Merge pull request #2 from LCTT/master

2014/8/6

published/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md

@@ -45,11 +45,12 @@
 ![Webmin 1.690 on server.unixmen.local (Ubuntu Linux 14.04)](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Webmin-1.690-on-server.unixmen.local-Ubuntu-Linux-14.04-Mozilla-Firefox_011.png)
 
 就是这样简单。现在你就可以图形化地管理和配置你的Ubuntu服务器了。欢呼吧！
+
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/
 
-译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+为什么不要在Linux上只运行开源软件？
+================================================================================
+![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw661226/linux-enterprise-proprietary-code.jpg)
+
+> 对于一些产业来讲，在开源的Linux发行版上运行专属（proprietary）软件并不是个例，--相反这很常见。例如，在华尔街，“华尔街上百分之九十九的应用依赖于专属软件。在那些运行在Linux上而有专属许可证的产品中，Oracle是我们非常喜欢的一款”， FSMLabs 的总裁 Victor Yodaiken这样说。
+
+迁移到Linux平台并不是一个非此即彼的提议。linux作为一个灵活开放的计算平台为用户在软件选择上提供了更多的选项。
+
+第一个方法是Linux的桌面环境，个人计算用户，小型办公室和企业都可以从众多的企业级Linux发行版中选择。在Windows和被限定在其昂贵硬件的基于unix的苹果OS X之外，Linux桌面系统为用户提供了另外一种零成本或者低成本的选择。
+
+另一个迁移的办法是，让员工放弃Linux桌面办公，取而代之，企业可以在Linux服务器上运行后台办公系统。在网络应用和云计算领域遍布Linux的足迹，Linux服务器能在各种企业设定中寻找到自己的位置。
+
+第三个方法是运行一个完整的Linux商店，常用的办公计算、网上浏览、图片编辑工作软件都存放在开源的软件包中。开源的数据库程序连接着后台的软件和服务器，而且Linux不需要特殊的硬件和多余的花销。
+
+培训员工使用Linux桌面应用仅需要很少的投入。这要感谢职员们对跨平台软件的熟悉，例如LibreOffice 和 Open Office, 当然还有 google Chrome和 Firefox浏览器。先前的办公交流工具真的面临着威胁。
+
+Linux很灵活。一种新的趋势是编写第三方的特定软件来满足自己的商业需求，商业软件公司可以重新编译打包那些必备的windows或者其他平台的软件。他们也可以结合开源的组件用他们自己特定的代码来编写特定需求的linux应用程序。
+
+Dayan Jeremiah，[Icewarp Pacific][1]的CEO告诉linuxinsider：“我相信这将是一个新的趋势，企业正在使用可以运行在Linux系统上的第三方软件。让企业走向定制化软件的一个因素就是购买微软授权的经济负担太重。”
+
+### Linux 上运行专属软件 ###
+
+很多公司转向其他操作系统面临的问题就是软件和应用程序的兼容性问题，比如转向Linux，那么这家企业必须保证它用的软件必须是兼容Linux操作系统的，jeremiah补充道。
+
+Linux操作系统有着数量巨大的软件，它们运行在数量众多的linux发行版和桌面环境当中。考虑到行业的特殊性，广大的开源团体或许并没有提供替代一个特定计算任务的替代品。这样的情况下，就不得不花费精力寻找第三方软件开发者的帮助。
+
+ “通过第三方厂商帮助来保证兼容性的问题，比如，我们可以混合和匹配各种软件组件在一起，以便让一个应用程序可以运行在Linux上。”jeremiah这样说。
+
+### 旧貌换新颜 ###
+
+越来越多的专属软件公司，比如Icewarp，开发特定的软件来满足企业特定的业务需求，他们将许多开源组件混合在一起使用。
+
+相比在微软框架下，这样不仅节约了授权费用，也节省了开发代码的费用。
+
+“我们可以使用现成的软件组件为Linux构建完整的软件解决方案，这个方案非常节省，高效而且稳定。”jeremiah补充道。
+
+Icewarp开发的特定软件并不是免费的开源项目，并不提供免费版本，需要订购并支付费用，而且售后支持也是收费的。
+
+### 代码移植的混乱 ###
+
+[Lucera][2]的CEO Jacob Loveless提到，把一个来自其它平台的软件变成Linux兼容的，一个很大的障碍就是Linux的多样性。Linux操作系统有一个通用的内核，但是不同的发行版有很多不同的特点。
+
+“当软件公司不得不在多个Linux系统中交叉编译时，问题进一步加深。”除了微软的Exchange数据库之外（LCTT译注：此处疑为笔误，可能是“MS SQL Server”），大部分数据库都在linux上运行的很好，MySQL和PostSQL是其中非常出名的两个开源软件（LCTT译注：此处PostSQL应该是Postgresql）。”
+
+在软件移植到Linux时的最大挑战，是需要重新编译代码，通常你必须要完成一些平台特定的修改才能让它工作，他说。
+
+比如，你有特定的基于.Net的代码或者其他的针对Windows的语言代码，Linux上开源的编译器并不总是兼容，所以你有很多的软件工作必须重做，loveless解释说。
+
+另外一个例子就是数据库，你往往不得不改用其他的数据库或者不同的网页服务器。
+
+ “这确实需要一些工作”loveless说道。
+
+### 多但不足够 ###
+
+另外一个转向Linux的兼容性问题就是公司需要的开源软件类型。
+
+ “对于公司特定的计算需求开源软件方案并不完善”ICeWarp的Jeremiah补充说“但是，通常对于Linux来说都是足够的，开源团体无法做到的特定的应用程序可以由第三方来实现。”
+
+比如说，IceWarp最近完成的一个特定的Linux兼容的应用程序就不需要采购额外的硬件也没产生多余的授权费用。
+
+这个特定的软件包含一个负载均衡的集群，一个运行数据库的集群，另外一个是IP服务器的集群。所有的都运行在RHEL或者CentOS linux发行版当中。
+
+### 跟钱走！ ###
+
+在一些情况下，有钱才有Linux操作系统的应用，有时候Linux服务器在一个领域很流行，又有些时候只是一个特定的Linux桌面应用程序，有时候两者都有。
+
+举个例子，例如在华尔街，在金融市场中时间同步是关键。金融网络依靠分布式网络，用户必须在截止时间内完成交易。其它的应用需要在交易前进行精确的计时。[FSMLabs][3] 的总裁 Victor Yodaiken 说，这些功能需要精确的时间同步控制。
+
+当FSMLabs开始开发时间同步软件时，Yodaiken觉得他们只需要开发一个Windows版本。
+
+然而，事实证明每一个在使用自动交易或者高频交易的人，甚至以高精度采集数据的人，都运行的是Linux系统，他告诉LinuxInsider。
+
+### 惜时如金 ###
+
+FSMLabs在Linux上运行他们的专属代码，Linux上的互联网时间协议（NTP）并不适用于同步时间在纳秒级别的应用，比如那些追踪股票变动，或者交易需求。 windows的不足有另一个原因。
+
+Yodaiken说道：“（在这方面，）Linux比Windows流行是因为windows没有一个标准的API可以让你在毫秒级之下获取时间，所以Window并不是真的都好，你必须得有特定的API才行。而在Linux下。你不需要在你的应用程序上费力了。”
+
+金融市场是第一个拥抱Linux的，很多早期的系统管理员来自20世纪80年代的[贝尔实验室][4]，因此这是一个很成熟的市场，他补充到。
+
+### 满足需求 ###
+
+在某些领域，在开源的Linux发行版上运行有专利的软件并不意外，这是很常见的。
+
+“华尔街99%的应用都运行在有专利的产品上。在我们在Linux上运行的有专属许可证的产品中，我们很喜欢Oracle。”FSMLab 的 Yodaiken说。
+
+一些使用Linux的市场需要更多特定的软件，现有的开源软件并不能满足他们，这就是为什么软件开发者们为企业Linux应用提供了商业的解决方案。他补充道。
+
+ “这很平常，开源软件很适合大的市场，这就是为什么他有广泛而且通用的需求，不是很多人需要绝对的微秒级的时间，而且如果没有市场就会发出信号。”他指出。
+ 
+### Linux纯粹主义是没有意义的 ###
+
+在Linux上运行完全免费开源的软件的观念是欠缺的，有时候你要运行专属软件。对于任何特定的行业都是这样。
+
+当一个专业的计算不需要进入广泛市场时，第三方的软件开发者可以提供特定的，商业的或者闭源的软件解决方案。由于商业需求不断进入Linux系统，绝对的开源将成为过去的事情。
+
+“在Linux上拥有商业软件是相当普遍的”，Yodaiken说，“商人都不是纯粹主义者，他们只想解决问题。”
+
+Jack M.Genmain从Apple II和PC时代就开始报道电脑科技，他还有原始的IBM PC-Jr和运行DOS的机器。他留着共享软件和开源软件的linux桌面。他运行着好几种版本的Windows和Linux，经常不能决定是用他的tablet还是netbook还是android智能机，而不是用他的桌面电脑或者笔记本。你可以在google+上联系他。
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80555.html
+
+作者：Jack M. Germain
+译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.icewarp.com/
+[2]:https://lucerahq.com

published/201407/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md

@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
-KVM和Xen的性能基准测试
+性能基准测试：KVM大战Xen
 ================================================================================
-在上周，我们讨论了 KVM 和 Xen 的性能上一些令人感兴趣的话题后，我打算自己做一些这方面的研究。我能找到的最新的资料，是来自[2013年 Phoronix Haswell 性能评测][1]上的基准测试。当然，还有[2011年的评测][2]，由于 Xen 已经被收录进 Kernel 3.0，这些曾经都是热门话题。
+在上周，我们对 KVM 和 Xen 近几年里在性能上的改进进行了一些有趣的探讨后，我打算自己做一些这方面的小研究。我能找到的最新的资料，是来自[2013年 Phoronix Haswell 性能评测][1]上的基准测试。当然，还有[其它一些2011年的评测][2]，不过由于 Xen 被收录进 Kernel 3.0，它们都已被热烈地讨论过。
 
-2011年的测试提供了[许多很好的基准报表][3]，我尽最大努力把它们列出的属性重新测试一遍，但少测了两三个基准测试，原因是它们在未经特定优化的配置后跑出来的数据不是很好，或者它们需要跑很长时间才能得到结果。
+2011年的测试提供了[许多很好的基准报表][3]，在三年后的现在，我尽最大努力把它们列出的属性重新测试一遍。但我删减了其中两三个基准测试，原因是它们在未经特定优化的配置后跑出来的数据不是很好，或者它们需要跑很长时间才能得到结果。
 
 ### 测试环境 ###
 
-测试环境由两台一模一样的超微服务器组成，都配备一颗[Intel 至强 E3-1220][4]（4核，3.10GHz），24G 金士顿 DDR3 内存，4块西数 RE-3 160G 磁盘（组成 RAID10 阵列）。另外 BIOS 也是一模一样。
+测试环境由两台一模一样的超微服务器组成，分别都配备一颗[Intel 至强 E3-1220][4]（4核，3.10GHz），24G 金士顿 DDR3 内存，4块西数 RE-3 160G 磁盘（组成 RAID10 阵列）。另外 BIOS 也是一模一样。
 
-所有测试项目（即实体机和虚拟机）都在 Fedora 20 （开 SELinux）上进行，并且测试过程中没有跑很多的不相关的服务。这里列一下相关服务的版本：
+所有测试项目（即实体机和虚拟机）都在 Fedora 20 （开 SELinux）上进行，并且测试过程中几乎没有运行的不相关的服务。这里列一下相关服务的版本：
 
 - Kernel: 3.14.8
 - For KVM: qemu-kvm 1.6.2
 - For Xen: xen 4.3.2
 
-根文件系统是 XFS，使用默认配置。虚拟机使用 virt-manager 来创建（virt-mamager 也使用默认配置）。虚拟磁盘使用 raw 镜像，容量为 8GB，虚拟4颗 CPU。Xen 虚拟机使用 [PVHVM][5] 建立虚拟磁盘。
+根文件系统都是使用默认配置的 XFS。虚拟机使用 virt-manager 来创建（virt-mamager 也使用默认配置）。虚拟磁盘使用 raw 镜像，容量为 8GB，虚拟4颗 CPU。Xen 虚拟机使用 [PVHVM][5] 建立虚拟磁盘。
 
-### 警告 ###
+### 附加说明 ###
 
-也许有人会考虑到 Fedora 是红帽公司所有，红帽一直在维护 KVM，而 Xen 则自从[在2009年红帽重新选择 KVM 作为虚拟化产品][6]后，再没得到这个公司的维护。在本测试中这个因素不会对结果产生任何影响，不过可以在心里稍微注意一下。
+也许有人会考虑到 Fedora 是红帽公司所有，红帽一直在维护 KVM，而 Xen 则自从[在2009年红帽重新选择 KVM 作为虚拟化产品][6]后，再没得到这个公司的重要改进。我将这个因素排除在了测试所考虑的范围之外，不过仍然可以在心里稍微注意一下。
 
-不考虑资源竞争产生的影响。在大多数虚拟服务器上，你可以跑多个虚拟机，而这些虚拟机会争用 CPU 时间片、磁盘 IO、网络带宽等等资源。在本测试中也不考虑这些因素。一台虚拟机抢到资源少，性能就差，而另一台抢得多，性能就好（LCTT：它们的性能总和，就可以大致当作是 KVM 或 Xen 的性能了）。
+并且，资源竞争产生的影响也有被严格控制并最小化。在大多数虚拟服务器上，你可以跑多个虚拟机，而这些虚拟机会争用 CPU 时间片、磁盘 IO、网络带宽等等资源。在本测试中也不考虑这些因素。一台虚拟机抢到资源少，性能就差，而另一台抢得多，性能就好（LCTT译注：它们的性能总和，就可以大致当作是 KVM 或 Xen 的性能了）。
 
 本测试运行在 Intel 的 CPU 上。如果使用的是 AMD 或 ARM，可能有些数据会不一样。
 
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ KVM和Xen的性能基准测试
 
 本测试使用裸机作为虚拟服务测试的基准设备。在不跑虚拟机的情况下，两台裸机的性能偏差不会大于0.51%
 
-在所有测试中，KVM 的性能相比宿主机而言下降了1.5%以内，除了两个测试。第一个是 7-zip 压缩，比宿主机慢了 2.79%。第二个就奇怪了，我们搭了一个邮件服务器，用 PostMark 测试其性能，结果表明 KVM 竟比宿主机快了4.11%。然后我在两台服务器中重新跑了几遍 PostMark 测试，结果性能差异基本不变，浮动在1%以内。由于我对 virtio 的内部机制没有很深的理解，我只能在以后再对这个怪现象进行进一步了解。
+在几乎所有测试中，KVM 的性能相比宿主机而言下降了1.5%以内，只有两项测试例外。第一个是 7-zip 压缩，比宿主机慢了 2.79%。第二个就奇怪了，我们搭了一个邮件服务器，用 PostMark 测试其性能，结果表明 KVM 竟比宿主机快了4.11%。然后我在两台服务器中重新跑了几遍 PostMark 测试，结果性能差异基本不变，浮动都在最初测试结果的1%以内。由于我对 virtio 的内部机制没有很深的理解，我只能在以后再对这个怪现象进行进一步了解。
 
-Xen 的性能相对宿主机而言差异就比较大了。有3个测试性能下降在2.5%以内，剩下的性能下降率都是 KVM 的2～4倍。PostMark 测试的性能比 KVM 慢了14.41%，这结果令我大吃一惊。重新跑了下测试，性能差还是在14%左右。KVM 表现最好的两个测试：CPU 测试和 MAFFT 对齐测试，是 Xen 表现最差的。
+Xen 的性能相对宿主机而言差异就比较大了。有3项测试性能下降在2.5%以内，剩下的性能下降率都是 KVM 的2～4倍。PostMark 测试的性能比 KVM 慢了14.41%，这结果令我大吃一惊。重新跑了下测试，性能差还是几乎不变，浮动都在最初结果的2%以内。KVM 表现最好的 CPU 测试：MAFFT 对齐测试，是 Xen 表现倒数第二差的。
 
-现在奉上一个总结表：
+现在奉上一个简短得总结表：
 
 <table id="tablepress-3" class="tablepress tablepress-id-3 dataTable">
 <thead>
@@ -67,19 +67,19 @@ Xen 的性能相对宿主机而言差异就比较大了。有3个测试性能下
 
 ### 结论 ###
 
-基于上面的测试环境，KVM 的性能损耗在2％以内，Xen 则只有3项损耗在2.5％以内，其他几项损耗都在5~7%之间。虽然 KVM 在 PostMark 测试中性能表现优异，但这个测试只是众多测试中的一项，如果想证明 KVM 确实在 I/O 处理方面很强悍，就需要更多测试。
+基于上面的测试环境，KVM 的性能损耗几乎都在2％以内，Xen 则在十多项测试中有3项损耗在2.5％以内，而其他几项损耗都在5~7%之间。虽然 KVM 在 PostMark 测试中性能表现优异，但这是众多测试中仅有的一项 I/O 测试，如果想证明 KVM 确实在 I/O 处理方面很强悍，就需要更多测试。
 
-对我来说，我需要深入理解 KVM 和 Xen 在 I/O 处理上为什么会有这么大的差别。并且还需要跑一些压力测试，来证明虚拟机是否真的比宿主机表现得更出色。
+对我来说，我想要深入了解一下 KVM 和 Xen 在 I/O 方面的处理，以及它们之间为什么会有这么大的差别。我也许还会跑一些有竞争的测试，来看看虚拟机在有压力的条件下是否真的能比宿主机表现得更出色。
 
 我鼓励读者通过使用[Phoronix 测试套件][8]来进行一些基准测试，你们可以找到一些能模仿你们工作环境的用例。如果你的工作环境是低 CPU 高 I/O，你可以找找套件里面的 I/O 压力测试。另一方面，如果你的工作是音频、视频转码，你可以试试套件里面的 x264 或 mp3 测试。
 
-更新：[Chris Behrens 指出][9]，我忘了提到 Xen 虚拟机类型了。这里补充下，我使用的是 PVHVM 模型（LCTT：目前支持的模型包括 PV、HVM 和 PVHVM），因为在 Xen 4.3 中这个选拥有最好的性能。另外需要注意的是在 Xen 4.4 中可以使用 PVH，但是在 Fedora 20 中还没有使用 Xen 4.4。
+更新：[Chris Behrens 指出][9]，我忘了提到 Xen 虚拟机类型了。这里补充下，我使用的是 PVHVM 模型（LCTT译注：目前支持的模型包括 PV、HVM 和 PVHVM），因为在 Xen 4.3 中这个选拥有最好的性能。另外需要注意的是在 Xen 4.4 中可以使用 PVH，但是在 Fedora 20 中还没有使用 Xen 4.4。
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://major.io/2014/06/22/performance-benchmarks-kvm-vs-xen/
 
-译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[ReiNoir](https://github.com/reinoir)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201407/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 “Simple Dock” GNOME Shell扩展乾坤大挪移，钟爱应用桌面展现
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/screenshot_815_1.jpg)
+ 
+**我爱GNOME Shell，但是我痛恨的是费力从隐藏屏幕中找到我所钟爱的应用或者在我正运行的应用间切换。**
 
-**我爱GNOME Shell，但是我痛恨的是话费力气从隐藏屏幕中找到我所钟爱的应用或者在我正运行的应用间切换。**
+这么说，听起来就像我是个老古董，像是一个UX勒德分子，也像是某个过分沉溺于Unity可用性瘾君子，但我，像阅读本文的许多人一样，喜欢将app启动器/切换器放到桌面上。这是一个用户所熟悉并且快捷的工作方式。
 
-这么说，好像听起来我是个老古董，像是一个UX勒德分子，也像是某个过分沉溺于Unity可用性瘾君子，但我，像阅读本文的许多人一样，喜欢将app启动器/切换器放到桌面上。这是一个熟悉、快速的工作方式。
+而GNOME Shell，从设计上看，却完全是个不同的世界。它将所有这一切隐藏起来 —— 从消息中心和通知，到工作区和应用列表。它弱化了审美效果，包含了这样的道理：帮助用户专注于最重要的部分。
 
-而GNOME Shell，从设计上看，却完全是个不同的世界。它将所有这一切隐藏起来 —— 从消息中心和通知，到工作区和应用列表。它是最小美学，包含这样的道理：帮助用户专注于最重要的部分。
-
-但是对我而言，我的桌面需要比一个美化的相框更多的东西。
+但是对我而言，我的桌面需要的不仅仅是一个美化的相框。
 
 ### GNOME Shell之美 ###
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 - 拖放收藏
 - 覆盖活动启动按钮 
 
-想要吗？如果你正在Ubuntu 13.10或更高版本上使用GNOME Shell，那么你可以使用它。只需在支持的浏览器（Firefox, GNOME Web之类）中访问下面的链接就可以导航到GNOME扩展页面，然后将页面上开个从“off”拖动到“on”上。
+你也想要吗？如果你正在Ubuntu 13.10或更高版本上使用GNOME Shell，那么你可以使用它。只需在支持的浏览器（Firefox, GNOME Web之类）中访问下面的链接就可以导航到GNOME扩展页面，然后将页面上开个从“off”拖动到“on”上。
 
 - [GNOME Shell扩展中的Simple Dock][1]
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/simple-dock-gnome-shell-extension
 
-译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201407/20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+小伙伴们，该更新系统啦：Ubuntu 13.10的支持到今天结束
+================================================================================
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/upgrade-available.jpg)
+
+
+**尽管目前运行良好，在经历了9个月的折腾后，今天官方对Ubuntu 13.10(俏皮蝾螈)的支持正式寿终正寝。**
+
+> 尽管它的名字叫'俏皮蝾螈'，但它所提供的新功能却无比的乏味。
+
+那些仍然在使用它的用户应该看看最新的发行的稳定版了，Ubuntu 14.04 LTS。在四月推出的这个版本，提供良好的图形化支持，支持期限是到2019年的4月中旬。
+
+对于Ubuntu 13.10的服务器版的支持，也到今天正式停止。
+
+### 俏皮蝾螈已然失宠 ###
+
+Ubuntu 13.10于去年10月发布，Canonical对其桌面版本承诺提供时长9个月的安全和Bug修复更新。截至今年7月17日，所有更新将停止，未来也不再提供。
+
+Canonical[推荐的升级方案][1]是升级到14.04版本，目前可以直接通过图形化工具去升级，包括使用升级程序，或者在命令行运行‘`do-release-upgrade`‘命令。
+
+俏皮蝾螈，它的名字非常的好听，但表现平平，13.10在Ubuntu所有的发行版中也不是一个取得卓越成功的版本，[这一点已经被很多网络评论预言到了][2]。
+
+然而，它曾经让人眼前一亮的是，<del>强加</del>提供了键盘指示符来快速的选择安装语言，这可以让用户简便的在该智能域操作，这也是第一个在安装程序中整合了`Ubuntu One Single Sign-on`的发行版。
+
+查看13.10版本的所有新功能，请查看完整视频：
+Youtobe 视频地址：[http://www.youtube.com/embed/1EiRQ-znEcI?feature=oembed][3]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/ubuntu-13-10-support-ends-today
+
+译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[ReiNoir](https://github.com/reinoir)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/TrustyUpgrades
+[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/ubuntu-13-10-press-reaction
+[3]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/1EiRQ-znEcI?feature=oembed

published/201407/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-在linux中怎样使用cp命令合并目录树
+在 Linux 中怎样使用cp命令合并目录树
 ================================================================================
-怎样将布局相似的两个目录树合并成新的目录树? 为理解该问题让我们思考下面的例子.
 
-假设dir1和dir2目录中分别有3个子目录a,b和c.目录布局如下所示:
+怎样将两个布局相似的目录树合并成一个新的目录树？为理解该问题让我们思考下面的例子.
+
+假设 dir1 和 dir2 目录中分别有3个子目录a,b和c.目录布局如下所示: 
 
 ![Layout of input directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/01.merge_dir_layout.png)
 输入目录布局
@@ -14,16 +15,14 @@
 
 ### 1. 使用cp命令创建合并: ###
 
-现在我们将这两个目录合并成一个新的目录，如"merged".完成上述操作最简单的方式就是递归
-复制目录，如下图所示:
+现在我们将这两个目录合并成一个名为"merged"新的目录中.完成上述操作最简单的方式就是递归复制目录，如下图所示:
 
 ![Copy directories recursively to create new merge](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/03.merge_cp_recursive.png)
 递归复制完成新的合并
 
 #### 1.1 cp命令和替换带来的问题: ####
 
-这种方式所带来的问题是该合并目录中所创建的文件为原文件的副本，并非原文件本身. 别急, (你可能正在问自己) 如果不是原文件又有什么问题? 为了回答你的问题，考虑下你有很多大文件的情况
-.那种情形下，复制所有的文件可能消耗数小时.
+这种方式所带来的问题是该合并目录中所创建的文件为原文件的副本，并非原文件本身.别急, (你可能正在问自己) 如果不是原文件又有什么问题? 要回答你的问题，考虑下你有很多大文件的情况.那种情形下，复制所有的文件可能花费数小时.
 
 现在让我们回到刚那问题上，且尝试使用mv命令而不是cp命令.
 
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@
 这些目录不能被合并.因此我们不能像这样使用mv命令去合并目录.
 现在你该怎样将原文件保存到"merged"目录中?
 
-### 2. 方法: ###
+### 2. 解决方法: ###
 
 cp命令有一个非常有用的选项来帮助我们摆脱这种状况.
 cp命令的-l 或 --link选项能够创建硬链接而非原文件副本.让我们尝试一下.
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ Verify Inodes
 #### 2.2 清除: ####
 
 
-正如你所看到的，这些文件的inodes和原文件的一样.现在 那问题已经被解决，且
+正如你所看到的，这些文件的inodes和原文件的一样.现在问题已经被解决，且
 原文件已被复制到合并目录中.现在我们能够移除dir1和dir2目录.
 
