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20180611 How to partition a disk in Linux-translated
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translating by amwps290
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How to partition a disk in Linux
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======
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Creating and deleting partitions in Linux is a regular practice because storage devices (such as hard drives and USB drives) must be structured in some way before they can be used. In most cases, large storage devices are divided into separate sections called partitions. Partitioning also allows you to divide your hard drive into isolated sections, where each section behaves as its own hard drive. Partitioning is particularly useful if you run multiple operating systems.
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There are lots of powerful tools for creating, removing, and otherwise manipulating disk partitions in Linux. In this article, I'll explain how to use the `parted` command, which is particularly useful with large disk devices and many disk partitions. Differences between `parted` and the more common `fdisk` and `cfdisk` commands include:
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* **GPT format:** The `parted` command can create a Globally Unique Identifiers Partition Table [GPT][1]), while `fdisk` and `cfdisk` are limited to DOS partition tables.
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* **Larger disks:** A DOS partition table can format up to 2TB of disk space, although up to 16TB is possible in some cases. However, a GPT partition table can address up to 8ZiB of space.
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* **More partitions:** Using primary and extended partitions, DOS partition tables allow only 16 partitions. With GPT, you get up to 128 partitions by default and can choose to have many more.
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* **Reliability:** Only one copy of the partition table is stored in a DOS partition. GPT keeps two copies of the partition table (at the beginning and the end of the disk). The GPT also uses a [CRC][2] checksum to check the partition table integrity, which is not done with DOS partitions.
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With today's larger disks and the need for more flexibility in working with them, using `parted` to work with disk partitions is recommended. Most of the time, disk partition tables are created as part of the operating system installation process. Direct use of the `parted` command is most useful when adding a storage device to an existing system.
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### Give 'parted' a try
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`parted` command. To try these steps, I strongly recommend using a brand new storage device or one where you don't mind wiping out the contents.
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The following explains the process of partitioning a storage device with thecommand. To try these steps, I strongly recommend using a brand new storage device or one where you don't mind wiping out the contents.
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**1\. List the partitions:** Use `parted -l` to identify the storage device you want to partition. Typically, the first hard disk (`/dev/sda` or `/dev/vda`) will contain the operating system, so look for another disk to find the one you want (e.g., `/dev/sdb`, `/dev/sdc`, `/dev/vdb`, `/dev/vdc`, etc.).
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```
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$ sudo parted -l
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[sudo] password for daniel:
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Model: ATA RevuAhn_850X1TU5 (scsi)
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Disk /dev/vdc: 512GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
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1 1049kB 525MB 524MB primary ext4 boot
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2 525MB 512GB 512GB primary lvm
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```
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**2\. Open the storage device:** Use `parted` to begin working with the selected storage device. In this example, the device is the third disk on a virtual system (`/dev/vdc`). It is important to indicate the specific device you want to use. If you just type `parted` with no device name, it will randomly select a storage device to modify.
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```
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$ sudo parted /dev/vdc
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GNU Parted 3.2
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Using /dev/vdc
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Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
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(parted)
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```
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**3\. Set the partition table:** Set the partition table type to GPT, then type "Yes" to accept it.
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```
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(parted) mklabel gpt
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Warning: the existing disk label on /dev/vdc will be destroyed
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and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
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Yes/No? Yes
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```
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The `mklabel` and `mktable` commands are used for the same purpose (making a partition table on a storage device). The supported partition tables are: aix, amiga, bsd, dvh, gpt, mac, ms-dos, pc98, sun, and loop. Remember `mklabel` will not make a partition, rather it will make a partition table.
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**4\. Review the partition table:** Show information about the storage device.
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```
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(parted) print
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Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk)
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Disk /dev/vdc: 1396MB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: gpt
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
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```
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**5\. Get help:** To find out how to make a new partition, type: `(parted) help mkpart`.
