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超神们：15 位健在的世界级程序员！
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================================================================================
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当开发人员说起世界顶级程序员时，他们的名字往往会被提及。
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好像现在程序员有很多，其中不乏有许多优秀的程序员。但是哪些程序员更好呢？
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虽然这很难客观评价，不过在这个话题确实是开发者们津津乐道的。ITworld 深入程序员社区，避开四溅的争执口水，试图找出可能存在的所谓共识。事实证明，屈指可数的某些名字经常是讨论的焦点。
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*图片来源： [tom_bullock CC BY 2.0][1]*
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下面就让我们来看看这些世界顶级的程序员吧！
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### 玛格丽特·汉密尔顿（Margaret Hamilton） ###
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*图片来源： [NASA][2]*
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**成就： 阿波罗飞行控制软件背后的大脑**
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生平： 查尔斯·斯塔克·德雷珀实验室（Charles Stark Draper Laboratory）软件工程部的主任，以她为首的团队负责设计和打造 NASA 的阿波罗的舰载飞行控制器软件和空间实验室（Skylab）的任务。基于阿波罗这段的工作经历，她又后续开发了[通用系统语言（Universal Systems Language）][5]和[开发先于事实（ Development Before the Fact）][6]的范例。开创了[异步软件、优先调度和超可靠的软件设计][7]理念。被认为发明了“[软件工程（ software engineering）][8]”一词。1986年获[奥古斯塔·埃达·洛夫莱斯奖（Augusta Ada Lovelace Award）][9]，2003年获 [NASA 杰出太空行动奖（Exceptional Space Act Award）][10]。
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评论：
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> “汉密尔顿发明了测试，使美国计算机工程规范了很多” —— [ford_beeblebrox][11]
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> “我认为在她之前（不敬地说，包括高德纳（Knuth）在内的）计算机编程是（另一种形式上留存的）数学分支。然而这个宇宙飞船的飞行控制系统明确地将编程带入了一个崭新的领域。” —— [Dan Allen][12]
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> “... 她引入了‘软件工程’这个术语 — 并作出了最好的示范。” —— [David Hamilton][13]
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> “真是个坏家伙” [Drukered][14]
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### 唐纳德·克努斯（Donald Knuth），即 高德纳 ###
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*图片来源： [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][15]*
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**成就： 《计算机程序设计艺术（The Art of Computer Programming，TAOCP）》 作者**
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生平： 撰写了[编程理论的权威书籍][16]。发明了数字排版系统 Tex。1971年，[ACM（美国计算机协会）葛丽丝·穆雷·霍普奖（Grace Murray Hopper Award）][17] 的首位获奖者。1974年获 ACM [图灵奖（A. M. Turing）][18]，1979年获[美国国家科学奖章（National Medal of Science）][19]，1995年获IEEE[约翰·冯·诺依曼奖章（John von Neumann Medal）][20]。1998年入选[计算机历史博物馆（Computer History Museum）名人录（Hall of Fellows）][21]。
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评论：
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> “... 写的计算机编程艺术（The Art of Computer Programming，TAOCP）可能是有史以来计算机编程方面最大的贡献。”—— [佚名][22]
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> “唐·克努斯的 TeX 是我所用过的计算机程序中唯一一个几乎没有 bug 的。真是让人印象深刻！”—— [Jaap Weel][23]
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> “如果你要问我的话，我只能说太棒了！” —— [Mitch Rees-Jones][24]
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### 肯·汤普逊（Ken Thompson） ###
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*图片来源： [Association for Computing Machinery][25]*
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**成就： Unix 之父**
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生平：与[丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）][26]共同创造了 Unix。创造了 [B 语言][27]、[UTF-8 字符编码方案][28]、[ed 文本编辑器][29]，同时也是 Go 语言的共同开发者。（和里奇）共同获得1983年的[图灵奖（A.M. Turing Award ）][30]，1994年获 [IEEE 计算机先驱奖（ IEEE Computer Pioneer Award）][31]，1998年获颁[美国国家科技奖章（ National Medal of Technology ）][32]。在1997年入选[计算机历史博物馆（Computer History Museum）名人录（Hall of Fellows）][33]。
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评论：
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> “... 可能是有史以来最能成事的程序员了。Unix 内核，Unix 工具，国际象棋程序世界冠军 Belle，Plan 9，Go 语言。” —— [Pete Prokopowicz][34]
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> “肯所做出的贡献，据我所知无人能及，是如此的根本、实用、经得住时间的考验，时至今日仍在使用。” —— [Jan Jannink][35]
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### 理查德·斯托曼（Richard Stallman） ###
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*图片来源： [Jiel Beaumadier CC BY-SA 3.0][135]*
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**成就： Emacs 和 GCC 缔造者**
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生平： 成立了 [GNU 工程（GNU Project）] [36]，并创造了它的许多核心工具，如 [Emacs、GCC、GDB][37] 和 [GNU Make][38]。还创办了[自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation）] [39]。1990年荣获 ACM 的[葛丽丝·穆雷·霍普奖（ Grace Murray Hopper Award）][40]，1998年获 [EFF 先驱奖（Pioneer Award）][41].
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评论：
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> “... 在 Symbolics 对阵 LMI 的战斗中，独自一人与一众 Lisp 黑客好手对码。” —— [Srinivasan Krishnan][42]
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> “通过他在编程上的精湛造诣与强大信念，开辟了一整套编程与计算机的亚文化。” —— [Dan Dunay][43]
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> “我可以不赞同这位伟人的很多方面，不必盖棺论定，他不可否认都已经是一位伟大的程序员了。” —— [Marko Poutiainen][44]
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> “试想 Linux 如果没有 GNU 工程的前期工作会怎么样。（多亏了）斯托曼的炸弹！” —— [John Burnette][45]
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### 安德斯·海尔斯伯格（Anders Hejlsberg） ###
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*图片来源： [D.Begley CC BY 2.0][46]*
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**成就： 创造了Turbo Pascal**
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生平： [Turbo Pascal 的原作者][47]，是最流行的 Pascal 编译器和第一个集成开发环境。而后，[领导了 Turbo Pascal 的继任者 Delphi][48] 的构建。[C# 的主要设计师和架构师][49]。2001年荣获[ Dr. Dobb 的杰出编程奖（Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming Award ）][50]。
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评论：
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> “他用汇编语言为当时两个主流的 PC 操作系统（DOS 和 CPM）编写了 [Pascal] 编译器。用它来编译、链接并运行仅需几秒钟而不是几分钟。” —— [Steve Wood][51]
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> “我佩服他 - 他创造了我最喜欢的开发工具，陪伴着我度过了三个关键的时期直至我成为一位专业的软件工程师。” —— [Stefan Kiryazov][52]
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### Doug Cutting ###
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图片来源： [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][53]
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**成就： 创造了 Lucene**
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生平： [开发了 Lucene 搜索引擎以及 Web 爬虫 Nutch][54] 和用于大型数据集的分布式处理套件 [Hadoop][55]。一位强有力的开源支持者（Lucene、Nutch 以及 Hadoop 都是开源的）。前 [Apache 软件基金（Apache Software Foundation）的理事][56]。
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评论：
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> “...他就是那个既写出了优秀搜索框架（lucene/solr），又为世界开启大数据之门（hadoop）的男人。” —— [Rajesh Rao][57]
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> “他在 Lucene 和 Hadoop（及其它工程）的创造/工作中为世界创造了巨大的财富和就业...” —— [Amit Nithianandan][58]
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### Sanjay Ghemawat ###
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*图片来源： [Association for Computing Machinery][59]*
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**成就： 谷歌核心架构师**
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生平： [协助设计和实现了一些谷歌大型分布式系统的功能][60]，包括 MapReduce、BigTable、Spanner 和谷歌文件系统（Google File System）。[创造了 Unix 的 ical ][61]日历系统。2009年入选[美国国家工程院（National Academy of Engineering）][62]。2012年荣获 [ACM-Infosys 基金计算机科学奖（ ACM-Infosys Foundation Award in the Computing Sciences）][63]。
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评论：
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> “Jeff Dean的僚机。” —— [Ahmet Alp Balkan][64]
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### Jeff Dean ###
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*图片来源： [Google][65]*
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**成就： 谷歌搜索索引背后的大脑**
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生平：协助设计和实现了[许多谷歌大型分布式系统的功能][66]，包括网页爬虫，索引搜索，AdSense，MapReduce，BigTable 和 Spanner。2009年入选[美国国家工程院（ National Academy of Engineering）][67]。2012年荣获ACM 的[SIGOPS 马克·维瑟奖（ SIGOPS Mark Weiser Award）][68]及[ACM-Infosys基金计算机科学奖（ ACM-Infosys Foundation Award in the Computing Sciences）][69]。
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评论：
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> “... 带来了在数据挖掘（GFS、MapReduce、BigTable）上的突破。” —— [Natu Lauchande][70]
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> “... 设计、构建并部署 MapReduce 和 BigTable，和以及数不清的其它东西” —— [Erik Goldman][71]
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### 林纳斯·托瓦兹（Linus Torvalds） ###
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*图片来源： [Krd CC BY-SA 4.0][72]*
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**成就： Linux缔造者**
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生平：创造了 [Linux 内核][73]与[开源的版本控制系统 Git][74]。收获了许多奖项和荣誉，包括有1998年的 [EFF 先驱奖（EFF Pioneer Award）][75]，2000年荣获[英国电脑学会（British Computer Society）授予的洛夫莱斯勋章（Lovelace Medal）][76]，2012年荣获[千禧技术奖（Millenium Technology Prize）][77]还有2014年[IEEE计算机学会（ IEEE Computer Society）授予的计算机先驱奖（Computer Pioneer Award）][78]。同样入选了2008年的[计算机历史博物馆（ Computer History Museum）名人录（Hall of Fellows）][79]与2012年的[互联网名人堂（Internet Hall of Fame ）][80]。
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评论：
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> “他只用了几年的时间就写出了 Linux 内核，而 GNU Hurd（GNU 开发的内核）历经25年的开发却丝毫没有准备发布的意思。他的成就就是带来了希望。” —— [Erich Ficker][81]
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> “托沃兹可能是程序员的程序员。” —— [Dan Allen][82]
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> “他真的很棒。” —— [Alok Tripathy][83]
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### 约翰·卡马克（John Carmack） ###
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*图片来源： [QuakeCon CC BY 2.0][84]*
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**成就： 毁灭战士的缔造者**
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生平： ID 社联合创始人，打造了德军总部3D（Wolfenstein 3D）、毁灭战士（Doom）和雷神之锤（Quake）等所谓的即时 FPS 游戏。引领了[切片适配刷新（adaptive tile refresh）][86]， [二叉空间分割（binary space partitioning）][87]，表面缓存（surface caching）等开创性的计算机图像技术。2001年入选[互动艺术与科学学会名人堂（Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame）][88]，2007年和2008年荣获工程技术类[艾美奖（Emmy awards）][89]并于2010年由[游戏开发者甄选奖（ Game Developers Choice Awards）][90]授予终生成就奖。
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评论：
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> “他在写第一个渲染引擎的时候不到20岁。这家伙这是个天才。我若有他四分之一的天赋便心满意足了。” —— [Alex Dolinsky][91]
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> “... 德军总部3D（Wolfenstein 3D）、毁灭战士（Doom）还有雷神之锤（Quake）在那时都是革命性的，影响了一代游戏设计师。” —— [dniblock][92]
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> “一个周末他几乎可以写出任何东西....” —— [Greg Naughton][93]
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> “他是编程界的莫扎特... ” —— [Chris Morris][94]
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### 法布里斯·贝拉（Fabrice Bellard） ###
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*图片来源： [Duff][95]*
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**成就： 创造了 QEMU**
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生平： 创造了[一系列耳熟能详的开源软件][96]，其中包括硬件模拟和虚拟化的平台 QEMU，用于处理多媒体数据的 FFmpeg，微型C编译器（Tiny C Compiler）和 一个可执行文件压缩软件 LZEXE。2000年和2001年[C语言混乱代码大赛（Obfuscated C Code Contest）的获胜者][97]并在2011年荣获[Google-O'Reilly 开源奖（Google-O'Reilly Open Source Award ）][98]。[计算 Pi 最多位数][99]的前世界纪录保持着。
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评论：
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> “我觉得法布里斯·贝拉做的每一件事都是那么显著而又震撼。” —— [raphinou][100]
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> “法布里斯·贝拉是世界上最高产的程序员...” —— [Pavan Yara][101]
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> “他就像软件工程界的尼古拉·特斯拉（Nikola Tesla）。” —— [Michael Valladolid][102]
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> “自80年代以来，他一直高产出一系列的成功作品。” —— [Michael Biggins][103]
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### Jon Skeet ###
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*图片来源： [Craig Murphy CC BY 2.0][104]*
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**成就： Stack Overflow 的传说级贡献者**
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生平： Google 工程师，[深入解析C#（C# in Depth）][105]的作者。保持着[有史以来在 Stack Overflow 上最高的声誉][106]，平均每月解答390个问题。
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评论：
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> “他根本不需要调试器，只要他盯一下代码，错误之处自会原形毕露。” —— [Steven A. Lowe][107]
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> “如果他的代码没有通过编译，那编译器应该道歉。” —— [Dan Dyer][108]
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> “他根本不需要什么编程规范，他的代码就是编程规范。” —— [佚名][109]
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### 亚当·安捷罗（Adam D'Angelo） ###
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*图片来源： [Philip Neustrom CC BY 2.0][110]*
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**成就： Quora 的创办人之一**
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生平： 还是 Facebook 工程师时，[为其搭建了 news feed 功能的基础][111]。直至其离开并联合创始了 Quora，已经成为了 Facebook 的CTO和工程 VP。2001年以高中生的身份在[美国计算机奥林匹克（USA Computing Olympiad）上第八位完成比赛][112]。2004年ACM国际大学生编程大赛（International Collegiate Programming Contest）[获得银牌的团队 - 加利福尼亚技术研究所（ California Institute of Technology）][113]的成员。2005年入围 Topcoder 大学生[算法编程挑战赛（Algorithm Coding Competition）][114]。
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评论：
|
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> “一位程序设计全才。” —— [佚名][115]
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||||
> "我做的每个好东西，他都已有了六个。" —— [马克.扎克伯格（Mark Zuckerberg）][116]
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||||
### Petr Mitrechev ###
|
||||
|
||||
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||||
