mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2026-08-29 04:23:33 +08:00
struggling
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
好奇 Linux？试试云端的 Linux 桌面
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linux 在桌面操作系统市场上只占据了非常小的份额，从目前的调查结果来看，估计只有2%的市场份额；对比来看，丰富多变的 Windows 系统占据了接近90%的市场份额。对于 Linux 来说，要挑战 Windows 在桌面操作系统市场的垄断，需要有一个让用户学习不同的操作系统的简单方式。如果你相信传统的 Windows 用户会再买一台机器来使用 Linux，那你就太天真了。我们只能去试想用户重新分区，设置引导程序来使用双系统，或者跳过所有步骤回到一个最简单的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们实验过一系列让用户试操作 Linux 的无风险的使用方法，不涉及任何分区管理，包括 CD/DVD 光盘、USB 存储棒和桌面虚拟化软件等等。通过实验，我强烈推荐使用 VMware 的 VMware Player 或者 Oracle VirtualBox 虚拟机，对于桌面操作系统或者便携式电脑的用户，这是一种安装运行多操作系统的相对简单而且免费的的方法。每一台虚拟机和其他虚拟机相隔离，但是共享 CPU、内存、网络接口等等。虚拟机仍需要一定的资源来安装运行 Linux，也需要一台相当强劲的主机。但对于一个好奇心不大的人，这样做实在是太麻烦了。
|
||||
|
||||
要打破用户传统的使用观念是非常困难的。很多 Windows 用户可以尝试使用 Linux 提供的自由软件，但也有太多要学习的 Linux 系统知识。这会花掉他们相当一部分时间才能习惯 Linux 的工作方式。
|
||||
|
||||
当然了，对于一个第一次在 Linux 上操作的新手，有没有一个更高效的方法呢？答案是肯定的，接着往下看看云实验平台。
|
||||
|
||||
### LabxNow ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LabxNow 提供了一个免费服务，方便广大用户通过浏览器来访问远程 Linux 桌面。开发者将其加强为一个用户个人远程实验室（用户可以在系统里运行、开发任何程序），用户可以在任何地方通过互联网登入远程实验室。
|
||||
|
||||
这项服务现在可以为个人用户提供2核处理器，4GB RAM和10GB的固态硬盘，运行在128G RAM的4 AMD 6272处理器上。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 配置参数: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- 系统镜像：基于 Ubuntu 14.04 的 Xface 4.10，RHEL 6.5，CentOS(Gnome桌面)，Oracle
|
||||
- 硬件: CPU - 1核或者2核；内存: 512MB, 1GB, 2GB or 4GB
|
||||
- 超快的网络数据传输
|
||||
- 可以运行在所有流行的浏览器上
|
||||
- 可以安装任意程序，可以运行任何程序 – 这是一个非常棒的方法，可以随意做实验学习你想学的任何知识，没有 一点风险
|
||||
- 添加、删除、管理、制定虚拟机非常方便
|
||||
- 支持虚拟机共享，远程桌面
|
||||
|
||||
你所需要的只是一台有稳定网络的设备。不用担心虚拟专用系统（VPS）、域名、或者硬件带来的高费用。LabxNow提供了一个在 Ubuntu、RHEL 和 CentOS 上实验的非常好的方法。它给 Windows 用户提供一个极好的环境，让他们探索美妙的 Linux 世界。说得深入一点，它可以让用户随时随地在里面工作，而没有了要在每台设备上安装 Linux 的压力。点击下面这个链接进入 [www.labxnow.org/labxweb/][1]。
|
||||
|
||||
另外还有一些其它服务（大部分是收费服务）可以让用户使用 Linux，包括 Cloudsigma 环境的7天使用权和Icebergs.io （通过HTML5实现root权限）。但是现在，我推荐 LabxNow。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
来自: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151003095334682/LinuxCloud.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[sevenot](https://github.com/sevenot)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.labxnow.org/labxweb/
|
||||
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 有问必答 - 如何在 Linux 上找到当前正在使用的 shell
|
||||
Linux 有问必答：如何知道当前正在使用的 shell 是哪个？
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **问题**: 我经常在命令行中切换 shell。是否有一个快速简便的方法来找出我当前正在使用的 shell 呢？此外，我怎么能找到当前 shell 的版本？
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -7,36 +6,30 @@ Linux 有问必答 - 如何在 Linux 上找到当前正在使用的 shell
|
||||
|
||||
有多种方式可以查看你目前在使用什么 shell，最简单的方法就是通过使用 shell 的特殊参数。
|
||||
|
||||
其一，[一个名为 "$$" 的特殊参数][1] 表示当前你正在运行的 shell 的 PID。此参数是只读的，不能被修改。所以，下面的命令也将显示你正在运行的 shell 的名字：
|
||||
其一，[一个名为 "$$" 的特殊参数][1] 表示当前你正在运行的 shell 实例的 PID。此参数是只读的，不能被修改。所以，下面的命令也将显示你正在运行的 shell 的名字：
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps -p $$
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
PID TTY TIME CMD
|
||||
21666 pts/4 00:00:00 bash
|
||||
|
||||
上述命令可在所有可用的 shell 中工作。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不使用 csh，使用 shell 的特殊参数 “$$” 可以找出当前的 shell，这表示当前正在运行的 shell 或 shell 脚本的名称。这是 Bash 的一个特殊参数，但也可用在其他 shells 中，如 sh, zsh, tcsh or dash。使用 echo 命令也可以查看你目前正在使用的 shell 的名称。
|
||||
如果你不使用 csh，找到当前使用的 shell 的另外一个办法是使用特殊参数 “$0” ，它表示当前正在运行的 shell 或 shell 脚本的名称。这是 Bash 的一个特殊参数，但也可用在其他 shell 中，如 sh、zsh、tcsh 或 dash。使用 echo 命令可以查看你目前正在使用的 shell 的名称。
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo $0
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
bash
|
||||
|
||||
不要将 $SHELL 看成是一个单独的环境变量，它被设置为整个路径下的默认 shell。因此，这个变量并不一定指向你当前使用的 shell。例如，即使你在终端中调用不同的 shell，$SHELL 也保持不变。
|
||||
不要被一个叫做 $SHELL 的单独的环境变量所迷惑，它被设置为你的默认 shell 的完整路径。因此，这个变量并不一定指向你当前使用的 shell。例如，即使你在终端中调用不同的 shell，$SHELL 也保持不变。
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo $SHELL
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
/bin/shell
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
因此，找出当前的shell，你应该使用 $$ 或 $0，但不是 $ SHELL。
|
||||
因此，找出当前的shell，你应该使用 $$ 或 $0，但不是 $SHELL。
|
||||
|
||||
### 找出当前 Shell 的版本 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -46,8 +39,6 @@ Linux 有问必答 - 如何在 Linux 上找到当前正在使用的 shell
|
||||
|
||||
$ bash --version
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
GNU bash, version 4.3.30(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
|
||||
Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later
|
||||
@@ -59,23 +50,17 @@ Linux 有问必答 - 如何在 Linux 上找到当前正在使用的 shell
|
||||
|
||||
$ zsh --version
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
zsh 5.0.7 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
|
||||
|
||||
**对于** tcsh **shell**:
|
||||
$ tcsh --version
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
tcsh 6.18.01 (Astron) 2012-02-14 (x86_64-unknown-linux) options wide,nls,dl,al,kan,rh,nd,color,filec
|
||||
|
||||
对于一些 shells，你还可以使用 shell 特定的变量（例如，$ BASH_VERSION 或 $ ZSH_VERSION）。
|
||||
对于某些 shell，你还可以使用 shell 特定的变量（例如，$BASH_VERSION 或 $ZSH_VERSION）。
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo $BASH_VERSION
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
4.3.8(1)-release
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
@@ -84,7 +69,7 @@ via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/which-shell-am-i-using.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
Linux Foundation Explains a "World without Linux" and Open Source
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> The Linux Foundation responds to questions about its "World without Linux" movies, including what the Internet would be like without Linux and other open source software.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Would the world really be tremendously different if Linux, the open source operating system kernel, did not exist? Would there be no Internet or movies? Those are the questions some viewers of the [Linux Foundation's][1] ongoing "[World without Linux][2]" video series are asking. Here are some answers.
