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Merge pull request #25226 from hwlife/20220119-Manage-your-passwords-in-the-Linux-terminal.md
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@@ -1,259 +0,0 @@
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[#]: subject: "Manage your passwords in the Linux terminal"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/1/manage-passwords-linux-terminal"
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[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "hwlife"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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Manage your passwords in the Linux terminal
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======
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Pass is a classic UNIX-style password management system that uses GnuPG
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(GPG) for encryption, and the terminal as its primary interface.
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![Linux keys on the keyboard for a desktop computer][1]
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These days, we all have a few dozen passwords. Fortunately, the bulk of those passwords are probably for websites, and you probably access most websites through your internet browser, and most browsers have a built-in password manager. The most common internet browsers also have a synchronization feature to help you distribute your passwords between the browsers you run across all your devices, so you're never without your login information when you need it. If that's not enough for you, there are excellent open source projects like [BitWarden][2] that can host your encrypted passwords, ensuring that only you have the key to unlock them. These solutions help make maintaining unique passwords easy, and I use these convenient systems for a selection of passwords. But my main vault of password storage is a lot simpler than any of these methods. I primarily use [pass][3], a classic UNIX-style password management system that uses GnuPG (GPG) for encryption, and the terminal as its primary interface.
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### Install pass
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You can install the `pass` command from your distribution repository.
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On Fedora, Mageia, and similar distributions, you can install it with your package manager:
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```
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`$ sudo dnf install pass`
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```
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On Elementary, Mint, and other Debian-based distributions:
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```
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`$ sudo apt install pass`
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```
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On macOS, you can install it using [Homebrew][4]:
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```
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`$ brew install pass`
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```
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### Configuring GnuPG
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Before you can use `pass`, you need a valid PGP ("Pretty Good Privacy") key. If you already maintain a PGP key, you can skip this step, or you can choose to create a new key exclusively for use with `pass`. The most common open source PGP implementation is GnuPG (GPG), which ships with Linux, and you can install it on macOS from [gpgtools.org][5], Homebrew, or [Macports][6]. To create a GnuPG key, run this command:
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```
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`$ gpg --generate-key`
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```
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You're prompted for your name and email address and create a password for the key. Your key is a digital file, and your password is known only to you. Combined, these two things can lock and unlock encrypted information, such as a file containing a password.
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A GPG key is much like a house key or a car key. Should you lose it, anything locked by it becomes unobtainable. Just knowing your password is not enough.
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If you already manage several SSH keys, you're probably used to this. If you're new to digital encryption keys, it can take some getting used to. Backup your `~/.gnupg` directory, so you don't accidentally erase it the next time you decide to try an exciting new distro on a whim.
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Make a backup and keep the backup safe.
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### Configuring pass
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To start using `pass`, you must initialize a _password store_, which is defined as a storage location configured to use a specific encryption key. You can indicate what GPG key you want to use for your password store by either the name associated with the key or the digital fingerprint. Your own name is usually the easier option:
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```
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$ pass init seth
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mkdir: created directory '/home/seth/.password-store/'
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Password store initialized for seth
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```
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If you've managed to forget your name, you can see the digital fingerprint and name associated with your key with the `gpg` command:
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```
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$ gpg --list-keys
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gpg --list-keys
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/home/seth/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
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\-----------------------------
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pub ed25519 2022-01-06 [SC] [expires: 2024-01-06]
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2BFF94286461216C907CBA52F067996F13EF10D8
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uid [ultimate] Seth Kenlon <[seth@example.com][7]>
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sub cv25519 2022-01-06 [E] [expires: 2024-01-06]
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```
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Initializing a password store with the fingerprint is basically the same as with your name:
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```
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`$ pass init 2BFF94286461216C907CBA52F067996F13EF10D8`
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```
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### Store a password
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Add a password to your password store with the `pass add` command:
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```
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$ pass add [www.example.com][8]
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Enter password for [www.example.com][8]:
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```
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Enter the password you want to add when prompted.
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The password now gets stored in your password store. You can take a look for yourself:
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```
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$ ls /root/.password-store/
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[www.example.com.gpg][9]
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```
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Of course, the file is unreadable, and if you attempt to run `cat` or `less` on it, you'll get unprintable characters in your terminal (use `reset` to fix your terminal if its display gets too untidy.)
