Merge pull request #1 from LCTT/master

Update 07/04/2019
2026-08-26 04:13:30 +08:00 · 2019-04-07 22:02:09 +08:00
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+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (Modrisco)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10691-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (7 Best VPN Services For 2019)
+[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/7-best-opensource-vpn-services-for-2019/)
+[#]: author: (Editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/)
+
+2019 年最好的 7 款虚拟私人网络服务
+======
+
+在过去三年中，全球至少有 67％ 的企业面临着数据泄露，亿万用户受到影响。研究表明，如果事先对数据安全采取最基本的保护措施，那么预计有 93% 的安全问题是可以避免的。
+
+糟糕的数据安全会带来极大的代价，特别是对企业而言。它会大致大规模的破坏并影响你的品牌声誉。尽管有些企业可以艰难地收拾残局，但仍有一些企业无法从事故中完全恢复。不过现在，你很幸运地可以得到数据及网络安全软件。
+
+![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/vpn-1.jpeg)
+
+到了 2019 年，你可以通过**虚拟私人网络**，也就是我们熟知的 **VPN**  来保护你免受网络攻击。当涉及到在线隐私和安全时，常常存在许多不确定因素。有数百个不同的 VPN 提供商，选择合适的供应商也同时意味着在定价、服务和易用性之间谋取恰当的平衡。
+
+如果你正在寻找一个可靠的 100％ 经过测试和安全的 VPN，你可能需要进行详尽的调查并作出最佳选择。这里为你提供在 2019 年 7 款最好用并经过测试的 VPN 服务。
+
+### 1、Vpnunlimitedapp
+
+通过 VPN Unlimited，你的数据安全将得到全面的保障。此 VPN 允许你连接任何 WiFi ，而无需担心你的个人数据可能被泄露。你的数据通过 AES-256 算法加密，保护你不受第三方和黑客的窥探。无论你身处何处，这款 VPN 都可确保你在所有网站上保持匿名且不受跟踪。它提供 7 天的免费试用和多种协议支持：openvpn、IKEv2 和 KeepSolidWise。有特殊需求的用户会获得特殊的额外服务，如个人服务器、终身 VPN 订阅和个人 IP 选项。
+
+### 2、VPN Lite
+
+VPN Lite 是一款易于使用而且**免费**的用于上网的 VPN 服务。你可以通过它在网络上保持匿名并保护你的个人隐私。它会模糊你的 IP 并加密你的数据，这意味着第三方无法跟踪你的所有线上活动。你还可以访问网络上的全部内容。使用 VPN Lite，你可以访问在被拦截的网站。你还放心地可以访问公共 WiFi 而不必担心敏感信息被间谍软件窃取和来自黑客的跟踪和攻击。
+
+### 3、HotSpot Shield
+
+这是一款在 2005 年推出的大受欢迎的 VPN。这套 VPN 协议至少被全球 70% 的数据安全公司所集成，并在全球有数千台服务器。它提供两种免费模式：一种为完全免费，但会有线上广告；另一种则为七天试用。它提供军事级的数据加密和恶意软件防护。HotSpot Shield 保证网络安全并保证高速网络。
+
+### 4、TunnelBear
+
+如果你是一名 VPN 新手，那么 TunnelBear 将是你的最佳选择。它带有一个用户友好的界面，并配有动画熊引导。你可以在 TunnelBear 的帮助下以极快的速度连接至少 22 个国家的服务器。它使用 **AES 256-bit** 加密算法，保证无日志记录，这意味着你的数据将得到保护。你还可以在最多五台设备上获得无限流量。
+
+### 5、ProtonVPN
+
+这款 VPN 为你提供强大的优质服务。你的连接速度可能会受到影响，但你也可以享受到无限流量。它具有易于使用的用户界面，提供多平台兼容。 ProtonVPN 的服务据说是因为为种子下载提供了优化因而无法访问 Netflix。你可以获得如协议和加密等安全功能来保证你的网络安全。
+
+### 6、ExpressVPN
+
+ExpressVPN 被认为是最好的用于接触封锁和保护隐私的离岸 VPN。凭借强大的客户支持和快速的速度，它已成为全球顶尖的 VPN 服务。它提供带有浏览器扩展和自定义固件的路由。 ExpressVPN 拥有一系列令人赞叹高质量应用程序，配有大量的服务器，并且最多只能支持三台设备。
+
+ExpressVPN 并不是完全免费的，恰恰相反，正是由于它所提供的高质量服务而使之成为了市场上最贵的  VPN 之一。ExpressVPN 有 30 天内退款保证，因此你可以免费试用一个月。好消息是，这是完全没有风险的。例如，如果你在短时间内需要 VPN 来绕过在线审查，这可能是你的首选解决方案。用过它之后，你就不会随意想给一个会发送垃圾邮件、缓慢的免费的程序当成试验品。
+
+ExpressVPN 也是享受在线流媒体和户外安全的最佳方式之一。如果你需要继续使用它，你只需要续订或取消你的免费试用。ExpressVPN 在 90 多个国家架设有 2000 多台服务器，可以解锁 Netflix，提供快速连接，并为用户提供完全隐私。
+
+### 7、PureVPN
+
+虽然 PureVPN 可能不是完全免费的，但它却是此列表中最实惠的一个。用户可以注册获得 7 天的免费试用，并在之后选择任一付费计划。通过这款 VPN，你可以访问到至少 140 个国家中的 750 余台服务器。它还可以在几乎所有设备上轻松安装。它的所有付费特性仍然可以在免费试用期间使用。包括无限数据流量、IP 泄漏保护和 ISP 不可见性。它支持的系统有 iOS、Android、Windows、Linux 和 macOS。
+
+### 总结
+
+如今，可用的免费 VPN 服务越来越多，为什么不抓住这个机会来保护你自己和你的客户呢？在了解到有那么多优秀的 VPN 服务后，我们知道即使是最安全的免费服务也不一定就完全没有风险。你可能需要付费升级到高级版以增强保护。高级版的 VPN 为你提供了免费试用，提供无风险退款保证。无论你打算花钱购买 VPN 还是准备使用免费 VPN，我们都强烈建议你使用一个。
+
+**关于作者：**
+
+**Renetta K. Molina** 是一个技术爱好者和健身爱好者。她撰写有关技术、应用程序、 WordPress 和其他任何领域的文章。她喜欢在空余时间打高尔夫球和读书。她喜欢学习和尝试新事物。
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.ostechnix.com/7-best-opensource-vpn-services-for-2019/
+
+作者：[Editor][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
--- a/published/20180118
+++ b/published/20180118
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+重新发现 make： 规则背后的力量
+======
+
+![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/4419992/35015638-0529f1c0-faf4-11e7-9801-4995fc4b54f0.jpg)
+
+我过去认为 makefile 只是一种将一组组的 shell 命令列出来的简便方法；过了一段时间我了解到它们是有多么的强大、灵活以及功能齐全。这篇文章带你领略其中一些有关规则的特性。
+
+> 备注：这些全是针对 GNU Makefile 的，如果你希望支持 BSD Makefile ，你会发现有些新的功能缺失。感谢 [zge][5] 指出这点。
+
+### 规则
+
+<ruby>规则<rt>rule</rt></ruby>是指示 `make` 应该如何并且何时构建一个被称作为<ruby>目标<rt>target</rt></ruby>的文件的指令。目标可以依赖于其它被称作为<ruby>前提<rt>prerequisite</rt></ruby>的文件。
+
+你会指示 `make` 如何按<ruby>步骤<rt>recipe</rt></ruby>构建目标，那就是一套按照出现顺序一次执行一个的 shell 命令。语法像这样：
+
+```
+target_name : prerequisites
+    recipe
+```
+
+一但你定义好了规则，你就可以通过从命令行执行以下命令构建目标：
+
+```
+$ make target_name
+```
+
+目标一经构建，除非前提改变，否则 `make` 会足够聪明地不再去运行该步骤。
+
+### 关于前提的更多信息
+
+前提表明了两件事情：
+
+* 当目标应当被构建时：如果其中一个前提比目标更新，`make` 假定目的应当被构建。
+* 执行的顺序：鉴于前提可以反过来在 makefile 中由另一套规则所构建，它们同样暗示了一个执行规则的顺序。
+
+如果你想要定义一个顺序但是你不想在前提改变的时候重新构建目标，你可以使用一种特别的叫做“<ruby>唯顺序<rt>order only</rt></ruby>”的前提。这种前提可以被放在普通的前提之后，用管道符（`|`）进行分隔。
+
+### 样式
+
+为了便利，`make` 接受目标和前提的样式。通过包含 `%` 符号可以定义一种样式。这个符号是一个可以匹配任何长度的文字符号或者空隔的通配符。以下有一些示例：
+
+* `%`：匹配任何文件 
+* `%.md`：匹配所有 `.md` 结尾的文件
+* `prefix%.go`：匹配所有以 `prefix` 开头以 `.go` 结尾的文件
+
+### 特殊目标
+
+有一系列目标名字，它们对于 `make` 来说有特殊的意义，被称作<ruby>特殊目标<rt>special target</rt></ruby>。
+
+你可以在这个[文档][1]发现全套特殊目标。作为一种经验法则，特殊目标以点开始后面跟着大写字母。
+
+以下是几个有用的特殊目标：
+
+- `.PHONY`：向 `make` 表明此目标的前提可以被当成伪目标。这意味着 `make` 将总是运行，无论有那个名字的文件是否存在或者上次被修改的时间是什么。
+- `.DEFAULT`：被用于任何没有指定规则的目标。
+- `.IGNORE`：如果你指定 `.IGNORE` 为前提，`make` 将忽略执行步骤中的错误。
+
+### 替代
+
+当你需要以你指定的改动方式改变一个变量的值，<ruby>替代<rt>substitution</rt></ruby>就十分有用了。
+
+替代的格式是 `$(var:a=b)`，它的意思是获取变量 `var` 的值，用值里面的 `b` 替代词末尾的每个 `a` 以代替最终的字符串。例如：
+
+```
+foo := a.o
+bar : = $(foo:.o=.c) # sets bar to a.c
+```
+
+注意：特别感谢 [Luis Lavena][2] 让我们知道替代的存在。
+
+### 档案文件
+
+档案文件是用来一起将多个数据文档（类似于压缩文件的概念）收集成一个文件。它们由 `ar` Unix 工具所构建。`ar` 可以用于为任何目的创建档案，但除了[静态库][3]，它已经被 `tar` 大量替代。
+
+在 `make` 中，你可以使用一个档案文件中的单独一个成员作为目标或者前提，就像这样：
+
+```
+archive(member) : prerequisite 
+    recipe
+```
+
+### 最后的想法
+
+关于 `make` 还有更多可探索的，但是至少这是一个起点，我强烈鼓励你去查看[文档][4]，创建一个笨拙的 makefile 然后就可以探索它了。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://monades.roperzh.com/rediscovering-make-power-behind-rules/
+
+作者：[Roberto Dip][a]
+译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://monades.roperzh.com
+[1]:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html#Special-Targets
+[2]:https://twitter.com/luislavena/
+[3]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/static-libraries.html
+[4]:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html
+[5]:https://lobste.rs/u/zge
--- a/published/20180205
+++ b/published/20180205
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+Rancher：一个全面的可用于产品环境的容器管理平台
+======
+
+Docker 作为一款容器化应用的新兴软件，被大多数 IT 公司使用来减少基础设施平台的成本。
+
+通常，没有 GUI 的 Docker 软件对于 Linux 管理员来说很容易，但是对于开发者来就有点困难。当把它搬到生产环境上来，那么它对 Linux 管理员来说也相当不友好。那么，轻松管理 Docker 的最佳解决方案是什么呢？
+
+唯一的办法就是提供 GUI。Docker API 允许第三方应用接入 Docker。在市场上有许多 Docker GUI 应用。我们已经写过一篇关于 Portainer 应用的文章。今天我们来讨论另一个应用，Rancher。
+
+容器让软件开发更容易，让开发者更快的写代码、更好的运行它们。但是，在生产环境上运行容器却很困难。
+
+**推荐阅读：** [Portainer：一个简单的 Docker 管理图形工具][1]
+
+### Rancher 简介
+
+[Rancher][2] 是一个全面的容器管理平台，它可以让容器在各种基础设施平台的生产环境上部署和运行更容易。它提供了诸如多主机网络、全局/本地负载均衡和卷快照等基础设施服务。它整合了原生 Docker 的管理能力，如 Docker Machine 和 Docker Swarm。它提供了丰富的用户体验，让 DevOps 管理员在更大规模的生产环境上运行 Docker。
+
+访问以下文章可以了解 Linux 系统上安装 Docker。
+
+**推荐阅读：**
+
+- [如何在 Linux 上安装 Docker][3]
+- [如何在 Linux 上使用 Docker 镜像][4]
+- [如何在 Linux 上使用 Docker 容器][5]
+- [如何在 Docker 容器内安装和运行应用][6]
+
+### Rancher 特性
+
+  * 可以在两分钟内安装 Kubernetes。
+  * 一键启动应用（90 个流行的 Docker 应用）。
+  * 部署和管理 Docker 更容易。
+  * 全面的生产级容器管理平台。
+  * 可以在生产环境上快速部署容器。
+  * 强大的自动部署和运营容器技术。
+  * 模块化基础设施服务。
+  * 丰富的编排工具。
+  * Rancher 支持多种认证机制。
+
+### 怎样安装 Rancher
+
+由于 Rancher 是以轻量级的 Docker 容器方式运行，所以它的安装非常简单。Rancher 是由一组 Docker 容器部署的。只需要简单的启动两个容器就能运行 Rancher。一个容器用作管理服务器，另一个容器在各个节点上作为代理。在 Linux 系统下简单的运行下列命令就能部署 Rancher。
+
+Rancher 服务器提供了两个不同的安装包标签如 `stable` 和 `latest`。下列命令将会拉取适合的 Rancher 镜像并安装到你的操作系统上。Rancher 服务器仅需要两分钟就可以启动。
+
+  * `latest`：这个标签是他们的最新开发构建。这些构建将通过 Rancher CI 的自动化框架进行验证，不建议在生产环境使用。
+  * `stable`：这是最新的稳定发行版本，推荐在生产环境使用。
+
+Rancher 的安装方法有多种。在这篇教程中我们仅讨论两种方法。
+
+  * 以单一容器的方式安装 Rancher（内嵌 Rancher 数据库）
+  * 以单一容器的方式安装 Rancher（外部数据库）
+
+### 方法 - 1
+
+运行下列命令以单一容器的方式安装 Rancher 服务器（内嵌数据库）
+
+```
+$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server:stable
+$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server:latest
+```
+
+### 方法 - 2
+
+你可以在启动 Rancher 服务器时指向外部数据库，而不是使用自带的内部数据库。首先创建所需的数据库，数据库用户为同一个。
+
+```
+> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS cattle COLLATE = 'utf8_general_ci' CHARACTER SET = 'utf8';
+> GRANT ALL ON cattle.* TO 'cattle'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'cattle';
+> GRANT ALL ON cattle.* TO 'cattle'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'cattle';
+```
+
+运行下列命令启动 Rancher 去连接外部数据库。
+
+```
+$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server \
+ --db-host myhost.example.com --db-port 3306 --db-user username --db-pass password --db-name cattle
+```
+
+如果你想测试 Rancher 2.0，使用下列的命令去启动。
+
+```
+$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 80:80 -p 443:443 rancher/server:preview
+```
+
+### 通过 GUI 访问 & 安装 Rancher
+
+浏览器输入 `http://hostname:8080` 或 `http://server_ip:8080` 去访问 rancher GUI.
+
+![][8]
+
+### 怎样注册主机
+
+注册你的主机 URL 允许它连接到 Rancher API。这是一次性设置。
+
+接下来，点击主菜单下面的 “Add a Host” 链接或者点击主菜单上的 “INFRASTRUCTURE >> Add Hosts”，点击 “Save” 按钮。
+
+![][9]
+
+默认情况下，Rancher 里的访问控制认证禁止了访问，因此我们首先需要通过一些方法打开访问控制认证，否则任何人都不能访问 GUI。
+
+点击 “>> Admin >> Access Control”，输入下列的值最后点击 “Enable Authentication” 按钮去打开它。在我这里，是通过 “local authentication” 的方式打开的。
+
+  * “Login UserName”： 输入你期望的登录名
+  * “Full Name”： 输入你的全名
+  * “Password”： 输入你期望的密码
+  * “Confirm Password”： 再一次确认密码
+
+![][10]
+
+注销然后使用新的登录凭证重新登录：
+
+![][11]
+
+现在，我能看到本地认证已经被打开。
+
+![][12]
+
+### 怎样添加主机
+
+注册你的主机后，它将带你进入下一个页面，在那里你能选择不同云服务提供商的 Linux 主机。我们将添加一个主机运行 Rancher 服务，因此选择“custom”选项然后输入必要的信息。
+
+在第 4 步输入你服务器的公有 IP，运行第 5 步列出的命令，最后点击 “close” 按钮。
+
+```
+$ sudo docker run -e CATTLE_AGENT_IP="192.168.56.2"  --rm --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock -v /var/lib/rancher:/var/lib/rancher rancher/agent:v1.2.11 http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1/scripts/16A52B9BE2BAB87BB0F5:1546214400000:ODACe3sfis5V6U8E3JASL8jQ
+
+INFO: Running Agent Registration Process, CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1
+INFO: Attempting to connect to: http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1
+INFO: http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1 is accessible
+INFO: Configured Host Registration URL info: CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1 ENV_URL=http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1
+INFO: Inspecting host capabilities
+INFO: Boot2Docker: false
+INFO: Host writable: true
+INFO: Token: xxxxxxxx
+INFO: Running registration
+INFO: Printing Environment
+INFO: ENV: CATTLE_ACCESS_KEY=9946BD1DCBCFEF3439F8
+INFO: ENV: CATTLE_AGENT_IP=192.168.56.2
+INFO: ENV: CATTLE_HOME=/var/lib/cattle
+INFO: ENV: CATTLE_REGISTRATION_ACCESS_KEY=registrationToken
+INFO: ENV: CATTLE_REGISTRATION_SECRET_KEY=xxxxxxx
+INFO: ENV: CATTLE_SECRET_KEY=xxxxxxx
+INFO: ENV: CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.56.2:8080/v1
+INFO: ENV: DETECTED_CATTLE_AGENT_IP=172.17.0.1
+INFO: ENV: RANCHER_AGENT_IMAGE=rancher/agent:v1.2.11
+INFO: Launched Rancher Agent: e83b22afd0c023dabc62404f3e74abb1fa99b9a178b05b1728186c9bfca71e8d
+```
+
+![][13]
+
+等待几秒钟后新添加的主机将会出现。点击 “Infrastructure >> Hosts” 页面。
+
+![][14]
+
+### 怎样查看容器
+
+只需要点击下列位置就能列出所有容器。点击 “Infrastructure >> Containers” 页面。
+
+![][15]
+
+### 怎样创建容器
+
+非常简单，只需点击下列位置就能创建容器。
+
+点击 “Infrastructure >> Containers >> Add Container” 然后输入每个你需要的信息。为了测试，我将创建一个 `latest` 标签的 CentOS 容器。
+
+![][16]
+
+在同样的列表位置，点击 “ Infrastructure >> Containers”。
+
+![][17]
+
+点击容器名展示容器的性能信息，如 CPU、内存、网络和存储。
+
+![][18]
+
+选择特定容器，然后点击最右边的“三点”按钮或者点击“Actions”按钮对容器进行管理，如停止、启动、克隆、重启等。
+
+![][19]
+
+如果你想控制台访问容器，只需要点击 “Actions” 按钮中的 “Execute Shell” 选项即可。
+
+![][20]
+
+### 怎样从应用目录部署容器
+
+Rancher 提供了一个应用模版目录，让部署变的很容易，只需要单击一下就可以。
+它维护了多数流行应用，这些应用由 Rancher 社区贡献。
+
+![][21]
+
+点击 “Catalog >> All >> Choose the required application”，最后点击 “Launch” 去部署。
+
+![][22]
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.2daygeek.com/rancher-a-complete-container-management-platform-for-production-environment/
+
+作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
+译者：[arrowfeng](https://github.com/arrowfeng)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
+[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/portainer-a-simple-docker-management-gui/
+[2]:http://rancher.com/
+[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-docker-on-centos-rhel-fedora-ubuntu-debian-oracle-archi-scentific-linux-mint-opensuse/
+[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-search-pull-download-remove-docker-images-on-linux/
+[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/create-run-list-start-stop-attach-delete-interactive-daemonized-docker-containers-on-linux/
+[6]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-run-applications-inside-docker-containers/
+[7]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
+[8]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-1.png
+[9]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-2.png
+[10]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-3.png
+[11]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-3a.png
+[12]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-4.png
+[13]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-5.png
+[14]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-6.png
+[15]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-7.png
+[16]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-8.png
+[17]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-9.png
+[18]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-10.png
+[19]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-11.png
+[20]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-12.png
+[21]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-13.png
+[22]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-14.png
--- a/published/20181003
+++ b/published/20181003
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10683-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes)
+[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/)
+[#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/)
+
+Oomox：定制和创建你自己的 GTK2、GTK3 主题
+======
+
+![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-720x340.png)
+
+主题和可视化定制是 Linux 的主要优势之一。由于所有代码都是开源的，因此你可以比 Windows/Mac OS 更大程度上地改变 Linux 系统的外观和行为方式。GTK 主题可能是人们定制 Linux 桌面的最流行方式。GTK 工具包被各种桌面环境使用，如 Gnome、Cinnamon、Unity、XFC E和 budgie。这意味着为 GTK 制作的单个主题只需很少的修改就能应用于任何这些桌面环境。
+
+有很多非常高品质的流行 GTK 主题，例如 **Arc**、**Numix** 和 **Adapta**。但是如果你想自定义这些主题并创建自己的视觉设计，你可以使用 **Oomox**。
+
+Oomox 是一个图形应用，可以完全使用自己的颜色、图标和终端风格自定义和创建自己的 GTK 主题。它自带几个预设，你可以在 Numix、Arc 或 Materia 主题样式上创建自己的 GTK 主题。
+
+### 安装 Oomox
+
+在 Arch Linux 及其衍生版中：
+
+Oomox 可以在 [AUR][1] 中找到，所以你可以使用任何 AUR 助手程序安装它，如 [yay][2]。
+
+```
+$ yay -S oomox
+```
+
+在 Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint 中，在[这里][3]下载 `oomox.deb` 包并按如下所示进行安装。在写本指南时，最新版本为 `oomox_1.7.0.5.deb`。
+
+```
+$ sudo dpkg -i oomox_1.7.0.5.deb
+$ sudo apt install -f
+```
+
+在 Fedora 上，Oomox 可以在第三方 **COPR** 仓库中找到。
+
+```
+$ sudo dnf copr enable tcg/themes
+$ sudo dnf install oomox
+```
+
+Oomox 也有 [Flatpak 应用][4]。确保已按照[本指南][5]中的说明安装了 Flatpak。然后，使用以下命令安装并运行 Oomox：
+
+```
+$ flatpak install flathub com.github.themix_project.Oomox
+$ flatpak run com.github.themix_project.Oomox
+```
+
+对于其他 Linux 发行版，请进入 Github 上的 Oomox 项目页面（本指南末尾给出链接），并从源代码手动编译和安装。
+
+### 自定义并创建自己的 GTK2、GTK3 主题
+
+#### 主题定制
+
+![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-1-1.png)
+
+你可以更改几乎每个 UI 元素的颜色，例如：
+
+1. 标题
+2. 按钮
+3. 标题内的按钮
+4. 菜单
+5. 选定的文字
+
+在左边，有许多预设主题，如汽车主题、现代主题，如 Materia 和 Numix，以及复古主题。在窗口的顶部，有一个名为**主题样式**的选项，可让你设置主题的整体视觉样式。你可以在 Numix、Arc 和 Materia 之间进行选择。
+
+使用某些像 Numix 这样的样式，你甚至可以更改标题渐变，边框宽度和面板透明度等内容。你还可以为主题添加黑暗模式，该模式将从默认主题自动创建。
+
+![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-2.png)
+
+#### 图标集定制
+
+你可以自定义用于主题图标的图标集。有两个选项：Gnome Colors 和 Archdroid。你可以更改图标集的基础和笔触颜色。
+
+#### 终端定制
+
+你还可以自定义终端颜色。该应用有几个预设，但你可以为每个颜色，如红色，绿色，黑色等自定义确切的颜色代码。你还可以自动交换前景色和背景色。
+
+#### Spotify 主题
+
+这个应用的一个独特功能是你可以根据喜好定义 spotify 主题。你可以更改 spotify 的前景色、背景色和强调色来匹配整体的 GTK 主题。
+
+然后，只需按下“应用 Spotify 主题”按钮，你就会看到这个窗口：
+
+![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-3.png)
+
+点击应用即可。
+
+#### 导出主题
+
+根据自己的喜好自定义主题后，可以通过单击左上角的重命名按钮重命名主题：
+
+![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-4.png)
+
+然后，只需点击“导出主题”将主题导出到你的系统。
+
+![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-5.png)
+
+你也可以只导出图标集或终端主题。
+
+之后你可以打开桌面环境中的任何可视化自定义应用，例如基于 Gnome 桌面的 Tweaks，或者 “XFCE 外观设置”。选择你导出的 GTK 或者 shell 主题。
+
+### 总结
+
+如果你是一个 Linux 主题迷，并且你确切知道系统中的每个按钮、每个标题应该怎样，Oomox 值得一试。 对于极致的定制者，它可以让你几乎更改系统外观的所有内容。对于那些只想稍微调整现有主题的人来说，它有很多很多预设，所以你可以毫不费力地得到你想要的东西。
+
+你试过吗？ 你对 Oomox 有什么看法？ 请在下面留言！
+
+### 资源
+
+- [Oomox GitHub 仓库](https://github.com/themix-project/oomox)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/
+
+作者：[EDITOR][a]
+选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/
+[1]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/oomox/
+[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/
+[3]: https://github.com/themix-project/oomox/releases
+[4]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.github.themix_project.Oomox
+[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/flatpak-new-framework-desktop-applications-linux/
--- a/translated/tech/20190118
+++ b/translated/tech/20190118
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 [#]: collector: (lujun9972)
 [#]: translator: (geekpi)
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10688-1.html)
 [#]: subject: (Secure Email Service Tutanota Has a Desktop App Now)
 [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/tutanota-desktop)
 [#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/)
@@ -10,32 +10,33 @@
 加密邮件服务 Tutanota 现在有桌面应用了
 ======

+![][18]
+
 [Tutanota][1] 最近[宣布][2]发布针对其电子邮件服务的桌面应用。该 Beta 版适用于 Linux、Windows 和 macOS。

 ### 什么是 Tutanota？

-网上有大量免费的、带有广告的电子邮件服务。但是，大多数电子邮件服务并不完全安全或在意隐私。在这个后[[斯诺登][3]世界中，[Tutanota][4] 提供了免费、安全的电子邮件服务，它专注于隐私。
+网上有大量免费的、带有广告的电子邮件服务。但是，大多数电子邮件服务并不完全安全或在意隐私。在这个后[斯诺登][3]世界中，[Tutanota][4] 提供了免费、安全的电子邮件服务，它专注于隐私。

 Tutanota 有许多引人注目的功能，例如：

-  * 端到端加密邮箱
-  * 端到端加密地址簿
-  * 用户之间自动端到端加密邮件
-  * 使用共享密码将端到端加密电子邮件发送到任何电子邮件地址
-  * 安全密码重置，使 Tutanota 完全无法访问
-  * 从发送和接收的电子邮件中去除 IP 地址
-  * 运行Tutanota 的代码是[开源][5]的
-  * 双重身份验证
-  * 专注于隐私
-  * 密码加盐，并本地使用 Bcrypt 哈希
-  * 位于德国的安全服务器
-  * 支持PFS、DMARC、DKIM、DNSSEC 和 DANE 的 TLS
-  * 本地执行加密数据的全文搜索
-
-
+* 端到端加密邮箱
+* 端到端加密地址簿
+* 用户之间自动端到端加密邮件
+* 通过分享密码将端到端加密电子邮件发送到任何电子邮件地址
+* 安全密码重置，使 Tutanota 完全无法访问
+* 从发送和接收的电子邮件中去除 IP 地址
+* 运行 Tutanota 的代码是[开源][5]的
+* 双因子身份验证
+* 专注于隐私
+* 加盐的密码，并本地使用 Bcrypt 哈希
+* 位于德国的安全服务器
+* 支持 PFS、DMARC、DKIM、DNSSEC 和 DANE 的 TLS
+* 本地执行加密数据的全文搜索

 ![][6]
-web 中的 Tutanota
+
+*web 中的 Tutanota*

 你可以[免费注册一个帐户][7]。你还可以升级帐户获取其他功能，例如自定义域、自定义域登录、域规则、额外的存储和别名。他们还提供企业帐户。

@@ -45,35 +46,33 @@ Tutanota 也可以在移动设备上使用。事实上，它的 [Android 应用

 ### Tutanota 的新桌面应用

-Tutanota 在圣诞节前宣布了桌面应用的 [Beta 版][2]。该应用基于 [Electron][10]。
+Tutanota 在去年圣诞节前宣布了桌面应用的 [Beta 版][2]。该应用基于 [Electron][10]。

 ![][11]
-Tutanota 桌面应用
+
+*Tutanota 桌面应用*

 他们选择 Electron 的原因：

-  * 以最小的成本支持三个主流操作系统。
-  * 快速调整新桌面客户端，使其与添加到网页客户端的新功能一致。
-  * 将开发时间留给桌面功能，例如离线可用、电子邮件导入，将同时在所有三个桌面客户端中提供。
-
-
+* 以最小的成本支持三个主流操作系统。
+* 快速调整新桌面客户端，使其与添加到网页客户端的新功能一致。
+* 将开发时间留给桌面功能，例如离线可用、电子邮件导入，将同时在所有三个桌面客户端中提供。