|
||||
|
||||
In case you've missed it, the "World without Linux" series is a collection of quirky short films that depict, well, a world without Linux (and open source software more generally). They have emphasized themes like [Linux's role in movie-making][3] and in [serving the Internet][4].
|
||||
|
||||
To offer perspective on the series's claims, direction and hidden symbols, Jennifer Cloer, vice president of communications at The Linux Foundation, recently sent The VAR Guy responses to some common queries about the movies. Below are the answers, in her own words.
|
||||
|
||||
### The latest episode takes Sam and Annie to the movies. Would today's graphics really be that much different without Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
In episode #4, we do a bit of a parody on "Avatar." Love it or hate it, the graphics in the real "Avatar" are pretty impressive. In a world without Linux, the graphics would be horrible but we wouldn't even know it because we wouldn't know any better. But in fact, "Avatar" was created using Linux. Weta Digital used one of the world's largest Linux clusters to render the film and do 3D modeling. It's also been reported that "Lord of the Rings," "Fantastic Four" and "King Kong," among others, have used Linux. We hope this episode can bring attention to that work, which hasn't been widely reported.
|
||||
|
||||
### Some people criticized the original episode for concluding there would be no Internet without Linux. What's your reaction? ###
|
||||
|
||||
We enjoyed the debate that resulted from the debut episode. With more than 100,000 views to date of that episode alone, it brought awareness to the role that Linux plays in society and to the worldwide community of contributors and supporters. Of course the Internet would exist without Linux but it wouldn't be the Internet we know today and it wouldn't have matured at the pace it has. Each episode makes a bold and fun statement about Linux's role in our every day lives. We hope this can help extend the story of Linux to more people around the world.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why is Sam and Annie's cat named String? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Nothing in the series is a coincidence. Look closely and you'll find all kinds of inside Linux and geek jokes. String is named after String theory and was named by our Linux.com Editor Libby Clark. In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. Kind of like Sam, Annie and String in a World Without Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### What can we expect from the next two episodes and, in particular, the finale? When will it air? ###
|
||||
|
||||
In episode #5, we'll go to space and experience what a world without Linux would mean to exploration. It's a wild ride. In the finale, we finally get to see Linus in a world without Linux. There have been clues throughout the series as to what this finale will include but I can't give more than that away since there are ongoing contests to find the clues. And I can't give away the air date for the finale! You'll have to follow #WorldWithoutLinux to learn more.
|
||||
|
||||
### Can you give us a hint on the clues in episode #4? ###
|
||||
|
||||
There is another reference to the Free Burger Restaurant in this episode. Linux also actually does appear in this world without Linux but in a very covert way; you could say it's like reading Linux in another language. And, of course, just for fun, String makes another appearance.
|
||||
|
||||
### Is the series achieving what you hoped? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Yes. We're really happy to see people share and engage with these stories. We hope that it's reaching people who might not otherwise know the story of Linux or understand its pervasiveness in the world today. It's really about surfacing this to a broader audience and giving thanks to the worldwide community of developers and companies that support Linux and all the things it makes possible.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-foundation-explains-world-without-linux-and-open-so
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/world-without-linux
|
||||
[3]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/new-linux-foundation-video-highlights-role-open-source-3d
|
||||
[4]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/100715/would-internet-exist-without-linux-yes-without-open-sourc
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
|
||||
Microsoft and Linux: True Romance or Toxic Love?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Every now and then, you come across a news story that makes you choke on your coffee or splutter hot latte all over your monitor. Microsoft's recent proclamations of love for Linux is an outstanding example of such a story.
|
||||
|
||||
Common sense says that Microsoft and the FOSS movement should be perpetual enemies. In the eyes of many, Microsoft embodies most of the greedy excesses that the Free Software movement rejects. In addition, Microsoft previously has labeled Linux as a cancer and the FOSS community as a "pack of thieves".
|
||||
|
||||
We can understand why Microsoft has been afraid of a free operating system. When combined with open-source applications that challenge Microsoft's core line, it threatens Microsoft's grip on the desktop/laptop market.
|
||||
|
||||
In spite of Microsoft's fears over its desktop dominance, the Web server marketplace is one arena where Linux has had the greatest impact. Today, the majority of Web servers are Linux boxes. This includes most of the world's busiest sites. The sight of so much unclaimed licensing revenue must be painful indeed for Microsoft.
|
||||
|
||||
Handheld devices are another realm where Microsoft has lost ground to free software. At one point, its Windows CE and Pocket PC operating systems were at the forefront of mobile computing. Windows-powered PDA devices were the shiniest and flashiest gadgets around. But, that all ended when Apple released its iPhone. Since then, Android has stepped into the limelight, with Windows Mobile largely ignored and forgotten. The Android platform is built on free and open-source components.
|
||||
|
||||
The rapid expansion in Android's market share is due to the open nature of the platform. Unlike with iOS, any phone manufacturer can release an Android handset. And, unlike with Windows Mobile, there are no licensing fees. This has been really good news for consumers. It has led to lots of powerful and cheap handsets appearing from manufacturers all over the world. It's a very definite vindication of the value of FOSS software.
|
||||
|
||||
Losing the battle for the Web and mobile computing is a brutal loss for Microsoft. When you consider the size of those two markets combined, the desktop market seems like a stagnant backwater. Nobody likes to lose, especially when money is on the line. And, Microsoft does have a lot to lose. You would expect Microsoft to be bitter about it. And in the past, it has been.
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft has fought back against Linux and FOSS using every weapon at its disposal, from propaganda to patent threats, and although these attacks have slowed the adoption of Linux, they haven't stopped it.
|
||||
|
||||
So, you can forgive us for being shocked when Microsoft starts handing out t-shirts and badges that say "Microsoft Loves Linux" at open-source conferences and events. Could it be true? Does Microsoft really love Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, PR slogans and free t-shirts do not equal truth. Actions speak louder than words. And when you consider Microsoft's actions, Microsoft's stance becomes a little more ambiguous.
|
||||
|
||||
On the one hand, Microsoft is recruiting hundreds of Linux developers and sysadmins. It's releasing its .NET Core framework as an open-source project with cross-platform support (so that .NET apps can run on OS X and Linux). And, it is partnering with Linux companies to bring popular distros to its Azure platform. In fact, Microsoft even has gone so far as to create its own Linux distro for its Azure data center.
|
||||
|
||||
On the other hand, Microsoft continues to launch legal attacks on open-source projects directly and through puppet corporations. It's clear that Microsoft hasn't had some big moral change of heart over proprietary vs. free software, so why the public declarations of adoration?
|
||||
|
||||
To state the obvious, Microsoft is a profit-making entity. It's an investment vehicle for its shareholders and a source of income for its employees. Everything it does has a single ultimate goal: revenue. Microsoft doesn't act out of love or even hate (although that's a common accusation).
|
||||
|
||||
So the question shouldn't be "does Microsoft really love Linux?" Instead, we should ask how Microsoft is going to profit from all this.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's take the open-source release of .NET Core. This move makes it easy to port the .NET runtime to any platform. That extends the reach of Microsoft's .NET framework far beyond the Windows platform.
|
||||
|
||||
Opening .NET Core ultimately will make it possible for .NET developers to produce cross-platform apps for OS X, Linux, iOS and even Android--all from a single codebase.
|
||||
|
||||
From a developer's perspective, this makes the .NET framework much more attractive than before. Being able to reach many platforms from a single codebase dramatically increases the potential target market for any app developed using the .NET framework.
|
||||
|
||||
What's more, a strong Open Source community would provide developers with lots of code to reuse in their own projects. So, the availability of open-source projects would make the .NET framework.
|
||||
|
||||
On the plus side, opening .NET Core reduces fragmentation across different platforms and means a wider choice of apps for consumers. That means more choice, both in terms of open-source software and proprietary apps.
|
||||
|
||||
From Microsoft's point of view, it would gain a huge army of developers. Microsoft profits by selling training, certification, technical support, development tools (including Visual Studio) and proprietary extensions.
|
||||
|
||||
The question we should ask ourselves is does this benefit or hurt the Free Software community?
|
||||
|
||||
Widespread adoption of the .NET framework could mean the eventual death of competing open-source projects, forcing us all to dance to Microsoft's tune.