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### Edit a password with pass
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I use different user names for different activities online, so the username for a site is often just as important as the password. The `pass` system allows for this, even though it doesn't prompt you for it by default. You can add a user name to a password file using the `pass edit` command:
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```
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`$ pass edit www.example.com`
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```
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This opens a text editor (specifically the editor you have set as your `EDITOR` or `VISUAL` [environment variable][10]) displaying the contents of the `www.example.com` file. Currently, that's just a password, but you can add a user name and even another URL or any information you want. It's an encrypted file, so you're free to keep what you want in it.
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```
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bd%dc$3a49af49498bb6f31bc964718C
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user: seth123
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url: example.com
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```
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Save the file and close it.
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### Get a password from pass
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To see the contents of a password file, use the `pass show` command:
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```
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$ pass show [www.example.com][8]
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bd%dc$3a49af49498bb6f31bc964718C
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user: seth123
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url: [www.example.org][11]
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```
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### Search for a password
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Sometimes it's tough to remember whether a password is filed under `www.example.com` or just `example.com` or even something like `app.example.com`. Furthermore, some website infrastructures use different URLs for different site functions, so you might file a password away under `www.example.com` even though you also use the same login information for the partner site `www.example.org`.
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When in doubt, use `grep`. The `pass grep` command shows all instances of a search term, either in a file name or in the contents of a file:
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```
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$ pass grep example
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[www.example.com][8]:
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url: [www.example.org][11]
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```
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### Using pass with a browser
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I use `pass` for information beyond just internet passwords, but websites are where I most often need passwords. I usually have a terminal open somewhere on my computer, so it's not much trouble to **Alt+Tab** to a terminal and get the information I need with `pass`. But that's not what I do because there are plugins to integrate `pass` with web browsers.
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#### Pass host script
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First, install the `pass` host script:
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```
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`$ curl -sSL github.com/passff/passff-host/release/latest/download/install_host_app.sh`
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```
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This install script places a Python script that helps your browser access your password store and GPG keys. Run it along with the name of the browser you use (or nothing, to see all options):
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```
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`$ bash ./install_host_app.sh firefox`
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```
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If you use multiple browsers, you can install it for each.
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#### Pass Add-on
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Once you've installed the host application, you can install an add-on or extension for your browser. Search for the `PassFF` plugin in your browser's add-on or extension manager.
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![PassFF][12]
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(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13])
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Install the add-on, and then close and re-launch your browser.
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Navigate to a site you've got a password for in your password store. There's now a small **P** icon in the right of your login text fields.
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![PassFF browser prompt][14]
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(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13])
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Click on the **P** button to see a list of matching site names in your password store.
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![PassFF browser menu][15]
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(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13])
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Click the pen-and-paper icon to fill in the form or the paper-airplane icon to fill and auto-submit the form.
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Easy password management and fully integrated!
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### Try pass as your Linux password manager
