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[#]: subject: (Partition a drive on Linux with GNU Parted)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/4/linux-parted-cheat-sheet)
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[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (hwlife)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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Partition a drive on Linux with GNU Parted
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======
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Learn the basics of partitioning a new storage device, then download our
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cheat sheet to keep info close at hand.
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![Cheat Sheet cover image][1]
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In the 21st century, we tend to take data storage for granted. We have lots of it, it's relatively affordable, and there are many different types of storage available. No matter how much cloud storage space you're given for free, there's nothing quite like having a physical hard drive for your really important (or really big, when you live on a slow network) data. However, few hard drives are sold right off the shelf, ready to use—in an ideal configuration, at least. Whether you're buying a new drive or setting up a system with a different configuration, you need to know how to partition a drive on Linux.
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This article demonstrates GNU Parted, one of the best tools for partitioning drives. If you prefer to use a graphical application instead of a terminal command, read my article on [formatting drives for Linux][2].
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### Disk labels, partitions, and filesystems
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A hard drive doesn't _technically_ require much software to serve as a storage device. However, using a drive without modern conventions like a partition table and filesystem is difficult, impractical, and unsafe for your data.
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There are three important concepts you need to know about hard drives:
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* A **disk label** or **partition table** is metadata placed at the start of a drive, serving as a clue for the computer reading it about what kind of storage is available and where it's located on the drive.
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* A **partition** is a boundary identifying where a filesystem is located. For instance, if you have a 512GB drive, you can have a partition on that device that takes up the entire drive (512GB), or two partitions that each take 256GB each, or three partitions taking up some other variation of sizes, and so on.
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* A **filesystem** is a storage scheme agreed upon by a hard drive and a computer. A computer must know how to read a filesystem to piece together all the data stored on the drive, and it must know how to write data back to the filesystem to maintain the data's integrity.
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The GNU Parted application manages the first two concepts: disk labels and partitions. Parted has some awareness of filesystems, but it leaves the details of filesystem implementation to other tools like `mkfs`.
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**[Download the [GNU Parted cheat sheet][3]]**
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### Locating the drive
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Before using GNU Parted, you must be certain where your drive is located on your system. First, attach the hard drive you want to format to your system, and then use the `parted` command to see what's attached to your computer:
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```
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$ parted /dev/sda print devices
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/dev/sda (2000GB)
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/dev/sdb (1000GB)
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/dev/sdc (1940MB)
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```
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The device you most recently attached gets a name later in the alphabet than devices that have been attached longer. In this example, `/dev/sdc` is most likely the drive I just attached. I can confirm that by its size because I know that the USB thumb drive I attached is only 2GB (1940MB is close enough), compared to my workstation's main drives, which are terabytes in size. If you're not sure, then you can get more information about the drive you think is the one you want to partition:
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdc print
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Model: Yoyodyne Tiny Drive 1.0 (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdc: 1940MB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
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1 1049kB 2048kB 1024kB BS Bloat Hidden
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2 2049kB 1939MB 1937MB FAT32 MyDrive
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```
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Some drives provide more metadata than others. This one identifies itself as a drive from Yoyodyne, which is exactly the branding on the physical drive. Furthermore, it contains a small hidden partition at the front of the drive with some bloatware followed by a Windows-compatible FAT32 partition. This is definitely the drive I intend to reformat.
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Before continuing, _make sure_ you have identified the correct drive you want to partition. _Repartitioning the wrong drive results in lost data._ For safety, all potentially destructive commands in this article reference the `/dev/sdX` device, which you are unlikely to have on your system.
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### Creating a disk label or partition table
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To create a partition on a drive, the drive must have a disk label. A disk label is also called a _partition table_, so Parted accepts either term.
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To create a disk label, use the `mklabel` or `mktable` subcommand:
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```
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`$ parted /dev/sdX mklabel gpt`
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```
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This command creates a **gpt** label at the front of the drive located at `/dev/sdX`, erasing any label that may exist. This is a quick process because all that's being replaced is metadata about partitions.