|
||||
|
||||
Moving beyond .NET, Microsoft is drawing a lot of attention to its Linux support on its Azure cloud computing platform. Remember, Azure originally was Windows Azure. That's because Windows Server was the only supported operating system. Today, Azure offers support for a number of Linux distros too.
|
||||
|
||||
There's one reason for this: paying customers who need and want Linux services. If Microsoft didn't offer Linux virtual machines, those customers would do business with someone else.
|
||||
|
||||
It looks like Microsoft is waking up to the fact that Linux is here to stay. Microsoft cannot feasibly wipe it out, so it has to embrace it.
|
||||
|
||||
This brings us back to the question of why there is so much buzz about Microsoft and Linux. We're all talking about it, because Microsoft wants us to think about it. After all, all these stories trace back to Microsoft, whether it's through press releases, blog posts or public announcements at conferences. The company is working hard to draw attention to its Linux expertise.
|
||||
|
||||
What other possible purpose could be behind Chief Architect Kamala Subramaniam's blog post announcing Azure Cloud Switch? ACS is a custom Linux distro that Microsoft uses to automate the configuration of its switch hardware in the Azure data centers.
|
||||
|
||||
ACS is not publicly available. It's intended for internal use in the Azure data center, and it's unlikely that anyone else would be able to find a use for it. In fact, Subramaniam states the same thing herself in her post.
|
||||
|
||||
So, Microsoft won't be making any money from selling ACS, and it won't attract a user base by giving it away. Instead, Microsoft gets to draw attention to Linux and Azure, strengthening its position as a Linux cloud computing platform.
|
||||
|
||||
Is Microsoft's new-found love for Linux good news for the community?
|
||||
|
||||
We shouldn't be slow to forget Microsoft's mantra of Embrace, Extend and Exterminate. Right now, Microsoft is very much in the early stages of embracing Linux. Will Microsoft seek to splinter the community through custom extensions and proprietary "standards"?
|
||||
|
||||
Let us know what you think in the comments below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/microsoft-and-linux-true-romance-or-toxic-love-0
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[James Darvell][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/james-darvell
|
||||
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Translating by XLCYun
|
||||
Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Intel has announced a new release of its Linux graphics installer recently. Ubuntu 15.10 Wily is required and support for Ubuntu 15.04 is deprecated in the new release.
|
||||
|
||||
> The Intel® Graphics Installer for Linux* allows you to easily install the latest graphics and video drivers for your Intel graphics hardware. This allows you to stay current with the latest enhancements, optimizations, and fixes to the Intel® Graphics Stack to ensure the best user experience with your Intel® graphics hardware. The Intel® Graphics Installer for Linux* is available for the latest version of Ubuntu*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### How to Install: ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1.** Download the installer from [the link page][1]. The current is version 1.2.1 for Ubuntu 15.10. Check your OS type, 32-bit or 64-bit, via **System Settings -> Details**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**2.** Once the download process finished, go to your Download folder and click open the .deb package with Ubuntu Software Center and finally click the install button.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**3.** In order to trust the Intel Graphics Installer, you will need to add keys via below commands.
|
||||
|
||||
Open terminal from Unity Dash, App Launcher, or via Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut key. When it opens, paste below commands and run one by one:
|
||||
|
||||
wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg -O - | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
|
||||
wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg-2 -O - | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: While running the first command, if the cursor is stuck and blinking after downloading the key, as above picture shows, type your password (no visual feedback) and hit enter to continue.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally launch Intel Graphics Installer via Unity Dash or Application launcher.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-intel-graphics-installer-in-ubuntu-15-10/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ji m][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/
|
||||
[1]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
||||
Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
One of the biggest freedoms associated with free software is the ability to replace a program with an updated or modified version. Even so, of the many millions of people using Linux-powered phones, few are able to run a mainline kernel on those phones, even if they have the technical skills to do the replacement. The sad fact is that no mainstream phone available runs mainline kernels. A session at the 2015 Kernel Summit, led by Rob Herring, explored this problem and what might be done to address it.
|
||||
|
||||
When asked, most of the developers in the room indicated that they would prefer to be able to run mainline kernels on their phones — though a handful did say that they would rather not do so. Rob has been working on this problem for the last year and a half in support of Project Ara (mentioned in this article). But the news is not good.
|
||||
|
||||
There is, he said, too much out-of-tree code running on a typical handset; mainline kernels simply lack the drivers needed to make that handset work. A typical phone is running 1-3 million lines of out-of-tree code. Almost all of those phones are stuck on the 3.10 kernel — or something even older. There are all kinds of reasons for this, but the simple fact is that things seem to move too quickly in the handset world for the kernel community to keep up. Is that, he asked, something that we care about?
|
||||
|
||||
Tim Bird noted that the Nexus 1, one of the original Android phones, never ran a mainline kernel and never will. It broke the promise of open source, making it impossible for users to put a new kernel onto their devices. At this point, no phone supports that ability. Peter Zijlstra wondered about how much of that out-of-tree code was duplicated functionality from one handset to the next; Rob noted that he has run into three independently developed hotplug governors so far.
|
||||
|
||||
Dirk Hohndel suggested that few people care. Of the billion phones out there, he said, approximately 27 of them have owners who care about running mainline kernels. The rest just want to get the phone to work. Perhaps developers who are concerned about running mainline kernels are trying to solve the wrong problem.
|
||||
|
||||
Chris Mason said that handset vendors are currently facing the same sorts of problems that distributors dealt with many years ago. They are coping with a lot of inefficient, repeated, duplicated work. Once the distributors [Rob Herring] decided to put their work into the mainline instead of carrying it themselves, things got a lot better. The key is to help the phone manufacturers to realize that they can benefit in the same way; that, rather than pressure from users, is how the problem will be solved.
|
||||
|
||||
Grant Likely raised concerns about security in a world where phones cannot be upgraded. What we need is a real distribution market for phones. But, as long as the vendors are in charge of the operating software, phones will not be upgradeable. We have a big security mess coming, he said. Peter added that, with Stagefright, that mess is already upon us.
|
||||
|
||||
Ted Ts'o said that running mainline kernels is not his biggest concern. He would be happy if the phones on sale this holiday season would be running a 3.18 or 4.1 kernel, rather than being stuck on 3.10. That, he suggested, is a more solvable problem. Steve Rostedt said that would not solve the security problem, but Ted remarked that a newer kernel would at least make it easier to backport fixes. Grant replied that, one year from now, it would all just happen again; shipping newer kernels is just an incremental fix. Kees Cook added that there is not much to be gained from backporting fixes; the real problem is that there are no defenses from bugs (he would expand on this theme in a separate session later in the day).
|
||||
|
||||
Rob said that any kind of solution would require getting the vendors on board. That, though, will likely run into trouble with the sort of lockdown that vendors like to apply to their devices. Paolo Bonzini asked whether it would be possible to sue vendors over unfixed security vulnerabilities, especially when the devices are still under warranty. Grant said that upgradeability had to become a market requirement or it simply wasn't going to happen. It might be a nasty security issue that causes this to happen, or carriers might start requiring it. Meanwhile, kernel developers need to keep pushing in that direction. Rob noted that, beyond the advantages noted thus far, the ability to run mainline kernels would help developers to test and validate new features on Android devices.
|
||||
|
||||
Josh Triplett asked whether the community would be prepared to do what it would take if the industry were to come around to the idea of mainline kernel support. There would be lots of testing and validation of kernels on handsets required; Android Compatibility Test Suite failures would have to be treated as regressions. Rob suggested that this could be discussed next year, after the basic functionality is in place, but Josh insisted that, if the demand were to show up, we would have to be able to give a good answer.
|
||||
|
||||
Tim said that there is currently a big disconnect with the vendor world; vendors are not reporting or contributing anything back to the community at all. They are completely disconnected, so there is no forward progress ever. Josh noted that when vendors do report bugs with the old kernels they are using, the reception tends to be less than friendly. Arnd Bergmann said that what was needed was to get one of the big silicon vendors to commit to the idea and get its hardware to a point where running mainline kernels was possible; that would put pressure on the others. But, he added, that would require the existence of one free GPU driver that got shipped with the hardware — something that does not exist currently.