 ![Remove original directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/08.merge_cleanup.png)
@@ -71,8 +70,8 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/merge-directory-trees-linux/
 
 原文作者：[Raghu][a]
 
-译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
-[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/
+[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/

published/201407/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+CoreOS 稳定版发布
+================================================================================
+
+随着CoreOS稳定版的发布，我们相信我们已经为SysAdmin节准备好了一个不错的惊喜。从现在起，用户可以在产品环境中运行CoreOS了。这个版本对于想运行CoreOS的用户来说，是最经考验的、最安全的、最可靠的CoreOS版本。这对我们来说，是一个重大的里程碑。自从2013年八月我们第一个alpha版本发布以来，我们做了：
+
+- 191个发布版本
+- 通过alpha和beta频道测试了成千上万的服务器
+- 支持10个以上平台，从裸机到Rackspace和Google云平台的主要镜像
+
+对我们来说这是一个极为重要的日子，因为我们为了稳定版的发布付出了努力的工作。当然，如果没有社区的帮助，我们完成不了这些工作，感谢你们所有对项目的支持和贡献。
+
+[CoreOS 367.1.0][2], 这是我们在稳定频道上的第一个版本, 包括以下内容:
+
+- Linux 3.15.2
+- Docker 1.0.1
+- 所有主流的云服务商的支持, 包括 Rackspace Cloud, Amazon EC2 (包括 HVM) 和 Google Compute Engine
+- 通过 [CoreOS Managed Linux][3] 的商业支持 
+
+如果你还没有阅读我们的[Update Philosophy][4]，我们建议您先看看。
+
+请注意：稳定发布版本为了保持稳定性而不包括etcd和fleet ，此发布版仅针对基本的操作系统和Docker1.0。etcd和fleet的稳定版本支持会在随后的发布版本中。
+
+如果想开始在产品中运行CoreOS，请确保阅读我们的快速指南“[切换到发布频道][5]”。如果你正在装新的机器，请确保在一开始就把他们建立在你想要的更新频道上。
+
+最后，感谢社区的支持，我们迫不及待地想听到你们的反馈。对那些在产品环境中运行CoreOS上，希望得到额外支持的用户，请确保查看我们的[Managed Linux][6] 建议，因为我们已经有了一个完整的支持团队，他们正在准备回答你遇到的任何问题。
+
+SysAdmin节快乐，感谢你们让互联网变得如此令人惊叹。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://coreos.com/blog/stable-release/
+
+作者：Alex Polvi
+译者：[lfzark](https://github.com/lfzark)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://sysadminday.com/
+[2]:https://coreos.com/releases/#367.1.0
+[3]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/
+[4]:https://coreos.com/using-coreos/updates/
+[5]:https://coreos.com/docs/cluster-management/setup/switching-channels/
+[6]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/

published/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 虽然，使用浏览器主界面来设置默认浏览器很方便，但是有时，你需要远程来操作。
 
 要做到这一点，你只需打开终端，然后执行下述命令：
-```
-sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser
-```
+
+	sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser
+
 之后输入你想设置为默认浏览器的号码，这样就搞定了！
 
 截图如下：

published/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-关于Linux命令的10个有用的面试问题及其答案
+10个有用的Linux命令面试问题及答案
 ==================================================================================================================================================
-Linux命令行，以及用户使用Linux命令进行Linux shell交互，是Linux最吸引人的地方，也是面试中最普遍的话题之一。在这篇文章中，我们将提出10个面试中很重要问题，这肯定能拓宽你的知识面
+Linux命令行，以及用户使用Linux命令进行Linux shell交互，是Linux最吸引人的地方，也是面试中最普遍的话题之一。在这篇文章中，我们将提出10个面试中很重要问题，这肯定能拓宽你的知识面。
 
 ![Linux Command Questions](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Linux-Command-Questions.png) Linux Command Questions
 
-### 1. 如何停止一个正在运行的进程 ###
+### 1. 如何暂停一个正在运行的进程，让其在后台运行？ ###
 
-**答案**：为了停止正在运行的进程，我们可以使用组合键 Ctrl+Z
+**答案**：为了停止正在运行的进程，让其在后台运行，我们可以使用组合键 Ctrl+Z。
 
 ### 2. 什么是安装Linux所需的最小分区数量，以及如何查看系统启动信息？ ###
 
-**答案**：单独一个/root分区足以执行所有的系统任务，但是强烈建议安装Linux时，需要至少三个分区：/root,/boot,/swap。一个IDE硬盘驱动器支持高达63个分区，SCSI硬盘驱动器支持超过15个分区
+**答案**：单独一个/root分区足以执行所有的系统任务，但是强烈建议安装Linux时，需要至少三个分区：/root,/boot,/swap。一个IDE硬盘驱动器支持高达63个分区，SCSI硬盘驱动器支持超过15个分区。
 
 为了检查启动信息，我们可以使用cat或者dmesg命令，如下所示：
 
@@ -20,39 +20,39 @@ OR
 
 	#dmesg
 
-### 3. 在你的Linux机器上更踪系统事件的守护进程名是什么？###
+### 3. 在你的Linux机器上跟踪系统事件的守护进程名是什么？###
 
-**答案**：'syslogd'，它负责更踪系统信息，并将更踪日志存储在特定的日志文件里
+**答案**：'syslogd'，它负责跟踪系统信息，并将跟踪日志存储在特定的日志文件里。
 
 ### 4. 在/root分区运行'fsck'命令的最低要求是什么？###
 
 **答案**：/root分区必须挂载为只读模式，而不是读写模式
 
-### 5. 如何分层复制/home目录到另一个目录，你有什么办法？###
+### 5. 如何分层复制/home目录到另一个目录？###
 
-**答案**：Linux的'cpio'命令起到了效果。'cpio'可以分层地复制文件和目录层次结构到另一个位置
+**答案**：Linux的'cpio'命令起到了效果。'cpio'可以分层地复制文件和目录层次结构到另一个位置。
 
 ### 6. 在Linux中，怎样实现日志文件的自动替换？###
 
-**答案**：'logrotate'提供日志自动替换功能
+**答案**：'logrotate'提供日志自动替换功能。
 
-### 7. 你知道Linux中是谁在安排工作吗？###
+### 7. 怎样知道Linux中是谁在安排工作？###
 
-**答案**：使用'at'命令加上'-l'选项，就可以查出
+**答案**：使用'at'命令加上'-l'选项，就可以查出。
 
-### 8. 如何在不解压tar包的前提下，查看包里的内容 ###
+### 8. 如何在不解压tar包的前提下，查看包里的内容？ ###
 
 **答案**：使用'tar -tvf'。选项‘t’(显示内容)，‘v’（详细报告tar处理的文件信息），‘f’（使用档案文件或者设备）
 
 ### 9. 什么是页面错误，它是怎么发生的？###
 
-**答案**：当一个程序请求内存中不存在的数据时，就会产生页面错误，导致的结果就是程序停止
+**答案**：当一个程序请求内存中不存在的数据时，就会产生页面错误，导致的结果就是程序停止。
 
-### 10. 什么叫在程序中返回代码？###
+### 10. 什么是在程序中返回代码？###
 
-**答案**：返回代码是shell的特性。返回代码显示了程序的状态，一个成功的程序执行后返回‘0’，&&可以用来决定那个应用程序先执行
+**答案**：返回代码是shell的特性。返回代码显示了程序的状态，一个成功的程序执行后返回‘0’，&&可以用来决定那个应用程序先执行。
 
-好了，文章要结束了。不久以后，我还会在这分享其余有趣文章的，记得和我们保持联系。还有，别忘了在评论栏里面向我们提供您的宝贵意见
+好了，文章要结束了。不久以后，我还会在这分享其余有趣文章的，记得和我们保持联系。还有，别忘了在评论栏里面向我们提供您的宝贵意见。
 
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-interview-questions-and-answers-on-linux-c
 
 原文作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
  
-译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
  
-[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
+[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/ 
 

published/20140729 Use Pushbullet Indicator In Ubuntu To Send Files To Android Or iOS Devices.md

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+在 ubuntu 下使用 Pushbullet Indicator 向 Android/iOS 设备推送文件
+================================================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Pushbullet_Logog.jpg)
+
+[Pushbullet][1]是一款iOS和Android设备与桌面系统互相传输文件、链接、图片的APP应用,Pushbullet可以在任何装有Firefox或Chrome
+浏览器的操作系统上安装使用。
+
+如果你不是浏览器扩展插件的粉丝，却依然想使用桌面应用**Pushbullet in Ubuntu 14.04**的话，你可以使用由 [Atareao][2]开发
+的**Pushbullet Indicator**。 Pushbullet Indicator 小应用正在开发阶段，并不具备官方windows桌面版应用的所有功能，
+但是已经足够大家入门使用了。
+
+### 在Ubuntu 14.04 和 Linux Mint 17 下安装Pushbullet Indicator小应用 ###
+
+打开一个终端，并且使用以下命令
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:atareao/atareao
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install pushbullet-indicator
+    
+以上个人软件包不支持运行在Ubuntu 13.10.版本
+
+### 在Ubuntu 14.04 和 Linux Mint 17 下使用Pushbullet Indicator小应用 ###
+
+
+- 创建一个[Pushbullet][3]账号
+
+- 在Android/iOS设备上安装Pushbullet
+
+- 在Ubuntu 或者Linux Mint系统安装Pushbullet Indicator小应用以后，运行。第一次启动时，会提供一些Pushbullet账号连接的选项。如图：
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Pushbullet_Indicator_start.png)
+
+- 当连接完成时，你也应该从下图设备标签中命名你的设备。如果你想Pushbullet在每次开机时自动启动，你可以在从preference设备中
+- 点击打开Autostart按钮自动启动(如上图所示)
+
+- 当你做完这一步，你会看见 Pushbullet indicator 小应用出现在Unity panel。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Use_Pushbullet_indicator_Ubuntu.jpeg)
+
+- 点击indicator，选择想要向其发送数据的智能手机（已经连接到你的Pushbullet的设备）
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Pushbullet_Indicator_In_Ubuntu.png)
+
+
+- 你将会在其他设备上接收到一个接收文件的通知。然后，你可以通过Pushbullet app应用获取所有的通知消息。
+
+- 安卓设备也可以接到来电、短信和其他类型的通知。
+
+- 如果你从你的移动设备向桌面发送一个文件的话，你将会接到以下通知。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Pushbulet_Indicator_Notification.jpeg)
+
+- 这些文件不会自动的保存在某个目录下。获取其他设备发送来的文件，可以去indicator目录查看最后推送（Show last push），显示你最后推送的。点击下载文件到你选择的目录中。
+
+### 为Pushbullet安装Nautilus扩展 ###
+
+另一个可选的建议，你可以为Pushbullet安装Nautilus扩展，使它可以通过右键目录直接发送文件。使用以下命令安装。
+
+    sudo apt-get install nautilus-pushbullet
+
+但是，在重启后你必须重新授权。
+
+请在评论区分享你使用Pushbullet Indicator小应用的经验,朋友们,再见.
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/pushbullet-indicator-ubuntu/
+
+作者：[Abhishek][a]
+译者：[lfzark](https://github.com/lfzark)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
+[1]:https://www.pushbullet.com/
+[2]:http://www.atareao.es/
+[3]:https://www.pushbullet.com/

published/20140731 Command Line Somedays--Part Six.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+命令行星期二——第六部分
+================================================================================
+
+不管怎样，让我们继续我们今天的日程吧：输入/输出重定向。
+
+我们已经用过的大多数命令，都把他们的结果张贴到了终端显示中。然而，我们也可以让这些命令的显示放进一个文件、设备中，或者作为其它命令的输入，一切都在**重定向**。
+
+### 标准输出 ###
+
+那么，命令行程序主要是怎么工作的呢？它们会将命令的结果丢给一个叫做标准输出的设备，然后，标准输出会将这些结果发送到你的显示设备上，这样你就可以畅快地阅读这些信息了。然而，你也可以让命令的结果显示到一个文本文件中，像这样，用“>”字符（我的例子）：
+
+    man zypper > man.txt
+
+这儿我所干的是， 我想要获得zypper的一个帮助页。但是，我想要把它放到一个文本文件中去，因而我可以在我需要他们的时候（例如，在论坛、IRC寻求帮助时）很方便地读取这些结果。所以，这个命令做的是，保存man zypper输出结果到我的家目录中的man.txt，这样你可以看到，我可以用gedit来打开它：
+
+![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Zaslonska-slika-2014-07-30-103144.png)
+
+如果我重复了该命令，或者使用不同的命令重定向到了同名文件，那么它就会被一次又一次地覆盖。所以，在那种情况下，如果我想要把输出结果重定向并附加到现存文件中，我唯一能做的事情就是下一次使用“>>”来替换“>”。
+
+### 标准输入 ###
+
+许多命令也可以接受来自称之为标准输入的设备的输入。默认情况下，输入来自键盘，然而也可以来自一个文件。要重定向它，使用跟前面相反的字符：‘**<**’。
+
+请看下面的例子：
+
+    sort < man.txt
+
+### 管道 ###
+
+要想把多个命令连接到一起，你可以使用管道。管道所要做的是，将一个命令的标准输出注入到另一个命令的标准输入。肖茨先生的最爱：
+
+    ls – l | less
+
+通过使用‘| less’这个小把戏，你可以让任何命令滚动输出。
+过滤器
+
+### 过滤器 ###
+
+过滤器是管道中常用的程序。过滤器获取标准输入，对它进行操作，然后把结果发送到标准输出。它们可以以一种相当强大的方式处理信息。这儿提供了一个程序列表，大多数都是用作过滤器的。它们可以用于执行、查询，或者将帮助页重定向到它们，然后再重定向到一个文件！
+
+过滤器：sort, uniq, grep （我们发现这一个东西遍布论坛，因此我建议大家深入研究一下）, fmt, pr, head, tail, tr, sed, awk。
+
+### 结束 ###
+
+我们只剩下几个课程来阐述CLI的基本用法了，到成熟期的时候，我希望大家都会对CLI兴趣会增多一点了，也希望大家在萧条期也进行一些探索！而在你们动手干的时候，我希望你们……
+**玩得不亦乐乎！**
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/30/command-line-somedays-part-six/
+
+作者：[Nenad Latinović][a]
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://news.opensuse.org/author/holden87/
+[1]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/29/factory-rolling-release/

published/20140731 Minimal Linux Live.md

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+最精简Linux Live CD版本:Minimal Linux Live
+================================================================================
+
+最精简Linux Live是一系列基于[linux内核][1] 和 [BusyBox][2]的自动生成最精简 Live Linux 系统linux shell脚本。所有所需的源码已经自动地被下载，而且所有的生成操作已经完全被封装在脚本中了。
+
+如果你想定制属于自己的最精简Linux Live 的ISO镜像文件，以下是你需要做的:
+
+- 从[下载][3]区域获得最新的脚本。
+
+- 把脚本解压到文件夹下。
+
+- 确保所有的脚本都可执行（可以使用命令chmod +x *.sh 添加可执行属性）
+
+- 在开始生成过程之前，取决于你使用什么Linux系统,可能会有一个或者多个依赖库(也可能不需要，或者更多)需要处理.如果使用Ubuntu的话，以下命令应该足以生成所有需要的依赖库:
+
+----------
+
+    sudo apt-get install wget
+    sudo apt-get install make
+    sudo apt-get install gcc
+    sudo apt-get install bc
+    sudo apt-get install syslinux
+    sudo apt-get install genisoimage
+
+- 执行脚本 **build_minimal_linux_live.sh**  然后等待完成。如果你已经处理好所有的生成依赖库,那么在一台现代计算机上全部的过程耗费时间应该不超过30分钟。如果由于某些原因生成失败，最可能的应该是没有处理好生成依赖库。一些用户反应到生成所必需的包将会处理所有ubuntu上未知的生成依赖问题。如果使用Linux Mint 而且正在尝试安装 g++ 包，如果你依然遇到很多问题，那么你可以尝试安装必需包。在Fedora系统上你可能需要安装 glibc-static包。
+
+  请记得所有的生成依赖库由于你使用的Linux操作系统和已经安装的软件不同将会发生很大的变化。
+
+  如果依然有问题，请检查失败信息然后在google上搜索一下。如果你找不到解决方案，你可以询问一些更有经验的linux专家(如果你认识的话),或者另外一个选择是联系我们。请确保在发送给我们之前，你已经提前研究过这个问题。
+
+- 当脚本完成它们的工作，你将会在执行脚本的同目录下发现一个新创建的**minimal_linux_live.iso** 文件。你可以烧录iso镜像到CD/DVD，通过[Universal USB Installer][4]工具安装到USB闪存设备，或者直接在PC的虚拟机上运行，例如[VirtualBox][5]。
+
+生成的ISO镜像文件包括使用默认选项编译的linux内核,使用默认选项编译的BusyBox和非常轻量级的initramfs。这意味着你不需要 另辟蹊径去获得windows支持，也不需要使用任何花哨的桌面环境。你所需要的只是一个支持BusyBox applets 的shell控制台，和……好吧。这些就够了。这就是为什么称它为 "最精简"。
+
+最好的消息是不仅操作系统很小很简单，而且生成脚本也同样的小巧玲珑。你可以很轻松地从脚本学习，并且修改他们去包含更多内容(我是很鼓励你这样做).在你学习完这些基础以后你将会拥有所有所必须的工具和技能去创造你自己功能完善的linux操作系统！完全从零开始!是不是帅呆了!?:)
+
+这篇教程提供了更详细的脚本内部结构以及全部的生成过程，我鼓励你们如果有时间的话就去通读这个文档。
+
+下面你会看到一些屏幕截图，它们展示了当你启动你的新一代 Minimal Linux Live 操作系统时的环境情况。
+
+![](http://minimal.linux-bg.org/images/screen1.png)
+
+![](http://minimal.linux-bg.org/images/screen2.png)
+
+![](http://minimal.linux-bg.org/images/screen3.png)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://minimal.linux-bg.org/
+
+译者：[lfzark](https://github.com/lfzark)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://kernel.org/
+[2]:http://busybox.net/
+[3]:http://minimal.linux-bg.org/#
+[4]:http://www.pendrivelinux.com/
+[5]:http://virtualbox.org/ 

sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle
-CoreOS Linux结束升级周期
-================================================================================
-> CoreOS发布了他的Linux发行版的商用支持版，并且宣称将废除手动更新。
-
-国际数据集团新闻社消息——CoreOS发布了商用Linux发行版，以期能简化系统管理员的生活。这个Linux发行版可持续进行自动更新，不需要进行重大升级。
-
-CoreOS提供其同名的Linux发行版做为商业服务，开始为一个月100美元。
-
-“商家现在可以开始考虑将CoreOS作为他们系统团队的延伸，对于企业Linux客户，这将是他们会需要的最后一次迁移。”CoreOS的创始人和CEO在一份声明中这样说。
-
-商业Linux订阅并不是什么新鲜事：[Red Hat][2]和[Suse][3]都在为他们各自的发行版提供商业订阅。
-
-因为这些以Linux为基础的公司使用的应用程序和库都是开源和免费提供的，所以订阅的费用不包括软件本身，而收费来自更新，漏洞修复，集成以及发生问题时的技术支持。
-
-CoreOS公司声称，CoreOS将会和这些发行版不同，它将不会有重大更新，而这些更新通常需要一次更新更新所有的包。它的更新和新特征将会在就绪后自动。。。。CoreOS will be different from these distributions, the company asserted, in that there will be no major updates, which typically require updating all the packages in the distribution at once. Instead, updates and new features will be streamed automatically to the copy of the OS and applied as soon as they are ready.
-
-The service offers a dashboard, called CoreUpdate, that provides controls for designating which software packages should get updated, should the administrator not want all the packages to be updated automatically.
-
-CoreUpdate can manage multiple machines at once, and offers a roll-back capability should an update cause issues.
-
-Launched last December, CoreOS was designed to [focus][4] on an emerging use of the open-source OS kernel -- that of powering lots of cloud-based virtual servers.
-
-The average CoreOS instance was designed to consume only less than half of what other Linux distributions typically consume. All applications that run on the distribution run in Docker virtualized containers, so they can be started almost instantaneously.
-
-The distribution can be updated more easily [due to its novel use of two partitions][5]. One can contain the current version of the OS while the OS is being updated in the other, smoothing the process of upgrading a package, or the entire distribution.
-
-The CoreOS service can be run on-premises, or through Amazon, Google and Rackspace cloud services.
-
-CoreOS also announced Monday that it received $8 million in backing from the Kleiner Perkins Caulfield and Byers venture capital firm. The company has previously gotten investment from Sequoia Capital and Fuel Capital.
-
-----------
-
-Joab Jackson covers enterprise software and general technology breaking news for The IDG News Service. Follow Joab on Twitter at [@Joab_Jackson][6]. Joab's e-mail address is [Joab_Jackson@idg.com][7]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9249460/CoreOS_Linux_ending_the_upgrade_cycle?taxonomyId=122
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/plans/
-[2]:http://www.redhat.com/about/subscription/
-[3]:https://www.suse.com/support/programs/subscriptions/
-[4]:http://www.networkworld.com/article/2177120/cloud-computing/coreos-linux-distro-lands-on-the-google-cloud-platform.html
-[5]:https://coreos.com/using-coreos/updates/
-[6]:http://twitter.com/Joab_Jackson
-[7]:Joab_Jackson@idg.com

sources/news/20140709 Dwarf Fortress Sees First New Release In 2 Years.md

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-Dwarf Fortress Sees First New Release In 2 Years
-================================================================================
-![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/tagline_images/399424446id3997gol.png)
-
-[Dwarf Fortress][1] is a single-player fantasy game. You can control a dwarven outpost or an adventurer in a randomly generated, persistent world. The kicker is that the graphics are all text, no actual graphics. There are of course mods to make it graphical however.
-
-I have to say I don't get the fuss at all with this one. The interface is confusing and it's not nice to look at, but I am guessing with plenty of graphical mods it could get pretty good considering everything you can do in it. I understand it will have a massive amount of replayability due to generating a new world each time, but it just doesn't look inviting to someone who hasn't played a game like it before.
-
-This new release is the first in 2 years and has massive changes as you might imagine. See the [full rundown here][1].
-
-What do people see in it exactly? I know plenty of you play it as the amount of people to email it in was crazy. I'm just going to sit back and let the "omg your crazy" comments come in. 
-
-
-
-
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/dwarf-fortress-sees-first-new-release-in-2-years.3997
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://www.bay12games.com/dwarves/index.html

sources/news/20140714 IPFire 2.13 Core 77 Linux Firewall Distro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements.md

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-IPFire 2.13 Core 77 Linux Firewall Distro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements
-================================================================================
-![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-77-Linux-Firewall-Distro-Brings-Major-OpenVPN-Improvements-450605-2.jpg)
-
-**Michael Tremer, a developer for the ipfire.org team, has announced that IPFire 2.13 Core 79, a new stable build of the popular Linux-based firewall distribution, is now out with some exciting new features.**
-
-IPFire is a modular Linux distribution, which means that it can be deployed as a firewall, a proxy server, or a VPN gateway. The main concern of the developers is security and every step has been taken in order to ensure that users can feel really safe when using this operation system.
-
-The developers are saying in the official [announcement][1] that the “Core Update 79 is finally arriving with many bug fixes and enhancements. Among the big changes with this update are lots feature enhancements that massively increase the security level of OpenVPN connections, some enhancements of the web user interface and a lot more awesome stuff under the hood.”
-
-The IPFire devs had another huge release a few months ago and it looks like they have made another one, this time focusing on the improvement of the OpenVPN features and a few other aspects.
-
-“The certificate authority that can be created on the OpenVPN page now uses much better hashes to protect the integrity of itself. The CA root certificate uses a SHA512 hash and a RSA key with length of 4096 bit. All new created host certificates use a RSA key with 2048 bit length and a SHA256 hash. Additionally, a set of Diffie-Hellman parameters can be generated for better protection of the session keys. The length of the pregenerated DH parameters can be chosen in the web interface,” also noted the devs.
-
-According to the changelog, the cipher that is used for each net-to-net connection can now be changed, the hash function is now configurable with a few options like SHA2 (512, 384, and 256-bit), Whirpool (512 bit), and SHA1 (160 bit), and the tls-auth option can be enabled, which uses a HMAC function.
-
-The Linux kernel used by the distribution has also been updated in this release and the OS now packs the 3.10.44 version. This should bring support for new hardware, a number of security fixes, and more stability.
-
-Also, snort (the Intrusion Detection System) has been updated to version 2.9.6.1, the new firewall GUI now supports blocking access to the GREEN firewall interface, the PIE packet scheduler has been added, and the default size of the root partition has been increased.
-
-The developers recommend all users of IPFire to upgrade their distributions. More details can be found on the official website. 
-
-Download IPFire 2.13 Core 79:
-
-- [IPFire 2.15 Core 79][1] (ISO)[iso] [126 MB]
-- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1][2] (ISO)[iso] [76 MB]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-77-Linux-Firewall-Distro-Brings-Major-OpenVPN-Improvements-450605.shtml
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-79-released
-[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core79/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core79.iso
-[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso

sources/news/20140714 LFTP 4.5.3 File Transfer Software Is for People Who Love the Terminal.md

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-LFTP 4.5.3 File Transfer Software Is for People Who Love the Terminal
-================================================================================
-![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/LFTP-4-5-3-File-Transfer-Software-Is-for-People-Who-Love-the-Terminal-450596-2.jpg)
-
-**LFTP 4.5.3, a sophisticated file transfer program with a command-line interface that supports FTP, HTTP, FISH, SFTP, HTTPS, and FTPS protocols, has been released and is ready for download.**
-
-Every operation made with LFTP is reliable, which means that, if any non-fatal error occurs, the operation is retried automatically. The software supports numerous protocols, but it can also handle a few other tasks, such as BitTorrent downloads, SRV DNS records, job queuing, bookmarks, aliases, and many more.
-
-“lftp has shell-like command syntax allowing you to launch several commands in parallel in background (&). It is also possible to group commands within () and execute them in background. All background jobs are executed in the same single process. You can bring a foreground job to background with ^Z (c-z) and back with command ‘wait’ (or ‘fg’ which is alias to ‘wait’),” reads the official website.
-
-According to the changelog, a new setting ftp:site has been added, the http body is not uncompressed when the Contrent-Type is compressed, the source address of DHT replies is now checked, and the disconnected torrent peers are now discarded after only a timeout.
-
-A complete list of changes and improvements can be found in the official [announcement][1]. 
-
-Download LFTP 4.5.3:
-
-- [LFTP 4.5.3 tar.xz][2][sources] [1.40 MB]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/LFTP-4-5-3-File-Transfer-Software-Is-for-People-Who-Love-the-Terminal-450596.shtml
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://lftp.yar.ru/news.html
-[2]:http://lftp.yar.ru/ftp/lftp-4.4.15.tar.xz

sources/news/20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-nd0104 is translate
-Time to Upgrade: Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today
-================================================================================
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/upgrade-available.jpg)
-
-**It’s had a fair old run, but after 9 months basking in the sun today marks the end of official support for Ubuntu 13.10 ‘Saucy Salamander’.**
-
-> Despite the name ‘Saucy’, the changes on offer were rather bland
-
-Those still running it should look at upgrading to the most recent stable release, Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. Launched back in April, it will be supported with updates on the desktop all the way until mid-April 2019.
-
-Support for the server version of Ubuntu 13.10 also formally ends today.
-
-### Saucy Loses Flavour ###
-
-Ubuntu 13.10 came out last October with Canonical pledging to provide a full 9 months of ongoing security and bug fixes on the desktop. As of July 17 these updates will cease and no further updates or backported packages will be provided.
-
-Canonical’s [recommended upgrade path][1] is to 14.04, a transition that can be handled directly on the desktop itself through the Software Updater application or via the command line through the ‘`do-release-upgrade`‘ command.
-
-Saucy in name, but bland in nature, 13.10 is far from being one of Ubuntu’s more remarkable releases — [as evidenced by many of the online reviews at the time][2].
-
-It was, however, notable for inflicting(注：这个单词原文有删除线) introducing Smart Scopes to the Unity Dash, adding a keyboard indicator for faster language layout switching, and being the first release to integrate `Ubuntu One Single Sign-on` into the installation experience.
-
-For a natty visual rundown of all that debuted with it you can watch the compilation video below.
-
-Youtobe 视频地址：[http://www.youtube.com/embed/1EiRQ-znEcI?feature=oembed][3]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/ubuntu-13-10-support-ends-today
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/TrustyUpgrades
-[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/ubuntu-13-10-press-reaction
-[3]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/1EiRQ-znEcI?feature=oembed