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### Creating a partition
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To create a partition on a drive, use the `mkpart` subcommand, followed by an optional name for your partition, followed by the partition's start and end points. If you only need one partition on your drive, then sizing is easy: start at 1 and end at 100%. Use the `--align opt` option to allow Parted to adjust the position of the partition boundaries for best performance:
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdX --align opt \
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mkpart example 1 100%
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```
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View your new partition with the `print` subcommand:
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdX print
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Model: Yoyodyne Tiny Drive 1.0 (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdi: 1940MB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: gpt
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size
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1 1049kB 1939MB 1938MB
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```
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You don't have to use the whole disk for one partition. The advantage to a partition is that more than one filesystem can exist on a drive without interfering with the other partition(s). When sizing partitions, you can use the `unit` subcommand to set what kind of measurements you want to use. Parted understands sectors, cylinders, heads, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, and percentages.
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You can also specify what filesystem you intend to use a partition for. This doesn't create the filesystem, but it does provide metadata that could be useful to you later.
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Here's a 50-50 split, one for an XFS filesystem and another for an EXT4 filesystem:
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdX --align opt \
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mkpart xfs 1 50%
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$ parted /dev/sdX --align opt \
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mkpart ext4 51% 100%
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```
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### Naming a partition
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In addition to marking what filesystem a partition is for, you can also name each partition. Some file managers and utilities read partition names, which can help you identify drives. For instance, I often have several different drives attached on my media workstation, each belonging to a different project. When creating these drives, I name both the partition and the filesystem so that, no matter how I'm looking at my system, the locations with important data are clearly labeled.
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To name a partition, you must know its number:
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdX print
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[...]
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Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
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1 1049kB 990MB 989MB xfs example
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2 1009MB 1939MB 930MB ext4 noname
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```
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To name partition 1:
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdX name 1 example
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$ parted /dev/sdX print
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[...]
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Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
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1 1049kB 990MB 989MB xfs example
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2 1009MB 1939MB 930MB ext4 noname
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```
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### Create a filesystem
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For your drive to be useful, you must create a filesystem in your new partition. GNU Parted doesn't do that because it's only a partition manager. The Linux command to create a filesystem on a drive is `mkfs`, but there are helpful utilities aliased for you to use to create a specific kind of filesystem. For instance, `mkfs.ext4` creates an EXT4 filesystem, while `mkfs.xfs` creates an XFS filesystem, and so on.
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Your partition is located "in" the drive, so instead of creating a filesystem on `/dev/sdX`, you create your filesystem in `/dev/sdX1` for the first partition, `/dev/sdX2` for the second partition, and so on.
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Here's an example of creating an XFS filesystem:
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```