 由于这是 Beta 版，因此应用中缺少一些功能。Tutanota 的开发团队正在努力添加以下功能：

-  * 电子邮件导入和与外部邮箱同步。这将“使 Tutanota 能够从外部邮箱导入电子邮件，并在将数据存储在 Tutanota 服务器上之前在设备本地加密数据。”
-  * 电子邮件的离线可用
-  * 双重身份验证
-
-
+* 电子邮件导入和与外部邮箱同步。这将“使 Tutanota 能够从外部邮箱导入电子邮件，并在将数据存储在 Tutanota 服务器上之前在设备本地加密数据。”
+* 电子邮件的离线可用
+* 双因子身份验证

 ### 如何安装 Tutanota 桌面客户端？

 ![][12]
-在 Tutanota 中写邮件
+
+*在 Tutanota 中写邮件*

 你可以直接从 Tutanota 的网站[下载][2] Beta 版应用。它们有[适用于 Linux 的 AppImage 文件][13]、适用于 Windows 的 .exe 文件和适用于 macOS 的 .app 文件。你可以将你遇到的任何 bug 发布到 Tutanota 的 [GitHub 帐号中][14]。

-为了证明应用的安全性，Tutanota 签名了每个版本。 “签名确保桌面客户端以及任何更新直接来自我们且未被篡改。”你可以使用 Tutanota 的 [GitHub 页面][15]来验证签名。
+为了证明应用的安全性，Tutanota 签名了每个版本。“签名确保桌面客户端以及任何更新直接来自我们且未被篡改。”你可以使用 Tutanota 的 [GitHub 页面][15]来验证签名。

 请记住，你需要先创建一个 Tutanota 帐户才能使用它。该邮件客户端设计上只能用在 Tutanota。

@@ -83,9 +82,8 @@ Tutanota 桌面应用

 你曾经使用过 [Tutanota][16] 么？如果没有，你最喜欢的关心隐私的邮件服务是什么？请在下面的评论中告诉我们。

-如果你觉得这篇文章很有趣，请花些时间在社交媒体、Hacker News 或 [Reddit][17] 上分享。
+如果你觉得这篇文章很有趣，请花些时间在社交媒体上分享。

-![][18]

 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/tutanota-desktop
 作者：[John Paul][a]
 选题：[lujun9972][b]
 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)

 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

--- a/translated/tech/20190309
+++ b/translated/tech/20190309
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 [#]: collector: (lujun9972)
 [#]: translator: (geekpi)
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10682-1.html)
 [#]: subject: (Emulators and Native Linux games on the Raspberry Pi)
 [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/play-games-raspberry-pi)
 [#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva)

-树莓派上的模拟器和原生 Linux 游戏
+树莓派使用入门：树莓派上的模拟器和原生 Linux 游戏
 ======
-树莓派是一个很棒的游戏平台。在我们的系列文章的第九篇中学习如何开始使用树莓派。
+
+> 树莓派是一个很棒的游戏平台。在我们的系列文章的第九篇中学习如何开始使用树莓派。

 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/getting_started_with_minecraft_copy.png?itok=iz4RF7f8)

@@ -17,13 +18,13 @@

 ### 使用模拟器玩游戏

-模拟器是一种能让你在树莓派上玩不同系统，不同年代游戏的软件。在如今众多的模拟器中，[RetroPi][2] 是树莓派中最受欢迎的。你可以用它来玩 Apple II、Amiga、Atari 2600、Commodore 64、Game Boy Advance 和[其他许多][3]游戏。
+模拟器是一种能让你在树莓派上玩不同系统、不同年代游戏的软件。在如今众多的模拟器中，[RetroPi][2] 是树莓派中最受欢迎的。你可以用它来玩 Apple II、Amiga、Atari 2600、Commodore 64、Game Boy Advance 和[其他许多][3]游戏。

 如果 RetroPi 听起来有趣，请阅读[这些说明][4]开始使用，玩得开心！

 ### 原生 Linux 游戏

-树莓派的操作系统 Raspbian 上也有很多原生 Linux 游戏。“Make Use Of”  有一篇关于如何在树莓派上[玩 10 个老经典游戏][5]如 Doom 和 Nuke Dukem 3D 的文章。
+树莓派的操作系统 Raspbian 上也有很多原生 Linux 游戏。“Make Use Of”  有一篇关于如何在树莓派上[玩 10 个老经典游戏][5]，如 Doom 和 Nuke Dukem 3D 的文章。

 你也可以将树莓派用作[游戏服务器][6]。例如，你可以在树莓派上安装 Terraria、Minecraft 和 QuakeWorld 服务器。

@@ -34,13 +35,13 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/play-games-raspberry-pi
 作者：[Anderson Silva][a]
 选题：[lujun9972][b]
 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)

 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

 [a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva
 [b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/teach-kids-program-raspberry-pi
+[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10653-1.html
 [2]: https://retropie.org.uk/
 [3]: https://retropie.org.uk/about/systems
 [4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/retropie
--- a/translated/tech/20190310
+++ b/translated/tech/20190310
@@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
 [#]: collector: (lujun9972)
 [#]: translator: (qhwdw)
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10687-1.html)
 [#]: subject: (Let's get physical: How to use GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi)
 [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/gpio-pins-raspberry-pi)
 [#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva)

-进入物理世界：如何使用树莓派的 GPIO 针脚
+树莓派使用入门：进入物理世界 —— 如何使用树莓派的 GPIO 针脚
 ======
-在树莓派使用入门的第十篇文章中，我们将学习如何使用 GPIO。
+
+> 在树莓派使用入门的第十篇文章中，我们将学习如何使用 GPIO。
+
 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/raspbery_pi_zero_wireless_hardware.jpg?itok=9YFzdxFQ)

 到目前为止，本系列文章主要专注于树莓派的软件方面，而今天我们将学习硬件。在树莓派最初发布时，最让我感兴趣的主要特性之一就是它的 [通用输入输出][1]（GPIO）针脚。GPIO 可以让你的树莓派程序与连接到它上面的传感器、继电器、和其它类型的电子元件与物理世界来交互。

 ![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberrypi_10_gpio-pins-pi2.jpg)

-树莓派上的每个 GPIO 针脚要么有一个预定义的功能，要么被设计为通用的。另外，不同的树莓派型号要么 26 个，要么有 40 个 GPIO 针脚是你可以随意使用的。在维基百科上有一个 [关于每个针脚的非常详细的说明][2] 以及它的功能介绍。
+树莓派上的每个 GPIO 针脚要么有一个预定义的功能，要么被设计为通用的。另外，不同的树莓派型号要么 26 个，要么有 40 个 GPIO 针脚，你可以根据情况使用的。在维基百科上有一个 [关于每个针脚的非常详细的说明][2] 以及它的功能介绍。

 你可以使用树莓派的 GPIO 针脚做更多的事情。关于它的 GPIO 的使用我写过一些文章，包括使用树莓派来控制节日彩灯的三篇文章（[第一篇][3]、 [第二篇][4]、和 [第三篇][5]），在这些文章中我通过使用开源程序让灯光随着音乐起舞。

-树莓派社区在不同编程语言上创建不同的库方面做了非常好的一些工作，因此，你能够使用 [C][6]、[Python][7]、 [Scratch][8]、和其它语言与 GPIO 进行交互。
+树莓派社区在用不同编程语言创建不同的库方面做了非常好的一些工作，因此，你能够使用 [C][6]、[Python][7]、 [Scratch][8] 和其它语言与 GPIO 进行交互。

-另外，如果你想在树莓派与物理世界交互方面获得更好的体验，你可以选用 [Raspberry Pi Sense Hat][9]，它是插入树莓派 GPIO 针脚上的一个很便宜的电路板，借助它你可以通过程序与 LED、驾驶杆、气压计、温度计、温度计、 陀螺仪、加速度计、以及磁力仪来交互。
+另外，如果你想在树莓派与物理世界交互方面获得更好的体验，你可以选用 [Raspberry Pi Sense Hat][9]，它是插入树莓派 GPIO 针脚上的一个很便宜的电路板，借助它你可以通过程序与 LED、驾驶杆、气压计、温度计、温度计、 陀螺仪、加速度计以及磁力仪来交互。

 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/gpio-pins-raspberry-pi
 作者：[Anderson Silva][a]
 选题：[lujun9972][b]
 译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)