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```
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(parted) help mkpart
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mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
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PART-TYPE is one of: primary, logical, extended
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FS-TYPE is one of: btrfs, nilfs2, ext4, ext3, ext2, fat32, fat16, hfsx, hfs+, hfs, jfs, swsusp,
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linux-swap(v1), linux-swap(v0), ntfs, reiserfs, hp-ufs, sun-ufs, xfs, apfs2, apfs1, asfs, amufs5,
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amufs4, amufs3, amufs2, amufs1, amufs0, amufs, affs7, affs6, affs5, affs4, affs3, affs2, affs1,
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affs0, linux-swap, linux-swap(new), linux-swap(old)
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START and END are disk locations, such as 4GB or 10%. Negative values count from the end of the
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disk. For example, -1s specifies exactly the last sector.
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'mkpart' makes a partition without creating a new file system on the partition. FS-TYPE may be
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specified to set an appropriate partition ID.
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```
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**6\. Make a partition:** To make a new partition (in this example, 1,396MB on partition 0), type the following:
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```
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(parted) mkpart primary 0 1396MB
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Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance
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Ignore/Cancel? I
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(parted) print
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Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk)
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Disk /dev/vdc: 1396MB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: gpt
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
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1 17.4kB 1396MB 1396MB primary
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```
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Filesystem type (fstype) will not create an ext4 filesystem on `/dev/vdc1`. A DOS partition table's partition types are primary, logical, and extended. In a GPT partition table, the partition type is used as the partition name. Providing a partition name under GPT is a must; in the above example, primary is the name, not the partition type.
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**7\. Save and quit:** Changes are automatically saved when you quit `parted`. To quit, type the following:
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```
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(parted) quit
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Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
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$
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```
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### Words to the wise
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Make sure to identify the correct disk before you begin changing its partition table when you add a new storage device. If you mistakenly change the disk partition that contains your computer's operating system, you could make your system unbootable.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/how-partition-disk-linux
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作者：[Daniel Oh][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh
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[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table
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[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check
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190
translated/tech/20180611 How to partition a disk in Linux.md
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190
translated/tech/20180611 How to partition a disk in Linux.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
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# Linux 磁盘分区
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在 Linux 中创建和删除分区是一种常见的操作，因为存储设备（如硬盘驱动器和USB驱动器）在使用之前必须以某种方式进行结构化。在大多数情况下，大型存储设备被分为称为分区的独立部分。分区还允许您将硬盘分割成独立的部分，每个部分都作为自己的硬盘驱动器。如果您运行多个操作系统，那么分区是非常有用的。
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在 Linux 中有许多强大的工具可以创建、删除和操作磁盘分区。在本文中，我将解释如何使用 `parted` 命令，这对于大型磁盘设备和许多磁盘分区尤其有用。`parted` 与更常见的 `fdisk` 和 `cfdisk` 命令之间的区别包括:
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* **GPT 格式：**`parted` 命令可以创建全局惟一的标识符分区表 [GPT][1]，而 `fdisk` 和 `cfdisk` 则仅限于 DOS 分区表。
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* **更大的磁盘：** DOS 分区表可以格式化最多 2TB 的磁盘空间，尽管在某些情况下最多可以达到 16TB。然而，一个 GPT 分区表可以处理最多 8ZiB 的空间。
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* **更多的分区：** 使用主分区和扩展分区，DOS 分区表只允许 16 个分区。在 GPT 中，默认情况下您可以得到 128 个分区，并且可以选择更多的分区。
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* **可靠性：** 在 DOS 分区表中，只保存了一份分区表备份，在 GPT 中保留了两份分区表的备份（在磁盘的起始和结束部分），同时 GPT 还使用了 [CRC][2] 校验和来检查分区表的完整性，在 DOS 分区中并没有实现。
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由于现在的磁盘更大，需要更灵活地使用它们，建议使用 `parted` 来处理磁盘分区。大多数时候，磁盘分区表是作为操作系统安装过程的一部分创建的。在向现有系统添加存储设备时，直接使用parted命令非常有用。
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### 尝试一下 parted
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`parted` 命令。为了尝试这些步骤，我强烈建议使用一种全新的存储设备或一种您不介意将内容删除的设备。
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下面解释了使用该命令对存储设备进行分区的过程。为了尝试这些步骤，我强烈建议使用一种全新的存储设备或一种您不介意将内容删除的设备。
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**1\. 列出分区：** 使用 `parted -l` 来标识你要进行分区的设备。一般来说，第一个硬盘 （`/dev/sda` 或 `/dev/vda` ）保存着操作系统， 因此寻找另一个磁盘，以找到你想要分区的磁盘 (例如， `/dev/sdb`， `/dev/sdc`， `/dev/vdb `，`/dev/vdc`, 等。)。
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```
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$ sudo parted -l
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[sudo] password for daniel:
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Model: ATA RevuAhn_850X1TU5 (scsi)