|
||||
|
||||
Rob put up a list of problem areas, but there was not much time for discussion of the particulars. WiFi drivers continue to be an issue, especially with the new features being added in the Android world. Johannes Berg agreed that the new features are an issue; the Android developers do not even talk about them until they ship with the hardware. Support for most of those features does eventually land in the mainline kernel, though.
|
||||
|
||||
As things wound down, Ben Herrenschmidt reiterated that the key was to get vendors to realize that working with the mainline kernel is in their own best interest; it saves work in the long run. Mark Brown said that, in past years when the kernel version shipped with Android moved forward more reliably, the benefits of working upstream were more apparent to vendors. Now that things seem to be stuck on 3.10, that pressure is not there in the same way. The session ended with developers determined to improve the situation, but without any clear plan for getting there.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://lwn.net/Articles/662147/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jonathan Corbet][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://lwn.net/Articles/KernelSummit2015/
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
|
||||
How to Install Nginx as Reverse Proxy for Apache on FreeBSD 10.2
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Nginx is free and open source HTTP server and reverse proxy, as well as an mail proxy server for IMAP/POP3. Nginx is high performance web server with rich of features, simple configuration and low memory usage. Originally written by Igor Sysoev on 2002, and until now has been used by a big technology company including Netflix, Github, Cloudflare, WordPress.com etc.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial we will "**install and configure nginx web server as reverse proxy for apache on freebsd 10.2**". Apache will run with php on port 8080, and then we need to configure nginx run on port 80 to receive a request from user/visitor. If user request for web page from the browser on port 80, then nginx will pass the request to apache webserver and PHP that running on port 8080.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Prerequisite ####
|
||||
|
||||
- FreeBSD 10.2.
|
||||
- Root privileges.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 1 - Update the System ###
|
||||
|
||||
Log in to your freebsd server with ssh credential and update system with command below :
|
||||
|
||||
freebsd-update fetch
|
||||
freebsd-update install
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 2 - Install Apache ###
|
||||
|
||||
pache is open source HTTP server and the most widely used web server. Apache is not installed by default on freebsd, but we can install it from the ports or package on "/usr/ports/www/apache24" or install it from freebsd repository with pkg command. In this tutorial we will use pkg command to install from the freebsd repository :
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install apache24
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 3 - Install PHP ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once apache is installed, followed with installing php for handling a PHP file request by a user. We will install php with pkg command as below :
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install php56 mod_php56 php56-mysql php56-mysqli
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 4 - Configure Apache and PHP ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once all is installed, we will configure apache to run on port 8080, and php working with apache. To configure apache, we can edit the configuration file "httpd.conf", and for PHP we just need to copy the php configuration file php.ini on "/usr/local/etc/" directory.
|
||||
|
||||
Go to "/usr/local/etc/" directory and copy php.ini-production file to php.ini :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/
|
||||
cp php.ini-production php.ini
|
||||
|
||||
Next, configure apache by editing file "httpd.conf" on apache directory :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/apache24
|
||||
nano -c httpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Port configuration on line **52** :
|
||||
|
||||
Listen 8080
|
||||
|
||||
ServerName configuration on line **219** :
|
||||
|
||||
ServerName 127.0.0.1:8080
|
||||
|
||||
Add DirectoryIndex file that apache will serve it if a directory requested on line **277** :
|
||||
|
||||
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html
|
||||
|
||||
Configure apache to work with php by adding script below under line **287** :
|
||||
|
||||
<FilesMatch "\.php$">
|
||||
SetHandler application/x-httpd-php
|
||||
</FilesMatch>
|
||||
<FilesMatch "\.phps$">
|
||||
SetHandler application/x-httpd-php-source
|
||||
</FilesMatch>
|
||||
|
||||
Save and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
Now add apache to start at boot time with sysrc command :
|
||||
|
||||
sysrc apache24_enable=yes
|
||||
|
||||
And test apache configuration with command below :
|
||||
|
||||
apachectl configtest
|
||||
|
||||
If there is no error, start apache :
|
||||
|
||||
service apache24 start
|
||||
|
||||
If all is done, verify that php is running well with apache by creating phpinfo file on "/usr/local/www/apache24/data" directory :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/www/apache24/data
|
||||
echo "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" > info.php
|
||||
|
||||
Now visit the freebsd server IP : 192.168.1.123:8080/info.php.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Apache is working with php on port 8080.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 5 - Install Nginx ###
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx high performance web server and reverse proxy with low memory consumption. In this step we will use nginx as reverse proxy for apache, so let's install it with pkg command :
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install nginx
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 6 - Configure Nginx ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once nginx is installed, we must configure it by replacing nginx file "**nginx.conf**" with new configuration below. Change the directory to "/usr/local/etc/nginx/" and backup default nginx.conf :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/
|
||||
mv nginx.conf nginx.conf.oroginal
|
||||
|
||||
Now create new nginx configuration file :
|
||||
|
||||
nano -c nginx.conf
|
||||
|
||||
and paste configuration below :
|
||||
|
||||
user www;
|
||||
worker_processes 1;
|
||||
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
|
||||
|
||||
events {
|
||||
worker_connections 1024;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
http {
|
||||
include mime.types;
|
||||
default_type application/octet-stream;
|
||||
|
||||
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
|
||||
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
|
||||
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
|
||||
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
|
||||
|
||||
sendfile on;
|
||||
keepalive_timeout 65;
|
||||
|
||||
# Nginx cache configuration
|
||||
proxy_cache_path /var/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my-cache:8m max_size=1000m inactive=600m;
|
||||
proxy_temp_path /var/nginx/cache/tmp;
|
||||
proxy_cache_key "$scheme$host$request_uri";
|
||||
|
||||
gzip on;
|
||||
|
||||
server {
|
||||
#listen 80;
|
||||
server_name _;
|
||||
|
||||
location /nginx_status {
|
||||
|
||||
stub_status on;
|
||||
access_log off;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
|
||||
#
|
||||
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
|
||||
location = /50x.html {
|
||||
root /usr/local/www/nginx-dist;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:8080
|
||||
#
|
||||
location ~ \.php$ {
|
||||
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
|
||||
include /usr/local/etc/nginx/proxy.conf;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
include /usr/local/etc/nginx/vhost/*;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Save and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, create new file called **proxy.conf** for reverse proxy configuration on nginx directory :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/
|
||||
nano -c proxy.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Paste configuration below :
|
||||
|
||||
proxy_buffering on;
|
||||
proxy_redirect off;
|
||||
proxy_set_header Host $host;
|
||||
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
|
||||
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
|
||||
client_max_body_size 10m;
|
||||
client_body_buffer_size 128k;
|
||||
proxy_connect_timeout 90;
|
||||
proxy_send_timeout 90;
|
||||
proxy_read_timeout 90;
|
||||
proxy_buffers 100 8k;
|
||||
add_header X-Cache $upstream_cache_status;
|
||||
|
||||
Save and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
And the last, create new directory for nginx cache on "/var/nginx/cache" :
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir -p /var/nginx/cache
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 7 - Configure Nginx VirtualHost ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this step we will create new virtualhost for domain "saitama.me", with document root on "/usr/local/www/saitama.me" and the log file on "/var/log/nginx" directory.