*图片来源： [Facebook][117]*
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 有史以来最具竞技能力的程序员之一**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 在国际信息学奥林匹克（International Olympiad in Informatics）中[两次获得金牌][118]（2000，2002）。在2006，[赢得 Google Code Jam][119] 同时也是[TopCoder Open 算法大赛冠军][120]。也同样，两次赢得 Facebook黑客杯（Facebook Hacker Cup）（[2011][121]，[2013][122]）。写这篇文章的时候，[TopCoder 榜中排第二][123] （即：Petr）、在 [Codeforces 榜同样排第二][124]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论：
|
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|
||||
> “他是竞技程序员的偶像，即使在印度也是如此...” —— [Kavish Dwivedi][125]
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||||
|
||||
### Gennady Korotkevich ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图片来源： [Ishandutta2007 CC BY-SA 3.0][126]*
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 竞技编程小神童**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 国际信息学奥林匹克（International Olympiad in Informatics）中最小参赛者（11岁），[6次获得金牌][127] (2007-2012)。2013年 ACM 国际大学生编程大赛（International Collegiate Programming Contest）[获胜队伍][128]成员及[2014 Facebook 黑客杯（Facebook Hacker Cup）][129]获胜者。写这篇文章的时候，[Codeforces 榜排名第一][130] （即：Tourist）、[TopCoder榜第一][131]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论：
|
||||
|
||||
> “一个编程神童！” —— [Prateek Joshi][132]
|
||||
|
||||
> “Gennady 真是棒，也是为什么我在白俄罗斯拥有一个强大开发团队的例证。” —— [Chris Howard][133]
|
||||
|
||||
> “Tourist 真是天才” —— [Nuka Shrinivas Rao][134]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.itworld.com/article/2823547/enterprise-software/158256-superclass-14-of-the-world-s-best-living-programmers.html#slide1
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Phil Johnson][a]
|
||||
译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.itworld.com/author/Phil-Johnson/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/tombullock/15713223772
|
||||
[2]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Hamilton_in_action.jpg
|
||||
[3]:http://klabs.org/home_page/hamilton.htm
|
||||
[4]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWcITjqZtpU&feature=youtu.be&t=3m12s
|
||||
[5]:http://www.htius.com/Articles/r12ham.pdf
|
||||
[6]:http://www.htius.com/Articles/Inside_DBTF.htm
|
||||
[7]:http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/sep/HQ_03281_Hamilton_Honor.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/scientists.html
|
||||
[9]:https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmV0wfQEoYC&pg=PA321&lpg=PA321&dq=ada+lovelace+award+1986&source=bl&ots=qGdBKsUa3G&sig=bkTftPAhM1vZ_3VgPcv-38ggSNo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBGoVChMI3paoxJHWxwIVA3I-Ch1whwPn#v=onepage&q=ada%20lovelace%20award%201986&f=false
|
||||
[10]:http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11Hamilton.html
|
||||
[11]:https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/2oyd1y/margaret_hamilton_with_her_code_lead_software/cmrswof
|
||||
[12]:http://qr.ae/RFEZLk
|
||||
[13]:http://qr.ae/RFEZUn
|
||||
[14]:https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/2oyd1y/margaret_hamilton_with_her_code_lead_software/cmrv9u9
|
||||
[15]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/44451574@N00/5347112697
|
||||
[16]:http://cs.stanford.edu/~uno/taocp.html
|
||||
[17]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/knuth_1013846.cfm
|
||||
[18]:http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/knuth_1013846.cfm
|
||||
[19]:http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=198
|
||||
[20]:http://www.ieee.org/documents/von_neumann_rl.pdf
|
||||
[21]:http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Donald,Knuth/
|
||||
[22]:http://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-best-programmers-in-Silicon-Valley-and-why/answers/3063
|
||||
[23]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Jaap-Weel
|
||||
[24]:http://qr.ae/RFE94x
|
||||
[25]:http://amturing.acm.org/photo/thompson_4588371.cfm
|
||||
[26]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoVQTPbD6UY
|
||||
[27]:https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/bintro.html
|
||||
[28]:http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/utf-8_history
|
||||
[29]:http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?EdIsTheStandardTextEditor
|
||||
[30]:http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/thompson_4588371.cfm
|
||||
[31]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/cp-thompson
|
||||
[32]:http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/1998.jsp
|
||||
[33]:http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Ken,Thompson/
|
||||
[34]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Pete-Prokopowicz-1
|
||||
[35]:http://qr.ae/RFEWBY
|
||||
[36]:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/net.unix-wizards/8twfRPM79u0/1xlglzrWrU0J
|
||||
[37]:http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/RichardStallman
|
||||
[38]:https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html
|
||||
[39]:http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/FreeSoftwareFoundation
|
||||
[40]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/stallman_9380313.cfm
|
||||
[41]:https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1998.php
|
||||
[42]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Greg-Naughton/comment/4146397
|
||||
[43]:http://qr.ae/RFEaib
|
||||
[44]:http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering/Who-are-some-of-the-greatest-currently-active-software-architects-in-the-world/answer/Marko-Poutiainen
|
||||
[45]:http://qr.ae/RFEUqp
|
||||
[46]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/begley/2979906130
|
||||
[47]:http://www.taoyue.com/tutorials/pascal/history.html
|
||||
[48]:http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?AndersHejlsberg
|
||||
[49]:http://www.microsoft.com/about/technicalrecognition/anders-hejlsberg.aspx
|
||||
[50]:http://www.drdobbs.com/windows/dr-dobbs-excellence-in-programming-award/184404602
|
||||
[51]:http://qr.ae/RFEZrv
|
||||
[52]:http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering/Who-are-some-of-the-greatest-currently-active-software-architects-in-the-world/answer/Stefan-Kiryazov
|
||||
[53]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/vonguard/4076389963/
|
||||
[54]:http://www.wizards-of-os.org/archiv/sprecher/a_c/doug_cutting.html
|
||||
[55]:http://hadoop.apache.org/
|
||||
[56]:https://www.linkedin.com/in/cutting
|
||||
[57]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Shalin-Shekhar-Mangar/comment/2293071
|
||||
[58]:http://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-best-programmers-in-Silicon-Valley-and-why/answer/Amit-Nithianandan
|
||||
[59]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ghemawat_1482280.cfm
|
||||
[60]:http://research.google.com/pubs/SanjayGhemawat.html
|
||||
[61]:http://www.quora.com/Google/Who-is-Sanjay-Ghemawat
|
||||
[62]:http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02062009
|
||||
[63]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ghemawat_1482280.cfm
|
||||
[64]:http://www.quora.com/Google/Who-is-Sanjay-Ghemawat/answer/Ahmet-Alp-Balkan
|
||||
[65]:http://research.google.com/people/jeff/index.html
|
||||
[66]:http://research.google.com/people/jeff/index.html
|
||||
[67]:http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02062009
|
||||
[68]:http://news.cs.washington.edu/2012/10/10/uw-cse-ph-d-alum-jeff-dean-wins-2012-sigops-mark-weiser-award/
|
||||
[69]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/dean_2879385.cfm
|
||||
[70]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Natu-Lauchande
|
||||
[71]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Cosmin-Negruseri/comment/28399
|
||||
[72]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_05.jpg
|
||||
[73]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/staff#torvalds
|
||||
[74]:http://git-scm.com/book/en/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git
|
||||
[75]:https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1998.php
|
||||
[76]:http://www.bcs.org/content/ConWebDoc/14769
|
||||
[77]:http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/linus-torvalds-wins-the-tech-equivalent-of-a-nobel-prize-the-millennium-technology-prize/10789
|
||||
[78]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award
|
||||
[79]:http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Linus,Torvalds/
|
||||
[80]:http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/linus-torvalds
|
||||
[81]:http://qr.ae/RFEeeo
|
||||
[82]:http://qr.ae/RFEZLk
|
||||
[83]:http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering/Who-are-some-of-the-greatest-currently-active-software-architects-in-the-world/answer/Alok-Tripathy-1
|
||||
[84]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/quakecon/9434713998
|
||||
[85]:http://doom.wikia.com/wiki/John_Carmack
|
||||
[86]:http://thegamershub.net/2012/04/gaming-gods-john-carmack/
|
||||
[87]:http://www.shamusyoung.com/twentysidedtale/?p=4759
|
||||
[88]:http://www.interactive.org/special_awards/details.asp?idSpecialAwards=6
|
||||
[89]:http://www.itworld.com/article/2951105/it-management/a-fly-named-for-bill-gates-and-9-other-unusual-honors-for-tech-s-elite.html#slide8
|
||||
[90]:http://www.gamechoiceawards.com/archive/lifetime.html
|
||||
[91]:http://qr.ae/RFEEgr
|
||||
[92]:http://www.itworld.com/answers/topic/software/question/whos-best-living-programmer#comment-424562
|
||||
[93]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Greg-Naughton
|
||||
[94]:http://money.cnn.com/2003/08/21/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/
|
||||
[95]:http://dufoli.wordpress.com/2007/06/23/ammmmaaaazing-night/
|
||||
[96]:http://bellard.org/
|
||||
[97]:http://www.ioccc.org/winners.html#B
|
||||
[98]:http://www.oscon.com/oscon2011/public/schedule/detail/21161
|
||||
[99]:http://bellard.org/pi/pi2700e9/
|
||||
[100]:https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7850797
|
||||
[101]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Erik-Frey/comment/1718701
|
||||
[102]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Erik-Frey/comment/2454450
|
||||
[103]:http://qr.ae/RFEjhZ
|
||||
[104]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/craigmurphy/4325516497
|
||||
[105]:http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1935182471?ie=UTF8&tag=developetutor-21&linkCode=as2&camp=1634&creative=19450&creativeASIN=1935182471
|
||||
[106]:http://stackexchange.com/leagues/1/alltime/stackoverflow
|
||||
[107]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9156
|
||||
[108]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9138
|
||||
[109]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9182
|
||||
[110]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/philipn/5326344032
|
||||
[111]:http://www.crunchbase.com/person/adam-d-angelo
|
||||
[112]:http://www.exeter.edu/documents/Exeter_Bulletin/fall_01/oncampus.html
|
||||
[113]:http://icpc.baylor.edu/community/results-2004
|
||||
[114]:https://www.topcoder.com/tc?module=Static&d1=pressroom&d2=pr_022205
|
||||
[115]:http://qr.ae/RFfOfe
|
||||
[116]:http://www.businessinsider.com/in-new-alleged-ims-mark-zuckerberg-talks-about-adam-dangelo-2012-9#ixzz369FcQoLB
|
||||
[117]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/photos/a.329665040399024.91563.133954286636768/553381194694073/?type=1
|
||||
[118]:http://stats.ioinformatics.org/people/1849
|
||||
[119]:http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2006/10/google-announces-winner-of-global-code_27.html
|
||||
[120]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=SimpleStats&c=coder_achievements&d1=statistics&d2=coderAchievements&cr=10574855
|
||||
[121]:https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-hacker-cup/facebook-hacker-cup-finals/208549245827651
|
||||
[122]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/photos/a.329665040399024.91563.133954286636768/553381194694073/?type=1
|
||||
[123]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=AlgoRank
|
||||
[124]:http://codeforces.com/ratings
|
||||
[125]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Venkateswaran-Vicky/comment/1960855
|
||||
[126]:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gennady_Korot.jpg
|
||||
[127]:http://stats.ioinformatics.org/people/804
|
||||
[128]:http://icpc.baylor.edu/regionals/finder/world-finals-2013/standings
|
||||
[129]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/posts/10152022955628845
|
||||
[130]:http://codeforces.com/ratings
|
||||
[131]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=AlgoRank
|
||||
[132]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi
|
||||
[133]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4720779
|
||||
[134]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4880549
|
||||
[135]:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_richard_stallman_2010.jpg
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
|
||||
Review: 5 memory debuggers for Linux coding
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Credit: [Moini][1]
|
||||
|
||||
As a programmer, I'm aware that I tend to make mistakes -- and why not? Even programmers are human. Some errors are detected during code compilation, while others get caught during software testing. However, a category of error exists that usually does not get detected at either of these stages and that may cause the software to behave unexpectedly -- or worse, terminate prematurely.