 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

--- a/published/20190311
+++ b/published/20190311
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (sanfusu)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10689-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0: Redefining Financial Services [Part 3])
+[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-redefining-financial-services/)
+[#]: author: (ostechnix https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/)
+
+区块链 2.0：重新定义金融服务（三）
+======
+
+![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Financial-Services-1-720x340.png)
+
+[本系列的前一篇文章][1]侧重于建立背景，以阐明为什么将现有的金融系统向充满未来主义的[区块链][2]体系迈进是“货币”改革的下一个自然步骤。我们将继续了解哪些区块链特性将有助于这一迁移。但是，金融市场十分复杂，并且人们的交易由众多组成部分组成，而不仅仅是货币。
+
+本部分将探索哪些区块链特性能够让金融机构向区块链平台迁移，并将传统银行和金融系统与其合并。如之前讨论证明的那样，如果有足够的人参与到给定的区块链网络并且支持交易协议，则赋给“代币”的面值将提升并变得更稳定。以比特币（BTC）为例，就和我们习惯使用的纸币一样，像比特币和以太币这样的加密货币，都可以用于所有前者的目的，从购买食物到船只，乃至贷款和购买保险。
+
+事实上，你所涉及的银行或其他金融机构很可能已经[利用了区块链分类账本技术][r1]。金融行业中区块链技术最显著的用途是建立支付基础设施、基金交易技术和数字身份管理。传统上，后两者是由金融服务业传统的系统处理的。但由于区块链处理上的效率，这些系统正逐渐的向区块链迁移合并。区块链还为这些金融服务业的公司提供了高质量的数据分析解决方案，这一方面之所以能够快速的得到重视，主要得益于最近的数据科学的发展。
+
+从这一领域前沿阵地的初创企业和项目入手考察，区块链似乎能有所保证，因为这些企业或项目的产品已经开始在市场上扩展开来。
+
+PayPal，这是一家创建于 1998 年的在线支付公司，现为此类平台中最大的一个，常被视作运营和技术能力的基准。PayPal 很大程度上派生自现有的货币体系。它的创新贡献来自于如何收集并利用消费者数据，以提供即时的在线服务。如今，在线交易已被认为是理所当然的事，其所基于的技术方面，在该行业里的创新极少。拥有坚实的基础是一件好事，但在快速发展的 IT 行业里并不能提供任何竞争力，毕竟每天都有新的标准和新的技术。2014 年，PayPal 子公司 **Braintree** [宣布][r2]与流行的加密货币支付方案解决商 [Coinbase][r3] 和 **GoCoin** 建立了合作关系，以便逐步将比特币和其它加密货币整合到它们的服务平台上。这基本上给了加密货币支付方案解决商的消费者在 PayPal 可靠且熟悉的平台下探索和体验的一个机会。事实上，打车公司 **Uber** 和 Braintree 具有独家合作关系，允许消费者在打车的时候使用比特币。
+
+**瑞波（Ripple）** 正在让人们在多个区块链之间的操作变得更简单。瑞波已经成为美国各地区银行向前发展的头条新闻，比如，在不需要第三方中介的情况下，将资金双边转移给其他地区银行，从而降低了成本和时间管理费用。[瑞波的 Codius 平台][r4]允许区块链之间互相操作，并为智能合约编入系统提供了方便之门，以最大限度地减少篡改和混乱。建立在这种先进、安全并且可根据需要扩展的平台上，瑞波拥有像瑞银和[渣打银行][r5] 在内的客户列表，更多的银行客户也在期待加入。
+
+**Kraken**，是一个在全球各地运营的美国加密货币交易所，因其可靠的**加密货币量**估算而闻名，甚至向彭博终端实时提供比特币定价数据。在 2015 年，[他们与菲多尔银行][r6]合作建立世界上第一个提供银行业务和加密货币交易的加密货币银行。
+
+另一家金融科技公司 [Circle][r7] 则是目前同类公司中规模最大的一家，允许用户投资和交易加密货币衍生资产，类似于传统的货币市场资产。
+
+如今，像 [Wyre][r8] 和 **Stellar** 这样的公司已经将国际电汇的提前期从平均 3 天降到了 6 小时。有人声称，一旦建立了适当的监管体系，同样的 6 小时可以缩短至几秒钟。
+
+虽然现在上述内容集中在相关的初创项目上，但是不应忽视更受尊敬的老派金融机构的影响力和能力。这些全球范围内交易量达数十亿美元，已经存在了数十年乃至上百年的机构，在利用区块链及其潜力上有着相当的兴趣。
+
+前面的文章中我们已经提到，**摩根大通**最近披露了他们在开发加密货币和企业级别的区块链基础分类帐本上的计划。该项目被称为 [Quorum][r9]，被定义为 **“企业级分布式分类帐和智能合约平台”**。这一平台的主要目标是将大量的银行操作逐渐的迁移到 Quorum 中，从而削减像摩根大通这样的公司在保证隐私、安全和透明度上的重大开销。他们声称自己是行业中唯一完整拥有全部的区块链、协议和代币系统的玩家。他们也发布了一个称为 **JPM 硬币** 的加密货币，用于大额即时结算。JPM 硬币是由摩根大通等主要银行支持的首批“稳定币”。稳定币是其价格与现存主要货币系统相关联的加密货币。Quorum 也因其每秒几近 100 次远高于同行的交易量而倍受吹捧，这远远领先于同时代。
+
+据报道，英国跨国金融巨头巴克莱已经[注册了两项基于区块链的专利][r10]，旨在简化资金转移和 KYC 规程。巴克莱更多的是旨在提高自身的银行操作效率。其中一个应用是创建一个私有区块链网络，用于存储客户的 KYC 信息。经过验证、存储和确认后，这些详细信息将不可变，并且无需再进一步验证。若能实施这一应用，该协议将取消对 KYC 信息多次验证的需求。像印度这样有着高密度人口的发展中国家，其中大部分人口的 KYC 信息尚未被引入正式的银行系统中，若能引入这种具有革新意义的 KYC 系统，将有助于减少随机错误并减少交付时间。据传，巴克莱同时也在探索区块链系统的功能，以便解决信用状态评级和保险赔偿问题。
+
+这种以区块链作支撑的系统，被用来消除不必要的维护成本，并利用智能合约来为那些需要慎重、安全和速度的企业在行业内赢得竞争力。这些企业产品建立在一个能够确保完整交易以及合同隐私的协议之上，同时建立了可使腐败和贿赂无效的共识机制。
+
+[普华永道 2017 年的全球金融科技报告][r11] 表示到 2020 年，所有金融科技公司中约有 77％ 将转向基于区块链的技术和流程。高达 90％ 的受访者表示他们计划在 2020 年之前将区块链技术作为生产系统的一部分。他们的判断没错，因为从监管的角度来看，通过转移到基于区块链的系统上，可以确保显著的成本节约和透明度增加。
+
+由于区块链平台默认内置了监管能力，因此企业从传统系统迁移到运行区块链分类账本的现代网络也是行业监管机构所欢迎的举措。交易和贸易运动可以一劳永逸地进行验证和跟踪。从长远来看，这可能会带来更好的监管和风险管理，更不用说改善了公司和个人的责任。
+
+虽然对跨越式创新的投资是由企业进行的大量投资顺带所致，但如果认为这些措施不会渗透到最终用户的利益中是具有误导性的。随着银行和金融机构开始采用区块链，这将为他们带来更多的成本节约和效率，而这最终也将对终端消费者有利。透明度和欺诈保护带来的额外好处将改善客户的感受，更重要的是提高人们对银行和金融系统的信任。通过区块链及其与传统服务的整合，金融服务行业急需的革命将成为可能。 在本系列的下一部分中，我们将讨论[房地产中的区块链][3]。
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-redefining-financial-services/
+
+作者：[ostechnix][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[sanfusu](https://github.com/sanfusu)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10668-1.html
+[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10650-1.html
+[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-blockchain-in-real-estate/
+[r1]: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/01/22/35-amazing-real-world-examples-of-how-blockchain-is-changing-our-world/#170df8de43b5
+[r2]: https://publicpolicy.paypal-corp.com/issues/blockchain
+[r3]: https://blog.coinbase.com/coinbase-adds-support-for-paypal-and-credit-cards-21968661d508
+[r4]: http://fortune.com/2018/06/06/ripple-codius/
+[r5]: https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/32048/standard-chartered-to-extend-use-of-ripplenet-to-more-countries
+[r6]: https://99bitcoins.com/fidor-and-kraken-team-up-for-cryptocurrency-bank/
+[r7]: https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=249292386
+[r8]: https://www.forbes.com/sites/julianmitchell/2018/07/31/wyre-the-blockchain-platform-taking-the-lead-in-cross-border-transactions/#6bc69ade69d7
+[r9]: https://www.jpmorgan.com/global/Quorum
+[r10]: https://cointelegraph.com/news/barclays-files-two-digital-currency-and-blockchain-patents-with-u-s-patent-office
+[r11]: https://www.pwc.com/jg/en/media-release/global-fintech-survey-2017.html
--- a/published/20190311
+++ b/published/20190311
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (hopefully2333)
+[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
+[#]: publisher: (wxy)
+[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10690-1.html)
+[#]: subject: (Learn about computer security with the Raspberry Pi and Kali Linux)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/computer-security-raspberry-pi)
+[#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva)
+
+树莓派使用入门：通过树莓派和 kali Linux 学习计算机安全
+======
+
+> 树莓派是学习计算机安全的一个好方法。在我们这个系列的第十一篇文章中会进行学习。
+
+![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/security_privacy_lock.png?itok=ZWjrpFzx)
+
+在技术方面是否有比保护你的计算机更热门的话题？一些专家会告诉你，没有绝对安全的系统。他们开玩笑说，如果你想要你的服务器或者应用程序真正的安全，就关掉你的服务器，从网络上断线，然后把它放在一个安全的地方。但问题是显而易见的：没人能用的应用程序或者服务器有什么用？
+
+这是围绕安全的一个难题，我们如何才能在保证安全性的同时，让服务器或应用程序依然可用且有价值？我无论如何都不是一个安全专家，虽然我希望有一天我能是。因此，分享可以用树莓派来做些什么以学习计算机安全的知识，我认为是有意义的。
+
+我要提示一下，就像本系列中其他写给树莓派初学者的文章一样，我的目标不是深入研究，而是起个头，让你有兴趣去了解更多与这些主题相关的东西。
+
+### Kali Linux
+
+当我们谈到“做一些安全方面的事”的时候，出现在脑海中的一个 Linux 发行版就是 [Kali Linux][1]。Kali Linux 的开发主要集中在调查取证和渗透测试方面。它有超过 600 个已经预先安装好了的用来测试你的计算机的安全性的[渗透测试工具][2]，还有一个[取证模式][3]，它可以避免自身接触到被检查系统的内部的硬盘驱动器或交换空间。
+
+![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberrypi_11_kali.png)
+
+就像 Raspbian 一样，Kali Linux 基于 Debian 的发行版，你可以在 Kali 的主要[文档门户][4]的网页上找到将它安装在树莓派上的文档。如果你已经在你的树莓派上安装了 Raspbian 或者是其它的 Linux 发行版。那么你装 Kali 应该是没问题的，Kali 的创造者甚至将[培训、研讨会和职业认证][5]整合到了一起，以此来帮助提升你在安全领域内的职业生涯。
+
+### 其他的 Linux 发行版
+
+大多数的标准 Linux 发行版，比如 Raspbian、Ubuntu 和 Fedora 这些，在它们的仓库里同样也有[很多可用的安全工具][6]。一些很棒的探测工具你可以试试，包括 [Nmap][7]、[Wireshark][8]、[auditctl][9]，和 [SELinux][10]。
+
+### 项目
+
+你可以在树莓派上运行很多其他的安全相关的项目，例如[蜜罐][11]，[广告拦截器][12]和 [USB 清洁器][13]。花些时间了解它们！
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/computer-security-raspberry-pi
+
+作者：[Anderson Silva][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[hopefully2333](https://github.com/hopefully2333)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.kali.org/
+[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Linux#Development
+[3]: https://docs.kali.org/general-use/kali-linux-forensics-mode
+[4]: https://docs.kali.org/kali-on-arm/install-kali-linux-arm-raspberry-pi
+[5]: https://www.kali.org/penetration-testing-with-kali-linux/
+[6]: https://linuxblog.darkduck.com/2019/02/9-best-linux-based-security-tools.html
+[7]: https://nmap.org/
+[8]: https://www.wireshark.org/
+[9]: https://linux.die.net/man/8/auditctl
+[10]: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/sysadmin-guide-selinux
+[11]: https://trustfoundry.net/honeypi-easy-honeypot-raspberry-pi/
+[12]: https://pi-hole.net/
+[13]: https://www.circl.lu/projects/CIRCLean/
--- a/sources/talk/20181205
+++ b/sources/talk/20181205
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: (mokshal)
+[#]: translator: ( )
 [#]: reviewer: ( )
 [#]: publisher: ( )
 [#]: subject: (5 reasons to give Linux for the holidays)
--- a/sources/talk/20190327
+++ b/sources/talk/20190327
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/devops-most-important-tech-strategy)
+[#]: author: (Kelly AlbrechtWilly-Peter Schaub https://opensource.com/users/ksalbrecht/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/ksalbrecht)
+
+Why DevOps is the most important tech strategy today
+======
+Clearing up some of the confusion about DevOps.
+![CICD with gears][1]
+
+Many people first learn about [DevOps][2] when they see one of its outcomes and ask how it happened. It's not necessary to understand why something is part of DevOps to implement it, but knowing that—and why a DevOps strategy is important—can mean the difference between being a leader or a follower in an industry.
+
+Maybe you've heard some the incredible outcomes attributed to DevOps, such as production environments that are so resilient they can handle thousands of releases per day while a "[Chaos Monkey][3]" is running around randomly unplugging things. This is impressive, but on its own, it's a weak business case, essentially burdened with [proving a negative][4]: The DevOps environment is resilient because a serious failure hasn't been observed… yet.
+
+There is a lot of confusion about DevOps and many people are still trying to make sense of it. Here's an example from someone in my LinkedIn feed:
+
+> Recently attended few #DevOps sessions where some speakers seemed to suggest #Agile is a subset of DevOps. Somehow, my understanding was just the opposite.
+>
+> Would like to hear your thoughts. What do you think is the relationship between Agile and DevOps?
+>
+>   1. DevOps is a subset of Agile
+>   2. Agile is a subset of DevOps
+>   3. DevOps is an extension of Agile, starts where Agile ends
+>   4. DevOps is the new version of Agile
+>
+
+
+Tech industry professionals have been weighing in on the LinkedIn post with a wide range of answers. How would you respond?
+
+### DevOps' roots in lean and agile
+
+DevOps makes a lot more sense if we start with the strategies of Henry Ford and the Toyota Production System's refinements of Ford's model. Within this history is the birthplace of lean manufacturing, which has been well studied. In [_Lean Thinking_][5], James P. Womack and Daniel T. Jones distill it into five principles:
+
+  1. Specify the value desired by the customer
+  2. Identify the value stream for each product providing that value and challenge all of the wasted steps currently necessary to provide it
+  3. Make the product flow continuously through the remaining value-added steps
+  4. Introduce pull between all steps where continuous flow is possible
+  5. Manage toward perfection so that the number of steps and the amount of time and information needed to serve the customer continually falls
+
+
+
+Lean seeks to continuously remove waste and increase the flow of value to the customer. This is easily recognizable and understood through a core tenet of lean: single piece flow. We can do a number of activities to learn why moving single pieces at a time is magnitudes faster than batches of many pieces; the [Penny Game][6] and the [Airplane Game][7] are two of them. In the Penny Game, if a batch of 20 pennies takes two minutes to get to the customer, they get the whole batch after waiting two minutes. If you move one penny at a time, the customer gets the first penny in about five seconds and continues getting pennies until the 20th penny arrives approximately 25 seconds later.
+
+This is a huge difference, but not everything in life is as simple and predictable as the penny in the Penny Game. This is where agile comes in. We certainly see lean principles on high-performing agile teams, but these teams need more than lean to do what they do.
+
+To be able to handle the unpredictability and variance of typical software development tasks, agile methodology focuses on awareness, deliberation, decision, and action to adjust course in the face of a constantly changing reality. For example, agile frameworks (like scrum) increase awareness with ceremonies like the daily standup and the sprint review. If the scrum team becomes aware of a new reality, the framework allows and encourages them to adjust course if necessary.
+
+For teams to make these types of decisions, they need to be self-organizing in a high-trust environment. High-performing agile teams working this way achieve a fast flow of value while continuously adjusting course, removing the waste of going in the wrong direction.
+
+### Optimal batch size
+
+To understand the power of DevOps in software development, it helps to understand the economics of batch size. Consider the following U-curve optimization illustration from Donald Reinertsen's _[Principles of Product Development Flow][8]:_
+
+![U-curve optimization illustration of optimal batch size][9]
+
+This can be explained with an analogy about grocery shopping. Suppose you need to buy some eggs and you live 30 minutes from the store. Buying one egg (far left on the illustration) at a time would mean a 30-minute trip each time. This is your _transaction cost_. The _holding cost_ might represent the eggs spoiling and taking up space in your refrigerator over time. The _total cost_ is the _transaction cost_ plus your _holding cost_. This U-curve explains why, for most people, buying a dozen eggs at a time is their _optimal batch size_. If you lived next door to the store, it'd cost you next to nothing to walk there, and you'd probably buy a smaller carton each time to save room in your refrigerator and enjoy fresher eggs.
+
+This U-curve optimization illustration can shed some light on why productivity increases significantly in successful agile transformations. Consider the effect of agile transformation on decision making in an organization. In traditional hierarchical organizations, decision-making authority is centralized. This leads to larger decisions made less frequently by fewer people. An agile methodology will effectively reduce an organization's transaction cost for making decisions by decentralizing the decisions to where the awareness and information is the best known: across the high-trust, self-organizing agile teams.
+
+The following animation shows how reducing transaction cost shifts the optimal batch size to the left. You can't understate the value to an organization in making faster decisions more frequently.
+
+![U-curve optimization illustration][10]
+
+### Where does DevOps fit in?
+
+Automation is one of the things DevOps is most known for. The previous illustration shows the value of automation in great detail. Through automation, we reduce our transaction costs to nearly zero, essentially getting our testing and deployments for free. This lets us take advantage of smaller and smaller batch sizes of work. Smaller batches of work are easier to understand, commit to, test, review, and know when they are done. These smaller batch sizes also contain less variance and risk, making them easier to deploy and, if something goes wrong, to troubleshoot and recover from. With automation combined with a solid agile practice, we can get our feature development very close to single piece flow, providing value to customers quickly and continuously.
+
+More traditionally, DevOps is understood as a way to knock down the walls of confusion between the dev and ops teams. In this model, development teams develop new features, while operations teams keep the system stable and running smoothly. Friction occurs because new features from development introduce change into the system, increasing the risk of an outage, which the operations team doesn't feel responsible for—but has to deal with anyway. DevOps is not just trying to get people working together, it's more about trying to make more frequent changes safely in a complex environment.
+
+We can look to [Ron Westrum][11] for research about achieving safety in complex organizations. In researching why some organizations are safer than others, he found that an organization's culture is predictive of its safety. He identified three types of culture: Pathological, Bureaucratic, and Generative. He found that the Pathological culture was predictive of less safety and the Generative culture was predictive of more safety (e.g., far fewer plane crashes or accidental hospital deaths in his main areas of research).
+
+![Three types of culture identified by Ron Westrum][12]
+
+Effective DevOps teams achieve a Generative culture with lean and agile practices, showing that speed and safety are complementary, or two sides of the same coin. By reducing the optimal batch sizes of decisions and features to become very small, DevOps achieves a faster flow of information and value while removing waste and reducing risk.
+
+In line with Westrum's research, change can happen easily with safety and reliability improving at the same time. When an agile DevOps team is trusted to make its own decisions, we get the tools and techniques DevOps is most known for today: automation and continuous delivery. Through this automation, transaction costs are reduced further than ever, and a near single piece lean flow is achieved, creating the potential for thousands of decisions and releases per day, as we've seen happen in high-performing DevOps organizations.
+
+### Flow, feedback, learning
+
+DevOps doesn't stop there. We've mainly been talking about DevOps achieving a revolutionary flow, but lean and agile practices are further amplified through similar efforts that achieve faster feedback loops and faster learning. In the [_DevOps Handbook_][13], the authors explain in detail how, beyond its fast flow, DevOps achieves telemetry across its entire value stream for fast and continuous feedback. Further, leveraging the [kaizen][14] bursts of lean and the [retrospectives][15] of scrum, high-performing DevOps teams will continuously drive learning and continuous improvement deep into the foundations of their organizations, achieving a lean manufacturing revolution in the software product development industry.
+
+### Start with a DevOps assessment
+
+The first step in leveraging DevOps is, either after much study or with the help of a DevOps consultant and coach, to conduct an assessment across a suite of dimensions consistently found in high-performing DevOps teams. The assessment should identify weak or non-existent team norms that need improvement. Evaluate the assessment's results to find quick wins—focus areas with high chances for success that will produce high-impact improvement. Quick wins are important for gaining the momentum needed to tackle more challenging areas. The teams should generate ideas that can be tried quickly and start to move the needle on the DevOps transformation.
+
+After some time, the team should reassess on the same dimensions to measure improvements and identify new high-impact focus areas, again with fresh ideas from the team. A good coach will consult, train, mentor, and support as needed until the team owns its own continuous improvement and achieves near consistency on all dimensions by continually reassessing, experimenting, and learning.
+
+In the [second part][16] of this article, we'll look at results from a DevOps survey in the Drupal community and see where the quick wins are most likely to be found.
+
+* * *
+
+_Rob_ _Bayliss and Kelly Albrecht will present[DevOps: Why, How, and What][17] and host a follow-up [Birds of a][18]_ [_Feather_][18] _[discussion][18] at [DrupalCon 2019][19] in Seattle, April 8-12._
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/devops-most-important-tech-strategy
+
+作者：[Kelly AlbrechtWilly-Peter Schaub][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ksalbrecht/users/brentaaronreed/users/wpschaub/users/wpschaub/users/ksalbrecht
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cicd_continuous_delivery_deployment_gears.png?itok=kVlhiEkc (CICD with gears)
+[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/devops
+[3]: https://github.com/Netflix/chaosmonkey
+[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)#Proving_a_negative
+[5]: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0048WQDIO/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1
+[6]: https://youtu.be/5t6GhcvKB8o?t=54
+[7]: https://www.shmula.com/paper-airplane-game-pull-systems-push-systems/8280/
+[8]: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00K7OWG7O/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1
+[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/batch_size_optimal_650.gif (U-curve optimization illustration of optimal batch size)
+[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/batch_size_650.gif (U-curve optimization illustration)
+[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Westrum
+[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/information_flow.png (Three types of culture identified by Ron Westrum)
+[13]: https://www.amazon.com/DevOps-Handbook-World-Class-Reliability-Organizations/dp/1942788002/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=DevOps+handbook&qid=1553197361&s=books&sr=1-3
+[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizen
+[15]: https://www.scrum.org/resources/what-is-a-sprint-retrospective
+[16]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/where-drupal-community-stands-devops-adoption
+[17]: https://events.drupal.org/seattle2019/sessions/devops-why-how-and-what
+[18]: https://events.drupal.org/seattle2019/bofs/devops-getting-started
+[19]: https://events.drupal.org/seattle2019
--- a/sources/talk/20190328
+++ b/sources/talk/20190328
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Continuous response: The essential process we're ignoring in DevOps)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/continuous-response-devops)
+[#]: author: (Randy Bias https://opensource.com/users/randybias)
+
+Continuous response: The essential process we're ignoring in DevOps
+======
+You probably practice CI and CD, but if you aren't thinking about
+continuous response, you aren't really doing DevOps.
+![CICD with gears][1]
+
+Continuous response (CR) is an overlooked link in the DevOps process chain. The two other major links—[continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD)][2]—are well understood, but CR is not. Yet, CR is the essential element of follow-through required to make customers happy and fulfill the promise of greater speed and agility. At the heart of the DevOps movement is the need for greater velocity and agility to bring businesses into our new digital age. CR plays a pivotal role in enabling this.
+
+### Defining CR
+
+We need a crisp definition of CR to move forward with breaking it down. To put it into context, let's revisit the definitions of continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD). Here are Gartner's definitions when I wrote this them down in 2017:
+
+> [Continuous integration][3] is the practice of integrating, building, testing, and delivering functional software on a scheduled, repeatable, and automated basis.
+>
+> Continuous delivery is a software engineering approach where teams keep producing valuable software in short cycles while ensuring that the software can be reliably released at any time.
+
+I propose the following definition for CR:
+
+> Continuous response is a practice where developers and operators instrument, measure, observe, and manage their deployed software looking for changes in performance, resiliency, end-user behavior, and security posture and take corrective actions as necessary.
+
+We can argue about whether these definitions are 100% correct. They are good enough for our purposes, which is framing the definition of CR in rough context so we can understand it is really just the last link in the chain of a holistic cycle.
+
+![The holistic DevOps cycle][4]
+
+What is this multi-colored ring, you ask? It's the famous [OODA Loop][5]. Before continuing, let's touch on what the OODA Loop is and why it's relevant to DevOps. We'll keep it brief though, as there is already a long history between the OODA Loop and DevOps.
+
+#### A brief aside: The OODA Loop
+
+At the heart of core DevOps thinking is using the OODA Loop to create a proactive process for evolving and responding to changing environments. A quick [web search][6] makes it easy to learn the long history between the OODA Loop and DevOps, but if you want the deep dive, I highly recommend [The Tao of Boyd: How to Master the OODA Loop][7].
+
+Here is the "evolved OODA Loop" presented by John Boyd:
+
+![OODA Loop][8]
+
+The most important thing to understand about the OODA Loop is that it's a cognitive process for adapting to and handling changing circumstances.
+
+The second most important thing to understand about the OODA Loop is, since it is a thought process that is meant to evolve, it depends on driving feedback back into the earlier parts of the cycle as you iterate.
+
+As you can see in the diagram above, CI, CD, and CR are all their own isolated OODA Loops within the overall DevOps OODA Loop. The key here is that each OODA Loop is an evolving thought process for how test, release, and success are measured. Simply put, those who can execute on the OODA Loop fastest will win.
+
+Put differently, DevOps wants to drive speed (executing the OODA Loop faster) combined with agility (taking feedback and using it to constantly adjust the OODA Loop). This is why CR is a vital piece of the DevOps process. We must drive production feedback into the DevOps maturation process. The DevOps notion of Culture, Automation, Measurement, and Sharing ([CAMS][9]) partially but inadequately captures this, whereas CR provides a much cleaner continuation of CI/CD in my mind.
+
+### Breaking CR down
+
+CR has more depth and breadth than CI or CD. This is natural, given that what we're categorizing is the post-deployment process by which our software is taking a variety of actions from autonomic responses to analytics of customer experience. I think, when it's broken down, there are three key buckets that CR components fall into. Each of these three areas forms a complete OODA Loop; however, the level of automation throughout the OODA Loop varies significantly.
+
+The following table will help clarify the three areas of CR:
+
+CR Type | Purpose | Examples
+---|---|---
+Real-time | Autonomics for availability and resiliency | Auto-scaling, auto-healing, developer-in-the-loop automated responses to real-time failures, automated root-cause analysis
+Analytic | Feature/fix pipeline | A/B testing, service response times, customer interaction models
+Predictive | History-based planning | Capacity planning, hardware failure prediction models, cost-basis analysis
+
+_Real-time CR_ is probably the best understood of the three. This kind of CR is where our software has been instrumented for known issues and can take an immediate, automated response (autonomics). Examples of known issues include responding to high or low demand (e.g., elastic auto-scaling), responding to expected infrastructure resource failures (e.g., auto-healing), and responding to expected distributed application failures (e.g., circuit breaker pattern). In the future, we will see machine learning (ML) and similar technologies applied to automated root-cause analysis and event correlation, which will then provide a path towards "no ops" or "zero ops" operational models.
+
+_Analytic CR_ is still the most manual of the CR processes. This kind of CR is focused primarily on observing end-user experience and providing feedback to the product development cycle to add features or fix existing functionality. Examples of this include traditional A/B website testing, measuring page-load times or service-response times, post-mortems of service failures, and so on.
+
+_Predictive CR_ , due to the resurgence of AI and ML, is one of the innovation areas in CR. It uses historical data to predict future needs. ML techniques are allowing this area to become more fully automated. Examples include automated and predictive capacity planning (primarily for the infrastructure layer), automated cost-basis analysis of service delivery, and real-time reallocation of infrastructure resources to resolve capacity and hardware failure issues before they impact the end-user experience.
+
+### Diving deeper on CR
+
+CR, like CI or CD, is a DevOps process supported by a set of underlying tools. CI and CD are not Jenkins, unit tests, or automated deployments alone. They are a process flow. Similarly, CR is a process flow that begins with the delivery of new code via CD, which open source tools like [Spinnaker][10] give us. CR is not monitoring, machine learning, or auto-scaling, but a diverse set of processes that occur after code deployment, supported by a variety of tools. CR is also different in two specific ways.
+
+First, it is different because, by its nature, it is broader. The general software development lifecycle (SDLC) process means that most [CI/CD processes][11] are similar. However, code running in production differs from app to app or service to service. This means that CR differs as well.
+
+Second, CR is different because it is nascent. Like CI and CD before it, the process and tools existed before they had a name. Over time, CI/CD became more normalized and easier to scope. CR is new, hence there is lots of room to discuss what's in or out. I welcome your comments in this regard and hope you will run with these ideas.
+
+### CR: Closing the loop on DevOps
+
+DevOps arose because of the need for greater service delivery velocity and agility. Essentially, DevOps is an extension of agile software development practices to an operational mindset. It's a direct response to the flexibility and automation possibilities that cloud computing affords. However, much of the thinking on DevOps to date has focused on deploying the code to production and ends there. But our jobs don't end there. As professionals, we must also make certain our code is behaving as expected, we are learning as it runs in production, and we are taking that learning back into the product development process.
+
+This is where CR lives and breathes. DevOps without CR is the same as saying there is no OODA Loop around the DevOps process itself. It's like saying that operators' and developers' jobs end with the code being deployed. We all know this isn't true. Customer experience is the ultimate measurement of our success. Can people use the software or service without hiccups or undue friction? If not, we need to fix it. CR is the final link in the DevOps chain that enables delivering the truest customer experience.
+
+If you aren't thinking about continuous response, you aren't doing DevOps. Share your thoughts on CR, and tell me what you think about the concept and the definition.
+
+* * *
+
+_This article is based on[The Essential DevOps Process We're Ignoring: Continuous Response][12], which originally appeared on the Cloudscaling blog under a [CC BY 4.0][13] license and is republished with permission._
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/continuous-response-devops
+
+作者：[Randy Bias][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/randybias
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cicd_continuous_delivery_deployment_gears.png?itok=kVlhiEkc (CICD with gears)
+[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/what-cicd
+[3]: https://www.gartner.com/doc/3187420/guidance-framework-continuous-integration-continuous
+[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/holistic-devops-cycle-smaller.jpeg (The holistic DevOps cycle)
+[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OODA_loop
+[6]: https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Ablog.b3k.us+ooda+loop&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS730US730&oq=site%3Ablog.b3k.us+ooda+loop&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i58.8660j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#q=devops+ooda+loop&*
+[7]: http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/15/ooda-loop/
+[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ooda-loop-2-1.jpg (OODA Loop)
+[9]: https://itrevolution.com/devops-culture-part-1/
+[10]: https://www.spinnaker.io
+[11]: https://opensource.com/article/18/12/cicd-tools-sysadmins
+[12]: http://cloudscaling.com/blog/devops/the-essential-devops-process-were-ignoring-continuous-response/
+[13]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
--- a/sources/talk/20190328
+++ b/sources/talk/20190328
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Why do organizations have open secrets?)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/3/open-secrets-bystander-effect)
+[#]: author: (Laura Hilliger https://opensource.com/users/laurahilliger/users/maryjo)
+
+Why do organizations have open secrets?
+======
+Everyone sees something, but no one says anything—that's the bystander
+effect. And it's damaging your organizational culture.
+![][1]
+
+[The five characteristics of an open organization][2] must work together to ensure healthy and happy communities inside our organizations. Even the most transparent teams, departments, and organizations require equal doses of additional open principles—like inclusivity and collaboration—to avoid dysfunction.
+
+The "open secrets" phenomenon illustrates the limitations of transparency when unaccompanied by additional open values. [A recent article in Harvard Business Review][3] explored the way certain organizational issues—widely apparent but seemingly impossible to solve—lead to discomfort in the workforce. Authors Insiya Hussain and Subra Tangirala performed a number of studies, and found that the more people in an organization who knew about a particular "secret," be it a software bug or a personnel issue, the less likely any one person would be to report the issue or otherwise _do_ something about it.
+
+Hussain and Tangirala explain that so-called "open secrets" are the result of a [bystander effect][4], which comes into play when people think, "Well, if _everyone_ knows, surely _I_ don't need to be the one to point it out." The authors mention several causes of this behavior, but let's take a closer look at why open secrets might be circulating in your organization—with an eye on what an open leader might do to [create a safe space for whistleblowing][5].
+
+### 1\. Fear
+
+People don't want to complain about a known problem only to have their complaint be the one that initiates the quality assurance, integrity, or redress process. What if new information emerges that makes their report irrelevant? What if they are simply _wrong_?
+
+At the root of all bystander behavior is fear—fear of repercussions, fear of losing reputation or face, or fear that the very thing you've stood up against turns out to be a non-issue for everyone else. Going on record as "the one who reported" carries with it a reputational risk that is very intimidating.
+
+The first step to ensuring that your colleagues report malicious behavior, code, or _whatever_ needs reporting is to create a fear-free workplace. We're inundated with the idea that making a mistake is bad or wrong. We're taught that we have to "protect" our reputations. However, the qualities of a good and moral character are _always_ subjective.
+
+_Tip for leaders_ : Reward courage and strength every time you see it, regardless of whether you deem it "necessary." For example, if in a meeting where everyone except one person agrees on something, spend time on that person's concerns. Be patient and kind in helping that person change their mind, and be open minded about that person being able to change yours. Brains work in different ways; never forget that one person might have a perspective that changes the lay of the land.
+
+### 2\. Policies
+
+Usually, complaint procedures and policies are designed to ensure fairness towards all parties involved in the complaint. Discouraging false reporting and ensuring such fairness in situations like these is certainly a good idea. But policies might actually deter people from standing up—because a victim might be discouraged from reporting an experience if the formal policy for reporting doesn't make them feel protected. Standing up to someone in a position of power and saying "Your behavior is horrid, and I'm not going to take it" isn't easy for anyone, but it's particularly difficult for marginalized groups.
+
+The "open secrets" phenomenon illustrates the limitations of transparency when unaccompanied by additional open values.
+
+To ensure fairness to all parties, we need to adjust for victims. As part of making the decision to file a report, a victim will be dealing with a variety of internal fears. They'll wonder what might happen to their self-worth if they're put in a situation where they have to talk to someone about their experience. They'll wonder if they'll be treated differently if they're the one who stands up, and how that will affect their future working environments and relationships. Especially in a situation involving an open secret, asking a victim to be strong is asking them to have to trust that numerous other people will back them up. This fear shouldn't be part of their workplace experience; it's just not fair.
+
+Remember that if one feels responsible for a problem (e.g., "Crap, that's _my code_ that's bringing down the whole server!"), then that person might feel fear at pointing out the mistake. _The important thing is dealing with the situation, not finding someone to blame._ Policies that make people feel personally protected—no matter what the situation—are absolutely integral to ensuring the organization deals with open secrets.
+
+_Tip for leaders_ : Make sure your team's or organization's policy regarding complaints makes anonymous reporting possible. Asking a victim to "go on record" puts them in the position of having to defend their perspective. If they feel they're the victim of harassment, they're feeling as if they are harassed _and_ being asked to defend their experience. This means they're doing double the work of the perpetrator, who only has to defend themselves.
+
+### 3\. Marginalization
+
+Women, LGBTQ people, racial minorities, people with physical disabilities, people who are neuro-atypical, and other marginalized groups often find themselves in positions that them feel routinely dismissed, disempowered, disrespected—and generally dissed. These feelings are valid (and shouldn't be too surprising to anyone who has spent some time looking at issues of diversity and inclusion). Our emotional safety matters, and we tend to be quite protective of it—even if it means letting open secrets go unaddressed.
+
+Marginalized groups have enough worries weighing on them, even when they're _not_ running the risk of damaging their relationships with others at work. Being seen and respected in both an organization and society more broadly is difficult enough _without_ drawing potentially negative attention.
+
+Policies that make people feel personally protected—no matter what the situation—are absolutely integral to ensuring the organization deals with open secrets.
+
+Luckily, in recent years attitudes towards marginalized groups have become visible, and we as a society have begun to talk about our experiences as "outliers." We've also come to realize that marginalized groups aren't actually "outliers" at all; we can thank the colorful, beautiful internet for that.
+
+_Tip for leaders_ : Diversity and inclusion plays a role in dispelling open secrets. Make sure your diversity and inclusion practices and policies truly encourage a diverse workplace.
+
+### Model the behavior
+
+The best way to create a safe workplace and give people the ability to call attention to pervasive problems found within it is to _model the behaviors that you want other people to display_. Dysfunction occurs in cultures that don't pay attention to and value the principles upon which they are built. In order to discourage bystander behavior, transparent, inclusive, adaptable and collaborative communities must create policies that support calling attention to open secrets and then empathetically dealing with whatever the issue may be.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/3/open-secrets-bystander-effect
+
+作者：[Laura Hilliger][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/laurahilliger/users/maryjo
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/OSDC_secret_ingredient_520x292.png?itok=QbKzJq-N
+[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/open-org-definition
+[3]: https://hbr.org/2019/01/why-open-secrets-exist-in-organizations
+[4]: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/bystander-effect
+[5]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/2/open-leaders-whistleblowers
--- a/sources/talk/20190401
+++ b/sources/talk/20190401
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (How Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/kubeflow-evolution)
+[#]: author: (Jonathan Gershater (Red Hat) https://opensource.com/users/jgershat/users/jgershat)
+
+How Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet
+======
+There are big differences in how open source communities handle change compared to closed source vendors.
+![Chat bubbles][1]
+
+Many software projects depend on modules that are run as separate open source projects. When one of those modules loses support (as is inevitable), the community around the main project must determine how to proceed.
+
+This situation is happening right now in the [Kubeflow][2] community. Kubeflow is an evolving open source platform for developing, orchestrating, deploying, and running scalable and portable machine learning workloads on [Kubernetes][3]. Recently, the primary supporter of the Kubeflow component [ksonnet][4] announced that it would [no longer support][5] the software.
+
+When a piece of software loses support, the decision-making process (and the outcome) differs greatly depending on whether the software is open source or closed source.
+
+### A cellphone analogy
+
+To illustrate the differences in how an open source community and a closed source/single software vendor proceed when a component loses support, let's use an example from hardware design.
+
+Suppose you buy cellphone Model A and it stops working. When you try to get it repaired, you discover the manufacturer is out of business and no longer offering support. Since the cellphone's design is proprietary and closed, no other manufacturers can support it.
+
+Now, suppose you buy cellphone Model B, it stops working, and its manufacturer is also out of business and no longer offering support. However, Model B's design is open, and another company is in business manufacturing, repairing and upgrading Model B cellphones.
+
+This illustrates one difference between software written using closed and open source principles. If the vendor of a closed source software solution goes out of business, support disappears with the vendor, unless the vendor sells the software's design and intellectual property. But, if the vendor of an open source solution goes out of business, there is no intellectual property to sell. By the principles of open source, the source code is available for anyone to use and modify, under license, so another vendor can continue to maintain the software.
+
+### How Kubeflow is evolving without ksonnet
+
+The ramification of ksonnet's backers' decision to cease development illustrates Kubeflow's open and collaborative design process. Kubeflow's designers have several options, such as replacing ksonnet, adopting and developing ksonnet, etc. Because Kubeflow is an open source project, all options are discussed in the open on the Kubeflow mailing list. Some of the community's suggestions include:
+
+>   * Should we look at projects that are CNCF/Apache projects e.g. [helm][6]
+>   * I would opt for back to the basics. KISS. How about plain old jsonnet + kubectl + makefile/scripts ? Thats how e.g. the coreos [prometheus operator][7] does it. It would also lower the entry barrier (no new tooling) and let vendors of k8s (gke, openshift, etc) easily build on top of that.
+>   * I vote for using a simple, _programmatic_ context, be it manual jsonnet + kubectl, or simple Python scripts + Python K8s client, or any tool be can build on top of these.
+>
+
+
+The members of the mailing list are discussing and debating alternatives to ksonnet and will arrive at a decision to continue development. What I love about the open source way of adapting is that it's done communally. Unlike closed source software, which is often designed by one vendor, the organizations that are members of an open source project can collaboratively steer the project in the direction they best see fit. As Kubeflow evolves, it will benefit from an open, collaborative decision-making framework.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/kubeflow-evolution
+
+作者：[Jonathan Gershater (Red Hat)][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jgershat/users/jgershat
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/talk_chat_communication_team.png?itok=CYfZ_gE7 (Chat bubbles)
+[2]: https://www.kubeflow.org/
+[3]: https://github.com/kubernetes
+[4]: https://ksonnet.io/
+[5]: https://blogs.vmware.com/cloudnative/2019/02/05/welcoming-heptio-open-source-projects-to-vmware/
+[6]: https://landscape.cncf.io
+[7]: https://github.com/coreos/prometheus-operator/tree/master/contrib/kube-prometheus
--- a/sources/talk/20190402
+++ b/sources/talk/20190402
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Making computer science curricula as adaptable as our code)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/adaptable-curricula-computer-science)
+[#]: author: (Amarachi Achonu https://opensource.com/users/amarach1/users/johnsontanner3)
+
+Making computer science curricula as adaptable as our code
+======
+No two computer science students are alike—so teachers need curricula
+that are open and adaptable.
+![][1]
+
+Educators in elementary computer science face a lack of adaptable curricula. Calls for more modifiable, non-rigid curricula are therefore enticing—assuming that such curricula could benefit teachers by increasing their ability to mold resources for individual classrooms and, ultimately, produce better teaching experiences and learning outcomes.
+
+Our team at [CSbyUs][2] noticed this scarcity, and we've created an open source web platform to facilitate more flexible, adaptable, and tested curricula for computer science educators. The mission of the CSbyUs team has always been utilizing open source technology to improve pedagogy in computer science, which includes increasing support for teachers. Therefore, this project primarily seeks to use open source principles—and the benefits inherent in them—to expand the possibilities of modern curriculum-making and support teachers by increasing access to more adaptable curricula.
+
+### Rigid, monotonous, mundane
+
+Why is the lack of adaptable curricula a problem for computer science education? Rigid curricula dominates most classrooms today, primarily through monotonous and routinely distributed lesson plans. Many of these plans are developed without the capacity for dynamic use and application to different classroom atmospheres. In contrast, an _adaptable_ curriculum is one that would _account_ for dynamic and changing classroom environments.
+
+An adaptable curriculum means freedom and more options for educators. This is especially important in elementary-level classrooms, where instructors are introducing students to computer science for the first time, and in classrooms with higher populations of groups typically underrepresented in the field of computer science. Here especially, it's advantageous for instructors to have access to curricula that explicitly consider diverse classroom landscapes and grants the freedom necessary to adapt to specific student populations.
+
+### Making it adaptable
+
+This kind of adaptability is certainly at work at CSbyUs. Hayley Barton—a member of both the organization's curriculum-making team and its teaching team, and a senior at Duke University majoring in Economics and minoring in Computer Science and Spanish—recently demonstrated the benefits of adaptable curricula during an engagement in the field. Reflecting on her teaching experiences, Barton describes a major reason why curriculum adaptation is necessary in computer science classrooms. "We are seeing the range of students that we work with," she says, "and trying to make the curriculum something that can be tailored to different students."
+
+An adaptable curriculum means freedom and more options for educators.
+
+A more adaptable curriculum is necessary for truly challenging students, Barton continues.
+
+The need for change became most evident to Barton when working students to make their own preliminary apps. Barton collaborated with students who appeared to be at different levels of focus and attention. On the one hand, a group of more advanced students took well to the style of a demonstrative curriculum and remained attentive and engaged to the task. On the other hand, another group of students seemed to have more trouble focusing in the classroom or even being motivated to engage with topics of computer science skills. Witnessing this difference among students, it became important that curriculum would need to be adaptable in multiple ways to be able to engage more students at their level.
+
+"We want to challenge every student without making it too challenging for any individual student," Barton says. "Thinking about those things definitely feeds into how I'm thinking about the curriculum in terms of making it accessible for all the students."
+
+As a curriculum-maker, she subsequently uses experiences like this to make changes to the original curriculum.
+
+"If those other students have one-on-one time themselves, they could be doing even more amazing things with their apps," says Barton.
+
+Taking this advice, Barton would potentially incorporate into the curriculum more emphasis on cultivating students' sense of ownership in computer science, since this is important to their focus and productivity. For this, students may be afforded that sense of one-on-one time. The result will affect the next round of teachers who use the curriculum.
+
+For these changes to be effective, the onus is on teachers to notice the dynamics of the classroom. In the future, curriculum adaptation may depend on paying particular attention to and identifying these subtle differences of style of curriculum. Identifying and commenting about these subtleties allows the possibility of applying a different strategy, and these are the changes that are applied to the curriculum.
+
+Curriculum adaptation should be iterative, as it involves learning from experience, returning to the drawing board, making changes, and finally, utilizing the curriculum again.
+
+"We've gone through a lot of stages of development," Barton says. "The goal is to have this kind of back and forth, where the curriculum is something that's been tested, where we've used our feedback, and also used other research that we've done, to make it something that's actually impactful."
+
+Hayley's "back and forth" process is an iterative process of curriculum-making. Between utilizing curricula and modifying curricula, instructors like Hayley can take a once-rigid curriculum and mold it to any degree that the user sees fit—again and again. This iterative process depends on tests performed first in the classroom, and it depends on the teacher's rationale and reflection on how curricula uniquely pans out for them.
+
+Adaptability of curriculum is the most important principle on which the CSbyUs platform is built. Much like Hayley's process of curriculum-making, curriculum adaptation should be _iterative_ , as it involves learning from experience, returning to the drawing board, making changes, and finally, utilizing the curriculum again. Once launched, the CSbyUS website will document this iterative process.
+
+The open-focused pedagogy behind the CSByUs platform, then, brings to life the flexibility inherent in the process of curriculum adaptation. First, it invites and collects the valuable first-hand perspectives of real educators working with real curricula to produce real learning. Next, it capitalizes on an iterative processes of development—one familiar to open source programmers—to enable modifications to curriculum (and the documentation of those modifications). Finally, it transforms the way teachers encounter curricula by helping them make selections from different versions of both modified curriculum and "the original." Our platform's open source strategy is crucial to cultivating a hub of flexible curricula for educators.
+
+Open source practices can be a key difference in making rigid curricula more moldable for educators. Furthermore, since this approach effectively melds open source technologies with open-focused pedagogy, open pedagogy can potentially provide flexibility for educators teaching various curriculum across disciplines.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/4/adaptable-curricula-computer-science
+
+作者：[Amarachi Achonu][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/amarach1/users/johnsontanner3
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003588_01_rd3os.combacktoschoolserieshe_rh_051x_0.png?itok=gIzbmxuI
+[2]: https://csbyus.herokuapp.com/
--- a/sources/tech/20161106
+++ b/sources/tech/20161106
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+Moelf translating
 Myths about /dev/urandom
 ======

--- a/sources/tech/20171117
+++ b/sources/tech/20171117
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+FSSlc translating
 5 open source fonts ideal for programmers
 ======

@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ Whichever typeface you select, you will most likely spend hours each day immerse
 via: https://opensource.com/article/17/11/how-select-open-source-programming-font

 作者：[Andrew Lekashman][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)

