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Processors - Everything You Need to Know
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======
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Our digital devices like Phones, Computers and laptops have grown to become so sophisticated, that they are no longer just devices, they have evolved to become a part of us.
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They perform many tasks with the help of apps and software, But have we ever thought to wonder what powers these software? How do they perform their logic? Where is their brain?
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We already know that a CPU or **Processor** is the brain of any device that must process data or perform logical tasks.
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[![intel processors][1]][1]
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But what are the different **concepts behind Processors**? How are they evaluated? How are some processors faster than the others? And many such questions. So let 's have a look at some major terms involved with processors and see how they affect processing speed.
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### **Architecture**
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Processors come in different architectures, you must have come across different types of programs that say they are for 64Bit or 32Bit. What this means is that those programs support that particular processor architecture.
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If a processor has a 32 Bit Architecture it means that it can process 32 Bits of information in one processing cycle.
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Similarly, a 64 Bit processor will process 64 Bits in one cycle.
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Also, The amount of ram you can use also depends on the architecture. The amount of ram you can use depends upon the amount of memory in powers of 2 ^ architecture of the system.
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For a processor with 16-bit architecture, only 64 KB of ram is accessible. For a 32 Bit processor, the maximum usable ram is 4 GB. And for 64 Bit processor, it is 16 Exa-Byte.
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### **Cores**
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Cores are basically processing units in the computer. They receive instructions and act on it. The more Cores you have, the better your processing speed.
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Imagine it like workers in a factory, The more workers you have the faster you will be able to do work.
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But more workers will require more salary and there will be a little crowd in the factory. processorsSimilarly, having more cores will definitely boost up processing but more cores need more power and they also heat the CPU a little more than those with fewer cores.
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### **Clocking Speed**
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We often hear that a processor is of 1 GHz or 2 GHz or 3 GHz. So what are these GHz?
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[![cpu speed][2]][2]
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GHz is short for GigaHertz. Giga means 'Billion' and Hertz means 'one cycle per second'. So a processor of 2 GHz can perform 2 Billion cycles in one second.
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This is also known as 'frequency' or 'Clocking Speed' of your processor. The higher the number the better it is for your CPU.
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### **CPU Cache**
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CPU cache is a small memory unit inside the processor that stores some memory. Whenever we have to perform some task. Data needs to pass from the RAM to the CPU. Since the CPU works a lot faster than the RAM, most of the time the CPU is idle and waiting for data from the RAM. To solve this the RAM keeps sending data to the CPU Cache continuously.
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You usually get 2-3 Mb of CPU cache in most Mid - Range processors. And up to 6 in high-end ones. The more cache your processor has, the better it is.
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### **Lithography**
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The size of transistors used is the lithographic size of a processor. It is usually measured in NanoMeter and the lesser it is, the more compact your processor will be. This will allow for more cores to fit into the same slot and reduce power consumption.
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The latest Intel processors have a lithograph of 14 Nm.
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### **Thermal Design Power (TDP)**
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It represents the average power, in watts, the processor dissipates when operating at Base Frequency with all cores active under an Intel-defined, high-complexity workload.
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So the lower it is, the better for you. A lower TDP not only uses better power but it also generates less heat.
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[![battery cpu][3]][3]
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Desktop processors usually consume more energy and have a TDP in the range of above 40, Whereas their counterparts Mobile versions consume up to 3 times less energy.
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### **Memory Support(RAM)**
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I had already mentioned that how processor architecture affects the amount of RAM we can use. But that only holds true for theory. In practical application, the amount of ram you can use is usually enough for that specification of a processor. It is usually specified in the processors' specs.
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[![RAM][4]][4]
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It also mentions the DDR version number of memory supported.
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### **Overclocking**
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So I already spoke about clocking speed. Now overclocking is the process of forcing your CPU to perform more cycles.
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Gamers usually overclock their processors to get more juice out of their CPU. This surely increases speed but it also increases power consumption and heat generation.
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A lot of High-End Processors allow overclocking. But if we wish to overclock an unsupported Processor, we will have to manually install a new BIOS for our motherboard and do it.
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This may get the job done but it is neither safe nor suggested doing so.
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### **Hyper-Threading**
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When adding cores was not convenient to suite a particular processing need, Hyper-Threading was invented to create virtual cores.
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So when we say that a dual-core processor has Hyper-Threading, it has 2 physical cores and 2 virtual cores. So it is technically a Quad-core processor in the body of a dual-core one.
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### **Conclusion**
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A processor has many variables associated with it. And it is the most important part of any digital device. So it is very important that before selecting a device we carefully examine the specifications of its processor keeping all the above variables in mind.
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Variables like Clock-Speed, Cores, CPU cache and architecture should be maximum. While it is better that variables like TDP and lithography stay as low as possible.