|
||||
|
||||
If you haven't already guessed it, I am talking about memory-related errors. Manually debugging these errors can be not only time-consuming but difficult to find and correct. Also, it's worth mentioning that these errors are surprisingly common, especially in software written in programming languages like C and C++, which were designed for use with [manual memory management][2].
|
||||
|
||||
Thankfully, several programming tools exist that can help you find memory errors in your software programs. In this roundup, I assess five popular, free and open-source memory debuggers that are available for Linux: Dmalloc, Electric Fence, Memcheck, Memwatch and Mtrace. I've used all five in my day-to-day programming, and so these reviews are based on practical experience.
|
||||
|
||||
eviews are based on practical experience.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Dmalloc][3] ###
|
||||
|
||||
**Developer**: Gray Watson
|
||||
**Reviewed version**: 5.5.2
|
||||
**Linux support**: All flavors
|
||||
**License**: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License
|
||||
|
||||
Dmalloc is a memory-debugging tool developed by Gray Watson. It is implemented as a library that provides wrappers around standard memory management functions like **malloc(), calloc(), free()** and more, enabling programmers to detect problematic code.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Dmalloc
|
||||
|
||||
As listed on the tool's Web page, the debugging features it provides includes memory-leak tracking, [double free][4] error tracking and [fence-post write detection][5]. Other features include file/line number reporting, and general logging of statistics.
|
||||
|
||||
#### What's new ####
|
||||
|
||||
Version 5.5.2 is primarily a [bug-fix release][6] containing corrections for a couple of build and install problems.
|
||||
|
||||
#### What's good about it ####
|
||||
|
||||
The best part about Dmalloc is that it's extremely configurable. For example, you can configure it to include support for C++ programs as well as threaded applications. A useful functionality it provides is runtime configurability, which means that you can easily enable/disable the features the tool provides while it is being executed.
|
||||
|
||||
You can also use Dmalloc with the [GNU Project Debugger (GDB)][7] -- just add the contents of the dmalloc.gdb file (located in the contrib subdirectory in Dmalloc's source package) to the .gdbinit file in your home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
Another thing that I really like about Dmalloc is its extensive documentation. Just head to the [documentation section][8] on its official website, and you'll get everything from how to download, install, run and use the library to detailed descriptions of the features it provides and an explanation of the output file it produces. There's also a section containing solutions to some common problems.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other considerations ####
|
||||
|
||||
Like Mtrace, Dmalloc requires programmers to make changes to their program's source code. In this case you may, at the very least, want to add the **dmalloc.h** header, because it allows the tool to report the file/line numbers of calls that generate problems, something that is very useful as it saves time while debugging.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, the Dmalloc library, which is produced after the package is compiled, needs to be linked with your program while the program is being compiled.
|
||||
|
||||
However, complicating things somewhat is the fact that you also need to set an environment variable, dubbed **DMALLOC_OPTION**, that the debugging tool uses to configure the memory debugging features -- as well as the location of the output file -- at runtime. While you can manually assign a value to the environment variable, beginners may find that process a bit tough, given that the Dmalloc features you want to enable are listed as part of that value, and are actually represented as a sum of their respective hexadecimal values -- you can read more about it [here][9].
|
||||
|
||||
An easier way to set the environment variable is to use the [Dmalloc Utility Program][10], which was designed for just that purpose.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Bottom line ####
|
||||
|
||||
Dmalloc's real strength lies in the configurability options it provides. It is also highly portable, having being successfully ported to many OSes, including AIX, BSD/OS, DG/UX, Free/Net/OpenBSD, GNU/Hurd, HPUX, Irix, Linux, MS-DOG, NeXT, OSF, SCO, Solaris, SunOS, Ultrix, Unixware and even Unicos (on a Cray T3E). Although the tool has a bit of a learning curve associated with it, the features it provides are worth it.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Electric Fence][15] ###
|
||||
|
||||
**Developer**: Bruce Perens
|
||||
**Reviewed version**: 2.2.3
|
||||
**Linux support**: All flavors
|
||||
**License**: GNU GPL (version 2)
|
||||
|
||||
Electric Fence is a memory-debugging tool developed by Bruce Perens. It is implemented in the form of a library that your program needs to link to, and is capable of detecting overruns of memory allocated on a [heap][11] ) as well as memory accesses that have already been released.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Electric Fence
|
||||
|
||||
As the name suggests, Electric Fence creates a virtual fence around each allocated buffer in a way that any illegal memory access results in a [segmentation fault][12]. The tool supports both C and C++ programs.
|
||||
|
||||
#### What's new ####
|
||||
|
||||
Version 2.2.3 contains a fix for the tool's build system, allowing it to actually pass the -fno-builtin-malloc option to the [GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)][13].
|
||||
|
||||
#### What's good about it ####
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing that I liked about Electric Fence is that -- unlike Memwatch, Dmalloc and Mtrace -- it doesn't require you to make any changes in the source code of your program. You just need to link your program with the tool's library during compilation.
|
||||
|
||||
Secondly, the way the debugging tool is implemented makes sure that a segmentation fault is generated on the very first instruction that causes a bounds violation, which is always better than having the problem detected at a later stage.
|
||||
|
||||
Electric Fence always produces a copyright message in output irrespective of whether an error was detected or not. This behavior is quite useful, as it also acts as a confirmation that you are actually running an Electric Fence-enabled version of your program.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other considerations ####
|
||||
|
||||
On the other hand, what I really miss in Electric Fence is the ability to detect memory leaks, as it is one of the most common and potentially serious problems that software written in C/C++ has. In addition, the tool cannot detect overruns of memory allocated on the stack, and is not thread-safe.
|
||||
|
||||
Given that the tool allocates an inaccessible virtual memory page both before and after a user-allocated memory buffer, it ends up consuming a lot of extra memory if your program makes too many dynamic memory allocations.
|
||||
|
||||
Another limitation of the tool is that it cannot explicitly tell exactly where the problem lies in your programs' code -- all it does is produce a segmentation fault whenever it detects a memory-related error. To find out the exact line number, you'll have to debug your Electric Fence-enabled program with a tool like [The Gnu Project Debugger (GDB)][14], which in turn depends on the -g compiler option to produce line numbers in output.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, although Electric Fence is capable of detecting most buffer overruns, an exception is the scenario where the allocated buffer size is not a multiple of the word size of the system -- in that case, an overrun (even if it's only a few bytes) won't be detected.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Bottom line ####
|
||||
|
||||
Despite all its limitations, where Electric Fence scores is the ease of use -- just link your program with the tool once, and it'll alert you every time it detects a memory issue it's capable of detecting. However, as already mentioned, the tool requires you to use a source-code debugger like GDB.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Memcheck][16] ###
|
||||
|
||||
**Developer**: [Valgrind Developers][17]
|
||||
**Reviewed version**: 3.10.1
|
||||
**Linux support**: All flavors
|
||||
**License**: GPL
|
||||
|
||||
[Valgrind][18] is a suite that provides several tools for debugging and profiling Linux programs. Although it works with programs written in many different languages -- such as Java, Perl, Python, Assembly code, Fortran, Ada and more -- the tools it provides are largely aimed at programs written in C and C++.
|
||||
|
||||
The most popular Valgrind tool is Memcheck, a memory-error detector that can detect issues such as memory leaks, invalid memory access, uses of undefined values and problems related to allocation and deallocation of heap memory.
|
||||
|
||||
#### What's new ####
|
||||
|
||||
This [release][19] of the suite (3.10.1) is a minor one that primarily contains fixes to bugs reported in version 3.10.0. In addition, it also "backports fixes for all reported missing AArch64 ARMv8 instructions and syscalls from the trunk."
|
||||
|
||||
#### What's good about it ####
|
||||
|
||||
Memcheck, like all other Valgrind tools, is basically a command line utility. It's very easy to use: If you normally run your program on the command line in a form such as prog arg1 arg2, you just need to add a few values, like this: valgrind --leak-check=full prog arg1 arg2.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Memcheck
|
||||
|
||||
(Note: You don't need to mention Memcheck anywhere in the command line because it's the default Valgrind tool. However, you do need to initially compile your program with the -g option -- which adds debugging information -- so that Memcheck's error messages include exact line numbers.)
|
||||
|
||||
What I really like about Memcheck is that it provides a lot of command line options (such as the --leak-check option mentioned above), allowing you to not only control how the tool works but also how it produces the output.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, you can enable the --track-origins option to see information on the sources of uninitialized data in your program. Enabling the --show-mismatched-frees option will let Memcheck match the memory allocation and deallocation techniques. For code written in C language, Memcheck will make sure that only the free() function is used to deallocate memory allocated by malloc(), while for code written in C++, the tool will check whether or not the delete and delete[] operators are used to deallocate memory allocated by new and new[], respectively. If a mismatch is detected, an error is reported.
|
||||
|
||||
But the best part, especially for beginners, is that the tool even produces suggestions about which command line option the user should use to make the output more meaningful. For example, if you do not use the basic --leak-check option, it will produce an output suggesting: "Rerun with --leak-check=full to see details of leaked memory." And if there are uninitialized variables in the program, the tool will generate a message that says, "Use --track-origins=yes to see where uninitialized values come from."
|
||||
|
||||
Another useful feature of Memcheck is that it lets you [create suppression files][20], allowing you to suppress certain errors that you can't fix at the moment -- this way you won't be reminded of them every time the tool is run. It's worth mentioning that there already exists a default suppression file that Memcheck reads to suppress errors in the system libraries, such as the C library, that come pre-installed with your OS. You can either create a new suppression file for your use, or edit the existing one (usually /usr/lib/valgrind/default.supp).