 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
--- a/sources/tech/20180118
+++ b/sources/tech/20180118
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-tomjlw is translating
-Rediscovering make: the power behind rules
-======
-
-![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/4419992/35015638-0529f1c0-faf4-11e7-9801-4995fc4b54f0.jpg)
-
-I used to think makefiles were just a convenient way to list groups of shell commands; over time I've learned how powerful, flexible, and full-featured they are. This post brings to light over some of those features related to rules.
-
-### Rules
-
-Rules are instructions that indicate `make` how and when a file called the target should be built. The target can depend on other files called prerequisites.
-
-You instruct `make` how to build the target in the recipe, which is no more than a set of shell commands to be executed, one at a time, in the order they appear. The syntax looks like this:
-```
-target_name : prerequisites
-    recipe
-```
-
-Once you have defined a rule, you can build the target from the command line by executing:
-```
-$ make target_name
-```
-
-Once the target is built, `make` is smart enough to not run the recipe ever again unless at least one of the prerequisites has changed.
-
-### More on prerequisites
-
-Prerequisites indicate two things:
-
-  * When the target should be built: if a prerequisite is newer than the target, `make` assumes that the target should be built.
-  * An order of execution: since prerequisites can, in turn, be built by another rule on the makefile, they also implicitly set an order on which rules are executed.
-
-
-
-If you want to define an order, but you don't want to rebuild the target if the prerequisite changes, you can use a special kind of prerequisite called order only, which can be placed after the normal prerequisites, separated by a pipe (`|`)
-
-### Patterns
-
-For convenience, `make` accepts patterns for targets and prerequisites. A pattern is defined by including the `%` character, a wildcard that matches any number of literal characters or an empty string. Here are some examples:
-
-  * `%`: match any file
-  * `%.md`: match all files with the `.md` extension
-  * `prefix%.go`: match all files that start with `prefix` that have the `.go` extension
-
-
-
-### Special targets
-
-There's a set of target names that have special meaning for `make` called special targets.
-
-You can find the full list of special targets in the [documentation][1]. As a rule of thumb, special targets start with a dot followed by uppercase letters.
-
-Here are a few useful ones:
-
-**.PHONY** : Indicates `make` that the prerequisites of this target are considered to be phony targets, which means that `make` will always run it's recipe regardless of whether a file with that name exists or what its last-modification time is.
-
-**.DEFAULT** : Used for any target for which no rules are found.
-
-**.IGNORE** : If you specify prerequisites for `.IGNORE`, `make` will ignore errors in execution of their recipes.
-
-### Substitutions
-
-Substitutions are useful when you need to modify the value of a variable with alterations that you specify.
-
-A substitution has the form `$(var:a=b)` and its meaning is to take the value of the variable `var`, replace every `a` at the end of a word with `b` in that value, and substitute the resulting string. For example:
-```
-foo := a.o
-bar : = $(foo:.o=.c) # sets bar to a.c
-```
-
-note: special thanks to [Luis Lavena][2] for letting me know about the existence of substitutions.
-
-### Archive Files
-
-Archive files are used to collect multiple data files together into a single file (same concept as a zip file), they are built with the `ar` Unix utility. `ar` can be used to create archives for any purpose, but has been largely replaced by `tar` for any other purposes than [static libraries][3].
-
-In `make`, you can use an individual member of an archive file as a target or prerequisite as follows:
-```
-archive(member) : prerequisite 
-    recipe
-```
-
-### Final Thoughts
-
-There's a lot more to discover about make, but at least this counts as a start, I strongly encourage you to check the [documentation][4], create a dumb makefile, and just play with it.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://monades.roperzh.com/rediscovering-make-power-behind-rules/
-
-作者：[Roberto Dip][a]
-译者：[tomjlw](https://github.com/tomjlw)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://monades.roperzh.com
-[1]:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html#Special-Targets
-[2]:https://twitter.com/luislavena/
-[3]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/static-libraries.html
-[4]:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html
--- a/sources/tech/20180205
+++ b/sources/tech/20180205
@@ -1,223 +0,0 @@
-arrowfeng is translating
-
-Rancher - Container Management Application
-======
-Docker is a cutting-edge software used for containerization, that is used in most of IT companies to reduce infrastructure cost.
-
-By default docker comes without any GUI, which is easy for Linux administrator to manage it and it’s very difficult for developers to manage. When it’s come to production then it’s very difficult for Linux admin too. So, what would be the best solution to manage the docker without any trouble.
-
-The only way is GUI. The Docker API has allowed third party applications to interfacing with Docker. There are many docker GUI applications available in the market. We already wrote an article about Portainer application. Today we are going to discuss about Rancher.
-
-Containers make software development easier, enabling you to write code faster and run it better. However, running containers in production can be hard.
-
-**Suggested Read :** [Portainer – A Simple Docker Management GUI][1]
-
-### What is Rancher
-
-[Rancher][2] is a complete container management platform that makes it easy to deploy and run containers in production on any infrastructure. It provides infrastructure services such as multi-host networking, global and local load balancing, and volume snapshots. It integrates native Docker management capabilities such as Docker Machine and Docker Swarm. It offers a rich user experience that enables devops admins to operate Docker in production at large scale.
-
-Navigate to following article for docker installation on Linux.
-
-**Suggested Read :**
-**(#)** [How to install Docker in Linux][3]
-**(#)** [How to play with Docker images on Linux][4]
-**(#)** [How to play with Docker containers on Linux][5]
-**(#)** [How to Install, Run Applications inside Docker Containers][6]
-
-### Rancher Features
-
-  * Set up Kubernetes in two minutes
-  * Launch apps with single click (90 popular Docker applications)
-  * Deploy and manage Docker easily
-  * complete container management platform for production environment
-  * Quickly deploy containers in production
-  * Automate container deployment and operations with a robust technology
-  * Modular infrastructure services
-  * Rich set of orchestration tools
-  * Rancher supports multiple authentication mechanisms
-
-
-
-### How to install Rancher
-
-Rancher installation is very simple since it’s runs as a lightweight Docker containers. Rancher is deployed as a set of Docker containers. Running Rancher is as simple as launching two containers. One container as the management server and another container on a node as an agent. Simple run the following command to deploy rancher on Linux.
-
-Rancher server offers two different package tags like `stable` & `latest`. The below commands will pull appropriate build rancher image and install on your system. It will only take a couple of minutes for Rancher server to start up.
-
-  * `stable` : This tag will be their latest development builds. These builds will have been validated through rancher CI automation framework which is not advisable for deployment in production.
-  * `latest` : It’s a latest stable release version which is recommend for production environment.
-
-
-
-Rancher installation comes with many varieties. In this tutorial we are going to discuss about two variants.
-
-  * Install rancher server in a single container (Inbuilt Rancher Database)
-  * Install rancher server in a single container (External Database)
-
-
-
-### Method-1
-
-Run the following commands to install rancher server in a single container (Inbuilt Rancher Database).
-```
-$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server:stable
-
-$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server:latest
-
-```
-
-### Method-2
-
-Instead of using the internal database that comes with Rancher server, you can start Rancher server pointing to an external database. First create required database, database user for the same.
-```
-> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS cattle COLLATE = 'utf8_general_ci' CHARACTER SET = 'utf8';
-> GRANT ALL ON cattle.* TO 'cattle'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'cattle';
-> GRANT ALL ON cattle.* TO 'cattle'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'cattle';
-
-```
-
-Run the following command to start Rancher connecting to an external database.
-```
-$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 8080:8080 rancher/server \
- --db-host myhost.example.com --db-port 3306 --db-user username --db-pass password --db-name cattle
-
-```
-
-If you want to test Rancher 2.0 use the following command to start.
-```
-$ sudo docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped -p 80:80 -p 443:443 rancher/server:preview
-
-```
-
-### Access & Setup Rancher Through GUI
-
-Navigate to the following URL `http://hostname:8080` or `http://server_ip:8080` to access rancher GUI.
-[![][7]![][7]][8]
-
-### How To Register the Host
-
-Register your host URL which allow hosts to connect to the Rancher API. It’s one time setup.
-
-To do, Click “Add a Host” link under the main menu or Go to >> Infrastructure >> Add Hosts then hit `save` button.
-[![][7]![][7]][9]
-
-By default access control authentication is disabled in rancher so first we have to enable the access control authentication through available method, otherwise anyone can access the GUI.
-
-Go to >> Admin >> Access Control and input the following values and finally hit `Enable Authentication` button to enable it. In my case i’m enabling via `local authentication`
-
-  * **`Login UserName`** Input your descried login username
-  * **`Full Name`** Input your full name
-  * **`Password`** Input your descried password
-  * **`Confirm Password`**Confirm the password once again
-
-
-
-[![][7]![][7]][10]
-
-Logout and login back with your new login credential.
-[![][7]![][7]][11]
-
-Now, i can see the local authentication is enabled.
-[![][7]![][7]][12]
-
-### How To Add Hosts
-
-After register your host, it will take you to next page where you can choose Linux machines from varies cloud providers. We are going to add the host that is running Rancher server, so select the `custom` option and input the required information.
-
-Enter your server public IP address in the 4th step and run the command which is displaying in the 5th step into your terminal then finally hit `close` button.
-```
-$ sudo docker run -e CATTLE_AGENT_IP="192.168.1.112" --rm --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock -v /var/lib/rancher:/var/lib/rancher rancher/agent:v1.2.9 http://192.168.1.112:8080/v1/scripts/3F8217A1DCF01A7B7F8A:1514678400000:D7WeLUcEUnqZOt8rWjrvoaUE
-
-INFO: Running Agent Registration Process, CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.1.112:8080/v1
-INFO: Attempting to connect to: http://66.70.189.137:8080/v1
-INFO: http://192.168.1.112:8080/v1 is accessible
-INFO: Inspecting host capabilities
-INFO: Boot2Docker: false
-INFO: Host writable: true
-INFO: Token: xxxxxxxx
-INFO: Running registration
-INFO: Printing Environment
-INFO: ENV: CATTLE_ACCESS_KEY=A35151AB87C15633DFB4
-INFO: ENV: CATTLE_AGENT_IP=192.168.1.112
-INFO: ENV: CATTLE_HOME=/var/lib/cattle
-INFO: ENV: CATTLE_REGISTRATION_ACCESS_KEY=registrationToken
-INFO: ENV: CATTLE_REGISTRATION_SECRET_KEY=xxxxxxx
-INFO: ENV: CATTLE_SECRET_KEY=xxxxxxx
-INFO: ENV: CATTLE_URL=http://192.168.1.112:8080/v1
-INFO: ENV: DETECTED_CATTLE_AGENT_IP=172.17.0.1
-INFO: ENV: RANCHER_AGENT_IMAGE=rancher/agent:v1.2.9
-INFO: Deleting container rancher-agent
-INFO: Launched Rancher Agent: 3415a1fd101f3c57d9cff6aef373c0ce66a3e20772122d2ca832039dcefd92fd
-
-```
-
-[![][7]![][7]][13]
-
-Wait few seconds then the newly added host will be visible. To bring this Go to Infrastructure >> Hosts page.
-[![][7]![][7]][14]
-
-### How To View Containers
-
-Just navigate the following location to view a list of running containers. Go to >> Infrastructure >> Containers.
-[![][7]![][7]][15]
-
-### How To Create Container
-
-It’s very simple, just navigate the following location to create a container.
-
-Go to >> Infrastructure >> Containers >> “Add Container” and input the required information as per your requirement. To test this, i’m going to create Centos container with latest OS.
-[![][7]![][7]][16]
-
-The same has been listed here. Infrastructure >> Containers
-[![][7]![][7]][17]
-
-Hit on the `Container` name to view the container performances information like CPU, memory, network and storage.
-[![][7]![][7]][18]
-
-To manage the container such as stop, start, clone, restart, etc. Choose the particular container then hit `Three dot's` button in the left side of the container or `Actions` button to perform.
-[![][7]![][7]][19]
-
-If you want console access of the container, just hit `Execute Shell` option in the action button.
-[![][7]![][7]][20]
-
-### How To Deploy Container From Application Catalog
-
-Rancher provides a catalog of application templates that make it easy to deploy in single click. It’s maintain popular applications (nearly 90) contributed by the Rancher community.
-[![][7]![][7]][21]
-
-Go to >> Catalog >> All >> Choose the required application >> Finally hit “Launch” button to deploy.
-[![][7]![][7]][22]
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.2daygeek.com/rancher-a-complete-container-management-platform-for-production-environment/
-
-作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
-[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/portainer-a-simple-docker-management-gui/
-[2]:http://rancher.com/
-[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-docker-on-centos-rhel-fedora-ubuntu-debian-oracle-archi-scentific-linux-mint-opensuse/
-[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-search-pull-download-remove-docker-images-on-linux/
-[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/create-run-list-start-stop-attach-delete-interactive-daemonized-docker-containers-on-linux/
-[6]:https://www.2daygeek.com/install-run-applications-inside-docker-containers/
-[7]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
-[8]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-1.png
-[9]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-2.png
-[10]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-3.png
-[11]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-3a.png
-[12]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-4.png
-[13]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-5.png
-[14]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-6.png
-[15]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-7.png
-[16]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-8.png
-[17]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-9.png
-[18]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-10.png
-[19]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-11.png
-[20]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-12.png
-[21]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-13.png
-[22]:https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Install-rancher-container-management-application-in-linux-14.png
--- a/sources/tech/20181003
+++ b/sources/tech/20181003
@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: (geekpi)
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes)
-[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/)
-[#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/)
-
-Oomox – Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes
-======
-
-![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-720x340.png)
-
-Theming and Visual customization is one of the main advantages of Linux. Since all the code is open, you can change how your Linux system looks and behaves to a greater degree than you ever could with Windows/Mac OS. GTK theming is perhaps the most popular way in which people customize their Linux desktops. The GTK toolkit is used by a wide variety of desktop environments like Gnome, Cinnamon, Unity, XFCE, and budgie. This means that a single theme made for GTK can be applied to any of these Desktop Environments with little changes.
-
-There are a lot of very high quality popular GTK themes out there, such as **Arc** , **Numix** , and **Adapta**. But if you want to customize these themes and create your own visual design, you can use **Oomox**.
-
-The Oomox is a graphical app for customizing and creating your own GTK theme complete with your own color, icon and terminal style. It comes with several presets, which you can apply on a Numix, Arc, or Materia style theme to create your own GTK theme.
-
-### Installing Oomox
-
-On Arch Linux and its variants:
-
-Oomox is available on [**AUR**][1], so you can install it using any AUR helper programs like [**Yay**][2].
-
-```
-$ yay -S oomox
-
-```
-
-On Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint, download `oomox.deb`package from [**here**][3] and install it as shown below. As of writing this guide, the latest version was **oomox_1.7.0.5.deb**.
-
-```
-$ sudo dpkg -i oomox_1.7.0.5.deb
-$ sudo apt install -f
-
-```
-
-On Fedora, Oomox is available in third-party **COPR** repository.
-
-```
-$ sudo dnf copr enable tcg/themes
-$ sudo dnf install oomox
-
-```
-
-Oomox is also available as a [**Flatpak app**][4]. Make sure you have installed Flatpak as described in [**this guide**][5]. And then, install and run Oomox using the following commands:
-
-```
-$ flatpak install flathub com.github.themix_project.Oomox
-
-$ flatpak run com.github.themix_project.Oomox
-
-```
-
-For other Linux distributions, go to the Oomox project page (Link is given at the end of this guide) on Github and compile and install it manually from source.
-
-### Customize And Create Your Own GTK2, GTK3 Themes
-
-**Theme Customization**
-
-![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-1-1.png)
-
-You can change the colour of practically every UI element, like:
-
-  1. Headers
-  2. Buttons
-  3. Buttons inside Headers
-  4. Menus
-  5. Selected Text
-
-
-
-To the left, there are a number of presets, like the Cars theme, modern themes like Materia, and Numix, and retro themes. Then, at the top of the main window, there’s an option called **Theme Style** , that lets you set the overall visual style of the theme. You can choose from between Numix, Arc, and Materia.
-
-With certain styles like Numix, you can even change things like the Header Gradient, Outline Width and Panel Opacity. You can also add a Dark Mode for your theme that will be automatically created from the default theme.
-
-![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-2.png)
-
-**Iconset Customization**
-
-You can customize the iconset that will be used for the theme icons. There are 2 options – Gnome Colors and Archdroid. You an change the base, and stroke colours of the iconset.
-
-**Terminal Customization**
-
-You can also customize the terminal colours. The app has several presets for this, but you can customize the exact colour code for each colour value like red, green,black, and so on. You can also auto swap the foreground and background colours.
-
-**Spotify Theme**
-
-A unique feature this app has is that you can theme the spotify app to your liking. You can change the foreground, background, and accent color of the spotify app to match the overall GTK theme.
-
-Then, just press the **Apply Spotify Theme** button, and you’ll get this window:
-
-![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-3.png)
-
-Just hit apply, and you’re done.
-
-**Exporting your Theme**
-
-Once you’re done customizing the theme to your liking, you can rename it by clicking the rename button at the top left:
-
-![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-4.png)
-
-And then, just hit **Export Theme** to export the theme to your system.
-
-![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Oomox-5.png)
-
-You can also just export just the Iconset or the terminal theme.
-
-After this, you can open any Visual Customization app for your Desktop Environment, like Tweaks for Gnome based DEs, or the **XFCE Appearance Settings** , and select your exported GTK and Shell theme.
-
-### Verdict
-
-If you are a Linux theme junkie, and you know exactly how each button, how each header in your system should look like, Oomox is worth a look. For extreme customizers, it lets you change virtually everything about how your system looks. For people who just want to tweak an existing theme a little bit, it has many, many presets so you can get what you want without a lot of effort.
-
-Have you tried it? What are your thoughts on Oomox? Put them in the comments below!
-
-
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.ostechnix.com/oomox-customize-and-create-your-own-gtk2-gtk3-themes/
-
-作者：[EDITOR][a]
-选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/
-[1]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/oomox/
-[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/yay-found-yet-another-reliable-aur-helper/
-[3]: https://github.com/themix-project/oomox/releases
-[4]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.github.themix_project.Oomox
-[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/flatpak-new-framework-desktop-applications-linux/
--- a/sources/tech/20181119
+++ b/sources/tech/20181119
@@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: (Auk7F7)
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Arch-Wiki-Man – A Tool to Browse The Arch Wiki Pages As Linux Man Page from Offline)
-[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/arch-wiki-man-a-tool-to-browse-the-arch-wiki-pages-as-linux-man-page-from-offline/)
-[#]: author: ([Prakash Subramanian](https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/))
-[#]: url: ( )
-
-Arch-Wiki-Man – A Tool to Browse The Arch Wiki Pages As Linux Man Page from Offline
-======
-
-Getting internet is not a big deal now a days, however there will be a limitation on technology.
-
-I was really surprise to see the technology growth but in the same time there will be fall in everywhere.
-
-Whenever you search anything about other Linux distributions most of the time you will get a third party links in the first place but for Arch Linux every time you would get the Arch Wiki page for your results.
-
-As Arch Wiki has most of the solution other than third party websites.
-
-As of now, you might used web browser to get a solution for your Arch Linux system but you no need to do the same for now.
-
-There is a solution is available in command line to perform this action much faster way and the utility called arch-wiki-man. If you are Arch Linux lover, i would suggest you to read **[Arch Linux Post Installation guide][1]** which helps you to tweak your system for day to day use.
-
-### What is arch-wiki-man?
-
-[arch-wiki-man][2] tool allows user to search the arch wiki pages right from the command line (CLI) instantly without internet connection. It allows user to access and search an entire wiki pages as a Linux man page.
-
-Also, you no need to switch to GUI. Updates are pushed automatically every two days so, your local copy of the Arch Wiki pages will be upto date. The tool name is `awman`. awman stands for Arch Wiki Man.
-
-We had already wrote similar kind of topic called **[Arch Wiki Command Line Utility][3]** (arch-wiki-cli) which allows user search Arch Wiki from command line but make sure you should have internet to use this utility.
-
-### How to Install arch-wiki-man tool?
-
-arch-wiki-man utility is available in AUR repository so, we need to use AUR helper to install it. There are many AUR helper is available and we had wrote an article about **[Yaourt AUR helper][4]** and **[Packer AUR helper][5]** which are very famous AUR helper.
-
-```
-$ yaourt -S arch-wiki-man
-
-or
-
-$ packer -S arch-wiki-man
-```
-
-Alternatively we can install it using npm package manager. Make sure, you should have installed **[NodeJS][6]** on your system. If so, run the following command to install it.
-
-```
-$ npm install -g arch-wiki-man
-```
-
-### How to Update the local Arch Wiki copy?
-
-As updated previously, updates are pushed automatically every two days and it can be done by running the following command.
-
-```
-$ sudo awman-update
-[sudo] password for daygeek:
-[email protected] /usr/lib/node_modules/arch-wiki-man
-└── [email protected]
-
-arch-wiki-md-repo has been successfully updated or reinstalled.
-```
-
-awman-update is faster and more convenient method to get the update. However, you can get the updates by reinstalling this package using the following command.
-
-```
-$ yaourt -S arch-wiki-man
-
-or
-
-$ packer -S arch-wiki-man
-```
-
-### How to Use Arch Wiki from command line?
-
-It’s very simple interface and easy to use. To search anything, just run `awman` followed by the search term. The general syntax is as follow.
-
-```
-$ awman Search-Term
-```
-
-### How to Search Multiple Matches?
-
-If you would like to list all the results titles comes with `installation` string, run the following command format. If the output comes with multiple results then you will get a selection menu to navigate each item.
-
-```
-$ awman installation
-```
-
-![][8]
-
-Detailed page screenshot.
-![][9]
-
-### Search a given string in Titles & Descriptions
-
-The `-d` or `--desc-search` option allow users to search a given string in titles and descriptions.
-
-```
-$ awman -d mirrors
-
-or
-
-$ awman --desc-search mirrors
-? Select an article: (Use arrow keys)
-❯ [1/3] Mirrors: Related articles
- [2/3] DeveloperWiki-NewMirrors: Contents
- [3/3] Powerpill: Powerpill is a pac
-```
-
-### Search a given string in Contents
-
-The `-k` or `--apropos` option allow users to search a given string in content as well. Make a note, this option significantly slower your search as this scan entire wiki page content.
-
-```
-$ awman -k openjdk
-
-or
-
-$ awman --apropos openjdk
-? Select an article: (Use arrow keys)
-❯ [1/26] Hadoop: Related articles
- [2/26] XDG Base Directory support: Related articles
- [3/26] Steam-Game-specific troubleshooting: See Steam/Troubleshooting first.
- [4/26] Android: Related articles
- [5/26] Elasticsearch: Elasticsearch is a search engine based on Lucene. It provides a distributed, mul..
- [6/26] LibreOffice: Related articles
- [7/26] Browser plugins: Related articles
-(Move up and down to reveal more choices)
-```
-
-### Open the search results in a web browser
-
-The `-w` or `--web` option allow users to open the search results in a web browser.
-
-```
-$ awman -w AUR helper
-
-or
-
-$ awman --web AUR helper
-```
-
-![][10]
-
-### Search in other languages
-
-The `-w` or `--web` option allow users to open the search results in a web browser. To see a list of supported language, run the following command.
-
-```
-$ awman --list-languages
-arabic
-bulgarian
-catalan
-chinesesim
-chinesetrad
-croatian
-czech
-danish
-dutch
-english
-esperanto
-finnish
-greek
-hebrew
-hungarian
-indonesian
-italian
-korean
-lithuanian
-norwegian
-polish
-portuguese
-russian
-serbian
-slovak
-spanish
-swedish
-thai
-ukrainian
-```
-
-Run the awman command with your preferred language to see the results with different language other than English.
-
-```
-$ awman -l chinesesim deepin
-```
-
-![][11]
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.2daygeek.com/arch-wiki-man-a-tool-to-browse-the-arch-wiki-pages-as-linux-man-page-from-offline/
-
-作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/arch-linux-post-installation-30-things-to-do-after-installing-arch-linux/
-[2]: https://github.com/greg-js/arch-wiki-man
-[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/search-arch-wiki-website-command-line-terminal/
-[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-yaourt-aur-helper-on-arch-linux/
-[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-packer-aur-helper-on-arch-linux/
-[6]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-nodejs-on-ubuntu-centos-debian-fedora-mint-rhel-opensuse/
-[7]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
-[8]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/arch-wiki-man-%E2%80%93-A-Tool-to-Browse-The-Arch-Wiki-Pages-As-Linux-Man-page-from-Offline-1.png
-[9]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/arch-wiki-man-%E2%80%93-A-Tool-to-Browse-The-Arch-Wiki-Pages-As-Linux-Man-page-from-Offline-2.png
-[10]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/arch-wiki-man-%E2%80%93-A-Tool-to-Browse-The-Arch-Wiki-Pages-As-Linux-Man-page-from-Offline-3.png
-[11]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/arch-wiki-man-%E2%80%93-A-Tool-to-Browse-The-Arch-Wiki-Pages-As-Linux-Man-page-from-Offline-4.png
--- a/sources/tech/20190204
+++ b/sources/tech/20190204
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: (Modrisco)
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (7 Best VPN Services For 2019)
-[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/7-best-opensource-vpn-services-for-2019/)
-[#]: author: (Editor https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/)
-
-7 Best VPN Services For 2019
-======
-
-At least 67 percent of global businesses in the past three years have faced data breaching. The breaching has been reported to expose hundreds of millions of customers. Studies show that an estimated 93 percent of these breaches would have been avoided had data security fundamentals been considered beforehand.
-
-Understand that poor data security can be extremely costly, especially to a business and could quickly lead to widespread disruption and possible harm to your brand reputation. Although some businesses can pick up the pieces the hard way, there are still those that fail to recover. Today however, you are fortunate to have access to data and network security software.
-
-![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/vpn-1.jpeg)
-
-As you start 2019, keep off cyber-attacks by investing in a **V** irtual **P** rivate **N** etwork commonly known as **VPN**. When it comes to online privacy and security, there are many uncertainties. There are hundreds of different VPN providers, and picking the right one means striking just the right balance between pricing, services, and ease of use.
-
-If you are looking for a solid 100 percent tested and secure VPN, you might want to do your due diligence and identify the best match. Here are the top 7 Best tried and tested VPN services For 2019.
-
-### 1. Vpnunlimitedapp
-
-With VPN Unlimited, you have total security. This VPN allows you to use any WIFI without worrying that your personal data can be leaked. With AES-256, your data is encrypted and protected against prying third-parties and hackers. This VPN ensures you stay anonymous and untracked on all websites no matter the location. It offers a 7-day trial and a variety of protocol options: OpenVPN, IKEv2, and KeepSolid Wise. Demanding users are entitled to special extras such as a personal server, lifetime VPN subscription, and personal IP options.
-
-### 2. VPN Lite
-
-VPN Lite is an easy-to-use and **free VPN service** that allows you to browse the internet at no charges. You remain anonymous and your privacy is protected. It obscures your IP and encrypts your data meaning third parties are not able to track your activities on all online platforms. You also get to access all online content. With VPN Lite, you get to access blocked sites in your state. You can also gain access to public WIFI without the worry of having sensitive information tracked and hacked by spyware and hackers.
-
-### 3. HotSpot Shield
-
-Launched in 2005, this is a popular VPN embraced by the majority of users. The VPN protocol here is integrated by at least 70 percent of the largest security companies globally. It is also known to have thousands of servers across the globe. It comes with two free options. One is completely free but supported by online advertisements, and the second one is a 7-day trial which is the flagship product. It contains military grade data encryption and protects against malware. HotSpot Shield guaranteed secure browsing and offers lightning-fast speeds.
-
-### 4. TunnelBear
-
-This is the best way to start if you are new to VPNs. It comes to you with a user-friendly interface complete with animated bears. With the help of TunnelBear, users are able to connect to servers in at least 22 countries at great speeds. It uses **AES 256-bit encryption** guaranteeing no data logging meaning your data stays protected. You also get unlimited data for up to five devices.
-
-### 5. ProtonVPN
-
-This VPN offers you a strong premium service. You may suffer from reduced connection speeds, but you also get to enjoy its unlimited data. It features an intuitive interface easy to use, and comes with a multi-platform compatibility. Proton’s servers are said to be specifically optimized for torrenting and thus cannot give access to Netflix. You get strong security features such as protocols and encryptions meaning your browsing activities remain secure.
-
-### 6. ExpressVPN
-
-This is known as the best offshore VPN for unblocking and privacy. It has gained recognition for being the top VPN service globally resulting from solid customer support and fast speeds. It offers routers that come with browser extensions and custom firmware. ExpressVPN also has an admirable scope of quality apps, plenty of servers, and can only support up to three devices.
-
-It’s not entirely free, and happens to be one of the most expensive VPNs on the market today because it is fully packed with the most advanced features. With it comes a 30-day money-back guarantee, meaning you can freely test this VPN for a month. Good thing is; it is completely risk-free. If you need a VPN for a short duration to bypass online censorship for instance, this could, be your go-to solution. You don’t want to give trials to a spammy, slow, free program.
-
-It is also one of the best ways to enjoy online streaming as well as outdoor security. Should you need to continue using it, you only have to renew or cancel your free trial if need be. Express VPN has over 2000 servers across 90 countries, unblocks Netflix, gives lightning fast connections, and gives users total privacy.
-
-### 7. PureVPN
-
-While this VPN may not be completely free, it falls under the most budget-friendly services on this list. Users can sign up for a free seven days trial and later choose one of its paid plans. With this VPN, you get to access 750-plus servers in at least 140 countries. There is also access to easy installation on almost all devices. All its paid features can still be accessed within the free trial window. That includes unlimited data transfers, IP leakage protection, and ISP invisibility. The supproted operating systems are iOS, Android, Windows, Linux, and macOS.
-
-### Summary
-
-With the large variety of available freemium VPN services today, why not take that opportunity to protect yourself and your customers? Understand that there are some great VPN services. Even the most secure free service however, cannot be touted as risk free. You might want to upgrade to a premium one for increased protection. Premium VPN allows you to test freely offering risk-free money-back guarantee. Whether you plan to sign up for a paid VPN or commit to a free one, it is highly advisable to have a VPN.
-
-**About the author:**
-
-**Renetta K. Molina** is a tech enthusiast and fitness enthusiast. She writes about technology, apps, WordPress and a variety of other topics. In her free time, she likes to play golf and read books. She loves to learn and try new things.
-
-
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.ostechnix.com/7-best-opensource-vpn-services-for-2019/
-
-作者：[Editor][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
--- a/sources/tech/20190311
+++ b/sources/tech/20190311
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: (sanfusu)
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Blockchain 2.0: Redefining Financial Services [Part 3])
-[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-redefining-financial-services/)
-[#]: author: (EDITOR https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/)
-
-Blockchain 2.0: Redefining Financial Services [Part 3]
-======
-
-![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Financial-Services-1-720x340.png)
-
-The [**previous article of this series**][1] focused on building context to bring forth why moving our existing monetary system to a futuristic [**blockchain**][2] system is the next natural step in the evolution of “money”. We looked at the features of a blockchain platform which would aid in such a move. However, the financial markets are far more complex and composed of numerous other instruments that people trade rather than just a currency.
-
-This part will explore the features of blockchain which will enable institutions to transform and interlace traditional banking and financing systems with it. As previously discussed, and proved, if enough people participate in a given blockchain network and support the protocols for transactions, the nominal value that can be attributed to the “token” increases and becomes more stable. Take, for instance, Bitcoin (BTC). Like the simple paper currency, we’re all used to, cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ether can be utilized for all the former’s purposes from buying food to ships and from loaning money to insurance.
-
-Chances are you are already involved with a bank or any other financial institution that makes use of blockchain ledger technology. The most significant uses of blockchain tech in the finance industry will be in setting up payments infrastructure, fund transfer technologies, and digital identity management. The latter two have traditionally been handled by legacy systems in the financial services industry. These systems are slowly being migrated to blockchain systems owing to their efficiency in handling work like this. The blockchain also offers high-quality data analytics solutions to these firms, an aspect that is quickly gaining prominence because of recent developments in data sciences.[1]
-
-Considering the start-ups and projects at the cutting edge of innovation in this space first seems warranted due to their products or services already doing the rounds in the market today.
-
-Starting with PayPal, an online payments company started in 1998, and now among the largest of such platforms, it is considered to be a benchmark in terms of operations and technical prowess. PayPal derives largely from the existing monetary system. Its contribution to innovation came by how it collected and leveraged consumer data to provide services online at instantaneous speeds. Online transactions are taken for granted today with minimal innovation in the industry in terms of the tech that it’s based on. Having a solid foundation is a good thing, but that won’t give anyone an edge over their competition in this fast-paced IT world with new standards and technology being pioneered every other day. In 2014 PayPal subsidiary, **Braintree** announced partnerships with popular cryptocurrency payment solutions including **Coinbase** and **GoCoin** , in a bid to gradually integrate Bitcoin and other popular cryptocurrencies into its service platform. This basically gave its consumers a chance to explore and experience the side of what’s to come under the familiar umbrella cover and reliability of PayPal. In fact, ride-hailing company **Uber** had an exclusive partnership with Braintree to allow customers to pay for rides using Bitcoin.[2][3]
-
-**Ripple** is making it easier for people to operate between multiple blockchains. Ripple has been in the headlines for moving ahead with regional banks in the US, for instance, to facilitate transferring money bilaterally to other regional banks without the need for a 3rd party intermediary resulting in reduced cost and time overheads. Ripple’s **Codius platform** allows for interoperability between blockchains and opens the doors to smart contracts programmed into the system for minimal tampering and confusion. Built on technology that is highly advanced, secure and scalable to suit needs, Ripple’s platform currently has names such as UBS and Standard Chartered on their client’s list. Many more are expected to join in.[4][5]
-
-**Kraken** , a US-based cryptocurrency exchange operating in locations around the globe is known for their reliable **crypto quant** estimates even providing Bitcoin pricing data real time to the Bloomberg terminal. In 2015, they partnered with **Fidor Bank** to form what was then the world’s first Cryptocurrency Bank offering customers banking services and products which dealt with cryptocurrencies.[6]
-
-**Circle** , another FinTech company is currently among the largest of its sorts involved with allowing users to invest and trade in cryptocurrency derived assets, similar to traditional money market assets.[7]
-
-Companies such as **Wyre** and **Stellar** today have managed to bring down the lead time involved in international wire transfers from an average of 3 days to under 6 hours. Claims have been made saying that once a proper regulatory system is in place the same 6 hours can be brought down to a matter of seconds.[8]
-
-Now while all of the above have focused on the start-up projects involved, it has to be remembered that the reach and capabilities of the older more respectable financial institutions should not be ignored. Institutions that have existed for decades if not centuries moving billions of dollars worldwide are equally interested in leveraging the blockchain and its potential.
-