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`$ sudo mkfs.xfs -L mydrive /dev/sdX1`
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```
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### Download our cheat sheet
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Parted is a flexible and powerful command. You can issue it commands, as demonstrated in this article, or activate an interactive mode so that you're constantly "connected" to a drive you specify:
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdX
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(parted) print
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[...]
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Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
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1 1049kB 990MB 989MB xfs example
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2 1009MB 1939MB 930MB ext4 noname
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(parted) name 1 mydrive
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(parted)
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```
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If you intend to use Parted often, [download our GNU Parted cheat sheet][3] so that you have all the subcommands you need close at hand.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/4/linux-parted-cheat-sheet
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作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coverimage_cheat_sheet.png?itok=lYkNKieP (Cheat Sheet cover image)
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[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/partition-format-drive-linux#gui
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[3]: https://opensource.com/downloads/parted-cheat-sheet
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@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
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[#]: subject: (Partition a drive on Linux with GNU Parted)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/4/linux-parted-cheat-sheet)
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[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (hwlife)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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在 Linxu 上使用 GNU Parted 对磁盘分区
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======
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了解对新的储存设备分区的基础知识，然后下载我们的备忘表隔，保持信息交流方便。
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![Cheat Sheet cover image][1]
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在 21 世纪，我们倾向于数据存储是理所当然的。我们有许多存储介质，相对价格便宜，而且有许多不同的可用类型。不论你获得的免费云存储空间有多少，没有比有一个物理硬盘空间来存储重要的数据更好了(容量真的很大或者当你在一个慢速网络上时) 。然而，理想的磁盘分区是没有几块硬盘买回来就是现成的，至少，如果你买了一块新硬盘或者用不同分区安装一个系统，你需要知道怎么在 Linux 上为磁盘分区。
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这篇文章介绍 GNU Parted ，磁盘分区最好的工具之一。如果你偏向使用图形化程序替代终端命令行，阅读我的 [为 Linux 格式化驱动器][2] 这篇文章。
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### 磁盘卷标，分区和文件系统
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技术上来说，一个硬盘驱动器不需要很多软件来服务于存储设备。然而，使用一个驱动器没有现代化的转换技术比如分区表和文件系统是困难的，不切实际的，对你的数据是不安全的。
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这里有三个你需要知道的关于硬盘驱动器的重要概念：
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* A **磁盘卷标** 或者 **分区表** 是放置在磁盘驱动器起始位置的元数据，它为计算机读取关于可用存储是何种类型，磁盘驱动器的位置等信息做提示。
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* A **分区** 是一个证明文件系统所在位置的边界。举个例子，如果你有一个 512GB 的硬盘，你可以用占用所有磁盘容量 (512GB) 分成一个分区，或者分成两个分区，每个占用 256GB ，或者分成三个分区占用一些其他大小变化等等。
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* A **文件系统** 是一个硬盘驱动器和计算机两者约定俗成的存储体系。计算机必须知道怎样读取文件系统上拼合在一起存储在驱动器上的的数据，并且知道怎样写入数据到文件系统并保持数据的完整性。
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GNU Parted 程序管理前两个概念：磁盘卷标和分区。Parted 对文件系统有所了解，但是它留下了文件系统详细操作给了其他类似 `mkfs` 这样的工具。
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**[下载 [GNU Parted 备忘表格][3]]**
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### 查找磁盘驱动器
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使用 GNU Parted 之前，你必须在你的系统上确定你的驱动器所在位置。首先，连接你想要格式化你的系统的磁盘驱动器，然后用 `parted` 命令查看连接到你的计算机的内容：
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```
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$ parted /dev/sda print devices
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/dev/sda (2000GB)
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/dev/sdb (1000GB)
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/dev/sdc (1940MB)
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```
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你最新连接设备的名称在字母表上晚于连接时间更长的设备。举个例子，`/dev/sdc` 最有可能是我刚刚连接的磁盘。我能通过它的容量大小来确认，相比于我的工作站上的主要驱动器的 TB 大小来说，因为我知道我插入的 U 盘 只有 2GB (1940MB 足够接近) 大小。如果你不能确定，你可以得到的更多关于你想要分区的驱动器的信息：
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdc print
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Model: Yoyodyne Tiny Drive 1.0 (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdc: 1940MB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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|
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Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
|