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The `pass` command is a great option for users who want to manage passwords and personal information using tools they already use on a daily basis. If you rely on GPG and a terminal already, then you may enjoy the `pass` system. It's also an important option for users who don't want their passwords tied to a specific application. Maybe you don't use just one browser, or you don't like the idea that it might be difficult to extract your passwords from an application if you decide to stop using it. With `pass`, you maintain control of your secrets in a UNIX-like and straightforward system.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/22/1/manage-passwords-linux-terminal
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作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_keyboard_desktop.png?itok=I2nGw78_ (Linux keys on the keyboard for a desktop computer)
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[2]: http://bitwarden.com
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[3]: https://www.passwordstore.org/
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[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/homebrew-mac
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[5]: https://gpgtools.org/
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[6]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/macports
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[7]: mailto:seth@example.com
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[8]: http://www.example.com
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[9]: http://www.example.com.gpg
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[10]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/what-are-environment-variables
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[11]: http://www.example.org
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[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/passff.jpg (PassFF)
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[13]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/passff-button-web.jpg (PassFF browser prompt)
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[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/passff-menu-web.jpg (PassFF browser menu)
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@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
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[#]: subject: "Manage your passwords in the Linux terminal"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/1/manage-passwords-linux-terminal"
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[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "hwlife"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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在 Linux 终端里管理你的密码
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======
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Pass 是一个经典的类 UNIX 密码管理系统，使用 GnuPG (GPG) 作为加密方式，并且终端作为它的主要界面。
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![Linux keys on the keyboard for a desktop computer][1]
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这些日子里，我们有了几十个密码。幸运的是，这些密码大部分几乎都是用于网站的，而且你通过互联网浏览器访问了许多网站，许多浏览器都有内置的密码管理器。最普遍的互联网浏览器也有一个同步的功能帮助你所有设备上运行的浏览器之间分发共享密码，所以当你需要它的时候，绝不会找不到你的登录信息。如过这不能够满足你，还有类似 [BitWarden][2] 这样优秀的开源项目可以托管你的加密的密码，确保只有你自己才能解锁它们。这些方案帮助你轻松的维护唯一的密码，同时用这些方便的系统来选择密码。但是我的主密码存储库比以上这些方式简单的多。我主要是使用 [pass][3] ，一个经典的类 UNIX 密码管理系统，使用 GnuPG (GPG) 作为加密方式，并且终端作为它的主要界面。
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### 安装 pass
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你可以从你的发行版仓库中安装 `pass` 命令。
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在 Fedora，Mageia和类似的发行版上，你可以用你的包管理器来安装它：
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```
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`$ sudo dnf install pass`
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```
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在 Elementary ，Mint 和其它基于 Debian 的发行版上:
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```
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`$ sudo apt install pass`
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```
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在 macOS ,你可以使用 [Homebrew][4] 来安装它：
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```
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`$ brew install pass`
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```
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### 设置 GnuPG
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在使用 `pass` 之前，你需要一个有效的 PGP ("Pretty Good Privacy") 密钥。如果你已经维护了一个 PGP 密钥，你可以跳过这个步骤，或者你可以选择为使用 `pass` 而创建一个新的密钥。最喜闻乐见的开源 PGP 协议是 Linux 附带的 GnuPG (GPG) ，你可以在 macOS 上从 [gpgtools.org][5] ，Homebrew 或者 [Macports][6] 来安装它。要创建 GnuPG 密码，运行这个命令：
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```
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`$ gpg --generate-key`
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```
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提示你输入你的名字和电子邮件并且为密钥创建密码。你的密钥是一个数字文件，你的密码只有你自己知道。它俩组合起来能够加密和解锁加密的信息，比如包含密码的文件。
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GPG 密钥更像是一个房门钥匙或者车钥匙，如果你是去它，它加密的任何东西将不能在获得。光知道你的密码是不够的。
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|
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如果你已经管理了几个 SSH 密钥，你可能就知道怎么回事了。如果你对数字加密密钥是个新手，可能得花些时间来使用。备份你的 `~/.gnupg` 目录，你不能随意删除它，除非下次你一时兴起决定尝试一个新的发行版。
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做一个备份保持备份安全。
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### 设置 pass
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要开始使用 `pass` ， 你必须初始化一个 _密码仓库_ ，定义为一个已设置的使用指定加密密钥的储存位置。您可以通过与密钥相关联的名称或数字指纹来指示要用于密码存储的GPG密钥。你自己的名字通常更容易选择：
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```
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$ pass init seth
|
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mkdir: created directory '/home/seth/.password-store/'
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Password store initialized for seth
|
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|
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```
|