|
||||
|
||||
For those seeking advanced functionality, it's worth knowing that Memcheck can also [detect memory errors][21] in programs that use [custom memory allocators][22]. In addition, it also provides [monitor commands][23] that can be used while working with Valgrind's built-in gdbserver, as well as a [client request mechanism][24] that allows you not only to tell the tool facts about the behavior of your program, but make queries as well.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other considerations ####
|
||||
|
||||
While there's no denying that Memcheck can save you a lot of debugging time and frustration, the tool uses a lot of memory, and so can make your program execution significantly slower (around 20 to 30 times, [according to the documentation][25]).
|
||||
|
||||
Aside from this, there are some other limitations, too. According to some user comments, Memcheck apparently isn't [thread-safe][26]; it doesn't detect [static buffer overruns][27]). Also, there are some Linux programs, like [GNU Emacs][28], that currently do not work with Memcheck.
|
||||
|
||||
If you're interested in taking a look, an exhaustive list of Valgrind's limitations can be found [here][29].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Bottom line ####
|
||||
|
||||
Memcheck is a handy memory-debugging tool for both beginners as well as those looking for advanced features. While it's very easy to use if all you need is basic debugging and error checking, there's a bit of learning curve if you want to use features like suppression files or monitor commands.
|
||||
|
||||
Although it has a long list of limitations, Valgrind (and hence Memcheck) claims on its site that it is used by [thousands of programmers][30] across the world -- the team behind the tool says it's received feedback from users in over 30 countries, with some of them working on projects with up to a whopping 25 million lines of code.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Memwatch][31] ###
|
||||
|
||||
**Developer**: Johan Lindh
|
||||
**Reviewed version**: 2.71
|
||||
**Linux support**: All flavors
|
||||
**License**: GNU GPL
|
||||
|
||||
Memwatch is a memory-debugging tool developed by Johan Lindh. Although it's primarily a memory-leak detector, it is also capable (according to its Web page) of detecting other memory-related issues like [double-free error tracking and erroneous frees][32], buffer overflow and underflow, [wild pointer][33] writes, and more.
|
||||
|
||||
The tool works with programs written in C. Although you can also use it with C++ programs, it's not recommended (according to the Q&A file that comes with the tool's source package).
|
||||
|
||||
#### What's new ####
|
||||
|
||||
This version adds ULONG_LONG_MAX to detect whether a program is 32-bit or 64-bit.
|
||||
|
||||
#### What's good about it ####
|
||||
|
||||
Like Dmalloc, Memwatch comes with good documentation. You can refer to the USING file if you want to learn things like how the tool works; how it performs initialization, cleanup and I/O operations; and more. Then there is a FAQ file that is aimed at helping users in case they face any common error while using Memcheck. Finally, there is a test.c file that contains a working example of the tool for your reference.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Memwatch
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike Mtrace, the log file to which Memwatch writes the output (usually memwatch.log) is in human-readable form. Also, instead of truncating, Memwatch appends the memory-debugging output to the file each time the tool is run, allowing you to easily refer to the previous outputs should the need arise.
|
||||
|
||||
It's also worth mentioning that when you execute your program with Memwatch enabled, the tool produces a one-line output on [stdout][34] informing you that some errors were found -- you can then head to the log file for details. If no such error message is produced, you can rest assured that the log file won't contain any mistakes -- this actually saves time if you're running the tool several times.
|
||||
|
||||
Another thing that I liked about Memwatch is that it also provides a way through which you can capture the tool's output from within the code, and handle it the way you like (refer to the mwSetOutFunc() function in the Memwatch source code for more on this).
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other considerations ####
|
||||
|
||||
Like Mtrace and Dmalloc, Memwatch requires you to add extra code to your source file -- you have to include the memwatch.h header file in your code. Also, while compiling your program, you need to either compile memwatch.c along with your program's source files or include the object module from the compile of the file, as well as define the MEMWATCH and MW_STDIO variables on the command line. Needless to say, the -g compiler option is also required for your program if you want exact line numbers in the output.
|
||||
|
||||
There are some features that it doesn't contain. For example, the tool cannot detect attempts to write to an address that has already been freed or read data from outside the allocated memory. Also, it's not thread-safe. Finally, as I've already pointed out in the beginning, there is no guarantee on how the tool will behave if you use it with programs written in C++.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Bottom line ####
|
||||
|
||||
Memcheck can detect many memory-related problems, making it a handy debugging tool when dealing with projects written in C. Given that it has a very small source code, you can learn how the tool works, debug it if the need arises, and even extend or update its functionality as per your requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Mtrace][35] ###
|
||||
|
||||
**Developers**: Roland McGrath and Ulrich Drepper
|
||||
**Reviewed version**: 2.21
|
||||
**Linux support**: All flavors
|
||||
**License**: GNU LGPL
|
||||
|
||||
Mtrace is a memory-debugging tool included in [the GNU C library][36]. It works with both C and C++ programs on Linux, and detects memory leaks caused by unbalanced calls to the malloc() and free() functions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mtrace
|
||||
|
||||
The tool is implemented in the form of a function called mtrace(), which traces all malloc/free calls made by a program and logs the information in a user-specified file. Because the file contains data in computer-readable format, a Perl script -- also named mtrace -- is used to convert and display it in human-readable form.
|
||||
|
||||
#### What's new ####
|
||||
|
||||
[The Mtrace source][37] and [the Perl file][38] that now come with the GNU C library (version 2.21) add nothing new to the tool aside from an update to the copyright dates.
|
||||
|
||||
#### What's good about it ####
|
||||
|
||||
The best part about Mtrace is that the learning curve for it isn't steep; all you need to understand is how and where to add the mtrace() -- and the corresponding muntrace() -- function in your code, and how to use the Mtrace Perl script. The latter is very straightforward -- all you have to do is run the mtrace() <program-executable> <log-file-generated-upon-program-execution> command. (For an example, see the last command in the screenshot above.)
|
||||
|
||||
Another thing that I like about Mtrace is that it's scalable -- which means that you can not only use it to debug a complete program, but can also use it to detect memory leaks in individual modules of the program. Just call the mtrace() and muntrace() functions within each module.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, since the tool is triggered when the mtrace() function -- which you add in your program's source code -- is executed, you have the flexibility to enable the tool dynamically (during program execution) [using signals][39].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other considerations ####
|
||||
|
||||
Because the calls to mtrace() and mauntrace() functions -- which are declared in the mcheck.h file that you need to include in your program's source -- are fundamental to Mtrace's operation (the mauntrace() function is not [always required][40]), the tool requires programmers to make changes in their code at least once.
|
||||
|
||||
Be aware that you need to compile your program with the -g option (provided by both the [GCC][41] and [G++][42] compilers), which enables the debugging tool to display exact line numbers in the output. In addition, some programs (depending on how big their source code is) can take a long time to compile. Finally, compiling with -g increases the size of the executable (because it produces extra information for debugging), so you have to remember that the program needs to be recompiled without -g after the testing has been completed.
|
||||
|
||||
To use Mtrace, you need to have some basic knowledge of environment variables in Linux, given that the path to the user-specified file -- which the mtrace() function uses to log all the information -- has to be set as a value for the MALLOC_TRACE environment variable before the program is executed.
|
||||
|
||||
Feature-wise, Mtrace is limited to detecting memory leaks and attempts to free up memory that was never allocated. It can't detect other memory-related issues such as illegal memory access or use of uninitialized memory. Also, [there have been complaints][43] that it's not [thread-safe][44].
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusions ###
|
||||
|
||||
Needless to say, each memory debugger that I've discussed here has its own qualities and limitations. So, which one is best suited for you mostly depends on what features you require, although ease of setup and use might also be a deciding factor in some cases.
|
||||
|
||||
Mtrace is best suited for cases where you just want to catch memory leaks in your software program. It can save you some time, too, since the tool comes pre-installed on your Linux system, something which is also helpful in situations where the development machines aren't connected to the Internet or you aren't allowed to download a third party tool for any kind of debugging.
|
||||
|
||||
Dmalloc, on the other hand, can not only detect more error types compared to Mtrace, but also provides more features, such as runtime configurability and GDB integration. Also, unlike any other tool discussed here, Dmalloc is thread-safe. Not to mention that it comes with detailed documentation, making it ideal for beginners.
|
||||
|
||||
Although Memwatch comes with even more comprehensive documentation than Dmalloc, and can detect even more error types, you can only use it with software written in the C programming language. One of its features that stands out is that it lets you handle its output from within the code of your program, something that is helpful in case you want to customize the format of the output.
|
||||
|
||||
If making changes to your program's source code is not what you want, you can use Electric Fence. However, keep in mind that it can only detect a couple of error types, and that doesn't include memory leaks. Plus, you also need to know GDB basics to make the most out of this memory-debugging tool.
|
||||
|
||||
Memcheck is probably the most comprehensive of them all. It detects more error types and provides more features than any other tool discussed here -- and it doesn't require you to make any changes in your program's source code.But be aware that, while the learning curve is not very high for basic usage, if you want to use its advanced features, a level of expertise is definitely required.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.computerworld.com/article/3003957/linux/review-5-memory-debuggers-for-linux-coding.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.computerworld.com/author/Himanshu-Arora/
|
||||
[1]:https://openclipart.org/detail/132427/penguin-admin
|
||||
[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_memory_management
|
||||
[3]:http://dmalloc.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Double_Free
|
||||
[5]:https://stuff.mit.edu/afs/sipb/project/gnucash-test/src/dmalloc-4.8.2/dmalloc.html#Fence-Post%20Overruns
|
||||
[6]:http://dmalloc.com/releases/notes/dmalloc-5.5.2.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/
|
||||
[8]:http://dmalloc.com/docs/
|
||||
[9]:http://dmalloc.com/docs/latest/online/dmalloc_26.html#SEC32
|
||||
[10]:http://dmalloc.com/docs/latest/online/dmalloc_23.html#SEC29
|
||||
[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management#Dynamic_memory_allocation
|
||||
[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault
|
||||
[13]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection
|
||||
[14]:http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/
|
||||
[15]:https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/electric-fence/2.2.3
|
||||
[16]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html
|
||||
[17]:http://valgrind.org/info/developers.html
|
||||
[18]:http://valgrind.org/
|
||||
[19]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/dist.news.html
|
||||
[20]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#mc-manual.suppfiles
|
||||
[21]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#mc-manual.mempools
|
||||
[22]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4642671/c-memory-allocators
|
||||
[23]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#mc-manual.monitor-commands
|
||||
[24]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#mc-manual.clientreqs
|
||||
[25]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/valgrind_manual.pdf
|
||||
[26]:http://sourceforge.net/p/valgrind/mailman/message/30292453/
|
||||
[27]:https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee798431%28v=cs.20%29.aspx
|
||||
[28]:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2484425/linux/5-free-linux-text-editors-for-programming-and-word-processing.html?nsdr=true&page=2
|
||||
[29]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/manual-core.html#manual-core.limits
|
||||
[30]:http://valgrind.org/info/
|
||||
[31]:http://www.linkdata.se/sourcecode/memwatch/
|
||||
[32]:http://www.cecalc.ula.ve/documentacion/tutoriales/WorkshopDebugger/007-2579-007/sgi_html/ch09.html
|
||||
[33]:http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WildPointer
|
||||
[34]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams#Standard_output_.28stdout.29
|
||||
[35]:http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tracing-malloc.html
|
||||
[36]:https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/
|
||||
[37]:https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=history;f=malloc/mtrace.c;h=df10128b872b4adc4086cf74e5d965c1c11d35d2;hb=HEAD
|
||||
[38]:https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=history;f=malloc/mtrace.pl;h=0737890510e9837f26ebee2ba36c9058affb0bf1;hb=HEAD
|
||||
[39]:http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:s6ywlLtkSqQJ:www.gnu.org/s/libc/manual/html_node/Tips-for-the-Memory-Debugger.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in&client=Ubuntu
|
||||
[40]:http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using-the-Memory-Debugger.html#Using-the-Memory-Debugger
|
||||
[41]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/gcc
|
||||
[42]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/g++
|
||||
[43]:https://sourceware.org/ml/libc-help/2014-05/msg00008.html
|
||||
[44]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_safety
|
||||
@@ -1,319 +0,0 @@
|
||||
ictlyh Translating
|
||||
Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Introduction ###
|
||||
|
||||
[PostgreSQL][1] is a powerful, open-source object-relational database system. It runs under all major operating systems, including Linux, UNIX (AIX, BSD, HP-UX, SGI IRIX, Mac OS, Solaris, Tru64), and Windows OS.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is what **Mark Shuttleworth**, the founder of **Ubuntu**, says about PostgreSQL.