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1 1049kB 2048kB 1024kB BS Bloat Hidden
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2 2049kB 1939MB 1937MB FAT32 MyDrive
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```
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有些驱动器比其他驱动器有更多的元数据。这个磁盘证明它自己的物理驱动器商标是 Yoyodyne ，此外，在磁盘的起始包含了一个小的有些臃肿的隐藏分区和一个兼容 Windows 的 FAT32 分区。这确实是我要重新打算格式化的驱动器。
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继续之前， _确认_ 你已经证实你要分区正确的驱动器。 _重新分区错误的驱动器会导致数据丢失。_ 为了安全起见，在文章中整个潜在的破环性命令都引用为在你的系统中不太可能有的 `/dev/sdX` 设备。
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### 创建磁盘卷标或者分区表
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要在磁盘上创建一个分区，驱动器必须要有一个磁盘卷标。磁盘卷标也被叫做 _分区表_，所以 Parted 对两个术语都接受。
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要创建一个磁盘卷标，使用 `mklabel` 或 `mktable` 子命令:
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```
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`$ parted /dev/sdX mklabel gpt`
|
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```
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这个命令在位于 `/dev/sdX` 的驱动器前面创建了一个 **gpt** 的标签，删除了任何可能存在的标签。这是一个快速的过程因为所有关于被替换的分区信息都存在于元数据。
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### 创建分区
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要在磁盘创建分区，使用 `mkpart` 子命令，后跟分区的可选名称，再跟分区的开始和结束位置。如果你在磁盘上只需要一个分区，那么大小调整是容易的：开始位置输入 1 ，结束位置输入 100% 。使用 `--align opt` 参数允许 Parted 调整分区边界位置便于磁盘获得最佳性能：
|
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdX --align opt \
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mkpart example 1 100%
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
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用 `print` 子命令查看你的新分区：
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||||
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdX print
|
||||
Model: Yoyodyne Tiny Drive 1.0 (scsi)
|
||||
Disk /dev/sdi: 1940MB
|
||||
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
|
||||
Partition Table: gpt
|
||||
Disk Flags:
|
||||
|
||||
Number Start End Size
|
||||
1 1049kB 1939MB 1938MB
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你不必使用整个磁盘作为一个分区。分区的优势是在一个磁盘上可以存在多个文件系统，它们之间不会相互干扰。但调整分区的时候，你可以使用 `unit` 子命令来设置你想用的测量方法。Parted 理解扇区，柱面，磁头，字节，KB ，MB ，GB ，TB 和百分比。
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你也可以指定你打算使用分区的文件系统。这并不能够完全创建文件系统，但是它为你以后方便使用提供了元数据。
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将磁盘对半分，一个是 XFS 文件系统，另一个是 EXT4 文件系统：
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||||
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```
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$ parted /dev/sdX --align opt \
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mkpart xfs 1 50%
|
||||
$ parted /dev/sdX --align opt \
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||||
mkpart ext4 51% 100%
|
||||
```
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||||
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||||
### 命令分区
|
||||
|
||||
除了标记分区用于什么文件系统之外，你也可以为每个分区命名。一些文件管理器和工具可以读取分区名称，能够帮助你区分驱动器。例如，我经常有几个不同的驱动器连接到我的媒体工作站，每个属于一个不同的项目。当创建这些驱动器的时候，我把分区和文件系统名称都命名了，以至于不论我怎么看我的系统，重要数据的位置都被清楚的标记。
|
||||
|
||||
要命名一个分区，你必须知道它的序号：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ parted /dev/sdX print
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
|
||||
1 1049kB 990MB 989MB xfs example
|
||||
2 1009MB 1939MB 930MB ext4 noname
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要命名分区 1：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ parted /dev/sdX name 1 example
|
||||
$ parted /dev/sdX print
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
|
||||
1 1049kB 990MB 989MB xfs example
|
||||
2 1009MB 1939MB 930MB ext4 noname
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 创建文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
要让你的驱动器能够正常使用，你必须在新分区上创建一个文件系统。GNU Parted 没有这样做，因为它只是一个分区管理器。在磁盘上使用 `mkfs` 命令来创建文件系统，而且有些对你有帮助的工具使用别名来创建特定种类的文件系统。例如， `mkfs.ext4` 创建 EXT4 文件系统， `mkfs.xfs` 创建 XFS 文件系统等等。
|
||||
|
||||
你的分区位于磁盘驱动器的 "内部" ，所以不用在 `/dev/sdX` 上创建文件系统，只需要在第一个分区创建你的 `/dev/sdX1` 文件系统， `/dev/sdX2` 是第二个文件系统，以此类推。
|
||||
|
||||
这里是一个创建 XFS 文件系统的例子：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ sudo mkfs.xfs -L mydrive /dev/sdX1`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载我们的备注表格
|
||||
|
||||
Parted 是一个灵活而强大的工具。如本文所示，你可以发出命令，或者激活一个交互模式以不断 "连接" 你指定的驱动器:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ parted /dev/sdX
|
||||
(parted) print
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
|
||||
1 1049kB 990MB 989MB xfs example
|
||||
2 1009MB 1939MB 930MB ext4 noname
|
||||
|
||||
(parted) name 1 mydrive
|
||||
(parted)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你打算经常使用 Parted ， [下载我们的 GNU Parted 备忘表格][3]以至于你可以方便使用所有的子命令。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/4/linux-parted-cheat-sheet
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[hwlife](https://github.com/hwlife)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coverimage_cheat_sheet.png?itok=lYkNKieP (Cheat Sheet cover image)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/partition-format-drive-linux#gui
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/downloads/parted-cheat-sheet
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user