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Still confused about something? Feel free to comment and I will try to reply asap.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.theitstuff.com/processors-everything-need-know
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作者：[Rishabh Kandari][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.theitstuff.com/author/reevkandari
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[1]:http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/download.jpg
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[2]:http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/download-1.jpg
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[3]:http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/download-2.jpg
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[4]:http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/images.jpg
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# 关于处理器你需要知道的每件事
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[![][b]][b]
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```
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我们的手机 ，主机以及笔记本电脑已经成长得如此的成熟 ，以至于它们进化成为我们的一部分 ，而不只是一种设备 。
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在应用和软件的帮助下 ，处理器执行许多任务 。我们是否曾经想过是什么给了这些软件这样的能力 ？它们是如何执行他们的逻辑的 ？它们的大脑在哪 ？
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我们知道 CPU 或者是处理器是那些需要处理数据和执行逻辑任务设备的大脑 。
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``
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[![cpu image][1]][1]
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```
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在处理器的深处有那些不一样的概念呢 ？ 它们是如何进化的 ？ 一些处理器是如何做到比其他处理器更快的 ？ 我们来看看关于处理器的主要术语并且它们是如何影响处速度的 ？
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```
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## 架构
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```
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处理器有不同的架构 ，你一定偶遇过不同种类的那种你说它们是 64 位或 32 位的程序 ，其中的意思是程序支持特定的处理器架构 。
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如果一颗处理器是 32 位的架构 ，意味着这颗处理器能够在一个处理周期内处理一个 32 位的数据 。同理可得 ，64 位的处理器能够在一个周期内处理一个 64 位的信息 。
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你可以使用的 RAM 大小决定于处理器的架构 ，你可以使用的 RAM 总量为处理器架构的幂指数 。
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16 位架构的处理器 ，仅仅有 64 kb 的 RAM 使用 。32 位架构的处理器 ，最大可使用的 RAM 是 4 GB ，64 位架构的处理器的可用 RAM 是 16 Exa-Byte 。
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```
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## 内核
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```
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在电脑上 ，核心是基本的处理单元 。核心接收指令并且执行指令 。越多的核心带来越快的速度 。把核心当成工厂里的工人 ，越多的工人使工作能够越快的完成 。另一方面 ，工人越多 ，你所付出的薪水也就越多 ，工厂也会越拥挤 ；相对于核心来说 ，越多的合兴消耗更多的能量 ，比核心少的 CPU 更容易发热 。
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```
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## 时钟速度
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[![CPU CLOCK SPEED][2]][2]
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```
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GHZ 是 GigaHertz 的简写 ，Giga 意思是 Billon ，Hertz 意思是一秒有几个周期 ，2 GHZ 的处理器意味着处理器一秒能够执行 2 百万个周期 。
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也被作为 `频率` 或者 `时钟速度` 被熟知 。这项数值越高 ，CPU的性能越好 。
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```
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## CPU 缓存
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```
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CPU 缓存是处理器内部的一块小的存储单元 ，用来存储一些内存 。不管如何 ，我们都需要执行一些任务 ，数据需要从 RAM 传递到 CPU ，CPU 的工作速度远快于 RAM ，CPU 在大多数时间是在等待从 RAM 传递过来的数据 ，而此时 CPU 是处于空闲状态的 。为了解决这个问题 ，RAM 持续的向 CPU 缓存发送数据 。一般的处理器会有 2 ~ 3 M 的 CPU 缓存 。高端的处理器会有 6 M CPU 缓存 ，越大的缓存 ，意味着处理器更好 。
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```
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## 印刷工艺
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```
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晶体管的大小就是处理器平板印刷的大小 ，尺寸通常是纳米 ，更小的尺寸意味者更好的兼容性 。这允许你更多的核心 ，更小的面积 ，更小的能量消耗 。
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这最新的 Intel 处理器有 14 nm 的印刷工艺 。
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```
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## 热功耗设计
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```
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代表这电池的能量 ，单位是瓦特 。在全核心激活以基本频率来处理 Intel 模式 ，高复杂度的负载是一种浪费处理器的行为 。
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所以 ，越低的热功耗设计 ，对你越好 。一个低的热功耗设计不仅更好的利用电池能量 ，而且产生更少的热量 。
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```
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[![battery][3]][3]
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```
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桌面版本的处理器通常消耗更多的能量 ，热功耗消耗的能量能够在 40% 以上 ，相对应的移动版本只有不到桌面版本的 1/3 。
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```
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## 内存支持
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```
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我们已经提到了处理器的架构是如何影响到我们能够使用的内存总量 。这样我们只掌握了正确的理论 。在实际的应用中 ，RAM 的总量对于处理器的规格来说是足够我们使用的 ，由处理器规格详细规定 ，也包含支持的 DDR 版本的内存 。
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```
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[![RAM][4]][4]
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## 超频
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```
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前面我们讲过时钟频率 ，超频是程序强迫 CPU 执行更多的周期 。游戏玩家经常会使他们的处理器超频 ，以此来获得更好的性能 。这样确实回增加速度 ，但也会增加消耗的能量 ，产生更多的热量 。
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一些高端的处理器允许超频 ，如果我们想让一个不支持超平的处理器超频 ，我们需要在主板上安装一个新的 BIOS 。
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这样通常下回成功 ，但这种情况是不安全的 ，也是不被建议的 。
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```
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## 超线程
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```
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如果对特定的处理需要添加核心是不合适的 ，那么超线程回建立一个虚拟核心 。
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当我们说双核处理器有超线程 ，这个双核处理器有两个物理核心和两个虚拟核心 ，在技术上讲 ，一个双核处理器拥有四核核心 。
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```
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## 结论
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```
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一个处理器有许多相关的数据 ，这是对数字设备来说是最重要的部分 。我们在选择设备时 ，我们应该在脑海中仔细的检查处理器在上面提到的数据 。
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时钟速度 ，核心数 ，CPU 缓存 ，以及架构是比重最大的数据 。印刷尺寸以及热功耗设计比重要小一些 。
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仍然有疑惑 ？ 欢迎评论 ，我会尽快回复的 。
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```
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.theitstuff.com/processors-everything-need-know
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作者：[Rishabh Kandari][a]
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译者：[singledo](https://github.com/singledo)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.theitstuff.com/author/reevkandari
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[b]:http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/processors-all-you-need-to-know.jpg
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[1]:http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/download.jpg
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[2]:http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/download-1.jpg
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[3]:http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/download-2.jpg
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[4]:http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/images.jpg
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[5]:http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/processors-all-you-need-to-know.jpg
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