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|
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如果你忘记了你的名称，你可以使用 `gpg` 命令查看数字指纹和关联你名称的密钥：
|
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|
||||
|
||||
```
|
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$ gpg --list-keys
|
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gpg --list-keys
|
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/home/seth/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
|
||||
\-----------------------------
|
||||
pub ed25519 2022-01-06 [SC] [expires: 2024-01-06]
|
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2BFF94286461216C907CBA52F067996F13EF10D8
|
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uid [ultimate] Seth Kenlon <[seth@example.com][7]>
|
||||
sub cv25519 2022-01-06 [E] [expires: 2024-01-06]
|
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|
||||
```
|
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|
||||
用数字指纹初始化一个和你的名称基本相同的密码仓库：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ pass init 2BFF94286461216C907CBA52F067996F13EF10D8`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
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### 存储密码
|
||||
|
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使用 `pass add` 命令添加密码到你的密码仓库：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
$ pass add [www.example.com][8]
|
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Enter password for [www.example.com][8]:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
提示你键入你要添加的密码。
|
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|
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密码现在存储到了你的密码仓库中。你可以自己查看一下：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls /root/.password-store/
|
||||
[www.example.com.gpg][9]
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
当然，这个文件是不可读的，并且你尝试对它运行 `cat` 或 `less` 时，在你的终端上会显示乱码(如果显示太过杂乱，可以使用 `reset` 命令来恢复你的终端。)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 用 pass 编辑密码
|
||||
|
||||
我使用不同的用户名称进行不同的上网活动，所以网站的用户名常常和密码同样重要。`pass` 是有这个功能的，即使它默认状态下并不提示你。你可以使用 `pass edit` 命令添加用户名到密码文件：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ pass edit www.example.com`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这会打开一个编辑器 (特别是你已经设置了你的 `EDITOR` 或者 `VISUAL` [环境变量][10]) 显示 `www.example.com` 文件的内容。目前，那仅仅是一个密码，但是你可以添加用户名甚至网址或者你想要添加的任何信息。它是个加密了的文件，所以你可以把你要放的任何东西放到里边。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
bd%dc$3a49af49498bb6f31bc964718C
|
||||
user: seth123
|
||||
url: example.com
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
保存文件然后关闭。
|
||||
|
||||
### 从 pass 获取密码
|
||||
|
||||
要查看密码文件的内容，使用 `pass show` 命令：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
$ pass show [www.example.com][8]
|
||||
bd%dc$3a49af49498bb6f31bc964718C
|
||||
user: seth123
|
||||
url: [www.example.org][11]
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 查找密码
|
||||
|
||||
有时候很难记住是否在 `www.example.com` 或者仅仅是 `example.com` 又或者一些类似 `app.example.com` 的网址中填写过密码。此外，一些网站架构使用不同的 URLs 来实现不同的网站功能，所以你可能在 `www.example.com` 网址下填写过密码，你同时也用相同的登录信息在合作网站 `www.example.org` 下使用过密码。
|
||||
|
||||
如果有疑问，使用 `grep` 命令。 `pass grep` 命令显示整个搜索项目的实例，无论是在文件名中还是在文件内容中：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
$ pass grep example
|
||||
[www.example.com][8]:
|
||||
url: [www.example.org][11]
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 在浏览器中使用 pass
|
||||
|
||||
除了互联网密码，我还使用 `pass` 来查看信息，但是上网站是我经常需要密码的地方。我常常在电脑上有一个终端打开，所以我通过 **Alt+Tab** 键切换到终端用 `pass` 来获取信息。但是我并不这么做是因为有了网络浏览器整合了 `pass` 的插件。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Pass 托管脚本
|
||||
|
||||
首先，安装 `pass` 托管脚本：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ curl -sSL github.com/passff/passff-host/release/latest/download/install_host_app.sh`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这个脚本放置了一个 Python 脚本帮助你的浏览器访问你的密码和 GPG 密码。与其所用的浏览器同时运行(或者不运行，查看整个选项)：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ bash ./install_host_app.sh firefox`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你使用多个浏览器，你可以为每一个浏览器安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Pass 附件
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你已经安装了这个托管程序，你可以为你的浏览器安装一个附件或者扩展。在你的浏览器附件或者扩展管理器里搜索 `PassFF` 插件。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![PassFF][12]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13])
|
||||
|
||||
安装了这个附件，然后关闭并重新打开浏览器。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
导航到一个你在密码仓库存存有密码的网站。在你的登录文本框右侧会显示一个小 **P** 的图标。
|
||||
|
||||
![PassFF browser prompt][14]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13])
|
||||
|
||||
点击 **P** 按钮会看到在你的密码仓库有一个与你网站名称匹配的列表。
|
||||
|
||||
![PassFF browser menu][15]
|
||||
|
||||
(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][13])
|
||||
|
||||
点击纸和笔的图标填写表单或者通过纸飞机的图标填写并自动提交表单。
|
||||
|
||||
轻松的密码管理并完全整合了!
|
||||
|
||||
### 尝试用 pass 作为你的 Linux 密码管理器
|
||||
|
||||
对于希望使用日常使用的工具管理密码和个人信息的用户来说，`pass` ”命令是一个很好的选择。如果你已经依赖 GPG 和终端，那么你可能会喜欢 `pass` 系统。对于用户不想让他们的密码和特定的程序挂钩，这也是一个重要的选择。可能你并不适用一个浏览器，或者你不喜欢这种想法，如果你决定停止使用它，从程序中提取密码就会变的困难。使用 `pass` ，你可以在类 UNIX 和直接的系统里保持着对你秘密的控制。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/1/manage-passwords-linux-terminal
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[hwlife](https://github.com/hwlife)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/linux_keyboard_desktop.png?itok=I2nGw78_ (Linux keys on the keyboard for a desktop computer)
|
||||
[2]: http://bitwarden.com
|
||||
[3]: https://www.passwordstore.org/
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/homebrew-mac
|
||||
[5]: https://gpgtools.org/
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/macports
|
||||
[7]: mailto:seth@example.com
|
||||
[8]: http://www.example.com
|
||||
[9]: http://www.example.com.gpg
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/what-are-environment-variables
|
||||
[11]: http://www.example.org
|
||||
[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/passff.jpg (PassFF)
|
||||
[13]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||
[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/passff-button-web.jpg (PassFF browser prompt)
|
||||
[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/passff-menu-web.jpg (PassFF browser menu)
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user