|
||||
|
||||
> Postgres is a truly awesome database. When we started working on Launchpad I wasn’t sure if it would be up to the job. I was so wrong. It’s been robust, fast, and professional in every regard.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> — Mark Shuttleworth.
|
||||
|
||||
In this handy tutorial, let us see how to install PostgreSQL 9.4 on Ubuntu 15.10 server.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install PostgreSQL ###
|
||||
|
||||
PostgreSQL is available in the default repositories. So enter the following command from the Terminal to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-contrib
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re looking for other versions, add the PostgreSQL repository, and install it as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
The **PostgreSQL apt repository** supports LTS versions of Ubuntu (10.04, 12.04 and 14.04) on amd64 and i386 architectures as well as select non-LTS versions(14.10). While not fully supported, the packages often work on other non-LTS versions as well, by using the closest LTS version available.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 14.10 systems: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Create the file **/etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list**;
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list
|
||||
|
||||
Add a line for the repository:
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ utopic-pgdg main
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: The above repository will only work on Ubuntu 14.10. It is not updated yet to Ubuntu 15.04 and 15.10.
|
||||
|
||||
**On Ubuntu 14.04**, add the following line:
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg main
|
||||
|
||||
**On Ubuntu 12.04**, add the following line:
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ precise-pgdg main
|
||||
|
||||
Import the repository signing key:
|
||||
|
||||
wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
|
||||
Update the package lists:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
Then install the required version.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install postgresql-9.4
|
||||
|
||||
### Accessing PostgreSQL command prompt ###
|
||||
|
||||
The default database name and database user are “**postgres**”. Switch to postgres user to perform postgresql related operations:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres psql postgres
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sample Output: ####
|
||||
|
||||
psql (9.4.5)
|
||||
Type "help" for help.
|
||||
postgres=#
|
||||
|
||||
To exit from posgresql prompt, type **\q** in the **psql** prompt return back to the Terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
### Set “postgres” user password ###
|
||||
|
||||
Login to postgresql prompt,
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres psql postgres
|
||||
|
||||
.. and set postgres password with following command:
|
||||
|
||||
postgres=# \password postgres
|
||||
Enter new password:
|
||||
Enter it again:
|
||||
postgres=# \q
|
||||
|
||||
To install PostgreSQL Adminpack, enter the command in postgresql prompt:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres psql postgres
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
postgres=# CREATE EXTENSION adminpack;
|
||||
CREATE EXTENSION
|
||||
|
||||
Type **\q** in the **psql** prompt to exit from posgresql prompt, and return back to the Terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
### Create New User and Database ###
|
||||
|
||||
For example, let us create a new user called “**senthil**” with password “**ubuntu**”, and database called “**mydb**”.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres createuser -D -A -P senthil
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres createdb -O senthil mydb
|
||||
|
||||
### Delete Users and Databases ###
|
||||
|
||||
To delete the database, switch to postgres user:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres psql postgres
|
||||
|
||||
Enter command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ drop database <database-name>
|
||||
|
||||
To delete a user, enter the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ drop user <user-name>
|
||||
|
||||
### Configure PostgreSQL-MD5 Authentication ###
|
||||
|
||||
**MD5 authentication** requires the client to supply an MD5-encrypted password for authentication. To do that, edit **/etc/postgresql/9.4/main/pg_hba.conf** file:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.4/main/pg_hba.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Add or Modify the lines as shown below
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD
|
||||
# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
|
||||
local all all md5
|
||||
# IPv4 local connections:
|
||||
host all all 127.0.0.1/32 md5
|
||||
host all all 192.168.1.0/24 md5
|
||||
# IPv6 local connections:
|
||||
host all all ::1/128 md5
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
Here, 192.168.1.0/24 is my local network IP address. Replace this value with your own address.
|
||||
|
||||
Restart postgresql service to apply the changes:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart postgresql
|
||||
|
||||
Or,
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service postgresql restart
|
||||
|
||||
### Configure PostgreSQL-Configure TCP/IP ###
|
||||
|
||||
By default, TCP/IP connection is disabled, so that the users from another computers can’t access postgresql. To allow to connect users from another computers, Edit file **/etc/postgresql/9.4/main/postgresql.conf:**
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.4/main/postgresql.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Find the lines:
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
#listen_addresses = 'localhost'
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
#port = 5432
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
Uncomment both lines, and set the IP address of your postgresql server or set ‘*’ to listen from all clients as shown below. You should be careful to make postgreSQL to be accessible from all remote clients.
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
listen_addresses = '*'
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
port = 5432
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
Restart postgresql service to save changes:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart postgresql
|
||||
|
||||
Or,
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service postgresql restart
|
||||
|
||||
### Manage PostgreSQL with phpPgAdmin ###
|
||||
|
||||
[**phpPgAdmin**][2] is a web-based administration utility written in PHP for managing PosgreSQL.
|
||||
|
||||
phpPgAdmin is available in default repositories. So, Install phpPgAdmin using command:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install phppgadmin
|
||||
|
||||
By default, you can access phppgadmin using **http://localhost/phppgadmin** from your local system’s web browser.
|
||||
|
||||
To access remote systems, do the following.
|
||||
On Ubuntu 15.10 systems:
|
||||
|
||||
Edit file **/etc/apache2/conf-available/phppgadmin.conf**,
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/apache2/conf-available/phppgadmin.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Find the line **Require local** and comment it by adding a **#** in front of the line.
|
||||
|
||||
#Require local
|
||||
|
||||
And add the following line:
|
||||
|
||||
allow from all
|
||||
|
||||
Save and exit the file.
|
||||
|
||||
Then, restart apache service.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart apache2
|
||||
|
||||
On Ubuntu 14.10 and previous versions:
|
||||
|
||||
Edit file **/etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin**:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin
|
||||
|
||||
Comment the following line:
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
#allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
|
||||
|
||||
Uncomment the following line to make phppgadmin from all systems.
|
||||
|
||||
allow from all
|
||||
|
||||
Edit **/etc/apache2/apache2.conf**:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following line:
|
||||
|
||||
Include /etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin
|
||||
|
||||
Then, restart apache service.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service apache2 restart
|
||||
|
||||
### Configure phpPgAdmin ###
|
||||
|
||||
Edit file **/etc/phppgadmin/config.inc.php**, and do the following changes. Most of these options are self-explanatory. Read them carefully to know why do you change these values.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo nano /etc/phppgadmin/config.inc.php
|
||||
|
||||
Find the following line:
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['servers'][0]['host'] = '';
|
||||
|
||||
Change it as shown below:
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['servers'][0]['host'] = 'localhost';
|
||||
|
||||
And find the line:
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['extra_login_security'] = true;
|
||||
|
||||
Change the value to **false**.
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['extra_login_security'] = false;
|
||||
|
||||
Find the line:
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['owned_only'] = false;
|
||||
|
||||
Set the value as **true**.
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['owned_only'] = true;
|
||||
|
||||
Save and close the file. Restart postgresql service and Apache services.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart postgresql
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart apache2
|
||||
|
||||
Or,
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service postgresql restart
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service apache2 restart
|
||||
|
||||
Now open your browser and navigate to **http://ip-address/phppgadmin**. You will see the following screen.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Login with users that you’ve created earlier. I already have created a user called “**senthil**” with password “**ubuntu**” before, so I log in with user “senthil”.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now, you will be able to access the phppgadmin dashboard.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Log in with postgres user:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. Now you’ll able to create, delete and alter databases graphically using phppgadmin.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-postgresql-9-4-and-phppgadmin-on-ubuntu-15-10/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.twitter.com/ostechnix
|
||||
[1]:http://www.postgresql.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/doku.php
|
||||
201
sources/tech/20151123 Data Structures in the Linux Kernel.md
Normal file
201
sources/tech/20151123 Data Structures in the Linux Kernel.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
|
||||
Data Structures in the Linux Kernel
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Radix tree
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
As you already know linux kernel provides many different libraries and functions which implement different data structures and algorithms. In this part we will consider one of these data structures - [Radix tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree). There are two files which are related to `radix tree` implementation and API in the linux kernel:
|
||||
|
||||
* [include/linux/radix-tree.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/radix-tree.h)
|
||||
* [lib/radix-tree.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/lib/radix-tree.c)
|
||||
|
||||
Lets talk about what a `radix tree` is. Radix tree is a `compressed trie` where a [trie](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trie) is a data structure which implements an interface of an associative array and allows to store values as `key-value`. The keys are usually strings, but any data type can be used. A trie is different from an `n-tree` because of its nodes. Nodes of a trie do not store keys; instead, a node of a trie stores single character labels. The key which is related to a given node is derived by traversing from the root of the tree to this node. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
+-----------+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| " " |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+------+-----------+------+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----v------+ +-----v-----+
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
| g | | c |
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
+-----------+ +-----------+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----v------+ +-----v-----+
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
| o | | a |
|
||||
| | | |
|
||||
+-----------+ +-----------+
|
||||
|
|
||||
|
|
||||
+-----v-----+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| t |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+-----------+
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
So in this example, we can see the `trie` with keys, `go` and `cat`. The compressed trie or `radix tree` differs from `trie` in that all intermediates nodes which have only one child are removed.
|
||||
|
||||
Radix tree in linux kernel is the datastructure which maps values to integer keys. It is represented by the following structures from the file [include/linux/radix-tree.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/radix-tree.h):
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct radix_tree_root {
|
||||
unsigned int height;
|
||||
gfp_t gfp_mask;
|
||||
struct radix_tree_node __rcu *rnode;
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This structure presents the root of a radix tree and contains three fields:
|
||||
|
||||
* `height` - height of the tree;
|
||||
* `gfp_mask` - tells how memory allocations will be performed;
|
||||
* `rnode` - pointer to the child node.
|
||||
|
||||
The first field we will discuss is `gfp_mask`:
|
||||
|
||||
Low-level kernel memory allocation functions take a set of flags as - `gfp_mask`, which describes how that allocation is to be performed. These `GFP_` flags which control the allocation process can have following values: (`GF_NOIO` flag) means sleep and wait for memory, (`__GFP_HIGHMEM` flag) means high memory can be used, (`GFP_ATOMIC` flag) means the allocation process has high-priority and can't sleep etc.
|
||||
|
||||
* `GFP_NOIO` - can sleep and wait for memory;
|
||||
* `__GFP_HIGHMEM` - high memory can be used;
|
||||
* `GFP_ATOMIC` - allocation process is high-priority and can't sleep;
|
||||
|
||||
etc.
|
||||
|
||||
The next field is `rnode`:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct radix_tree_node {
|
||||
unsigned int path;
|
||||
unsigned int count;
|
||||
union {
|
||||
struct {
|
||||
struct radix_tree_node *parent;
|
||||
void *private_data;
|
||||
};
|
||||
struct rcu_head rcu_head;
|
||||
};
|
||||
/* For tree user */
|
||||
struct list_head private_list;
|
||||
void __rcu *slots[RADIX_TREE_MAP_SIZE];
|
||||
unsigned long tags[RADIX_TREE_MAX_TAGS][RADIX_TREE_TAG_LONGS];
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This structure contains information about the offset in a parent and height from the bottom, count of the child nodes and fields for accessing and freeing a node. This fields are described below:
|
||||
|
||||
* `path` - offset in parent & height from the bottom;
|
||||
* `count` - count of the child nodes;
|
||||
* `parent` - pointer to the parent node;
|
||||
* `private_data` - used by the user of a tree;
|
||||
* `rcu_head` - used for freeing a node;
|
||||
* `private_list` - used by the user of a tree;
|
||||
|
||||
The two last fields of the `radix_tree_node` - `tags` and `slots` are important and interesting. Every node can contains a set of slots which are store pointers to the data. Empty slots in the linux kernel radix tree implementation store `NULL`. Radix trees in the linux kernel also supports tags which are associated with the `tags` fields in the `radix_tree_node` structure. Tags allow individual bits to be set on records which are stored in the radix tree.
