok=j48op49T (Green paperclips) +[2]: https://github.com/astrand/xclip +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_(Unix) +[4]: https://plaintextproject.online +[5]: https://gumroad.com/l/learnmarkdown +[6]: https://pandoc.org +[7]: https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/project/pages/ +[8]: https://certbot.eff.org/ +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_(Unix) From 588a8bdda993c8e0cc121238ecc01fd12b163780 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 9 Jul 2019 09:04:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0801/1265] translating --- ...ormance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20190708 Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md b/sources/tech/20190708 Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md index be3aa49c65..0fa5882385 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20190708 Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md +++ b/sources/tech/20190708 Linux Games Get A Performance Boost for AMD GPUs Thanks to Valve-s New Compiler.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 9569c73a488ec9fa6ac0a3d81601ded7ba2b738f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Jul 2019 09:57:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0802/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190630=20Data?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Still=20Dominates?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20190630 Data Still Dominates.md --- sources/talk/20190630 Data Still Dominates.md | 100 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 100 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20190630 Data Still Dominates.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190630 Data Still Dominates.md b/sources/talk/20190630 Data Still Dominates.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e9a86acf68 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20190630 Data Still Dominates.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Data Still Dominates) +[#]: via: (https://theartofmachinery.com/2019/06/30/data_still_dominates.html) +[#]: author: (Simon Arneaud https://theartofmachinery.com) + +Data Still Dominates +====== + +Here’s [a quote from Linus Torvalds in 2006][1]: + +> I’m a huge proponent of designing your code around the data, rather than the other way around, and I think it’s one of the reasons git has been fairly successful… I will, in fact, claim that the difference between a bad programmer and a good one is whether he considers his code or his data structures more important. Bad programmers worry about the code. Good programmers worry about data structures and their relationships. + +Which sounds a lot like [Eric Raymond’s “Rule of Representation” from 2003][2]: + +> Fold knowledge into data, so program logic can be stupid and robust. + +Which was just his summary of ideas like [this one from Rob Pike in 1989][3]: + +> Data dominates. If you’ve chosen the right data structures and organized things well, the algorithms will almost always be self-evident. Data structures, not algorithms, are central to programming. + +Which cites [Fred Brooks from 1975][4]: + +> ### Representation is the Essence of Programming +> +> Beyond craftmanship lies invention, and it is here that lean, spare, fast programs are born. Almost always these are the result of strategic breakthrough rather than tactical cleverness. Sometimes the strategic breakthrough will be a new algorithm, such as the Cooley-Tukey Fast Fourier Transform or the substitution of an n log n sort for an n2 set of comparisons. +> +> Much more often, strategic breakthrough will come from redoing the representation of the data or tables. This is where the heart of your program lies. Show me your flowcharts and conceal your tables, and I shall be continued to be mystified. Show me your tables, and I won’t usually need your flowcharts; they’ll be obvious. + +So, smart people have been saying this again and again for nearly half a century: focus on the data first. But sometimes it feels like the most famous piece of smart programming advice that everyone forgets. + +Let me give some real examples. + +### The Highly Scalable System that Couldn’t + +This system was designed from the start to handle CPU-intensive loads with incredible scalability. Nothing was synchronous. Everything was done with callbacks, task queues and worker pools. + +But there were two problems: The first was that the “CPU-intensive load” turned out not to be that CPU-intensive after all — a single task took a few milliseconds at worst. So most of the architecture was doing more harm than good. The second problem was that although it sounded like a highly scalable distributed system, it wasn’t one — it only ran on one machine. Why? Because all communication between asynchronous components was done using files on the local filesystem, which was now the bottleneck for any scaling. The original design didn’t say much about data at all, except to advocate local files in the name of “simplicity”. Most of the document was about all the extra architecture that was “obviously” needed to handle the “CPU-intensiveness” of the load. + +### The Service-Oriented Architecture that was Still Data-Oriented + +This system followed a microservices design, made up of single-purpose apps with REST-style APIs. One component was a database that stored documents (basically responses to standard forms, and other electronic paperwork). Naturally it exposed an API for basic storage and retrieval, but pretty quickly there was a need for more complex search functionality. The designers felt that adding this search functionality to the existing document API would have gone against the principles of microservices design. They could talk about “search” as being a different kind of service from “get/put”, so their architecture shouldn’t couple them together. Besides, the tool they were planning to use for search indexing was separate from the database itself, so