sources/news/20140725 GOG.com Now Supports Linux.md

@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-GOG.com Now Supports Linux!
-================================================================================
-> 50 games for the free OS available right NOW!
-
-[![](http://www.gog.com/upload/images/2014/07/7c1e2e42f8c3c101468d4364759e9cdc3a1c01cb_small.jpg)][1]
-
-A while ago, [we've announced our plans][2] to add Linux support as one of the features of our digital platform, with 100 games on the launch day sometime this fall. We've put much time and effort into this project and now we've found ourselves with over 50 titles, classic and new, prepared for distribution, site infrastructure ready, support team trained and standing by, and absolutely no reason to wait until October or November. We're still aiming to have at least 100 Linux games in the coming months, but we've decided not to delay the launch just for the sake of having a nice-looking number to show off to the press. It's not about them, after all, it's about you. So, one of the most popular site feature requests on our [community wishlist][3] is granted today: Linux support has officially arrived on GOG.com!
-
-The first 50+ titles we've have in store for you come from all the corners of our DRM-Free catalog. Note that we've got many classic titles coming officially to Linux for the very first time, thanks to the custom builds prepared by our dedicated team of penguin tamers. That's over twenty fan-favorite GOG.com classics, like [FlatOut][4]&[Flatout 2][5], , [Darklands][6], or [Realms of the Haunting][7] we've personally ushered one by one into the welcoming embrace of Linux gamers. That's already quite a nice chunk of our back-catalog, and you can expect more from our dedicated Linux team soon!
-
-Now, for the recent titles. We've got some indie games with native Linux versions that finally find their well-deserved spot in our store. Among them, debuting on Linux, [CLARC][8] - a well received original comedic Sci-Fi puzzler. On top of that, be on the lookout for two new additions to the GOG.com catalog: [Gods Will Be Watching][9] (coming in a couple of hours) and [Unrest:Special Edition][10] (Linux build coming right up!), both of them very fresh and intriguing. This is the very first time we can provide you with all the PC versions of a premiere game, and we will continue to do so in the future. If there's a Linux version of a title we're releasing, our aim is to deliver it to you Day-1. But enough about us, let's talk about the games. Here's what you can be playing on Linux today: 
-
-- [**Anomaly Warzone Earth**][11]
-- [**Ascendant**][12]
-- [**Bionic Dues**][13]
-- [**Blake Stone: Aliens of Gold**][14] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Blake Stone: Planet Strike**][15] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Bloodnet**][16] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Braveland**][17]
-- [**CLARC**][18] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Darklands**][19] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Darwinia**][20]
-- [**Defcon**][21]
-- [**Don't Starve + DLC**][22]
-- [**Dragonsphere**][23] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition**][24]
-- [**FlatOut**][25] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Flatout 2**][26] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Fragile Allegiance**][27] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Gemini Rue**][28]
-- [**Gods Will Be Watching**][29]
-- [**Hammerwatch**][30]
-- [**Hocus Pocus**][31] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Kentucky Route Zero**][32]
-- [**The Last Federation**][33]
-- [**Legend of Grimrock**][34]
-- [**Litil Divil**][35] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Long Live the Queen**][36]
-- [**MouseCraft**][37]
-- [**Multiwinia**][38]
-- [**Normality**][39] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Pinball Gold Pack**][40] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Pinball World**][41] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Pirates! Gold Plus**][42] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Realms of the Haunting**][43] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender**][44] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Rise of the Triad: Dark War**][45] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Shattered Haven**][46]
-- [**The Shivah HD**][47]
-- [**Sid Meier's Colonization**][48] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Sid Meier's Covert Action**][49] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Sir, You Are Being Hunted**][50]
-- [**Slipstream 5000**][51] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Space Pirates and Zombies**][52]
-- [**Spacechem**][53]
-- [**Stargunner**][54] - first time on Linux!
-- [**SteamWorld Dig**][55]
-- [**Super Hexagon**][56]
-- [**Surgeon Simulator 2013**][57]
-- [**Sword of the Samurai**][58] - first time on Linux!
-- [**Teslagrad**][59]
-- [**Unrest:Special Edition**][60] (Linux build on the way!)
-- [**Uplink**][61]
-- [**VVVVVV**][62]
-
-As if this wasn't exciting enough, we've put more than half of these titles on a [special promo][63]! Head out to the [promo page][64] and find out which of them you can get up to 75% off until Tuesday, 9:59AM GMT. Of course, all of the games from the list above that you already own will be updated with Linux versions with no additional cost for you, just as you might have expected from GOG.com. 
-
-"OK, but how will Linux support actually work on GOG.com" - you might ask. For both native Linux versions, as well as special builds prepared by our team, GOG.com will provide distro-independent tar.gz archives and support convenient DEB installers for the two most popular Linux distributions: Ubuntu and Mint, in their current and future LTS editions. Helpful and responsive customer support has always been an important part of the GOG.com gaming experience. We wouldn't have it any other way when it comes to Linux, and starting today our helpdesk offers support for our official Linux releases on Ubuntu and Mint systems.
-
-Diversity and freedom of choice have always been an important part of the GOG.com way. We're very glad that we could improve our service with the addition of the free (and DRM-Free) alternative to the commercial operating systems. Talking with gamers is just as important, so we're counting on your feedback! If you've got any questions, suggestions, or run into any trouble, just tell us in the forum thread below this post. Just please be gentle, this is [our very first time][65] with Linux. Happy launch day, everyone!
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.gog.com/news/gogcom_now_supports_linux
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://www.gog.com/promo/linux_launch_promo_240714
-[2]:http://www.gog.com/news/gogcom_soon_on_more_platforms
-[3]:http://www.gog.com/wishlist/site#search=linux
-[4]:http://www.gog.com/game/flatout
-[5]:http://www.gog.com/game/flatout_2
-[6]:http://www.gog.com/game/darklands
-[7]:http://www.gog.com/game/realms_of_the_haunting
-[8]:http://www.gog.com/game/clarc
-[9]:http://www.gog.com/game/gods_will_be_watching
-[10]:http://www.gog.com/game/unrest_special_edition
-[11]:http://www.gog.com/game/anomaly_warzone_earth
-[12]:http://www.gog.com/game/ascendant
-[13]:http://www.gog.com/game/bionic_dues
-[14]:http://www.gog.com/game/blake_stone_aliens_of_gold
-[15]:http://www.gog.com/game/blake_stone_planet_strike
-[16]:http://www.gog.com/game/bloodnet
-[17]:http://www.gog.com/game/braveland
-[18]:http://www.gog.com/game/clarc
-[19]:http://www.gog.com/game/darklands
-[20]:http://www.gog.com/game/darwinia
-[21]:http://www.gog.com/game/defcon
-[22]:http://www.gog.com/game/dont_starve
-[23]:http://www.gog.com/game/dragonsphere
-[24]:http://www.gog.com/game/duke_nukem_3d_atomic_edition
-[25]:http://www.gog.com/game/flatout
-[26]:http://www.gog.com/game/flatout_2
-[27]:http://www.gog.com/game/fragile_allegiance
-[28]:http://www.gog.com/game/gemini_rue
-[29]:http://www.gog.com/game/gods_will_be_watching
-[30]:http://www.gog.com/game/hammerwatch
-[31]:http://www.gog.com/game/hocus_pocus
-[32]:http://www.gog.com/game/kentucky_route_zero_season_pass
-[33]:http://www.gog.com/game/last_federation_the
-[34]:http://www.gog.com/game/legend_of_grimrock
-[35]:http://www.gog.com/game/litil_divil
-[36]:http://www.gog.com/game/long_live_the_queen
-[37]:http://www.gog.com/game/mousecraft
-[38]:http://www.gog.com/game/multiwinia
-[39]:http://www.gog.com/game/normality
-[40]:http://www.gog.com/game/pinball_gold_pack
-[41]:http://www.gog.com/game/pinball_world
-[42]:http://www.gog.com/game/pirates_gold_plus
-[43]:http://www.gog.com/game/realms_of_the_haunting
-[44]:http://www.gog.com/game/rex_nebular_and_the_cosmic_gender_bender
-[45]:http://www.gog.com/game/rise_of_the_triad__dark_war
-[46]:http://www.gog.com/game/shattered_haven
-[47]:http://www.gog.com/game/the_shivah
-[48]:http://www.gog.com/game/sid_meiers_colonization
-[49]:http://www.gog.com/game/sid_meiers_covert_action
-[50]:http://www.gog.com/game/sir_you_are_being_hunted
-[51]:http://www.gog.com/game/slipstream_5000
-[52]:http://www.gog.com/game/space_pirates_and_zombies
-[53]:http://www.gog.com/game/spacechem
-[54]:http://www.gog.com/game/stargunner
-[55]:http://www.gog.com/game/steamworld_dig
-[56]:http://www.gog.com/game/super_hexagon
-[57]:http://www.gog.com/game/surgeon_simulator_2013
-[58]:http://www.gog.com/game/sword_of_the_samurai
-[59]:http://www.gog.com/game/teslagrad
-[60]:http://www.gog.com/game/unrest_special_edition
-[61]:http://www.gog.com/game/uplink_hacker_elite
-[62]:http://www.gog.com/game/vvvvvv
-[63]:http://www.gog.com/promo/linux_launch_promo_240714
-[64]:http://www.gog.com/promo/linux_launch_promo_240714
-[65]:http://youtu.be/qBxbPts5tOk

sources/news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-Translating by lfzark
-CoreOS Stable Release
-================================================================================
-First off, [Happy SysAdmin Day][1]. We think we have a pretty good SysAdmin surprise in store for you today as we are announcing the CoreOS stable release channel. Starting today, you can begin running CoreOS in production. This version is the most tested, secure and reliable version available for users wanting to run CoreOS. This is a huge milestone for us. Since our first alpha release in August 2013:
-
-- 191 releases have been tagged
-- Tested on hundreds of thousands of servers on the alpha and beta channels
-- Supported on 10+ platforms, ranging from bare metal to being primary images on Rackspace and Google
-
-It is a big day for us here at CoreOS, as we have been working hard to deliver the stable release. Of course, we couldn’t do this without the community so thank you for all of your support and contributions to the project.
-
-[CoreOS 367.1.0][2], our first version on the stable channel, includes the following:
-
-- Linux 3.15.2
-- Docker 1.0.1
-- Support on all major cloud providers, including Rackspace Cloud, Amazon EC2 (including HVM), and Google Compute Engine
-- Commercial support via [CoreOS Managed Linux][3]
-
-This is a great opportunity to read about our [Update Philosophy][4] if you haven't already done so.
-
-Please note: The stable release is not including etcd and fleet as stable, this release is only targeted at the base OS and Docker 1.0. etcd/fleet stable support will be in subsequent releases.
-
-For those of you who want to start running CoreOS in production be sure to review our quick [Switching Release Channels][5] guide. As you're booting new machines, be sure to base them off your desired channel from the beginning.
-
-Finally, thanks to the community for your support. We can’t wait to hear your feedback. For those looking for additional support of running CoreOS in production, be sure to check out our [Managed Linux][6] offerings, as we have a full support team in place ready to answer any questions you may have.
-
-Happy SysAdmin Day, and thank you for making the web awesome.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://coreos.com/blog/stable-release/
-
-作者：Alex Polvi
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://sysadminday.com/
-[2]:https://coreos.com/releases/#367.1.0
-[3]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/
-[4]:https://coreos.com/using-coreos/updates/
-[5]:https://coreos.com/docs/cluster-management/setup/switching-channels/
-[6]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/

sources/news/20140731 Red Hat aims to standardize Linux for 64-bit ARM servers.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+Red Hat aims to standardize Linux for 64-bit ARM servers
+================================================================================
+> Red Hat wants Linux for ARM servers to avoid the fragmentation that plagued Unix in decades past
+
+DG News Service - Red Hat has developed a version of the Linux operating system that can be used to test chips and associated hardware based on the ARMv8-A 64-bit architecture for servers with the aim of standardizing that market.
+
+Based on the company's Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), the Linux distribution is part of a [partner program][1] that Red Hat launched Wednesday for potential [ARM hardware vendors][2].
+
+"We don't call it RHEL, but it is a functional, unsupported, operating system for partners to use in their development activities," said Mark Coggin, Red Hat senior director of platform product marketing.
+
+Red Hat designed the program to get the hardware manufacturers to settle on a standard implementation of the ARMv8-A specification. ARM does not manufacture its own processors, licensing its designs to chip manufacturers instead.
+
+A standard implementation would mean that customers could purchase ARMv8-A servers from any manufacturer, knowing that their ARM 64-bit operating systems and software will work no matter who created the chip, Coggin said. Red Hat would like Linux ARM to avoid the fate of AT&T's Unix operating system, which fragmented into a number of different and incompatible versions.
+
+"We see the importance of stepping in early and ensure that we don't end up with a fragmented approach, where if you wanted to run an AMD implementation of ARM, you'd need one version of Linux, and if you wanted to run a Broadcom implementation of ARM, you'd need another version," Coggin said.
+
+Some of the work of standardizing ARM for servers has been done through an industry consortium started earlier this year, called the [Server Base System Architecture][3] (SBSA) specification, as well as through ongoing work from the Linaro Enterprise Group. Red Hat's unnamed ARM Linux distribution uses specifications from both groups.
+
+Red Hat hopes to influence not only the companies that make the chips but also hardware vendors, original equipment manufacturers and original design manufacturers.
+
+Thus far, manufacturers such as Advanced Micro Devices, American Megatrends, AppliedMicro, Broadcom, Cavium, Dell and Hewlett-Packard have all pledged support to Red Hat's standardization efforts.
+
+"If ARM is to be a viable competitor in the server space, [hardware providers] have to comply to the common understanding of what is possible to run on this type of server. Customers and users demand that from manufacturers today in the x86 world," said Yan Fisher, Red Hat technical product marketing manager.
+
+Through the program, Red Hat will learn more about what the manufacturers need from an enterprise Linux distribution for 64-bit ARM, Coggin said. The operating system may one day become the basis for an ARM version of RHEL.
+
+"We're trying to understand the platform dependencies from a technology requirements perspective," Coggin said. "We don't know if or when this will ever become a product, but we are positioning ourselves in a way that at some point we could enter the market."
+
+Red Hat's Fedora project has offered an ARM distribution for the past several years and this release, though based on the Fedora work, is configured more toward ARM server use.
+
+Although ARM processors are used in most mobile devices, only recently [has there been a movement in the industry][4] to use them in data-center servers as well, where their low-power design could cut energy costs.
+
+Only a handful of ARMv8-A processors and associated hardware are currently available, mostly as early previews for developers or packaged in proprietary systems.
+
+AMD Opteron A1100-Series ARM processors, designed specifically for servers, were released Wednesday to developers. AMD also offers the ARM Cortex-A57 ARMv8 which was designed for system-on-a-chip architectures.
+
+AppliedMicro offers production-ready ARM servers, under the X-Gene brand and Hewlett-Packard is prepping its Moonshot line of ARM servers. Motherboard manufacturer American Megatrends offers a BIOS chip to boot ARM processors.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9250061/Red_Hat_aims_to_standardize_Linux_for_64_bit_ARM_servers?taxonomyId=122
+
+作者：Joab Jackson
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://connect.redhat.com/early-access-programs/red-hat-and-64-bit-arm-ecosystem
+[2]:https://engage.redhat.com/arm-s-201407291033
+[3]:http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.den0029/index.html
+[4]:http://www.networkworld.com/article/2171235/servers/arm-servers-with-64-bit-calxeda-chips-to-ship-next-year.html

sources/news/20140801 French City Toulouse Saved 1 Million Euro With LibreOffice.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+French City Toulouse Saved 1 Million Euro With LibreOffice
+================================================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/FRance_LibreOffice.jpg)
+
+[Toulouse][1], France’s 4th largest city located in south-west France, has saved one million Euro by migrating to Open Source office suite [LibreOffice][2].
+
+Migrating to LibreOffice was one of the key project of city’s new digital policy. The migration started in 2012 after the political decision for the switch was taken in 2011. It took one and a half-year for the migration to complete and as of today, 90% of the desktops (used by around 10,000 people working for the city) run LibreOffice.
+
+As per the city officials, software licenses for office suite costs around 1.8 million Euro every three years. The migration cost about 800,000 Euro. The city already saved around a million Euro.
+
+It all started after Pierre Cohen was elected as the mayor of Toulouse in 2008. Cohen, an IT professional, started working on a digital policy with special focus on Open Source. It was his and his associate Erwane Monthubert’s efforts that city of Toulouse decided to switch to Open Source in 2011.
+
+It’s not just LibreOffice. Most of the official web portals of Toulouse like toulouse.fr, toulouse-metropole.fr, data.grandtoulouse.fr are supported by free software. Alfresco is the choice for collaborative tools.
+
+Switching to Open Source seems to be a trend in European cities. In neighboring Spain Valencia and [Canary Islands ditched Microsoft Office and saved in millions][3]. [French Metropolitan Police developed its own Linux OS][4] based on Ubuntu. List is endless and I hope my current city, Cote de Azur joins this list soon.
+
+Read full report [here][5].
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/french-city-toulouse-saved-1-million-euro-libreoffice/
+
+作者：[Abhishek][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
+[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse
+[2]:http://www.libreoffice.org/
+[3]:http://itsfoss.com/canary-islands-saves-700000-euro-open-source/
+[4]:http://itsfoss.com/french-national-police-switch-37000-desktops-to-linux/
+[5]:https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/elibrary/case/toulouse-saves-1-million-euro-libreoffice

sources/news/20140804 Open-Source Media Center 'XBMC' Announces New Name.md

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+Open-Source Media Center ‘XBMC’ Announces New Name
+================================================================================
+![Beginnings: the project began life as an Xbox video player](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/89ee51bbc7feb9d64b00913bdfe703c4.png)
+Beginnings: the project began life as an Xbox video player
+
+**One of the most popular open-source media center applications that’s available on Linux (and other platforms) is getting a new name.**
+
+XBMC is no more; as of the next major release, version 14, the project will be known as ‘Kodi’.
+
+The community project was created back in 2002 as a means to play digital media on the original Xbox console. Since then the project has, by and large, always used a variation of its Xbox-branded roots. Early releases were titled ‘**Xbox Media Player**’, later changed to ‘**Xbox Media Center**’ to represent the growing feature set. After being ported to run on more than just Microsoft’s game console, the project settled on the acronym ‘XBMC’ in 2008.
+
+Or ‘XMBC’ as I would repeatedly type it as during the early days of this site.
+
+Why the change of name? Why now? And what does ‘Kodi’ mean, if anything?
+
+> ‘The software only barely runs on the original Xbox…’
+
+“*The software only barely runs on the original Xbox, and then only because some clever developers are still hacking on that platform. It has never run on the Xbox 360 or Xbox One,*” explains project manager **Nathan Betzen** on the XBMC blog.
+
+And with the software now far more featured than ever before, with a diverse market of add-ons, gaming features and streaming support, it’s more encompassing than ‘*a simple Media Center.*’
+
+For this reason, Betzen concludes, “**XB**” and “**MC**” simply don’t make a whole lot of sense any more.”
+
+Justifiably to XBMC faithful, the name change also **nixes a number of long standing legal problems** facing the project. “*[We] never had any sort of legal control over the use of its name…*” Betzen notes, adding that the XBMC Foundation, set up in 2009 to better aid and manage development, operated under ‘potential legal threat from other companies’ owning similar trademarks.
+
+### And so, Kodi ###
+
+![The (temporary) new logo](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/kodi-logo.jpg)
+The (temporary) new logo
+
+As of the upcoming release of XBMC 14 the project will formally transition over to the new name of ‘Kodi’. It doesn’t appear to have any specific meaning other than sounding quite cool.
+
+Migration won’t be easy, and XMBC/Kodi developers have a lot of handwork ahead; code has to be adjusted to use the new title throughout, and this has to be tested and double-checked on every platform it supports. Websites, contracts and artwork have to be changed, as will e-mail addresses, developer accounts and more.
+
+“But,” Betzen concludes, “we believe that with your support and the support of the whole community, Kodi, the media center or entertainment platform or whatever you choose to call it that we’ve all come to love will be even stronger than it was before.”
+
+Quite right.  For the full musings on the moniker migration you can mosey on over to the official website, linked to below.
+
+- [‘Introducing Kodi 14′ (Official Announcement Post)][1]
+
+To take the current stable release of the entertainment centre for a whirl you’ll need to add the official project PPA to your software sources.
+
+- [XBMC Team PPA on Launchpad][2]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/xbmc-renamed-lodi-starting-version-14
+
+作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
+[1]:http://xbmc.org/introducing-kodi-14/
+[2]:https://launchpad.net/~team-xbmc/+archive/ppa

sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md

@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage
-================================================================================
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ass.jpg)
-
-Be honest: news that [Canonical is shuttering its Ubuntu One cloud storage service][1] came as a shock, right?
-
-After four years of serving each and every Ubuntu user with a few gigabytes of free space in which to store their documents, music and photos, Canonical have decided to close it down. The service will cease operating as normal from June, and all files will be deleted permanently this July.
-
-While the reasons behind its closure make sense for the company in lieu of it broader ambitions elsewhere, there’s no getting away from the fact that if you used it daily, you’re going to be left a little peeved.
-
-> ‘…there is an army of alternatives able to pick up where Ubuntu One has left off’
-
-Thankfully there is an army of alternatives able to pick up where Ubuntu One has left off. Most, if not all,  offer more space, better features and are generally more reliable than Canonical’s aged offering. In fact, it seems like everyone and their pet cat now offers free cloud storage.
-
-It’s partly because of the fierce competition between these services, what CEO Jane Silber refers to as the “free storage wars”, that the Ubuntu One offering wasn’t able to find its footing.
-
-But the promise of some free space and a means of syncing to it through the desktop does not mean they’re all equal, or worthy of entrusting with your data. Which alternatives are worth pursuing? Let’s take a look.
-
-![Dropbox Indicator on Ubuntu – Comes In Handy](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-03-at-23.28.26.png)
-Dropbox Indicator on Ubuntu – Comes In Handy
-
-### Dropbox ###
-
-#### Best all rounder ####
-
-Who hasn’t heard of Dropbox? As the granddaddy of cloud storage, it was the first service to both popularise and implement desktop-to-server syncing in a way that felt productive and not cumbersome.
-
-Its success was buoyed by a generous referral scheme offering you extra space for signing others up, and extensive cross-platform support. Dropbox makes it easy to hop between devices and OSes and retain access to your files.  Other features include public folders that let you share items with other people, regardless of whether they use the service, and near-instantaneous syncing of files as and when they’re changed.
-
-256-bit AES encryption and two-step verification mean your files are pretty safe and secure.
-
-For Ubuntu users Dropbox provides a native application that integrates tightly with the default file manager Nautilus. It offers an indicator applet for monitoring, sharing and managing sync; file and folder emblems; and some handy right-click menu options for quick sharing.
-
-- **2GB** Free Space
-- Referral Scheme
-- Paid plans start from $9.99/m for 100GB
-- **Multi-platform support** (Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Blackberry & Linux)
-
-> - [Learn More on the Dropbox Website][2]
-
-![Insync Integrates Google Drive on Linux](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/indicator.jpg)
-Insync Integrates Google Drive on Linux
-
-### Google Drive ###
-
-#### Best for space and features ####
-
-If you use Gmail or Google Docs then you’ll have, at some point or another, interacted with Google Drive. The search giant’s cloud service offers 15GB of free space in which to store your files, folders, photos and the like. These can be accessed from virtually any device with internet access and a fairly recent web browser or through dedicated mobile and desktop apps.
-
-One of the neat things about Drive is that certain files do not count towards your free space quota; e.g., Google Docs files. Neither do files others have shared with you. Better still, any photos you upload to Google+ that have a resolution less than 2048 x 2048 are also hosted and synced gratis.
-
-But Drive offers more than just space for your stuff. You also gain tight integration with Google’s own services, like Gmail, Google Docs and Google+.
-
-While it’s not the easiest alternative to use on Ubuntu owing to a lack of official native support, there are a number of third party tools that allow you to sync your files locally and have all changes made uploaded back. The most popular third part app is InSync. It’s not free (costing a one-off fee of $15 for the basic account) but it is by far the best way to use it.
-
-- 15GB Free Space
-- Paid plans start from $2.99/m for 100GB
-- Official apps for Windows, Mac, iOS and Android
-- Integrated into Chrome OS
-- Unofficial applications for Linux
-
-> - [Learn More on the Google Drive Website][3]
-
-![Copy running on Ubuntu](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/copy-indicator.jpg)
-Copy running on Ubuntu
-
-### Copy ###
-
-#### Best for Security Conscious ####
-
-If popularity was based solely on the number of referral links that are posted in our comments section, then Copy would win the title hands down.
-
-It may be less well known than other entrants on this list, but Copy, which is run by cloud enterprise giant Barracuda Networks, touts its robust security benefits the loudest.
-
-Like Dropbox, Copy uses AES 256-bit encryption on all files but, unlike Dropbox, doesn’t not rely on third-party servers as all files are stored on the company’s own servers.
-
-“With advanced features like secure sharing, source validation, and identity verification, you can breathe easy knowing your content can only be seen by the people you want,” they promise on their website.
-
-Another of its unique advantages is that shared files and folders can be assigned to a single user so that they don’t count against the data storage limit for other users. Or, if preferred, the load can be shared between parties so that, for example, a 10GB file shared between 4 people would count as 2.5GB/each, rather than, as on Dropbox, 10GB each.
-
-Google Drive offers something similar in that only the ‘sharer’ of a file has it count against their storage.
-
-For desktop integration Copy spoil Linux users. The service supports native integration with **Nautilus, Thunar** and **Caja**, including sync folders and right-click options. An indicator applet/system tray item provides further control options, including a handy list of recently changed files.
-
-- 15GB Free Space
-- Referral scheme
-- Paid plans start from $9.99/m for 250GB
-- Multi-platform support (Windows, Mac, iOS, Android & Linux)
-
-> - [Learn More on the Copy Website][4]
-
-![Manage File Sync Yourself](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/files-tile.jpg)
-Manage File Sync Yourself
-
-### ownCloud ###
-
-#### Best for privacy ####
-
-If you’d rather not trust your data in other people’s hands but still want the convenience of a “personal cloud”, ownCloud is a free and open source cloud storage platform you can host yourself.
-
-Like with other cloud storage services, ownCloud lets you sync and share your files across Windows, OS X, Linux, Android, and iOS. It also comes with calendar integration, photo gallery sharing, built-in support for (mounting) additional storage devices/services – e.g., FTP servers, Dropbox and Amazon S3 – and a slew of “apps” that can be added for additional features in the web interface, including a PDF viewer, text editor, and version control.
-
-Packages are available for a number of distributions, including Ubuntu from 12.04 to 13.10.
-
-> - [Learn More on the ownCloud Website][5]
-
-Chances are some of you reading this will have you own favourite, so don’t take the four picks above as set in stone. Other options worth exploring before committing include [SpiderOak][6], Microsoft [OneDrive][7] and [Box][8]. 
-
-
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/canonical-axe-ubuntu-one-file-music-services-grab-data-now
-[2]:http://dropbox.com/
-[3]:http://drive.google.com/
-[4]:https://www.copy.com/home/
-[5]:http://owncloud.org/
-[6]:https://spideroak.com/
-[7]:https://onedrive.live.com/
-[8]:https://www.box.com/

sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md

@@ -1,178 +0,0 @@
-Raspberry Pi In Schools
-================================================================================
-> Teaching the world to code is a noble goal, but how is it going to work in practice?
-
-Two years ago, when the Raspberry Pi launched, it was with the intention of improving IT education in the UK. Since then more powerful, better connected or cheaper boards have come onto the market, but the Pi retains its position as the white knight of ICT teaching.
-
-Why? Because of the community of users that has grown up around it. To find out more we travelled west to Manchester, venue for the second annual Jamboree – a festival of educators, makers and messer-abouters focussed on highlighting how engaging the Pi can be. There, we met 75% of the Raspberry Pi Foundation’s education team – Ben Nuttall, Clive Beale and Carrie Anne Philbin – to discuss IT teaching in the UK.
-
-![](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/pi-top-img-4.jpg)
-
-**LV**: So, Raspberry Pi education team, we were saying earlier that the obvious place to start is with the UK government’s Year of Code initiative, but that seems far too negative to being with!
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, but there’s so much to say about it!
-
-**Clive**: I think it’s a fantastic initiative, which just represents everything we stand for, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah!
-
-**LV**: Should we just leave that then?
-
-**Clive**: I mean the main issue is how the media portray computing, which is a brilliant, creative, rigorous, hard, challenging, fun thing, to just reduced to ‘this code’. ‘We must learn to code.’ ‘You better learn code or you’re a rubbish teacher.’ Which of course is not the case at all, it’s so much more than that. And so the teachers are running around now thinking the sky’s falling because they think that by September 2014, if they can’t code, then they’ve failed and they’ll think their kids have failed, and it’s a really bad message. There hasn’t been a simple message to say this is not the case, get out into the playground with some chalk and make a maze and do some computing, to teach them how to use a computer. No politician has stepped in to say this is not the case and they haven’t asked teachers who would tell them this isn’t the case. And that’s the problem. Where are the teachers? Where are the people that are actually teaching?
-
-**LV**: As you’ve just left teaching to join the Raspberry Pi Foundation, what are your thought Carrie Anne?
-
-**Carrie Anne**: It feels like a lot longer than two months, it feels like an eternity!
-
-**Clive**: Is that bad?
-
-**Carrie Anne**: No no, not at all! Because teachings so fast paced in that you’re seeing the results of what you’re doing in class straight away, whereas being out of the classroom for the past two months and working the Foundation, I can’t actually see the impact I’m having, but obviously people are talking to me and saying I am having an impact. It’s just very different to what I was seeing before. Clive always said there’s a massive difference between teaching and being a teacher. There are a lot of people we talk to who run Raspberry Jams, workshops, CoderDoJos and that kind of thing, and they always say ‘Oh, it’s really easy, you just do this, this and this.’ And it’s like, great, but you’ve got kids coming to you that *want* to learn this stuff. Imagine a class where you’ve got a bunch of kids who aren’t interested or engaged by this subject and actually teaching is much harder…
-
-**Clive**: Maybe 15 year olds on a Friday afternoon…
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Yes, a six-period day, end of the week…
-
-**Clive**: Ofsted saying, ‘Why haven’t your kids developed after 20 minutes in your lesson? Why haven’t they progressed?’. It’s very different.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: It’s very different, yep.
-
-**LV**: So you have some idea of how things should be done because of your recent experience?
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Yes.
-
-> The Raspberry Jams have done an excellent job of bringing people together from all walks of life
-
-**LV**: Are we, in general as a society, doing the right things?
-
-**Carrie Anne**: I think so. I think what’s been really nice about the Raspberry Pi community is that is gives back to the community. So there are experts, there are people who love what they do, who are reaching out to teachers and reaching out to children by running workshops and clubs and things. And it’s actually that collaboration that produces the best materials and produces the best way to move forward with the new curriculum. I mean, the work I did as a teacher producing the Sonic Pi was a team of work. That was because I worked with, yes an academic, but he was an expert. He wanted to develop a teaching environment that I could use with my students to teach tech-based programing in a fun and engaging way, that engaged both genders and engaged both low ability students and high ability students. It’s a tech-based programming language, which is important at Key Stage 3 where you need to not just be able to teach Scratch, you need to teach a tech-based language that’s nice bridge between Starch and something like Python, which we can teach later on. So, yeah, I think we are moving in the right direction. It would be nicer if the powers that be…
-
-**Clive**: It would be nice to see that as a microcosm of how these things actually happen. So as an academic has a brilliant idea and they’re very good at what they do, and then they come to a teacher and say ‘How can we make this useful in the classroom?’, ‘How can we get assessment in there?’, which schools needs frankly, ‘How do we make it robust?’, ‘How can we test it?’. And isn’t that a weird idea, to actually ask the people that teach how we should do that? It hasn’t happened really. But, yes, as Carrie says, we’re going in the right direction, certainly. The community and third parties are doing more to push it along.
-
-**LV**: From someone outside a little bit, it kind of looks like this community has sort of spontaneously developed around the Raspberry Pi. Has this always been there or has it just become more obvious now?
-
-**Carrie Anne**: I think it’s always been there. I was a teacher so when Raspberry Pi first came out I got one. It got it and then I was like, this is brilliant! Someone’s developed something for education. A Linux box that we can use in the classroom. It’s cheap, it’s brilliant!
-
-**Clive**: And mess about with.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, it’s going to be great! And then I was like, right, so where are the resources to go with it? Ah, there aren’t any. Then I was like, so where can I go and find some? The first obvious place was Raspberry Jam. There are people running events where they’re doing stuff. So I thought I’ll go along and speak to some people, and see what’s available. And it was through that that I met people to work with, and they’d formed that themselves, the enthusiasts from throughout the community around the Raspberry Pi.
-
-**Clive**: It’s been a focus, hasn’t it? There’s been a lot of people sort of hanging around, saying ‘Look, I like tinkering, I like messing, I like coding, I like making’, and this thing appeared which was cheap and cheerful and fantastic to play around with, and I think it was a focus. It was waiting to happen really.
-
-![Carrie Ann Philbin, The Raspberry Pi Foundation’s Education Pioneer](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/carrie-ann-1.jpg)
-Carrie Ann Philbin, The Raspberry Pi Foundation’s Education Pioneer
-
-**LV**: Was there anything equivalent to Raspberry Jams before the Raspberry Pi came along for people and teachers to come together?
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Well teachers tend to generally get together through things like TeachMeets and through Twitter, and those kinds of chat tools. There are ways that you can get together, but that’s more talking about teaching practice. Like the different ways you can use a sentence. It’s very teachery, it wasn’t specific to teaching computing.
-
-**Clive**: I think hardware-wise, Raspberry Pi was in the right place and the right time.
-
-**Ben**: The Jams done a really good job of bringing people together. The people, like myself, who were attending user groups that are interested in tech and really passionate about it, have got a chance to share that interest with the wider community. There were families coming in, teachers coming in, and they were just sharing what they were doing. And the skills they already had, and I was already programming in Python and things like that just on the desktop, and the Pi came along and it opened up this way of plugging into the real world and all the other things the Pi brings with it. Just being about to use those skills and pass them on, I got myself involved in Education through that.
-
-**LV**: So you weren’t a teacher before then?
-
-**Ben**: No, I was a software developer.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: This is what’s great about the education team at Raspberry Pi. It’s 50% ex-teachers and 50% software developers. We need people like Ben and Dave (Honess).
-
-**Ben**: Yes, some people have ideas for things and think this could be an engaging exercise, but they may not know exactly how to deliver it, or how it’s going to work. They might not know how exactly a teacher is supposed to produce something to use that, but they have an end goal and working with someone else can help achieve that.
-
-**Clive**: Yeah, you’re right, the real key is the mix. So you’re getting teachers and engineers and developers and families. Before, they might have been on a Linux user group, they might have been a teacher group, and you’re just bringing a bunch of different people together and that just (to use a horrible word!) synergizes stuff.
-(Everyone LOL)
-
-**Clive**: Yes, I did it! I said synergizes! I’m buying a copy of the magazine now.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: There’s something that comes about from getting all those different types of people together is that it breeds this wonderful learning environment that you cannot reproduce. Like, you were running a Picamera workshop this morning. So that was run by people who run Jams who are from industry. And what was really nice is that there were teachers and there were people who had come for the Jamboree from industry that were helping the teachers do stuff. And there was this environment that was like, it’s ok to not know something, it’s ok to ask a question, it’s ok to get it wrong and make mistakes. And that’s really powerful because sometimes teachers are afraid perhaps of saying they don’t know.
-
-**Ben**: So at this workshop, we gave people an intro to building a real application around the camera. So it’s not just ‘Oh, there’s a camera and you can take pictures’. It was ‘Ok, let’s plug in a button, and attach that to the Pi and let’s make that be the button for the camera’. And just a simple intro like that opens up a world of possibilities. Sometimes a lot of these things like the Jam, just gives you a lot of inspiration. Or if you see something in a magazine or online, or on Twitter, and you think somebody’s done that with the Pi, I’d really like to do that project in my garden or I’d like to do that myself and twist it and use some of the libraries they’ve used or used some of the codebase they’ve used and take it in their own direction.
-
-**Clive**: Like it’s not a button, it’s a sensor for when your parents walk into your bedroom, it then tweets it as they walk in.
-
-**Ben**: And everyone’s got a different way of thinking. If you’re in classroom of 30 kids and you show them how to make a button do this, each of them is thinking ‘Oh I can make a such and such’. They’ll all have a different idea. And some of them will just go straight home and make one. And some of them would need a lot more guidance.
-
-> Every teacher needs more time off their timetable to develop their skills
-
-**LV**: Are there some kids that just don’t get it at all?
-
-**Ben**: I think there’s something for everyone, but they might not find it straight away. If you delivered a term’s worth of content for a class, with a good scope of different projects, I’d be surprised if there was one kid that wasn’t interested in any of it or didn’t find any of it engaging.
-
-**Clive**: It’s almost an antidote for kids not getting it. With teaching music, you’ll have people that are level 5 or 6 while others can’t read music. Because computing is creative and engaging, we don’t all have to become master coders. With Scratch, it’s a visual language and you’ll find that quite often you’ll get what are classed as low ability kids that just rip into that and do fantastic things because it’s the first time they’ve been allowed to get ideas out of their heads and make something with it. And before, if they’ve had problems with writing and numeracy, they haven’t been able to do that. There are case studies with young boys that aren’t very good at reading and writing but they start telling stories when you give them an environment where they can actually do these things. So it’s brilliant tool to actually fight the opposite. It’s not that they don’t get it. There’s something for everybody.
-
-![Linux Voice’s Andrew Gregory asks Clive Beale a tough question](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/pi-clive-1.jpg)
-Linux Voice’s Andrew Gregory asks Clive Beale a tough question
-
-**LV**: Pre-Raspberry Pi, in the dark ages of about 5 years ago, before the ICT revolution, what would those children be doing? Would they have responded to ICT at all?
-
-**Carrie Anne**: In a classroom, you have a network of computers that are all on lockdown. You’ve got your network administrator and team of technicians, and they do a wonderful job and I certainly wouldn’t slate them – I was a technician once. But we were living in a time where you had to lock down the internet, which I disagree with, I think it should be open. And all the computers, you can’t execute any files on them, so you can’t actually teach any programming on them. So that was a problem for me.
-
-**LV**: Is that changing?
-
-**Carrie Anne**: I think it is changing, and will change with the new curriculum. For me as a teacher, what was great when the Raspberry Pi came along is that I don’t actually need those computers around the outside any more.
-
-**LV**: So you don’t need permission.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Here’s my box full of Pis, let’s just get them out.
-
-**Clive**: I’ll install what you want, do what I want.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, you can break it. And that’s ok, you just flash it and start again.
-
-**Clive**: In 1997, they put the C back in ICT and suddenly it became this thing that you had to teach. The curriculum wasn’t really that bad. A lot of people moan about it, but if you actually sat down and read it, it was quite flexible and did let you do take control and make programming and coding interesting. But because resources are so important to schools, you just ended up doing the easy things.
-
-**LV**: But when you said about kids using Scratch and becoming motivated to do other things, that would never have happened before the Raspberry Pi came along.
-
-**Clive**: Yes, it was more just following what the teacher said, ‘And now we’re going to write a letter to the cinema’ or something. That’s like giving someone a Ferrari and saying you’ve just got to drive in this room for half an hour. So you’ve given them this fantastic tool for exploration and creativity, and you’re saying we’ve got to do this. Whereas with the computing thing, especially things like Scratch, just lets them think, ‘Ok, I can do a movie, I can do a little flip frame animation, or you know what, I can actually make a game’. And then suddenly they’re doing stuff that they haven’t had the opportunity to do.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, and I think that ICT curriculum was about 12 years out of date. It was created and it wasn’t updated.
-
-> you can break it. And that’s ok, you just flash it and start again
-
-**LV**: Obviously quite a lot has changed in computing education according to the media over the last couple of years in the UK. Broadly speaking, it is getting better?
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Yes.
-
-**LV**: What are the parts that pushed it to be better.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: I think the teachers. They’re the ones in the classroom that have to teach the curriculum. When I became a teacher, I was already working in a school and I kept putting it off becoming a teacher because the curriculum bored me. But then I realised that, when I actually got into the classroom, I was able to put my own spin on it. I think it started with the teachers. Those people saying we want a new curriculum, we want to teach this and it’s engaging the kids and they’re learning something. I think it started there and then I think industry picked up on the fact that that was happening and they wanted more industry experts. And then the government got involved and it snowballed really.
-
-**Clive**: Scratch was a big word-of-mouth thing wasn’t it. It was about mid-2000 when it came out, and suddenly you just found that any teacher worth their salt was using it for their ICT curriculum because it taught about control.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: HTML as well. HTML has been on the curriculum for years. We’ve been teaching HTML in Notepad for years.
-
-**LV**: What are going to be the big things pushing it forward over the next few years?
-
-**Carrie Anne**: I think more of the same really. It’ll be teachers, it’s always the teachers. They’re the ones that come to the Jamboree and this kind of thing, and learn from people like Ben and that sort of collaboration. That’s where it starts. The teachers see what can be done, and they start doing it, and they’ll be more of that. And there are initiatives like code clubs and the Master Teachers are great.
-
-**Clive**: Teachers are meeting up more when before may not have been getting together.
-
-**Ben**: And as well as there being a more content, I think they’ll be convergence of a lot of this stuff. So, because the Raspberry Pi doesn’t have any official resources right now, some people are going off and writing their own. I think they’ll be a convergence of people pulling their ideas together and there’ll be a more centralised system for that. And we’ll be helping the community out with that.
-
-**Clive**: ‘We’ll be at the forefront of that’, is that quote!
-
-**LV**: You haven’t mentioned government policy, or anything like that at all. Is that a negative thing or just by-the-by?
-
-**Clive**: I was at the Westminster forum yesterday and they had a chap from the DFE there, and I couldn’t resist it, so I got the mic and said you haven’t really taken it seriously have you? He turned round and said, we have *really* take it seriously. This idea that we can just bring in a new program of study and saying ‘Oh, aren’t we wonderful’, because Eric Schmidt’s speech and going over that, and suddenly we’re made it all better for you. But you haven’t, you just seemed to have done something that a lot of teachers are now scared of. So there’s a lot of work to do, and we’re really positive. But no, the government have not, in my personal opinion, given the money or the support or the thought behind this. If you go to Jersey, it’s such a great contrast. 6 million pounds, 100 thousand people on the island – the size of Cambridge. Compared to the 53 million in England and parts of the UK. This is in England initially, it’s not in Scotland and Wales. They’re got the infrasture, fibre to the door in every school, linking into businesses, £2 million CPD for teachers, well that’s practically what the government pay for the whole of England. So, have you taken it seriously, no. I think they’ve completing underestimated what’s involved. They thought the teachers would just pick it up and have the time and resources, which we don’t have the time for.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Maggie Philbin has been leading a UK digital skills taskforce, of which I’m part the team. We’re looking at where the skill shortages are and what are digital skills. Because there’s going to a whole group of kids who are now 14 to 16 who are going to leave the education system who haven’t had new programs like these. They were on the old program, so we’re looking at who will be deskilled and what we can do about that. So hopefully that report will inform government policy.
-
-**Ben**: There must be a generation of people that don’t have their own website.
-
-**LV**: If there’s one thing you could change about government policy, what would it be?
-
-**Clive**: It really is to do with support for teachers. This idea that teachers would be able to, especially primary school teachers where you have to teach a range of subjects, suddenly go off, and even the guy yesterday said, well there’s loads of third party resources, but you’ve still got to go out and get them and try them out and learn and bring them all together.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: Time. One of the biggest recommendations that I would say is time. Every teacher needs more time off their timetable to develop their skills, especially in an area like this that they perhaps think they’re weak. Because it takes a while to set things up and start your learning. As a teacher, you get like a 30 period timetable, you’re teaching for about 22 lessons of that with about 7 free periods, but some of those you’ll be covering for another lesson and some of those I need to plan my lesson and mark. They need time.
-
-**Clive**: If you look at science, so if you’re a chemistry or biology teacher at secondary, there’s a scheme where you can re-skill to physics and they will give you free periods, huge bursary, and they’ll also take you off timetable one day a week to go off and go to other schools and retrain, and maybe pay for the cover. And this is the government doing this, and if you do this, this and this, you come out as an accredited physics teacher. So they took that seriously, but yet here’s a brand new subject and they’re expecting people just to pick up and run with it, and it’s completely inadequate.
-
-**Carrie Anne**: But it’s not just time to learn something, it’s also time to go and meet industry people. Like go to a company and be in there and work and learn from them, and see what the world is like. Because some people, they went through education, went to university and became a teacher, so they’ve never left this school environment and they’ve got no idea of what the world of work is like.
-
-**Ben**: I think there are some people in the current government that seem to think there should just be this package, and this is what you should deliver as your syllabus this year. Everyone is treated the same. Each teacher has their own class, and they’re all different, with different ways of engaging their interest. It needs to be tailored, so the teacher needs to take that material, and perhaps look on our site in the next year and say, well this one looks quite suitable for my class, or this one might be a good one to do.
-
-**Clive**: It’s so long term. The government also do not understand that this is long term. So if you’re going to start teaching at 5 about algorithms and a bit of code and Scratch, what happens further down the line. The secondary school teacher will be saying, I can’t teach them Scratch anymore, which is what we do in Year 7 at the moment. So it’s actually quite a long term thing and things will continue to change over the next several years until that pipeline becomes full. And they’ve unbelievably said here’s £2 million, do some training for September 2014. What’s 2014 got to do with it? This is five, six, seven years down the line.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/education-education-education/
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/talk/20140609 Out in the Open--The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-Translating by toknow-gh Out in the Open: The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things
-================================================================================
-![](http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Contiki-ipv6-rpl-cooja-simulation.png)
-Image: Adnk/[Wikipedia][1]
-
-You can connect almost anything to a computer network. Light bulbs. Thermostats. Coffee makers. Even badgers. Yes, badgers.
-
-Badgers spend a lot of time underground, which make it difficult for biologists and zoologists to track their whereabouts and activities. GPS, for example, doesn’t work well underground or in enclosed areas. But about five years ago, University of Oxford researchers Andrew Markham and Niki Trigoni [solved that problem][2] by inventing a wireless tracking system that can work underground. Their system is clever, but they didn’t do it alone. Like many other scientists, they turned to open source to avoid having to rebuild fundamental components from scratch. One building block they used is an open source operating system called [Contiki][3].
-
-“Contiki was a real enabler as it allowed us to do rapid prototyping and easily shift between different hardware platforms,” says Markham, now an associate professor at the University of Oxford.
-
-Contiki isn’t nearly so well-known as Windows or OS X or even Linux, but for more than a decade, it has been the go-to operating system for hackers, academics, and companies building network-connected devices like sensors, trackers, and web-based automation systems. Developers love it because it’s lightweight, it’s free, and it’s mature. It provides a foundation for developers and entrepreneurs eager to bring us all the internet-connected gadgets the internet of things promises, without having to develop the underlying operating system those gadgets will need.
-
-Perhaps the biggest thing Contiki has going for it is that it’s small. Really small. While Linux requires one megabyte of RAM, Contiki needs just a few kilobytes to run. Its inventor, Adam Dunkels, has managed to fit an entire operating system, including a graphical user interface, networking software, and a web browser into less than 30 kilobytes of space. That makes it much easier to run on small, low powered chips–exactly the sort of things used for connected devices–but it’s also been ported to many older systems like the Apple IIe and the Commodore 64.
-
-![Adam Dunkels. Photo: Sara Arnald](http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Adam_Dunkels.jpg)
-Adam Dunkels. Photo: Sara Arnald
-
-Contiki will soon face competition from the likes of Microsoft, which recently [announced Windows for the Internet of Things][4]. But while Microsoft’s new operating system will be free for devices less than 9 inches in size, it won’t be open source. And Contiki has an 11-year head start.
-
-Contiki started in 2003, but its roots stretch to Dunkels’ days as a computer science student at Mälardalen University in Sweden. In 2000, he was working on a project to use wireless sensors to track hockey players’ vital signs and display them on a screen the crowd could see. “We convinced them to have this thing up their nose so we could measure their breathing rates,” Dunkels recalls.
-
-To make the sensors work correctly, Dunkels had to write software would enable them to interact with a computer network. He called the resulting code [LwIP][5], for “light weight internet protocol.” Although LwIP is still used in many microcontrollers and other products today, Dunkels decided it wasn’t quite lightweight enough. In 2003, he created microIP, which evolved into Contiki. The OS was an immediate hit with researchers and hobbyists, and has in recent years attracted commercial users including [Rad-DX][6] radiation detection devices and [Zolertia][7] noise monitoring system.
-
-While Nest, the web connected thermostat company [Google acquired for $3.2 billion][8] in January, has come to define the Internet of Things, Dunkels notes that many companies have been using network-connected devices for years in applications including industrial and building automation. “With something like CES you see all the consumer stuff, but there are just so many different aspects of this,” Dunkel says.
-
-But consumer technology companies are beginning to embrace Contiki as well. The [LiFX][9] “smart light bulb” is using the operating system, for example, as is the Nest competitor [Tado][10].
-
-To help support the burgeoning commercial usage of Contiki, Dunkels left his job as a professor at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science and founded [Thingsquare][11], a startup focused on providing a cloud-based back-end for Contiki devices. The idea is to make it easy for developers to connect their hardware devices with smartphones and the web. Thingsquare manages the servers, and provides all the software necessary to manage a device over the web.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.wired.com/2014/06/contiki/
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contiki-ipv6-rpl-cooja-simulation.png
-[2]:http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/projects/WILDSENSING/
-[3]:http://www.contiki-os.org/
-[4]:http://www.wired.com/2014/04/free-windows/
-[5]:https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/lwip/
-[6]:http://www.dtectsystems.com/rad-DX_page.html
-[7]:http://zolertia.com/home
-[8]:http://www.wired.com/2014/01/googles-3-billion-nest-buy-finally-make-internet-things-real-us/
-[9]:http://lifx.co/
-[10]:http://www.tado.com/de-en/
-[11]:http://www.thingsquare.com/

sources/talk/20140610 GitHub redesigns its Windows app to put your work front and center, adds emoji and gif support.md

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-GitHub redesigns its Windows app to put your work front and center, adds emoji and gif support
-================================================================================
-![](http://cdn1.tnwcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/05/2012-05-21_10h05_58-657x245.jpg)
-
-GitHub today [released][1] version 2.0 of its Windows app, which it markets as “the easiest way to use Git and GitHub on Windows.” The new version features a more streamlined design, new GitHub local features, and some general speed improvements. You can grab the new version now directly form [windows.github.com][2] (if you already have GitHub for Windows, it will update automatically).
-
-GitHub released its Windows app back in [May 2012][3], and has made improvements in three minor releases since. Today’s major 2.0 release comes more than two years after the app’s debut, and aims to inject new life into the app.
-
-GitHub executives told me they saw a major bump in terms of interest for the client with the 1.3 release that was more of an overall increase rather than just a spike associated with new versions. They are naturally hoping for a repeat of this jump with the 2.0 release.
-
-GitHub 2.0 for Windows is supposed to be simpler and cleaner, and aims to put more focus and the developer and their work. For the sake of comparison, here’s how the previous 1.3 version looked like:
-
-![](http://cdn1.tnwcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2014/06/GitHub-for-Windows-1_3_3-screenshot.png)
-
-Here is the 2.0 release (the company emphasizes that your work is now ” front and center”):
-
-![](http://cdn1.tnwcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2014/06/GitHub-for-Windows-2.0-screenshot.png)
-
-Previously, there were two different views available. The company has slimmed that down so developers no longer need to move back and forth between their projects.
-
-This is largely accomplished by adding a sidebar that reduces the need to navigate through menus and options. In short, your local repositories are always available on the left, plus you can create, clone, and publish repositories without having to navigate to a new screen. Your repositories are also grouped by where they originated from, so work projects (think GitHub Enterprise) are easy to distinguish from personal ones, and you can easily switch between them.
-
-The new design aside, GitHub for Windows now lets you pick an ignore file template for your project when you create a repository. It also supports including emoji and gifs in your commit messages.
-
-It’s worth noting that the aforementioned performance improvements should be felt around the app in general. Unfortunately, GitHub wasn’t able to share any benchmarks regarding the speed bumps.
-
-All in all, this is a big redesign aimed at improving the user experience. GitHub executives tell TNW the new design language aims is a “GitHub Metro style” that takes the “best parts of Metro as well as Android and iOS.” Whether or not that’s a good thing will likely come down to personal preference.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://thenextweb.com/dd/2014/06/09/github-redesigns-windows-app-put-work-front-center-adds-emoji-gif-support/?tnw_rfl=tw
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:https://github.com/blog/1844-say-hello-to-github-for-windows-2-0
-[2]:http://windows.github.com/
-[3]:http://thenextweb.com/apps/2012/05/21/github-releases-its-windows-app-at-last/