|
||||
|
||||
Now that we know about radix tree structure, it is time to look on its API.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux kernel radix tree API
|
||||
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
We start from the datastructure initialization. There are two ways to initialize a new radix tree. The first is to use `RADIX_TREE` macro:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
RADIX_TREE(name, gfp_mask);
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see we pass the `name` parameter, so with the `RADIX_TREE` macro we can define and initialize radix tree with the given name. Implementation of the `RADIX_TREE` is easy:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define RADIX_TREE(name, mask) \
|
||||
struct radix_tree_root name = RADIX_TREE_INIT(mask)
|
||||
|
||||
#define RADIX_TREE_INIT(mask) { \
|
||||
.height = 0, \
|
||||
.gfp_mask = (mask), \
|
||||
.rnode = NULL, \
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
At the beginning of the `RADIX_TREE` macro we define instance of the `radix_tree_root` structure with the given name and call `RADIX_TREE_INIT` macro with the given mask. The `RADIX_TREE_INIT` macro just initializes `radix_tree_root` structure with the default values and the given mask.
|
||||
|
||||
The second way is to define `radix_tree_root` structure by hand and pass it with mask to the `INIT_RADIX_TREE` macro:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
struct radix_tree_root my_radix_tree;
|
||||
INIT_RADIX_TREE(my_tree, gfp_mask_for_my_radix_tree);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
where:
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#define INIT_RADIX_TREE(root, mask) \
|
||||
do { \
|
||||
(root)->height = 0; \
|
||||
(root)->gfp_mask = (mask); \
|
||||
(root)->rnode = NULL; \
|
||||
} while (0)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
makes the same initialziation with default values as it does `RADIX_TREE_INIT` macro.
|
||||
|
||||
The next are two functions for inserting and deleting records to/from a radix tree:
|
||||
|
||||
* `radix_tree_insert`;
|
||||
* `radix_tree_delete`;
|
||||
|
||||
The first `radix_tree_insert` function takes three parameters:
|
||||
|
||||
* root of a radix tree;
|
||||
* index key;
|
||||
* data to insert;
|
||||
|
||||
The `radix_tree_delete` function takes the same set of parameters as the `radix_tree_insert`, but without data.
|
||||
|
||||
The search in a radix tree implemented in two ways:
|
||||
|
||||
* `radix_tree_lookup`;
|
||||
* `radix_tree_gang_lookup`;
|
||||
* `radix_tree_lookup_slot`.
|
||||
|
||||
The first `radix_tree_lookup` function takes two parameters:
|
||||
|
||||
* root of a radix tree;
|
||||
* index key;
|
||||
|
||||
This function tries to find the given key in the tree and return the record associated with this key. The second `radix_tree_gang_lookup` function have the following signature
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
unsigned int radix_tree_gang_lookup(struct radix_tree_root *root,
|
||||
void **results,
|
||||
unsigned long first_index,
|
||||
unsigned int max_items);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
and returns number of records, sorted by the keys, starting from the first index. Number of the returned records will not be greater than `max_items` value.
|
||||
|
||||
And the last `radix_tree_lookup_slot` function will return the slot which will contain the data.
|
||||
|
||||
Links
|
||||
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
* [Radix tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree)
|
||||
* [Trie](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trie)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://github.com/0xAX/linux-insides/edit/master/DataStructures/radix-tree.md
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[0xAX]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ If you want to view CUPS logs run the following command from your terminal
|
||||
via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/lnav-ncurses-based-log-file-viewer.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ruchi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者：[zky001](https://github.com/zky001)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.ubuntugeek.com/author/ubuntufix
|
||||
[a]:http://www.ubuntugeek.com/author/ubuntufix
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,389 +0,0 @@
|
||||
教父们: 15位举世瞩目的程序员
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
当开发人员讨论关于世界顶级程序员时，这些名字往往就会出现。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [tom_bullock CC BY 2.0][1]
|
||||
|
||||
好像现在程序员有很多，其中不乏有许多优秀的程序员。但是期中哪些程序员更好呢？
|
||||
|
||||
虽然这很难客观评价，不过在这个话题确实是开发者们乐于津道的。ITworld针对程序员社区的输入和刷新试图找出可能存在的所谓共识。事实证明，屈指可数的某些名字经常是讨论的焦点。
|
||||
|
||||
Use the arrows above to read about 15 people commonly cited as the world’s best living programmer.下面就让我们来看看这些世界顶级的程序员吧！（没有箭头呢:P）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [NASA][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### 玛格丽特·汉密尔顿 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 阿波罗飞行控制软件背后的大脑**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 查尔斯·斯塔克·德雷珀实验室软件工程部的主任，她为首的团队负责设计和打造NASA阿波罗的板载飞行控制器软件和Skylab任务。基于阿波罗这段的工作经历，她又后续开发了[通用系统语言][5]和[开发先于事实][6]的范例。开创了[异步软件、优先调度和超可靠的软件设计][7]理念。被认为发明了“[软件工程][8]”一词。1986年获[奥古斯塔·埃达·洛夫莱斯][9]奖，[2003年获NASA杰出太空行动奖][10]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “汉密尔顿发明了测试，使美国计算机工程规范了很多” [ford_beeblebrox][11]
|
||||
|
||||
“我认为在她之前（不敬地说，包括高德纳在内的）计算机编程是（另一种形式上留存的）数学分支。然而宇宙飞船的飞行控制系统明确地将编程带入了一个崭新的领域。” [Dan Allen][12]
|
||||
|
||||
“... 她引入了‘计算机工程’这个术语 — 并作出了最好的示范。” [David Hamilton][13]
|
||||
|
||||
“真是个坏家伙” [Drukered][14]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][15]
|
||||
|
||||
### 唐纳德·尔文·克努斯 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 《计算机程序设计艺术》 作者**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 撰写了[编程理论的权威书籍][16]。发明了数字排版系统Tex。1971年获得[首次ACM（美国计算机协会）葛丽丝·穆雷·霍普奖][17]。1974年获ACM[图灵奖][18]奖，1979年获[国家科学奖章][19]，1995年获IEEE[约翰·冯·诺依曼奖章][20]。1998年入选[计算机历史博物馆名人录][21]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “... 写的计算器编程的艺术可能是有史以来计算机编程最大的贡献。”[佚名][22]
|
||||
|
||||
“唐·克努斯的TeX是我所用过的计算机程序中唯一一个几乎没有bug的。真是让人印象深刻！” [Jaap Weel][23]
|
||||
|
||||
“如果你要问我的话，我只能说太棒了！” [Mitch Rees-Jones][24]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [Association for Computing Machinery][25]
|
||||
|
||||
### 肯尼斯·蓝·汤普逊 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： Unix之父**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 与[丹尼斯·里奇][26]共同创造了Unix。创造了[B语言][27]、[UTF-8字符编码方案][28]、[ed文本编辑器][29]，同时也是Go语言的合作开发人。（同里奇）共同获得1983年的[图灵奖][30]，1994年获[IEEE计算机先驱奖][31]，1998年获颁[美国国家科技创新奖章][32]。在1997年入选[计算机历史博物馆名人录][33]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “... 可能是有史以来最能成事的程序员了。Unix内核，Unix用具，国际象棋程序世界冠军Belle，Plan 9，Go语言。” [Pete Prokopowicz][34]
|
||||
|
||||
“肯所做出的贡献，据我所知无人能及，是如此的根本、实用、经得住时间的考验，时至今日仍在使用。” [Jan Jannink][35]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： Jiel Beaumadier CC BY-SA 3.0
|
||||
|
||||
### 理查德·斯托曼 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： Emacs和GCC缔造者**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 成立了[GNU工程] [36]，并创造了许多的核心工具，如[Emacs, GCC, GDB][37]和[GNU Make][38]。还创办了[自由软件基金会] [39]。1990 荣获ACM[葛丽丝·穆雷·霍普奖][40]，[1998获EFF先驱奖][41].
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “... 在Symbolics对阵LMI的战斗中，独自一人与一众Lisp黑客好手对码。” [Srinivasan Krishnan][42]
|
||||
|
||||
“通过他在编程上的造诣与强大信念，开辟了一整套编程与计算机的亚文化。” [Dan Dunay][43]
|
||||
|
||||
“我可以不赞同这位伟人的很多方面，但不可否认无论活着还是死去，他都已经是一位伟大的程序员了。” [Marko Poutiainen][44]
|
||||
|
||||
“试想Linux如果没有GNU工程的前期工作。斯托曼就是这个炸弹包，哟。” [John Burnette][45]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [D.Begley CC BY 2.0][46]
|
||||
|
||||
### 安德斯·海尔斯伯格 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 创造了Turbo Pascal**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： [Turbo Pascal的原作者][47]，是最流行的Pascal编译器和第一个集成开发环境。而后，[领导了Delphi][48]和下一代Turbo Pascal的构建。[C#的主要设计师和架构师][49]。2001年荣获[Dr. Dobb's杰出编程奖][50]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “他用汇编在主流PC操作系统day（DOS and CPM）上编写了[Pascal]的编译器。用它来编译、链接并运行仅需几秒钟而不是几分钟。” [Steve Wood][51]
|
||||
|
||||
“我佩服他 - 他创造了我最喜欢的开发工具，陪伴着我度过了三个关键的时期直至我成为一位专业的软件工程师。” [Stefan Kiryazov][52]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][53]
|
||||
|
||||
### Doug Cutting ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 创造了Lucene**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： [开发了Lucene搜索引擎、Web爬虫Nutch][54]和[对于大型数据集的分布式处理套件Hadoop][55]。一位强有力的开源支持者（Lucene、Nutch以及Hadoop都是开源的）。前[Apache软件基金的理事][56]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “...他就是那个即写出了优秀搜索框架(lucene/solr)，又为世界开启大数据之门(hadoop)的男人。” [Rajesh Rao][57]
|
||||
|
||||
“他在Lucene和Hadoop（及其它工程）的创造/工作中为世界创造了巨大的财富和就业...” [Amit Nithianandan][58]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [Association for Computing Machinery][59]
|
||||
|
||||
### Sanjay Ghemawat ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 谷歌核心架构师**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： [协助设计和实现了一些谷歌大型分布式系统的功能][60]，包括MapReduce、BigTable、Spanner和谷歌文件系统。[创造了Unix的 ical][61]日历系统。2009年入选[国家工程院][62]。2012年荣获[ACM-Infosys基金计算机科学奖][63]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论： “Jeff Dean的僚机。” [Ahmet Alp Balkan][64]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [Google][65]
|
||||
|
||||
### Jeff Dean ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 谷歌索引搜索背后的大脑**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 协助设计和实现了[许多谷歌大型分布式系统的功能][66]，包括网页爬虫，索引搜索，AdSense，MapReduce，BigTable和Spanner。2009年入选[国家工程院][67]。2012年荣获ACM [SIGOPS马克·维瑟奖][68]及[ACM-Infosys基金计算机科学奖][69]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “... 带来的在数据挖掘（GFS、MapReduce、BigTable）上的突破。” [Natu Lauchande][70]
|
||||
|
||||
“... 设计、构建并部署MapReduce和BigTable，和以及数不清的东西” [Erik Goldman][71]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [Krd CC BY-SA 4.0][72]
|
||||
|
||||
### 林纳斯·托瓦兹 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： Linux缔造者**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 创造了[Linux内核][73]与[开源版本控制器Git][74]。收获了许多奖项和荣誉，包括有1998年的[EFF先驱奖][75]，2000年荣获[英国电脑学会授予的洛夫莱斯勋章][76]，2012年荣获[千禧技术奖][77]还有2014年[IEEE计算机学会授予的计算机先驱奖][78]。同样入选了2008年的[计算机历史博物馆名人录][79]与2012年的[网络名人堂][80]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “他只用了几年的时间就写出了Linux内核，而GNU Hurd（GNU开发的内核）历经25年的开发却丝毫没有准备发布的意思。他的成就就是带来了希望。” [Erich Ficker][81]
|
||||
|
||||
“托沃兹可能是程序员的程序员。” [Dan Allen][82]
|
||||
|
||||
“他真的很棒。” [Alok Tripathy][83]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [QuakeCon CC BY 2.0][84]
|
||||
|
||||
### 约翰·卡马克 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 毁灭战士缔造者**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： ID社联合创始人，打造了德军总部3D、毁灭战士和雷神之锤等所谓的即使FPS游戏。引领了[切片适配更新（adaptive tile refresh）][86]， [二叉空间分割（binary space partitioning）][87]，表面缓存（surface caching）等开创性的计算机图像技术。2001年入选[互动艺术与科学学会名人堂][88]，2007年和2008年荣获工程技术类[艾美奖][89]并于2010年由[游戏开发者甄选奖][90]授予终生成就奖。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “他在写第一个渲染引擎的时候不到20岁。这家伙这是个天才。我若有他四分之一的天赋便心满意足了。” [Alex Dolinsky][91]
|
||||
|
||||
“... 德军总部3D,、毁灭战士还有雷神之锤在那时都是革命性的，影响了一代游戏设计师。” [dniblock][92]
|
||||
|
||||
“一个周末他几乎可以写出任何东西....” [Greg Naughton][93]
|
||||
|
||||
“他是编程界的莫扎特... [Chris Morris][94]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [Duff][95]
|
||||
|
||||
### 法布里斯·贝拉 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 创造了QEMU**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 创造了[一系列耳熟能详的开源软件][96]，其中包括硬件模拟和虚拟化的平台QEMU，用于处理多媒体数据的FFmpeg，微型C编译器和 一个可执行文件压缩软件LZEXE。2000年和2001年[C语言混乱代码大赛的获胜者][97]并在2011年荣获[Google-O'Reilly开源奖][98]。[计算Pi最多位数][99]的前世界纪录保持着。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “我觉得法布里斯·贝拉做的每一件事都是那么显著而又震撼。” [raphinou][100]
|