creating a new service made sense for implementation, too. + +In the end, a search API was created containing a search index that was essentially a duplicate of the data in the main database. This data was being updated dynamically, so any component that mutated document data through the main database API had to also update the search API. It’s impossible to do this with REST APIs without race conditions, so the two sets of data kept going out of sync every now and then, anyway. + +Despite what the architecture diagram promised, the two APIs were tightly coupled through their data dependencies. Later on it was recognised that the search index should be an implementation detail of a unified document service, and this made the system much more maintainable. “Do one thing” works at the data level, not the verb level. + +### The Fantastically Modular and Configurable Ball of Mud + +This system was a kind of automated deployment pipeline. The original designers wanted to make a tool that was flexible enough to solve deployment problems across the company. It was written as a set of pluggable components, with a configuration file system that not only configured the components, but acted as a [DSL][5] for programming how the components fitted into the pipeline. + +Fast forward a few years and it’s turned into “that program”. There was a long list of known bugs that no one was ever fixing. No one wanted to touch the code out of fear of breaking things. No one used any of the flexibility of the DSL. Everyone who used the program copy-pasted the same known-working configuration that everyone else used. + +What had gone wrong? Although the original design document used words like “modular”, “decoupled”, “extensible” and “configurable” a lot, it never said anything about data. So, data dependencies between components ended up being handled in an ad-hoc way using a globally shared blob of JSON. Over time, components made more and more undocumented assumptions about what was in or not in the JSON blob. Sure, the DSL allowed rearranging components into any order, but most configurations didn’t work. + +### Lessons + +I chose these three examples because they’re easy to explain, not to pick on others. I once tried to build a website, and failed trying to instead build some cringe-worthy XML database that didn’t even solve the data problems I had. Then there’s the project that turned into a broken mockery of half the functionality of `make`, again because I didn’t think about what I really needed. I wrote a post before based on a time I wrote [a castle-in-the-sky OOP class hierarchy that should have been encoded in data instead][6]. + +Update: + +Apparently many people still thought I wrote this to make fun of others. People who’ve actually worked with me will know I’m much more interested in the things I’m fixing than in blaming the people who did most of the work building them, but, okay, here’s what I think of the engineers involved. + +Honestly, the first example obviously happened because the designer was more interested in bringing a science project to work than in solving the problem at hand. Most of us have done that (mea culpa), but it’s really annoying to our colleagues who’ll probably have to help maintain them when we’re bored of them. If this sounds like you, please don’t get offended; please just stop. (I’d still rather work on the single-node distributed system than anything built around my “XML database”.) + +There’s nothing personal in the second example. Sometimes it feels like everyone is talking about how wonderful it is to split up services, but no one is talking about exactly when not to. People are learning the hard way all the time. + +The third example was actually from some of the smartest people I’ve ever had the chance to work with. + +(End update.) + +“Does this talk about the problems created by data?” turns out to be a pretty useful litmus test for good systems design. It’s also pretty handy for detecting false expert advice. The hard, messy systems design problems are data problems, so false experts love to ignore them. They’ll show you a wonderfully beautiful architecture, but without talking about what kind of data it’s appropriate for, and (crucially) what kind of data it isn’t. + +For example, a false expert might tell you that you should use a pub/sub system because pub/sub systems are loosely coupled, and loosely coupled components are more maintainable. That sounds nice and results in pretty diagrams, but it’s backwards thinking. Pub/sub doesn’t _make_ your components loosely coupled; pub/sub _is_ loosely coupled, which may or may not match your data needs. + +On the flip side, a well-designed data-oriented architecture goes a long way. Functional programming, service meshes, RPCs, design patterns, event loops, whatever, all have their merits, but personally I’ve seen tools like [boring old databases][7] be responsible for a lot more successfully shipped software. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://theartofmachinery.com/2019/06/30/data_still_dominates.html + +作者：[Simon Arneaud][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://theartofmachinery.com +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://lwn.net/Articles/193245/ +[2]: http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ch01s06.html +[3]: http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/pikestyle +[4]: https://archive.org/stream/mythicalmanmonth00fred/mythicalmanmonth00fred_djvu.txt +[5]: https://martinfowler.com/books/dsl.html +[6]: https://theartofmachinery.com/2016/06/21/code_vs_data.html +[7]: https://theartofmachinery.com/2017/10/28/rdbs_considered_useful.html From 6ba7de6c34bbf0d40fe1485184d04fb353038058 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darksun Date: Tue, 9 Jul 2019 10:00:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 0803/1265] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98:=2020190625=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20cost=20of=20JavaScript=20in=202019=20=C2=B7=20V8?