sources/talk/20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md

@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-(翻译中 by runningwater)
-Does Linux Lack a Killer App?
-================================================================================
-![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw302843/linux-killer-app.jpg)
-
-**What Linux needs most is games, said Hyperlogos blogger Martin Espinoza. However, "if you were trying to narrow it down to one app, it would probably still be Photoshop. For all the talk of how great GIMP has become, usability is still an abject nightmare, and in spite of the OSS community's self-back-patting regarding documentation, there is no documentation for GIMP which is not pathetic."**
-
-Well the days are heating up here in the Linux blogosphere, and FOSS fans are flocking to the Broken Windows Lounge as much for the frosty air-conditioning as for the conversation.
-
-Even Linux Girl, whose days generally involve far more pavement-pounding than she'd like, has found herself seeking solace in the blogobar's arctic climes far more often than she probably should.
-
-It's a good thing she has been, though, or she might have missed the latest juicy debate. "What killer app is Linux missing?" was the question that [kicked things off][1], and the discussion has been escalating ever since.
-
-"The Free Software world is incredibly rich, and covers pretty much all bases," **Linux Voice's** Mike Saunders began. "We have a wealth of desktop, server, development and multimedia tools to choose from -- some of which are the best in their field.
-
-"But what is missing?" Sanders went on provocatively. "Is there a killer app that prevents you from running Linux 24x7 on your main machine?"
-
-There was a momentary lull in the conversation around the bar as patrons pondered the suggestion. Linux Girl tried to enjoy the fleeting peace, but it didn't last for more than an instant.
-
-### 'Depends on What You Do' ###
-
-![Linux Girl](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/article_images/linuxgirl_bg_pinkswirl_150x245.jpg)
-
-"A long time ago Linux needed a lot of things," Google+ blogger Alessandro Ebersol offered. "These days, when every software and the kitchen sink are migrating to the cloud, everything is going to be multiplatform.
-
-"I would say we lacked games, but that also is being taken care of," Ebersol said. "So I don't feel that we desperately need a killer app anymore."
-
-The killer app "depends on what you do with your computer," consultant and [Slashdot][2] blogger Gerhard Mack opined. "If you are drafting, then the killer app is Autocad. But for other industries the killer app will be something else."
-
-### 'The Enterprise Space' ###
-
-Google+ blogger Kevin O'Brien had a similar view.
-
-"There isn't much left on the consumer level," O'Brien said. "I could maybe gripe about games or Nvidia drivers, and I don't really see anything that can replace Quicken. But for me the big difference maker is in the enterprise space.
-
-"Microsoft owns that, and there is nothing that compares to Outlook/Exchange server, Sharepoint, etc.," he asserted. "I suspect part of the reason is that there are not a lot of open source developers who really care about that stuff."
-
-### 'The Tide Is Changing' ###
-
-It's not so much a "missing app" situation as a "not-enough-critical-mass" kind of problem, Google+ blogger Gonzalo Velasco C. suggested.
-
-Many more people use Linux today than did five years ago, he noted; at the same time, many are tied to non-Linux-friendly applications.
-
-"'Everybody' uses $kype, but we have half a dozen apps for that in GNU/Linux, from the simple and very useful Pidgin (my favorite) to Ekiga and similar VoIP apps," Gonzalo Velasco C. explained. "Some users still claim they need Photo$hop and don't take the time to master and suggest improvements for GIMP, Inkscape, Bender and others."
-
-Games used to be missing, "but the tide is changing, mainly -- but not only -- because of Valve's brave SteamOS movement," he added.
-
-### 'Retail Shelf Space' ###
-
-"I don't think there are any 'killer' apps these days," blogger [Robert Pogson][3] agreed. "In Debian GNU/Linux, there are 40K packages. My main PC has only 3K installed and I lack nothing. I have multiple browsers, editors, compilers/interpreters, platforms, and with virtual machinery like KVM, I can play with multiple operating systems and different versions of software as needed.
-
-"I can treat multiple machines as if they were a single machine from anywhere on the LAN," Pogson added. "I can access resources on any node on the LAN from any machine. What more do I need?"
-
-That said, "several professionals have told me that video and image editors in GNU/Linux are a bit weak," he noted. "GIMP is being improved in bit-depth, so that should be covered. Lightworks will eventually be released as FLOSS, so video should be covered."
-
-Nevertheless, "these are tiny niches in IT," he pointed out. "Many ordinary folks go decades without using those other special applications, so I don't think this is anything holding GNU/Linux back."
-
-The real killer in the market, however, is lack of shelf space in retail stores, Pogson asserted. "Where that is covered, GNU/Linux thrives."
-
-### 'Linux Has Lost Out to OS X' ###
-
-Chris Travers, a [blogger][4] who works on the [LedgerSMB][5] project, had a different perspective.
-
-"I don't think that it is a question of killer apps," he began. "The real issue is that on the desktop, Linux has generally lost out to OS X, while it is increasingly dominating the server market along with the BSDs. People who use Linux on the desktop tend to be looking for openness."
-
-What Linux needs is either "the momentum of Microsoft or the smooth UI and attention to detail of OS X," Travers said. "These may come over time."
-
-### The Documentation Problem ###
-
-Linux isn't missing one killer app -- "what it's missing is polish, as always," [Hyperlogos][6] blogger Martin Espinoza opined. "No desktop environment for Linux has the polish of Windows XP, let alone Windows 7.
-
-"Move away from the bloat and oversimplicity of GNOME or from the widget salad of [KDE][7] to what, Xfce or LXDE, with their perfectly horrible file managers and primitive panels?" Espinoza added. "GNOME is the only DE that ever got close, and then they decided to remove all the complexity and eliminate their reason to exist."
-
-Windows is just "a nicer place to hang out," he asserted.
-
-Still, if Linux is missing anything for broader acceptance, "that is games," Espinoza said. "If you were trying to narrow it down to one app, it would probably still be Photoshop. For all the talk of how great GIMP has become, usability is still an abject nightmare, and in spite of the OSS community's self-back-patting regarding documentation, there is no documentation for GIMP which is not pathetic."
-
-GIMP "might be able to do most of the things Photoshop can do, but I'll probably never know," Espinoza concluded. "I suppose if I spent hours trolling fora I could find out how to use GIMP. This failing is shared by most OSS projects, including the ones that think they're really well-documented."
-
-### 'Ease of Use and Support' ###
-
-Ease of use and support are the "killer app" SoylentNews blogger hairyfeet named.
-
-"Oh, a freshly installed Linux distro LOOKS nice, it works great; the problem is it doesn't CONTINUE to look nice or work great," he explained. "First update and whoops! Wireless no longer can use WPA V2. Second update? Whoops, say goodbye to sound, as Pulse has puked. First 'upgrade'? Uh oh, hope you didn't need that!
-
-"THIS is what Windows and OS X have that Linux doesn't: the ease of use and support," hairyfeet concluded. "As long as it takes 15+ Linux releases to equal the same support cycle a single Windows release gets? Then I'm sorry, but your product is just not in the same league -- you are comparing HS baseball to the majors."
-
-### 'Windows 8' ###
-
-Last but not least, [Linux Rants][8] blogger Mike Stone had a surprising suggestion.
-
-"The killer app that Linux has been missing all these years is Windows 8," Stone quipped.
-
-"Seriously, I don't think there is a particular app that can be the 'killer app,'" he said. "Linux needs to have more mainstream application support, and that's going to mean Photoshop and Microsoft Office at the minimum. Thankfully, Microsoft has done their best to make Office less relevant, and most people don't need Photoshop."
-
-Linux "could be reaching critical mass, and I was only partially joking when I said Windows 8 earlier," he concluded. "The application base in Linux is starting to arrive, and the current version of Windows is remarkably unpopular. Fingers crossed we see some motion here soon."
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: 
-
-译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/voice-of-the-masses-what-killer-app-is-linux-missing/
-[2]:http://slashdot.org/
-[3]:http://mrpogson.com/
-[4]:http://ledgersmbdev.blogspot.com/
-[5]:http://www.ledgersmb.org/
-[6]:http://hyperlogos.org/
-[7]:http://www.kde.org/
-[8]:http://linuxrants.com/

sources/talk/20140723 Linux System Administration Skills are Changing.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+[translated by blueabysm]
+
 Linux System Administration Skills are Changing 
 ================================================================================
 When was the last time you compiled a kernel? For many of the latest generation of Linux admins, the answer is really simple: never. I am one of those, provided we don't count a few times I tried it just for fun, then couldn't see why I would need a custom kernel and went back to my out-of-the-box kernel. 

@@ -47,4 +49,4 @@ via: http://www.linux.com/news/enterprise/systems-management/780956-linux-system
 [1]:http://olindata.com/
 [2]:http://puppetlabs.com/
 [3]:http://jenkins.org/
-[4]:http://www.olindata.com/training/upcoming?technology=295
+[4]:http://www.olindata.com/training/upcoming?technology=295

sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md

@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-Love-xuan翻译中
-Best Linux Browsers
-================================================================================
-> Pros and cons of the best browsers for the Linux desktop, including Firefox, Chrome and other browsers.
-
-Choosing the best Linux browser for your needs requires just a bit of homework: Web browsers for the Linux desktop have evolved over the years, just as they have for other popular desktop platforms. With this evolution, both good and bad revelations have been discovered. Revelations from new functionality, to broken extensions, and so forth. In this article, I'll serve as your guide through these murky waters to help you discover the best in Linux browsers.
-
-### **Firefox** ###
-
-– [Firefox][1] has long been a friendly browser for Linux users. Accessible on both 32bit and 64bit Linux installs, Firefox also offers extensive extensions to choose from. It's a fast loading, easy to navigate Web browser that has found itself in a popular place with Linux users.
-
-**The good**: It's easily installed from most common Linux software repositories, if not already installed on the distro by default. Thousands of extensions to choose from to make your Firefox browser more fully featured. Nearly every website on the Web (including government and banking sites) render properly.
-
-Also important: Firefox respects your privacy. In addition to a straight forward privacy policy, they're not in the "same business" as Google. Therefore, most users feel more comfortable allowing Firefox to see their daily browsing activities whereas other browsers, might have more profit-driven interests. Firefox is also great for web developers, thanks to its element inspection tool, built right into the browser.
-
-**The bad**: Not too long ago, I was finding that Firefox's frequent updates were breaking my extensions. This meant I needed to verify that my favorite extensions were compatible with new Firefox updates BEFORE I updated my browser.
-
-To be blunt, this caused me to rethink which browser would be my default tool to browse the Internet. In fairness, Mozilla does post a blog post with each browser update for extension developers. In these posts, developers are told what has changed and what needs to be done to keep things working smoothly.
-
-### **Chrome/Chromium** ###
-
-– Google promotes its browser named [Chrome][2], however I tend to put [Chromium][3] into the same group as Chrome since Chromium is used as its base for development. Unlike Firefox, Chrome/Chromium was late to the game for Linux. Linux users only considered it worth trying at the time due to the fact that Chrome/Chromium was perceived by many as being the fastest browser.
-
-**The good**: Even today, Chrome/Chromium is considered pretty fast. Even with the recent updates made to other competing browsers, Chrome/Chromium hasn't lost its speed. Extensions for Chrome/Chromium are plentiful and even better, updates to the browser have no affect on said extensions. This means that, unlike Firefox, I haven't dealt with extension incompatibilities. Like Firefox, Chrome/Chromium also has an element inspection tool, built right into the browser. After trying syncing options with other browsers, only Chrome/Chromium has proven itself to be truly idiot-proof. Without question, Chrome/Chromium syncing is the best in the browser space, from my perspective.
-
-**The bad**: Chrome/Chromium doesn't always render pages correctly. Be it rare, some sites like Ebay don't always render correctly. Case in point, if I create a new Ebay submission, I find there are buttons missing in some cases. I've also found that sometimes Chrome/Chromium can lockup completely if an open tab is rendering heavy script. Sites like Google Plus and Facebook are the most common offenders.
-
-### **Qupzilla** ###
-
-– When it comes to lightweight browsers, I've found [Qupzilla][4] to be among the most awesome. Based on Webkit, it provides decent rendering support while maintaining a very small resource footprint.
-
-**The good**: Qupzilla is ideal for lightweight desktop environments where you need a modern browser capable of rendering pages correctly and generally providing a solid web browser experience. It's extremely lightweight and will run on older PCs without missing a beat. Access Keys and [GreaseMonkey][5] extensions are installed (but disabled) by default.
-
-Like Firefox and Chrome/Chromium, Qupzilla provides access to an element inspection tool as well. And finally, having [Adblock][6] installed by default makes this a clear lightweight winner for me.
-
-**The bad**: HTML5 video doesn't seem to work reliably. Also, in order to watch Flash videos, you must visit the preferences and uncheck Click to Flash in the Extensions, Webkit plugins area. This is a poorly thought out decision to essentially disable Flash out of the box, while HTML5 video remains completely broken.
-
-### **Midori** ###
-
-– I like to call [Midori][7] the lightweight Chrome alternative. Like Google's browser(s), Midori offers a minimalist experience with its "hamburger menu," which is nice as it takes up less browser space. Not only do you get a solid browsing experience without the usual browser politics found elsewhere, Midori is also quite fast.
-
-**The good**: Midori is fast, lightweight and feels familiar out of the box. I'm also happy to report that it renders pages correctly and works great with sites like YouTube. The best part, in my opinion, is the built-in functionality for creating browser profiles and actual launchable links for Web apps. For example, you can easily create a web app on your desktop for Gmail or Facebook. You can also setup user specific browser profiles as well, without creating new Linux user accounts.
-
-**The bad**: Despite mentioning user extensions for this browser, the selection available is less than impressive. Also, the browser layout takes a bit of getting used to. A trash can for previously visited websites – seriously?
-
-### **Opera** ###
-
-– [Opera][8] has long been one of the misunderstood browsers out there. Very early on, Opera provided Linux support despite being dismissed by the overall Linux community. In addition to being a compatible, fast web browser that has been nothing but good to Linux users, it's also a full of configurable options.
-
-**The good**: It's fast and it's full of user controllable settings. You can import and export everything from RSS feeds to email, and skin Opera with easy access to breathtaking themes. Plus, Opera offers an extensive library of extensions to choose from. Not to mention the ability to read RSS feeds and email, from your browser! Relive the days of the Mozilla Suite by using Opera's extended suite functionality. And perhaps best of all, Opera Turbo – super-charge your browser speed with selective compression to provide a faster experience.
-
-**The bad**: A nag for the Terms of Service on its first run. Also, Opera Turbo can slightly alter your browsing experience – YouTube for example, may not show a video's thumbnail. Opera also provides so many options that it can feel a bit overwhelming to the casual user. And lastly, it's a closed source browser that hasn't been well recognized for desktop use. Most folks think of Opera as a mobile browser only these days.
-
-### Which browser is right for you? ###
-
-With so many great choices, it can be a tough call to say which browser is right for you. Speaking for myself, I've found that I rely heavily on Firefox and Chromium due to specific extensions I put to work each day. For someone with a lower end system or netbook, my suggestion is to try Midori first and if that's not a fit, fallback to Qupzilla.
-
-So what about other web browsers for Linux? Such as the [Epiphany][9] browser or [Konqueror][10]? Browsers like these are great, but I feel strongly about the browsers I've shared above specifically. Each of the options listed above are browsers I use often and have found to be something I feel good about recommending to friends and family.
-
-That said, by all means, share any browsers you're passionate about in the Comments below so others can benefit from your preferred method of browsing the Web.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/best-linux-browsers-1.html
-
-原文作者：[Matt Hartley][a]
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Matt-Hartley-3080.html
-[1]:https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/
-[2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en_us/chrome/browser/
-[3]:http://www.chromium.org/
-[4]:http://www.qupzilla.com/
-[5]:https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/greasemonkey/
-[6]:https://adblockplus.org/
-[7]:http://midori-browser.org/
-[8]:http://www.opera.com/
-[9]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Web
-[10]:http://www.konqueror.org/

sources/talk/20140724 What are useful online tools for Linux.md

@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-[translating by KayGuoWhu]
-What are useful online tools for Linux
-================================================================================
-As you know, GNU Linux is much more than just an OS. There is literally a whole sphere on the Internet dedicated to the penguin OS. If you read this post, you are probably inclined towards reading about Linux online. Among all the pages that you can find on the subject, there are a couple of websites that every Linux adventurer should have in his bookmarks. These websites are more than just tutorials or reviews. They are real tools that you can access from anywhere and share with everyone. So today I shall propose you a non-exhaustive list of sixteen websites that should be in your bookmarks. Some of them can also be useful for Windows or Mac users: that's the extent of their reach.
-
-### 1. [ExplainShell.com][1] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3841/14517716647_3b6a1a564d_z.jpg)][2]
-
-If you are interested in Linux command line, you should use this website. If you are not interested in Linux command line, you should use it even more as it will explain in detail how a command works. This could prevent you from launching a command detrimental to your computer, and is a good way to learn with a great interface.
-
-### 2. [BashrcGenerator.com][3] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3900/14703872782_033e5acdb8_z.jpg)][4]
-
-If you want to begin with Linux command line, or if you want to quickly get a customized shell prompt but not sure how, this website will generate for you PS1 prompt code to place your .bashrc file in your home directory. You can drag and drop the elements that you would like to see in your prompt, like your username and the current time, and the website will write the code for you. It's easy and very readable. Definitely a must for the lazy.
-
-### 3. [Vim-adventures.com][5] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3838/14681149696_0c533fd6de_z.jpg)][6]
-
-I only recently discovered this website, but it already sucked in many hours of my life. In short: a RPG game with Vim commands. Move your character in the isometric levels with the 'h,j,k,l' keys, gain new commands/abilities, collect keys, and learn how to use Vim proficiently very quickly.
-
-### 4. [Try Github][7] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3874/14517499739_0452848d68_z.jpg)][8]
-
-The pitch is simple: learn Git in 15 minutes. This website simulates a console, and walks you though the steps of collaborative editing. The interface is very stylish and the intention is worthy. The only downside is for the Git allergic. But it is definitely a good skill to have, and a good place to learn it.
-
-### 5. [Shortcutfoo.com][9] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3906/14517499799_f142ea37cb_z.jpg)][10]
-
-Another shortcut database, shortcutfoo is a bit more standard in its way to present its content to the user, but definitely more straight-forward than funny mini-games. The shortcuts of several programs are available and grouped by categories. As it might not be super complete for software like Vim, which is completely reliant on shortcuts, it is perfect for giving a quick tip or a general overview.
-
-### 6. [GitHub Free Programming Books][11] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3867/14517499989_408a28d8be_z.jpg)][12]
-
-As you might guess from the URL, this is a collection of free online books about programming, written collaboratively using Git. The content is awesome and the authors deserve to be praised for such work. It might not be the easiest read at first, but it is one of the most instructive for sure. We can only hope that the movement will keep growing.
-
-### 7. [Collabedit.com][13] ###
-
-[![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2940/14681150086_2d169d67f9_z.jpg)][14]
-
-If you ever plan on giving a phone interview, you should check out collabedit beforehand. It allows you to create a document, select the programming language that you want to write in, and then share that document via the URL. The people opening the link will be able to freely interact in real time with the text, allowing you to judge their programming skills or just exchange snippets. It even comes with the proper syntax highlighting and a chat widget. In other words, it is the instant-Google Document of programmers.
-
-### 8. [Cpp.sh][15] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3840/14700981001_af3ac40b65_z.jpg)][16]
-
-This is one of those websites that extend beyond just Linux, but it is so useful that it deserves its place here. In short, an online development environment for C++. Just write your code in your navigator and run it. As a bonus, you get an auto-indentation feature, Ctrl+Z, and the possibility to share the URL with your buddy. This is just one of those crazy things that you can do from a simple browser.
-
-### 9. [Copy.sh][17] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3883/14517479870_da521931eb_z.jpg)][18]
-
-In continuation with crazy things that you can do from your browser, copy.sh lets you run a virtual machine online. Just that. It gained fame relatively recently, but the idea is just insane. From the navigator you can select among the defaults virtual images to run, or upload your own iso file. The code for that feat has been shared on [GitHub][19]. Just amazing.
-
-### 10. [Commandlinefu.com][20] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3887/14517495938_ca3b831ca9_z.jpg)][21]
-
-We all keep a big snippet of command-line "gems" on our computer. commandlinefu's goal is to release those snippets to the world. As a collaborative database, it resembles the Wikipedia of the command line. Everyone is free to register and post their favorite command on the website for everyone else to see. You will then be able to access that knowledge from everywhere and share it with everyone. If you are interested in mastering the shell, commandlinefu also proposes great features like random commands and a news feed to learn something new every day.
-
-### 11. [Alias.sh][22] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3868/14701762124_a7b3547aca_z.jpg)][23]
-
-Another collaborative database, alias.sh (I love the URL) is a bit like commandlinefu but for shell aliases. You can share and discover useful aliases which will make your CLI experience so much better. I personally like the alias to get the dimensions of a picture.
-
-    function dim(){ sips $1 -g pixelWidth -g pixelHeight }
-
-All the seconds you save with alias.sh probably accumulate with time, and turn to years by the end of your life. 
-
-### 12. [Distrowatch.com][24] ###
-
-[![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2910/14681149996_50a45bff78_z.jpg)][25]
-
-Who does not know Distrowatch? Besides giving a precise ranking of Linux distributions based on their website popularity, Distrowatch is also a very useful database. Whether you are looking for a new distribution to try, or just curious, it presents an exhaustive account of every Linux you can find, with information like which default desktop environment it uses, or package system, or its default applications. And all the versions, and with easily accessible download links. In a word, the Linux database.
-
-### 13. [Linuxmanpages.com][26] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3911/14704165765_8e30cb3d3f_z.jpg)][27]
-
-Everything is in the URL: access the manual pages for popular commands from anywhere. Not really sure if this would actually be useful for Linux users as you can access that from your actual terminal, but the intent is remarkable.
-
-### 14. [AwesomeCow.com][28] ###
-
-[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5558/14704165965_02b10ee293_z.jpg)][29]
-
-This is maybe a bit less hardcore Linux, but definitely useful to some. Awesomecow is a search engine for finding alternatives to Windows software on Linux. It can be helpful for anyone migrating to the penguin, or nostalgic of a Windows program. I see this as a strength, showing that Linux can compete with the professional spheres when it comes sot software quality. Or at least try to.
-
-### 15. [PenguSpy.com][30] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3904/14517495728_f6877e8e3b_z.jpg)][31]
-
-Before Steam started to show up on Linux, gaming was probably one of the penguin's weakness. But the website penguspy made the effort of fighting that weakness by collecting all Linux compatible games in a database with a sexy interface. Games can be sorted by categories, release dates, ratings, etc. I really hope that websites like this are not going to disappear because of Steam as it remains one of my favorites of this list.
-
-### 16. [Linux Cross Reference by Free Electrons][32] ###
-
-[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3913/14712049464_6b666e2cfa_z.jpg)][33]
-
-Finally, for all the experts and the curious, lxr is the anagram from Linux Cross Reference, and allows us to interactively view the Linux Kernel code online. The navigation is made easy via identifiers, and you can compare the different versions of the files with a standard diff markup. The interface is sober and straight-forward, and this is just a website that perfectly illustrates the concept of open source.
-
-To conclude, there are a lot more websites which deserve to be listed, and this might be a topic for a part two to this post. But this is a good start. It serves as an appetizer to what can be found online as tools for Linux users. If you have any other pages that you would like to share, following this thematic, do so in the comments. And maybe contribute to a sequel to this list.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/useful-online-tools-linux.html
-
-原文作者：[Adrien Brochard][a](I am a Linux aficionado from France. After trying multiple distributions, I finally settled for Archlinux. But I am always trying to improve my system by stacking up tips and tricks.)
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien
-[1]:http://explainshell.com/
-[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517716647/
-[3]:http://bashrcgenerator.com/
-[4]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14703872782/
-[5]:http://vim-adventures.com/
-[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14681149696/
-[7]:https://try.github.io/
-[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517499739/
-[9]:https://www.shortcutfoo.com/
-[10]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517499799/
-[11]:https://github.com/vhf/free-programming-books/blob/master/free-programming-books.md
-[12]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517499989/
-[13]:http://collabedit.com/
-[14]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14681150086/
-[15]:http://cpp.sh/
-[16]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14700981001/
-[17]:http://copy.sh/v24/
-[18]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517479870/
-[19]:https://github.com/copy/v86
-[20]:http://www.commandlinefu.com/
-[21]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517495938/
-[22]:http://alias.sh/
-[23]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14701762124/
-[24]:http://distrowatch.com/
-[25]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14681149996/
-[26]:http://www.linuxmanpages.com/
-[27]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14704165765/
-[28]:http://awesomecow.com/
-[29]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14704165965/
-[30]:http://www.penguspy.com/
-[31]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517495728/
-[32]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/
-[33]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14712049464/

sources/talk/20140724 diff -u--What is New in Kernel Development.md

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-diff -u: What's New in Kernel Development
-================================================================================
-Once in a while someone points out a POSIX violation in Linux. Often the answer is to fix the violation, but sometimes Linus Torvalds decides that the POSIX behavior is broken, in which case they keep the Linux behavior, but they might build an additional POSIX compatibility layer, even if that layer is slower and less efficient.
-
-This time, *Michael Kerrisk* reported a POSIX violation that affected file operations. Apparently, reading and writing to files during multithreaded operations could hit race conditions and overwrite each other's changes.
-
-There was some discussion over whether this was really a violation of POSIX, but ultimately, who cares? Data clobbering is bad. After Michael posted some code to reproduce the problem, the conversation focused on what to do to fix it. But Michael did make an argument that "Linux isn't consistent with UNIX since early times. (E.g., page 191 of the 1992 edition of Stevens APUE discusses the sharing of the file offset between the parent and child after fork(). Although Stevens didn't explicitly spell out the atomicity guarantee, the discussion there would be a bit nonsensical without the presumption of that guarantee.)"
-
-Al Viro joined Linus in trying to come up with a fix. Linus tried introducing a simple mutex to lock files so that write operations couldn't clobber each other, and Al offered his own refinements that improved on Linus' patch.
-
-At one point, Linus explained the history of the bug itself. Apparently, once upon a time the file pointer, which told the system where to write into the file, had been locked in a semaphore so only one process could do anything to it at a time. But, they took it out of the semaphore in order to accommodate device files and other non-regular files that ran into race conditions when users were barred from writing to them whenever they pleased.
-
-That was what introduced the bug. At the time, it slipped through undetected, because that actual reading and writing to regular files was still handled atomically by the kernel. It was only the file pointer itself that could get out of sync. And, because high-speed threaded file operations are a pretty rare need, it took a long time for anyone to run into the problem and report it.
-
-An interesting little detail is that, while Linus and Al were hunting for a fix, Al at one point complained that the approach Linus was taking wouldn't support certain architectures, including *ARM* and *PowerPC*. Linus' response was, "I doubt it's worth caring about. [...] If the ARM/PPC people end up caring, they could add the struct-return support to gcc."
-
-It's always interesting to see how corner cases crop up and get dealt with. In some cases, part of the fix has to happen in the kernel, part in GCC and part elsewhere. In this particular instance, Al felt the whole thing could be done in the kernel, and he was inspired to write his own version of the patch, which Linus accepted.
-
-*Andi Kleen* wanted to add low-level CPU event support to *perf*. The problem was that there could be tons of low-level events, and it varied widely from CPU to CPU. Even storing the possible events in memory for all CPUs would significantly increase the kernel's running size. So, hard-coding this information into the kernel would be problematic.
-
-He pointed out that the *OProfile* tool relied on publicly available lists of these events, though he said the OProfile developers didn't always keep their lists up to date with the latest available versions.
-
-To solve these issues, Andi submitted a patch that allowed perf to identify which event-list was needed for the particular CPU on the given system, and automatically download the latest version of that list from its home location. Then perf could interpret the list and analyze the events, without overburdening the kernel.
-
-There was various feedback to Andi's code, mostly to do with which directory should house the event-lists, and what the filenames should be called. The behavior of the code itself seemed to get a good reception. One detail that may turn out to be more controversial than the others was Andi's decision to download the lists to a subdirectory of the user's own home directory. Andi said that otherwise users might be encouraged to download the event-lists as the root user, which would be bad security practice.
-
-Sasha Levin recently posted a script to translate the *hexadecimal offsets *from stack dumps into meaningful line numbers that pointed into the kernel's source files. So something like "ffffffff811f0ec8" might be translated into "fs/proc/generic.c:445".
-
-However, it turned out that Linus Torvalds was planning to remove the hex offsets from the stack dumps for exactly the reason that they were unreadable. So Sasha's code was about to go out of date.
-
-They went back and forth a bit on it. At first Sasha decided to rely on data stored in the System.map file to compensate, but Linus pointed out that some people, including him, didn't keep their System.map file around. Linus recommended using /usr/bin/nm to extract the symbols from the compiled kernel files.
-
-So, it seems as though Sasha's script may actually provide meaningful file and line numbers for debugging stack dumps, assuming the stack dumps provide enough information to do the calculations. 
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/diff-u-whats-new-kernel-development-0
-
-原文作者：[Zack Brown][a]
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/user/801501