||||
|
||||
“法布里斯·贝拉是世界上最高产的程序员...” [Pavan Yara][101]
|
||||
|
||||
“他就像软件工程界的尼古拉·特斯拉。” [Michael Valladolid][102]
|
||||
|
||||
“自80年代以来，他一直高产出一些列的成功作品。” [Michael Biggins][103]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [Craig Murphy CC BY 2.0][104]
|
||||
|
||||
### Jon Skeet ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： Stack Overflow传说级贡献者**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： Google工程师[深入解析C#][105]的作者。保持着[有史以来在Stack Overflow上最高的声誉][106]，平均每月解答390个问题。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “他根本不需要调试器，只要他盯一下代码，错误之处自会原形毕露。” [Steven A. Lowe][107]
|
||||
|
||||
“如果他的代码没有通过编译，那编译器应该道歉。” [Dan Dyer][108]
|
||||
|
||||
“他根本不需要什么编程规范，他的代码就是编程规范。” [Anonymous][109]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [Philip Neustrom CC BY 2.0][110]
|
||||
|
||||
### 亚当·安捷罗 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： Quora的创办人之一**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 还是Facebook工程师时，[为其搭建了news feed功能的基础][111]。直至其离开并联合创始了Quora，已经成为了Facebook的CTO和工程VP。2001年以高中生的身份在[美国计算机奥林匹克上第八位完成比赛][112]。2004年ACM国际大学生编程大赛[获得银牌的团队 - 加利福尼亚技术研究所][113]的成员。2005年入围Topcoder大学生[算法编程挑战赛][114]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “一位程序设计全才。” [Anonymous][115]
|
||||
|
||||
"我做的每个好东西，他都已有了六个。" [Mark Zuckerberg][116]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [Facebook][117]
|
||||
|
||||
### Petr Mitrechev ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 有史以来最具竞技能力的程序员之一**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 在国际信息学奥林匹克中[两次获得金牌][118]（2000，2002）。在2006，[赢得Google Code Jam][119]同时也是[TopCoder Open算法大赛冠军][120]。也同样，两次赢得Facebook黑客杯（[2011][121]，[2013][122]）。写这篇文章的时候，[TopCoder榜中排第二][123] （即：Petr）、在[Codeforces榜同样排第二][124]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论： “他是竞技程序员的偶像，即使在印度也是如此...[Kavish Dwivedi][125]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源： [Ishandutta2007 CC BY-SA 3.0][126]
|
||||
|
||||
### Gennady Korotkevich ###
|
||||
|
||||
**成就： 竞技编程小神童**
|
||||
|
||||
生平： 国际信息学奥林匹克中最小参赛者(11岁)[6次获得金牌][127] (2007-2012)。2013年ACM国际大学生编程大赛[获胜队伍][128]成员及[2014 Facebook黑客杯][129]获胜者。写这篇文章的时候，[Codeforces榜排名第一][130] （即：Tourist）、[TopCoder榜第一][131]。
|
||||
|
||||
评论: “一个编程神童！” [Prateek Joshi][132]
|
||||
|
||||
“Gennady真是棒，也是为什么我在白俄罗斯拥有一个强大开发团队的例证。” [Chris Howard][133]
|
||||
|
||||
“Tourist真是天才” [Nuka Shrinivas Rao][134]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.itworld.com/article/2823547/enterprise-software/158256-superclass-14-of-the-world-s-best-living-programmers.html#slide1
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Phil Johnson][a]
|
||||
译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.itworld.com/author/Phil-Johnson/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/tombullock/15713223772
|
||||
[2]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Hamilton_in_action.jpg
|
||||
[3]:http://klabs.org/home_page/hamilton.htm
|
||||
[4]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWcITjqZtpU&feature=youtu.be&t=3m12s
|
||||
[5]:http://www.htius.com/Articles/r12ham.pdf
|
||||
[6]:http://www.htius.com/Articles/Inside_DBTF.htm
|
||||
[7]:http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/sep/HQ_03281_Hamilton_Honor.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/scientists.html
|
||||
[9]:https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmV0wfQEoYC&pg=PA321&lpg=PA321&dq=ada+lovelace+award+1986&source=bl&ots=qGdBKsUa3G&sig=bkTftPAhM1vZ_3VgPcv-38ggSNo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBGoVChMI3paoxJHWxwIVA3I-Ch1whwPn#v=onepage&q=ada%20lovelace%20award%201986&f=false
|
||||
[10]:http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11Hamilton.html
|
||||
[11]:https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/2oyd1y/margaret_hamilton_with_her_code_lead_software/cmrswof
|
||||
[12]:http://qr.ae/RFEZLk
|
||||
[13]:http://qr.ae/RFEZUn
|
||||
[14]:https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/2oyd1y/margaret_hamilton_with_her_code_lead_software/cmrv9u9
|
||||
[15]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/44451574@N00/5347112697
|
||||
[16]:http://cs.stanford.edu/~uno/taocp.html
|
||||
[17]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/knuth_1013846.cfm
|
||||
[18]:http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/knuth_1013846.cfm
|
||||
[19]:http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=198
|
||||
[20]:http://www.ieee.org/documents/von_neumann_rl.pdf
|
||||
[21]:http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Donald,Knuth/
|
||||
[22]:http://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-best-programmers-in-Silicon-Valley-and-why/answers/3063
|
||||
[23]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Jaap-Weel
|
||||
[24]:http://qr.ae/RFE94x
|
||||
[25]:http://amturing.acm.org/photo/thompson_4588371.cfm
|
||||
[26]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoVQTPbD6UY
|
||||
[27]:https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/bintro.html
|
||||
[28]:http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/utf-8_history
|
||||
[29]:http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?EdIsTheStandardTextEditor
|
||||
[30]:http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/thompson_4588371.cfm
|
||||
[31]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/cp-thompson
|
||||
[32]:http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/1998.jsp
|
||||
[33]:http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Ken,Thompson/
|
||||
[34]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Pete-Prokopowicz-1
|
||||
[35]:http://qr.ae/RFEWBY
|
||||
[36]:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/net.unix-wizards/8twfRPM79u0/1xlglzrWrU0J
|
||||
[37]:http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/RichardStallman
|
||||
[38]:https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html
|
||||
[39]:http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/FreeSoftwareFoundation
|
||||
[40]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/stallman_9380313.cfm
|
||||
[41]:https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1998.php
|
||||
[42]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Greg-Naughton/comment/4146397
|
||||
[43]:http://qr.ae/RFEaib
|
||||
[44]:http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering/Who-are-some-of-the-greatest-currently-active-software-architects-in-the-world/answer/Marko-Poutiainen
|
||||
[45]:http://qr.ae/RFEUqp
|
||||
[46]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/begley/2979906130
|
||||
[47]:http://www.taoyue.com/tutorials/pascal/history.html
|
||||
[48]:http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?AndersHejlsberg
|
||||
[49]:http://www.microsoft.com/about/technicalrecognition/anders-hejlsberg.aspx
|
||||
[50]:http://www.drdobbs.com/windows/dr-dobbs-excellence-in-programming-award/184404602
|
||||
[51]:http://qr.ae/RFEZrv
|
||||
[52]:http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering/Who-are-some-of-the-greatest-currently-active-software-architects-in-the-world/answer/Stefan-Kiryazov
|
||||
[53]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/vonguard/4076389963/
|
||||
[54]:http://www.wizards-of-os.org/archiv/sprecher/a_c/doug_cutting.html
|
||||
[55]:http://hadoop.apache.org/
|
||||
[56]:https://www.linkedin.com/in/cutting
|
||||
[57]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Shalin-Shekhar-Mangar/comment/2293071
|
||||
[58]:http://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-best-programmers-in-Silicon-Valley-and-why/answer/Amit-Nithianandan
|
||||
[59]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ghemawat_1482280.cfm
|
||||
[60]:http://research.google.com/pubs/SanjayGhemawat.html
|
||||
[61]:http://www.quora.com/Google/Who-is-Sanjay-Ghemawat
|
||||
[62]:http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02062009
|
||||
[63]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ghemawat_1482280.cfm
|
||||
[64]:http://www.quora.com/Google/Who-is-Sanjay-Ghemawat/answer/Ahmet-Alp-Balkan
|
||||
[65]:http://research.google.com/people/jeff/index.html
|
||||
[66]:http://research.google.com/people/jeff/index.html
|
||||
[67]:http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02062009
|
||||
[68]:http://news.cs.washington.edu/2012/10/10/uw-cse-ph-d-alum-jeff-dean-wins-2012-sigops-mark-weiser-award/
|
||||
[69]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/dean_2879385.cfm
|
||||
[70]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Natu-Lauchande
|
||||
[71]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Cosmin-Negruseri/comment/28399
|
||||
[72]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_05.jpg
|
||||
[73]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/staff#torvalds
|
||||
[74]:http://git-scm.com/book/en/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git
|
||||
[75]:https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1998.php
|
||||
[76]:http://www.bcs.org/content/ConWebDoc/14769
|
||||
[77]:http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/linus-torvalds-wins-the-tech-equivalent-of-a-nobel-prize-the-millennium-technology-prize/10789
|
||||
[78]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award
|
||||
[79]:http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Linus,Torvalds/
|
||||
[80]:http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/linus-torvalds
|
||||
[81]:http://qr.ae/RFEeeo
|
||||
[82]:http://qr.ae/RFEZLk
|
||||
[83]:http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering/Who-are-some-of-the-greatest-currently-active-software-architects-in-the-world/answer/Alok-Tripathy-1
|
||||
[84]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/quakecon/9434713998
|
||||
[85]:http://doom.wikia.com/wiki/John_Carmack
|
||||
[86]:http://thegamershub.net/2012/04/gaming-gods-john-carmack/
|
||||
[87]:http://www.shamusyoung.com/twentysidedtale/?p=4759
|
||||
[88]:http://www.interactive.org/special_awards/details.asp?idSpecialAwards=6
|
||||
[89]:http://www.itworld.com/article/2951105/it-management/a-fly-named-for-bill-gates-and-9-other-unusual-honors-for-tech-s-elite.html#slide8
|
||||
[90]:http://www.gamechoiceawards.com/archive/lifetime.html
|
||||
[91]:http://qr.ae/RFEEgr
|
||||
[92]:http://www.itworld.com/answers/topic/software/question/whos-best-living-programmer#comment-424562
|
||||
[93]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Greg-Naughton
|
||||
[94]:http://money.cnn.com/2003/08/21/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/
|
||||
[95]:http://dufoli.wordpress.com/2007/06/23/ammmmaaaazing-night/
|
||||
[96]:http://bellard.org/
|
||||
[97]:http://www.ioccc.org/winners.html#B
|
||||
[98]:http://www.oscon.com/oscon2011/public/schedule/detail/21161
|
||||
[99]:http://bellard.org/pi/pi2700e9/
|
||||
[100]:https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7850797
|
||||
[101]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Erik-Frey/comment/1718701
|
||||
[102]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Erik-Frey/comment/2454450
|
||||
[103]:http://qr.ae/RFEjhZ
|
||||
[104]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/craigmurphy/4325516497
|
||||
[105]:http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1935182471?ie=UTF8&tag=developetutor-21&linkCode=as2&camp=1634&creative=19450&creativeASIN=1935182471
|
||||