-As we already mentioned in the previous article, **JP Morgan** recently unveiled their plans to exploit cryptocurrencies and the underlying ledger like the functionality of the blockchain for enterprises. The project, called **Quorum** , is defined as an **“Enterprise-ready distributed ledger and smart contract platform”**. The main goal being that gradually the bulk of the bank’s operations would one day be migrated to Quorum thus cutting significant investments that firms such as JP Morgan need to make in order to guarantee privacy, security, and transparency. They’re claimed to be the only player in the industry now to have complete ownership over the whole stack of the blockchain, protocol, and token system. They also released a cryptocurrency called **JPM Coin** meant to be used in transacting high volume settlements instantaneously. JPM coin is among the first “stable coins” to be backed by a major bank such as JP Morgan. A stable coin is a cryptocurrency whose price is linked to an existing major monetary system. Quorum is also touted for its capabilities to process almost 100 transactions a second which is leaps and bounds ahead of its contemporaries.[9]
-
-**Barclay’s** , a British multinational financial giant is reported to have registered two blockchain-based patents supposedly with the aim of streamlining fund transfers and KYC procedures. Barclay’s proposals though are more aimed toward improving their banking operations’ efficiency. One of the application deals with creating a private blockchain network for storing KYC details of consumers. Once verified, stored and confirmed, these details are immutable and nullifies the need for further verifications down the line. If implemented the protocol will do away with the need for multiple verifications of KYC details. Developing and densely populated countries such as India where a bulk of the population is yet to be inducted into a formal banking system will find the innovative KYC system useful in reducing random errors and lead times involved in the process[10]. Barclay’s is also rumored to be exploring the capabilities of a blockchain system to address credit status ratings and insurance claims.
-
-Such blockchain backed systems are designed to eliminate needless maintenance costs and leverage the power of smart contracts for enterprises which operate in industries where discretion, security, and speed determine competitive advantage. Being enterprise products, they’re built on protocols that ensure complete transaction and contract privacy along with a consensus mechanism which essentially nullifies corruption and bribery.
-
-**PwC’s Global Fintech Report** from 2017 states that by 2020, an estimated 77% of all Fintech companies are estimated to switch to blockchain based technologies and processes concerning their operations. A whopping 90 percent of their respondents said that they were planning to adopt blockchain technology as part of an in-production system by 2020. Their judgments are not misplaced as significant cost savings and transparency gains from a regulatory point of view are guaranteed by moving to a blockchain based system.[11]
-
-Since regulatory capabilities are built into the blockchain platform by default the migration of firms from legacy systems to modern networks running blockchain ledgers is a welcome move for industry regulators as well. Transactions and trade movements can be verified and tracked on the fly once and for all rather than after. This, in the long run, will likely result in better regulation and risk management. Not to mention improved accountability from the part of firms and individuals alike.[11]
-
-While considerable investments in the space and leaping innovations are courtesy of large investments by established corporates it is misleading to think that such measures wouldn’t permeate the benefits to the end user. As banks and financial institutions start to adopt the blockchain, it will result in increased cost savings and efficiency for them which will ultimately mean good for the end consumer too. The added benefits of transparency and fraud protection will improve customer sentiments and more importantly improve the trust that people place on the banking and financial system. A much-needed revolution in the financial services industry is possible with blockchains and their integration into traditional services.
-
-
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-redefining-financial-services/
-
-作者：[EDITOR][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/editor/
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-revolutionizing-the-financial-system/
-[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/blockchain-2-0-an-introduction/
--- a/sources/tech/20190321
+++ b/sources/tech/20190321
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (How To Check If A Port Is Open On Multiple Remote Linux System Using Shell Script With nc Command?)
+[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/check-a-open-port-on-multiple-remote-linux-server-using-nc-command/)
+[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
+
+How To Check If A Port Is Open On Multiple Remote Linux System Using Shell Script With nc Command?
+======
+
+We had recently written an article to check if a port is open on the remote Linux server. It will help you to check for single server.
+
+If you want to check for five servers then no issues, you can use any of the one following command such as nc (netcat), nmap and telnet.
+
+If you would like to check for 50+ servers then what will be the solution?
+
+It’s not easy to check all servers, if you do the same then there is no point and you will be wasting a lots of time unnecessarily.
+
+To overcome this situation, i had coded a small shell script using nc command that will allow us to scan any number of servers with given port.
+
+If you are looking for a single server scan then you have multiple options, to know more about it. Simply navigate to the following URL to **[Check Whether A Port Is Open On The Remote Linux System?][1]**
+
+There are two scripts available in this tutorial and both the scripts are useful.
+
+Both scripts are used for different purpose, which you can easily understand by reading a head line.
+
+I will ask you few questions before you are reading this article, just answer yourself if you know or you can get it by reading this article.
+
+How to check, if a port is open on the remote Linux server?
+
+How to check, if a port is open on the multiple remote Linux server?
+
+How to check, if multiple ports are open on the multiple remote Linux server?
+
+### What Is nc (netcat) Command?
+
+nc stands for netcat. Netcat is a simple Unix utility which reads and writes data across network connections, using TCP or UDP protocol.
+
+It is designed to be a reliable “back-end” tool that can be used directly or easily driven by other programs and scripts.
+
+At the same time, it is a feature-rich network debugging and exploration tool, since it can create almost any kind of connection you would need and has several interesting built-in capabilities.
+
+Netcat has three main modes of functionality. These are the connect mode, the listen mode, and the tunnel mode.
+
+**Common Syntax for nc (netcat):**
+
+```
+$ nc [-options] [HostName or IP] [PortNumber]
+```
+
+### How To Check If A Port Is Open On Multiple Remote Linux Server?
+
+Use the following shell script if you would like to check the given port is open on multiple remote Linux servers or not.
+
+In my case, we are going to check whether the port 22 is open in the following remote servers or not? Make sure you have to update your servers list in the file instead of us.
+
+Make sure you have to update the servers list into `server-list.txt file`. Each server should be in separate line.
+
+```
+# cat server-list.txt
+192.168.1.2
+192.168.1.3
+192.168.1.4
+192.168.1.5
+192.168.1.6
+192.168.1.7
+```
+
+Use the following script to achieve this.
+
+```
+# vi port_scan.sh
+
+#!/bin/sh
+for server in `more server-list.txt`
+do
+#echo $i
+nc -zvw3 $server 22
+done
+```
+
+Set an executable permission to `port_scan.sh` file.
+
+```
+$ chmod +x port_scan.sh
+```
+
+Finally run the script to achieve this.
+
+```
+# sh port_scan.sh
+
+Connection to 192.168.1.2 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.3 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.4 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.5 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.6 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.7 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+```
+
+### How To Check If Multiple Ports Are Open On Multiple Remote Linux Server?
+
+Use the following script if you want to check the multiple ports in multiple servers.
+
+In my case, we are going to check whether the port 22 and 80 is open or not in the given servers. Make sure you have to replace your required ports and servers name instead of us.
+
+Make sure you have to update the port lists into `port-list.txt` file. Each port should be in a separate line.
+
+```
+# cat port-list.txt
+22
+80
+```
+
+Make sure you have to update the servers list into `server-list.txt` file. Each server should be in separate line.
+
+```
+# cat server-list.txt
+192.168.1.2
+192.168.1.3
+192.168.1.4
+192.168.1.5
+192.168.1.6
+192.168.1.7
+```
+
+Use the following script to achieve this.
+
+```
+# vi multiple_port_scan.sh
+
+#!/bin/sh
+for server in `more server-list.txt`
+do
+for port in `more port-list.txt`
+do
+#echo $server
+nc -zvw3 $server $port
+echo ""
+done
+done
+```
+
+Set an executable permission to `multiple_port_scan.sh` file.
+
+```
+$ chmod +x multiple_port_scan.sh
+```
+
+Finally run the script to achieve this.
+
+```
+# sh multiple_port_scan.sh
+Connection to 192.168.1.2 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.2 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded!
+
+Connection to 192.168.1.3 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.3 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded!
+
+Connection to 192.168.1.4 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.4 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded!
+
+Connection to 192.168.1.5 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.5 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded!
+
+Connection to 192.168.1.6 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.6 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded!
+
+Connection to 192.168.1.7 22 port [tcp/ssh] succeeded!
+Connection to 192.168.1.7 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded!
+```
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.2daygeek.com/check-a-open-port-on-multiple-remote-linux-server-using-nc-command/
+
+作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-whether-a-port-is-open-on-the-remote-linux-system-server/
--- a/sources/tech/20190325
+++ b/sources/tech/20190325
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: translator: (Modrisco)
 [#]: reviewer: ( )
 [#]: publisher: ( )
 [#]: url: ( )
--- a/sources/tech/20190326
+++ b/sources/tech/20190326
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Bringing Kubernetes to the bare-metal edge)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/bringing-kubernetes-bare-metal-edge)
+[#]: author: (John Studarus https://opensource.com/users/studarus)
+
+Bringing Kubernetes to the bare-metal edge
+======
+New Kubespray features enable Kubernetes clusters to be deployed across
+next-generation edge locations.
+![cubes coming together to create a larger cube][1]
+
+[Kubespray][2], a community project that provides Ansible playbooks for the deployment and management of Kubernetes clusters, recently added support for the bare-metal cloud [Packet][3]. This allows Kubernetes clusters to be deployed across next-generation edge locations, including [cell-tower based micro datacenters][4].
+
+Packet, which is unique in its bare-metal focus, expands Kubespray's support beyond the usual clouds—Amazon Web Services, Google Compute Engine, Azure, OpenStack, vSphere, and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. Kubespray removes the complexities of standing up a Kubernetes cluster through automation using Terraform and Ansible. Terraform provisions the infrastructure and installs the prerequisites for the Ansible installation. Terraform provider plugins enable support for a variety of different cloud providers. The Ansible playbook then deploys and configures Kubernetes.
+
+Since there are already [detailed instructions online][5] for deploying with Kubespray on Packet, I'll focus on why bare-metal support is important for Kubernetes and what's required to make it happen.
+
+### Why bare metal?
+
+Historically, Kubernetes deployments relied upon the "creature comforts" of a public cloud or a fully managed private cloud to provide virtual machines and networking infrastructure for running Kubernetes. This adds a layer of abstraction (e.g., a hypervisor with virtual machines) that Kubernetes doesn't necessarily need. In fact, Kubernetes began its life on bare metal as Google's Borg.
+
+As we move workloads closer to the end user (in the form of edge computing) and deploy to more diverse environments (including hybrid and on-premises infrastructure of different architectures and sizes), relying on a homogenous public cloud substrate isn't always possible or ideal. For instance, with edge locations being resource constrained, it is more efficient and practical to run Kubernetes directly on bare metal.
+
+### Mind the gaps
+
+Without a full-featured public cloud underneath a bare-metal cluster, some traditional capabilities, such as load balancing and storage orchestration, will need to be managed directly within the Kubernetes cluster. Luckily there are projects, such as [MetalLB][6] and [Rook][7], that provide this support for Kubernetes.
+
+MetalLB, a Layer 2 and Layer 3 load balancer, is integrated into Kubespray, and it's easy to install support for Rook, which orchestrates Ceph to provide distributed and replicated storage for a Kubernetes cluster, on a bare-metal cluster. In addition to enabling full functionality, this "bring your own" approach to storage and load balancing removes reliance upon specific cloud services, helping you avoid lock-in with an approach that can be installed anywhere.
+
+Kubespray has support for ARM64 processors. The ARM architecture (which is starting to show up regularly in datacenter-grade hardware, SmartNICs, and other custom accelerators) has a long history in mobile and embedded devices, making it well-suited for edge deployments.
+
+Going forward, I hope to see deeper integration with MetalLB and Rook as well as bare-metal continuous integration (CI) of daily builds atop a number of different hardware configurations. Access to automated bare metal at Packet enables testing and maintaining support across various processor types, storage options, and networking setups. This will help ensure that Kubespray-powered Kubernetes can be deployed and managed confidently across public clouds, bare metal, and edge environments.
+
+### It takes a village
+
+Kubespray is an open source project driven by the community, indebted to its core developers and contributors as well as the folks that assisted with the Packet integration. Contributors include [Maxime Guyot][8] and [Aivars Sterns][9] for the initial commits and code reviews, [Rong Zhang][10] and [Ed Vielmetti][11] for document reviews, as well as [Tomáš Karásek][12] (who maintains the Packet Go library and Terraform provider).
+
+* * *
+
+_John Studarus will present[The Open Micro Edge Data Center][13] at the [Open Infrastructure Summit][14], April 29-May 1 in Denver._
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/bringing-kubernetes-bare-metal-edge
+
+作者：[John Studarus][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/studarus
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cube_innovation_process_block_container.png?itok=vkPYmSRQ (cubes coming together to create a larger cube)
+[2]: https://kubespray.io/
+[3]: https://www.packet.com/
+[4]: https://twitter.com/packethost/status/1062147355108085760
+[5]: https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray/blob/master/docs/packet.md
+[6]: https://metallb.universe.tf/
+[7]: https://rook.io/
+[8]: https://twitter.com/Miouge
+[9]: https://github.com/Atoms
+[10]: https://github.com/riverzhang
+[11]: https://twitter.com/vielmetti
+[12]: https://t0mk.github.io/
+[13]: https://www.openstack.org/summit/denver-2019/summit-schedule/events/23153/the-open-micro-edge-data-center
+[14]: https://openstack.org/summit
--- a/sources/tech/20190326
+++ b/sources/tech/20190326
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: translator: (HankChow)
 [#]: reviewer: ( )
 [#]: publisher: ( )
 [#]: url: ( )
--- a/sources/tech/20190327
+++ b/sources/tech/20190327
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: translator: (geekpi)
 [#]: reviewer: ( )
 [#]: publisher: ( )
 [#]: url: ( )
--- a/sources/tech/20190328
+++ b/sources/tech/20190328
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (How to run PostgreSQL on Kubernetes)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-run-postgresql-kubernetes)
+[#]: author: (Jonathan S. Katz https://opensource.com/users/jkatz05)
+
+How to run PostgreSQL on Kubernetes
+======
+Create uniformly managed, cloud-native production deployments with the
+flexibility to deploy a personalized database-as-a-service.
+![cubes coming together to create a larger cube][1]
+
+By running a [PostgreSQL][2] database on [Kubernetes][3], you can create uniformly managed, cloud-native production deployments with the flexibility to deploy a personalized database-as-a-service tailored to your specific needs.
+
+Using an Operator allows you to provide additional context to Kubernetes to [manage a stateful application][4]. An Operator is also helpful when using an open source database like PostgreSQL to help with actions including provisioning, scaling, high availability, and user management.
+
+Let's explore how to get PostgreSQL up and running on Kubernetes.
+
+### Set up the PostgreSQL operator
+
+The first step to using PostgreSQL with Kubernetes is installing an Operator. You can get up and running with the open source [Crunchy PostgreSQL Operator][5] on any Kubernetes-based environment with the help of Crunchy's [quickstart script][6] for Linux.
+
+The quickstart script has a few prerequisites:
+
+  * The [Wget][7] utility installed
+  * [kubectl][8] installed
+  * A [StorageClass][9] defined on your Kubernetes cluster
+  * Access to a Kubernetes user account with cluster-admin privileges. This is required to install the Operator [RBAC][10] rules
+  * A [namespace][11] to hold the PostgreSQL Operator
+
+
+
+Executing the script will give you a default PostgreSQL Operator deployment that assumes [dynamic storage][12] and a StorageClass named **standard**. User-provided values are allowed by the script to override these defaults.
+
+You can download the quickstart script and set it to be executable with the following commands:
+
+```
+wget <https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CrunchyData/postgres-operator/master/examples/quickstart.sh>
+chmod +x ./quickstart.sh
+```
+
+Then you can execute the quickstart script:
+
+```
+./examples/quickstart.sh
+```
+
+After the script prompts you for some basic information about your Kubernetes cluster, it performs the following operations:
+
+  * Downloads the Operator configuration files
+  * Sets the **$HOME/.pgouser** file to default settings
+  * Deploys the Operator as a Kubernetes [Deployment][13]
+  * Sets your **.bashrc** to include the Operator environmental variables
+  * Sets your **$HOME/.bash_completion** file to be the **pgo bash_completion** file
+
+
+
+During the quickstart's execution, you'll be prompted to set up the RBAC rules for your Kubernetes cluster. In a separate terminal, execute the command the quickstart command tells you to use.
+
+Once the script completes, you'll get information on setting up a port forward to the PostgreSQL Operator pod. In a separate terminal, execute the port forward; this will allow you to begin executing commands to the PostgreSQL Operator! Try creating a cluster by entering:
+
+```
+pgo create cluster mynewcluster
+```
+
+You can test that your cluster is up and running with by entering:
+
+```
+pgo test mynewcluster
+```
+
+You can now manage your PostgreSQL databases in your Kubernetes environment! You can find a full reference to commands, including those for scaling, high availability, backups, and more, in the [documentation][14].
+
+* * *
+
+_Parts of this article are based on[Get Started Running PostgreSQL on Kubernetes][15] that the author wrote for the Crunchy blog._
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/how-run-postgresql-kubernetes
+
+作者：[Jonathan S. Katz][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jkatz05
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/cube_innovation_process_block_container.png?itok=vkPYmSRQ (cubes coming together to create a larger cube)
+[2]: https://www.postgresql.org/
+[3]: https://kubernetes.io/
+[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/scaling-postgresql-kubernetes-operators
+[5]: https://github.com/CrunchyData/postgres-operator
+[6]: https://crunchydata.github.io/postgres-operator/stable/installation/#quickstart-script
+[7]: https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/
+[8]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/
+[9]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/storage-classes/
+[10]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/
+[11]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/
+[12]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/dynamic-provisioning/
+[13]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/
+[14]: https://crunchydata.github.io/postgres-operator/stable/#documentation
+[15]: https://info.crunchydata.com/blog/get-started-runnning-postgresql-on-kubernetes
--- a/sources/tech/20190329
+++ b/sources/tech/20190329
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (How to submit a bug report with Bugzilla)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/bug-reporting)
+[#]: author: (David Both (Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/dboth)
+
+How to submit a bug report with Bugzilla
+======
+
+Submitting bug reports is an easy way to give back and it helps everyone.
+
+![][1]
+
+I spend a lot of time doing research for my books and [Opensource.com][2] articles. Sometimes this leads me to discover bugs in the software I use, including Fedora and the Linux kernel. As a long-time Linux user and sysadmin, I have benefited greatly from GNU/Linux, and I like to give back. I am not a C language programmer, so I don't create fixes and submit them with bug reports, as some people do. But a way I can return some value to the Linux community is by reporting bugs.
+
+Product maintainers use a lot of tools to let their users search for existing bugs and report new ones. Bugzilla is a popular tool, and I use the Red Hat [Bugzilla][3] website to report Fedora-related bugs because I primarily use Fedora on the systems I'm responsible for. It's an easy process, but it may seem daunting if you have never done it before. So let's start with the basics.
+
+### Start with a search
+
+Even though it's tempting, never assume that seemingly anomalous behavior is the result of a bug. I always start with a search of relevant websites, such as the [Fedora wiki][4], the [CentOS wiki][5], and the documentation for the distro I'm using. I also try to check the various distro listservs.
+
+If it appears that no one has encountered this problem before (or if they have, they haven't reported it as a bug), I go to the Red Hat Bugzilla site and begin searching for a bug report that might come close to matching the symptoms I encountered.
+
+You can search the Red Hat Bugzilla site without an account. Go to the Bugzilla site and click on the [Advanced Search tab][6].
+
+![Searching for a bug][7]
+
+For example, if you want to search for bug reports related to Fedora's Rescue mode kernel, enter the following data in the Advanced Search form.
+
+Field | Logic | Data or Selection
+---|---|---
+Summary | Contains the string | Rescue mode kernel
+Classification |  | Fedora
+Product |  | Fedora
+Component |  | grub2
+Status |  | New + Assigned
+
+Then press **Search**. This returns a list of one bug with the ID 1654337 (which happens to be a bug I reported).
+
+![Bug report list][8]
+
+Click on the ID to view my bug report details. I entered as much relevant data as possible in the top section of the report. In the comments, I described the problem and included supporting files, other relevant comments (such as the fact that the problem occurred on multiple motherboards), and the steps to reproduce the problem.
+
+![Bug report details][9]
+
+The more information you can provide here that pertains to the bug, such as symptoms, the hardware and software environments (if they are applicable), other software that was running at the time, kernel and distro release levels, and so on, the easier it will be to determine where to assign your bug. In this case, I originally chose the kernel component, but it was quickly changed to the GRUB2 component because the problem occurred before the kernel loaded.
+
+### How to submit a bug report
+
+The Red Hat [Bugzilla][3] website requires an account to submit new bugs or comment on old ones. It is easy to sign up. On Bugzilla's main page, click **Open a New Account** and fill in the requested information. After you verify your email address, you can fill in the rest of the information to create your account.
+
+_**Advisory:**_ _Bugzilla is a working website that people count on for support. I strongly suggest not creating an account unless you intend to submit bug reports or comment on existing bugs._
+
+To demonstrate how to submit a bug report, I'll use a fictional example of creating a bug against the Xfce4-terminal emulator in Fedora. _Please do not do this unless you have a real bug to report._
+
+Log into your account and click on **New** in the menu bar or the **File a Bug** button. You'll need to select a classification for the bug to continue the process. This will narrow down some of the choices on the next page.
+
+The following image shows how I filled out the required fields (and a couple of others that are not required).
+
+![Reporting a bug][10]
+
+When you type a short problem description in the **Summary** field, Bugzilla displays a list of other bugs that might match yours. If one matches, click **Add Me to the CC List** to receive emails when changes are made to the bug.
+
+If none match, fill in the information requested in the **Description** field. Add as much information as you can, including error messages and screen captures that illustrate the problem. Be sure to describe the exact steps needed to reproduce the problem and how reproducible it is: does it fail every time, every second, third, fourth, random time, or whatever. If it happened only once, it's very unlikely anyone will be able to reproduce the problem you observed.
+
+When you finish adding as much information as you can, press **Submit Bug**.
+
+### Be kind
+
+Bug reporting websites are not for asking questions—they are for searching and reporting bugs. That means you must have performed some work on your own to conclude that there really is a bug. There are many wikis, listservs, and Q&A websites that are appropriate for asking questions. Use sites like Bugzilla to search for existing bug reports on the problem you have found.
+
+Be sure you submit your bugs on the correct bug reporting website. For example, only submit bugs about Red Hat products on the Red Hat Bugzilla, and submit bugs about LibreOffice by following [LibreOffice's instructions][11].
+
+Reporting bugs is not difficult, and it is an important way to participate.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/bug-reporting
+
+作者：[David Both (Community Moderator)][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dboth
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/bug-insect-butterfly-diversity-inclusion-2.png?itok=TcC9eews
+[2]: http://Opensource.com
+[3]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/
+[4]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/
+[5]: https://wiki.centos.org/
+[6]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/query.cgi?format=advanced
+[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bugreporting-1.png (Searching for a bug)
+[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bugreporting-2.png (Bug report list)
+[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bugreporting-4.png (Bug report details)
+[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bugreporting-3.png (Reporting a bug)
+[11]: https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/QA/BugReport
--- a/sources/tech/20190329
+++ b/sources/tech/20190329
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (ShadowReader: Serverless load tests for replaying production traffic)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/shadowreader-serverless)
+[#]: author: (Yuki Sawa https://opensource.com/users/yukisawa1/users/yongsanchez)
+
+ShadowReader: Serverless load tests for replaying production traffic
+======
+This open source tool recreates serverless production conditions to
+pinpoint causes of memory leaks and other errors that aren't visible in
+the QA environment.
+![Traffic lights at night][1]
+
+While load testing has become more accessible, configuring load tests that faithfully re-create production conditions can be difficult. A good load test must use a set of URLs that are representative of production traffic and achieve request rates that mimic real users. Even performing distributed load tests requires the upkeep of a fleet of servers.
+
+[ShadowReader][2] aims to solve these problems. It gathers URLs and request rates straight from production logs and replays them using AWS Lambda. Being serverless, it is more cost-efficient and performant than traditional distributed load tests; in practice, it has scaled beyond 50,000 requests per minute.
+
+At Edmunds, we have been able to utilize these capabilities to solve problems, such as Node.js memory leaks that were happening only in production, by recreating the same conditions in our QA environment. We're also using it daily to generate load for pre-production canary deployments.
+
+The memory leak problem we faced in our Node.js application confounded our engineering team; as it was only occurring in our production environment; we could not reproduce it in QA until we introduced ShadowReader to replay production traffic into QA.
+
+### The incident
+
+On Christmas Eve 2017, we suffered an incident where there was a jump in response time across the board with error rates tripling and impacting many users of our website.
+
+![Christmas Eve 2017 incident][3]
+
+![Christmas Eve 2017 incident][4]
+
+Monitoring during the incident helped identify and resolve the issue quickly, but we still needed to understand the root cause.
+
+At Edmunds, we leverage a robust continuous delivery (CD) pipeline that releases new updates to production multiple times a day. We also dynamically scale up our applications to accommodate peak traffic and scale down to save costs. Unfortunately, this had the side effect of masking a memory leak.
+
+In our investigation, we saw that the memory leak had existed for weeks, since early December. Memory usage would climb to 60%, along with a slow increase in 99th percentile response time.
+
+Between our CD pipeline and autoscaling events, long-running containers were frequently being shut down and replaced by newer ones. This inadvertently masked the memory leak until December, when we decided to stop releasing software to ensure stability during the holidays.
+
+![Slow increase in 99th percentile response time][5]
+
+### Our CD pipeline
+
+At a glance, Edmunds' CD pipeline looks like this:
+
+  1. Unit test
+  2. Build a Docker image for the application
+  3. Integration test
+  4. Load test/performance test
+  5. Canary release
+
+
+
+The solution is fully automated and requires no manual cutover. The final step is a canary deployment directly into the live website, allowing us to release multiple times a day.
+
+For our load testing, we leveraged custom tooling built on top of JMeter. It takes random samples of production URLs and can simulate various percentages of traffic. Unfortunately, however, our load tests were not able to reproduce the memory leak in any of our pre-production environments.
+
+### Solving the memory leak
+
+When looking at the memory patterns in QA, we noticed there was a very healthy pattern. Our initial hypothesis was that our JMeter load testing in QA was unable to simulate production traffic in a way that allows us to predict how our applications will perform.
+
+While the load test takes samples from production URLs, it can't precisely simulate the URLs customers use and the exact frequency of calls (i.e., the burst rate).
+
+Our first step was to re-create the problem in QA. We used a new tool called ShadowReader, a project that evolved out of our hackathons. While many projects we considered were product-focused, this was the only operations-centric one. It is a load-testing tool that runs on AWS Lambda and can replay production traffic and usage patterns against our QA environment.
+
+The results it returned were immediate:
+
+![QA results in ShadowReader][6]
+
+Knowing that we could re-create the problem in QA, we took the additional step to point ShadowReader to our local environment, as this allowed us to trigger Node.js heap dumps. After analyzing the contents of the dumps, it was obvious the memory leak was coming from two excessively large objects containing only strings. At the time the snapshot dumped, these objects contained 373MB and 63MB of strings!
+
+![Heap dumps show source of memory leak][7]
+
+We found that both objects were temporary lookup caches containing metadata to be used on the client side. Neither of these caches was ever intended to be persisted on the server side. The user's browser cached only its own metadata, but on the server side, it cached the metadata for all users. This is why we were unable to reproduce the leak with synthetic testing. Synthetic tests always resulted in the same fixed set of metadata in the server-side caches. The leak surfaced only when we had a sufficient amount of unique metadata being generated from a variety of users.
+
+Once we identified the problem, we were able to remove the large caches that we observed in the heap dumps. We've since instrumented the application to start collecting metrics that can help detect issues like this faster.
+
+![Collecting metrics][8]
+
+After making the fix in QA, we saw that the memory usage was constant and the leak was plugged.
+
+![Graph showing memory leak fixed][9]
+
+### What is ShadowReader?
+
+ShadowReader is a serverless load-testing framework powered by AWS Lambda and S3 to replay production traffic. It mimics real user traffic by replaying URLs from production at the same rate as the live website. We are happy to announce that after months of internal usage, we have released it as open source!
+
+#### Features
+
+  * ShadowReader mimics real user traffic by replaying user requests (URLs). It can also replay certain headers, such as True-Client-IP and User-Agent, along with the URL.
+
+
+  * It is more efficient cost- and performance-wise than traditional distributed load tests that run on a fleet of servers. Managing a fleet of servers for distributed load testing can cost $1,000 or more per month; with a serverless stack, it can be reduced to $100 per month by provisioning compute resources on demand.
+
+
+  * We've scaled it up to 50,000 requests per minute, but it should be able to handle more than 100,000 reqs/min.
+
+
+  * New load tests can be spun up and stopped instantly, unlike traditional load-testing tools, which can take many minutes to generate the test plan and distribute the test data to the load-testing servers.
+
+
+  * It can ramp traffic up or down by a percentage value to function as a more traditional load test.
+
+
+  * Its plugin system enables you to switch out plugins to change its behavior. For instance, you can switch from past replay (i.e., replays past requests) to live replay (i.e., replays requests as they come in).
+
+
+  * Currently, it can replay logs from the [Application Load Balancer][10] and [Classic Load Balancer][11] Elastic Load Balancers (ELBs), and support for other load balancers is coming soon.
+
+
+
+### How it works
+
+ShadowReader is composed of four different Lambdas: a Parser, an Orchestrator, a Master, and a Worker.
+
+![ShadowReader architecture][12]
+
+When a user visits a website, a load balancer (in this case, an ELB) typically routes the request. As the ELB routes the request, it will log the event and ship it to S3.
+
+Next, ShadowReader triggers a Parser Lambda every minute via a CloudWatch event, which parses the latest access (ELB) logs on S3 for that minute, then ships the parsed URLs into another S3 bucket.
+
+On the other side of the system, ShadowReader also triggers an Orchestrator lambda every minute. This Lambda holds the configurations and state of the system.
+
+The Orchestrator then invokes a Master Lambda function. From the Orchestrator, the Master receives information on which time slice to replay and downloads the respective data from the S3 bucket of parsed URLs (deposited there by the Parser).
+
+The Master Lambda divides the load-test URLs into smaller batches, then invokes and passes each batch into a Worker Lambda. If 800 requests must be sent out, then eight Worker Lambdas will be invoked, each one handling 100 URLs.
+
+Finally, the Worker receives the URLs passed from the Master and starts load-testing the chosen test environment.
+
+### The bigger picture
+
+The challenge of reproducibility in load testing serverless infrastructure becomes increasingly important as we move from steady-state application sizing to on-demand models. While ShadowReader is designed and used with Edmunds' infrastructure in mind, any application leveraging ELBs can take full advantage of it. Soon, it will have support to replay the traffic of any service that generates traffic logs.
+
+As the project moves forward, we would love to see it evolve to be compatible with next-generation serverless runtimes such as Knative. We also hope to see other open source communities build similar toolchains for their infrastructure as serverless becomes more prevalent.
+
+### Getting started
+
+If you would like to test drive ShadowReader, check out the [GitHub repo][2]. The README contains how-to guides and a batteries-included [demo][13] that will deploy all the necessary resources to try out live replay in your AWS account.
+
+We would love to hear what you think and welcome contributions. See the [contributing guide][14] to get started!
+
+* * *
+
+_This article is based on "[How we fixed a Node.js memory leak by using ShadowReader to replay production traffic into QA][15]," published on the_ _Edmunds Tech Blog_ _with the help of Carlos Macasaet, Sharath Gowda, and Joey Davis._ _Yuki_ _Sawa_ _also presented this_ as* [ShadowReader—Serverless load tests for replaying production traffic][16] at ([SCaLE 17x][17]) March 7-10 in Pasadena, Calif.*
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/shadowreader-serverless
+
+作者：[Yuki Sawa][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/yukisawa1/users/yongsanchez
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/traffic-light-go.png?itok=nC_851ys (Traffic lights at night)
+[2]: https://github.com/edmunds/shadowreader
+[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_incident1_0.png (Christmas Eve 2017 incident)
+[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_incident2.png (Christmas Eve 2017 incident)
+[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_99thpercentile.png (Slow increase in 99th percentile response time)
+[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_qa.png (QA results in ShadowReader)
+[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_heapdumps.png (Heap dumps show source of memory leak)
+[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_code.png (Collecting metrics)
+[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_leakplugged.png (Graph showing memory leak fixed)
+[10]: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/application/introduction.html
+[11]: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/elasticloadbalancing/latest/classic/introduction.html
+[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/shadowreader_architecture.png (ShadowReader architecture)
+[13]: https://github.com/edmunds/shadowreader#live-replay
+[14]: https://github.com/edmunds/shadowreader/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md
+[15]: https://technology.edmunds.com/2018/08/25/Investigating-a-Memory-Leak-and-Introducing-ShadowReader/
+[16]: https://www.socallinuxexpo.org/scale/17x/speakers/yuki-sawa
+[17]: https://www.socallinuxexpo.org/
--- a/sources/tech/20190331
+++ b/sources/tech/20190331
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor)
+[#]: author: (Stephan Tetzel https://opensource.com/users/stephan)
+
+How to build a mobile particulate matter sensor with a Raspberry Pi
+======
+
+Monitor your air quality with a Raspberry Pi, a cheap sensor, and an inexpensive display.
+
+![Team communication, chat][1]
+
+About a year ago, I wrote about [measuring air quality][2] using a Raspberry Pi and a cheap sensor. We've been using this project in our school and privately for a few years now. However, it has one disadvantage: It is not portable because it depends on a WLAN network or a wired network connection to work. You can't even access the sensor's measurements if the Raspberry Pi and the smartphone or computer are not on the same network.
+
+To overcome this limitation, we added a small screen to the Raspberry Pi so we can read the values directly from the device. Here's how we set up and configured a screen for our mobile fine particulate matter sensor.
+
+### Setting up the screen for the Raspberry Pi
+
+There is a wide range of Raspberry Pi displays available from [Amazon][3], AliExpress, and other sources. They range from ePaper screens to LCDs with touch function. We chose an inexpensive [3.5″ LCD][4] with touch and a resolution of 320×480 pixels that can be plugged directly into the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins. It's also nice that a 3.5″ display is about the same size as a Raspberry Pi.
+
+The first time you turn on the screen and start the Raspberry Pi, the screen will remain white because the driver is missing. You have to install [the appropriate drivers][5] for the display first. Log in with SSH and execute the following commands:
+
+```
+$ rm -rf LCD-show
+$ git clone <https://github.com/goodtft/LCD-show.git>
+$ chmod -R 755 LCD-show
+$ cd LCD-show/
+```
+
+Execute the appropriate command for your screen to install the drivers. For example, this is the command for our model MPI3501 screen:
+
+```
+$ sudo ./LCD35-show
