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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../intro/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 简介</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../intro/hardware.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 硬件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../intro/no-std.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> no_std</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../intro/tooling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 工具</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../intro/install.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 安装</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../intro/install/linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.1.</strong> Linux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../intro/install/macos.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.2.</strong> MacOS</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../intro/install/windows.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.3.</strong> Windows</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../intro/install/verify.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.4.</strong> 验证安装</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../start/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../start/qemu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> QEMU</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../start/hardware.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 硬件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../start/registers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 内存映射寄存器</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../start/semihosting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 半主机</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../start/panicking.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 恐慌</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../start/exceptions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 异常</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../start/interrupts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 中断</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../start/io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> IO</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../peripherals/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 外设</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../peripherals/a-first-attempt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 初试Rust</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../peripherals/borrowck.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 借用检查器</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../peripherals/singletons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 单例</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../static-guarantees/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 静态保证</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../static-guarantees/typestate-programming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 类型状态机编程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../static-guarantees/state-machines.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 外设作为状态机</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../static-guarantees/design-contracts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> 设计合约</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../static-guarantees/zero-cost-abstractions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 零成本抽象</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../portability/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 可移植性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concurrency/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 并发</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../collections/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 容器</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../c-tips/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 嵌入式C开发人员的技巧</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interoperability/index.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 互操作性</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interoperability/c-with-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> Rust中使用C代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interoperability/rust-with-c.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> C中使用Rust代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../unsorted/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 其他主题</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../unsorted/speed-vs-size.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 优化：速度大小的权衡</a></li><li class="spacer"></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../appendix/glossary.html">Appendix A: Glossary</a></li></ol>
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<h1><a class="header" href="#互操作性" id="互操作性">互操作性</a></h1>
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<p>Rust与C代码之间的互操作性始终取决于两种语言之间的数据转换。为此，在<code>stdlib</code>中有两个专用模块称为<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/index.html"><code>std::ffi</code></a>和<a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/raw/index.html"><code>std::os::raw</code></a>。</p>
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<p><code>std::os::raw</code>处理可以由编译器隐式转换的低级基本类型，因为Rust和C之间的内存布局足够相似或相同。</p>
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<p><code>std::ffi</code> 提供了一些实用程序，用于转换更复杂的类型(例如字符串)，将<code>&str</code>和<code>String</code>都映射到更易于处理和更安全的C类型。</p>
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<p>这两个模块都不在<code>core</code>中，但您可以在<a href="https://crates.io/crates/cstr_core"><code>cstr_core</code></a>crate中找到支持<code>#![no_std]</code>的<code>std::ffi::{CStr,CString}</code>，<code>std::os::raw</code>中的大多数类型可以在<a href="https://crates.io/crates/cty"><code>cty</code></a> crate中找到。</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>Rust类型</th><th>中间类型</th><th>C类型</th></tr></thead><tbody>
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<tr><td>String</td><td>CString</td><td>*char</td></tr>
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<tr><td>&str</td><td>CStr</td><td>*const char</td></tr>
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<tr><td>()</td><td>c_void</td><td>void</td></tr>
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<tr><td>u32 or u64</td><td>c_uint</td><td>unsigned int</td></tr>
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<tr><td>etc</td><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr>
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<p>如上所述，基本类型可以由编译器隐式转换。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-rust ignore">unsafe fn foo(num: u32) {
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let c_num: c_uint = num;
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let r_num: u32 = c_num;
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}
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</code></pre>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#与其他构建系统的互操作性" id="与其他构建系统的互操作性">与其他构建系统的互操作性</a></h2>
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<p>嵌入式项目中经常会碰到需要Cargo与现有的构建系统(例如make或cmake)结合的情况。</p>
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<p><a href="https%EF%BC%9A//github.com/rust-embedded/book/issues/61">问题# 61</a>上有我们收集的示例。</p>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#与rtos的互操作性" id="与rtos的互操作性">与RTOS的互操作性</a></h2>
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<p>将Rust与FreeRTOS或ChibiOS等RTOS集成仍在进行中。特别是从Rust调用RTOS函数可能很棘手。</p>
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<p><a href="https%EF%BC%9A//github.com/rust-embedded/book/issues/62">问题# 62</a>上有我们收集的示例。</p>
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