[106]:http://stackexchange.com/leagues/1/alltime/stackoverflow
|
||||
[107]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9156
|
||||
[108]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9138
|
||||
[109]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9182
|
||||
[110]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/philipn/5326344032
|
||||
[111]:http://www.crunchbase.com/person/adam-d-angelo
|
||||
[112]:http://www.exeter.edu/documents/Exeter_Bulletin/fall_01/oncampus.html
|
||||
[113]:http://icpc.baylor.edu/community/results-2004
|
||||
[114]:https://www.topcoder.com/tc?module=Static&d1=pressroom&d2=pr_022205
|
||||
[115]:http://qr.ae/RFfOfe
|
||||
[116]:http://www.businessinsider.com/in-new-alleged-ims-mark-zuckerberg-talks-about-adam-dangelo-2012-9#ixzz369FcQoLB
|
||||
[117]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/photos/a.329665040399024.91563.133954286636768/553381194694073/?type=1
|
||||
[118]:http://stats.ioinformatics.org/people/1849
|
||||
[119]:http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2006/10/google-announces-winner-of-global-code_27.html
|
||||
[120]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=SimpleStats&c=coder_achievements&d1=statistics&d2=coderAchievements&cr=10574855
|
||||
[121]:https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-hacker-cup/facebook-hacker-cup-finals/208549245827651
|
||||
[122]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/photos/a.329665040399024.91563.133954286636768/553381194694073/?type=1
|
||||
[123]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=AlgoRank
|
||||
[124]:http://codeforces.com/ratings
|
||||
[125]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Venkateswaran-Vicky/comment/1960855
|
||||
[126]:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gennady_Korot.jpg
|
||||
[127]:http://stats.ioinformatics.org/people/804
|
||||
[128]:http://icpc.baylor.edu/regionals/finder/world-finals-2013/standings
|
||||
[129]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/posts/10152022955628845
|
||||
[130]:http://codeforces.com/ratings
|
||||
[131]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=AlgoRank
|
||||
[132]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi
|
||||
[133]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4720779
|
||||
[134]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4880549
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
|
||||
在 Ubuntu 15.10 上安装 PostgreSQL 9.4 和 phpPgAdmin
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 简介 ###
|
||||
|
||||
[PostgreSQL][1] 是一款强大的，开源对象关系型数据库系统。它支持所有的主流操作系统，包括 Linux、Unix（AIX、BSD、HP-UX，SGI IRIX、Mac OS、Solaris、Tru64） 以及 Windows 操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是 **Ubuntu** 发起者 **Mark Shuttleworth** 对 PostgreSQL 的一段评价。
|
||||
|
||||
> PostgreSQL 真的是一款很好的数据库系统。刚开始我们使用它的时候，并不确定它能否胜任工作。但我错的太离谱了。它很强壮、快速，在各个方面都很专业。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> — Mark Shuttleworth.
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇简短的指南中，让我们来看看如何在 Ubuntu 15.10 服务器中安装 PostgreSQL 9.4。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 PostgreSQL ###
|
||||
|
||||
默认仓库中就有可用的 PostgreSQL。在终端中输入下面的命令安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-contrib
|
||||
|
||||
如果你需要其它的版本，按照下面那样先添加 PostgreSQL 仓库然后再安装。
|
||||
|
||||
**PostgreSQL apt 仓库** 支持 amd64 和 i386 架构的 Ubuntu 长期支持版（10.04、12.04 和 14.04），以及非长期支持版（14.04）。对于其它非长期支持版，该软件包虽然不能完全支持，但使用和 LTS 版本近似的也能正常工作。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Ubuntu 14.10 系统： ####
|
||||
|
||||
新建文件**/etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list**；
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list
|
||||
|
||||
用下面一行添加仓库：
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ utopic-pgdg main
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**： 上面的库只能用于 Ubuntu 14.10。还没有升级到 Ubuntu 15.04 和 15.10。
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 14.04**，添加下面一行：
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg main
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 12.04**，添加下面一行：
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ precise-pgdg main
|
||||
|
||||
导入库签名密钥：
|
||||
|
||||
wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
|
||||
更新软件包列表：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
然后安装需要的版本。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install postgresql-9.4
|
||||
|
||||
### 访问 PostgreSQL 命令窗口 ###
|
||||
|
||||
默认的数据库名称和数据库用户名称都是 “**postgres**”。切换到 postgres 用户进行 postgresql 相关的操作：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres psql postgres
|
||||
|
||||
#### 事例输出： ####
|
||||
|
||||
psql (9.4.5)
|
||||
Type "help" for help.
|
||||
postgres=#
|
||||
|
||||
要退出 postgresql 窗口，在 **psql** 窗口输入 **\q** 退出到终端。
|
||||
|
||||
### 设置 “postgres” 用户密码 ###
|
||||
|
||||
登录到 postgresql 窗口，
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres psql postgres
|
||||
|
||||
用下面的命令为用户 postgres 设置密码：
|
||||
|
||||
postgres=# \password postgres
|
||||
Enter new password:
|
||||
Enter it again:
|
||||
postgres=# \q
|
||||
|
||||
要安装 PostgreSQL Adminpack，在 postgresql 窗口输入下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres psql postgres
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
postgres=# CREATE EXTENSION adminpack;
|
||||
CREATE EXTENSION
|
||||
|
||||
在 **psql** 窗口输入 **\q** 从 postgresql 窗口退回到终端。
|
||||
|
||||
### 创建新用户和数据库 ###
|
||||
|
||||
例如，让我们创建一个新的用户，名为 “**senthil**”，密码是 “**ubuntu**”，以及名为 “**mydb**” 的数据库。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres createuser -D -A -P senthil
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres createdb -O senthil mydb
|
||||
|
||||
### 删除用户和数据库 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要删除数据库，首先切换到 postgres 用户：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u postgres psql postgres
|
||||
|
||||
输入命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ drop database <database-name>
|
||||
|
||||
要删除一个用户，输入下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ drop user <user-name>
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置 PostgreSQL-MD5 验证 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**MD5 验证** 要求用户提供一个 MD5 加密的密码用于认证。首先编辑 **/etc/postgresql/9.4/main/pg_hba.conf** 文件：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.4/main/pg_hba.conf
|
||||
|
||||
按照下面所示添加或修改行
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD
|
||||
# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
|
||||
local all all md5
|
||||
# IPv4 local connections:
|
||||
host all all 127.0.0.1/32 md5
|
||||
host all all 192.168.1.0/24 md5
|
||||
# IPv6 local connections:
|
||||
host all all ::1/128 md5
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
其中， 192.168.1.0/24 是我的本地网络 IP 地址。用你自己的地址替换。
|
||||
|
||||
重启 postgresql 服务以使更改生效：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart postgresql
|
||||
|
||||
或者，
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service postgresql restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置 PostgreSQL TCP/IP 配置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，没有启用 TCP/IP 连接，因此其它计算机的用户不能访问 postgresql。为了允许其它计算机的用户访问，编辑文件 **/etc/postgresql/9.4/main/postgresql.conf:**
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.4/main/postgresql.conf
|
||||
|
||||
找到下面一行：
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
#listen_addresses = 'localhost'
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
#port = 5432
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
取消改行的注释，然后设置你 postgresql 服务器的 IP 地址，或者设置为 ‘*’ 监听所有用户。你应该谨慎设置所有远程用户都可以访问 PostgreSQL。
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
listen_addresses = '*'
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
port = 5432
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
重启 postgresql 服务保存更改：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart postgresql
|
||||
|
||||
或者，
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service postgresql restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 用 phpPgAdmin 管理 PostgreSQL ###
|
||||
|
||||
[**phpPgAdmin**][2] 是基于 web 用 PHP 写的 PostgreSQL 管理工具。
|
||||
|
||||
默认仓库中有可用的 phpPgAdmin。用下面的命令安装 phpPgAdmin：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install phppgadmin
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，你可以在本地系统的 web 浏览器用 **http://localhost/phppgadmin** 访问 phppgadmin。
|
||||
|
||||
要访问远程系统，在 Ubuntu 15.10 上做如下操作：
|
||||
|
||||
编辑文件 **/etc/apache2/conf-available/phppgadmin.conf**,
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/apache2/conf-available/phppgadmin.conf
|
||||
|
||||
找到 **Require local** 的一行在这行前面添加 **#** 注释掉它。
|
||||
|
||||
#Require local
|
||||
|
||||
添加下面的一行：
|
||||
|
||||
allow from all
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出文件。
|
||||
|
||||
然后重启 apache 服务。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart apache2
|
||||
|
||||
对于 Ubuntu 14.10 及之前版本：
|
||||
|
||||
编辑 **/etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin**:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin
|
||||
|
||||
注释掉下面一行：
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
#allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
|
||||
|
||||
取消下面一行的注释使所有系统都可以访问 phppgadmin。
|
||||
|
||||
allow from all
|
||||
|
||||
编辑 **/etc/apache2/apache2.conf**:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
|
||||
|
||||
添加下面一行：
|
||||
|
||||
Include /etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin
|
||||
|
||||
然后重启 apache 服务。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service apache2 restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置 phpPgAdmin ###
|
||||
|
||||
编辑文件 **/etc/phppgadmin/config.inc.php**， 做以下更改。下面大部分选项都带有解释。认真阅读以便了解为什么要更改这些值。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo nano /etc/phppgadmin/config.inc.php
|
||||
|
||||
找到下面一行：
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['servers'][0]['host'] = '';
|
||||
|
||||
按照下面这样更改：
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['servers'][0]['host'] = 'localhost';
|
||||
|
||||
找到这一行：
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['extra_login_security'] = true;
|
||||
|
||||
更改值为 **false**。
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['extra_login_security'] = false;
|
||||
|
||||
找到这一行：
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['owned_only'] = false;
|
||||
|
||||
更改值为 **true**。
|
||||
|
||||
$conf['owned_only'] = true;
|
||||
|
||||
保存并关闭文件。重启 postgresql 服务和 Apache 服务。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart postgresql
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
sudo systemctl restart apache2
|
||||
|
||||
或者，
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service postgresql restart
|
||||
|
||||
sudo service apache2 restart
|
||||
|
||||
现在打开你的浏览器并导航到 **http://ip-address/phppgadmin**。你会看到以下截图。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
用你之前创建的用户登录。我之前已经创建了一个名为 “**senthil**” 的用户，密码是 “**ubuntu**”，因此我以 “senthil” 用户登录。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
然后你就可以访问 phppgadmin 面板了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
用 postgres 用户登录：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就是这样。现在你可以用 phppgadmin 可视化创建、删除或者更改数据库了。
|
||||
|
||||
加油！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-postgresql-9-4-and-phppgadmin-on-ubuntu-15-10/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.twitter.com/ostechnix
|
||||
[1]:http://www.postgresql.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/doku.php
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user