+```
+
+This command installs the appropriate drivers and restarts the Raspberry Pi.
+
+### Installing PIXEL desktop and setting up autostart
+
+Here is what we want our project to do: If the Raspberry Pi boots up, we want to display a small website with our air quality measurements.
+
+First, install the Raspberry Pi's [PIXEL desktop environment][6]:
+
+```
+$ sudo apt install raspberrypi-ui-mods
+```
+
+Then install the Chromium browser to display the website:
+
+```
+$ sudo apt install chromium-browser
+```
+
+Autologin is required for the measured values to be displayed directly after startup; otherwise, you will just see the login screen. However, autologin is not configured for the "pi" user by default. You can configure autologin with the **raspi-config** tool:
+
+```
+$ sudo raspi-config
+```
+
+In the menu, select: **3 Boot Options → B1 Desktop / CLI → B4 Desktop Autologin**.
+
+There is a step missing to start Chromium with our website right after boot. Create the folder **/home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/** :
+
+```
+$ mkdir -p /home/pi/config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/
+```
+
+Then create the **autostart** file in this folder:
+
+```
+$ nano /home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/autostart
+```
+
+and paste the following code:
+
+```
+#@unclutter
+@xset s off
+@xset -dpms
+@xset s noblank
+
+# Open Chromium in Full Screen Mode
+@chromium-browser --incognito --kiosk <http://localhost>
+```
+
+If you want to hide the mouse pointer, you have to install the package **unclutter** and remove the comment character at the beginning of the **autostart** file:
+
+```
+$ sudo apt install unclutter
+```
+
+![Mobile particulate matter sensor][7]
+
+I've made a few small changes to the code in the last year. So, if you set up the air quality project before, make sure to re-download the script and files for the AQI website using the instructions in the [original article][2].
+
+By adding the touch screen, you now have a mobile particulate matter sensor! We use it at our school to check the quality of the air in the classrooms or to do comparative measurements. With this setup, you are no longer dependent on a network connection or WLAN. You can use the small measuring station everywhere—you can even use it with a power bank to be independent of the power grid.
+
+* * *
+
+_This article originally appeared on[Open School Solutions][8] and is republished with permission._
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor
+
+作者：[Stephan Tetzel][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/stephan
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/talk_chat_team_mobile_desktop.png?itok=d7sRtKfQ (Team communication, chat)
+[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/3/how-measure-particulate-matter-raspberry-pi
+[3]: https://www.amazon.com/gp/search/ref=as_li_qf_sp_sr_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=openschoolsol-20&keywords=lcd%20raspberry&index=aps&camp=1789&creative=9325&linkCode=ur2&linkId=51d6d7676e10d6c7db203c4a8b3b529a
+[4]: https://amzn.to/2CcvgpC
+[5]: https://github.com/goodtft/LCD-show
+[6]: https://opensource.com/article/17/1/try-raspberry-pis-pixel-os-your-pc
+[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mobile-aqi-sensor.jpg (Mobile particulate matter sensor)
+[8]: https://openschoolsolutions.org/mobile-particulate-matter-sensor/
--- a/sources/tech/20190401
+++ b/sources/tech/20190401
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (3 cool text-based email clients)
+[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/3-cool-text-based-email-clients/)
+[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/)
+
+3 cool text-based email clients
+======
+
+![][1]
+
+Writing and receiving email is a big part of everyone’s daily routine and choosing an email client is usually a major decision. The Fedora OS provides a large choice of email clients and among these are text-based email applications.
+
+### Mutt
+
+Mutt is probably one of the most popular text-based email clients. It supports all the common features that one would expect from an email client. Color coding, mail threading, POP3, and IMAP are all supported by Mutt. But one of its best features is it’s highly configurable. Indeed, the user can easily change the keybindings, and create macros to adapt the tool to a particular workflow.
+
+To give Mutt a try, install it [using sudo][2] and dnf:
+
+```
+$ sudo dnf install mutt
+```
+
+To help newcomers get started, Mutt has a very comprehensive [wiki][3] full of macro examples and configuration tricks.
+
+### Alpine
+
+Alpine is also among the most popular text-based email clients. It’s more beginner friendly than Mutt, and you can configure most of Alpine via the application itself — no need to edit a configuration file. One powerful feature of Alpine is the ability to score emails. This is particularly interesting for users that are registered to a high volume mailing list like Fedora’s [devel list][4]. Using scores, Alpine can sort the email based on the user’s interests, showing emails with a high score first.
+
+Alpine is also available to install from Fedora’s repository using dnf.
+
+```
+$ sudo dnf install alpine
+```
+
+While using Alpine, you can easily access the documentation by pressing the _Ctrl+G_ key combination.
+
+### nmh
+
+nmh (new Mail Handling) follows the UNIX tools philosophy. It provides a collection of single purpose programs to send, receive, save, retrieve, and manipulate e-mail messages. This lets you swap the _nmh_ command with other programs, or create scripts around _nmh_ to create more customized tools. For example, you can use Mutt with nmh.
+
+nmh can be easily installed using dnf.
+
+```
+$ sudo dnf install nmh
+```
+
+To learn more about nmh and mail handling in general you can read this GPL licenced [book][5].
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://fedoramagazine.org/3-cool-text-based-email-clients/
+
+作者：[Clément Verna][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/email-clients-816x345.png
+[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/
+[3]: https://gitlab.com/muttmua/mutt/wikis/home
+[4]: https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/devel@lists.fedoraproject.org/
+[5]: https://rand-mh.sourceforge.io/book/
--- a/sources/tech/20190401
+++ b/sources/tech/20190401
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Build and host a website with Git)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/building-hosting-website-git)
+[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/seth)
+
+Build and host a website with Git
+======
+Publishing your own website is easy if you let Git help you out. Learn
+how in the first article in our series about little-known Git uses.
+![web development and design, desktop and browser][1]
+
+[Git][2] is one of those rare applications that has managed to encapsulate so much of modern computing into one program that it ends up serving as the computational engine for many other applications. While it's best-known for tracking source code changes in software development, it has many other uses that can make your life easier and more organized. In this series leading up to Git's 14th anniversary on April 7, we'll share seven little-known ways to use Git.
+
+Creating a website used to be both sublimely simple and a form of black magic all at once. Back in the old days of Web 1.0 (that's not what anyone actually called it), you could just open up any website, view its source code, and reverse engineer the HTML—with all its inline styling and table-based layout—and you felt like a programmer after an afternoon or two. But there was still the matter of getting the page you created on the internet, which meant dealing with servers and FTP and webroot directories and file permissions. While the modern web has become far more complex since then, self-publication can be just as easy (or easier!) if you let Git help you out.
+
+### Create a website with Hugo
+
+[Hugo][3] is an open source static site generator. Static sites are what the web used to be built on (if you go back far enough, it was _all_ the web was). There are several advantages to static sites: they're relatively easy to write because you don't have to code them, they're relatively secure because there's no code executed on the pages, and they can be quite fast because there's no processing aside from transferring whatever you have on the page.
+
+Hugo isn't the only static site generator out there. [Grav][4], [Pico][5], [Jekyll][6], [Podwrite][7], and many others provide an easy way to create a full-featured website with minimal maintenance. Hugo happens to be one with GitLab integration built in, which means you can generate and host your website with a free GitLab account.
+
+Hugo has some pretty big fans, too. For instance, if you've ever gone to the Let's Encrypt website, then you've used a site built with Hugo.
+
+![Let's Encrypt website][8]
+
+#### Install Hugo
+
+Hugo is cross-platform, and you can find installation instructions for MacOS, Windows, Linux, OpenBSD, and FreeBSD in [Hugo's getting started resources][9].
+
+If you're on Linux or BSD, it's easiest to install Hugo from a software repository or ports tree. The exact command varies depending on what your distribution provides, but on Fedora you would enter:
+
+```
+$ sudo dnf install hugo
+```
+
+Confirm you have installed it correctly by opening a terminal and typing:
+
+```
+$ hugo help
+```
+
+This prints all the options available for the **hugo** command. If you don't see that, you may have installed Hugo incorrectly or need to [add the command to your path][10].
+
+#### Create your site
+
+To build a Hugo site, you must have a specific directory structure, which Hugo will generate for you by entering:
+
+```
+$ hugo new site mysite
+```
+
+You now have a directory called **mysite** , and it contains the default directories you need to build a Hugo website.
+
+Git is your interface to get your site on the internet, so change directory to your new **mysite** folder and initialize it as a Git repository:
+
+```
+$ cd mysite
+$ git init .
+```
+
+Hugo is pretty Git-friendly, so you can even use Git to install a theme for your site. Unless you plan on developing the theme you're installing, you can use the **\--depth** option to clone the latest state of the theme's source:
+
+```
+$ git clone --depth 1 \
+<https://github.com/darshanbaral/mero.git\\>
+themes/mero
+```
+
+
+Now create some content for your site:
+
+```
+$ hugo new posts/hello.md
+```
+
+Use your favorite text editor to edit the **hello.md** file in the **content/posts** directory. Hugo accepts Markdown files and converts them to themed HTML files at publication, so your content must be in [Markdown format][11].
+
+If you want to include images in your post, create a folder called **images** in the **static** directory. Place your images into this folder and reference them in your markup using the absolute path starting with **/images**. For example:
+
+```
+![A picture of a thing](/images/thing.jpeg)
+```
+
+#### Choose a theme
+
+You can find more themes at [themes.gohugo.io][12], but it's best to stay with a basic theme while testing. The canonical Hugo test theme is [Ananke][13]. Some themes have complex dependencies, and others don't render pages the way you might expect without complex configuration. The Mero theme used in this example comes bundled with a detailed **config.toml** configuration file, but (for the sake of simplicity) I'll provide just the basics here. Open the file called **config.toml** in a text editor and add three configuration parameters:
+
+```
+
+languageCode = "en-us"
+title = "My website on the web"
+theme = "mero"
+
+[params]
+  author = "Seth Kenlon"
+  description = "My hugo demo"
+```
+
+#### Preview your site
+
+You don't have to put anything on the internet until you're ready to publish it. While you work, you can preview your site by launching the local-only web server that ships with Hugo.
+
+```
+$ hugo server --buildDrafts --disableFastRender
+```
+
+Open a web browser and navigate to **<http://localhost:1313>** to see your work in progress.
+
+### Publish with Git to GitLab
+
+To publish and host your site on GitLab, create a repository for the contents of your site.
+
+To create a repository in GitLab, click on the **New Project** button in your GitLab Projects page. Create an empty repository called **yourGitLabUsername.gitlab.io** , replacing **yourGitLabUsername** with your GitLab user name or group name. You must use this scheme as the name of your project. If you want to add a custom domain later, you can.
+
+Do not include a license or a README file (because you've started a project locally, adding these now would make pushing your data to GitLab more complex, and you can always add them later).
+
+Once you've created the empty repository on GitLab, add it as the remote location for the local copy of your Hugo site, which is already a Git repository:
+
+```
+$ git remote add origin git@gitlab.com:skenlon/mysite.git
+```
+
+Create a GitLab site configuration file called **.gitlab-ci.yml** and enter these options:
+
+```
+image: monachus/hugo
+
+variables:
+  GIT_SUBMODULE_STRATEGY: recursive
+
+pages:
+  script:
+  - hugo
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+    - public
+  only:
+  - master
+```
+
+The **image** parameter defines a containerized image that will serve your site. The other parameters are instructions telling GitLab's servers what actions to execute when you push new code to your remote repository. For more information on GitLab's CI/CD (Continuous Integration and Delivery) options, see the [CI/CD section of GitLab's docs][14].
+
+#### Set the excludes
+
+Your Git repository is configured, the commands to build your site on GitLab's servers are set, and your site ready to publish. For your first Git commit, you must take a few extra precautions so you're not version-controlling files you don't intend to version-control.
+
+First, add the **/public** directory that Hugo creates when building your site to your **.gitignore** file. You don't need to manage the finished site in Git; all you need to track are your source Hugo files.
+
+```
+$ echo "/public" >> .gitignore
+```
+
+You can't maintain a Git repository within a Git repository without creating a Git submodule. For the sake of keeping this simple, move the embedded **.git** directory so that the theme is just a theme.
+
+Note that you _must_ add your theme files to your Git repository so GitLab will have access to the theme. Without committing your theme files, your site cannot successfully build.
+
+```
+$ mv themes/mero/.git ~/.local/share/Trash/files/
+```
+
+Alternately, use a **trash** command such as [Trashy][15]:
+
+```
+$ trash themes/mero/.git
+```
+
+Now you can add all the contents of your local project directory to Git and push it to GitLab:
+
+```
+$ git add .
+$ git commit -m 'hugo init'
+$ git push -u origin HEAD
+```
+
+### Go live with GitLab
+
+Once your code has been pushed to GitLab, take a look at your project page. An icon indicates GitLab is processing your build. It might take several minutes the first time you push your code, so be patient. However, don't be _too_ patient, because the icon doesn't always update reliably.
+
+![GitLab processing your build][16]
+
+While you're waiting for GitLab to assemble your site, go to your project settings and find the **Pages** panel. Once your site is ready, its URL will be provided for you. The URL is **yourGitLabUsername.gitlab.io/yourProjectName**. Navigate to that address to view the fruits of your labor.
+
+![Previewing Hugo site][17]
+
+If your site fails to assemble correctly, GitLab provides insight into the CI/CD pipeline logs. Review the error message for an indication of what went wrong.
+
+### Git and the web
+
+Hugo (or Jekyll or similar tools) is just one way to leverage Git as your web publishing tool. With server-side Git hooks, you can design your own Git-to-web pipeline with minimal scripting. With the community edition of GitLab, you can self-host your own GitLab instance or you can use an alternative like [Gitolite][18] or [Gitea][19] and use this article as inspiration for a custom solution. Have fun!
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/building-hosting-website-git
+
+作者：[Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/web_browser_desktop_devlopment_design_system_computer.jpg?itok=pfqRrJgh (web development and design, desktop and browser)
+[2]: https://git-scm.com/
+[3]: http://gohugo.io
+[4]: http://getgrav.org
+[5]: http://picocms.org/
+[6]: https://jekyllrb.com
+[7]: http://slackermedia.info/podwrite/
+[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/letsencrypt-site.jpg (Let's Encrypt website)
+[9]: https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing
+[10]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux
+[11]: https://commonmark.org/help/
+[12]: https://themes.gohugo.io/
+[13]: https://themes.gohugo.io/gohugo-theme-ananke/
+[14]: https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/#overview
+[15]: http://slackermedia.info/trashy
+[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hugo-gitlab-cicd.jpg (GitLab processing your build)
+[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/hugo-demo-site.jpg (Previewing Hugo site)
+[18]: http://gitolite.com
+[19]: http://gitea.io
--- a/sources/tech/20190401
+++ b/sources/tech/20190401
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: (liujing97)
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (How to create a filesystem on a Linux partition or logical volume)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/create-filesystem-linux-partition)
+[#]: author: (Kedar Vijay Kulkarni (Red Hat) https://opensource.com/users/kkulkarn)
+
+How to create a filesystem on a Linux partition or logical volume
+======
+Learn to create a filesystem and mount it persistently or
+non-persistently in your system.
+![Filing papers and documents][1]
+
+In computing, a filesystem controls how data is stored and retrieved and helps organize the files on the storage media. Without a filesystem, information in storage would be one large block of data, and you couldn't tell where one piece of information stopped and the next began. A filesystem helps manage all of this by providing names to files that store data and maintaining a table of files and directories—along with their start/end location, total size, etc.—on disks within the filesystem.
+
+In Linux, when you create a hard disk partition or a logical volume, the next step is usually to create a filesystem by formatting the partition or logical volume. This how-to assumes you know how to create a partition or a logical volume, and you just want to format it to contain a filesystem and mount it.
+
+### Create a filesystem
+
+Imagine you just added a new disk to your system and created a partition named **/dev/sda1** on it.
+
+  1. To verify that the Linux kernel can see the partition, you can **cat** out **/proc/partitions** like this:
+
+```
+[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions
+major minor  #blocks  name
+
+ 253            0   10485760 vda
+ 253            1       8192000 vda1
+  11            0       1048575 sr0
+  11            1       374 sr1
+   8            0   10485760 sda
+   8            1   10484736 sda1
+ 252            0       3145728 dm-0
+ 252            1       2097152 dm-1
+ 252            2       1048576 dm-2
+   8    16      1048576 sdb
+```
+
+
+  2. Decide what kind of filesystem you want to create, such as ext4, XFS, or anything else. Here are a few options:
+
+```
+[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.<tab><tab>
+mkfs.btrfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.xfs
+```
+
+
+  3. For the purposes of this exercise, choose ext4. (I like ext4 because it allows you to shrink the filesystem if you need to, a thing that isn't as straightforward with XFS.) Here's how it can be done (the output may differ based on device name/sizes):
+
+```
+[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
+mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
+Filesystem label=
+OS type: Linux
+Block size=4096 (log=2)
+Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
+Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=8191 blocks
+194688 inodes, 778241 blocks
+38912 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
+First data block=0
+Maximum filesystem blocks=799014912
+24 block groups
+32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
+8112 inodes per group
+Superblock backups stored on blocks:
+     32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
+
+Allocating group tables: done
+Writing inode tables: done
+Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
+Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
+```
+
+  4. In the previous step, if you want to create a different kind of filesystem, use a different **mkfs** command variation.
+
+
+
+### Mount a filesystem
+
+After you create your filesystem, you can mount it in your operating system.
+
+  1. First, identify the UUID of your new filesystem. Issue the **blkid** command to list all known block storage devices and look for **sda1** in the output:
+
+```
+ [root@localhost ~]# blkid
+/dev/vda1: UUID="716e713d-4e91-4186-81fd-c6cfa1b0974d" TYPE="xfs"
+/dev/sr1: UUID="2019-03-08-16-17-02-00" LABEL="config-2" TYPE="iso9660"
+/dev/sda1: UUID="wow9N8-dX2d-ETN4-zK09-Gr1k-qCVF-eCerbF" TYPE="LVM2_member"
+/dev/mapper/test-test1: PTTYPE="dos"
+/dev/sda1: UUID="ac96b366-0cdd-4e4c-9493-bb93531be644" TYPE="ext4"
+[root@localhost ~]#
+```
+
+
+  2. Run the following command to mount the **/dev/sd1** device :
+
+```
+ [root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1
+[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
+mount_point_for_dev_sda1
+[root@localhost ~]# mount -t ext4 /dev/sda1 /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1/
+[root@localhost ~]# df -h
+Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
+/dev/vda1 7.9G 920M 7.0G 12% /
+devtmpfs 443M 0 443M 0% /dev
+tmpfs 463M 0 463M 0% /dev/shm
+tmpfs 463M 30M 434M 7% /run
+tmpfs 463M 0 463M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
+tmpfs 93M 0 93M 0% /run/user/0
+/dev/sda1 2.9G 9.0M 2.7G 1% /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1
+[root@localhost ~]#
+```
+ The **df -h** command shows which filesystem is mounted on which mount point. Look for **/dev/sd1**. The mount command above used the device name **/dev/sda1**. Substitute it with the UUID identified in the **blkid** command. Also, note that a new directory was created to mount **/dev/sda1** under **/mnt**.
+
+
+
+  3. A problem with using the mount command directly on the command line (as in the previous step) is that the mount won't persist across reboots. To mount the filesystem persistently, edit the **/etc/fstab** file to include your mount information:
+
+```
+UUID=ac96b366-0cdd-4e4c-9493-bb93531be644 /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1/ ext4 defaults 0 0
+```
+
+
+
+  4. After you edit **/etc/fstab** , you can **umount /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1** and run the command **mount -a** to mount everything listed in **/etc/fstab**. If everything went right, you can still list **df -h** and see your filesystem mounted:
+
+```
+root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1/
+[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
+[root@localhost ~]# df -h
+Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
+/dev/vda1 7.9G 920M 7.0G 12% /
+devtmpfs 443M 0 443M 0% /dev
+tmpfs 463M 0 463M 0% /dev/shm
+tmpfs 463M 30M 434M 7% /run
+tmpfs 463M 0 463M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
+tmpfs 93M 0 93M 0% /run/user/0
+/dev/sda1 2.9G 9.0M 2.7G 1% /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1
+```
+
+  5. You can also check whether the filesystem was mounted:
+
+```
+[root@localhost ~]# mount | grep ^/dev/sd
+/dev/sda1 on /mnt/mount_point_for_dev_sda1 type ext4 (rw,relatime,seclabel,stripe=8191,data=ordered)
+```
+
+
+
+Now you know how to create a filesystem and mount it persistently or non-persistently within your system.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/create-filesystem-linux-partition
+
+作者：[Kedar Vijay Kulkarni (Red Hat)][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/kkulkarn
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/documents_papers_file_storage_work.png?itok=YlXpAqAJ (Filing papers and documents)
--- a/sources/tech/20190402
+++ b/sources/tech/20190402
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Announcing the release of Fedora 30 Beta)
+[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-the-release-of-fedora-30-beta/)
+[#]: author: (Ben Cotton https://fedoramagazine.org/author/bcotton/)
+
+Announcing the release of Fedora 30 Beta
+======
+
+![][1]
+
+The Fedora Project is pleased to announce the immediate availability of Fedora 30 Beta, the next big step on our journey to the exciting Fedora 30 release.
+
+Download the prerelease from our Get Fedora site:
+
+  * [Get Fedora 30 Beta Workstation][2]
+  * [Get Fedora 30 Beta Server][3]
+  * [Get Fedora 30 Beta Silverblue][4]
+
+
+
+Or, check out one of our popular variants, including KDE Plasma, Xfce, and other desktop environments, as well as images for ARM devices like the Raspberry Pi 2 and 3:
+
+  * [Get Fedora 30 Beta Spins][5]
+  * [Get Fedora 30 Beta Labs][6]
+  * [Get Fedora 30 Beta ARM][7]
+
+
+
+### Beta Release Highlights
+
+#### New desktop environment options
+
+Fedora 30 Beta includes two new options for desktop environment. [DeepinDE][8] and [Pantheon Desktop][9] join GNOME, KDE Plasma, Xfce, and others as options for users to customize their Fedora experience.
+
+#### DNF performance improvements
+
+All dnf repository metadata for Fedora 30 Beta is compressed with the zchunk format in addition to xz or gzip. zchunk is a new compression format designed to allow for highly efficient deltas. When Fedora’s metadata is compressed using zchunk, dnf will download only the differences between any earlier copies of the metadata and the current version.
+
+#### GNOME 3.32
+
+Fedora 30 Workstation Beta includes GNOME 3.32, the latest version of the popular desktop environment. GNOME 3.32 features updated visual style, including the user interface, the icons, and the desktop itself. For a full list of GNOME 3.32 highlights, see the [release notes][10].
+
+#### Other updates
+
+Fedora 30 Beta also includes updated versions of many popular packages like Golang, the Bash shell, the GNU C Library, Python, and Perl. For a full list, see the [Change set][11] on the Fedora Wiki. In addition, many Python 2 packages are removed in preparation for Python 2 end-of-life on 2020-01-01.
+
+#### Testing needed
+
+Since this is a Beta release, we expect that you may encounter bugs or missing features. To report issues encountered during testing, contact the Fedora QA team via the mailing list or in #fedora-qa on Freenode. As testing progresses, common issues are tracked on the [Common F30 Bugs page][12].
+
+For tips on reporting a bug effectively, read [how to file a bug][13].
+
+#### What is the Beta Release?
+
+A Beta release is code-complete and bears a very strong resemblance to the final release. If you take the time to download and try out the Beta, you can check and make sure the things that are important to you are working. Every bug you find and report doesn’t just help you, it improves the experience of millions of Fedora users worldwide! Together, we can make Fedora rock-solid. We have a culture of coordinating new features and pushing fixes upstream as much as we can. Your feedback improves not only Fedora, but Linux and free software as a whole.
+
+#### More information
+
+For more detailed information about what’s new on Fedora 30 Beta release, you can consult the [Fedora 30 Change set][11]. It contains more technical information about the new packages and improvements shipped with this release.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-the-release-of-fedora-30-beta/
+
+作者：[Ben Cotton][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/bcotton/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/f30-beta-816x345.jpg
+[2]: https://getfedora.org/workstation/prerelease/
+[3]: https://getfedora.org/server/prerelease/
+[4]: https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/download
+[5]: https://spins.fedoraproject.org/prerelease
+[6]: https://labs.fedoraproject.org/prerelease
+[7]: https://arm.fedoraproject.org/prerelease
+[8]: https://www.deepin.org/en/dde/
+[9]: https://www.fosslinux.com/4652/pantheon-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-elementary-os-desktop.htm
+[10]: https://help.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.32/
+[11]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/30/ChangeSet
+[12]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Common_F30_bugs
+[13]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/howto-file-a-bug/
--- a/sources/tech/20190402
+++ b/sources/tech/20190402
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Automate password resets with PWM)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/automate-password-resets-pwm)
+[#]: author: (James Mawson https://opensource.com/users/dxmjames)
+
+Automate password resets with PWM
+======
+PWM puts responsibility for password resets in users' hands, freeing IT
+for more pressing tasks.
+![Password][1]
+
+One of the things that can be "death by a thousand cuts" for any IT team's sanity and patience is constantly being asked to reset passwords.
+
+The best way we've found to handle this is to ditch your hashing algorithms and store your passwords in plaintext so that your users can retrieve them at any time.
+
+Ha! I am, of course, kidding. That's a terrible idea.
+
+When your users forget their passwords, you'll still need to reset them. But is there a way to break free from the monotonous, repetitive task of doing it manually?
+
+### PWM puts password resets in users' hands
+
+[PWM][2] is an open source ([GPLv2][3]) [JavaServer Pages][4] application that provides a webpage where users can submit their own password resets. If certain conditions are met—which you can configure—PWM will send a password reset instruction to whichever directory service you've connected it to.
+
+![PWM password reset screen][5]
+
+One thing that's great about PWM is it's very easy to add it to an existing network. If you're largely happy with what you've already built—just sick of processing password requests manually—you can just throw PWM into the mix.
+
+PWM works with any implementation of [LDAP][6] and written to run on [Apache Tomcat][7]. Once you get it up and running, you can administer it through a browser-based dashboard.
+
+### Why PWM is better than Microsoft SSPR
+
+As much as our team prefers open source, we still have to deal with Windows networks. Of course, Microsoft has its own password-reset tool, called Self Service Password Reset (SSPR). But I prefer PWM, and not just because of a general preference for open source. I believe PWM is better for my use case for the following reasons:
+
+  * **SSPR has a very complex licensing system**. You need different products depending on what servers you're running and whose metal they're running on. This is a constraint on your flexibility and a whole extra pain in the neck when it's time to move to new architecture. For [the busy admin who wants to go home on time][8], it's extra bureaucracy to get the purchase approved. PWM just works on what it's configured to work on at no cost.
+
+  * **PWM is not just for Windows**. It works with any kind of LDAP server. So, it's one less part you need to worry about if you ever stop using Windows for a certain role. It also means that, once you've gotten the hang of it, you have something in your bag of tricks that you can use in many different environments.
+
+  * **PWM is easy to install**. If you know how to install Linux as a virtual machine—and, let's face it, if you're running a network, you probably do—then you're already most of the way there.
+
+
+
+
+PWM can run on Windows, but we prefer to include it in a Windows network by running it on a Linux virtual machine, [for example, Ubuntu Server 16.04][9].
+
+### Risks and rewards of automation
+
+Password resets are an attack vector, so be thoughtful about where and how you use PWM. Automating your password resets can mean an attacker is potentially just one unencrypted email connection away from resetting a password.
+
+To some extent, automating your password resets trades a bit of security for some convenience. So maybe this isn't the right way to handle C-suite user accounts that approve large payments.
+
+On the other hand, manual resets are not 100% secure either—they can be gamed with targeted attacks like spear phishing and social engineering. It's much easier to fall for these scams if your team gets frequent reset requests and is sick of dealing with them. You may benefit from automating the bulk of lower-risk requests so you can focus on protecting the higher-risk accounts manually; this is possible given the time you can save using PWM.
+
+Some of the risks associated with shifting resets to users can be mitigated with PWM's built-in features, such as insisting users verify their password reset request by email or SMS. You can also make PWM accessible only on the intranet.
+
+![PWM configuration options][10]
+
+PWM doesn't store any passwords, so that's one less headache. It does, however, store answers to users' secret questions in a MySQL database that can be configured to be stored locally or on a separate server, depending on your preference.
+
+There are a ton of ways to make PWM look and feel like a polished part of your team's infrastructure. With a little bit of CSS know-how, you can customize the user interface for your business' branding. There are also more options for implementation than you can shake a stick at.
+
+### Wrapping up
+
+PWM is a great open source project, it's actively developed, and it has a helpful online community. It's a great alternative to Microsoft's Azure SSPR solution for small to midsized businesses that have to keep a tight grip on the purse strings, and it slots in neatly to any existing Active Directory infrastructure. It also saves IT's time by outsourcing this mundane task to users.
+
+I advise every network admin to dive in and have a look at the cool stuff PWM offers. Check out the [getting started resources][11] and reach out to the community if you have any questions.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/automate-password-resets-pwm
+
+作者：[James Mawson][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/dxmjames
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/password.jpg?itok=ec6z6YgZ (Password)
+[2]: https://github.com/pwm-project/pwm
+[3]: https://github.com/pwm-project/pwm/blob/master/LICENSE
+[4]: https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/index-jsp-138231.html
+[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pwm_password-reset.png (PWM password reset screen)
+[6]: https://opensource.com/business/14/5/top-4-open-source-ldap-implementations
+[7]: http://tomcat.apache.org/
+[8]: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/tools-admin
+[9]: https://blog.dxmtechsupport.com.au/adding-pwm-password-reset-tool-to-windows-network/
+[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pwm-configuration.png (PWM configuration options)
+[11]: https://github.com/pwm-project/pwm#links
--- a/sources/tech/20190402
+++ b/sources/tech/20190402
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Manage your daily schedule with Git)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/calendar-git)
+[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/seth)
+
+Manage your daily schedule with Git
+======
+Treat time like source code and maintain your calendar with the help of
+Git.
+![website design image][1]
+
+[Git][2] is one of those rare applications that has managed to encapsulate so much of modern computing into one program that it ends up serving as the computational engine for many other applications. While it's best-known for tracking source code changes in software development, it has many other uses that can make your life easier and more organized. In this series leading up to Git's 14th anniversary on April 7, we'll share seven little-known ways to use Git. Today, we'll look at using Git to keep track of your calendar.
+
+### Keep track of your schedule with Git
+
+What if time itself was but source code that could be managed and version controlled? While proving or disproving such a theory is probably beyond the scope of this article, it happens that you can treat time like source code and manage your daily schedule with the help of Git.
+
+The reigning champion for calendaring is the [CalDAV][3] protocol, which drives popular open source calendaring applications like [NextCloud][4] as well as popular closed source ones. There's nothing wrong with CalDAV (commenters, take heed). But it's not for everyone, and besides there's nothing less inspiring than a mono-culture.
+
+Because I have no interest in becoming invested in largely GUI-dependent CalDAV clients (although if you're looking for a good terminal CalDAV viewer, see [khal][5]), I started investigating text-based alternatives. Text-based calendaring has all the usual benefits of working in [plaintext][6]. It's lightweight, it's highly portable, and as long as it's structured, it's easy to parse and beautify (whatever _beauty_ means to you).
+
+And best of all, it's exactly what Git was designed to manage.
+
+### Org mode not in a scary way
+
+If you don't impose structure on your plaintext, it quickly falls into a pandemonium of off-the-cuff thoughts and devil-may-care notation. Luckily, a markup syntax exists for calendaring, and it's contained in the venerable productivity Emacs mode, [Org mode][7] (which, admit it, you've been meaning to start using anyway).
+
+The amazing thing about Org mode that many people don't realize is [you don't need to know or even use Emacs][8] to take advantage of conventions established by Org mode. You get a lot of great features if you _do_ use Emacs, but if Emacs intimidates you, then you can implement a Git-based Org-mode calendaring system without so much as installing Emacs.
+
+The only part of Org mode that you need to know is its syntax. Org-mode syntax is low-maintenance and fairly intuitive. The biggest difference in calendaring with Org mode instead of a GUI calendaring app is the workflow: instead of going to a calendar and finding the day you want to schedule a task, you create a list of tasks and then assign each one a day and time.
+
+Lists in Org mode use asterisks (*) as bullets. Here's my gaming task list: ****
+
+```
+* Gaming
+** Build Stardrifter character
+** Read Stardrifter rules
+** Stardrifter playtest
+
+** Blue Planet @ Mike's
+
+** Run Rappan Athuk
+*** Purchase hard copy
+*** Skim Rappan Athuk
+*** Build Rappan Athuk maps in maptool
+*** Sort Rappan Athuk tokens
+```
+
+If you're familiar with [CommonMark][9] or Markdown, you'll notice that instead of using whitespace to create a subtask, Org mode favors the more explicit use of additional bullets. Whatever your background with lists, this is an intuitive and easy way to build a list, and it obviously is not inherently tied to Emacs (although using Emacs provides you with shortcuts so you can rearrange your list quickly).
+
+To turn your list into scheduled tasks or events in a calendar, go back through and add the keywords **SCHEDULED** and, optionally, **:CATEGORY:**.
+
+```
+* Gaming
+:CATEGORY: Game
+** Build Stardrifter character
+SCHEDULED: <2019-03-22 18:00-19:00>
+** Read Stardrifter rules
+SCHEDULED: <2019-03-22 19:00-21:00>
+** Stardrifter playtest
+SCHEDULED: <2019-03-25 0900-1300>
+** Blue Planet @ Mike's
+SCHEDULED: <2019-03-18 18:00-23:00 +1w>
+
+and so on...
+```
+
+The **SCHEDULED** keyword marks the entry as an event that you expect to be notified about and the optional **:CATEGORY:** keyword is an arbitrary tagging system for your own use (and in Emacs, you can color-code entries according to category).
+
+For a repeating event, you can use notation such as **+1w** to create a weekly event or **+2w** for a fortnightly event, and so on.
+
+All the fancy markup available for Org mode is [documented][10], so don't hesitate to find more tricks to help it fit your needs.
+
+### Put it into Git
+
+Without Git, your Org-mode appointments are just a file on your local machine. It's the 21st century, though, so you at least need your calendar on your mobile phone, if not on all of your personal computers. You can use Git to publish your calendar for yourself and others.
+
+First, create a directory for your **.org** files. I store mine in **~/cal**.
+
+```
+$ mkdir ~/cal
+```
+
+Change into your directory and make it a Git repository:
+
+```
+$ cd cal
+$ git init
+```
+
+Move your **.org** file to your local Git repo. In practice, I maintain one **.org** file per category.
+
+```
+$ mv ~/*.org ~/cal
+$ ls
+Game.org Meal.org Seth.org Work.org
+```
+
+Stage and commit your files:
+
+```
+$ git add *.org
+$ git commit -m 'cal init'
+```
+
+### Create a Git remote
+
+To make your calendar available from anywhere, you must have a Git repository on the internet. Your calendar is plaintext, so any Git repository will do. You can put your calendar on [GitLab][11] or any other public Git hosting service (even proprietary ones), and as long as your host allows it, you can even mark the repository as private. If you don't want to post your calendar to a server you don't control, it's easy to host a Git repository yourself, either using a bare repository for a single user or using a frontend service like [Gitolite][12] or [Gitea][13].
+
+In the interest of simplicity, I'll assume a self-hosted bare Git repository. You can create a bare remote repository on any server you have SSH access to with one Git command:
+```
+$ ssh -p 22122 [seth@example.com][14]
+[remote]$ mkdir cal.git
+[remote]$ cd cal.git
+[remote]$ git init --bare
+[remote]$ exit
+```
+
+This bare repository can serve as your calendar's home on the internet.
+
+Set it as the remote source for your local (on your computer, not your server) Git repository:
+
+```
+$ git remote add origin seth@example.com:/home/seth/cal.git
+```
+
+And then push your calendar data to the server:
+
+```
+$ git push -u origin HEAD
+```
+
+With your calendar in a Git repository, it's available to you on any device running Git. That means you can make updates and changes to your schedule and push your changes upstream so it updates everywhere.