|
||||
|
||||
First thing we must do is creating new directory to store the virtualhost file, we here use new directory called "**vhost**". Let's create it :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/
|
||||
mkdir vhost
|
||||
|
||||
vhost directory has been created, now go to the directory and create new file virtualhost. I'me here will create new file "**saitama.conf**" :
|
||||
|
||||
cd vhost/
|
||||
nano -c saitama.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Paste virtualhost configuration below :
|
||||
|
||||
server {
|
||||
# Replace with your freebsd IP
|
||||
listen 192.168.1.123:80;
|
||||
|
||||
# Document Root
|
||||
root /usr/local/www/saitama.me;
|
||||
index index.php index.html index.htm;
|
||||
|
||||
# Domain
|
||||
server_name www.saitama.me saitama.me;
|
||||
|
||||
# Error and Access log file
|
||||
error_log /var/log/nginx/saitama-error.log;
|
||||
access_log /var/log/nginx/saitama-access.log main;
|
||||
|
||||
# Reverse Proxy Configuration
|
||||
location ~ \.php$ {
|
||||
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
|
||||
include /usr/local/etc/nginx/proxy.conf;
|
||||
|
||||
# Cache configuration
|
||||
proxy_cache my-cache;
|
||||
proxy_cache_valid 10s;
|
||||
proxy_no_cache $cookie_PHPSESSID;
|
||||
proxy_cache_bypass $cookie_PHPSESSID;
|
||||
proxy_cache_key "$scheme$host$request_uri";
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# Disable Cache for the file type html, json
|
||||
location ~* .(?:manifest|appcache|html?|xml|json)$ {
|
||||
expires -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# Enable Cache the file 30 days
|
||||
location ~* .(jpg|png|gif|jpeg|css|mp3|wav|swf|mov|doc|pdf|xls|ppt|docx|pptx|xlsx)$ {
|
||||
proxy_cache_valid 200 120m;
|
||||
expires 30d;
|
||||
proxy_cache my-cache;
|
||||
access_log off;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Save and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, create new log directory for nginx and virtualhost on "/var/log/" :
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir -p /var/log/nginx/
|
||||
|
||||
If all is done, let's create a directory for document root for saitama.me :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/www/
|
||||
mkdir saitama.me
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 8 - Testing ###
|
||||
|
||||
This step is just test our nginx configuration and test the nginx virtualhost.
|
||||
|
||||
Test nginx configuration with command below :
|
||||
|
||||
nginx -t
|
||||
|
||||
If there is no problem, add nginx to boot time with sysrc command, and then start it and restart apache:
|
||||
|
||||
sysrc nginx_enable=yes
|
||||
service nginx start
|
||||
service apache24 restart
|
||||
|
||||
All is done, now verify the the php is working by adding new file phpinfo on saitama.me directory :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/www/saitama.me
|
||||
echo "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" > info.php
|
||||
|
||||
Visit the domain : **www.saitama.me/info.php**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx as reverse proxy for apache is working, and php is working too.
|
||||
|
||||
And this is another results :
|
||||
|
||||
Test .html file with no-cache.
|
||||
|
||||
curl -I www.saitama.me
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Test .css file with 30day cache.
|
||||
|
||||
curl -I www.saitama.me/test.css
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Test .php file with cache :
|
||||
|
||||
curl -I www.saitama.me/info.php
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
All is done.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx is most popular HTTP server and reverse proxy. Has a rich of features with high performance and low memory/RAM usage. Nginx use too for caching, we can cache a static file on the web to make the web fast load, and cache for php file if a user request for it. Nginx is easy to configure and use, use for HTTP server or act as reverse proxy for apache.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-nginx-reverse-proxy-apache-freebsd-10-2/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arul][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arulm/
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove trailing whitespaces in a file on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Question: I have a text file in which I need to remove all trailing whitespsaces (e.g., spaces and tabs) in each line for formatting purpose. Is there a quick and easy Linux command line tool I can use for this?
|
||||
|
||||
When you are writing code for your program, you must understand that there are standard coding styles to follow. For example, "trailing whitespaces" are typically considered evil because when they get into a code repository for revision control, they can cause a lot of problems and confusion (e.g., "false diffs"). Many IDEs and text editors are capable of highlighting and automatically trimming trailing whitepsaces at the end of each line.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are a few ways to **remove trailing whitespaces in Linux command-line environment**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Method One ###
|
||||
|
||||
A simple command line approach to remove unwanted whitespaces is via sed.
|
||||
|
||||
The following command deletes all spaces and tabs at the end of each line in input.java.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//' input.java
|
||||
|
||||
If there are multiple files that need trailing whitespaces removed, you can use a combination of find and sed. For example, the following command deletes trailing whitespaces in all *.java files recursively found in the current directory as well as all its sub-directories.
|
||||
|
||||
$ find . -name "*.java" -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//'
|
||||
|
||||
### Method Two ###
|
||||
|
||||
Vim text editor is able to highlight and trim whitespaces in a file as well.
|
||||
|
||||
To highlight all trailing whitespaces in a file, open the file with Vim editor and enable text highlighting by typing the following in Vim command line mode.
|
||||
|
||||
:set hlsearch
|
||||
|
||||
Then search for trailing whitespaces by typing:
|
||||
|
||||
/\s\+$
|
||||
|
||||
This will show all trailing spaces and tabs found throughout the file.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then to clean up all trailing whitespaces in a file with Vim, type the following Vim command.
|
||||
|
||||
:%s/\s\+$//
|
||||
|
||||
This command means substituting all whitespace characters found at the end of the line (\s\+$) with no character.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/remove-trailing-whitespaces-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
|
||||
HowTo: Use grep Command In Linux / UNIX – Examples
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
How do I use grep command on Linux, Apple OS X, and Unix-like operating systems? Can you give me a simple examples of the grep command?
|
||||
|
||||
The grep command is used to search text or searches the given file for lines containing a match to the given strings or words. By default, grep displays the matching lines. Use grep to search for lines of text that match one or many regular expressions, and outputs only the matching lines. grep is considered as one of the most useful commands on Linux and Unix-like operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### Did you know? ###
|
||||
|
||||
The name, "grep", derives from the command used to perform a similar operation, using the Unix/Linux text editor ed:
|
||||
|
||||
g/re/p
|
||||
|
||||
### The grep command syntax ###
|
||||
|
||||
The syntax is as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
grep 'word' filename
|
||||
grep 'word' file1 file2 file3
|
||||
grep 'string1 string2' filename
|
||||
cat otherfile | grep 'something'
|
||||
command | grep 'something'
|
||||
command option1 | grep 'data'
|
||||
grep --color 'data' fileName
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I use grep command to search a file? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Search /etc/passwd file for boo user, enter:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep boo /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
foo:x:1000:1000:foo,,,:/home/foo:/bin/ksh
|
||||
|
||||
You can force grep to ignore word case i.e match boo, Boo, BOO and all other combination with the -i option:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -i "boo" /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
### Use grep recursively ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can search recursively i.e. read all files under each directory for a string "192.168.1.5"
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -r "192.168.1.5" /etc/
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -R "192.168.1.5" /etc/
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/ppp/options:# ms-wins 192.168.1.50
|
||||
/etc/ppp/options:# ms-wins 192.168.1.51
|
||||
/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/Wired connection 1:addresses1=192.168.1.5;24;192.168.1.2;
|
||||
|
||||
You will see result for 192.168.1.5 on a separate line preceded by the name of the file (such as /etc/ppp/options) in which it was found. The inclusion of the file names in the output data can be suppressed by using the -h option as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -h -R "192.168.1.5" /etc/
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -hR "192.168.1.5" /etc/
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
# ms-wins 192.168.1.50
|
||||
# ms-wins 192.168.1.51
|
||||
addresses1=192.168.1.5;24;192.168.1.2;
|
||||
|
||||
### Use grep to search words only ###
|
||||
|
||||
When you search for boo, grep will match fooboo, boo123, barfoo35 and more. You can force the grep command to select only those lines containing matches that form whole words i.e. match only boo word:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -w "boo" file
|
||||
|
||||
### Use grep to search 2 different words ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use the egrep command as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
$ egrep -w 'word1|word2' /path/to/file
|
||||
|
||||
### Count line when words has been matched ###
|
||||
|
||||
The grep can report the number of times that the pattern has been matched for each file using -c (count) option:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -c 'word' /path/to/file
|
||||
|
||||
Pass the -n option to precede each line of output with the number of the line in the text file from which it was obtained:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -n 'root' /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
||||
1042:rootdoor:x:0:0:rootdoor:/home/rootdoor:/bin/csh
|
||||
3319:initrootapp:x:0:0:initrootapp:/home/initroot:/bin/ksh
|
||||
|
||||
### Grep invert match ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can use -v option to print inverts the match; that is, it matches only those lines that do not contain the given word. For example print all line that do not contain the word bar:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -v bar /path/to/file
|
||||
|
||||
### UNIX / Linux pipes and grep command ###
|
||||
|
||||
grep command often used with [shell pipes][1]. In this example, show the name of the hard disk devices:
|
||||
|
||||
# dmesg | egrep '(s|h)d[a-z]'
|
||||
|
||||
Display cpu model name:
|
||||
|
||||
# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep -i 'Model'
|
||||
|
||||
However, above command can be also used as follows without shell pipe:
|
||||
|
||||
# grep -i 'Model' /proc/cpuinfo
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
model : 30
|
||||
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 CPU Q 820 @ 1.73GHz
|
||||
model : 30
|
||||
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 CPU Q 820 @ 1.73GHz
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I list just the names of matching files? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use the -l option to list file name whose contents mention main():
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -l 'main' *.c
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, you can force grep to display output in colors, enter:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep --color vivek /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Grep command in action
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-use-grep-command-in-linux-unix/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Pipes
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
|
||||
Regular Expressions In grep
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
How do I use the Grep command with regular expressions on a Linux and Unix-like operating systems?