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20190625 The cost of JavaScript in 2019 - V8.md --- ...625 The cost of JavaScript in 2019 - V8.md | 178 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 178 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20190625 The cost of JavaScript in 2019 - V8.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20190625 The cost of JavaScript in 2019 - V8.md b/sources/tech/20190625 The cost of JavaScript in 2019 - V8.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e21eefd5ad --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20190625 The cost of JavaScript in 2019 - V8.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The cost of JavaScript in 2019 · V8) +[#]: via: (https://v8.dev/blog/cost-of-javascript-2019) +[#]: author: (Addy Osmani https://twitter.com/addyosmani) + +The cost of JavaScript in 2019 · V8 +====== +**Note:** If you prefer watching a presentation over reading articles, then enjoy the video below! If not, skip the video and read on. + +[“The cost of JavaScript”][1] as presented by Addy Osmani at #PerfMatters Conference 2019. + +One large change to [the cost of JavaScript][2] over the last few years has been an improvement in how fast browsers can parse and compile script. **In 2019, the dominant costs of processing scripts are now download and CPU execution time.** + +User interaction can be delayed if the browser’s main thread is busy executing JavaScript, so optimizing bottlenecks with script execution time and network can be impactful. + +### Actionable high-level guidance # + +What does this mean for web developers? Parse & compile costs are **no longer as slow** as we once thought. The three things to focus on for JavaScript bundles are: + + * **Improve download time** + * Keep your JavaScript bundles small, especially for mobile devices. Small bundles improve download speeds, lower memory usage, and reduce CPU costs. + * Avoid having just a single large bundle; if a bundle exceeds ~50–100 kB, split it up into separate smaller bundles. (With HTTP/2 multiplexing, multiple request and response messages can be in flight at the same time, reducing the overhead of additional requests.) + * On mobile you’ll want to ship much less especially because of network speeds, but also to keep plain memory usage low. + * **Improve execution time** + * Avoid [Long Tasks][3] that can keep the main thread busy and can push out how soon pages are interactive. Post-download, script execution time is now a dominant cost. + * **Avoid large inline scripts** (as they’re still parsed and compiled on the main thread). A good rule of thumb is: if the script is over 1 kB, avoid inlining it (also because 1 kB is when [code caching][4] kicks in for external scripts). + + + +### Why does download and execution time matter? # + +Why is it important to optimize download and execution times? Download times are critical for low-end networks. Despite the growth in 4G (and even 5G) across the world, our [effective connection types][5] remain inconsistent with many of us running into speeds that feel like 3G (or worse) when we’re on the go. + +JavaScript execution time is important for phones with slow CPUs. Due to differences in CPU, GPU, and thermal throttling, there are huge disparities between the performance of high-end and low-end phones. This matters for the performance of JavaScript, as execution is CPU-bound. + +In fact, of the total time a page spends loading in a browser like Chrome, anywhere up to 30% of that time can be spent in JavaScript execution. Below is a page load from a site with a pretty typical workload (Reddit.com) on a high-end desktop machine:![][6]JavaScript processing represents 10–30% of time spent in V8 during page load. + +On mobile, it takes 3–4× longer for a median phone (Moto G4) to execute Reddit’s JavaScript compared to a high-end device (Pixel 3), and over 6× as long on a low-end device (the <$100 Alcatel 1X):![][7]The cost of Reddit’s JavaScript across a few different device classes (low-end, average, and high-end) + +**Note:** Reddit has different experiences for desktop and mobile web, and so the MacBook Pro results cannot be compared to the other results. + +When you’re trying to optimize JavaScript execution time, keep an eye out for [Long Tasks][8] that might be monopolizing the UI thread for long periods of time. These can block critical tasks from executing even if the page looks visually ready. Break these up into smaller tasks. By splitting up your code and prioritizing the order in which it is loaded, you can get pages interactive faster and hopefully have lower input latency.![][9]Long tasks monopolize the main thread. You should break them up. + +### What has V8 done to improve parse/compile? # + +Raw JavaScript parsing speed in V8 has increased 2× since Chrome 60. At the same time, raw parse (and compile) cost has become less visible/important due to other optimization work in Chrome that parallelizes it. + +V8 has reduced the amount of parsing and compilation work on the main thread by an average of 40% (e.g. 46% on Facebook, 62% on Pinterest) with the highest improvement being 81% (YouTube), by parsing and compiling on a worker thread. This is in addition to the existing off-main-thread streaming parse/compile.![][10]V8 parse times across different versions + +We can also visualize the CPU time impact of these changes across different versions of V8 across Chrome releases. In the same amount of time it took Chrome 61 to parse Facebook’s JS, Chrome 75 can now parse both Facebook’s JS AND 6 times Twitter’s JS.![][11]In the time it took Chrome 61 to parse Facebook’s JS, Chrome 75 can now parse both Facebook’s JS and 6 times Twitter’s JS. + +Let’s dive into how these changes were unlocked. In short, script resources can be streaming-parsed and-compiled on a worker thread, meaning: + + * V8 can parse+compile JavaScript without blocking the main thread. + * Streaming starts once the full HTML parser encounters a `