sources/talk/20140729 Don't Fear The Command Line.md

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+Love-xuan 翻译中
+Don't Fear The Command Line
+================================================================================
+![](http://a4.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTE5NTU2MzIyNTM0NTg5OTYz.jpg)
+
+> Embrace your computer's most useful tool.
+
+You've probably seen it in movies, even if you haven't ever called it up on your own computer: a blank screen with a simple text prompt and a cursor, just waiting for you to enter the appropriate arcane commands to do your bidding.
+
+This is the command line. It's a text-based interface that predates the far more familiar windows, icons and tiles of today's major computer operating systems, from Windows to Mac OS X to Linux.
+
+The command line is an extremely powerful tool for accessing basic functions of your computer. For most people, it's also a confusing, complicated and seemingly irrelevant distraction. It doesn't have to be.
+
+### Computers Under Your Command ###
+
+Typing text instructions and hitting Return to get a computer to do something sounds like a major step back compared to the swipe-and-tap touch-sensitive interfaces of mobile devices. Even a toddler can use an iPad, right? Yet the command line can save you time and aggravation, if you know when to use it.
+
+If you're serious about learning to code—or just understanding computer technology—you absolutely need to get to know your command line.
+
+Diving into the command line will teach you a lot about how your computer works and organizes information. You might find that some tasks you perform every day with a mouse are actually faster when you type a command or two instead.
+
+Most important, you’ll be better prepared to learn [languages like Python][1] and [programs like Git][2] that require some command-line setup. By getting familiar with the command line, you’ll break down barriers that may have kept you from learning to program in the past.
+
+So here's a quick, basic guide to getting around on the command line. It's focused on Mac OS X's Unix-based environment, simply because that's what I'm familiar with. Linux users probably know the command line well already, although newcomers might also find these tips useful. If you're running a Chromebook, Google has some helpful instructions for getting to its [version of the command line][3], which is similar to Mac and Linux systems. Windows users, unfortunately, are stuck with a command language derived from MS-DOS that just barely overlaps with Unix, so this guide isn't going to be much use to you; you might check out [this dosprompt.info tutorial][4]. 
+
+### How To Find Your Way Around ###
+
+The very first thing you’ll need to do is figure out how to access the command line, which is typically done through a program called a "shell." On any Mac running OS X, you'll need to start the Terminal application. You can do this through the Finder (it's in the Utilities folder under Applications), or just click the magnifying glass in the upper right hand corner of your screen and type “terminal,” then select it from the drop-down.
+
+![](http://a4.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTE4MDAzNDE2ODYxMjc5NzU4.png)
+
+You’re in, but all you see is a blank box with a space to type prompts. This is the command line! Let’s get to know this window a little bit better.
+
+Type pwd, which stands for Print Working Directory. In computer parlance, “printing” something has nothing to do with paper. It really just means spitting it out on the screen. The command should result in the computer returning the directory you are currently working in.
+
+![](http://a4.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTIyMzk5Mjg5MDMzMjYyNjA0.png)
+
+And indeed, /Users/laurenorsini is my home directory. Advanced tip: You can use the tilde symbol (~) as a shortcut for your home directory—it means the same thing as /Users/yourusername. So you can reference your Downloads subdirectory, for instance, as ~/Downloads. (If you look closely at the command prompt above, you'll see a tilde there. That indicates that I'm in my home directory.)
+
+We don’t want to muddy up our main directory with all our command-line experimenting, so let’s make a new directory with the mkdir command. This is the same as creating a new folder on your desktop operating system. Let's call it "experiments":
+
+![](http://a4.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTE5NDg0MDYxMTMwODUxODU1.png)
+
+Now we have a new directory. Using the graphic interface, we can visually verify that we actually created a new one. Sure enough, if I open the Finder and go into my home directory—here marked with a little house icon—I now see a folder named “experiments.” I made that on the command line! (The reverse works, too: You can create a folder on your desktop, and see it in the command line. They're just two different ways of looking at the same system.)
+
+![](http://a5.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTE5NTU2MzIyNTM0MzI3ODE5.png)
+
+Now I need to change directories and enter the ~/experiments directory with the **cd** (change directory) command.
+
+![](http://a5.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTE5NDg0MDYxMTMxMTEzOTk5.png)
+
+I have my command prompt on the default setting, so it automatically shows where my working directory is. But if yours looks different, here's how to make sure “experiments” is truly your working directory: type **pwd** again. It should tell you that your working directory is “experiments.”
+
+### Getting Filed Away ###
+
+I create and edit files on the command line every day that I code. It's faster than using the graphical user interface because I can test out my programs on the command line as soon as I finish editing them. And if I also happen to be pushing things to [GitHub][5] at the same time, well, it's even more convenient.
+
+Now you have a new directory (also called a repository or folder) on your computer to mess around with. Let's start by creating a new file that contains only the words, "Hello World." There are a lot of ways to do this; here I'm using the echo command.
+
+Now you have a new directory (also called a repository or folder) on your computer to mess around with. Let's start by creating a new file that contains only the words, "Hello World." There are a [lot of ways][6] to do this; here I'm using the **echo** command.
+
+![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTE5NDg0MDYxMjQxMjgwMDE1.png)
+
+Oh no! I spelled "newfile" incorrectly. That happens. Let's fix it in two steps. First, I'll create a new file with the correct spelling...
+
+![](http://a3.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTIxNDI3Mjk0MjA5ODAzNzg5.png)
+
+And then, I'll use the **mv** (move) command to replace my old, misspelled file with my new file. This always takes the form "**mv oldfile newfile**."
+
+![](http://a1.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTIxNDI3Mjk0MjA5NzM4MjUz.png)
+
+A note about **mv**: like many commands, it's a deceptively powerful one. When we're "moving" newfil.txt into newfile.txt, what we're actually doing is completely overwriting the first file and replacing it with the second. So the text I wrote into newfil.txt is gone forever, replaced by what I wrote into newfile.txt. 
+
+To prove that I only have one file in my directory, I can use **ls** , the list command, to get a list of all the files in this directory.
+
+![](http://a1.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTIxNDI3Mjk0MTA3NTAyMDkz.png)
+
+See? Just the one. And if I look inside the folder using my computer's graphical user interface, I can see the file there, too. 
+
+![](http://a3.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTIyMzk5Mjg5MDM4OTY0MjM2.png)
+
+But it's just a blank text file. Let's put something inside it using a text editor. On the command line, I tend to use the nano editor since it's simple and it works on just about every type of computer. 
+
+This should immediately bring up a new editing screen right inside your command line window. The basic commands are all laid out for you.
+
+![](http://a3.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTIyMzk5Mjg5MDM5NjE5NTk2.png)
+
+Write what you want, and then exit with CTRL + X. If it asks you to save and you'd like to, type "Y." 
+
+![](http://a4.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTIxNDI3Mjk0MTA4MDkxOTE3.png)
+
+As you've probably guessed by now, it's possible to also see these changes by using the operating system and navigating to newfile.txt with your mouse. Here you can open and edit the file you've created in any text editor of your choice. 
+
+If you want to delete the file forever, do that with the **rm** (remove) command: 
+
+![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTE5NTU2MzIyNTQxMzQwMTcx.png)
+
+Keep in mind that the **rm** command is very powerful! A [common trick][7] on hacker forums is to convince a command-line newbie to type **rm -rf** / so she ends up deleting her whole computer. The "/" means the very top-level directory of your computer—and everything underneath it. NEVER type that command!
+
+### Further Reading ###
+
+This is just the beginning of the endless possibilities of the command line. You can use this tool to control every aspect of your computer, which is what makes it as dangerous as it is powerful. Make sure to always read up on new command-line prompts before you use them, and never blindly input a prompt that a stranger suggests to you online. 
+
+I've outlined the commands I use every day so I can code, but there are a lot more reasons to master the command line than that. If you're looking for a more thorough overview, you might want to try:
+
+[The Command Line Crash Course][8]. A free, extended course that covers the basics of command line usage.
+
+[A Command Line Primer For Beginners][9]. Lifehacker’s collection of helpful commands for first time users.
+
+[Introduction to the Mac OS X Command Line][10]. Online-education site Treehouse covers the very basics in extreme detail. 
+
+Now that you've finished reading, you're better prepared for any code tutorial I've written in the past, since it's impossible to do any of them without typing in some commands. If you're ready to go, I suggest you check out ReadWrite's [Git tutorial][11], which utilizes the command line to introduce you to collaborative coding. Happy computing! 
+
+*Lead photo by [Jason Scott][12]; all other screenshots by Lauren Orsini for ReadWrite*
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://readwrite.com/2014/07/18/command-line-tutorial-intro
+
+作者：[Lauren Orsini][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/lauren-orsini
+[1]:http://readwrite.com/2014/07/08/what-makes-python-easy-to-learn
+[2]:http://readwrite.com/2013/09/30/understanding-github-a-journey-for-beginners-part-1
+[3]:http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/poking-around-your-chrome-os-device
+[4]:http://dosprompt.info/
+[5]:http://www.github.com/
+[6]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-create-file-from-terminal-window-shell-prompt/
+[7]:http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=rm+-rf+%2F
+[8]:http://cli.learncodethehardway.org/book/
+[9]:http://lifehacker.com/5633909/who-needs-a-mouse-learn-to-use-the-command-line-for-almost-anything
+[10]:http://blog.teamtreehouse.com/introduction-to-the-mac-os-x-command-line
+[11]:http://readwrite.com/2013/09/30/understanding-github-a-journey-for-beginners-part-1
+[12]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal#mediaviewer/File:DEC_VT100_terminal.jpg

sources/talk/20140731 Top 10 Free Linux Games.md

@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+Top 10 Free Linux Games
+================================================================================
+If the term “Can I game on it?” has been bothering you while thinking to switch on Linux from Windows platform, then here is an answer for that – “Go for it!”. Thanks to the Open source community who has been consistently developing different genre games for Linux OS and the online content distribution platform – Steam, there is no dearth of good commercial games which are as fun to play on Linux as on its other counterparts (like Windows).
+
+We present to you the list of 10 best free games for Linux for this year which have been selected based on their popularity, their free-to-play title, and easy installation.
+
+**NOTE** – Interested in First Person Shooter games, read our article on [10 popular first person shooter Linux games][1].
+
+### 1. Team Fortress 2 ###
+
+![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Team-fortress-2.jpg)
+
+Team Fortress 2 is a team-based first-person shooter multiplayer video game developed by Valve Corporation, and is a sequel to the original 1996 Quake modification, Team Fortress. The game was first released on October 10, 2007 for Windows and the Xbox 360, and was later released as a standalone package for Linux on February 14, 2013. The game was announced in 1998, and was initially powered by Valve’s GoldSrc engine but the launch was much delayed due to updates in its design during its 9 years long development cycle. The game became a free-to-play title on June 23, 2011.
+
+It has received critical acclaim and many awards, mainly due to its artistic direction, balanced gameplay, humour, and graphical style. Unlike other games with ultra-realistic graphics such as Call of Duty, Half-Life franchises, this game’s set up looks like cartoons brought to life.
+
+**Gameplay**: Like the original game, Team Fortress 2 is set around 2 opposing teams; RED (Reliable Excavation & Demolition) and BLU (Builders League United), both competing for a combat-based primary objective.
+Players can opt out of 9 character classes namely, Scout, Soldier, Pyro, Demoman, Heavy, Engineer, Medic, Sniper, and Spy, each one with its own unique weapons, strengths and weaknesses.
+
+#### System Requirements: ####
+
+<table>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+      <td><b>Recommended Requirements</b></td>
+      <td><b>Minimum requirements</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><b>CPU</b></td>
+      <td>Pentium 4 or Athlon XP or better</td>
+      <td>Pentium 4 or Athlon XP or better</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><b>CPU Speed</b></td>
+      <td>3.0 GHz processor</td>
+      <td>1.7 GHz</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><b>RAM</b></td>
+      <td>1 GB</td>
+      <td>512 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><b>Video Card</b></td>
+      <td>DirectX 9 compatible video card (NVIDIA GeForce 7900+ / ATI Radeon X1900+)</td>
+      <td>DirectX 8.1 compatible video Card (NVIDIA GeForce4+ / ATI Radeon 8500+)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><b>Sound Card</b></td>
+      <td>Yes</td>
+      <td>Yes</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><b>Free disk space</b></td>
+      <td>5 GB</td>
+      <td>5 GB</td>
+    </tr>
+</table>
+
+### 2. Dota 2 ###
+
+![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dota-2.jpg)
+
+Dota 2, a sequel to the Defence of the Ancients, is a multiplayer online battle arena video game developed by Valve Corporation. Dota 2 was released as a free-to-play title for Windows on July 9, 2013 and for Linux on July 18, 2013, and is available exclusively through Valve’s online content-distribution platform Steam. The game was applauded by video game critics, who praised it for its pleasing gameplay, improved production quality. Though it was also criticized for its steep learning curve.
+
+**Gameplay**: A standard match of Dota 2 is independent and involves 2 opposing groups, the Radiant and the Dire, each team having 5 players. Both the teams occupy a stronghold at a corner of the map and located at each stronghold is a building named “Ancient”. In order to win, a team must destroy the opponent’s Ancient. There are 9 game modes and 107 “Heroes” in Dota 2 to choose from. Each player controls a “Hero” character and aims on levelling up, acquiring items, collecting gold, and fighting against enemy team to gain victory.
+
+#### System Requirements: ####
+
+<table>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+      <td><b>Recommended Requirements</b></td>
+      <td><b>Minimum requirements</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU</strong></td>
+      <td>Intel core 2 duo 2.4GHz</td>
+      <td>Pentium 4 3.0GHz</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU Speed</strong></td>
+      <td>2.4 GHz processor</td>
+      <td>3.0 GHz</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>RAM</strong></td>
+      <td>1 GB</td>
+      <td>1 GB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Video Card</strong></td>
+      <td>DirectX 9 compatible video card with Shader model 3.0. NVidia 7600, ATI X1600 or better</td>
+      <td>DirectX 9 compatible video card with 128 MB, Shader model 2.0. ATI X800, NVidia 6600 or better</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Sound Card</strong></td>
+      <td>Yes</td>
+      <td>Yes</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Free disk space</strong></td>
+      <td>2.5 GB</td>
+      <td>2.5 GB</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+### 3. Urban Terror ###
+
+![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/UrbanTerror.jpg)
+
+Urban Terror, abbreviated as UrT, is a free-to-play multi-player FPS video game developed by FrozenSand. It was released as a free standalone game in 2007 utilizing ioquake3  (a game engine project to act as a clean base package for more advanced graphical and audio features) as an engine.
+
+The official game motto’s ‘Fun over realism’ is true to its word as it is a well packaged product with  simple installation, adequate graphics, low requirements,  and a balanced gameplay, which makes it a unique, enjoyable and addictive game. Urban Terror was nominated to the 2007 Mod DB’s Mod of the Year Award.
+
+**Gameplay**: The game billed as “Hollywood tactical shooter”, blends elements from games such as Quake III Arena, Unreal Tournament, and Counter-Strike. The realism in the mod is introduced through a number of changes like the weapons available are real-life, have recoil, are less accurate if fired while movement, and require reloading when a magazine has been utilized. Damage is also realistic such as wounds require bandaging, leg or feet wounds slow down the player.
+
+#### System Requirements: ####
+
+<table>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+      <td><strong>Recommended Requirements</strong></td>
+      <td><strong>Minimum requirements</strong></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU</strong></td>
+      <td>Pentium 4 &nbsp;1.2 GHz or higher</td>
+      <td>Pentium 4 &nbsp;1.2 GHz</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU Speed</strong></td>
+      <td>1.2 GHz</td>
+      <td>1.2 GHz</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>RAM</strong></td>
+      <td>512 MB</td>
+      <td>256 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Video Card</strong></td>
+      <td>&nbsp;NVidia or ATI card with 256MB or more</td>
+      <td>&nbsp;NVidia or ATI card with 128MB RAM</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>HDD</strong></td>
+      <td>50 GB or more</td>
+      <td>50 GB</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+### 4. Alien Arena 2008 ###
+
+![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/AlienArena2008.jpg)
+
+Alien Arena is a standalone 3D first-person online deathmatch shooter video game based on source code of Quake II and Quake III, released by id software. The game developed by COR entertainment was released in October 2004, and has been free-to-play title since its commencement, with currently no plans to change it to pay-to-play format.
+
+Features comprising new particle engine and effects, 32 bit graphics, reflective water, light blooms, high resolution textures and skins, stain maps, and more, make up for it to be an addictive game. This game has come a long way from its original version “CodeRED: Alien Arena”, with all new player characters, nearly 2 dozen new maps, new weapon models, and many substantial engine enhancements and optimizations.
+
+**Gameplay**: Alien Arena features 37 levels, has fast and smooth gameplay with a high-tech atmosphere. The players can play online against one another or against the built in CodeRED bots, which feature multiple skill levels like rocket jumping and strafe jumping. The game also offers CTF (Capture The Flag), AOA (All Out Assault) modes, in which players can climb into vehicles to do battle, Deathball, and Team Core Assault.
+
+#### System Requirements: ####
+
+<table>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+      <td><strong>Recommended Requirements</strong></td>
+      <td><strong>Minimum requirements</strong></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU</strong></td>
+      <td>Intel Pentium 4 1.7 GHz or AMD Athlon XP 1800</td>
+      <td>Pentium 3 @ 800MHz</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU Speed</strong></td>
+      <td>1.7 GHz</td>
+      <td>800MHz (or 1 GHz)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>RAM</strong></td>
+      <td>512 MB</td>
+      <td>256 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Video Card</strong></td>
+      <td>BFG GeForce 7800 GS OC</td>
+      <td>NVIDIA GeForce 4400+ or ATI Radeon 8500+ (32 MB)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Video Memory</strong></td>
+      <td>64 MB</td>
+      <td>32 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Sound Card</strong></td>
+      <td>DirectX compatible</td>
+      <td>DirectX compatible</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>DirectX</strong></td>
+      <td>9.0c</td>
+      <td>9.0c</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>HDD</strong></td>
+      <td>500 MB</td>
+      <td>500 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+### 5. Nexuiz ###
+
+![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/nexuiz.jpg)
+
+Nexuiz is an Arena first-person shooter 3D deathmatch video game developed and published by Alientrap on May 31, 2005, and is build on a modified Quake 1 Engine named DarkPlaces, whose features include Quake3bsp support, coronas, new particle effects, real time World and Dynamic lighting and shadowing, advanced menu system, and Md3 model support. It is intended to be played on the Internet or over a local network.
+
+**Gameplay**: The gameplay is deathmatch with the most exorbitant possible speeds and weapons, providing extremely fast paced action. Other than deathmatch, there are several game modes like team deathmatch, domination, capture the flag, multiple mutators, and weapon options like rocket arena and instagib. Although, Nexuiz is mainly multiplayer but it includes a full single-player campaign, which lets one to play through various multiplayer game types and maps with bots.
+
+#### System Requirements: ####
+
+<table>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td></td>
+      <td><strong>Recommended Requirements</strong></td>
+      <td><strong>Minimum requirements</strong></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU</strong></td>
+      <td>Intel Core 2 Duo at 2Ghz, or AMD Athlon 64 x2 2ghz, or better</td>
+      <td>1 Ghz Pentium III or AMD Athlon</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>RAM</strong></td>
+      <td>2 GB</td>
+      <td>512 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Video Card</strong></td>
+      <td>NVidia 8800GT with 512Mb RAM, ATI 3850HD with 512Mb RAM, or better</td>
+      <td>GeForce 2 or equivalent</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>HDD</strong></td>
+      <td>3 GB</td>
+      <td>400 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+### 6. Tremulous ###
+
+![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Tremulous.jpg)
+
+Tremulous is a free and open source game that incorporates a team-based FPS game with real-time strategy elements. The game developed by Dark Legion Development, released on August 11, 2005 and is based on the ioquake2 game engine. Although it originated as a mod for Quake 3, but ultimately went standalone.
+
+Tremulous won the Mod Database “Mod of the Year” 2006 competition under the category of “Player’s Choice Standalone Game of the year”, and also came in first in a “Best free game based on GPL Quake source?” poll on the Planet Quake website.
+
+**Gameplay**: The game is presumably set in the future, where humans fight against spider-like aliens. Players can choose from 2 unique races, aliens and humans, and each of the team players can build working structures during the game like a Real Time Strategy game. The most significant structure is ‘spawn’, which provides each team with supplements to replace players who have been killed.
+
+#### System Requirements: ####
+
+<table>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+      <td><strong>Recommended Requirements</strong></td>
+      <td><strong>Minimum requirements</strong></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU</strong></td>
+      <td>Pentium 4 &nbsp;3.46GHz or Athlon 64 3800+</td>
+      <td>Pentium 4 1.8GHz or Athlon XP 1700+</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>RAM</strong></td>
+      <td>2 GB</td>
+      <td>256 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Video Card</strong></td>
+      <td>Nvidia GeForce GT 120 , AMD Radeon HD 4550</td>
+      <td>Nvidia GeForce 210 , AMD Radeon X600 Series</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>DirectX version</strong></td>
+      <td>DX 9.0c</td>
+      <td>DX 9.0c</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>HDD space</strong></td>
+      <td>4 GB</td>
+      <td>125 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+### 7. Warsow ###
+
+![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/warsow.jpg)
+
+Warsow  is a First Person Shooter (FPS) video game designed for online play, inspired by the fast paced shooters of the late 1990’s and early millennium. Warsow’s codebase is free and open source software, distributed under the terms of General Public License, and is built upon Qfusion, an advanced modification of the Quake II engine. Warsow stands out as a unique experience as its development team has strived to create a fun, fast, and action-packed game focused on speed, trickjumps, art of movement. This title uses cell-shaded graphics in a cartoon-ish style to fuse themes including cyberpunk, industrial, and sci-fi.
+
+**Gameplay**: This fast-paced 3D ego-shooter focuses heavily on movement and trickjumps, where many of the tricks originate from the Quake series, including circle-jumping, bunny hopping, strafe-jumping, double jumping, ramp-sliding, and rocket jumping. Apart from these tricks, Warsow also allows the players to dash, dodge or wall jump, which were originally possible in the Urban Terror.
+
+### System Requirements: ###
+
+<table>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td></td>
+      <td><strong>Minimum Requirements</strong></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU</strong></td>
+      <td>Pentium II 300 Mhz or greater</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>RAM</strong></td>
+      <td>64 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Video Card</strong></td>
+      <td>16 MB (Riva TNT or better)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>HDD</strong></td>
+      <td>400 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+**Note** – The recommended requirements for this game weren’t directly available. This is what we got from some discussion forums:
+
+- CPU – Intel Pentium 4 (3.00 GHz)
+- RAM - 512 MB
+- Video Card - 256 MB  (nVidia GeForce 5500 FX)
+- HDD  - 2 GB
+
+### 8. Open Arena (OA) ###
+
+![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/open-arena.jpg)
+
+Open Arena is an open-source multiplayer FPS game based on the ioquake3 fork of the id tech 3 engine. It is developed by the OpenArena Team and released under the GNU General Public License V2.0 (GPLv2). The game’s official site includes downloads for GNU/Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X Operating systems and is also available from the default repositories of Linux distributions, like Debian, Gentoo, Fedora, Arch, Mandriva, and Ubuntu. OpenArena can be played freely, offline or online, and users are also able to run their own LAN or internet server.
+
+**Gameplay**: OpenArena’s gameplay is precisely same as Quake III Arena: Win the game by scoring frags with the help of a balanced set of weapons designed for different situations. Every match happens in an “arena”, a map where players try to kill each other; arenas are designed for gametypes such as deathmatch, Tournament, Team Deathmatch, and Capture the Flag. Due to violent and mature content, it’s unsuitable for children under the age of 17.
+
+#### System Requirements: ####
+
+<table>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td></td>
+      <td><strong>Recommended Requirements</strong></td>
+      <td><strong>Minimum Requirements</strong></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU</strong></td>
+      <td>Pentium III 700MHz / AMD Athlon XP 2800+</td>
+      <td>Pentium II 233MHz / AMD K6-2 300MHz or equally powerful processor</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>RAM</strong></td>
+      <td>256 MB</td>
+      <td>64 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Video Card</strong></td>
+      <td>Geforce 4 Ti 4400</td>
+      <td>16 MB (with OpenGL acceleration)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Free Disk Space</strong></td>
+      <td>270 MB</td>
+      <td>50 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+### 9. Freecol ###
+
+![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Freecol.jpg)
+
+FreeCol is a free and open source turn-based strategy video game, which is imitation of the old game Colonization, and is similar to Civilization. The game was initially released on January 2, 2003, but its stable release came out 17 months ago, on January 7, 2013. It remains same in terms of mechanics and gameplay as the original game, but with newly added set of redesigned graphics.
+
+**Gameplay**: The objective of the game is to colonize the New World. The game starts in 1492 with a vessel and some colonists, and the player builds up colonies in the New World, struggling for power with other colonies from rival Europeans. The expansion of colonies continues with help from the European king until no help is required from Europe, meaning that colonies can stand alone without any exterior help, and declares independence from the King. If the colonies are able to resist attacks of the King’s forces, then victory is obtained.
+
+#### System Requirements: ####
+
+<table>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td></td>
+      <td><strong>Recommended Requirements</strong></td>
+      <td><strong>Minimum Requirements</strong></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU</strong></td>
+      <td>Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU P8700 2.53 GHz</td>
+      <td>Pentium 3 &nbsp;1GHz</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>RAM</strong></td>
+      <td>512 MB</td>
+      <td>256 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Java Version</strong></td>
+      <td>Java Runtime Environment 7</td>
+      <td>Java Runtime Environment 5 (or JRE 6)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Resolution</strong></td>
+      <td>1024 X 768</td>
+      <td>1024 X 768</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+### 10. Extreme Tux Racer ###
+
+![](http://mylinuxbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Extreme_Tux_Racer.jpg)
+
+Extreme Tux Racer, originally named Tux Racer, is a free software 3D computer game which lets a player take on the role of the Linux mascot, Tux the penguin. The game was released on October 2, 2000 by Jasmin Patry, a student studying at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.  An original Linux game, it is a very fun and simple racing game, without any complexity or violence, which makes it suitable for all age groups.
+
+**Gameplay**: In the game, Tux slides down various courses of steep, snow- and ice- covered mountains, to achieve the best time and the best score. The score can be increased by collecting herring while racing and sliding down the course. Sliding on snow allows more manoeuvrability, sliding on ice makes Tux go faster and sliding on rocky patches slows down Tux.
+
+### System Requirements: ###
+
+<table>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td></td>
+      <td><strong>Recommended Requirements</strong></td>
+      <td><strong>Minimum Requirements</strong></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>CPU</strong></td>
+      <td>400 MHz CPU or better</td>
+      <td>Pentium 200MMX</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>RAM</strong></td>
+      <td>128 MB</td>
+      <td>64 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Video Card</strong></td>
+      <td>TNT2/Voodoo3-class 3D graphics card or better</td>
+      <td>3D graphics card with full OpenGL support</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>Sound Card</strong></td>
+      <td>16-bit</td>
+      <td>16-bit</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong>HDD</strong></td>
+      <td>20 MB</td>
+      <td>20 MB</td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+Have something to say? Leave a comment below.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://mylinuxbook.com/top-10-free-linux-games/
+
+作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://mylinuxbook.com/author/himanshuc/
+[1]:http://mylinuxbook.com/10-popular-fps-linux-games/

sources/talk/20140801 $2400 Valued Introduction To Linux Course Is Available For Free On edX.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+$2400 Valued Introduction To Linux Course Is Available For Free On edX
+================================================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Introduction_Linux_edX.jpg)
+
+Probably you have already heard it. [Linux Foundation][1] has tied up with [edX][2] (a major online learning platform founded by MIT and Harvard University) to provide its Introduction to Linux course, which usually costs $2400, for free.
+
+edX has over 200 courses from over 50 elite universities, corporations and organizations worldwide. Over 2.5 million users attend these online courses across the globe.
+
+**Introduction to Linux course is starting from 1st August**. There are three ways one can take this course (or most other edX courses):
+
+- **Audit the course**: Simple register for **free** and get access to study material. Participate in course as per your own pace. There is no compulsion or penalty if you cannot complete the course.
+- **Honor code certificate**: It certifies that you have successfully completed the course, however, it doesn’t verify your identity. This too is for free.
+- **Verified certificate of achievement**: This certificates validates your identity and costs $250 for **Introduction to Linux** course.
+
+Introduction to Linux requires a working knowledge of computers and common software. Program aims to provide experienced computer users, who may or may not have previous Linux experience, a good working knowledge of Linux, from both a graphical and command line perspective. It consists a course work of 40 to 60 hours and is designed by Dr. Jerry Cooperstein, who manages training content at Linux Foundation.
+
+If you are planning to attend Introduction to Linux, it is advised to have Linux installed on your computer beforehand. Linux Foundation has [prepared a guide to set up the computer][3] to help users out.
+
+What are you waiting for? If you ever wanted to learn Linux, this is the time and best of all, it’s FREE! Sign up to the course with the link below:
+
+- [Introduction to Linux course at edX][4]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/introduction-linux-free-edx/
+
+作者：[Abhishek][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
+[1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/
+[2]:https://www.edx.org/
+[3]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/images/pdfs/Preparing_Your_Computer_for_LFS101x.pdf
+[4]:https://www.edx.org/course/linuxfoundationx/linuxfoundationx-lfs101x-introduction-1621#.U9gJ5nWSyb8

sources/talk/20140801 20 Amazing Linux Blogs For Beginners.md

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+[translating sailing]
+20 Amazing Linux Blogs For Beginners!
+================================================================================
+Whether you're a newbie looking to venture into the world of Linux and open source or a pro in search for some inspiration, well, blogs are the one stop shop to all your needs. Blogs are an excellent resource of information coming in from real time users like you and me who are looking to help other fellow users grasp concepts in simple language and easy format.
+
+1.[Ubuntux][1]
+
+2.[Mark shuttleworth's Official Blog][2]
+
+3.[Ubuntu Living][3]
+
+4.[Planet Gnome][4]
+
+5.[Planet KDE][5]
+
+6.[Linux Tracker][6]
+
+7.[Linux Watch][7]
+
+8.[Mandriva Blog][8]
+
+9.[Linux Security][9]
+
+10.[Linux on Desktop][10]
+
+11.[LinuxBSDos][11]
+
+12.[All for Linux][12]
+
+13.[Linux from Scratch][13]
+
+14.[RootPrompt][14]
+
+15.[Linux Home Networking][15]
+
+16.[YoLinux][16]
+
+17.[Librenix][17]
+
+18.[Linux Journal][18]
+
+19.[Linux Street][19]
+
+20.[Linux Hub][20]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=144715
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.ubuntux.org/
+[2]:http://www.markshuttleworth.com/
+[3]:http://ubuntuliving.blogspot.in/
+[4]:http://planet.gnome.org/
+[5]:http://planetkde.org/
+[6]:http://linuxtracker.org/
+[7]:http://efytimes.com/e1/www.linux-watch.com
+[8]:http://blog.mandriva.com/en/
+[9]:http://www.linuxsecurity.com/
+[10]:http://linuxondesktop.blogspot.in/
+[11]:http://www.linuxbsdos.com/
+[12]:http://allforlinux.com/
+[13]:http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/
+[14]:http://rootprompt.org/
+[15]:http://www.linuxhomenetworking.com/
+[16]:http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/
+[17]:http://librenix.com/
+[18]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/
+[19]:http://www.linuxstreet.net/
+[20]:http://linuxhub.net/