|
||||
|
||||
Linux comes with GNU grep, which supports extended regular expressions. GNU grep is the default on all Linux systems. The grep command is used to locate information stored anywhere on your server or workstation.
|
||||
|
||||
### Regular Expressions ###
|
||||
|
||||
Regular Expressions is nothing but a pattern to match for each input line. A pattern is a sequence of characters. Following all are examples of pattern:
|
||||
|
||||
^w1
|
||||
w1|w2
|
||||
[^ ]
|
||||
|
||||
#### grep Regular Expressions Examples ####
|
||||
|
||||
Search for 'vivek' in /etc/passswd
|
||||
|
||||
grep vivek /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
vivek:x:1000:1000:Vivek Gite,,,:/home/vivek:/bin/bash
|
||||
vivekgite:x:1001:1001::/home/vivekgite:/bin/sh
|
||||
gitevivek:x:1002:1002::/home/gitevivek:/bin/sh
|
||||
|
||||
Search vivek in any case (i.e. case insensitive search)
|
||||
|
||||
grep -i -w vivek /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
Search vivek or raj in any case
|
||||
|
||||
grep -E -i -w 'vivek|raj' /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
The PATTERN in last example, used as an extended regular expression.
|
||||
|
||||
### Anchors ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can use ^ and $ to force a regex to match only at the start or end of a line, respectively. The following example displays lines starting with the vivek only:
|
||||
|
||||
grep ^vivek /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
vivek:x:1000:1000:Vivek Gite,,,:/home/vivek:/bin/bash
|
||||
vivekgite:x:1001:1001::/home/vivekgite:/bin/sh
|
||||
|
||||
You can display only lines starting with the word vivek only i.e. do not display vivekgite, vivekg etc:
|
||||
|
||||
grep -w ^vivek /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
Find lines ending with word foo:
|
||||
grep 'foo$' filename
|
||||
|
||||
Match line only containing foo:
|
||||
|
||||
grep '^foo$' filename
|
||||
|
||||
You can search for blank lines with the following examples:
|
||||
|
||||
grep '^$' filename
|
||||
|
||||
### Character Class ###
|
||||
|
||||
Match Vivek or vivek:
|
||||
|
||||
grep '[vV]ivek' filename
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
grep '[vV][iI][Vv][Ee][kK]' filename
|
||||
|
||||
You can also match digits (i.e match vivek1 or Vivek2 etc):
|
||||
|
||||
grep -w '[vV]ivek[0-9]' filename
|
||||
|
||||
You can match two numeric digits (i.e. match foo11, foo12 etc):
|
||||
|
||||
grep 'foo[0-9][0-9]' filename
|
||||
|
||||
You are not limited to digits, you can match at least one letter:
|
||||
|
||||
grep '[A-Za-z]' filename
|
||||
|
||||
Display all the lines containing either a "w" or "n" character:
|
||||
|
||||
grep [wn] filename
|
||||
|
||||
Within a bracket expression, the name of a character class enclosed in "[:" and ":]" stands for the list of all characters belonging to that class. Standard character class names are:
|
||||
|
||||
- [:alnum:] - Alphanumeric characters.
|
||||
- [:alpha:] - Alphabetic characters
|
||||
- [:blank:] - Blank characters: space and tab.
|
||||
- [:digit:] - Digits: '0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9'.
|
||||
- [:lower:] - Lower-case letters: 'a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z'.
|
||||
- [:space:] - Space characters: tab, newline, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, and space.
|
||||
- [:upper:] - Upper-case letters: 'A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z'.
|
||||
|
||||
In this example match all upper case letters:
|
||||
|
||||
grep '[:upper:]' filename
|
||||
|
||||
### Wildcards ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can use the "." for a single character match. In this example match all 3 character word starting with "b" and ending in "t":
|
||||
|
||||
grep '\<b.t\>' filename
|
||||
|
||||
Where,
|
||||
|
||||
- \< Match the empty string at the beginning of word
|
||||
- \> Match the empty string at the end of word.
|
||||
|
||||
Print all lines with exactly two characters:
|
||||
|
||||
grep '^..$' filename
|
||||
|
||||
Display any lines starting with a dot and digit:
|
||||
|
||||
grep '^\.[0-9]' filename
|
||||
|
||||
#### Escaping the dot ####
|
||||
|
||||
The following regex to find an IP address 192.168.1.254 will not work:
|
||||
|
||||
grep '192.168.1.254' /etc/hosts
|
||||
|
||||
All three dots need to be escaped:
|
||||
|
||||
grep '192\.168\.1\.254' /etc/hosts
|
||||
|
||||
The following example will only match an IP address:
|
||||
|
||||
egrep '[[:digit:]]{1,3}\.[[:digit:]]{1,3}\.[[:digit:]]{1,3}\.[[:digit:]]{1,3}' filename
|
||||
|
||||
The following will match word Linux or UNIX in any case:
|
||||
|
||||
egrep -i '^(linux|unix)' filename
|
||||
|
||||
### How Do I Search a Pattern Which Has a Leading - Symbol? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Searches for all lines matching '--test--' using -e option Without -e, grep would attempt to parse '--test--' as a list of options:
|
||||
|
||||
grep -e '--test--' filename
|
||||
|
||||
### How Do I do OR with grep? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
grep 'word1|word2' filename
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
grep 'word1\|word2' filename
|
||||
|
||||
### How Do I do AND with grep? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following syntax to display all lines that contain both 'word1' and 'word2'
|
||||
|
||||
grep 'word1' filename | grep 'word2'
|
||||
|
||||
### How Do I Test Sequence? ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can test how often a character must be repeated in sequence using the following syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
{N}
|
||||
{N,}
|
||||
{min,max}
|
||||
|
||||
Match a character "v" two times:
|
||||
|
||||
egrep "v{2}" filename
|
||||
|
||||
The following will match both "col" and "cool":
|
||||
|
||||
egrep 'co{1,2}l' filename
|
||||
|
||||
The following will match any row of at least three letters 'c'.
|
||||
|
||||
egrep 'c{3,}' filename
|
||||
|
||||
The following example will match mobile number which is in the following format 91-1234567890 (i.e twodigit-tendigit)
|
||||
|
||||
grep "[[:digit:]]\{2\}[ -]\?[[:digit:]]\{10\}" filename
|
||||
|
||||
### How Do I Hightlight with grep? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
grep --color regex filename
|
||||
|
||||
How Do I Show Only The Matches, Not The Lines?