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Disk /dev/vdc: 512GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
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1 1049kB 525MB 524MB primary ext4 boot
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2 525MB 512GB 512GB primary lvm
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```
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**2\. 打开存储设备：** 使用 `parted` 选中您要分区的设备。在这里例子中，是虚拟系统上的第三个磁盘（`/dev/vdc`）。指明你要使用哪一个设备非常重要。 如果你仅仅输入了 `parted` 命令而没有指定设备名字， 它会随机选择一个设备进行操作。
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```
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$ sudo parted /dev/vdc
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GNU Parted 3.2
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Using /dev/vdc
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Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
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(parted)
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```
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**3\. 设定分区表：** 设置分区表为 GPT ，然后输入 "Yes" 开始执行
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```
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(parted) mklabel gpt
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Warning: the existing disk label on /dev/vdc will be destroyed
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and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
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Yes/No? Yes
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```
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`mklabel` 和 `mktable` 命令用于相同的目的（在存储设备上创建分区表）。支持的分区表有：aix、amiga、bsd、dvh、gpt、mac、ms-dos、pc98、sun 和 loop。记住 `mklabel` 不会创建一个分区，而是创建一个分区表。
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**4\. 检查分区表：** 查看存储设备信息
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```
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(parted) print
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Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk)
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Disk /dev/vdc: 1396MB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: gpt
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
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```
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**5\.获取帮助：** 为了知道如何去创建一个新分区，输入： `(parted) help mkpart` 。
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```
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(parted) help mkpart
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mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
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PART-TYPE is one of: primary, logical, extended
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FS-TYPE is one of: btrfs, nilfs2, ext4, ext3, ext2, fat32, fat16, hfsx, hfs+, hfs, jfs, swsusp,
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linux-swap(v1), linux-swap(v0), ntfs, reiserfs, hp-ufs, sun-ufs, xfs, apfs2, apfs1, asfs, amufs5,
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amufs4, amufs3, amufs2, amufs1, amufs0, amufs, affs7, affs6, affs5, affs4, affs3, affs2, affs1,
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affs0, linux-swap, linux-swap(new), linux-swap(old)
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START and END are disk locations, such as 4GB or 10%. Negative values count from the end of the
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disk. For example, -1s specifies exactly the last sector.
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'mkpart' makes a partition without creating a new file system on the partition. FS-TYPE may be
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specified to set an appropriate partition ID.
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```
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**6\. 创建分区：** 为了创建一个新分区（在这个例子中，分区 0 有 1396MB），输入下面的命令：
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```
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(parted) mkpart primary 0 1396MB
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Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance
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Ignore/Cancel? I
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(parted) print
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Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk)
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Disk /dev/vdc: 1396MB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: gpt
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
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1 17.4kB 1396MB 1396MB primary
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```
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文件系统类型（fstype）不会在 `/dev/vdc1`上创建 ext4 文件系统。 DOS 分区表的分区类型是主分区，逻辑分区和扩展分区。 在 GPT 分区表中，分区类型用作分区名称。 在 GPT 下提供分区名称是必须的；在上例中，primary 是名称，而不是分区类型。
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**7\. 保存推出：** 当你退出 `parted` 时，修改会自动保存。退出请输入如下命令：
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```
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(parted) quit
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Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
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$
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```
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### 谨记
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当您添加新的存储设备时，请确保在开始更改其分区表之前确定正确的磁盘。如果您错误地更改包含计算机操作系统的磁盘分区，您可以使您的系统无法启动。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/how-partition-disk-linux
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作者：[Daniel Oh][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[amwps290](https://github.com/amwps290)
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||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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|
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh
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[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table
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[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user