sources/talk/20140804 Group Test--Linux Text Editors.md

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+Group Test: Linux Text Editors
+================================================================================
+> Mayank Sharma tests five supercharged text editors that can crunch more than just words.
+
+If you’ve been using Linux long, you know that whether you want to edit an app’s configuration file, hack together a shell script, or write/review bits of code, the likes of LibreOffice just won’t cut it. Although the words mean almost the same thing, you don’t need a word processor for these tasks; you need a text editor.
+
+In this group test we’ll be looking at five humble text editors that are more than capable of heavy-lifting texting duties. They can highlight syntax and auto-indent code just as effortlessly as they can spellcheck documents. You can use them to record macros and manage code snippets just as easily as you can copy/paste plain text.
+
+Some simple text editors even exceed their design goals thanks to plugins that infuse them with capabilities to rival text-centric apps from other genres. They can take on the duties of a source code editor and even an Integrated Development Environment.
+
+Two of most popular and powerful plain text editors are Emacs and Vim. However, we didn’t include them in this group test for a couple of reasons. Firstly, if you are using either, congratulations: you don’t need to switch. Secondly, both of these have a steep learning curve, especially to the GUI-oriented desktop generation who have access to alternatives that are much more inviting.
+
+### The contenders: ###
+
+#### Gedit ####
+
+- URL:http://projects.gnome.org/gedit/
+- Version: 3.10
+- Licence: GPL
+- Is Gnome’s default text editor up to the challenge?
+
+#### Kate ####
+
+- URL: www.kate-editor.org
+- Version: 3.11
+- Licence: LGPL/GPL
+- Will Kate challenge fate?
+
+#### Sublime Text ####
+
+- URL: www.sublimetext.com
+- Version: 2.0.2
+- Licence: Proprietary
+- Proprietary software in the land of free with the heart of gold.
+
+#### UltraEdit ####
+
+- URL: www.ultraedit.com
+- Version: 4.1.0.4
+- Licence: Proprietary
+- Does it do enough to justify its price?
+
+#### jEdit ####
+
+- URL: www.jedit.org
+- Version: 5.1.0
+- Licence: GPL
+- Will the Java-based editor spoil the party for the rest?
+
+![There’s a fine balance between stuffing an app with features and exposing all of them to the user. Geddit keeps most of its features hidden.](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/gedit-web.png)
+There’s a fine balance between stuffing an app with features and exposing all of them to the user. Geddit keeps most of its features hidden.
+
+### The crucial criteria ###
+
+All the tools, except Gedit and jEdit, were installed on Fedora and Ubuntu via their recommended installation method. The former already shipped with the default Gnome desktop and the latter stubbornly refused to install on Fedora. Since these are relatively simple apps, they have no esoteric dependencies, the only exception being jEdit, which requires Oracle Java.
+
+Thanks to the continued efforts of both Gnome and KDE, all editors look great and function properly irrespective of the desktop environment they are running on. That not only rules it out as an evaluation criterion, it also means that you are no longer bound by the tools that ship with your favourite desktop environment.
+
+In addition to their geekier functionality, we also tested all our candidates for general-purpose text editing. However, they are not designed to mimic all the functionality of a modern-day word processor and weren’t evaluated as such.
+
+![Kate can double up as a versatile can capable integrated development environment (IDE).](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/kate-web.png)
+
+Kate can double up as a versatile can capable integrated development environment (IDE).
+
+### Programming language support ###
+
+UltraEdit does syntax highlighting, can fold code and has project management capabilities. There’s also a function list, which is supposed to list all the functions in the source file, but it didn’t work for any of our test code files. UltraEdit also supports HTML5, and has a HTML toolbar with which you can add commonly-used HTML tags.
+
+Even Gnome’s default text editor, Gedit, has several code-oriented features such as bracket matching, automatic indentation, and will also highlight syntax for various programming languages including C, C++, Java, HTML, XML, Python, Perl, and many others.
+
+If you’re looking for more programming assistance, look at Sublime and Kate. Sublime supports several programming languages and (as well as the popular ones) is able to highlight syntax for C#, D, Dylan, Erlang, Groovy, Haskell, Lisp, Lua, MATLAB, OCaml, R, and even SQL. If that isn’t enough for you, you can download add-ons to support even more languages.
+
+Furthermore, its syntax highlighting ability offers several customisable options. The app will also match braces, to ensure they are all properly rounded off, and the auto-complete function in Sublime works with variables created by the user.
+
+Just like Komodo IDE, sublime also displays a scrollable preview of the full source code, which is really handy for navigating long code files and lets you jump between different parts of the file.
+
+One of the best features of Sublime is its ability to run code for certain languages like C++, Python, Ruby, etc from within the editor itself, assuming of course you have the compiler and other build system tools installed on your computer. This helps save time and eliminates the need to switch out to the command line.
+
+You can also enable the build system in Kate with plugins. Furthermore, you can add a simple front-end to the GDB debugger. Kate will work with Git, Subversion and Mercurial version control systems, and also provides some functionality for project management.
+
+It does all this in addition to highlighting syntax for over 180 languages, along with other assistance like bracket matching, auto-completion and auto-indentation. It also supports code folding and can even collapse functions within a program.
+
+The only disappointment is jEdit, which bills itself as a programmer’s text editor, but it struggled with other basic functions such as code folding and wouldn’t even suggest or complete functions.
+
+**Verdict:**
+
+- Gedit:3/5
+- Kate:5/5
+- Sublime:5/5
+- UltraEdit3/5
+- jEdit:1/5
+
+![If you don’t like Sublime’s Charcoal appearance, you can choose one of the other 22 themes included with ti.](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/sublime-web.png)
+
+If you don’t like Sublime’s Charcoal appearance, you can choose one of the other 22 themes included with ti.
+
+### Keyboard control ###
+
+Users of an advanced text editor expect to control and operate it exclusively via the keyboard. Furthermore, some apps even allow their users to further customise the key bindings for the shortcuts.
+
+You can easily work with Gedit using its extensive keyboard shortcut keys. There are keys for working with and editing files as well as invoke tools for common tasks such as spellchecking a document. You can access a list of default shortcut keys from within the app, but there’s no graphical way to customise them. Similarly, to customise the keybindings in Sublime, you need to make modifications in its XML keymap files. Sublime has been criticised for its lack of a graphical interface to define keyboard shortcuts, but long-term users have defended the current file-based mechanism, which gives them more control.
+
+UltraEdit is proud of its “everything is customisable” motto, which it extend to keyboard shortcuts. You can define custom hotkeys for navigating the menus and also define your own multi-key key-mappings for accessing its plethora of functions.
+
+In addition to its fully customisable keyboard shortcuts, jEdit also has pre-defined keymaps for Emacs. Kate is equally impressive in this respect. It has an easily accessible window to customise the key bindings. You can change the default keys, as well as define alternate ones. Furthermore, Kate also has a Vi mode which will let users operate Kate using Vi keys.
+
+**Verdict:**
+
+- Gedit:2/5
+- Kate:5/5
+- Sublime:3/5
+- UltraEdit:4/5
+- jEdit:5/5
+
+### Snippets and macros ###
+
+Macros help you cut down the time spent on editing and organising data by automating repetitive steps, while Snippets of code extend a similar functionality to programmers by creating reusable chunks of source code. Both have the ability to save you time.
+
+The vanilla Gedit installation doesn’t have either of these functionalities, but you can enable them via separate plugins. While the Snippets plugin ships with Gedit, you’ll have to manually download and install the macro plugin (it’s called gedit-macropy and is hosted on GitHub) before you can enable it from within Gedit.
+
+Kate takes the same plugins route to enable the snippets feature. Once added, the plugin also adds a repository of snippets for PHP, Bash and Java. You can display the list of snippets in the sidebar for easier access. Right-click on a snippet to edit its contents as well as its shortcut key combination. However, very surprisingly, it doesn’t support macros – despite repeated hails from users since 2002!
+
+jEdit too has a plugin for enabling snippets. But it can record macros from user actions and you can also write them in the BeanShell scripting language (BeanShell supports scripted objects as simple method closures like those in Perl and JavaScript). jEdit also has a plugin that will download several macros from jEdit’s website.
+
+Sublime ships with inbuilt ability to create both snippets and macros, and ships with several snippets of frequently used functions for most popular programming languages.
+
+Snippets in UltraEdit are called Smart Templates and just like with Sublime you can insert them based upon the kind of source file you’re editing. To complement the Macro recording function, UltraEdit also has an integrated javascript-based scripting language to automate tasks. You can also download user-submitted macros and scripts from the editor’s website.
+
+**Verdict:**
+
+- Gedit:3/5
+- Kate:1/5
+- Sublime:5/5
+- UltraEdit:5/5
+- jEdit:5/5
+
+![UltraEdit’s UI is highly configurable — you can customise the layout of the toolbars and menus just as easily as you can change many other aspects.](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ultraedit-web.png)
+
+UltraEdit’s UI is highly configurable — you can customise the layout of the toolbars and menus just as easily as you can change many other aspects.
+
+### Ease of use ###
+
+Unlike a bare-bones text editor, the text editors in this feature are brimming with features to accommodate a wide range of users — from document writers to programmers. Instead of stripping features from the apps, their developers are looking for avenues to add more functionality.
+
+Although at first glance most apps in this group test have a very similar layout, upon closer inspection, you’ll notice several usability differences. We have a weak spot for apps that expose their functionality and features by making judicious use of the user interface, instead of just overwhelming the user.
+
+### Gedit: 4/5 ###
+
+Gedit wears a very vanilla look. It has an easy interface with minimal menus and buttons. This is a two-edged sword though, as some users might fail to realise its true potential.
+
+The app can open multiple files in tabs that can be rearranged and moved between windows. Users can optionally enable panels on the side and bottom for displaying a file browser and the output of a tool enabled by a plugin. The app will detect when an open file is modified by another application and offers to reload that file.
+
+The UI has been given a major overhaul in the latest version of the app yet to make its way into Gnome. However it isn’t yet stable, and while it maintains all features, several plugins that interact with the menu will need to be updated.
+
+### Kate: 5/5 ###
+
+Although a major part of its user interface resembles Gedit, Kate tucks in tabs at either side and its menus are much fuller. The app is approachable and invites users to explore other features.
+
+Kate can transparently open and save files over all protocols supported by KDE’s KIO including HTTP, FTP, SSH, SMB and WebDAV. You can use the app to work with multiple files at the same time. But unlike the traditional horizontal tab switching bar in most app, Kate has tabs on either side of the screen. The left sidebar will display an index of open files. Programmers who need to see different parts of the same file at the same time will also appreciate its ability to split the interface horizontally as well as vertically.
+
+### Sublime: 5/5 ###
+
+Sublime lets you view up to four files at the same time in various arrangements. There’s also a full-screen distraction free mode that just displays the file and the menu, for when you’re in the zone.
+
+The editor also has a minimap on the right, which is useful for navigating long files. The app ships with several snippets for popular functions in several programming languages, which makes it very usable for developers. Another neat editing feature, whether you are working with text documents or code, is the ability to swap and shuffle selections.
+
+### UltraEdit: 3/5 ###
+
+UltraEdit’s interface is loaded with several toolbars at the top and bottom of the interface. Along with the tabs to switch between documents, panes on either side and the gutter area, these leave little room for the editor window.
+
+Web developers working with HTML files have lots of assistance at their fingertips. You can also access remote files via FTP and SFTP. Advanced features such as recording a macro and comparing files are also easily accessible.
+
+Using the app’s Preferences window you can tweak various aspects of the app, including the colour scheme and other features like syntax highlighting.
+
+### jEdit: 3/5 ###
+
+In terms of usability, one of the first red-flags was jEdit’s inability to install on RPM-based distros. Navigating the editor takes some getting used to, since its menus aren’t in the same order as in other popular apps and some have names that won’t be familiar to the average desktop user. However, the app include detailed inbuilt help, which will help ease the learning curve.
+
+jEdit highlights the current line you are on and enables you to split windows in multiple viewing modes. You can easily install and manage plugins from within the app, and in addition to full macros, jEdit also lets you record quick temporary ones.
+
+![Thanks to its Java underpinnings, jEdit doesn’t really feel at home on any desktop environment](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/jedit-web.png)
+
+Thanks to its Java underpinnings, jEdit doesn’t really feel at home on any desktop environment
+
+### Availability and support ###
+
+There are several similarities between Gedit and Kate. Both apps take advantage of their respective parent project, Gnome and KDE, and are bundled with several mainstream distros. Yet both projects are cross-platform and have Windows and Mac OS X ports as well as native Linux versions.
+
+Gedit is hosted on Gnome’s web infrastructure and has a brief user guide, information about the various plugins, and the usual channels of getting in touch including a mailing list and IRC channel. You’ll also find usage information on the websites of other Gnome-based distros such as Ubuntu. Similarly, Kate gets the benefit of KDE’s resources and hosts detailed user information as well as a mailing list and IRC channel. You can access their respective user guides offline from within the app as well.
+
+UltraEdit is also available for Windows and Mac OS X besides Linux, and has detailed user guides on getting started, though there’s none included within the app. To assist users, UltraEdit hosts a database of frequently asked questions, a bunch of power tips that have detailed information about several specific features, and users can engage with one another other on forum boards. Additionally, paid users can also seek support from the developers via email.
+
+Sublime supports the same number of platforms, however you don’t need to buy a separate licence for each platform. The developer keeps users abreast with ongoing development via a blog and also participates actively in the hosted forums. The highlight of the project’s support infrastructure is the freely available detailed tutorial and video course. Sublime is lovely.
+
+Because it’s written in Java, jEdit is available on several platforms. On its website you’ll find a detailed user guide and links to documentation of some plugins. However, there are no avenues for users to engage with other users or the developer.
+
+**Verdict:**
+
+- Gedit: 4/5
+- Kate: 4/5
+- Sublime: 5/5
+- UltraEdit: 3/5
+- jEdit: 2/5
+
+### Add-on and plugins ###
+
+Different users have different requirements, and a single lightweight app can only do as much. This is where plugins come into the picture. The apps rely on these small pluggable widgets to extend their feature set and be of use to even more number of users.
+
+The one exception is UltraEdit. The app has no third-party plugins, but its developers do point out that third-party tools such as HtmlTidy are already installed with UltraEdit.
+
+Gedit ships with a number of plugins installed, and you can download more with the gedit-plugins package. The project’s website also points to several third-party plugins based on their compatibility with the Gedit versions.
+
+Three useful plugins for programmers are Code Comment, Terminal Plugin, which adds a terminal in the bottom panel, and the Session Saver. The Session Saver is really useful when you’re working on a project with multiple files. You can open all the files in tabs, save your session and when you restore it with a single click it’ll open all the files in the same tab order as you saved them.
+
+Similarly, you can extend Kate by adding plugins using its built-in plugin manager. In addition to the impressive projects plugins, some others that will be of use to developers include an embedded terminal, ability to compile and debug code and execute SQL queries on databases.
+
+Plugins for Sublime are written in Python, and the text editor includes a tool called Package Control, which is a little bit like apt-get in that it enables the user to find, install, upgrade and remove plugin packages. With plugins, you can bring the Git version control to Sublime, as well as the JSLint tool to improve JavaScript. The Sublime Linter plugin is a must have for coders and will point out any errors in your code.
+
+jEdit boasts the most impressive plugin infrastructure. The app has over 200 plugins, which can be browsed in the dedicated site of their own. The website lists plugins under various categories such as File Management, Version Control, Text, etc. You’ll find lots of plugins housed under each category.
+
+Some of the best plugins are the Android plugin, which provides utilities to work on Android projects; the TomcatSwitch plugin, using which you can create and control an external Jakarta Tomcat server process; and the Vimulator plugin, for Vi-like capabilities. You can install these plugins using jEdit’s using its plugin manager.
+
+**Verdict**
+
+- Gedit: 3/5
+- Kate: 4/5
+- Sublime: 4/5
+- UltraEdit: 1/5
+- jEdit: 5/5
+
+### Plain ol’ text editing ###
+
+Despite all their powerful extra-curricular activities that might even displace full-blown apps across several genres, there will be times when you just need to use these text editing behemoths to read, write, or edit plain and simple text. While you can use all of them to enter text, we are evaluating them for access to common text-editing conveniences.
+
+Gedit which is Gnome’s default text editor, supports an undo and redo mechanism as well as search and replace. It can spellcheck documents in multiple languages and can also access and edit remote files using Gnome GVFS libraries.
+
+You can spellcheck documents with Kate as well, which also lets you perform a Google search on any highlighted text. It’s also got a line modification system which visually alerts users of lines which have modified and unsaved changes in a file. In addition, it enables users to set bookmarks within a file to ease navigation of lengthy documents.
+
+Sublime has a wide selection of editing commands, such as indenting text and formatting paragraphs. Its auto-save feature helps prevent users from losing their work. Advanced users will appreciate the regex-based recursive find and replace feature, as well as the ability to select multiple non-contiguous spans of text and act on them collectively.
+
+UltraEdit also enables the use of regular expressions for its search and replace feature and can edit remote files via FTP. One unique feature of jEdit is its support for an unlimited number of clipboard which it calls registers. You can copy snippets of text to these registers which are available across editing sessions.
+
+**Verdict:**
+
+- Gedit: 4/5
+- Kate: 5/5
+- Sublime: 5/5
+- UltraEdit: 4/5
+- jEdit: 4/5
+
+### Our verdict ###
+
+All the editors in this feature are good enough to replace your existing text editor for editing text files and tweaking configuration files. In fact, chances are they’ll even double up as your IDE. These apps are chock full of bells and whistles, and their developers aren’t thinking of stripping features, but adding more and more and more.
+
+At the tail end of this test we have jEdit. Not only does it insist on using the proprietary Oracle Java Runtime Environment, it failed to install on our Fedora machine, and the developer doesn’t actively engage with its users.
+
+UltraEdit does little better. This commercial proprietary tool focuses on web developers, and doesn’t offer anything to non-developer power users that makes it worth recommending over free software alternatives.
+
+On the third podium position we have Gedit. There’s nothing inherently wrong with Gnome’s default editor, but despite all its positive aspects, it’s simply outclassed by Sublime and Kate. Out of the box, Kate is a more versatile editor than Gedit, and outscores Gnome’s default editor even after taking their respective plugin systems into consideration.
+
+Both Sublime and Kate are equally good. They performed equally well in most of our tests. Whatever ground it lost to Sublime for not supporting macros, it gained for its keyboard friendliness and its ease of use in defining custom keybindings.
+
+Kate’s success can be drawn from the fact that it offers the maximum number of features with minimal learning curve. Just fire it up and use it as a simple text editor, or easily edit configuration file with syntax highlighting, or even use it to collaborate and work on a complex programming project thanks to its project management capabilities.
+
+We aren’t pitching Kate to replace a full-blown integrated development environment such as [insert your favourite specialised tool here]. But it’s an ideal all-rounder and a perfect stepping stone to a specialised tool.
+
+Kate is designed for moments when you need something that’s quick to respond, doesn’t overwhelm you with its interface and is just as useful as something that might otherwise be overkill.
+
+### 1st Kate ###
+
+- Licence LGPL/GPL Version 3.11
+- www.kate-editor.org
+- The ultimate mild-mannered text editor with super powers.
+- Kate is one of the best apps to come out of the KDE project.
+
+### 2nd Sublime Text ###
+
+- Licence Proprietary Version 2.0.2
+- www.sublimetext.com
+- A professionally done text editor that’s worth every penny – easy to use, full of features and it looks great.
+
+### 3rd Gedit ###
+
+- Licence GPL Version 3.10
+- http://projects.gnome.org/gedit
+- Gets it done from Gnome. It’s a wonderful text editor and does an admirable job, but the competition here is too great.
+
+### 4th UltraEdit ###
+
+- Licence Proprietary Version 4.1.0.4
+- www.ultraedit.com
+- Focuses on bundling conveniences for web developers without offering anything special for general users.
+
+### 5th jEdit ###
+
+- Licence GPL Version 5.1.0
+- www.jedit.org
+- A lack of support, lack of working on Fedora and a lack of looking nice relegate jEdit to the bottom slot.
+
+### You may also wish to try… ###
+
+The default text editor that ships with your distro will also be able to assist you with some advanced tasks. There’s KDE’s KWrite and Raspbian’s Nano, for instance. KWrite inherits some of Kate’s features thanks to KDE’s katepart component, and Nano has sprung back into limelight thanks to its availability for Raspberry Pi.
+
+If you wish to follow the steps of Linux gurus, you could always try the revered text editors Emacs and Vim. First time users who want to get a taste for the power of Vim might want to consider gVim, which exposes Vim’s power via a graphical interface.
+
+Besides jEdit and Kate, there are other editors that mimic the usability of veteran advanced editors like Emacs and Vim, such as the JED editor and Joe’s Own Editor, both of which have an emulation mode for Emacs. On the other hand, if you are looking for lightweight code editors check out Bluefish and Geany. They exist to fill the niche between text editors and full-fledged integrated development platforms. 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/text-editors/
+
+作者：[Ben Everard][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/ben_everard/

sources/talk/20140804 Microsoft's Raspberry Pi Will Cost $300.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Microsoft’s Raspberry Pi Will Cost $300
+================================================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Sharks_Cove_Microsoft.jpg)
+
+I presume that you have heard of [Raspberry Pi][1]. A $35 microcomputer that has revolutionized the low cost computing and has cult following among hardware hobbyist and do-it-yourself enthusiasts. Several other followed in the footsteps of Raspberry Pi to provide low cost micro computers, [Arduino][2] is one of the successful examples.
+
+Microsoft has decided to enter the world of “System on Chip” and to come up with its “own Raspberry Pi”. Teamed up with Intel and [CircuitCo][3], [Microsoft will be launching a micro computer named “Sharks Cove“][4].
+
+Sharks Cove boasts of Intel Atom Z3735G, a quad-core chip with speeds up to 1.83GHz, 1GB of RAM, 16GB of flash storage and a MicroSD slot among many other things. You can read the full specifications [here][5]. The main aim of Shark Cove is to provide a platform to develop hardware and drivers for Windows and Android.
+
+Everything sounds fine till it comes to price. Sharks Cove will cost $299 with a Windows 8.1 license. While Arduino costs around $55 and Raspberry Pi $35, I don’t think there will be many buyers for such a high price in a domain which is dominated by low cost Linux based devices. What do you think?
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/microsofts-raspberry-pi/
+
+作者：[Abhishek][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
+[1]:http://www.raspberrypi.org/
+[2]:http://www.arduino.cc/
+[3]:http://www.circuitco.com/
+[4]:http://blogs.msdn.com/b/windows_hardware_and_driver_developer_blog/archive/2014/07/26/the-sharks-cove-is-now-available-for-pre-order.aspx
+[5]:http://www.sharkscove.org/docs/

sources/talk/20140804 Nostalgic Gaming On Linux With Good Old Games.md

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+Nostalgic Gaming On Linux With Good Old Games
+================================================================================
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/70-nostalgic-gaming-on-linux-with-good-old-games/headimage.jpg)
+
+**Thanks to the recent Linux support provided by DRM-free classic games provider, GOG.com, getting that nostalgic kick on Linux has never been easier. In this article I'll also detail a few of my favourite classic games that are now available to play in Linux.**
+
+It's not all nostalgia, though. Some of the classic games you might think of are genuinely classic, amazing games no matter their age. Others, you might need to imagine you're back in, say, 1995 and look at the game from that point of view to appreciate how good it must have seemed at that time. Whatever the case though, there's no shortage of these old games out there to enjoy and thankfully it's recently gotten even easier with [GOG.com][1] recently announcing Linux support.
+
+A lot of these old classic games actually run in [DOSBox][2], so a seasoned Linux gamer who has experience with such games may bring up the point that you could play a lot of these games provided by services such as GOG.com for years already, well before that recent announcement. Which is correct, I've done the same thing myself, but it does involve a bit of fiddling with files, so at the very least we now have a "turn-key" solution even with the DOSBox powered games - you download them, you launch them, they should just work. If you just want to purchase a game and play it right away, that's no bad thing. 
+
+Then there's the non-DOS games. A lot of old Windows 95/98 games do often work fine in WINE, but not always, or perhaps need workarounds to be manually applied or even a special version of WINE itself. Some old games just won't work at all no matter what you try, even on modern versions of Windows itself! So again, having an alternative available that is designed to work out-of-the-box (and DRM-free, no less) is a nice thing.
+
+GOG.com initially provided 50 Linux compatible games on their penguin-friendly launch, but that number is and will keep growing. In coming months they say they hope to reach 100 games, and who knows how many thereafter, but it should grow to be a fairly considerable library.
+
+Here are a few of my favourites so far, that are available right now:
+
+### Rise Of The Triads Dark War (1994) ###
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/70-nostalgic-gaming-on-linux-with-good-old-games/rott.png)
+
+If you crave some 90's style shoot-em-up action where you get to blow the hell out of, well, everything and everyone, Rise Of The Triads (ROTT) is one of the best choices and a favourite to many.
+
+If you know these kinds of shooters, you probably know what to expect. There is a storyline, but really it's about blowing everything up and/or riddling enemies full of bullet holes. As a member of an elite group of operatives you are sent to a remote island to stop a mad cult leader, where typically everything goes pear-shaped and you have to kill everything and successfully navigate levels to save the day and get out alive in the process.
+
+True to the arcade-style shooter of this vintage, weapons are all about being big, high-tech and fun. You might be in an elite operations group, but you ain't stuck with peashooters and standard rifles - no there's duel pistols all the way to heat seeking missiles and the Flamewall cannon and many more. It's all about genuine fun and doesn't take itself too seriously.
+
+*Verdict: A blast (literally)*
+
+### Realms Of The Haunting (1996) ###
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/70-nostalgic-gaming-on-linux-with-good-old-games/roth.png)
+
+This one is actually fairly new to me and isn't a game I remember from years back. Which is my loss really, as I can imagine this game must have seemed pretty incredible all the way back in 1996.
+
+Realms Of The Haunting is something of a first-person shooter/point-and-click adventure combination. The controls at first seem a bit strange because of this (keyboard to control movement and attack etc. Mouse to move the context indicator/cursor around the screen and interact with objects) but you soon get used to it. The storyline, although I have not experienced all of it yet myself, is apparently very good and certainly my impressions of it have been good. This is also one of those classic games that uses good old FMV (Full Motion Video) for cutscenes.
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/70-nostalgic-gaming-on-linux-with-good-old-games/roth1.png)
+
+Basically you play as a young man who receives a suitably vague letter from your recently deceased father about a strange deserted mansion and it's curious happenings inside. Naturally, said young man decides to visit the mansion and discovers his father's spirit being held captive by the forces of evil and then sets out to try free him. That sounds like a pretty standard storyline at first but the difference lays in the execution and how it progresses.
+
+From the moment the main character picks up a lantern and gazes around the dark, creepy surroundings of the mansion, it actually reminds me a bit of Amnesia: The Dark Descent. Sure, the gameplay and amount of actual combat means the comparison somewhat ends after that, but ROTH does also have it's fair share of exploration and puzzles. Despite a very dated looking graphics engine (it is based on the DOOM engine after all!) it strikes me how much attention to detail the game creators managed to pack into the environment, which further adds to the atmosphere and immersion despite the constant pixel party happening on screen.
+
+All in all, Realms Of The Haunting is a creepy but very intriguing old game that is very much worth checking out. And if you love games that feature old-school FMV, there is heaps on offer here too.
+
+*Verdict: Ahead of it's time?*
+
+### Sid Meier's Colonization (1994) ###
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/70-nostalgic-gaming-on-linux-with-good-old-games/colonization.jpg)
+
+Think Civilization, but with a colonial twist. Instead of building a nation from a mound of dirt in the middle of nowhere, Colonization tasks you with controlling either the forces of England, France, Spain or The Netherlands as you set about managing expansion across the Atlantic for your nation of choice. The aim of the game, as far as winning goes, is to achieve independence from your mother country and defeat the angry Royal Expeditionary Force that comes your way.
+
+If big chunky pixels, even in text, is something that hurts your eyes you may want to avoid this one but the simple old graphics belie the actual gameplay and depth available here. If you have experience with the more modern Sid Meier turn-based strategy games like the Civilization series, you may be surprised just how much familiar elements and gameplay there is in this old game.
+
+It may appear ancient and a little clunky, but like most of the classic Sid Meier games, you can sink hours upon hours into this game. Which considering it's price nowadays, no more than a piece of cake and a coffee, is fantastic value that is hard to beat. Do try it.
+
+*Verdict: Superb turn-based strategy, all the way from 1994*
+
+### Sword Of The Samurai (1989) ###
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/70-nostalgic-gaming-on-linux-with-good-old-games/sots.png)
+
+This one is a little more obscure and may surprise. For me, and this will sound a little cliché given the Japanese theme and setting, but there is something rather Zen about Sword Of The Samurai. A product in the year 1989, the graphics are obviously simple and have a very limited colour palette. Yet, I think even today the graphics work for this particular game and add to its charm and, again, the Zen.
+
+Describing SOTS is difficult though. It's sort of... a strategy, war, dating, stealth, melee, dueling, diplomacy, choose-your-own adventure Samurai sim.
+
+Seriously.
+
+Somehow this old game, which weighs in less than 20 megabytes, fits in an incredible amount of different gameplay (and surprisingly smart artificial intelligence) and approaches you can take to achieve your goal. The core goal is get a very important thing called Honor. In the world of feudal Japan, Honor is a big, big thing and you must get more Honor any way you can in order to achieve the goal of unifying Japan under your rule, as Shogun.
+
+While you can of course be the "good guy" and do everything you think is right to get Honor, the game is inherently deep and clever enough to allow you to achieve Honor even with, shall we say, more underhanded tactics.
+
+It's difficult to truly describe all the ways you can play this game but my advice is to simply do so - play it, let it wash over you and soak in the Japanese culture and atmosphere that the game exudes in a really classy way, without being over-the-top. And yes, the game can also be educational! You can't beat that.
+
+*Verdict: An under-appreciated masterpiece*
+
+### Get your game on ###
+
+So there we have it, there's some of my favourites that I've been (re)playing recently, on my Fedora 20 system no less. Some of these games may be older than Linux (the kernel) itself, but thanks to the likes of GOG.com and especially emulators like DOSBox, you can still enjoy the classic titles you remember from years gone by.
+
+What are some of your favourite classic games? Are you also playing them now in your favourite Linux distro? Let us know in the comments!
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://thelinuxrain.com/articles/nostalgic-gaming-on-linux-with-good-old-games
+
+作者：Andrew Powell
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://gog.com/
+[2]:http://www.dosbox.com/