+
+I use this method to keep my calendar in sync between my work laptop and my home workstation. Since I use Emacs every day for most of the day, being able to view and edit my calendar in Emacs is a major convenience. The same is true for most people with a mobile device, so the next step is to set up an Org-mode calendaring system on a mobile.
+
+### Mobile Git
+
+Since your calendar data is in plaintext, strictly speaking, you can "use" it on any device that can read a text file. That's part of the beauty of this system; you're never without, at the very least, your raw data. But to integrate your calendar on a mobile device the way you'd expect a modern calendar to work, you need two components: a mobile Git client and a mobile Org-mode viewer.
+
+#### Git client for mobile
+
+[MGit][15] is a good Git client for Android. There are Git clients for iOS, as well.
+
+Once you've installed MGit (or a similar Git client), you must clone your calendar repository so your phone has a copy. To access your server from your mobile device, you must set up an SSH key for authentication. MGit can generate and store a key for you, which you must add to your server's **~/.ssh/authorized_keys** file or to your SSH keys in the settings of your hosted Git account.
+
+You must do this manually. MGit does not have an interface to log into your server or hosted Git account. If you do not do this, your mobile device cannot access your server to access your calendar data.
+
+I did it by copying the key file I generated in MGit to my laptop over [KDE Connect][16] (but you can do the same over Bluetooth, or with an SD card reader, or a USB cable, depending on your preferred method of accessing data on your phone). I copied the key (a file called **calkey** to my server with this command:
+
+```
+$ cat calkey | ssh seth@example.com "cat >> /home/seth/.ssh/authorized_keys"
+```
+
+You may have a different way of doing it, but if you ever set your server up for passwordless login, this is exactly the same process. If you're using a hosted Git service like GitLab, you must copy and paste the contents of your key file into your user account's SSH Key panel.
+
+![Adding key file data to GitLab][17]
+
+Once that's done, your mobile device can authorize to your server, but it still needs to know where to go to find your calendar data. Different apps may use different notation, but MGit uses plain old Git-over-SSH. That means if you're using a non-standard SSH port, you must specify the SSH port to use:
+
+```
+$ git clone ssh://seth@example.com:22122//home/seth/git/cal.git
+```
+
+![Specifying SSH port in MGit][18]
+
+If you use a different app, it may use a different syntax that allows you to provide a port in a special field or drop the **ssh://** prefix. Refer to the app documentation if you experience issues.
+
+Clone the repository to your phone.
+
+![Cloned repositories][19]
+
+Few Git apps are set to automatically update the repository. There are a few apps you can use to automate pulls, or you can set up Git hooks to push updates from your server—but I won't get into that here. For now, after you make an update to your calendar, be sure to pull new changes manually in MGit (or if you change events on your phone, push the changes to your server).
+
+![MGit push/pull settings][20]
+
+#### Mobile calendar
+
+There are a few different apps that provide frontends for Org mode on a mobile device. [Orgzly][21] is a great open source Android app that provides an interface for Org mode's greatest features, from the Agenda mode to the TODO lists. Install and launch it.
+
+From the Main menu, choose Setting Sync Repositories and select the directory containing your calendar files (i.e., the Git repository you cloned from your server).
+
+Give Orgzly a moment to import the data, then use Orgzly's [hamburger][22] menu to select the Agenda view.
+
+![Orgzly's agenda view][23]
+
+In Orgzly's Settings Reminders menu, you can choose which event types trigger a notification on your phone. You can get notifications for **SCHEDULED** tasks, **DEADLINE** tasks, or anything with an event time assigned to it. If you use your phone as your taskmaster, you'll never miss an event with Org mode and Orgzly.
+
+![Orgzly notification][24]
+
+Orgzly isn't just a parser. You can edit and update events, and even mark events **DONE**.
+
+![Orgzly to-do list][25]
+
+### Designed for and by you
+
+The important thing to understand about using Org mode and Git is that both applications are highly flexible, and it's expected that you'll customize how and what they do so they will adapt to your needs. If something in this article is an affront to how you organize your life or manage your weekly schedule, but you like other parts of what this proposal offers, then throw out the part you don't like. You can use Org mode in Emacs if you want, or you can just use it as calendar markup. You can set your phone to pull Git data right off your computer at the end of the day instead of a server on the internet, or you can configure your computer to sync calendars whenever your phone is plugged in, or you can manage it daily as you load up your phone with all the stuff you need for the workday. It's up to you, and that's the most significant thing about Git, about Org mode, and about open source.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/calendar-git
+
+作者：[Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/web-design-monitor-website.png?itok=yUK7_qR0 (website design image)
+[2]: https://git-scm.com/
+[3]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4791
+[4]: http://nextcloud.com
+[5]: https://github.com/pimutils/khal
+[6]: https://plaintextproject.online/
+[7]: https://orgmode.org
+[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-org-mode
+[9]: https://commonmark.org/
+[10]: https://orgmode.org/manual/
+[11]: http://gitlab.com
+[12]: http://gitolite.com/gitolite/index.html
+[13]: https://gitea.io/en-us/
+[14]: mailto:seth@example.com
+[15]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.manichord.mgit
+[16]: https://community.kde.org/KDEConnect
+[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gitlab-add-key.jpg (Adding key file data to GitLab)
+[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mgit-0.jpg (Specifying SSH port in MGit)
+[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mgit-1.jpg (Cloned repositories)
+[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mgit-2.jpg (MGit push/pull settings)
+[21]: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.orgzly/
+[22]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_button
+[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/orgzly-agenda.jpg (Orgzly's agenda view)
+[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/orgzly-cal-notify.jpg (Orgzly notification)
+[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/orgzly-cal-todo.jpg (Orgzly to-do list)
--- a/sources/tech/20190402
+++ b/sources/tech/20190402
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Parallel computation in Python with Dask)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/parallel-computation-python-dask)
+[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka (Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/moshez)
+
+Parallel computation in Python with Dask
+======
+The Dask library scales Python computation to multiple cores or even to
+multiple machines.
+![Pair programming][1]
+
+One frequent complaint about Python performance is the [global interpreter lock][2] (GIL). Because of GIL, only one thread can execute Python byte code at a time. As a consequence, using threads does not speed up computation—even on modern, multi-core machines.
+
+But when you need to parallelize to many cores, you don't need to stop using Python: the **[Dask][3]** library will scale computation to multiple cores or even to multiple machines. Some setups configure Dask on thousands of machines, each with multiple cores; while there are scaling limits, they are not easy to hit.
+
+While Dask has many built-in array operations, as an example of something not built-in, we can calculate the [skewness][4]:
+```
+import numpy
+import dask
+from dask import array as darray
+
+arr = dask.from_array(numpy.array(my_data), chunks=(1000,))
+mean = darray.mean()
+stddev = darray.std(arr)
+unnormalized_moment = darry.mean(arr * arr * arr)
+## See formula in wikipedia:
+skewness = ((unnormalized_moment - (3 * mean * stddev ** 2) - mean ** 3) /
+            stddev ** 3)
+```
+
+Notice that each operation will use as many cores as needed. This will parallelize across all cores, even when calculating across billions of elements.
+
+Of course, it is not always the case that our operations can be parallelized by the library; sometimes we need to implement parallelism on our own.
+
+For that, Dask has a "delayed" functionality:
+```
+import dask
+
+def is_palindrome(s):
+    return s == s[::-1]
+
+palindromes = [dask.delayed(is_palindrome)(s) for s in string_list]
+total = dask.delayed(sum)(palindromes)
+result = total.compute()
+```
+
+This will calculate whether strings are palindromes in parallel and will return a count of the palindromic ones.
+
+While Dask was created for data scientists, it is by no means limited to data science. Whenever we need to parallelize tasks in Python, we can turn to Dask—GIL or no GIL.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/parallel-computation-python-dask
+
+作者：[Moshe Zadka (Community Moderator)][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/collab-team-pair-programming-code-keyboard.png?itok=kBeRTFL1 (Pair programming)
+[2]: https://wiki.python.org/moin/GlobalInterpreterLock
+[3]: https://github.com/dask/dask
+[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewness#Definition
--- a/sources/tech/20190403
+++ b/sources/tech/20190403
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (5 useful open source log analysis tools)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/log-analysis-tools)
+[#]: author: (Sam Bocetta https://opensource.com/users/sambocetta)
+
+5 useful open source log analysis tools
+======
+Monitoring network activity is as important as it is tedious. These
+tools can make it easier.
+![People work on a computer server][1]
+
+Monitoring network activity can be a tedious job, but there are good reasons to do it. For one, it allows you to find and investigate suspicious logins on workstations, devices connected to networks, and servers while identifying sources of administrator abuse. You can also trace software installations and data transfers to identify potential issues in real time rather than after the damage is done.
+
+Those logs also go a long way towards keeping your company in compliance with the [General Data Protection Regulation][2] (GDPR) that applies to any entity operating within the European Union. If you have a website that is viewable in the EU, you qualify.
+
+Logging—both tracking and analysis—should be a fundamental process in any monitoring infrastructure. A transaction log file is necessary to recover a SQL server database from disaster. Further, by tracking log files, DevOps teams and database administrators (DBAs) can maintain optimum database performance or find evidence of unauthorized activity in the case of a cyber attack. For this reason, it's important to regularly monitor and analyze system logs. It's a reliable way to re-create the chain of events that led up to whatever problem has arisen.
+
+There are quite a few open source log trackers and analysis tools available today, making choosing the right resources for activity logs easier than you think. The free and open source software community offers log designs that work with all sorts of sites and just about any operating system. Here are five of the best I've used, in no particular order.
+
+### Graylog
+
+[Graylog][3] started in Germany in 2011 and is now offered as either an open source tool or a commercial solution. It is designed to be a centralized log management system that receives data streams from various servers or endpoints and allows you to browse or analyze that information quickly.
+
+![Graylog screenshot][4]
+
+Graylog has built a positive reputation among system administrators because of its ease in scalability. Most web projects start small but can grow exponentially. Graylog can balance loads across a network of backend servers and handle several terabytes of log data each day.
+
+IT administrators will find Graylog's frontend interface to be easy to use and robust in its functionality. Graylog is built around the concept of dashboards, which allows you to choose which metrics or data sources you find most valuable and quickly see trends over time.
+
+When a security or performance incident occurs, IT administrators want to be able to trace the symptoms to a root cause as fast as possible. Search functionality in Graylog makes this easy. It has built-in fault tolerance that can run multi-threaded searches so you can analyze several potential threats together.
+
+### Nagios
+
+[Nagios][5] started with a single developer back in 1999 and has since evolved into one of the most reliable open source tools for managing log data. The current version of Nagios can integrate with servers running Microsoft Windows, Linux, or Unix.
+
+![Nagios Core][6]
+
+Its primary product is a log server, which aims to simplify data collection and make information more accessible to system administrators. The Nagios log server engine will capture data in real-time and feed it into a powerful search tool. Integrating with a new endpoint or application is easy thanks to the built-in setup wizard.
+
+Nagios is most often used in organizations that need to monitor the security of their local network. It can audit a range of network-related events and help automate the distribution of alerts. Nagios can even be configured to run predefined scripts if a certain condition is met, allowing you to resolve issues before a human has to get involved.
+
+As part of network auditing, Nagios will filter log data based on the geographic location where it originates. That means you can build comprehensive dashboards with mapping technology to understand how your web traffic is flowing.
+
+### Elastic Stack (the "ELK Stack")
+
+[Elastic Stack][7], often called the ELK Stack, is one of the most popular open source tools among organizations that need to sift through large sets of data and make sense of their system logs (and it's a personal favorite, too).
+
+![ELK Stack][8]
+
+Its primary offering is made up of three separate products: Elasticsearch, Kibana, and Logstash:
+
+  * As its name suggests, _**Elasticsearch**_ is designed to help users find matches within datasets using a wide range of query languages and types. Speed is this tool's number one advantage. It can be expanded into clusters of hundreds of server nodes to handle petabytes of data with ease.
+
+  * _**Kibana**_ is a visualization tool that runs alongside Elasticsearch to allow users to analyze their data and build powerful reports. When you first install the Kibana engine on your server cluster, you will gain access to an interface that shows statistics, graphs, and even animations of your data.
+
+  * The final piece of ELK Stack is _**Logstash**_ , which acts as a purely server-side pipeline into the Elasticsearch database. You can integrate Logstash with a variety of coding languages and APIs so that information from your websites and mobile applications will be fed directly into your powerful Elastic Stalk search engine.
+
+
+
+
+A unique feature of ELK Stack is that it allows you to monitor applications built on open source installations of WordPress. In contrast to most out-of-the-box security audit log tools that [track admin and PHP logs][9] but little else, ELK Stack can sift through web server and database logs.
+
+Poor log tracking and database management are one of the [most common causes of poor website performance][10]. Failure to regularly check, optimize, and empty database logs can not only slow down a site but could lead to a complete crash as well. Thus, the ELK Stack is an excellent tool for every WordPress developer's toolkit.
+
+### LOGalyze
+
+[LOGalyze][11] is an organization based in Hungary that builds open source tools for system administrators and security experts to help them manage server logs and turn them into useful data points. Its primary product is available as a free download for either personal or commercial use.
+
+![LOGalyze][12]
+
+LOGalyze is designed to work as a massive pipeline in which multiple servers, applications, and network devices can feed information using the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) method. It provides a frontend interface where administrators can log in to monitor the collection of data and start analyzing it.
+
+From within the LOGalyze web interface, you can run dynamic reports and export them into Excel files, PDFs, or other formats. These reports can be based on multi-dimensional statistics managed by the LOGalyze backend. It can even combine data fields across servers or applications to help you spot trends in performance.
+
+LOGalyze is designed to be installed and configured in less than an hour. It has prebuilt functionality that allows it to gather audit data in formats required by regulatory acts. For example, LOGalyze can easily run different HIPAA reports to ensure your organization is adhering to health regulations and remaining compliant.
+
+### Fluentd
+
+If your organization has data sources living in many different locations and environments, your goal should be to centralize them as much as possible. Otherwise, you will struggle to monitor performance and protect against security threats.
+
+[Fluentd][13] is a robust solution for data collection and is entirely open source. It does not offer a full frontend interface but instead acts as a collection layer to help organize different pipelines. Fluentd is used by some of the largest companies worldwide but can be implemented in smaller organizations as well.
+
+![Fluentd architecture][14]
+
+The biggest benefit of Fluentd is its compatibility with the most common technology tools available today. For example, you can use Fluentd to gather data from web servers like Apache, sensors from smart devices, and dynamic records from MongoDB. What you do with that data is entirely up to you.
+
+Fluentd is based around the JSON data format and can be used in conjunction with [more than 500 plugins][15] created by reputable developers. This allows you to extend your logging data into other applications and drive better analysis from it with minimal manual effort.
+
+### The bottom line
+
+If you aren't already using activity logs for security reasons, governmental compliance, and measuring productivity, commit to changing that. There are plenty of plugins on the market that are designed to work with multiple environments and platforms, even on your internal network. Don't wait for a serious incident to justify taking a proactive approach to logs maintenance and oversight.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/log-analysis-tools
+
+作者：[Sam Bocetta][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sambocetta
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003499_01_linux11x_cc.png?itok=XMDOouJR (People work on a computer server)
+[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/gdpr-impact
+[3]: https://www.graylog.org/products/open-source
+[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graylog-data.png (Graylog screenshot)
+[5]: https://www.nagios.org/downloads/
+[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/nagios_core_4.0.8.png (Nagios Core)
+[7]: https://www.elastic.co/products
+[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/elk-stack.png (ELK Stack)
+[9]: https://www.wpsecurityauditlog.com/benefits-wordpress-activity-log/
+[10]: https://websitesetup.org/how-to-speed-up-wordpress/
+[11]: http://www.logalyze.com/
+[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/logalyze.jpg (LOGalyze)
+[13]: https://www.fluentd.org/
+[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/fluentd-architecture.png (Fluentd architecture)
+[15]: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/open-source-log-aggregation-tools
--- a/sources/tech/20190403
+++ b/sources/tech/20190403
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (How to rebase to Fedora 30 Beta on Silverblue)
+[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-rebase-to-fedora-30-beta-on-silverblue/)
+[#]: author: (Michal Konečný https://fedoramagazine.org/author/zlopez/)
+
+How to rebase to Fedora 30 Beta on Silverblue
+======
+
+![][1]
+
+Silverblue is [an operating system for your desktop built on Fedora][2]. It’s excellent for daily use, development, and container-based workflows. It offers [numerous advantages][3] such as being able to roll back in case of any problems. If you want to test Fedora 30 on your Silverblue system, this article tells you how. It not only shows you what to do, but also how to revert back if anything unforeseen happens.
+
+### Switching to Fedora 30 branch
+
+Switching to Fedora 30 on Silverblue is easy. First, check if the _30_ branch is available, which should be true now:
+
+```
+ostree remote refs fedora-workstation
+```
+
+You should see the following in the output:
+
+```
+fedora-workstation:fedora/30/x86_64/silverblue
+```
+
+Next, import the GPG key for the Fedora 30 branch. Without this step, you won’t be able to rebase.
+
+```
+sudo ostree remote gpg-import fedora-workstation -k /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora-30-primary
+```
+
+Next, rebase your system to the Fedora 30 branch.
+
+```
+rpm-ostree rebase fedora-workstation:fedora/30/x86_64/silverblue
+```
+
+Finally, the last thing to do is restart your computer and boot to Fedora 30.
+
+### How to revert things back
+
+Remember that Fedora 30’s still in beta testing phase, so there could still be some issues. If anything bad happens — for instance, if you can’t boot to Fedora 30 at all — it’s easy to go back. Just pick the previous entry in GRUB, and your system will start in its previous state before switching to Fedora 30. To make this change permanent, use the following command:
+
+```
+rpm-ostree rollback
+```
+
+That’s it. Now you know how to rebase to Fedora 30 and back. So why not test it today? 🙂
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://fedoramagazine.org/how-to-rebase-to-fedora-30-beta-on-silverblue/
+
+作者：[Michal Konečný][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/zlopez/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/silverblue-f30beta-816x345.jpg
+[2]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/
+[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/give-fedora-silverblue-a-test-drive/
--- a/sources/tech/20190403
+++ b/sources/tech/20190403
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Use Git as the backend for chat)
+[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/4/git-based-chat)
+[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/seth)
+
+Use Git as the backend for chat
+======
+GIC is a prototype chat application that showcases a novel way to use Git.
+![Team communication, chat][1]
+
+[Git][2] is one of those rare applications that has managed to encapsulate so much of modern computing into one program that it ends up serving as the computational engine for many other applications. While it's best-known for tracking source code changes in software development, it has many other uses that can make your life easier and more organized. In this series leading up to Git's 14th anniversary on April 7, we'll share seven little-known ways to use Git. Today, we'll look at GIC, a Git-based chat application
+
+### Meet GIC
+
+While the authors of Git probably expected frontends to be created for Git, they undoubtedly never expected Git would become the backend for, say, a chat client. Yet, that's exactly what developer Ephi Gabay did with his experimental proof-of-concept [GIC][3]: a chat client written in [Node.js][4] using Git as its backend database.
+
+GIC is by no means intended for production use. It's purely a programming exercise, but it's one that demonstrates the flexibility of open source technology. What's astonishing is that the client consists of just 300 lines of code, excluding the Node libraries and Git itself. And that's one of the best things about the chat client and about open source; the ability to build upon existing work. Seeing is believing, so you should give GIC a look for yourself.
+
+### Get set up
+
+GIC uses Git as its engine, so you need an empty Git repository to serve as its chatroom and logger. The repository can be hosted anywhere, as long as you and anyone who needs access to the chat service has access to it. For instance, you can set up a Git repository on a free Git hosting service like GitLab and grant chat users contributor access to the Git repository. (They must be able to make commits to the repository, because each chat message is a literal commit.)
+
+If you're hosting it yourself, create a centrally located bare repository. Each user in the chat must have an account on the server where the bare repository is located. You can create accounts specific to Git with Git hosting software like [Gitolite][5] or [Gitea][6], or you can give them individual user accounts on your server, possibly using **git-shell** to restrict their access to Git.
+
+Performance is best on a self-hosted instance. Whether you host your own or you use a hosting service, the Git repository you create must have an active branch, or GIC won't be able to make commits as users chat because there is no Git HEAD. The easiest way to ensure that a branch is initialized and active is to commit a README or license file upon creation. If you don't do that, you can create and commit one after the fact:
+
+```
+$ echo "chat logs" > README
+$ git add README
+$ git commit -m 'just creating a HEAD ref'
+$ git push -u origin HEAD
+```
+
+### Install GIC
+
+Since GIC is based on Git and written in Node.js, you must first install Git, Node.js, and the Node package manager, npm (which should be bundled with Node). The command to install these differs depending on your Linux or BSD distribution, but here's an example command on Fedora:
+
+```
+$ sudo dnf install git nodejs
+```
+
+If you're not running Linux or BSD, follow the installation instructions on [git-scm.com][7] and [nodejs.org][8].
+
+There's no install process, as such, for GIC. Each user (Alice and Bob, in this example) must clone the repository to their hard drive:
+
+```
+$ git cone https://github.com/ephigabay/GIC GIC
+```
+
+Change directory into the GIC directory and install the Node.js dependencies with **npm** :
+
+```
+$ cd GIC
+$ npm install
+```
+
+Wait for the Node modules to download and install.
+
+### Configure GIC
+
+The only configuration GIC requires is the location of your Git chat repository. Edit the **config.js** file:
+
+```
+module.exports = {
+gitRepo: '[seth@example.com][9]:/home/gitchat/chatdemo.git',
+messageCheckInterval: 500,
+branchesCheckInterval: 5000
+};
+```
+
+
+Test your connection to the Git repository before trying GIC, just to make sure your configuration is sane:
+
+```
+$ git clone --quiet seth@example.com:/home/gitchat/chatdemo.git > /dev/null
+```
+
+Assuming you receive no errors, you're ready to start chatting.
+
+### Chat with Git
+
+From within the GIC directory, start the chat client:
+
+```
+$ npm start
+```
+
+When the client first launches, it must clone the chat repository. Since it's nearly an empty repository, it won't take long. Type your message and press Enter to send a message.
+
+![GIC][10]
+
+A Git-based chat client. What will they think of next?
+
+As the greeting message says, a branch in Git serves as a chatroom or channel in GIC. There's no way to create a new branch from within the GIC UI, but if you create one in another terminal session or in a web UI, it shows up immediately in GIC. It wouldn't take much to patch some IRC-style commands into GIC.
+
+After chatting for a while, take a look at your Git repository. Since the chat happens in Git, the repository itself is also a chat log:
+
+```
+$ git log --pretty=format:"%p %cn %s"
+4387984 Seth Kenlon Hey Chani, did you submit a talk for All Things Open this year?
+36369bb Chani No I didn't get a chance. Did you?
+[...]
+```
+
+### Exit GIC
+
+Not since Vim has there been an application as difficult to stop as GIC. You see, there is no way to stop GIC. It will continue to run until it is killed. When you're ready to stop GIC, open another terminal tab or window and issue this command:
+
+```
+$ kill `pgrep npm`
+```
+
+GIC is a novelty. It's a great example of how an open source ecosystem encourages and enables creativity and exploration and challenges us to look at applications from different angles. Try GIC out. Maybe it will give you ideas. At the very least, it's a great excuse to spend an afternoon with Git.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://opensource.com/article/19/4/git-based-chat
+
+作者：[Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/talk_chat_team_mobile_desktop.png?itok=d7sRtKfQ (Team communication, chat)
+[2]: https://git-scm.com/
+[3]: https://github.com/ephigabay/GIC
+[4]: https://nodejs.org/en/
+[5]: http://gitolite.com
+[6]: http://gitea.io
+[7]: http://git-scm.com
+[8]: http://nodejs.org
+[9]: mailto:seth@example.com
+[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gic.jpg (GIC)
--- a/sources/tech/20190405
+++ b/sources/tech/20190405
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
+[#]: translator: ( )
+[#]: reviewer: ( )
+[#]: publisher: ( )
+[#]: url: ( )
+[#]: subject: (Command line quick tips: Cutting content out of files)
+[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/command-line-quick-tips-cutting-content-out-of-files/)
+[#]: author: (Stephen Snow https://fedoramagazine.org/author/jakfrost/)
+
+Command line quick tips: Cutting content out of files
+======
+
+![][1]
+
+The Fedora distribution is a full featured operating system with an excellent graphical desktop environment. A user can point and click their way through just about any typical task easily. All of this wonderful ease of use masks the details of a powerful command line under the hood. This article is part of a series that shows you some common command line utilities. So let’s drop into the shell, and have a look at **cut**.
+
+Often when you work in the command line, you are working with text files. Sometimes these files may be quite long. Reading them in their entirety, while feasible, can be time consuming and prone to errors. In this installment you’ll learn how to extract content from text files, and get the information you want from them.
+
+It’s important to recognize that there are many ways to accomplish similar command line tasks in Fedora. The Fedora repositories include entire language systems for parsing and working with text, as an example. Also, there are multiple command line utilities available for just about any purpose conceivable in the shell. This article will only focus on using a few of those utility choices, to extract some information from a file and present it in a readable format.
+
+### Making the cut
+
+To illustrate this example use a standard sizable file on the system like _/etc/passwd_. As seen in a prior article in this series, you can execute the _cat_ command to view an entire file:
+
+```
+$ cat /etc/passwd
+root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
+bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
+daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
+adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
+...
+```
+
+This file contains information on all accounts present on the system. It has a specific format:
+
+```
+name:password:user-id:group-id:comment:home-directory:shell
+```
+
+Imagine that you want to simply have a list of all the account names on the system. If you could only cut out the _name_ value from each line. This is where the _cut_ command comes in handy! This command treats any input one line at a time, and extracts a specific part of the line.
+
+The _cut_ command provides options for selecting parts of a line differently, and in this example two of them are needed, _-d_ which is an option to specify a delimiter type to use, and _-f_ which is an option to specify which field of the line to cut. The _-d_ option lets you declare the _delimiter_ that separates values in a line. In this case a colon (:) is used to separate values. The _-f_ option lets you choose which field value or values to extract. So for this example the command entered would be:
+
+```
+$ cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd
+root
+bin
+daemon
+adm
+...
+```
+
+That’s great, it worked! But you get the printout to the standard output, which in a terminal session at least means the screen. What if you needed the information for another task to be done later? It would be really nice if there was a way to put the output of the _cut_ command into a text file to save it. There is an easy builtin shell function for such a task, the redirect function ( _>_ ).
+
+```
+$ cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd > names.txt
+```
+
+This will place the output of cut into a file called _names.txt_ and you can check the contents with _cat:_
+
+```
+$ cat names.txt
+root
+bin
+daemon
+adm
+...
+```
+
+With two commands and one shell function, it was easy to identify using _cat_ , extract using _cut_ , and redirect the extracted information from one file, saving it to another file for later use.
+
+* * *
+
+_Photo by _[ _Joel Mbugua_][2]_ on _[_Unsplash_][3]_._
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://fedoramagazine.org/command-line-quick-tips-cutting-content-out-of-files/
+
+作者：[Stephen Snow][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/jakfrost/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/commandline-cutting-816x345.jpg
+[2]: https://unsplash.com/photos/tA5eSY_hay8?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
+[3]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/command-line?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
--- a/translated/tech/20181119
+++ b/translated/tech/20181119
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
+[#]: translator: " "
+[#]: reviewer: " "
+[#]: publisher: " "
+[#]: subject: "Arch-Wiki-Man – A Tool to Browse The Arch Wiki Pages As Linux Man Page from Offline"
+[#]: via: "https://www.2daygeek.com/arch-wiki-man-a-tool-to-browse-the-arch-wiki-pages-as-linux-man-page-from-offline/"
+[#]: author: "[Prakash Subramanian](https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/)"
+[#]: url: " "
+
+Arch-Wiki-Man – 一个以  Linux Man 手册样式离线浏览 Arch Wiki 的工具
+======
+
+现在上网已经很方便了，但技术上会有限制。
+
+看到技术的发展，我很惊讶，但与此同时，各个地方都会出现衰退。
+
+当你搜索有关其他 Linux 发型版本的某些东西时，大多数时候你会首先得到一个第三方的链接，但是对于 Arch Linux 来说，每次你都会得到 Arch Wiki 页面的结果。
+
+因为 Arch Wiki 提供了除第三方网站以外的大多数解决方案。
+
+到目前为止，你也许可以使用 Web 浏览器为你的 Arch Linux 系统找到一个解决方案，但现在你可以不用这么做了。
+
+一个名为 arch-wiki-man 的工具t提供了一个在命令行中更快地执行这个操作的方案。如果你是一个 Arch Linux 爱好者，我建议你阅读 **[Arch Linux 安装后指南][1]** ，它可以帮助你调整你的系统以供日常使用。
+
+### arch-wiki-man 是什么？
+
+[arch-wiki-man][2] 工具允许用户在离线的时候从命令行（CLI）中搜索 Arch Wiki 页面。它允许用户以 Linux Man 手册样式访问和搜索整个 Wiki 页面。
+
+而且，你无需切换到GUI。更新将每两天自动推送一次，因此，你的 Arch Wiki 本地副本页面将是最新的。这个工具的名字是`awman`， `awman` 是 Arch Wiki Man 的缩写。
+
+我们已经写出了名为 **[Arch Wiki 命令行实用程序][3]** (arch-wiki-cli)的类似工具。它允许用户从互联网上搜索 Arch Wiki。但确保你因该在线使用这个实用程序。
+
+### 如何安装 arch-wiki-man 工具？
+
+arch-wiki-man 工具可以在 AUR 仓库（LCTT译者注：AUR 即 Arch 用户软件仓库（Archx User Repository））中获得，因此，我们需要使用 AUR 工具来安装它。有许多 AUR 工具可用，而且我们曾写了一篇有关非常著名的 AUR 工具： **[Yaourt AUR helper][4]** 和  **[Packer AUR helper][5]** 的文章，
+
+```
+$ yaourt -S arch-wiki-man
+
+or
+
+$ packer -S arch-wiki-man
+```
+
+或者，我们可以使用 npm 包管理器来安装它，确保你已经在你的系统上安装了 **[NodeJS][6]** 。然后运行以下命令来安装它。
+
+```
+$ npm install -g arch-wiki-man
+```
+
+### 如何更新 Arch Wiki 本地副本？
+
+正如前面更新的那样，更新每两天自动推送一次，也可以通过运行以下命令来完成更新。
+
+```
+$ sudo awman-update
+[sudo] password for daygeek:
+[email protected] /usr/lib/node_modules/arch-wiki-man
+└── [email protected]
+
+arch-wiki-md-repo has been successfully updated or reinstalled.
+```
+
+awman-update 是一种更快更方便的更新方法。但是，你也可以通过运行以下命令重新安装arch-wiki-man 来获取更新。
+
+```
+$ yaourt -S arch-wiki-man
+
+or
+
+$ packer -S arch-wiki-man
+```
+
+### 如何在终端中使用 Arch Wiki ？
+
+它有着简易的接口且易于使用。想要搜索，只需要运行 `awman` 加搜索项目。一般语法如下所示。
+
+```
+$ awman Search-Term
+```
+
+### 如何搜索多个匹配项？
+
+如果希望列出包含`installation`字符串的所有结果的标题，运行以下格式的命令，如果输出有多个结果，那么你将会获得一个选择菜单来浏览每个项目。
+
+```
+$ awman installation
+```
+
+![][8]
+
+详细页面的截屏
+
+![][9]
+
+### 在标题和描述中搜索给定的字符串
+
+ `-d` 或 `--desc-search` 选项允许用户在标题和描述中搜索给定的字符串。
+
+```
+$ awman -d mirrors
+
+or
+
+$ awman --desc-search mirrors
+? Select an article: (Use arrow keys)
+❯ [1/3] Mirrors: Related articles
+ [2/3] DeveloperWiki-NewMirrors: Contents
+ [3/3] Powerpill: Powerpill is a pac
+```
+
+### 在内容中搜索给定的字符串
+
+ `-k` 或 `--apropos` 选项也允许用户在内容中搜索给定的字符串。但须注意，此选项会显著降低搜索速度，因为此选项会扫描整个 Wiki 页面的内容。
+
+```
+$ awman -k openjdk
+
+or
+
+$ awman --apropos openjdk
+? Select an article: (Use arrow keys)
+❯ [1/26] Hadoop: Related articles
+ [2/26] XDG Base Directory support: Related articles
+ [3/26] Steam-Game-specific troubleshooting: See Steam/Troubleshooting first.
+ [4/26] Android: Related articles
+ [5/26] Elasticsearch: Elasticsearch is a search engine based on Lucene. It provides a distributed, mul..
+ [6/26] LibreOffice: Related articles
+ [7/26] Browser plugins: Related articles
+(Move up and down to reveal more choices)
+```
+
+### 在浏览器中打开搜索结果
+
+ `-w` 或 `--web` 选项允许用户在 Web 浏览器中打开搜索结果。
+
+```
+$ awman -w AUR helper
+
+or
+
+$ awman --web AUR helper
+```
+
+![][10]
+
+### 以其他语言搜索
+
+`-w` 或 `--web` 选项允许用户在 Web 浏览器中打开搜索结果。想要查看支持的语言列表，请运行以下命令。
+
+```
+$ awman --list-languages
+arabic
+bulgarian
+catalan
+chinesesim
+chinesetrad
+croatian
+czech
+danish
+dutch
+english
+esperanto
+finnish
+greek
+hebrew
+hungarian
+indonesian
+italian
+korean
+lithuanian
+norwegian
+polish
+portuguese
+russian
+serbian
+slovak
+spanish
+swedish
+thai
+ukrainian
+```
+
+使用你的首选语言运行 `awman` 命令以查看除英语以外的其他语言的结果。
+
+```
+$ awman -l chinesesim deepin
+```
+
+![][11]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.2daygeek.com/arch-wiki-man-a-tool-to-browse-the-arch-wiki-pages-as-linux-man-page-from-offline/
+
+作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
+选题：[lujun9972][b]
+译者：[Auk7F7](https://github.com/Auk7F7)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
+[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
+[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/arch-linux-post-installation-30-things-to-do-after-installing-arch-linux/
+[2]: https://github.com/greg-js/arch-wiki-man
+[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/search-arch-wiki-website-command-line-terminal/
+[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-yaourt-aur-helper-on-arch-linux/
+[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-packer-aur-helper-on-arch-linux/
+[6]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-nodejs-on-ubuntu-centos-debian-fedora-mint-rhel-opensuse/
+[7]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
+[8]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/arch-wiki-man-%E2%80%93-A-Tool-to-Browse-The-Arch-Wiki-Pages-As-Linux-Man-page-from-Offline-1.png
+[9]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/arch-wiki-man-%E2%80%93-A-Tool-to-Browse-The-Arch-Wiki-Pages-As-Linux-Man-page-from-Offline-2.png
+[10]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/arch-wiki-man-%E2%80%93-A-Tool-to-Browse-The-Arch-Wiki-Pages-As-Linux-Man-page-from-Offline-3.png
+[11]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/arch-wiki-man-%E2%80%93-A-Tool-to-Browse-The-Arch-Wiki-Pages-As-Linux-Man-page-from-Offline-4.png
--- a/translated/tech/20190311
+++ b/translated/tech/20190311
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
-[#]: translator: (hopefully2333)
-[#]: reviewer: ( )
-[#]: publisher: ( )
-[#]: url: ( )
-[#]: subject: (Learn about computer security with the Raspberry Pi and Kali Linux)
-[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/computer-security-raspberry-pi)
-[#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva)
-
-通过树莓派和 kali Linux 学习计算机安全
-======
-树莓派是学习计算机安全的一个好方法。在我们入门系列的第 11 篇文章中会进行学习。
-![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/security_privacy_lock.png?itok=ZWjrpFzx)
-
-是否有比保护你的计算机更热门的技术？一些专家会告诉你，没有绝对安全的系统。他们开玩笑说，如果你想要你的服务器或者应用程序真正的安全，就关掉你的服务器，从网络上断线，然后把它放在一个安全的地方。但问题是显而易见的：没人能用的应用程序或者服务器有什么用？
-
-这是围绕安全的一个难题，我们如何才能在保证安全性的同时，让服务器或应用程序依然可用且有价值？我无论如何都不是一个安全专家，虽然我希望有一天我能是。考虑到这一点，对于你能用树莓派做什么，分享和这有关的想法来学习计算机安全，我认为是有意义的。
-
-我会注意到，就像本系列中其他写给树莓派初学者的文章一样，我的目标不是深入研究，而是起个头，让你有兴趣去了解更多与这些主题相关的东西。
-
-### Kali Linux
-
-当我们谈到“做一些安全方面的事”的时候，出现在脑海中的一个 Linux 发行版就是 Kali Linux。kali Linux 的开发主要集中在调查取证和渗透测试方面。它有超过 600 个已经预先安装好了的渗透测试工具来测试你的计算机的安全性，以及取证模式，它可以防止自己接触到内部的硬盘驱动器或是被检查系统的交换空间。
-
-![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/raspberrypi_11_kali.png)
-
-就像 Raspbian 一样，Kali Linux 基于 Debian 的发行版，你可以在 kali 的主文档门户网页上找到将它安装在树莓派上的文档（译者注：截至到翻译时，该网页是这个：https://docs.kali.org/kali-on-arm/install-kali-linux-arm-raspberry-pi）。如果你已经在你的树莓派上安装了 Raspbian 或者是其他的 Linux 发行版。那么你装 Kali 应该是没问题的，Kali 的创造者甚至将培训、研讨会和职业认证整合到了一起，以此来帮助提升你在安全领域内的职业生涯。
-
-### 其他的 Linux 发行版
-
-大多数的标准 Linux 发行版，比如 Raspbian，Ubuntu 和 Fedora 这些，在它们的仓库里同样也有很多可用的安全工具。一些很棒的探测工具包括 Nmap，Wireshark，auditctl，和 SELinux。
-
-### 项目
-
-你可以在树莓派上运行很多其他的安全相关的项目，例如蜜罐，广告拦截器和 USB 清洁器。花些时间了解它们！
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/computer-security-raspberry-pi
-
-作者：[Anderson Silva][a]
-选题：[lujun9972][b]
-译者：[hopefully2333](https://github.com/hopefully2333)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva
-[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
-[1]: https://www.kali.org/
-[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Linux#Development
-[3]: https://docs.kali.org/general-use/kali-linux-forensics-mode
-[4]: https://docs.kali.org/kali-on-arm/install-kali-linux-arm-raspberry-pi
-[5]: https://www.kali.org/penetration-testing-with-kali-linux/
-[6]: https://linuxblog.darkduck.com/2019/02/9-best-linux-based-security-tools.html
-[7]: https://nmap.org/
-[8]: https://www.wireshark.org/
-[9]: https://linux.die.net/man/8/auditctl
-[10]: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/sysadmin-guide-selinux
-[11]: https://trustfoundry.net/honeypi-easy-honeypot-raspberry-pi/
-[12]: https://pi-hole.net/
-[13]: https://www.circl.lu/projects/CIRCLean/
--- a/translated/tech/20190320
+++ b/translated/tech/20190320
@@ -7,87 +7,85 @@
 [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/bd-quickly-go-back-to-a-specific-parent-directory-in-linux/)
 [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)