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
grep -o regex filename
|
||||
|
||||
### Regular Expression Operator ###
|
||||
|
||||
注：表格
|
||||
<table border=1>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>Regex operator</th>
|
||||
<th>Meaning</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>.</td>
|
||||
<td>Matches any single character.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>?</td>
|
||||
<td>The preceding item is optional and will be matched, at most, once.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>*</td>
|
||||
<td>The preceding item will be matched zero or more times.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>+</td>
|
||||
<td>The preceding item will be matched one or more times.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>{N}</td>
|
||||
<td>The preceding item is matched exactly N times.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>{N,}</td>
|
||||
<td>The preceding item is matched N or more times.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>{N,M}</td>
|
||||
<td>The preceding item is matched at least N times, but not more than M times.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>-</td>
|
||||
<td>Represents the range if it's not first or last in a list or the ending point of a range in a list.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>^</td>
|
||||
<td>Matches the empty string at the beginning of a line; also represents the characters not in the range of a list.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>$</td>
|
||||
<td>Matches the empty string at the end of a line.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>\b</td>
|
||||
<td>Matches the empty string at the edge of a word.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>\B</td>
|
||||
<td>Matches the empty string provided it's not at the edge of a word.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>\<</td>
|
||||
<td>Match the empty string at the beginning of word.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>\></td>
|
||||
<td> Match the empty string at the end of word.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### grep vs egrep ####
|
||||
|
||||
egrep is the same as **grep -E**. It interpret PATTERN as an extended regular expression. From the grep man page:
|
||||
|
||||
In basic regular expressions the meta-characters ?, +, {, |, (, and ) lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed versions \?, \+, \{,
|
||||
\|, \(, and \).
|
||||
Traditional egrep did not support the { meta-character, and some egrep implementations support \{ instead, so portable scripts should avoid { in
|
||||
grep -E patterns and should use [{] to match a literal {.
|
||||
GNU grep -E attempts to support traditional usage by assuming that { is not special if it would be the start of an invalid interval specification.
|
||||
For example, the command grep -E '{1' searches for the two-character string {1 instead of reporting a syntax error in the regular expression.
|
||||
POSIX.2 allows this behavior as an extension, but portable scripts should avoid it.
|
||||
|
||||
References:
|
||||
|
||||
- man page grep and regex(7)
|
||||
- info page grep`
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/grep-regular-expressions/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
Search Multiple Words / String Pattern Using grep Command
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
How do I search multiple strings or words using the grep command? For example I'd like to search word1, word2, word3 and so on within /path/to/file. How do I force grep to search multiple words?
|
||||
|
||||
The [grep command supports regular expression][1] pattern. To search multiple words, use following syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
grep 'word1\|word2\|word3' /path/to/file
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, search warning, error, and critical words in a text log file called /var/log/messages, enter:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep 'warning\|error\|critical' /var/log/messages
|
||||
|
||||
To just match words, add -w swith:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -w 'warning\|error\|critical' /var/log/messages
|
||||
|
||||
egrep command can skip the above syntax and use the following syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
$ egrep -w 'warning|error|critical' /var/log/messages
|
||||
|
||||
I recommend that you pass the -i (ignore case) and --color option as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
$ egrep -wi --color 'warning|error|critical' /var/log/messages
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.01: Linux / Unix egrep Command Search Multiple Words Demo Output
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/searching-multiple-words-string-using-grep/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/grep-regular-expressions/
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
Grep Count Lines If a String / Word Matches
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
How do I count lines if given word or string matches for each input file under Linux or UNIX operating systems?
|
||||
|
||||
You need to pass the -c or --count option to suppress normal output. It will display a count of matching lines for each input file:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -c vivek /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -w -c vivek /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
However, with the -v or --invert-match option it will count non-matching lines, enter:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -c vivek /etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
45
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/grep-count-lines-if-a-string-word-matches/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
||||
Grep From Files and Display the File Name
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
How do I grep from a number of files and display the file name only?
|
||||
|
||||
When there is more than one file to search it will display file name by default:
|
||||
|
||||
grep "word" filename
|
||||
grep root /etc/*
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/bash.bashrc: See "man sudo_root" for details.
|
||||
/etc/crontab:17 * * * * root cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly
|
||||
/etc/crontab:25 6 * * * root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily )
|
||||
/etc/crontab:47 6 * * 7 root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.weekly )
|
||||
/etc/crontab:52 6 1 * * root test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.monthly )
|
||||
/etc/group:root:x:0:
|
||||
grep: /etc/gshadow: Permission denied
|
||||
/etc/logrotate.conf: create 0664 root utmp
|
||||
/etc/logrotate.conf: create 0660 root utmp
|
||||
|
||||
The first name is file name (e.g., /etc/crontab, /etc/group). The -l option will only print filename if th
|
||||
|
||||
grep -l "string" filename
|
||||
grep -l root /etc/*
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/aliases
|
||||
/etc/arpwatch.conf
|
||||
grep: /etc/at.deny: Permission denied
|
||||
/etc/bash.bashrc
|
||||
/etc/bash_completion
|
||||
/etc/ca-certificates.conf
|
||||
/etc/crontab
|
||||
/etc/group
|
||||
|
||||
You can suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file from **which no output would normally have been** printed:
|
||||
|
||||
grep -L "word" filename
|
||||
grep -L root /etc/*
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/apm
|
||||
/etc/apparmor
|
||||
/etc/apparmor.d
|
||||
/etc/apport
|
||||
/etc/apt
|
||||
/etc/avahi
|
||||
/etc/bash_completion.d
|
||||
/etc/bindresvport.blacklist
|
||||
/etc/blkid.conf
|
||||
/etc/bluetooth
|
||||
/etc/bogofilter.cf
|
||||
/etc/bonobo-activation
|
||||
/etc/brlapi.key
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/grep-from-files-and-display-the-file-name/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
|
||||
How To Find Files by Content Under UNIX
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
I had written lots of code in C for my school work and saved it as source code under /home/user/c/*.c and *.h. How do I find files by content such as string or words (function name such as main() under UNIX shell prompt?
|
||||
|
||||
You need to use the following tools:
|
||||
|
||||
[a] **grep command** : print lines matching a pattern.
|
||||
|
||||
[b] **find command**: search for files in a directory hierarchy.
|
||||
|
||||
### [grep Command To Find Files By][1] Content ###
|
||||
|
||||
Type the command as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
grep 'string' *.txt
|
||||
grep 'main(' *.c
|
||||
grep '#include<example.h>' *.c
|
||||
grep 'getChar*' *.c
|
||||
grep -i 'ultra' *.conf
|
||||
grep -iR 'ultra' *.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Where
|
||||
|
||||
- **-i** : Ignore case distinctions in both the PATTERN (match valid, VALID, ValID string) and the input files (math file.c FILE.c FILE.C filename).
|
||||
- **-R** : Read all files under each directory, recursively
|
||||
|
||||
### Highlighting searched patterns ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can highlight patterns easily while searching large number of files:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep --color=auto -iR 'getChar();' *.c
|
||||
|
||||
### Displaying file names and line number for searched patterns ###
|
||||
|
||||
You may also need to display filenames and numbers:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep --color=auto -iRnH 'getChar();' *.c
|
||||
|
||||
Where,
|
||||
|
||||
- **-n** : Prefix each line of output with the 1-based line number within its input file.
|
||||
- **-H** Print the file name for each match. This is the default when there is more than one file to search.
|
||||
|
||||
$grep --color=auto -nH 'DIR' *
|
||||
|
||||
Sample output:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.01: grep command displaying searched pattern
|
||||
|
||||
You can also use find command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ find . -name "*.c" -print | xargs grep "main("
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-finding-files-by-content/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-search-find-file-for-text-string/
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
|
||||
Linux / UNIX View Only Configuration File Directives ( Uncommented Lines of a Config File )
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Most Linux and UNIX-like system configuration files are documented using comments, but some time I just need to see line of configuration text in a config file. How can I view just the uncommented configuration file directives from squid.conf or httpd.conf file? How can I strip out comments and blank lines on a Linux or Unix-like systems?