sources/talk/The history of Android/03 - The history of Android.md

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-alim0x translating
-
-The history of Android
-================================================================================
-![From left to right: Android 0.9’s home screen, add drawer, and shortcut deletion interfaces.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/09hom2e.png)
-From left to right: Android 0.9’s home screen, add drawer, and shortcut deletion interfaces.
-Photo by Ron Amadeo
-
-### Android 0.9, Beta—hey, this looks familiar! ###
-
-Six months after Milestone 5, in August 2008, [Android 0.9 was released][1]. While the Android 0.5 milestone builds were "early looks," by now 1.0 was only two months away. Thus, Android 0.9 was labeled "beta." On the other side of the aisle, Apple already released its second version of the iPhone—the iPhone 3G—a month prior. The second-gen iPhone brought a second-gen iPhone OS. Apple also launched the App Store and was already taking app submissions. Google had a lot of catching up to do.
-
-Google threw out a lot of the UI introduced in Milestone 5. All the artwork was redone again in full-color, and the white square icon backgrounds were tossed. While still an emulator build, 0.9 offered something that looked familiar when compared to a released version of Android. Android 0.9 had a working desktop-style home screen, a proper app drawer, multiple home screens, a lot more apps, and fully functional (first-party only) widgets.
-
-Milestone 5 seemingly had no plan for someone installing more than 21 apps, but Android 0.9 had a vertically scrolling app drawer accessible via a gray tab at the bottom of the screen. Back then, the app drawer was actually a drawer. Besides acting as a button, the gray tab could be pulled up the screen and would follow your finger, just like how the notification panel can be pulled down. There were additional apps like Alarm Clock, Calculator, Music, Pictures, Messaging, and Camera.
-
-This was the first build with a fully customizable home screen. Long pressing on an app or widget allowed you to drag it around. You could drag an app out of the app drawer and make a home screen shortcut or long press on an existing home screen shortcut to move it.
-
-0.9 is a reminder that Google was not the design powerhouse it is today. In fact, some of the design work for Android was farmed out to other companies at the time. You can see one sign of this in the clock widget, which contains the text “MALMO," the home town of design firm [The Astonishing Tribe][2].
-
-![The “Add to Home" dialog in Android 0.9.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/widgets.png)
-The “Add to Home" dialog in Android 0.9.
-Photo by Ron Amadeo
-
-There were only three widgets: Clock, Picture frame, and Search. The Search widget didn't even have a proper icon in the list—it used the Picture icon. Perhaps the most interesting item here was a "Purchased pictures" option in the wallpaper choices—a leftover from the days when purchasing ringtones on a dumbphone was a common occurrence. Google was either planning on selling wallpapers, or it was already adding a carrier at some point. The company never went through with the plan.
-
-![A collection of widgets, an open folder, renaming a folder, and the copy/paste menu.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/fcp.png)
-A collection of widgets, an open folder, renaming a folder, and the copy/paste menu.
-Photo by Ron Amadeo
-
-The left screen, above, shows the widgets for Google Search and pictures. Search didn't do anything other than give you a box to type in—there was no auto complete or additional UI. Typing in the box and hitting "Go" would launch the browser. The bottom row of icons revealed a few options for "shortcuts" from the long press menu, which created icons that opened an app to a certain screen. Individual contacts, browser bookmarks, and music playlists were all shortcuts that could all be added to the home screen in 0.9.
-
-"Folders" was an option under the shortcuts heading despite not being a shortcut to anything. Once a blank folder was created, icons could be dragged into it and rearranged. Unlike today, there was no indication of what was in a folder; it was always a plain, white, empty-looking icon.
-
-0.9 was also the first Android version to have OS-level copy/paste support. Long pressing on any text box would bring up a dialog allowing you to save or recall text from the clipboard. iOS didn't support copy/paste until almost two years later, so for a while, this was one of Android's big differentiators—and the source of many Internet arguments.
-
-![From left to right: Android 0.9’s new menu, recent apps, power options, and lock screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/stuff.jpg)
-From left to right: Android 0.9’s new menu, recent apps, power options, and lock screen.
-Photo by Ron Amadeo
-
-Android 0.9 was really starting to show its maturity. The home screen had a full set of menu items, including a settings option (although it didn't work yet) and a search button (because Google likes it when you search). The menu design was already in the final form that would last until Android 2.3 swapped it to black.
-
-Long pressing on the hardware home button brought up a 3x2 grid of recent apps, a design that would stick around until the release of Android 3.0. Recent Apps blurred the exposed background, but that was strangely applied here and not on other popups like the "Add to home" dialog or the home screen folder view. The power menu was at least included in the blurry background club, and it was redesigned with icons and more commonly accepted names for functions. The power menu icons lacked padding, though, appearing cramped and awkward.
-
-Android 0.9 featured a lock screen, albeit a very basic one. The black and gray lock screen had no on-screen method of unlocking—you needed to hit the hardware menu button.
-
-----------
-
-![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg)
-
-[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
-
-[@RonAmadeo][t]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/3/
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/08/robotripping-hands-on-with-the-android-sdk-beta/
-[2]:http://www.tat.se/
-[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
-[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo

sources/talk/The history of Android/04 - The history of Android.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+alim0x translating
+
 The history of Android
 ================================================================================
 ![Android 0.9 showing off a horizontal home screen—a feature that wouldn’t make it to later versions.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/horizontal.png)
@@ -72,4 +74,4 @@ via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-histor
 
 [1]:http://www.tat.se/
 [a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
-[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
+[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo

sources/tech/20140714 Test read or write speed of usb and ssd drives with dd command on Linux.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+(translated by runningwater)
 Test read/write speed of usb and ssd drives with dd command on Linux
 ================================================================================
 ### Drive speed ###
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ Php developer, blogger and Linux enthusiast. He can be reached at [m00n.silv3r@g
 
 via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-test-drive-speed/
 
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

sources/tech/20140723 Fix Missing Speaker Icon From Moka Icon Theme.md

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-Fix Missing Speaker Icon From Moka Icon Theme [Quick Tip]
-================================================================================
-[Moka][1] is a beautiful icon theme. It has been constantly featured among the [best icon themes available for Ubuntu][2]. But there is little issue with Moka in Ubuntu 14.04. If you use Moka icons in Ubuntu 14.04 with Unity, you’ll find that speaker icon used for sound is missing:
-
-![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Moka_Missing_Sound_Icon.jpeg)
-
-### Fix missing sound icon while using Moka icon theme ###
-
-Though you might have already added official Moka PPA but for the sake of checking, add it again:
-
-    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:moka/stable
-    sudo apt-get update
-
-Now, next step is to install monochrome panel icons. Use the following command to install it:
-
-    sudo apt-get install faba-mono-icons
-
-Once you have installed the Faba monochrome icons, change your icon theme from Moka to Faba. This will give you Moka icon theme along with beautiful monochrome icons in the top panel in Unity:
-
-![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Moka_With_Sound_Icons.jpeg)
-
-I hope this helped you to fix the missing sound icon. Enjoy every bit and every sip of the Moka.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-missing-speaker-icon-from-moka/
-
-原文作者：[Abhishek][a]
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
-[1]:http://mokaproject.com/
-[2]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/

sources/tech/20140723 How to access SoundCloud from the command line in Linux.md

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-How to access SoundCloud from the command line in Linux
-================================================================================
-If you enjoy music streaming and originally-created sounds, you cannot have missed [SoundCloud][1]. Based in Germany, this cloud streaming service is now famous and well-established for any music adventurer. And naturally, as a Linux enthusiast, you might wonder how to join your passion for Linux with your love for music. As a solution, I advise you to check out Soundcloud2000, **a command line client for SoundCloud** born out of the [Music Hack Day Stockholm '13][2].
-
-### Installation ###
-
-For Debian or Ubuntu users, install via:
-
-    $ sudo apt-get install portaudio19-dev libmpg123-dev libncurses-dev ruby1.9.1-dev
-    $ sudo gem install soundcloud2000
-
-For Archlinux users, the package is available in [AUR][3].
-
-For Fedora users, install via:
-
-    $ sudo yum install portaudio-devel libmpg123-devel ncurses-devel ruby-devel
-    $ sudo gem install soundcloud2000
-
-For CentOS users, install or upgrade to the [latest Ruby/RubyGems][4] (1.9 and higher), enable [Repoforge repo][5], and install via:
-
-    $ sudo yum install portaudio-devel mpg123-devel
-    $ sudo gem install curses soundcloud2000 
-
-And finally, go to the official github page for the sources.
-
-### Usage ###
-
-Soundcloud2000 is very easy to pick up. Some might even say simplistic. I like it for that sobriety and the effort of the three authors and contributors. Launch it via:
-
-    $ soundcloud2000
-
-From there, you will be welcomed with a splash screen:
-
-![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3919/14658085706_71c9094e4f_z.jpg)
-
-and then a list of songs:
-
-![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3888/14494626757_3e788482d5_z.jpg)
-
-You can scroll through the list via the up and down keys, play a song with enter, pause/resume with the space bar, and fast forward/rewind with the right and left arrow keys. As you can see, nothing groundbreaking but definitely ergonomic.
-
-If the random list is too long to scroll through, you have an option to see all the tracks for a particular user by hitting the 'u' key and then typing his name. 
-
-![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3861/14494436719_b5536f7b67_z.jpg)
-
-That is probably one of the major defaults of Soundcloud2000. While the navigation is not optimized, I have high hopes for improvements and support as the software is still very young.
-
-### Bonus ###
-
-Another alternative as a bonus: if you like the idea of using SoundCloud from a terminal, but do not want to install any additional software (or maybe you cannot), I advise you to go to [cmd.fm][6]. The website is a kind of camouflage for SoundCloud, as it hides it behind a shell interface. 
-
-[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5580/14494448218_a16b05e3ee_z.jpg)][7]
-
-Type "help" for a list of commands, which is a lot longer than for Soundcloud2000. As examples, I noticed:
-
-- _genres to list all genres
-- _play random to play a random track
-- _pause to pause the current track
-- _playlist new to make a new playlist
-- _loop to loop current track
-- _cinema to watch and ASCII version of Star Wars which completely blew my mind. 
-
-And it even supports auto-completion via the tabulation key for genres.
-
-To conclude, Soundcloud2000 is a neat program that does exactly what it is supposed to. We can forgive its current flaws as they are surely tied to its youth. I really hope that it will grow and include more features (and potentially get inspiration from cmd.fm).
-
-If you like the idea, I invite you to support the programmers, and if you like these kinds of initiatives, support [Music Hack Day][8] which mixes software development and music.
-
-What do you think of using SoundCloud from the command line? Please let us know in the comments.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/access-soundcloud-command-line-linux.html
-
-原文作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien
-[1]:https://soundcloud.com/
-[2]:https://www.hackerleague.org/hackathons/music-hack-day-stockholm-13/
-[3]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/ruby-soundcloud2000/
-[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/upgrade-ruby-centos.html
-[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/01/how-to-set-up-rpmforge-repoforge-repository-on-centos.html
-[6]:https://cmd.fm/
-[7]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14494448218/
-[8]:http://new.musichackday.org/

sources/tech/20140723 Top 10 Fun On The Command Line.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+disylee来占坑~~   
 Top 10! Fun On The Command Line
 ================================================================================
 **If you just love making 'top 10'-type lists but are a little embarrassed to say so, tell people you're passionate about data exploration. To impress them even more, explain that you do your data exploration on the command line. But don't ruin the impression by telling them how easy that is!**
@@ -113,4 +114,4 @@ via: http://thelinuxrain.com/articles/top-10-fun-on-the-command-line
 [3]:http://www.rinkworks.com/words/letterfreq.shtml
 [4]:http://www.thelinuxrain.com/articles/building-a-gazetteer-table-from-kml-files
 [5]:https://zenodo.org/record/10481
-[6]:http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=CHAMBER;id=chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0025;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0000%22
+[6]:http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=CHAMBER;id=chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0025;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0000%22

sources/tech/20140729 10 Useful 'Squid Proxy Server' Interview Questions and Answers in Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+10 Useful “Squid Proxy Server” Interview Questions and Answers in Linux
+================================================================================
+It’s not only to System Administrator and Network Administrator, who listens the phrase Proxy Server every now and then but we too. Proxy Server is now a corporate culture and is the need of the hour. Proxy server now a days is implemented from small schools, cafeteria to large MNCs. Squid (also known as proxy) is such an application which acts as proxy server and one of the most widely used tool of its kind.
+
+This Interview article aims at strengthening your base from Interview point on the ground of proxy server and squid.
+
+![Squid Interview Questions](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Squid-Interview-Questions.png)
+Squid Interview Questions
+
+### 1. What do you mean by Proxy Server? What is the use of Proxy Server in Computer Networks? ###
+
+> **Answer** : A Proxy Server refers to physical machine or Application which acts intermediate between client and resource provider or server. A client seeks for file, page or data from the the proxy server and proxy server manages to get the requested demand of client fulfilled by handling all the complexities in between.
+
+Proxy servers are the backbone of WWW (World Wide Web). Most of the proxies of today are web proxies. A proxy server handles the complexity in between the Communication of client and Server. Moreover it provides anonymity on the web which simply means your identity and digital footprints are safe. Proxies can be configured to allow which sites client can see and which sites are blocked.
+
+### 2. What is Squid? ###
+
+> **Answer** : Squid is an Application software released under GNU/GPL which acts as a proxy server as well as web cache Daemon. Squid primarily supports Protocol like HTTP and FTP however other protocols like HTTPS, SSL,TLS, etc are well supported. The feature web cache Daemon makes web surfing faster by caching web and DNS for frequently visited websites. Squid is known to support all major platforms including Linux, UNIX, Microsoft Windows and Mac.
+
+### 3. What is the default port of squid and how to change its operating port? ###
+
+> **Answer** : The default port on which squid runs is 3128. We can change the operating port of squid from default to any custom unused port by editing its configuration file which is located at /etc/squid/squid.conf as suggested below.
+
+Open ‘/etc/squid/squid.conf’ file and with your choice of editor.
+
+    # nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
+
+Now change this port to any other unused port. Save the editor and exit.
+
+    http_port 3128
+
+Restart the squid service as shown below.
+
+    # service squid restart
+
+### 4. You works for a company the management of which ask you to block certain domains through squid proxy server. What are you going to do? ###
+
+> **Answer** : Blocking domain is a module which is implemented well in the configuration file. We just need to perform a little manual configuration as suggested below.
+
+a. Create a file say ‘blacklist’ under directory ‘/etc/squid’.
+
+    # touch /etc/squid/blacklist
+
+b. Open the file ‘/etc/squid/blacklist’ with nano editor.
+
+     # nano /etc/squid/blacklist
+
+c. Add all the domains to the file blacklist with one domain per line.
+
+    .facebook.com
+    .twitter.com
+    .gmail.com
+    .yahoo.com
+    ...
+
+d. Save the file and exit. Now open the Squid configuration file from location ‘/etc/squid/squid.conf’.
+
+    # nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
+
+e. Add the lines below to the Squid configuration file.
+
+    acl BLACKLIST dstdom_regex -i “/etc/squid/blacklist”
+    http_access deny blacklist
+
+f. Save the configuration file and exit. Restart Squid service to make the changes effective.
+
+    # service squid restart
+
+### 5. What is Media Range Limitation and partial download in Squid? ###
+
+> **Answer** : Media Range Limitation is a special feature of squid in which just the required data is requested from the server and not the whole file. This feature is very well implemented in various videos streaming websites like Youtube and Metacafe where a user can click on the middle of progress bar hence whole video need not be fetched except for the requested part.
+
+The squid’s feature of partial download is implemented well within windows update where downloads are requested in the form of small packets which can be paused. Because of this feature a update downloading windows machine can be restarted without any fear of data loss. Squid makes the Media Range Limitation and Partial Download possible only after storing a copy of whole data in it. Moreover the partial download gets deleted and not cached when user points to another page until Squid is specially configured somehow.
+
+### 6. What is reverse proxy in squid? ###
+
+> **Answer** : Reverse proxy is a feature of Squid which is used to accelerate the web surfing for end user. Say the Real server ‘RS’ contains the resource and ‘PS’ is the proxy Server. The client seek some data which is available at RS. It will rely on RS for the specified data for the first time and the copy of that specified data gets stored on PS for configurable amount of time. For every request for that data from now PS becomes the real source. This results in Less traffic, Lesser CPU usages, Lesser web resource utilization and hence lesser load to actual server RS. But RS has no statistics for the total traffic since PS acted as actual server and no Client reached RS. ‘X-Forwarded-For HTTP’ can be used to log the client IP although on RS.
+
+Technically it is feasible to use single squid server to act both as normal proxy server and reverse proxy server at the same point of time.
+
+### 7. Since Squid can be used as web-cache Daemon, is it possible to Clear its Cache? How? ###
+
+> **Answer** : No Doubt! Squid acts as web-cache Daemon which is used to accelerate web surfing still it is possible to clear its cache and that too very easily.
+
+a. First stop Squid proxy server and delete cache from the location ‘/var/lib/squid/cache’ directory.
+
+    # service squid stop
+    # rm -rf /var/lib/squid/cache/*<
+
+b. Create Swap directories.
+
+    # squid -z
+
+### 8. A client approaches you, who is working. They want the web access time be restricted for their children. How will you achieve this scenario? ###
+
+Say the web access allow time be 4′o clock to 7′o clock in the evening for three hours, sharply form Monday to Friday.
+
+a. To restrict web access between 4 to 7 from Monday to Friday, open the Squid configuration file.
+
+    # nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
+
+b. Add the following lines and save the file and exit.
+
+    acl ALLOW_TIME time M T W H F 16:00-19:00
+    shttp_access allow ALLOW_TIME
+
+c. Restart the Squid Service.
+
+    # service squid restart
+
+### 9. Squid stores data in which file format? ###
+
+> **Answer** : Data stored by Squid is in ufs format. Ufs is the old well-known Squid storage format.
+
+### 10. Where do cache gets stored by squid? ###
+
+> **Answer** : A squid stores cache in special folder at the location ‘/var/spool/squid’.
+
+That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article soon. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback the comment section below.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.tecmint.com/squid-interview-questions/
+
+作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/

sources/tech/20140730 How to use variables in shell Scripting.md

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+How to use variables in shell Scripting
+================================================================================
+In every **programming** language **variables** plays an important role , in Linux shell scripting we are using two types of variables : **System Defined Variables** & **User Defined Variables**.
+
+A variable in a shell script is a means of **referencing** a **numeric** or **character value**. And unlike formal programming languages, a shell script doesn't require you to **declare a type** for your variables
+
+In this article we will discuss variables, its types and how to set & use variables in shell scripting.
+
+### System Defined Variables : ###
+
+These are the variables which are created and maintained by **Operating System(Linux) itself**. Generally these variables are defined in **CAPITAL LETTERS**. We can see these variables by using the command "**$ set**". Some of the system defined variables are given below : 
+
+<table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
+  <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td><strong> System Defined Variables </strong></td>
+      <td><strong> Meaning </strong></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> BASH=/bin/bash </td>
+      <td> Shell Name </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> BASH_VERSION=4.1.2(1) </td>
+      <td> Bash Version </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> COLUMNS=80 </td>
+      <td> No. of columns for our screen </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> HOME=/home/linuxtechi </td>
+      <td> Home Directory of the User </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> LINES=25 </td>
+      <td> No. of columns for our screen </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> LOGNAME=LinuxTechi </td>
+      <td> LinuxTechi Our logging name </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> OSTYPE=Linux </td>
+      <td> OS type </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> PATH=/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin </td>
+      <td> Path Settings </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> PS1=[\u@\h \W]\$ </td>
+      <td> Prompt Settings </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> PWD=/home/linuxtechi </td>
+      <td> Current Working Directory </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> SHELL=/bin/bash </td>
+      <td> Shell Name </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td> USERNAME=linuxtechi </td>
+      <td> User name who is currently login to system </td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
+
+To Print the value of above variables, use **echo command** as shown below :
+
+    # echo $HOME
+    # echo $USERNAME
+
+We can tap into these environment variables from within your scripts by using the environment variable's name preceded by a dollar sign. This is demonstrated in the following script:
+
+    $ cat myscript
+    
+    #!/bin/bash
+    # display user information from the system.
+    echo “User info for userid: $USER”
+    echo UID: $UID
+    echo HOME: $HOME 
+
+Notice that the **environment variables** in the echo commands are replaced by their current values when the script is run. Also notice that we were able to place the **$USER** system variable within the double quotation marks in the first string, and the shell script was still able to figure out what we meant. There is a **drawback** to using this method, however. Look at what happens in this example:
+
+    $ echo “The cost of the item is $15”
+    The cost of the item is 5
+
+That is obviously not what was intended. Whenever the script sees a dollar sign within quotes, it assumes you're referencing a variable. In this example the script attempted to display the **variable $1** (which was not defined), and then the number 5. To display an actual dollar sign, you **must precede** it with a **backslash character**:
+
+    $ echo “The cost of the item is \$15”
+    The cost of the item is $15
+
+That's better. The backslash allowed the shell script to interpret the **dollar sign** as an actual dollar sign, and not a variable.
+
+### User Defined Variables:  ###
+
+These variables are defined by **users**. A shell script allows us to set and use our **own variables** within the script. Setting variables allows you to **temporarily store data** and use it throughout the script, making the shell script more like a real computer program.
+
+**User variables** can be any text string of up to **20 letters, digits**, or **an underscore character**. User variables are case sensitive, so the variable Var1 is different from the variable var1. This little rule often gets novice script programmers in trouble.
+
+Values are assigned to user variables using an **equal sign**. No spaces can appear between the variable, the equal sign, and the value (another trouble spot for novices). Here are a few examples of assigning values to user variables:
+
+    var1=10
+    var2=-57
+    var3=testing
+    var4=“still more testing”
+
+The shell script **automatically determines the data type** used for the variable value. Variables defined within the shell script maintain their values throughout the life of the shell script but are deleted when the shell script completes.
+
+Just like system variables, user variables can be referenced using the dollar sign: 
+
+    $ cat test3
+    #!/bin/bash
+    # testing variables
+    days=10
+    guest="Katie"
+    echo "$guest checked in $days days ago"
+    days=5
+    guest="Jessica"
+    echo "$guest checked in $days days ago"
+    $
+
+Running the script produces the following output:
+
+    $ chmod u+x test3
+    $ ./test3
+    Katie checked in 10 days ago
+    Jessica checked in 5 days ago
+    $
+
+Each time the variable is **referenced**, it produces the value currently assigned to it. It's important to remember that when referencing a variable value you use the **dollar sign**, but when referencing the variable to assign a value to it, you do not use the dollar sign. Here's an example of what I mean:
+
+    $ cat test4
+    #!/bin/bash
+    # assigning a variable value to another variable
+    value1=10
+    value2=$value1
+    echo The resulting value is $value2
+    $
+
+When you use the **value** of the **value1** variable in the assignment statement, you must still use the dollar sign. This code produces the following output:
+
+    $ chmod u+x test4
+    $ ./test4
+    The resulting value is 10
+    $
+
+If you forget the dollar sign, and make the value2 assignment line look like:
+
+value2=value1
+you get the following output:
+
+    $ ./test4    
+    The resulting value is value1
+    $
+
+Without the dollar sign the **shell interprets** the variable name as a **normal text string**, which is most likely not what you wanted.
+
+### Use of Backtick symbol (`) in shell variables : ###
+
+The **backtick allows** you to assign the output of a shell command to a variable. While this doesn't seem like much, it is a major building block in **script programming**.You must surround the entire command line command with backtick characters:
+
+    **testing=`date`**
+
+The shell runs the command within the **backticks** and assigns the output to the variable testing. Here's an example of creating a variable using the output from a normal shell command:
+
+    $ cat test5
+    #!/bin/bash
+    # using the backtick character
+    testing=`date`
+    echo "The date and time are: " $testing
+    $
+
+The variable testing receives the output from the date command, and it is used in the echo statement to display it. Running the shell script produces the following output:
+
+    $ chmod u+x test5
+    $ ./test5
+    The date and time are: Mon Jan 31 20:23:25 EDT 2011
+
+**Note** : In bash you can also use the alternative $(…) syntax in place of backtick (`),which has the advantage of being re-entrant.
+
+Example :
+
+    $ echo " Today’s date & time is :" $(date)
+    Today’s date & time is : Sun Jul 27 16:26:56 IST 2014 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/variables-in-shell-scripting/
+
+作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/