-Quickly Go Back To A Specific Parent Directory Using bd Command In Linux
+在 Linux 中使用 bd 命令快速返回到特定的父目录
 ======

-Two days back we had written an article about autocd. It’s a builtin shell variable that helps us to **[navigate to inside a directory without cd command][1]**.
+<to 校正：我在 ubuntu 上似乎没有按照这个教程成功使用 bd 命令，难道我的姿势不对？>

-If you want to come back to previous directory then you have to type `cd ..`.
+两天前我们写了一篇关于 `autocd` 的文章，它是一个内置的 `shell` 变量，可以帮助我们在**[没有 `cd` 命令的情况下导航到目录中][1]**.

-If you want to go back to two directories then you have to type `cd ../..`.
+如果你想回到上一级目录，那么你需要输入 `cd ..`。

-It’s normal in Linux but if you want to come back from 9th directory to 3rd directory, then it’s horrible to use cd command.
+如果你想回到上两级目录，那么你需要输入 `cd ../..`。

-What will be the solution for this.
+这在 Linux 中是正常的，但如果你想从第九个目录回到第三个目录，那么使用 cd 命令是很糟糕的。

-Yes, we have a solution in Linux for everything. We can go with bd command, to make easy this kind of situation.
+有什么解决方案呢？

-### What Is bd Command?
+是的，在 Linux 中有一个解决方案。我们可以使用 bd 命令来轻松应对这种情况。

-bd command allow users to quickly go back to a parent directory in Linux instead of typing `cd ../../..` repeatedly.
+### 什么是 bd 命令？

-You can list the contents of a given directory without mentioning the full path `ls `bd Directory_Name``. It supports following other commands such as ls, ln, echo, zip, tar etc..
+bd 命令允许用户快速返回 Linux 中的父目录，而不是反复输入 `cd ../../..`。

-Also, it allow us to execute a shell file without mentioning the full path `bd p`/shell_file.sh`.
+你可以列出给定目录的内容，而不用提供完整路径 `ls `bd Directory_Name``。它支持以下其它命令，如 ls、ln、echo、zip、tar 等。

-### How To Install bd Command in Linux?
+另外，它还允许我们执行 shell 文件而不用提供完整路径 `bd p`/shell_file.sh``。

-There is no official distribution package for bd except Debian/Ubuntu. Hence, we need to perform manual method.
+### 如何在 Linux 中安装 bd 命令？

-For **`Debian/Ubuntu`** systems, use **[APT-GET Command][2]** or **[APT Command][3]** to install bd.
+除了 Debian/Ubuntu 之外，bd 没有官方发行包。因此，我们需要手动执行方法。
+
+对于 **`Debian/Ubuntu`** 系统，使用 **[APT-GET 命令][2]**或**[APT 命令][3]**来安装 bd。

 ```
 $ sudo apt install bd
 ```

-For other Linux distributions.
-
-Download the bd executable binary file using **[wget command][4]**.
+对于其它 Linux 发行版，使用 **[wget 命令][4]**下载 bd 可执行二进制文件。

 ```
 $ sudo wget --no-check-certificate -O /usr/local/bin/bd https://raw.github.com/vigneshwaranr/bd/master/bd
 ```

-Set executable permission to the bd binary file.
+设置 bd 二进制文件的可执行权限。

 ```
 $ sudo chmod +rx /usr/local/bin/bd
 ```

-Append the below values in the `.bashrc` file.
+在 `.bashrc` 文件中添加以下值。

 ```
 $ echo 'alias bd=". bd -si"' >> ~/.bashrc
 ```

-Run the following command to make the changes to take effect.
-
+运行以下命令以使更改生效。
 ```
 $ source ~/.bashrc
 ```

-To enable auto completion, perform the following two steps.
-
+要启用自动完成，执行以下两个步骤。
 ```
 $ sudo wget -O /etc/bash_completion.d/bd https://raw.github.com/vigneshwaranr/bd/master/bash_completion.d/bd  
 $ sudo source /etc/bash_completion.d/bd
 ```

-We have successfully installed and configured the bd utility on the system. It’s time to test it.
+我们已经在系统上成功安装并配置了 bd 实用程序，现在是时候测试一下了。

-I’m going to take the below directory path for this testing.
+我将使用下面的目录路径进行测试。

-Run the `pwd` command or `dirs` command or `tree` command to know your current location.
+运行 `pwd` 命令或 `dirs` 命令，亦或是 `tree` 命令来了解你当前的路径。

 ```
 daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ pwd
-or
+或者
 daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ dirs

 /usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps
 ```

-I’m currently in `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` and if i want to go to `icons` directory quickly then simple type the following command.
+我现在在 `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` 目录，如果我想快速跳转到 `icons` 目录，那么只需输入以下命令即可。

 ```
 daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ bd icons
@@ -95,17 +93,16 @@ daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ bd icons
 daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons$
 ```

-Even, you no need to type full directory name instead you can type few letters.
-
+甚至，你不需要输入完整的目录名称，也可以输入几个字母。
 ```
 daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ bd i
 /usr/share/icons/
 daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons$ 
 ```

-`Note:` If there are more than one directories with same name up in the hierarchy, bd will take you to the closest. (Not considering the immediate parent.)
+`注意:` 如果层次结构中有多个同名的目录，bd 会将你带到最近的目录。（不考虑直接的父目录）

-If you would like to list a given directory contents then the following format. It prints the contents of `/usr/share/icons/`.
+如果要列出给定的目录内容，使用以下格式。它会打印出 `/usr/share/icons/` 的内容。

 ```
 $ ls -lh `bd icons`
@@ -131,7 +128,7 @@ drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4.0K Feb 25 15:46 ubuntu-mono-light
 drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4.0K Jul 25  2018 whiteglass
 ```

-If you want to execute a file somewhere in a parent directory then use the following format. It will run the following shell file `/usr/share/icons/users-list.sh`.
+如果要在父目录中的某个位置执行文件，使用以下格式。它将运行 shell 文件 `/usr/share/icons/users-list.sh`。

 ```
 $ `bd i`/users-list.sh
@@ -150,7 +147,7 @@ user2
 user3
 ```

-If you reside in `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` and would you like to navigate to different parent directory then use the following format. The below command will navigate to `/usr/share/icons/gnome` directory.
+如果你位于 `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` 中，想要导航到不同的父目录，使用以下格式。以下命令将导航到 `/usr/share/icons/gnome` 目录。

 ```
 $ cd `bd i`/gnome
@@ -159,7 +156,7 @@ daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ cd `bd icon`/gnome
 daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/gnome$ 
 ```

-If you reside in `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` and would you like to create a new directory under `/usr/share/icons/` then use the following format.
+如果你位于 `/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps` ，你想在 `/usr/share/icons/` 下创建一个新目录，使用以下格式。

 ```
 $ daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ sudo mkdir `bd icons`/2g
@@ -168,9 +165,9 @@ daygeek@Ubuntu18:/usr/share/icons/Adwaita/256x256/apps$ ls -ld `bd icon`/2g
 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 16 05:44 /usr/share/icons//2g
 ```

-This tutorial allows you to quickly go back to a specific parent directory but there is no option to move forward quickly.
+本教程允许你快速返回到特定的父目录，但没有快速前进的选项。

-We have another solution for this, will come up with new solution shortly. Please stay tune with us.
+我们有另一个解决方案，很快就会提出新的解决方案，请跟我们保持联系。

 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------