|
||||
|
||||
To view just the uncommented lines of text in a config file use the grep, sed, awk, perl or any other text processing utility provided by UNIX / BSD / OS X / Linux operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### grep command example to strip out command ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can use the gerp command as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep -v "^#" /path/to/config/file
|
||||
$ grep -v "^#" /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
ServerRoot "/etc/apache2"
|
||||
|
||||
LockFile /var/lock/apache2/accept.lock
|
||||
|
||||
PidFile ${APACHE_PID_FILE}
|
||||
|
||||
Timeout 300
|
||||
|
||||
KeepAlive On
|
||||
|
||||
MaxKeepAliveRequests 100
|
||||
|
||||
KeepAliveTimeout 15
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<IfModule mpm_prefork_module>
|
||||
StartServers 5
|
||||
MinSpareServers 5
|
||||
MaxSpareServers 10
|
||||
MaxClients 150
|
||||
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
|
||||
</IfModule>
|
||||
|
||||
<IfModule mpm_worker_module>
|
||||
StartServers 2
|
||||
MinSpareThreads 25
|
||||
MaxSpareThreads 75
|
||||
ThreadLimit 64
|
||||
ThreadsPerChild 25
|
||||
MaxClients 150
|
||||
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
|
||||
</IfModule>
|
||||
|
||||
<IfModule mpm_event_module>
|
||||
StartServers 2
|
||||
MaxClients 150
|
||||
MinSpareThreads 25
|
||||
MaxSpareThreads 75
|
||||
ThreadLimit 64
|
||||
ThreadsPerChild 25
|
||||
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
|
||||
</IfModule>
|
||||
|
||||
User ${APACHE_RUN_USER}
|
||||
Group ${APACHE_RUN_GROUP}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
AccessFileName .htaccess
|
||||
|
||||
<Files ~ "^\.ht">
|
||||
Order allow,deny
|
||||
Deny from all
|
||||
Satisfy all
|
||||
</Files>
|
||||
|
||||
DefaultType text/plain
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
HostnameLookups Off
|
||||
|
||||
ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log
|
||||
|
||||
LogLevel warn
|
||||
|
||||
Include /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/*.load
|
||||
Include /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/*.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Include /etc/apache2/httpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Include /etc/apache2/ports.conf
|
||||
|
||||
LogFormat "%v:%p %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" vhost_combined
|
||||
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
|
||||
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O" common
|
||||
LogFormat "%{Referer}i -> %U" referer
|
||||
LogFormat "%{User-agent}i" agent
|
||||
|
||||
CustomLog /var/log/apache2/other_vhosts_access.log vhost_combined
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Include /etc/apache2/conf.d/
|
||||
|
||||
Include /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/
|
||||
|
||||
To suppress blank lines use [egrep command][1], run:
|
||||
|
||||
egrep -v "^#|^$" /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
|
||||
## or pass it to the page such as more or less ##
|
||||
egrep -v "^#|^$" /etc/apache2/apache2.conf | less
|
||||
|
||||
## Bash function ######################################
|
||||
## or create function or alias and use it as follows ##
|
||||
## viewconfig /etc/squid/squid.conf ##
|
||||
#######################################################
|
||||
viewconfig(){
|
||||
local f="$1"
|
||||
[ -f "$1" ] && command egrep -v "^#|^$" "$f" || echo "Error $1 file not found."
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Sample output:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.01: Unix/Linux Egrep Strip Out Comments Blank Lines
|
||||
|
||||
### Understanding grep/egrep command line options ###
|
||||
|
||||
The -v option invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines. This option should work under all posix based systems. The regex ^$ matches and removes all blank lines and ^# matches and removes all comments that starts with a "#".
|
||||
|
||||
### sed Command example ###
|
||||
|
||||
GNU / sed command can be used as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' /path/to/file
|
||||
$ sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
|
||||
|
||||
GNU or BSD sed can update your config file too. The syntax is as follows to edit files in-place, saving backups with the specified extension such as .bak:
|
||||
|
||||
sed -i'.bak.2015.12.27' '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
|
||||
|
||||
For more info see man pages - [grep(1)][2], [sed(1)][3]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/shell-display-uncommented-lines-only/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/grep-regular-expressions/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/grep.1.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/sed.1.html
|
||||
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
|
||||
sevenot translated
|
||||
好奇Linux？试试云端的Linux桌面
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linux在桌面操作系统市场上只占据了非常小的份额，目前调查来看，估计只有2%的市场份额；对比来看丰富多变的Windows系统占据了接近90%的市场份额。对于Linux来说要挑战Windows在桌面操作系统市场的垄断，需要一个简单的方式来让用户学习不同的操作系统。如果你相信传统的Windows用户再买一台机器来使用Linux，你就太天真了。我们只能去试想用户重新分盘，设置引导程序来使用双系统，或者跳过所有步骤回到一个最简单的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们实验过一系列无风险的使用方法让用户试操作Linux，并且不涉及任何分区管理，包括CD/DVDs光盘、USB钥匙和桌面虚拟化软件。通过实验，我强烈推荐使用VMware的VMware Player或者Oracle VirtualBox虚拟机，对于桌面操作系统或者便携式电脑的用户，这是一种相对简单而且免费的的方法来安装运行多操作系统。每一台虚拟机和其他虚拟机相隔离，但是共享CPU,存贮，网络接口等等。但是虚拟机仍需要一定的资源来安装运行Linux，也需要一台相当强劲的主机。对于一个好奇心不大的人，这样做实在是太麻烦了。
|
||||
|
||||
要打破用户传统的使用观念市非常困难的。很多Windows用户可以尝试使用Linux提供的免费软件，但也有太多要学习的Linux系统知识。这会花掉相当一部分时间来习惯Linux的工作方式。
|
||||
|
||||
当然了，对于一个第一次在Linux上操作的新手，有没有一个更高效的方法呢？答案是肯定的，接着往下看看云实验平台。
|
||||
|
||||
### LabxNow ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LabxNow提供了一个免费服务，方便广大用户通过浏览器来访问远程Liunx桌面。开发者将其加强为一个用户个人远程实验室（用户可以在系统里运行、开发任何程序），用户可以在任何地方通过互联网登入远程实验室。
|
||||
|
||||
这项服务现在可以为个人用户提供2核处理器，4GB RAM和10GB的固态硬盘，运行在128G RAM的4 AMD 6272处理器上。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 配置参数: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- 系统镜像：基于Ubuntu 14.04的Xface 4.10，RHEL 6.5,CentOS(Gnome桌面)，Oracle
|
||||
- 硬件: CPU - 1核或者2核; 内存: 512MB, 1GB, 2GB or 4GB
|
||||
- 超快的网络数据传输
|
||||
- 可以运行在所有流行的浏览器上
|
||||
- 可以安装任意程序，可以运行任何程序 – 这是一个非常棒的方法，可以随意做实验学你你想学的所有知识， 没有 一点风险
|
||||
- 添加、删除、管理、制定虚拟机非常方便
|
||||
- 支持虚拟机共享，远程桌面
|
||||
|
||||
你所需要的只是一台有稳定网络的设备。不用担心虚拟专用系统（VPS）、域名、或者硬件带来的高费用。LabxNow提供了一个非常好的方法在Ubuntu、RHEL和CentOS上实验。它给Windows用户一个极好的环境，让他们探索美妙的Linux世界。说得深一点，它可以让用户随时随地在里面工作，而没有了要在每台设备上安装Linux的压力。点击下面这个链接进入[www.labxnow.org/labxweb/][1]。
|
||||
|
||||
这里还有一些其它服务(大部分市收费服务)可以让用户在Linux使用。包括Cloudsigma环境的7天使用权和Icebergs.io(通过HTML5实现root权限)。但是现在，我推荐LabxNow。
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
来自: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151003095334682/LinuxCloud.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[sevenot](https://github.com/sevenot)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.labxnow.org/labxweb/
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
在Ubuntu 15.10上安装Intel图形安装器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Intel最近发布了一个新版本的Linux图型安装器。在新版本中，Ubuntu 15.04将不被支持而必须用Ubuntu 15.10 Wily。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> Linux版Intel®图形安装器可以让你很容易的安装最新版的图形与视频驱动。它能保证你一直使用最新的增强与优化功能，并能够安装到Intel图形堆栈中，来保证你在你的Intel图形硬件下，享受到最佳的用户体验。*现在的Linux版的Intel®图形安装器支持最新版的Ubuntu。*
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1.** 从[链接页面][1]中下载安装器。当前支持Ubuntu 15.10的版本是1.2.1版。你可以在**系统设置 -> 详细信息**中检查你的操作系统（32位或64位）的类型。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**2.** 一旦下载完成，到下载目录中点击.deb安装包用Ubuntu软件中心打开它，然最后点击“安装”按钮。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**3.** 为了让系统信任Intel图形安装器，你需要通过下面的命令来为它添加钥匙。
|
||||
|
||||
用快捷键Ctrl+Alt+T或者在Unity Dash中的“应用程序启动器”中打开终端。依次粘贴运行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg -O - | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
|
||||
wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg-2 -O - | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
注意：在运行第一个命令的过程中，如果钥匙下载完成后光标停住不动并且一直闪烁的话，就像上面图片显示的那样，输入你的密码（输入时不会看到什么有变化）然后回车就行了。
|
||||
|
||||
最后通过Unity Dash或应用程序启动器打开Intel图形安装器。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-intel-graphics-installer-in-ubuntu-15-10/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ji m][a]
|
||||
译者：[XLCYun](https://github.com/XLCYun)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/
|
||||
[1]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user